Crossbonding of Single Core Cables

Single Core Cable
Single Core Cable

Screen Bonding
Screen Bonding
Mitton Consulting Limited
Overview
Overview
Introduction Introduction
Cable screens, induced voltages and currents in the screen Cable screens, induced voltages and currents in the screen
Three core cable Three core cable
Single core cable Single core cable
Different bonding methods for single core cables Different bonding methods for single core cables
Solidly bonded single Solidly bonded single- -core cable system core cable system
Specially bonded single Specially bonded single- -core cable systems core cable systems
Single Single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
Split single Split single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
Cross Cross- -bonding system bonding system
Case studies Case studies - - CDEGS CDEGS
TM TM
Desktop study Desktop study induced voltage in cable screen for 1 km long 33 kV cable induced voltage in cable screen for 1 km long 33 kV cable
Practical example Practical example 27 km 33 kV cable 27 km 33 kV cable
Cable screens
Cable screens
Cable screen types Cable screen types
Copper tape Copper tape
Copper or aluminium wire Copper or aluminium wire
Purpose of cable screen Purpose of cable screen
To control the electric field stress in the cable insulation To control the electric field stress in the cable insulation
Cable neutral and fault current return path Cable neutral and fault current return path
Shielding for electromagnetic radiation Shielding for electromagnetic radiation
if the screen is earthed at two ends if the screen is earthed at two ends
Enclosing dangerous high voltage with earth potential for safety Enclosing dangerous high voltage with earth potential for safety
Some cables do not have Some cables do not have screens screens
Normally cable screens need to be bonded to earth at both ends Normally cable screens need to be bonded to earth at both ends
Provide low impedance fault current return path Provide low impedance fault current return path
Provide neutral point for the circuit Provide neutral point for the circuit
Provide shielding of electromagnetic field Provide shielding of electromagnetic field
Induced voltage and circulating
current in cable screen
Electromagnetic coupling between the core and screen Electromagnetic coupling between the core and screen
If the cable screen is single point bonded, no electrical contin If the cable screen is single point bonded, no electrical continuity, uity,
the mmf generates a voltage the mmf generates a voltage
If the cable screen is bonded at both ends, the mmf will cause If the cable screen is bonded at both ends, the mmf will cause a a
circulating current to flow if there is electrical continuity. circulating current to flow if there is electrical continuity.
The circulating current produces an The circulating current produces an opposing opposing magnetic field magnetic field
V
Core
Screen
Circulating current
Opposite current direction
Steady state induced standing voltage limit for safety Steady state induced standing voltage limit for safety
No internationally agreed limit No internationally agreed limit
Different countries or utilities have different limit or practi Different countries or utilities have different limit or practice (IEEE ce (IEEE
Std575 Std575- -1988 Appendix C). 1988 Appendix C).
In the order of 65 In the order of 65- -150 V, some utility allow for 300 150 V, some utility allow for 300- -400 V during emergency 400 V during emergency
load load
Some countries only specify voltage limit at exposed metal, some Some countries only specify voltage limit at exposed metal, some specify a fix specify a fix
limit that any point along the screen can not exceed limit that any point along the screen can not exceed
No much evidence to substantiate those limits No much evidence to substantiate those limits
Engineering Recommendation C55/4 Engineering Recommendation C55/4
65 V for system voltage up to and including 132 kV 65 V for system voltage up to and including 132 kV
150 V for system voltage 275 kV and 400 kV 150 V for system voltage 275 kV and 400 kV
Suitable bonding method should be employed to meet the Suitable bonding method should be employed to meet the
standing voltage limit and keep circulating current to an standing voltage limit and keep circulating current to an
acceptable level acceptable level
Induced voltage and circulating current in the cable screen can Induced voltage and circulating current in the cable screen can
be studied in CDEGS be studied in CDEGS
TM TM
in detail in detail
Three
Three
-
-
core cables
core cables
Well balanced magnetic field from three phases Well balanced magnetic field from three phases
Induced voltages from three phases sum to zero along the entire Induced voltages from three phases sum to zero along the entire length of the length of the
cable cable
Cable screen should be earthed at both ends Cable screen should be earthed at both ends
Screen bonding method for three Screen bonding method for three- -core cable is not considered further core cable is not considered further
virtually zero induced voltage or circulating current under stea virtually zero induced voltage or circulating current under steady state operation dy state operation
Single
Single
-
-
core cable
core cable
For HV application, typically for 11 kV and above For HV application, typically for 11 kV and above
Single Single- -core cables negate the use of ferromagnetic material for core cables negate the use of ferromagnetic material for
screen, sheath and armouring screen, sheath and armouring
Induced voltage is mainly contributed by the core currents in i Induced voltage is mainly contributed by the core currents in its ts
own phase and other two phases own phase and other two phases
If cables are laid in a compact and symmetrical formation, induc If cables are laid in a compact and symmetrical formation, induced ed
voltage in the screen can be minimized voltage in the screen can be minimized
A suitable screen bonding method should be used for single A suitable screen bonding method should be used for single- -core core
cables to prevent cables to prevent
Excessive circulating current Excessive circulating current
High induced standing voltage High induced standing voltage
Single core cable bonding methods
Single core cable bonding methods

