Metrik' Switchboard Instruments

METRIK
Switchboard Instruments
2
Contents
Manufacturing Facilities 3
The Metrik Range 4
Instrument Scales 5
General Specifications 6
Moving Iron Ammeters and
Voltmeters 7
Maximum Demand Ammeters 8
Moving Coil Ammeters and
Voltmeters 9
Meter Relays 11
Elapsed Time Meters 12
Self-contained Frequency Meters 13
Self-contained Wattmeters and
Varmeters 14
Self-contained Power Factor Indicators
(Circular Scale) 15
Self-contained Power Factor Indicators
(Quadrant and Long Scale) 16
LED Synchroscopes 17
Electromechanical Synchroscopes 18
Self-contained Synchronising
Instruments 19
Tap Position Indicators 20
Wiring Diagrams 20-24
Outline and Dimensions 25
Outline and Dimensions
for External Boxes 26
Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC
Emissions standard EN 50081-2 1994 Industrial environment
Immunity standard EN 50082-2 1995 Industrial environment
(IEC 60801 parts 2, 3 and 4)
Susceptibility to
Electrostatic Discharge 8kV air discharge/4kV contact.
Warning: This specification applies when the front cover is fitted. If the
front cover is removed to gain access to the adjustment potentiometers
then appropriate ESD protection must be taken.
Low Voltage Directive 72/23/EEC
Designed to EN 61010-1 1993 safety requirements.
METRIK
Switchboard Instruments
3
Manufacturing facilities
The latest technologies are used in our order processing to minimise human error, enhance product reliability and
improve service. Some of the innovative facilities are described below.
Calibration data from test routines is used to produce scale shape.
Automatic dial marking using pen plotter.
Computer aided test bench for self-contained power instruments.
Instrument being calibrated
Voltage and current references
Visual display for calibration
Expert system for order
processing
This database is used to produce
manufacturing specifications and
detail the variable components
associated with the individual
calibrations required for power
instrumentation. This ensures
repeatability, via model number, the
next time a specific model type has
to be produced. The computer also
produces a series of bar codes
which are used to generate the
necessary labels and to identify the
instrument in the manufacturing
process.
Computerised testing
The computer configures the test
bench for the given instrument
application by reading the
accompanying bar code using a
light pen. A series of test routines is
performed to generate the
calibration information required to
draw the instrument scale.
Automated dial marking
Dials are drawn from the calibration
information generated by the test
bench. The operation is controlled to
ensure uniformity of appearance
between instrument dials and permit
multiple dials to be drawn.
96M SELF-CONTAINED
MANUFACTURING SPEC
GROUP No
224030
DESCRIPTION:MW :3 4W
SEARCH No. DESCRIPTI
001
002
003
004
SECONDARY VOLTAGE
SECONDARY CURRENT
SCALE FACTOR
MOVEMENT SENSITIVIT
*4 800 5*
SELF-CONTAINED
INSTRUMENTS
EXPERT SYSTEM
VERSION N
kW
96M
4
The Metrik range
The Metrik range of indicating instruments is suitable for both panel and
switchboard mounting to monitor all power system parameters.
Features Benefits
Models available in four sizes with 48mm, 72mm, Suitable for all sizes of panel and all types of
96mm and 144mm square bezels application
Housings manufactured from flame retardant material Provides added safety and durability
AC moving iron instruments utilise robust pivot and Suitable for use in areas of high vibration such as on
jewel movements and are true RMS sensing generating equipment
Give accurate readings under harmonic rich
conditions
DC moving coil instruments incorporate taut band Especially suited for use with transducers for remote
movements with low burdens indication
Full range of self contained power instruments Less wiring and mounting space required than when
using separate transducers and instruments
90 and 240 scales available for most types of Allows easy and accurate reading
measurement with flat scale plates
All 90 moving coil and moving iron instruments have Simple modification for power system expansion.
slide-in scales Panel manufacturers can stock a small range of
movements to cover a wide range of requirements
Square bezel permits edge to edge mounting Maximises use of panel space
Single hole panel fixing Reduces installation costs
Manufactured in an accredited ISO9001 environment Ensures highest quality and reliability
Many items available ex-stock from our ISO9001 Rapid delivery to site
accredited Stock Centre
Optional features
The following optional features are available and must
be requested at the time of order.
Scales
Blank dials with pencil dots
Non standard scale markings
Non standard titles (non electrical quantities)
Subtitles
Endscale markings
Dual scales (except 48mm)
Spare scales (on loose dial plates)
Black scale: white markings
Centre zero scales
Offset zero scales (moving coil only)
Right hand zero scales (240 only)
Red line at position specified by customer
Coloured markings: arcs or zones
Calibration
Calibration at angle other than vertical
Calibration to Class Index of 1.0
Calibration at specified frequency other than
50Hz or 60Hz
Terminal resistance other than standard (moving coil
only)
Suppressed zero, mechanical or electrical (moving
coil only)
Dual range instruments (moving coil only)
Certificates of test/conformance
Construction
Standard tropical finish, (tropicalised to BS 2011
Part 2.1Ca 4 day)
IP65 cover
Panel gaskets except 144mm
Adjustable red index pointer
Low reflection glass window
Toughened glass window
Tagging
5
Instrument scales
The following notes may be used as a guide to detail your scaling
requirements:
Typical instrument scales
Moving iron instruments have compressed scales.
Short scale ammeter with Short scale voltmeter for Long scale ammeter. Long scale ammeter
6 x overload for use on use with 11kV/110V scaled to ESI 41-26.
motor control gear. voltage transformer.
Moving coil instruments, including self contained power instruments, have linear scales.
Short scale. Short scale 4 ... 20mA Long scale 50% Long scale centre
electronically suppressed mechanically suppressed zero varmeter.
milliameter. voltmeter.
Endscale values
Recommended endscale values
1 1.2 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7.5 8 9
10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 80 90
100 120 150 200 250 300 400 500 500 750 800 900
1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 7500 8000 9000
Scale selection
Moving iron ammeters For CT operated instruments the scale selected is normally
the same value as the CT Primary. For direct connected
ammeters 20% continuous overload may be expected at
peak times and the scaling should therefore take this into
account.
