DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

UNIT-II:
JOINTS IN STEEL STRUCTURES

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

BOLTED CONNECTIONS (NUMERICAL)
(LIMIT STATE METHOD)

(TOS) 6407
Prof. Vilas Gaikwad
1
Problem1: Determine the bolt value of 22 mm diameter bolt
connecting 12 mm plate in .. (i) Single shear (ii) Double shear.
Bolts used 4.6 grade, Plates are of 410 grade.
Given: For Bolt grade 4.6, fub=400 MPa; fyb=240 MPa.
For Plate of grade 410: fu=410 MPa.

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

Area of bolt Asb= ∏ d2= ∏ ( )2=380.13mm2
4 4
Anb=0.78 x Asb= 0.78 x 380.13=296.5mm2 say 296mm2
Strength of bolt in single shear(SS) is…
V fu
Vdsb = nsb = (nnAnb +nsAsb )=0.462 fu(nnAnb +nsAsb )
ϒmb ϒ mb
0.462 ( )
Vdsb = = 54.70 kN
1000
Strength of bolt in double shear is …
0.462 ( )
Vdsb = =109.70 kN
1000

Vdsb =54.70 x 2=109.40 kN

Strength of bolt in bearing or Bearing capacity of
bolt is…
Vdpb = Vnpb =2.5 kbd t fu = 2 kbd t fu
ϒmb 1.25
= 2 x 1x22x12x410 = 216.48kN

, Nashik
Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic
1000
(i)Bolt Value or Strength of bolt in single shear is
the minimum of shear strength in SS and bearing
strength of bolt = 54.70 kN
(ii)Bolt Value or Strength of bolt in double shear is
the minimum of shear strength in dS and bearing
strength of bolt = 109.40 kN
3
Problem2: Design a lap joint between plates 100x8mm so as
to transmit a factored load of 100 kN using black bolts of 12
mm diameter and grade 4.6, The plates are made of steel
410 grade.
Given: : For Bolt grade 4.6, fub=400 MPa; fyb=240 MPa.
For Plate of grade 410: fu=410 MPa.

, Nashik
Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic
Diameter of bolt d= 12mm, diameter of hole= 13mm,
Area of bolt Asb= ∏ d2= ∏ ( )2=113.10 mm2
4 4
Anb=0.78 x Asb= 0.78 x 113.10=88.22 mm2
Strength of bolt in single shear(SS) is…
V fu
Vdsb = nsb = (nnAnb +nsAsb )=0.462 fu(nnAnb +nsAsb )
ϒmb ϒ mb
0.462 ( . )
Vdsb = = 16.30 kN
1000 4
Strength of bolt in bearing or Bearing capacity of
bolt is…
Vdpb = Vnpb =2.5 kbd t fu = 2 kbd t fu
ϒmb 1.25
= 2 x 1x12x8x410 = 78.72kN

, Nashik
Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic
1000

Bolt Value or Strength of bolt is the minimum of

shear strength and bearing strength of bolt = 16.30
kN

No. of bolts required = = 6.13

16.30
= say 8 bolts 5
 Detailing:
 Minimum pitch=2.5d=2.5x12=30mm
 Min. edge distance=20mm,
 Min. end distance=20mm, (Say 25mm)

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

 Provide 8 bolts as shown in figure below

20mm

100 mm
60mm

20mm
6
25mm 30mm 30mm 30mm 25mm
Problem3: Find the efficiency of lap joint shown in figure,
given M20 bolt of grade 4.6 and plate of grade 410 (E250)
are used.
20mm 20mm

30mm

, Nashik
Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic
180 mm
60mm
60mm
30mm
60mm

: For Bolt grade4.6, fub=400 MPa; fyb=240 MPa.

For Plate of grade 410: fu=410 MPa.
Diameter of bolt d= 20mm, diameter of hole= 22mm,
Area of bolt Asb= ∏ d2= ∏ ( )2=314.16 mm2 7
4 4
Anb=0.78 x Asb= 0.78 x 314.16=245 mm2
(I)Strength of bolt in single shear(SS) is…
V fu
Vdsb = nsb = (nnAnb +nsAsb )=0.462 fu(nnAnb +nsAsb )
ϒmb ϒ mb
0.462

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

( )
Vdsb = = 45.276 kN
1000
Strength of 6 bolts single shear = 6x 45.276=271.65 kN
(II)Strength of bolt in bearing or Bearing capacity of bolt is…
Vdpb = Vnpb =2.5 kbd t fu = 2 kbd t fu
ϒmb 1.25
 Kb is minimum of kb is smaller of (e/3d0) , (p/3d0 – 0.25) , (
fub/fu ) , 1.0.
(i) e = 30 =0.45 (ii)( p - 0.25) = )( 60 - 0.25) =0.66
3d0 3 3d0 3
(iii) fub = 400 =0.976 (iv) 1 Smaller of all four is kb=0.45
fu 410
8
Strength of bolt in bearing or Bearing capacity of bolt is…
Vdpb = Vnpb =2.5 kbd t fu = 2 kbd t fu
ϒmb 1.25
= 2 x0.45x20x20x410 = 147.60kN
1000
Design Strength of 6 bolts in bearing=6x 147.6=885.60 kN

