Health care delivery system in India

Introduction
Health care means patient care .Its aim is freedom from the disease through hospital system.

As an integrated care containing promotive, preventive and curative elements that bear the
longitudinal association with an individual, extending from womb to tomb, and continuing
in the state of health as well as disease.
WHO


Service offered by all health disciplines .Inter-sectoral coordination and community participation
and responsibility of providing health care expanded well beyond health sector.

Evolution of health care services in India
Christian era
Civilization started in Indus Valley ,Environmental sanitation, houses with drainage
1400 B.C.
Ayurveda and Siddha system
Developed a comprehensive concept of health
Post vedic teaching of buddhism and Jainism
Rahula Sankirtyana developed hospital system.
Moghul empire Arabic system of medicine (Unani)
British Gov British nationals, armed forces, civil servants.
Role of different committees

1946 Bhore Committee (Health survey and development committee)
Integration of preventive and curative services
Development of PHC
3 months training in PSM

1962 Mudaliar committee (Health survey and planning committee)
Strengthening of PHC and district hospital
Regional organization

1963 Chaddah committee
Basic health workers
Family planning health assistant

1965 Mukerji committee
Separate staff for the family planning programme

1967 Jungalwala committee
Integration of health services
Elimination of private practice by Gov. doctor

1973 Kartar singh
Committee on multipurpose worker
ANM replaced by female health worker
Basic health worker replaced by male health worker
Lady health worker designated as female health supervisor.

Organizational structure in India

Health system has 3 main links
Central,
State and
Local or peripheral.

India is a Union of 28 states and 7 territories.

Health is the responsibility of state.

Central responsibility
Policy making
Guiding
Assisting
Evaluating
Coordinating the work of state health ministries.

At the centre -Official organ

The union ministry of health and family welfare
Headed by Cabinet minister

Minister of state

Deputy health minister


The union health ministry

Department of health and Department of family welfare

Department of health
Secretary to the Gov. of India (Executive head)

Joint secretary

Administrative staff

Directorate general of health services

Subordinate officer


Department of family welfare
Was created in 1966
Headed by the secretary to the government of India.
Secretary
Additional secretary
Commissioner
One joint secretary

Directorate general of health services
- Principal advisor in both medical and public health matter.
DGHS
Additional Director General of health services
Team of deputies
Administrative staff

1.The central council of health and family welfare
Chairman Union health minister
Members State health ministers

Function
To consider and recommend board outlines of policy in regards to matters of health
To make proposals for legislation in fields of medical and public health matters and to lay
down.
To make recommendations to the central government regarding the health.
To established any organization with appropriate functions for promoting and maintain
cooperation between central and state health administrations.

At the state level
The state health administration was started in the year 1919.

The state list which become the responsibility of the state included
Provision of medical care
Preventive health services
Piligrim within the state

State - management sector



State ministry of health and family welfare
Headed - Cabinet minister and deputy minister. (Political head)
Responsibility - formulating policies
Monitoring the implementation of these policies and programmes.

State health directorate and family welfare
Principle advisor in matters relating to medicine and public health
Assisted by joint director, regional joint director and assistant directors.

At the district level
Principal unit of administration in India

District health organization
identifies and provide the needs of expanding rural health and family welfare
programme

Within each district again, there are 6 types of administrative areas

No uniform model of district health organization

Rural

Panchayat Raj
3 tier structure of rural local self government
Linking the village to the district

Panchayat Raj
Panchayat
Panchayat Samiti

Urban

Zilla Parishad
Gram Sabha
Gram Panchayat

At the block level
Objective - to provide primary health care to all the sections of the society.
80% of the population is scattered in villages
20% of rural population have health care facilities






Community health Centres
Established and maintained by the State Government under MNP/BMS programme.

As per minimum norms, a CHC is required to be manned by four Medical Specialists i.e.
Surgeon, Physician, Gynecologist and Pediatrician supported by 21 paramedical and other
staff.

It has 30 in-door beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Room and Laboratory facilities.

It serves as a referral centre for 4 PHCs and also provides facilities for obstetric care and
specialist consultations.

As on March, 2011, there are 4,809 CHCs functioning in the country.


Primary health Centres
First contact point between village community and the Medical Officer.

To provide an integrated curative and preventive health care with emphasis on preventive
and promotive aspects of health care.

Established and maintained by the State Governments under the MNP/ BMS Programme.

Manned by a Medical Officer supported by 14 paramedical and other staff.

NRHM - two additional Staff Nurses at PHCs (contractual).

It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centres and has 4 - 6 beds for patients.

There were 23,887 PHCs functioning in the country as on March 2011.


Sub-Centre
Most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the
community.

Manned by at least one ANM / Female Health Worker and one Male Health Worker.

Under NRHM, one additional second ANM on contract basis.