Moving iron voltmeters To allow for a healthy overload 20% overscale is normally
added to the VT primary with selection to nearest
recommended endscale value.
eg: 6.6kV VT +20% (7.92) Select scale 0 8kV.
Moving coil ammeters The majority of moving coil ammeters are transducer
Milliameters operated and therefore the scaling is normally equal to the
transducer input.
Moving coil voltmeters For millivoltmeters operated from DC shunts the scaling is
Millivoltmeters normally equal to the primary shunt rating. Centre zero
scaling for shunt operated millivoltmeters is sometimes
required.
Rectified moving coil Refer to Moving iron above.
Power instruments Scaling is normally derived from the system VA
eg: for 3 phase 3 wire balanced load
VT: 11kV/110V CT: 800/5A
System rated at 15.25 MVA
Add 20% for healthy overload (18.29 MVA)
Select recommended end scale value 020.
Maximum demand Scaling is calculated at 120% of nominal current.
ammeters eg: for CT ratio of 400/5A
Scaling would be 0480A corresponding to rating of 6A.
6
General specifications
Specifications are in accordance
with UL94VO (flame retardancy),
DIN 43 700 (dimensions), DIN 43
802 (scales) and BS89 Part
1:1970, VDE 0401/10/59 and
IEC 60051 (performance).
Accuracy
Most instruments are calibrated to a
Class Index (CI) of 1.5 as standard
although certain instruments can be
supplied to a CI of 1.0 on request.
A CI of 1.5 signifies an error of up
to 1.5% of full scale.
Operating temperature range
10C to +55C
(unless otherwise specified).
Relative humidity
BS 2011 Part 2.1Ca 4 day.
Tropicalised instruments for more
onerous conditions can be provided
on request.
Ingress protection
IP52 in accordance with
IEC 60529.
IP65 using optional cover over facia
Dielectric level
2kV (rms) for one minute between
movement and case.
Position of use
Vertical (unless otherwise specified).
Full scale deflection angle
Quadrant scale: 90
Long scale: 240
Synchroscopes and
4 quadrant PFI: 360
Scale length (mm)
Size Quadrant Long
scale scale
48mm 41 65
72mm 62 105
96mm 92 149
144mm 135 222
Pointer
Conforms to DIN 43 802
Scale plate
Flat. Graduation and markings to
DIN 43 802
Case material
48mm, 72mm, 96mm,
144mm (90): Polycarbonate
144mm (240): Steel
7
Moving iron ammeters
and voltmeters
Moving iron indicators are suitable
for a wide range of ac applications
reading the true rms value of the
measured signal and are therefore
well suited to use in harmonic rich
environments.
They can be direct connected or
transformer fed.
Instrument Type
Range (ac)
Burden (VA)
reference
Min. Max.
48mm
90 Ammeter A48DI 100mA 40A 1.2
90 Voltmeter V48DI 5V 600V 1.0
72mm
240 Ammeter A72LI 100mA 30A 1.25
240 Voltmeter V72LI 5V 600V 2.2
96mm
144mm
Frequency
50Hz or 60Hz
AC voltage AC current
Overload ratings 1.2 x rated voltage continuously. 2 x rated current
continuously.
2 x rated voltage for 5s. 10 x rated current for 5s.
Ammeters for use on motor
control gear are available
with scales marked 6 x
rated current.
This value can be withstood
for 15s.
Accuracy Class Index 1.5 Class Index 1.5
Class Index 1.0 available Class Index 1.0 available
on most long scale instruments on most long scale
instruments
Information required with order
Type reference
Details of required scale and any optional features
Details of required electrical rating or input transformer ratio and frequency
Example: Type reference A96LI
CT ratio 200/5A, 50Hz
Scale 0200A
Supply with adjustable red index pointer
8
Maximum demand
ammeters
The standard thermal demand
ammeter displays the maximum
sustained load for the time lag
specified on all types of electrical
equipment. Units with 8, 15 or 20
minutes time lag have a red slave
pointer which shows highest value
reached and has a wire-sealable
reset knob. Operated on the bi-
metal strip principle, the instrument
is robust, reliable and sustains
accuracy under extremes of ambient
temperature. Due to an inherent
time lag, the instrument is unaffected
by momentary or short duration
overloads.
A dual purpose version capable of
both thermal and instantaneous
indication is available. This
comprises a thermal ammeter plus
an instantaneous moving iron
ammeter combined in a common
case. Both versions offered can be
supplied with or without a saturable
current limit transformer
accommodated within the instrument
case.
Instrument Type reference
72mm 96mm 144mm
Thermal unit only
Time lag 8, 15, or 20 mins M72D M96D M14D
Time lag 30 mins M96Q
Combined unit
Time lag 8, 15 or 20 mins M72DA M96DA M14DA
Time lag 30 mins M96QA
Current
5A standard, 1A available on request
Overload ratings
Designs with saturable CT, 40 x rated current for 0.5 second. This can be
repeated 3 times at intervals not less than 1.5 seconds. Directly connected
designs,
4 x rated current for 10 seconds.
Ambient temperature compensation range
10C to +60C
Burdens
These are calculated at nominal current where scaling is 0 to 120% of the
nominal value. That is, nominal current 5A and scaling 0 to 6A.
Item Burden (VA)
Thermal movement 4.4
Thermal movement with
current limit transformer 6
Moving iron movement 0.6
(additional)
Accuracy
Movement Class index
Thermal 3.0
Moving iron 1.5
Type reference
CT ratio and frequency
Time lag
Example: Type reference M96DA
CT ratio 200/5 A, 50Hz
Time lag 20 mins
9
Moving coil ammeters
and voltmeters
Moving coil instruments are suitable
for a wide range of dc applications,
particularly for remote indication
when used with a suitable
transducer (see publications I4-025
and I4-028 for Istat 300
transducers).
Rectified instruments are available
for ac applications and have a low
burden. Scales are linear and can
be drawn to suit customer
specification together with any
chosen title.
If a suppressed zero scale of greater
than 50% is required, an Istat 300
suppressed zero voltage transducer
must be used. Details provided on
request.