Different bonding methods for single core cable
Different bonding methods for single core cable
Solidly bonded single Solidly bonded single- -core cable system core cable system
Specially bonded single Specially bonded single- -core cable systems core cable systems
Single Single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
Split single Split single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
Cross Cross- -bonding system bonding system
Solidly bonded single
-
-
core cable
core cable
system
system
Simple Simple
Cable screen is bonded to earth grids at both ends (via link box Cable screen is bonded to earth grids at both ends (via link box) )
Most common method Most common method
Significant circulating current in the screen Significant circulating current in the screen
Proportional to the core current and cable length Proportional to the core current and cable length
de de- -rates cable rates cable
Could lay cable in compact trefoil formation if permissible Could lay cable in compact trefoil formation if permissible
Suitable for route length of Suitable for route length of tens of meters tens of meters
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
-
-
core cable
core cable
system
system
Very small standing voltage in the order of several volts Very small standing voltage in the order of several volts
The magnitude of the induced voltage and current will be The magnitude of the induced voltage and current will be
quantified in the case study later quantified in the case study later
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
0 V
Standing Voltage Plot
Length
Magnitude
0 V
-
-
core cable
core cable
system
system
Advantages Advantages
Minimum material required Minimum material required - - most economical if heating is not an issue most economical if heating is not an issue
Provides path for fault current, minimizing earth return current Provides path for fault current, minimizing earth return current and and
EGVR at cable destination EGVR at cable destination
Does not require screen voltage limiter (SVL) Does not require screen voltage limiter (SVL)
Less electromagnetic radiation Less electromagnetic radiation
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Provides path for circulating current Provides path for circulating current
Heating effects in cable screen, greater losses Heating effects in cable screen, greater losses
Cable therefore might need to be de Cable therefore might need to be de- -rated or larger cable required rated or larger cable required
Transfers voltages between sites when there is an EGVR at one si Transfers voltages between sites when there is an EGVR at one site te
Can lay cables in trefoil formation to reduce screen losses Can lay cables in trefoil formation to reduce screen losses
Normally applies to short cable section of tens of metres long Normally applies to short cable section of tens of metres long
Circulating current is proportional to the length of the cable a Circulating current is proportional to the length of the cable and the nd the
magnitude of the load current magnitude of the load current
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Cable screen solidly earthed at one end only Cable screen solidly earthed at one end only
Open circuit in cable screen, no circulating current Open circuit in cable screen, no circulating current
Zero volt at the earthed end, standing voltage at the unearthed Zero volt at the earthed end, standing voltage at the unearthed end end
Optional PVC insulated earth continuity conductor required to pr Optional PVC insulated earth continuity conductor required to provide path for fault ovide path for fault
current, if returning from earth is undesirable, such as in a co current, if returning from earth is undesirable, such as in a coal mine al mine
SVL installed at the unearthed end to protect the cable insulati SVL installed at the unearthed end to protect the cable insulation during fault on during fault
conditions conditions
Transposition of earth continuity conductor at the mid point of Transposition of earth continuity conductor at the mid point of the section the section
Reduce circulating current in the continuity conductor Reduce circulating current in the continuity conductor
SVL installed at
unearthed end
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
Earth continuity
conductor
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Induced voltage proportional to the length of the cable and the Induced voltage proportional to the length of the cable and the current carried in the cable current carried in the cable
Zero volt with respect to the earth grid voltage at the earthed Zero volt with respect to the earth grid voltage at the earthed end, standing voltage at the unearthed end end, standing voltage at the unearthed end
No circulating current in the screen No circulating current in the screen
Circulating current in the earth Circulating current in the earth- -continuity conductor is not significant, as magnetic field from continuity conductor is not significant, as magnetic field from phases are phases are
partially balanced partially balanced
The magnitude of the standing voltage is depended on the magnitu The magnitude of the standing voltage is depended on the magnitude of the current flows in the core, de of the current flows in the core,
much higher if there is an earth fault much higher if there is an earth fault
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
0 V
Induced Voltage Plot
Length
0 V
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Standing voltage at the unearthed Standing voltage at the unearthed end with normal operating end with normal operating
conditions conditions
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Standing voltage at the unearthed Standing voltage at the unearthed end during earth fault condition end during earth fault condition
Voltage at the unearthed end during an earth fault consists of Voltage at the unearthed end during an earth fault consists of
two voltage components two voltage components
Induced voltage due to fault current in the core Induced voltage due to fault current in the core
EGVR of the source site (assuming the screen is single point bon EGVR of the source site (assuming the screen is single point bonded at ded at