, Nashik
Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic
Bolt Value = 271.65 kN.
(III) Strength of Plate at joint..
Tensile Force = Tdn = 0.9 fuAn
ϒml
An= (180 – 3 x 22) x 20 = 2280 mm2 , ϒml= 1.25
Tdn = 0.9 fuAn = 0.9x 2280x410 =673.05 kN
ϒml 1.25
Strength of joint is minimum of above (I), (II),(III)
Strength of joint is = 271.65 kN 9
(IV) Strength of solid Plate =
(IV) Strength of solid Plate = Agfy =(180x20)x250 =818.18kN
ϒmo 1.1x1000

(V) Efficiency of Joint = = (Strength of the joint ) x 100

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

( Strength of Solid Plate)

= 271.65x 100 =33.20%

818.18

10
Problem4: Find the efficiency of the joint, if in the above
example instead of lap joint, butt joint is made using two
cover plates of size 12mm and numbers of bolts on each side.
12mm Cover Plates

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

20mm 20mm

30mm

180 mm
60mm
60mm
30mm
60mm

: Strengthof plates and strength of bolts in bearing are same

as above, Strength in shear is different, since in each bolt
one section in root and another section at shank resist shear.
Thus in this case ns=6 and nn=6
11
(I)Design Shear strength = Vdsb = 0.462 fu(nnAnb +nsAsb )
Design Shear strength = Vdsb = 0.462 fu(nnAnb +nsAsb )
0.462 ( . )
Vdsb = = 620 kN
1000
(II)Design Strength of 6 bolts in bearing

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

Vdpb=6x 147.6=885.60 kN
(III) Strength of Plate at joint..
Tensile Force = Tdn = 0.9 fuAn
ϒml
An= (180 – 3 x 22) x 20 = 2280 mm2 , ϒml= 1.25
Tdn = 0.9 fuAn = 0.9x 2280x410 =673.05 kN
ϒml 1.25
Strength of joint is minimum of above (I), (II),(III)
Strength of joint is = 620 kN kN
(IV) Strength of solid Plate(on Yield) =
= Agfy =(180x20)x250 =818.18kN
ϒmo 1.1x1000
Based on rupture=Tdn = 0.9 fuAg = 0.9x410x (180x20) 12
ϒml 1.25
=1062.72 kN
(V) Efficiency of Joint = = (Strength of the joint ) x 100
(Strength of Solid Plate)

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

= 620 x 100
818.18

= 75.78%

13
Problem5: Determine the strength and efficiency of the lap
joint shown in figure below. The bolts are of 20mm diameter
and of grade 4.6. The two plates to be joined are 10 mm and
12mm thick.(Steel is of grade 410 (E250).)

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

12mm 10mm

50mm
50mm 100 mm
50mm
50mm

50mm

: For Bolt grade 4.6, fub=400 MPa; fyb=240 MPa.

For Plate of grade 410: fu=410 MPa.
Diameter of bolt d= 20mm, diameter of hole= 22mm,
14
Area of bolt Asb= ∏ d2= ∏ ( )2=314.16 mm2
4 4
Anb=0.78 x Asb= 0.78 x 314.16=245 mm2
(I)Strength of bolt in single shear(SS) is…
V fu
Vdsb = nsb = (nnAnb +nsAsb )=0.462 fu(nnAnb +nsAsb )
ϒmb ϒ mb
0.462

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

( )
Vdsb = = 45.276 kN
1000
Strength of the joint per pitch length in single shearis
= 2x 45.276=90.552 kN
(II)Strength of bolt in bearing or Bearing capacity of bolt is…
Vdpb = Vnpb =2.5 kbd t fu = 2 kbd t fu (assume e=33mm for rolled edges)
ϒmb 1.25
 Kb is minimum of kb is smaller of (e/3d0) , (p/3d0 – 0.25) , (
fub/fu ) , 1.0.
(i) e = 33 =0.5 (ii)( p - 0.25) = )( 50 - 0.25) =0.51
3d0 3 3d0 3
(iii) fub = 400 =0.976 (iv) 1 ; Smaller of all four is kb=0.50 15
fu 410
Strength of bolt in bearing or Bearing capacity of bolt is…
Vdpb = Vnpb =2.5 kbd t fu = 2 kbd t fu
ϒmb 1.25

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

= 2 x0.50x20x10x410 = 82 kN
1000
Strength of joint per pitch length in bearing =2x 82 =164 kN
Bolt Value = 90.552 kN
(III) Net tensile Strength of the Plate per pitch length is ...
Tensile Force = Tdn = 0.9 fuAn
ϒml
An= (p – dh) x t =(100 – 22) x 10= 780 mm2 , ϒml= 1.25
Tdn = 0.9 fuAn = 0.9x 780x410 =230.26 kN
ϒml 1.25
Hence Strength of joint per pitch length is minimum of above
(I), (II),(III) I,e. = 90.552 kN
16

(IV) Strength of solid Plate = Agfy =(100x10)x250 =227.27kN

ϒmo 1.1x1000
(IV) Strength of solid Plate(based on yield)
= Agfy =(100x10)x250 =227.27kN
ϒmo 1.1x1000

Prof. Vilas R Gaikwad , Govt. Polytechnic , Nashik

(IV) Strength of solid Plate (based on rupture)
= 0.9Afu =0.9x(100x10)x410 =295.20kN
ϒml 1.25x1000

(V) Efficiency of Joint = = (Strength of the joint ) x 100

( Strength of Solid Plate)

= 90.552x 100 =30.67%

295.20

17