Instrument Type Range
reference
(See note) Min. Max.
48mm
90 Ammeter A48DC 100A dc 60A dc
A48DR 1mA ac 6.25A ac
240 Ammeter A48LC 500A dc 60A dc
A48LR 1mA ac 60A ac
90 Voltmeter V48DC 50mV dc 600V dc
V48DR 5V ac 600V ac
240 Voltmeter V48LC 75mV dc 1000V dc
V48LR 5V ac 1000V ac
72mm
A72LR 1mA ac 60A ac
90 Voltmeter V72DC 50 mV dc 600V dc
V72DR 5V ac 600V ac
96mm
A96LR 1mA ac 60A ac
V96DR 5V ac 600V ac
144mm
A14DR 1 mA ac 6.25A ac
A14LR 1mA ac 60A ac
V14DR 5V ac 600V ac
Movement resistances for dc milliammeters Refer to factory
Frequency AC rectifier instruments are calibrated on a sinusoidal
waveform at 50Hz, but are suitable for use without
significant error on any frequency from 20Hz to 10kHz
(2.5kHz when internal CT is used).
Overload ratings AC and DC ammeters: 1.2 x rated current continuously
10 x rated current for 5s
AC and DC voltmeters 1.2 x rated voltage continuously
2 x rated voltage momentarily
Standard 1000 ohms per volt
sensitivity of Calibration of millivoltmeters will be carried out with standard
voltmeters resistance of 0.025 (2 metres) if not specified.
Accuracy DC instruments AC instruments
Quadrant scale 1.5 2.5
Long scale 1.5 1.5
Class Index 1.0 available on most long scale
instruments on request.
Note: Type references ending in C
are for dc ratings: ac ratings
are denoted by the letter R.
10
Type reference
Details of required scale and optional features
Details of required electrical rating or input transformer ratio and frequency
Example: Type reference A96LC
010mA
Scale 0200A
Supply with adjustable red index pointer
Lead resistance for millivoltmeters
Shunt leads
1 6 metre Cable 56/0.3mm 0.00471/m
Length metres Route resistance TB0211 M6/M5 TB0211 M5/M5
1 0.0095 007 001
2 0.019 008 002
2.5 0.0236 009 003
3 0.028 010 004
5 0.047 011 005
6 0.056 012 006
Special See note 014 013
Length to give BS res. of 0.025 = 2.5 metres
6 25 metre Cable 84/0.3mm 0.00314/m
Length metres Route resistance
TB0212
M6/M5 M5/M5
Length to give BS res. of 0.025 = 4 metres
25 50 metre Cable 80/0.4mm 0.00182/m
Length metres Route resistance
TB0212
M6/M5 M5/M5
Length to give BS res. of 0.025 = 7.0 metres
Note: For specials specify part number, length required and route resistance.
(The resistance must be quoted when ordering the associated indicator).
Maximum lead resistance
Long scale Short scale
75mV 1 3
150mV 5 8
11
Meter relays
Meter relays combine indication
and control of ac or dc voltages and
currents. They can be used with a
variety of transducers or sensors
and have a wide range of
applications in the electrical and
process industries.
Indication is by means of accurate
and robust moving iron or moving
coil movements. Each instrument
has two independently adjustable
alarm or control points which can
be set anywhere on the scale by
back-of-panel potentiometers.
Two relay outputs are provided with
adjustable time delay on pick-up or
drop-off. The relays are available in
combinations of high and low, two
low or two high alarms: the
configuration needs to be specified
with order. LED indicators display
when either of the two alarms trip.
Instrument reference Type Range
Min. Max.
AC Moving Iron Ammeter CA96ZI 100mA 5A
AC Moving Iron Voltmeter CV96ZI 6V 600V
DC Moving Coil Ammeter CA96ZC 15A 5A
DC Moving Coil Voltmeter CV96ZC 10mV 600V
AC Moving Coil Ammeter CA96ZR 15A 5A
AC Moving Iron Voltmeter CV96ZR 60mV 600V
Auxiliary supply
AC
110V, 120V, 220V,
230V, 240V (10+15%)
DC
With an external dc/dc converter
12V, 24V, 48V, 110V (10+15%)
Trip settings Accuracy Hysteresis
Each relay is independently 5% of FSD 1% of FSD
adjustable in the range
0100% of FSD by secure
rear mounted potentiometers
Time delay Each relay has an independently adjustable time
delay in the range 0.630s
These can either apply on pick-up or drop-off.
Output relays Two changeover contacts
500VA (Max. 250V or 5A ac)
Frequency The indicating and alarm functions will operate
satisfactorily over the frequency range 4070Hz
Burden AC Inputs DC inputs
4VA 5VA
Type reference
Details of required electrical rating
Details of required auxiliary supply
Time delay on pick-up or drop-off
Relay configuration
Example: Type reference C96DC
Time delay on pick-up of high and low relays
Scale 0100 M/MIN
Rating 010mA dc
Auxiliary supply 110V dc
12
48mm T48D
72mm T72D
96mm T96D
Standard input voltages
(50Hz and 60Hz)
AC Nominal voltage Voltage range
24V 20.4 26.4V
48V 40.8 52.8V
60V 51.0 66.0V
110V 93.5 132V
230V 195.5 264V
400V 360.0 420V
DC
6 12V 5.4 13.2V
12 36V 10.8 39.6V
36 80V 32.4 88.0V
110V 99.0 121V
220V 198.0 242V
Frequency 50Hz or 60Hz
Burden 2VA nominal
Registers 4mm high digits reading up to: 99,999.99 (ac)
999,999.9 (dc)
Resolution 36 seconds (ac)
6 minutes (dc)
Type reference
Details of required electrical rating and frequency
Example: Type reference T96D
Rating 110V dc
Elapsed time meters
The seven digit cyclometer type
indicator displays the cumulative
operating time in hours for
equipment such as X-ray machines,
ventilating and heating systems,
electronic valves, generators, stand-
by pumps and furnaces.
The information helps in planning of
maintenance schedules so that
breakdowns in service are avoided.