the source site) the source site)
The voltage due to induction can reach 700 V/km The voltage due to induction can reach 700 V/km
For a 1 kA actual fault current For a 1 kA actual fault current
With 0.05 With 0.05 earth grid impedance at the source earth grid impedance at the source
Screen single point bonded at the source only Screen single point bonded at the source only
Cable in flat formation with 150 mm separation Cable in flat formation with 150 mm separation
High voltage appears on the unearthed end can cause arcing and High voltage appears on the unearthed end can cause arcing and
damage outer PVC sheath damage outer PVC sheath
The voltage on the screen during a fault also depends on the The voltage on the screen during a fault also depends on the
earthing condition earthing condition
Link box with SVL and cable sectional joint
Link box with SVL and cable sectional joint
Protect the outer PVC sheath Protect the outer PVC sheath
Minimizing the joint surge impedance Minimizing the joint surge impedance
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Advantage Advantage
No circulating current No circulating current
No heating in the cable screen No heating in the cable screen
Economical Economical
Disadvantage Disadvantage
Standing voltage at the un Standing voltage at the un- -earthed end earthed end
Requires SVL if standing voltage during fault is excessive Requires SVL if standing voltage during fault is excessive
Requires additional earth continuity conductor for fault current Requires additional earth continuity conductor for fault current if earth if earth
returned current is undesirable returned current is undesirable
Higher magnetic fields around the cable compared to solidly bond Higher magnetic fields around the cable compared to solidly bonded ed
system system
Standing voltage on the cable screen is proportional to the leng Standing voltage on the cable screen is proportional to the length th
of the cable and the magnitude of current in the core of the cable and the magnitude of current in the core
Typically suitable for cable sections less than 500 m, or one dr Typically suitable for cable sections less than 500 m, or one drum um
length length
Split single
Split single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Variation of single Variation of single- -point point- -bonding bonding
Also called double length single Also called double length single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
Cable screen continuity is interrupted at the midpoint and SVLs Cable screen continuity is interrupted at the midpoint and SVLs need to be need to be
fitted at each side of the isolation joint fitted at each side of the isolation joint
Other requirements are identical to single Other requirements are identical to single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
SVLs SVLs
Earth continuity conductor Earth continuity conductor
Transposition of earth continuity conductor Transposition of earth continuity conductor
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
0 V
Split single
Split single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Effectively two sections of single Effectively two sections of single- -point point- -bonding bonding
Zero volt at the earthed ends, standing voltage at the Zero volt at the earthed ends, standing voltage at the
sectionalising joint sectionalising joint
Induced Voltage Plot
Length
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
0 V
0 V
Split single
Split single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
Advantages Advantages
No circulating current in the screen No circulating current in the screen
No heating effect in the cable screen No heating effect in the cable screen
Suitable for longer cable section compared to single Suitable for longer cable section compared to single- -point point- -bonding bonding
system and solidly bonded single system and solidly bonded single- -core system core system
Economical Economical
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Standing voltage exists at the screen and sectionalising insulat Standing voltage exists at the screen and sectionalising insulation joint ion joint
Requires SVL to protect the un Requires SVL to protect the un- -earthed end earthed end
Requires separate earth continuity conductor for zero sequence c Requires separate earth continuity conductor for zero sequence current urrent
Not suitable for cable sections over 1000 m Not suitable for cable sections over 1000 m
Suitable for 300~1000 m long cable sections, double the length Suitable for 300~1000 m long cable sections, double the length
of single of single- -point point- -bonding system bonding system
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonded cable system
bonded cable system
Ultimate bonding method Ultimate bonding method
Consists of one or more major sections and three minor sections Consists of one or more major sections and three minor sections in each major section in each major section
Summing up induced voltage in sectionalised screen from each pha Summing up induced voltage in sectionalised screen from each phase resulting in neutralisation of se resulting in neutralisation of
induced voltages in three consecutive minor sections induced voltages in three consecutive minor sections
Normally one drum length (500 m approx) per minor section Normally one drum length (500 m approx) per minor section
Sectionalising position and cable jointing position should be co Sectionalising position and cable jointing position should be coincident incident
Solidly earthed at major section joints Solidly earthed at major section joints
Transpose cable core to balance the magnitude of induced voltage Transpose cable core to balance the magnitude of induced voltages to be summed up s to be summed up
Link box should be used at every sectionalising joint Link box should be used at every sectionalising joint
balanced impedance in all phases balanced impedance in all phases
Major section
Minor section Minor section Minor section
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
Earthing
resistance not
shown in the plot
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonded cable system
bonded cable system
what if cable cores not transposed
what if cable cores not transposed

