Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics: SOIL AGGREGATE (Lectures 1 To 4)
Topics: SOIL AGGREGATE (Lectures 1 To 4)
(1.1)
And, also,
(1.2)
(1.3)
Where
The weight of air is assumed to be zero. The volume relations commonly used in soil mechanics are void
ratio, porosity, ad degree of saturation.
Void ratio e defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids:
(1.4)
Porosity n is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume:
(1.5)
Also,
And so
(1.6)
Degree of saturation
is the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids and is generally expressed
as a percentage:
The weight relations used are moisture content and unit weight. Moisture content w is defined as the ratio of
the weight of water to the weight of soil solids, generally expressed as a percentage:
(1.8)
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 4
Unit weight is the ratio of the total weight to the total volume of the soil aggregate:
(1.9)
This is sometimes referred to as moist unit weight since it includes the weight of water and the soil solids. If
the entire void space is filled with water ((i.e.,
.
The dry unit weight
is defined as the ratio of the weight of soil solids to the total volume:
(1.10)
Useful weight-volume relations can be developed by considering a soil mass is which the volume of soil
solids is unity, as shown in Figure 1.2. Since
Where
.
From Eq. (1.8), the weight of water is
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 5
(1.11)
The dry unit weight can also be determined from Figure 1.2 as
(1.12)
The degree of saturation can be given by
(1.13)
For saturated soils,
(1.14)
By referring to Figure 1.3, the relation for the unit weight of a saturated soil can be obtained as
(1.15)
Basic relations for unit weight such as Eqs. (1.11), (1.12), and (1.15) in terms of porosity n can also be
derived by considering a soil mass that has a total volume of unity as shown in Figure 1.4. In this case (for
V=1), from Eq. (1.5)
, So,
Figure 1.3 Weight-volume relation for saturated soil with
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 6
The weight of soil solids is equal to
(1.16)
The dry unit weight is
(1.17)
If the soil is saturated (Figure 1.5).
(1.18)
Figure 1.4 Weight-volume relation with
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 7
Several other functional relationships are given in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Functional relationships of various soil properties for saturated soils
Jumikis, A.R., Soil Mechanics, 1962, pp. 90-91, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersy
Sought quantities
Quantities
and:
Specific
gravity
Dry unit weight
Saturated unit
weight
Saturated
moisture
content, %
Porosity n Void ratio e
Figure 1.5 weight-volume relationship for saturated soil with
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 8
From Eq. (1.12), the dry unit weight is
From Eq. (1.13), the degree of saturation is
Part (b):From Eq. (1.14), for saturated soils,
or
From Eq. (1.15), the saturated unit weight is
1.2.2 General Range of Void Ratio and Dry Unit Weight Encountered in
Granular Soils
The loosest and the densest possible arrangements that we can obtain from these equal spheres are,
respectively, the simple cubic and pyramidal type of packing as shown in Figure 1.6. The void
corresponding to the simple cubic type of arrangement is 0.91; that for the pyramidal type of arrangement is
0.34. In the case of natural granular soils, particles are neither of equal size nor perfect spheres. The small-
sized particles may occupy void spaces between the larger ones, which will tend to reduce the void ratio of
natural soils are compared to that for equal spheres.
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 9
(a) (b)
Figure 1.6 Simple cubic (a) and pyramid (b) types of arrangement of equal spheres.
Table 1.2 Gives some typical values of void ratios and dry unit weights encountered in granular soils.
Table 1.2 typical values of void ratios and dry unit weights for granular soils
Dry unit weight
Void ratio e
Minimum
Maximum
] Soil type Maximum Minimum
Gravel 0.6 0.3 16 20
Coarse sand 0.75 0.35 15 19
Fine sand 0.85 0.4 14 19
Standard 0.8 0.5 14 17
Gravelly
sand
0.7 0.2 15 22
Silty sand 1 0.4 13 19
Silty sand
and gravel
0.85 0.15 14 23
1.2.3 Relative Density and Relative Compaction
Relative density is a term generally used to describe the degree of compaction of coarse-grained soils.
Relative density
is defined as
(1.19)
Where
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 10
Equation (1.19) can also be expressed in terms of dry unit weight of the soil:
(1.20)
Similarly,
(1.21)
And
(1.22)
The results of the sieve analysis are plotted in Figure 1.7.
The grain-size distribution can be used to determine some of the basic soil parameters such as the effective
size, the uniformity coefficient, and the coefficient of gradation. The effective size of a soil is the diameter
through which 10% of the total soil mass is passing ad is referred to as
is
defined as
(1.23)
Where
is the diameter through which 60% of the total soil mass is passing. The coefficient of gradation
is defined as
(1.24)
Where
is the diameter through which 30% of the total soil mass is passing.
Figure 1.7 Grain size distributions
NPTEL- Advanced Geotechnical Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engg. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 11
The uniformity coefficient and the coefficient of gradation for the sieve analysis shown in Figure 1.7.
A soil is called a well-graded soil if the distribution of the grain sizes extends over a rather large range. In
that case, the value of the uniformity coefficient is large. Generally, a soil is referred to as well graded if
is larger than about 4 to 6 and
(1.25)
Where
In the laboratory, hydrometer tests are generally conducted in a sedimentation cylinder, and 50g of oven-
dried soil is used. The sedimentation cylinder is 18 in (457.2 m) high and 2.5 in (63.5 mm) in diameter, and
it is marked for a volume of 1000 ml. a 125-ml solution of 4% sodium hexametaphosphate in distilled water
is generally added to the specimen as the dispersing agent. The volume of the dispersed soil suspension is
brought up to the 1000 ml mark by adding distilled water. After through mixing, the sedimentation cylinder
is placed inside a constant-temperature bath. The hydrometer is then placed in the sedimentation cylinder
and readings are taken to the tip of the meniscus (Figure 1.8) at various elapsed times.
When the hydrometer is placed in the soil suspension at a time t after the start of sedimentation, it measures
the liquid density in the vicinity of its bulb at a depth L (Figure 1.10). the liquid density is a function of the
amount of soil particles present per unit volume of the suspension at that depth. ASTM 152Hydrometers are
calibrated to read the amount in grams of soil particles in suspension per 1000 ml (for