Energised from the same power
source as the apparatus being
monitored,
AC models are available in 48mm,
72mm and 96mm cases.
h I
13
Self-contained frequency
meters
Instruments for local indication are
usually supplied as self-contained
units in sizes 72mm, 96mm and
144mm. Each instrument
incorporates a moving coil
movement driven by an internally
mounted static circuit.
For remote indication, moving coil
instruments can be supplied to
operate with transducers from the
ALSTOM T&D Istat 300 range.
(See publications I4-025, I4-028).
Instrument Type reference Class
90
72mm F72D 0.5
96mm F96D 0.5
144mm F14D 0.5
240
72mm F72L 0.5
96mm F96L 0.5
Standard ranges: 4555Hz
4852Hz
5565Hz
5862Hz
Type reference
Example: Type reference F96L
Scale 4555Hz
Rating 110V
14
Self-contained
wattmeters and
varmeters
Instruments for local indication are
usually supplied as self-contained
units in sizes 96mm and 144mm.
Each instrument incorporates a
moving coil movement driven by an
internally mounted static circuit.
96mm 144mm
90 Wattmeter
Single phase W96QB1 W14QB1
3 phase 3 wire balanced load W96QB3 W14QB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load W96QB4 W14QB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load W96QU3 W14QU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load W96QU4 W14QU4
240 Wattmeter
Single phase W96LB1 W14LB1
3 phase 3 wire balanced load W96LB3 W14LB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load W96LB4 W14LB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load W96LU3 W14LU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load W96LU4 W14LU4
90 Varmeter
Single phase R96QB1 *
3 phase 3 wire balanced load R96QB3 R14QB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load R96QB4 R14QB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load R96QU3 R14QU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load R96QU4 R14QU4
240 Varmeter
Single phase R96LB1 *
3 phase 3 wire balanced load R96LB3 R14LB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load R96LB4 R14LB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load R96LU3 R14LU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load R96LU4 R14LU4
* Available as separate Istat 300 transducer and moving coil instrument.
Input ranges
Voltage
220V, 230V, 380V or 440V ac
(Other inputs are available on
request).
Current 1A or 5A ac
Frequency
50Hz or 60Hz
63.5V, 100V, 110V, 120V,
Voltage range 70120%
Current range 0120%
Frequency range 5Hz
Burdens
Voltage 1.5VA
Current 0.3VA maximum
Overload ratings
Voltage
1.2 x rated voltage continuously
2 x rated voltage for 5s
Current
3 x rated current continuously
25 x rated current for 3s
Ambient temperature range
10C to +60C
Accuracy
Class Index 1.5
Class Index 1.0 available on
long scale instruments on request.
Information required
with order
Type reference
Details of required scale and any
optional features
Details of CT and VT transformer
inputs and frequency
Example: Type reference
W96QB3
CT ratio 200/5A
VT ratio 11kV/110V
Frequency 50Hz
Scale 04MW
15
Self-contained power
factor indicators (circular
scale)
These rugged moving iron indicators
provide an accurate means to
determine the power factor of a
supply under any condition of load
within specified limits, or to monitor
the improvement when power factor
correction equipment has been
introduced.
The instrument measures accurately
on reversal of power.
The upper and lower parts of the
scale indicate demand and supply,
export and import power factor
respectively. These are marked from
zero to unity inductive and
capacitive (lag and lead).
Polyphase indicators are
substantially free from frequency
errors over the normal range, but
single phase instruments are suitable
for fixed frequency applications
only.
A polyphase balanced load
indicator is suitable for use up to
10% unbalanced load current.
An externally mounted phase
splitting and voltage dropping unit
is provided when one supply current
transformer is used to feed a single
phase or 3-phase 4-wire balanced
load instrument. A voltage
dropping unit is also provided
above 150V for systems using two
or three current transformers.
96mm 144mm
Single phase P96RB1 P14RB1
3 phase 3 wire balanced load P96RB3 P14RB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load P96RB4 P14RB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load P96RU3 P14RU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load P96RU4 P14RU4
Standard input ranges Voltage Current Frequency
57.7V, 63.5V, 100V, 1A or 5A ac 50Hz or 60Hz
110V, 120V, 230V, 240V,
380V, 415V, 550V ac
Ambient temperature
range 25C to +40C
Overload ratings Voltage Current
1.2 x rated voltage 1.2 x rated current
continuously continuously
2.0 x rated voltage 10 x rated current
momentarily momentarily
Burdens
(at rated current System Current circuit Voltage circuit
and voltage) Single phase 4.5VA 27mA
Polyphase balanced
load (per circuit) 2.0VA 20mA
Polyphase unbalanced
load (per circuit) 2.0VA 20mA
Accuracy For 40% to 120% of rated current input error 2 degrees
electrical, that is, Class Index 2.5
Current influence Voltage influence
For 20% to 40% or 100% to 120% of For 10% voltage variation from the
rated current input additional error 2 nominal value additional error 1 degree
degrees electrical electrical
Unbalanced load influence Frequency influence
(i) Unbalanced load instrument which has (i) Polyphase balanced and unbalanced
one current input at 0.2 of the rated input load instruments additional error
additional error 4 degrees electrical 0.25 degrees electrical per Hz
(ii) Polyphase balanced load instrument. (ii) Single phase instrument additional
For 10% unbalanced current additional error 2 degrees electrical per Hz
error 0.5 degrees electrical
Temperature influence
0.03 degrees electrical per C
Type reference
Details of CT and VT transformer secondary inputs and frequency
Example: Type reference P96RU3
Current 5A
Voltage 110V
Frequency 50Hz
16
Self-contained Power
factor indicators
(quadrant and long
scale)
A self-contained indicator with
quadrant and long scale is
available in size 96mm.
The moving coil movement is driven
by an internal transducer circuit.
Scales are central at unity and are
available up to 180 electrical
degrees.
All instruments are 96 x 96 mm.