Other than cross
Other than cross
-
-
bonding the screen, why transpose
bonding the screen, why transpose
the cables core?
the cables core?
If core not transposed, not well neutralised resulting in some If core not transposed, not well neutralised resulting in some
circulating currents circulating currents
Cable should be transposed and the screen needs to be cross Cable should be transposed and the screen needs to be cross
bonded at each sectionalising joint position for optimal bonded at each sectionalising joint position for optimal
neutralisation neutralisation
Inner screen,
smaller induced
voltage
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
Earthing
resistance not
shown in the plot
Cable bonded system
Cable bonded system
sectional joint link box diagram
sectional joint link box diagram
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
Joint bay
earthing system
Joint bay
earthing system
Major section
joint bay
Lockable link box
Screen voltage
limiter
Joints with
sectionalising
insulation
Cross bonding
connections
Earthing
resistance is not
shown in the plot
Minor section
joint bay
Joints with
sectionalising
insulation
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonded cable system
bonded cable system
Induced voltage magnitude profile along the screen of a major se Induced voltage magnitude profile along the screen of a major section in the cross ction in the cross- -
bonding cable system bonding cable system
Virtually zero circulating current Virtually zero circulating current
Virtually zero volt to the remote earth at the solidly earthed e Virtually zero volt to the remote earth at the solidly earthed ends nds
Standing voltage at the minor section joints Standing voltage at the minor section joints
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
1
~0.867
Minor section 1
Induced Voltage Magnitude Plot
Length
Minor section 2
Minor section 3
Major section
Earthing
resistance is not
shown in the plot
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonded cable system
bonded cable system
Interpretation of induced voltage magnitude plot by phasor
Interpretation of induced voltage magnitude plot by phasor
1
~0.867
Section 1
Section 2 Section 3
Induced Voltage
Magnitude Plot
Induced Voltage
Phasor
Length