90
Single phase P96QB1
3 phase 3 wire balanced load P96QB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load P96QB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load P96QU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load P96QU4
240
Single phase P96LB1
3 phase 3 wire balanced load P96LB3
3 phase 4 wire balanced load P96LB4
3 phase 3 wire unbalanced load P96LU3
3 phase 4 wire unbalanced load P96LU4
Standard Input
Ranges Voltage Current Frequency
57.7V, 63.5V, 1A or 5A ac 50Hz or 60Hz
100V, 110V, 120V,
230V, 240V, 380V,
415V, 440V ac
Voltage range Current range Frequency range
70120% 20200% 5Hz
Burdens Voltage circuit Current circuit
1.5VA 0.3VA
Scales 0.510.5 cos
010 cos lag upscale
10101 cos
Ambient
temperature range 10+60C
Frequency coefficient 0.5 degrees per Hz
Voltage Current
Overload ratings 1.2 x rated voltage 3 x rated current
continuously continuously
2.0 x rated voltage for 5s 25 x rated current for 3s
Accuracy For 40% to 120% of rated current input
error 2 degrees electrical, that is, Class Index 2.5
Current influence Voltage influence
For 20% to 40% or 120% to 200% of For a voltage range of 70120% of
rated current input additional error nominal, the variation does not exceed
2 degrees electrical 2 electrical degrees
Unbalanced load influence Temperature influence
(i) Unbalanced load instrument which has 0.03 degrees electrical per C
one current input at 0.2 of the rated input
additional error 4 degrees electrical
(ii) Polyphase balanced load instrument.
For 10% unbalanced current additional
error 0.5 degrees electrical
Type reference
Details of CT and VT transformer secondary inputs and frequency
Example: Type reference P96QB3
Current 5A
Voltage 110V
Scale 0.510.5 cos
Frequency 50Hz
17
LED synchroscope
Type reference SL96
Description
The LED synchroscope is only
available in a 96mm case and uses
a microprocessor circuit to replace
the conventional electromechanical
movement.
The instrument is optionally
available with a check synchronism
output relay whose contacts close
when synchronisation is reached.
The synchronisation point is defined
by thresholds for phase difference,
voltage difference and time delay
(inhibit against spurious contact
closure).
Technical data
Nominal voltage, UN 57.7, 63.5, 100, 110, 120, 230,
240, 380, 415, 440V
Voltage range Un 20%
Frequency range 45 ... 65Hz
Burden (at rated voltage) < 4 VA
Overload Continually 1.2 x Un (2 x Un for 3s)
Synchronisation pulse duration 150ms
Output relay rating 250V, 6A, 50Hz, 1500VA
Accuracy
Measuring circuit
Accuracy at = 0
3el.
Settings
Voltage difference setting range
1 ... 10% (accuracy 2.5%)
Phase difference setting range
2 ... 20el. (accuracy 3el.)
Switch-on delay time range
0.1 ... 1s (accurancy 10%)
Type reference
State whether optional check synchronism output relay is required
Example: Type reference SL96
Rating 110V, 50Hz
Output relay required
Display operation
The synchroscope has a circle of 18 red LEDs which light alternately to
indicate phase difference. The speed and direction in which the lights move
indicates whether the incoming machine is fast or slow. If the frequency
difference between input voltages exceeds 3Hz, three LEDs above the FAST
or SLOW inscriptions light alternately.
A red U LED is illuminated when the difference between voltages is above
the set value or when the busbar voltage is lower than 80% of nominal value
Un.
Within the synchronisation range ( = 0, between -5el. and +5el.)
resolution is increased to 5el. represented by a set of 7 green LEDs.
When the phase and voltage differences between the incoming machine and
the supply are within the set limits, for a time not less than that also set by the
user, a green SYNC. LED is lit and th output relay closes for 150ms.
F
A
S
T
S
L
O
W
SYNC.
DU
2 100V
18
Electromechanical
synchroscope
A Synchroscope indicates the
difference in phase angle and
frequency between two alternators,
or between an alternator and a
supply system, when it is necessary
to operate these in parallel. A zero
difference is indicated when the
pointer coincides with the
synchronising mark and is
stationary.
The speed and direction of the
pointer shows whether the incoming
machine is fast or slow. This is
adjusted until the pointer is on the
SLOW side of the synchronising
mark, but moving very slowly in the
FAST direction.
The incoming machine circuit can
be closed when the pointer
coincides with the synchronising
mark. This method avoids imposing
a momentary load on the running
machine, or on the supply system.
Although the synchroscope is a
single phase instrument, it is used on
polyphase systems and it is assumed
that the phase relationships
correspond.
The electromechanical design of
synchroscope is particulary resistant
to external interference
Instruments are available in 96mm
and 144mm cases. Each instrument
below 150V input is provided with
a separately accommodated phase
splitter unit. Above 150V a similar
unit with a phase splitter and
voltage transformer is provided.
96mm S96
144mm S14
Standard input voltages
Single phase 57.7V, 63.5V, 100V,
110V, 120V, 230V, 240V, 380V, 415V,
440V, 500V. Although the instruments
are intended for short period use
only, those for 110V and below are
continuously rated. Instruments for
higher voltages have a rating of 20
minutes.
Accuracy
These instruments generally comply with
the requirements of BS89 & IEC51, with
a maximum error of 2 at
synchronising point. This includes
thermal error, voltage variation of 10%
from the nominal value, and
temperature variation of 10C from the
nominal (usually 20C).
Voltage influence
For the 10% voltage variation from the
nominal value - additional error 1
degree electrical.
Frequency influence
Additional error 0.1 degree electrical
per Hz.
Position influence
For 5 from the required mounting
position additional error 0.2 degree
electrical.
Temperature influence
0.03 degree electrical per C.
Frequency difference
The pointer starts to rotate in the correct
direction when the frequency difference
between the incoming supply and the
running supply has been reduced to
1.5Hz.
Frequency range
Between 47.5Hz and 51Hz for a 50Hz
instrument.
Between 57.5 and 61Hz for a 60Hz
instrument.
De-energisation
With one or both circuits de-energised,
the pointer does not remain within 45
degrees of the synchronising mark.
Burdens
(at rated voltage)
Incoming 4.5VA
Running 4.5VA
For voltages above 150V lamps are fed
from VTs within the instrument internal
box. Therefore it is essential, for correct
calibration, to specify when ordering
whether lamps are required bright or
dark at synchronism.