The induced voltage magnitude profile along the three
The induced voltage magnitude profile along the three
sections can also be interpreted by induced voltage
sections can also be interpreted by induced voltage
phasor
phasor
Section 1
Section 2 Section 3
0V Reference
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonded cable system
bonded cable system
In order to obtain optimal result, two In order to obtain optimal result, two crosses crosses exist exist
Transposition of cable core Transposition of cable core crossing cable core at each section crossing cable core at each section
Cross bond the cable screens Cross bond the cable screens effectively no transposition of screen effectively no transposition of screen
Cross bonding of cable screen Cross bonding of cable screen
Cancellation of induced voltage in the screen at every major sec Cancellation of induced voltage in the screen at every major section joint tion joint
Transposition of cables Transposition of cables
Ensure voltages to be summed up have similar magnitude Ensure voltages to be summed up have similar magnitude
Greater standing voltage at the screen of the outer cable Greater standing voltage at the screen of the outer cable
Standing voltages exist at screen and majority of section joints Standing voltages exist at screen and majority of section joints
cable and joints must be installed as an insulated screen system cable and joints must be installed as an insulated screen system
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonded cable system
bonded cable system

Advantage
Advantage
No earth No earth- -continuity conductor continuity conductor
Electrical continuity of screen for fault current Electrical continuity of screen for fault current
Virtually zero circulating current in the screen Virtually zero circulating current in the screen
Standing voltage in the screen is controlled Standing voltage in the screen is controlled
Technically superior than other methods Technically superior than other methods
Suitable for long distance cable network Suitable for long distance cable network

Disadvantage
Disadvantage
Technically complicated Technically complicated
More expensive More expensive
Increased cable current carrying capacity
Increased cable current carrying capacity
Solidly
Solidly
-
-
bonded Vs specially bonded cable system
bonded Vs specially bonded cable system
Specially bonded cable system effectively reduces circulating cu Specially bonded cable system effectively reduces circulating current in the rrent in the
screens screens
Current carrying capacity of specially bonded cable is increased Current carrying capacity of specially bonded cable is increased
Example Example 33 kV 630 mm 33 kV 630 mm
2 2
cable, 28% more load for cross bonding cable, 28% more load for cross bonding
Conditions based on IEC 60287:
XLPE cable
Rated Voltage 10-70 kV
Copper Conductor 65
o
C
25 or 35 mm
2
screen
Flat formation, one group only
Laying depth 1.0m
Distance between cable 70mm
Ground temperature 20
o
C
Ground thermal resistivity 1.0 km/W
Case studies
Case studies
with CDEGS
with CDEGS
TM
TM
Three bonding arrangements: Three bonding arrangements:
Cable screens earthed at both ends (flat and trefoil formation) Cable screens earthed at both ends (flat and trefoil formation)
Cable screens earthed at one end only (flat formation) Cable screens earthed at one end only (flat formation)
Cable screens cross bonded and earthed at both ends (flat format Cable screens cross bonded and earthed at both ends (flat formation) ion)
The cable configurations and operating conditions were as follow The cable configurations and operating conditions were as follows: s:
100 100 - -m soil resistivity, 5 m soil resistivity, 5 earth grid impedance earth grid impedance
Cable: 33 kV single core XLPE cable, 150 mm Cable: 33 kV single core XLPE cable, 150 mm
2 2
copper, with 0.3 mm copper tape screen copper, with 0.3 mm copper tape screen
Circuit configuration: Circuit configuration:
Flat @ Flat @ 150 mm centres 150 mm centres, 1 m deep , 1 m deep
Trefoil @ compact formation, 1 m deep (For solidly bonded case o Trefoil @ compact formation, 1 m deep (For solidly bonded case only) nly)
Cable length: Cable length: 1 km 1 km
Operating current: Operating current: 100 A 100 A steady state per phase steady state per phase
1 m
0.017 m
0.015m
1 m
0.150m
-
-
core cable
core cable
system
system
flat formation
flat formation
Circulating currents cause earth grid voltage rise at two ends Circulating currents cause earth grid voltage rise at two ends
Voltage magnitude is plotted with respect to remote earth Voltage magnitude is plotted with respect to remote earth
Less than 1 V induced at the termination Less than 1 V induced at the termination
19~24 A circulating currents in the screen 19~24 A circulating currents in the screen
0 15 30 45 60
SectionNumber
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
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LEGEND
GRND_Rscreen: Bus/Line 4.
GRND_Yscreen: Bus/Line 5.
GRND_Bscreen: Bus/Line 6.
SINGLE COMPUTATION
RunID:Flat 2Point Term.:Source
0 15 30 45 60
Section Number
0
10
20
30
S
e
c
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i
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C
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(
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m
p
s
)

LEGEND
SINGLE COMPUTATION
-
-
core cable
core cable
system
system
trefoil formation
trefoil formation
Virtually zero volt in the screen Virtually zero volt in the screen
9 A circulating currents in the screen (24 A for flat formation) 9 A circulating currents in the screen (24 A for flat formation)
Compact trefoil formation reduces circulating current, but does Compact trefoil formation reduces circulating current, but does
not facilitate heat dissipation not facilitate heat dissipation
0 15 30 45 60
SectionNumber
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
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LEGEND
SINGLE COMPUTATION
RunID:trefoil 2Po Term.:Source
0 15 30 45 60
Section Number
0
5
10
S
e
c
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i
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C
u
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M
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(
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)

LEGEND
SINGLE COMPUTATION
RunID:trefoil 2Po Term.:Source
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
steady state condition
steady state condition
Screen Screen
Only leakage current flows Only leakage current flows
18 V standing voltage at the un 18 V standing voltage at the un- -earthed end earthed end
Earth conductor Earth conductor
Insignificant standing voltage along the insulated earth Insignificant standing voltage along the insulated earth- -continuity conductor continuity conductor
Insignificant circulating current due to transposition Insignificant circulating current due to transposition
very low standing voltage at the solidly earthed end very low standing voltage at the solidly earthed end
due to minor circulating current in the earth continuity conduct due to minor circulating current in the earth continuity conductor flow into earth grid or flow into earth grid
0 15 30 45 60
Section Number
0
5
10
15
20
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LEGEND
GRND_Earth : Bus/Line 7.
SINGLE COMPUTATION
0 15 30 45 60
Section Number
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
S
e
c
t
i
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(
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m
p
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)

LEGEND
GRND_Earth : Bus/Line 7.
SINGLE COMPUTATION
This voltage
depends on
the capacity
current and
the
resistance of
the earth grid
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonded system
bonded system
fault condition
fault condition
high EGVR at source

high EGVR at source
1000 A earth return current, 5 1000 A earth return current, 5 earth grid at the source site earth grid at the source site
Screen only bonded at the source Screen only bonded at the source
The voltage at the screen is dominated by the EGVR of the faulte The voltage at the screen is dominated by the EGVR of the faulted site due to relatively high d site due to relatively high
earth grid impedance of the site (5 earth grid impedance of the site (5 ) )
5 kV above remote earth potential 5 kV above remote earth potential
Voltage due to induction is only a small proportion Voltage due to induction is only a small proportion
0 15 30 45 60
SectionNumber
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
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LEGEND
SINGLE COMPUTATION
Single
Single
-
-
point
point
-
-
bonding system
bonding system
fault condition
fault condition
low EGVR at source