For voltages up to 150V the lamps are
fed from the main supply voltages so it
is not necessary to state the use of the
lamps. However, for lamps bright at
synchronism, a polarity changing VT is
necessary. This can be supplied, if
specified on the order.
Type reference
State whether lamps bright or dark at synchronism
Example: Type reference S96
Rating 110V, 50Hz
Lamps bright at synchronism
19
Self-contained
synchronising
instruments
These types of instruments are used
in synchronising schemes to ensure
that the incoming and running
supplies are of the same frequency,
phase and voltage prior to
connection.
Double moving iron voltmeter, Class 1.5
This instrument can be fed either directly or from voltage transformers connected to
each of the incoming and running supplies. Two quadrant scale moving iron
movements are utilised.
Double pointer frequency meter, Class 0.5
This instrument can be fed either directly or from voltage transformers connected to
each of the incoming and running supplies. Two quadrant scale movements are
utilised. A choice of scales is offered to reflect the two standard operating
frequencies:
Nominal frequency Scale
50Hz 4852Hz
60Hz 5862Hz
Double reed frequency meter, Class 0.5
This instrument differs from the pointer type in that the display is given by two rows of
vibrating reeds, with 21 reeds per row. Two scales are offered as standard:
Nominal frequency Scale
50Hz 4555Hz
60Hz 5565Hz
Differential voltmeter, Class 1.5
This instrument is fed from two ac voltage supplies and displays the difference in
percent of nominal volts. The scale supplied is 200+20V% (+ indicates
generator voltage is greater than line voltage).
Differential frequency meter, Class 0.3
This instrument is fed from two ac voltage supplies and displays the difference in
frequency in percent of the nominal frequency.
The scale supplied is 100+10Hz% (+ indicates generator frequency is greater
than line frequency).
Phase sequence indicator
This instrument shows whether the phase rotation of the connected three phase supply
is correct. Illumination of the red indicator shows incorrect phase rotation and green
shows correct rotation.
Synchronising instruments
Instrument Type reference Range (ac) Burden
Min. Max.
Double moving iron voltmeter
96mm 2V96D 50V 500V 4VA
144mm 2V14D 50V 500V 4VA
Double pointer frequency meter
96mm 2F96D 50V 500V 1VA/
144mm 2F14D 50V 500V 100V
Double reed frequency meter
96mm 2RF96D 50V 500V 1VA/
144mm 2RF14D 50V 500V 100V
Differential voltmeter
96mm DV96D 50V 500V 2.5VA
144mm DV14D 50V 500V 2.5VA
Differential frequency meter*
96mm DF96D 50V 500V 4VA
144mm DF14D 50V 500V 4VA
96mm PSI96 100V 500V 3mA
144mm PSI14 100V 500V 3mA
* Note: Tolerance on line voltage supply is 15%.
Type reference
Details of required scale
and frequency
Example: Type reference 2F96D
Scale 4555Hz
Rating 110V, 50Hz
20
Wiring Diagrams
(Voltage transformers not shown)
Tap position indicators
Position indicators can be used for many remote monitoring applications.
For example, the positions of transformer taps, mechanical valves or sluice
gates can be determined accurately.
Scale markings are kept to a minimum to present a clear pleasing
appearance ensuring that the instruments can be read with ease from a
distance of several feet.
Tap position indicators are supplied as a moving coil instrument, refer page
9, and a separate Istat 300 transducer, refer publications
I4-025 and I4-028.
Wattmeters, varmeters and power
factor indicators
1 2
3
L
N
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
5
Self-contained single phase 90 and 240
TN 7369 001
Wattmeters, varmeters and power
factor indicators
TN 7369 004
1 2
3
A
B
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
5
C
Self-contained 3 phase, 3 wire balanced
load 90 and 240
Varmeter
TN 7369 003
load 90 and 240, cross connected
3
8
5
1
A
B
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
C
Wattmeters and varmeters
TN 7369 007
Self-contained 3 phase, 3 wire unbalanced
load 90 and 240
1 2
7
3
9
A
B
C
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
8
5
Power factor indicators
TN 7369 008
load 90 and 240
1 2
7
3
9
A
B
C
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
5
Wattmeters, varmeters and
power factor indicators
TN 7369 002
load 90 and 240
1 2
3
A
B
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
5
C
N
21
Wattmeters
TN 7369 009
load 90 and 240
1 2
6 7
4 3
11
9
A
B
C
N
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
8
Varmeters
TN 7369 010
(2 el.) load 90 and 240
1 2
6 7
4 3 5
9
A
B
C
N
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
8
Power factor indicator
TN 7369 011
load 90 and 240
1 2
6 7
4 3
11
9
A
B
C
N
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
S1 S2
P2 P1
To load
SS 9150 001
Single phase 360
1 2
7
4 5
Instrument
7 8 B E H
1 2 3 5
P2 P1
L
S2 S1
N
To load
External box
SS 9150 002
3 phase, 4 wire balanced load 360, with
1 CT - up to 660V
1 2
7
4 5
Instrument
7 8 B E H
1 2 3 5
P2 P1
A
S2 S1
C
To load
External box
B
SS 9150 007
3 phase, 4 wire balanced load 360
- up to 150V
1 2
7
4 5
3
9
6
P2 P1
S2 S1
A
B
C
N
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
SS 9150 008
3 phase, 4 wire balanced load 360 - ratings 150V to 660V
P2 P1
S2 S1
A
B
C
N
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
B
2
External box External box
Instrument
2 1
5
9
7
6
4
3
SS 9150 004
3 phase, 3 wire unbalanced load 360, using 2CTs - up to 150V
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
4
8
6
3
1 2
9
5
7
Voltage transformers not shown
22
SS 9150 006
3 phase, 3 wire unbalanced load 360, using 2CTs - ratings 150V to 660V
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
4
8
6
3
1 2
9
5
7
8 B E H
2
External box
5
Instrument
SS 9150 003
3 phase, 3 wire unbalanced load 360, using 3CTs - up to 150V
1 2
7
4 5
3
9
6
P2 P1
S2 S1
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
8
SS 9150 005
3 phase, 3 wire unbalanced load 360, using 3CTs - ratings of 150V to 660V
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
4
8
6
3
1 2
9
5
7
8 B E H
2
External box
5
P2 P1
S2 S1
Instrument
SS 9150 005
3 phase, 4 wire unbalanced load 360 - up to 150V
1 2
7
4 5
3
9
6
P2 P1
S2 S1
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
8
N
SS 9150 010
3 phase, 4 wire unbalanced load 360 - ratings of 150V to 660V
Instrument
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
4
8
6
3
1 2
9
5
7
8 B E H
2
External box
5
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
N
Electromechanical synchroscope
SV 9080 001
360 - up to 150V earthed or insulated secondaries - lamps bright at synchronism
Instrument
4
3
1 2
5
To
incoming
To
running
Polarity
changing VT
1 : 1 ratio
Lamps
(optional)
When one line is common
L
N
L
N
4
External box
1 2 3 5
M E B 7
G G
23
SS 9150 006
3 phase, 3 wire unbalanced load 360, using 2CTs - ratings 150V to 660V
A
B
C
P2 P1
S2 S1
P2 P1
S2 S1
To load
4
8
6
3
1 2
9
5
7
8 B E H
2
External box
5
Instrument
SV 9080 003
360 - above 150V to 660V earthed or insulated secondaries
- lamps bright at synchronism
To
incoming
To
running G
Lamps
L
N
L
N
4
External box
1 2 3 5
7
Instrument
4
3
1 2
5
8 B E H M
G
SV 9080 004
360 - above 150V to 660V earthed or insulated systems
- no lamps or lamps dark at synchronism
To
incoming
To
running
Lamps
L
N
L
N
G
4
External box
1 2 3 5
7 8 B E H M
Instrument
4
3
1 2
5
G
LED synchroscope
Line to line connection
SYNC.
R
6 5 4 3 2 1
GEN
L2 L1
Busbar
L2 L1
Busbar
L1 L2 L3
U
S
L1
L2
L3
GEN
LED synchroscope
Line to neutral connection
SYNC.
R
6 5 4 3 2 1
GEN
L1 N
Busbar
L1 N
Busbar
L1 L2 L3
U
S
L1
L2
L3 GEN
N
N
24
Double voltmeter, double frequency meter (pointer and reed type), differential voltmeter, differential frequency meter
Generator
2 5 21 51
Line
L(A)
N(B)
L(A)
N(B)
A
B
C
1 2 3
Meter relay
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Aux. supply Input
Relay
I
Relay
II
25
A
A
B
Depth behind panel
(See table below)
Outline and dimensions
(All dimensions in mm)
Maximum depth behind panel
Instrument type 48mm 72mm 96mm 144mm
90 240 90 240 90 240/ 90 240/
360 360
Moving iron ammeter & voltmeter 81 81 86 81 86 81 128 107
Moving coil ammeter & voltmeter 84 108 89 103 89 103 105 137
Rectified moving coil ammeter & voltmeter 63 121 69 88 69 88 63 137
Frequency meter 76 122 122 122 91 137
Maximum demand ammeter 59 98 80
Wattmeter and varmeter 120 120 137 137
Synchroscope (electromechanical) 120* 137*
Synchroscope (LED) 91
Power factor indicator 120 120* 137*
Time elapsed meter (digital) 60 60 60
Tap position indicator 120 137
Meter relay 77
Double voltmeter (2 x 90) 51 76
Double frequency meter (2 x 90) 51 76
Double frequency meter (Reed type) 73 82
Differential voltmeter 73 82
Differential frequency meter 111 110
Phase sequence indicator 73 82
* denotes 360 circular scale
Terminals
Moving iron ammeters and voltmeters Sizes 48mm, 72mm, 96mm Size 144mm
M5 on voltmeters up to 650V and on M5 on voltmeters up to 650V and on
ammeters up to 15A. ammeters up to 7.4A.
M6 on ammeters from 16A to 50A. M6 on ammeters from 7.5A to 59A.
M8 from 60A to 119A.
M16 from 120A to 250A.
All other instruments M5 on dc voltmeters up to 1000V and on ammeters up to 15A.
Ammeters from 16A to 40A have M6 terminals and M8 terminals from 50A to 60A.
M5 on ac voltmeters and M5 clamp screws are fitted on ac ammeters up to 60A.
Instrument Bezel Panel hole Max. panel Bezel
size A x A (square cut out) thickness thickness B
48mm 48 x 48 45 3 5
72mm 72 x 72 68 3 5
96mm 96 x 96 92 3 5
144mm 144 x 144 138 10 8
+0.6
0
+0.6
0
+0.7
0
+1.0
0
26
Outline and dimensions
for external boxes
M4 terminals suitable for crimped tags
maximum width of tags 9.0
Terminal numbers
marked on base
2 holes
5.5
77
168 146
100
24
1 2 3 4 5 6
R2 8 S2 S1 R1
Used with synchroscope up to 150V
Used with synchroscope above 150V and for
phase splitting (1 CT) applications
2 BA terminals
4 holes 6.4
94.2 14.2
104.9
89.9
225.6
209.6
190.5
Used with 360 power factor indicator for
voltages above 150V and for phase splitting (1
CT) applications
M4 terminals suitable for crimped tags
maximum width of tags 9.0
2 holes 5.5
77
168 146
104
24
Perforated
metal
wrapper
CT housing for 48mm rectified moving coil
instruments above 100mA
M3.5 standard
terminal screws
M4 terminal screw
can be supplied on
request
8.5
terminal pitch min.