low EGVR at source
1000 A actual fault current, 0.05 1000 A actual fault current, 0.05 earth grid at the source site earth grid at the source site
Screen only bonded at the source Screen only bonded at the source
The voltage at the screen is dominated by the induced voltage The voltage at the screen is dominated by the induced voltage
Approximately 700 V/km Approximately 700 V/km
0 15 30 45 60
Section Number
0
200
400
600
800
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LEGEND
Rscreen :Bus/Line 4.
Yscreen :Bus/Line 5.
Bscreen :Bus/Line 6.
SINGLE COMPUTATION
RunID:Flat1Point Term.:Source
This voltage
depends on the
resistance of the
earth grid and the
actual fault current
Cross
Cross
-
-
bonding cable system
cable core transposed
cable core transposed
Virtually zero volt at earthed ends with respect to remote earth Virtually zero volt at earthed ends with respect to remote earth
About 6 V standing voltage at minor section joint About 6 V standing voltage at minor section joint
Virtually no circulating current Virtually no circulating current
0 50 100 150 200
Section Number
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
S
h
u
n
t

P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
V
o
l
t
s
)

LEGEND
SINGLE COMPUTATION
Cross
Cross
-
-
cable core not transposed
cable core not transposed
Asymmetric voltage profile along the screens as expected Asymmetric voltage profile along the screens as expected
0.7 V appears at the termination joints, with respect to remote 0.7 V appears at the termination joints, with respect to remote earth earth
Approximately 0.5 A circulating current Approximately 0.5 A circulating current
Cable core should be transposed to eliminate imbalance Cable core should be transposed to eliminate imbalance
Induced voltage on
outer cable screen
Induced voltage on
middle cable screen
0 50 100 150 200
Section Number
0.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
S
h
u
n
t

P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
V
o
l
t
s
)

LEGEND
SINGLE COMPUTATION
This voltage
depends on
the current
imbalance and
the resistance
of the earth
grid
Summary
Summary
-
-
1
1
Solidly Solidly- -bonded cable system bonded cable system
Inexpensive and simple Inexpensive and simple
Suitable for short length of cable sections, tens of meters Suitable for short length of cable sections, tens of meters
Trefoil formation of cables can reduce circulating current (60 % Trefoil formation of cables can reduce circulating current (60 % reduction for the reduction for the
case study given) case study given)
Single Single- -point point- -bonding cable system bonding cable system
Relatively inexpensive and simple Relatively inexpensive and simple
Suitable for cable sections where screen heating could be signif Suitable for cable sections where screen heating could be significant icant
Generally for sections less than 500 m or one drum length Generally for sections less than 500 m or one drum length
Split single Split single- -point point- -bonding cable system bonding cable system
Relatively inexpensive and simple Relatively inexpensive and simple
Double the length of single Double the length of single- -point point- -bonding cable system, 300~500 m bonding cable system, 300~500 m
Cross Cross- -bonding cable system bonding cable system
Technically complicated and financially expensive Technically complicated and financially expensive
Suitable for long cable sections where induced voltage and scree Suitable for long cable sections where induced voltage and screen heating are of n heating are of
concern concern
Summary
Summary
-
-
2
2

When to use different type of screen bonding method?
When to use different type of screen bonding method?
Should look at options on a case to case basis Should look at options on a case to case basis
Meet the induced voltage limit (65 V for system voltage up to 11 Meet the induced voltage limit (65 V for system voltage up to 110 kV, 150 V 0 kV, 150 V
otherwise otherwise
Consider the circulating current and therefore heating effect Consider the circulating current and therefore heating effect
Financial consideration Financial consideration
Specially bonded system is more complex and costly Specially bonded system is more complex and costly
SVL SVL
Link box Link box
Joint bay Joint bay
Earth Earth- -continuity conductor continuity conductor
Fully insulated system Fully insulated system
Only provide specially bonded system when circulating current is Only provide specially bonded system when circulating current is
excessive or standing voltage is unacceptable excessive or standing voltage is unacceptable

Crossbonding of Single Core Cables

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Crossbonding of Single Core Cables

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Single Core Cable

Single Core Cable

high EGVR at source

low EGVR at source

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