M6 terminal studs
35mm DIN rail
(DIN 46 277)
fixing
128
112
55
70 73
27
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Business contact addresses
Central and South America
ALSTOM INTERNATIONAL (PERU)
Edificio Las Naciones
Avenida Central 643 - Piso 1
San Isidro
Lima 27
PERU
Tel: +51 1 221 7954 /1208
Fax: +51 1 221 1209
pcb-nsa.peru@tde.alstom.com
Brazil
ALSTOM T&D Ltd
Proteco e Control
Avenida Interlagos 4211
CEP-04661-300 So Paulo
So Paulo
BRAZIL
Tel: +55 11 5524 1044
Fax: +55 11 5548 3429
pcb-nsa.brazil@tde.alstom.com
South America
ALSTOM ARGENTINA SA
Proteccin y Control
Av. Leandro N. Alem 896 - Piso 5
1001 Buenos Aires
ARGENTINA
T el: +54 11 4891 9600 / 9666
Fax: +54 11 4311 1040
pcb-nsa.argentina@tde.alstom.com
A
T
Western Europe
and Africa
United Kingdom and Northen Europe
ALSTOM T&D P&C Ltd
St Leonards Works
Stafford. ST17 4LX
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44 (0)1785 22 32 51
Fax: +44 (0)1785 21 22 32
pcb-wea.uk@tde.alstom.com
France, Belgium and Luxembourg,
Mediterranean and Africa
ALSTOM T&D P&C SA
venue de Figuires
34975 Lattes Cedex
FRANCE
el: +33 (0)4 67 20 54 54
Fax: +33 (0)4 67 20 54 99
pcb-wea.france@tde.alstom.com
T
Italy
ALSTOM FIR S.p.A
Viale Giulio Cesare, 29
24124 -Bergamo
ITALY
el: +39 035 5791611
Fax: +39 035 5791662
pcb-wea.italy@tde.alstom.com
Spain and Portugal
ALSTOM T&D, S.A.
Paseo de la Castellana, 257
28046 Madrid
SPAIN
Tel: +34 91 334 59 43
Fax: +34 91 334 59 42
pcb-wea.spain@tde.alstom.com
Germany
And Eastern Europe
Germany and Switzerland
Russian Speaking Countries
ALSTOM ENERGIETECHNIK GmbH
Bereich Schutz- und
Schaltanlagenleittechnik
Lyoner Strae 44-48
D 60528 Frankfurt/Main
GERMANY
Tel: +49 69 66 32 33 33
Fax: +49 69 66 32 25 48
pcb-gee.germany@tde.alstom.com
South East Europe
ALSTOM AUSTRIA AG
Hietzinger Kai 169
A1130-Vienna
AUSTRIA
Tel: +43 1 87893 726
Fax: +43 1 87893 750
pcb-gee.austria@tde.alstom.com
Central Europe
ALSTOM T&D P&C SA
uI. Strzegomska 23/27
58-160 Swiebodzice
POLAND
Tel: +48 74 854 84 10
Fax: +48 74 854 85 48
pcb-gee.poland@tde.alstom.com
Middle East Asia
and Pacific
Middle East Asia
ALSTOM T&D P&C Ltd
12th Floor, Cresent Tower
Buhaira Corniche
PO Box 25448. Sharjah
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Tel: +971 6 556 3971
Fax: +971 6 556 1082
pcb-map.uae@tde.alstom.com
India and South Asia
ALSTOM INDIA Ltd
Protection & Control Division
19/1 GST Road Pallavaram Works
Chennai (Madras) 600 043
INDIA
Tel: +91 44 236 8621
Fax: +9144 236 7276
pcb-map.india@tde.alstom.com
South East Asia
ALSTOM T&D P&C Ltd
31 Kaki Bukit Road 3
#02-05, Techlink
Singapore 417818
SINGAPORE
Tel: +65 843 3130
Fax: +65 846 1796
pcb-map.singapore@tde.alstom.com
China and North East Asia
ALSTOM T&D P&C
Room 910-912, 9th floor
New Kowloon plaza
38 Tai kok Tsui road
Kowloon, Hong Kong
CHINA
Tel: +852 2833 6265
Fax: +852 2834 5279
pcb-map.china@tde.alstom.com
Australia and Pacific Islands
ALSTOM AUSTRALIA Ltd
PO Box 22, 25 Princes Road
Regents Park, NSW 2143 Sydney
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 29 645 0777
Fax: +61 29 743 8488
pcb-map.australia@tde.alstom.com
PCB Head Office
ALSTOM T&D P&C
3 Parc des Grillons
60 Route de Sartrouville
B.P. 58. 78230 Le Pecq Cedex
FRANCE
Tel: +33 (0)1 34 80 79 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 34 80 79 13
protection.control@tde.alstom.com
North and South America
USA, Panama and Caribbean
ALSTOM USA INC
4 Skyline Drive
Hawthorne
New York 10532-2160
USA
Tel: +1 914 347 5155
Fax: +1 914 347 5432
pcb-nsa.usa@tde.alstom.com
Canada
ALSTOM CANADA INC
845 Harrington Court
Burlington
Ontario L7N 3P3
CANADA
Mexico
ALSTOM T&D SA DE CV
Alce Blanco 13-A
Naucalpan de Juarez
CP 53370 Mexico City
MEXICO
Tel: +52 5 358 27 22
Fax: +52 5 358 83 93
pcb-nsa.mexico@tde.alstom.com
Tel: +1 905 333 3667
Fax: +1 905 333 0840
pcb-nsa.canada@tde.alstom.com
ALSTOM T&D BITRONICS INC.
261 Brodhead Road
Bethlehem, PA
18017-8698
USA
Tel: +1 610 865 2444
Fax: +1 610 865 0340

International Contact Centre
Open 24 hours a day
Tel: +44 (0)1785 25 00 70
Fax: +44 (0)1785 27 24 51
www.tde.alstom.com/p-c/en/contcent.htm
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION Protection & Control, 60 Route de Sartrouville, BP58, 78230 Le Pecq Cedex, France
Tel: +33 (0) 134 80 79 00 Fax: +33 (0) 134 80 79 13 Email: pcs.enquiries@tde.alstom.com Internet: www.alstom.com
2001 ALSTOM. ALSTOM, the ALSTOM logo and any alternative version thereof are trademarks and service marks of ALSTOM.
Other names mentioned, registered or not, are the property of their respective companies.
Our policy is one of continuous development. Accordingly the design of our products may change at any time. Whilst every effort is made to produce up to date literature, this brochure should
only be regarded as a guide and is intended for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute an offer for sale or advice on the application of any product referred to in it.
We cannot be held responsible for any reliance on any decisions taken on its contents without specific advice.
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