Provide services in relation to maternal and child health, family welfare, nutrition,
immunization and control of communicable diseases.
Provided with basic drugs for minor ailments.

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is providing 100% Central assistance to all the Sub-
Centres
148,124 Sub Centres functioning in the country as on March 2011.

Rural health infrastructure: Norms and level of achievements (All India)

Village
Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) for 1000 population

Chosen by and accountable to the panchayat

Act as the interface between the community and the public health system.

Honorary volunteer, receiving performance-based compensation

Facilitate preparation and implementation of the Village Health Plan

The other persons are
Indigenous dais
Anganwadi workers

Progress over the years


Urban health care delivery system in India

The government of India has identified Urban Health as one of the thrust area in the tenth
Five Year Plan, National population policy 2000, National Health Policy 2002 and second
phase of RCH program

The central government health scheme (1954)
objective of providing comprehensive medical health care facilities to the central
government employees and their family members.

Urban Family Welfare centers
launched during the first five year plan.
At present 1083 centers are functioning and providing outreach services, primary health
services, MCH services and distribution of contraceptives.

Urban health post
Urban Revamping Scheme introduced following the recommendations of the Krishnan
Committee in 1983.

To provide services through setting up of health posts mainly in slum area.

4 type of health post were set up depending on the allotted population.
Type A less than 5000 population
Type B between 5000 to 10000 population
Type C between 10000 to 25000 populations
Type D between 25000 to 50000 populations
Only Type D health post has a Medical officer.

Services provided by these posts are outreach of RCH services, first and referral services
and distribution of contraceptives.

Health care delivery services in Delhi

Well established infrastructure for its people

One of the highest bed capacity (2.14 beds/1000 persons).

Public Health expenditure consistently remained above 6 per cent .

Delhis per capita expenditure on health is Rs. 685.

However, there is multiplicity of agencies operating their health care outlets in different
areas or for defined subset of populations in different areas like Delhi Government, MCD,
NDMC, CGHS, DGHS, ESI and Army etc.

Primary health care level Delhi has wide network of 969 dispensaries.

Secondary and tertiary health care level there are 706 hospitals including 505 registered
nursing homes with 33711 beds. There are 118 hospitals in the government sector in Delhi.



Health care delivery system in Mumbai

Mumbai has a vast supply of public and private health care services. The services range
from the super specialty, tertiary-level care hospitals to the general practitioners.

The Central Government has its own dispensaries, which are available only for their
employees.

ESIS - health care services that include hospitals and dispensaries which cater to employees
in the organized sector.

The various government organisations, such as ports, railways and defence, have their own
health care services for their employees.

The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) provides major facilities in the
public sector along with the State Government.

The Department is divided into zonal set-ups for administrative purposes.

There are five such zones, which cover 23 Wards
The Deputy Municipal Commissioner handles each zone.

Each Ward has a separate Ward Office and the Ward Medical Health Officer (MHO) heads
the Public Health Department in that Ward.

Family welfare and maternal child health programmes are under the supervision of Officer-
Maternal Child Health & Family Welfare at F/South Ward.

Peripheral hospitals linked to four super specialty hospitals. Health posts and dispensaries
linked to peripheral hospitals in their respective Wards

Private health sector

India - dominance of Private sector.

In a NSS survey in 2001-02, 13 lakhs practitioners were working in private sector.

Accounts 80% of the total facility in the country.

88% of the towns have a medical facility compared to 24% in rural areas with 90% of the
facilities manned by sole practitioners.

The private sector has 75% of specialists and 85% of the technology in their facilities.

The private sector accounts for 49% beds and an occupancy ratio of 44% whereas the
occupancy rate is 62% in the public sector.


AYUSH

Old acceptance in the communities in India

Form the first line of treatment in case of common ailments in most of the places

Ayurveda is the most ancient medical system with an impressive record of safety and
efficacy.

Mainstreaming AYUSH to strengthen the Public Health System at all levels.

AYUSH facilities had been co-located with 208 District Hospitals (36%), 910 Community
Health Centres (23%) and 3883 Primary Health Centres in the country .

Gap in structure

Finance allocation

Integrated approach of health care delivery
Demands coordinated efforts of all sectors such as Agriculture, Irrigation, Animal
Husbandry, Education, Social and Women's Welfare, Housing and Public Works,
Communication, Rural Development, Cooperatives, Industries, Panchayats and Voluntary
Organizations, etc.

ICDS integrated child development scheme

Supplementary nutrition for children of less than 6 years of age, pregnant mother, lactating
mother.
Nutrition and health education to women of reproductive age group
Monthly health and nutrition day at anganwadi
Drinking water and toilet facility in anganwadi centre (rural development ministry)

Agriculture, irrigation and engineering:
Growing more food locally - cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits etc.
Identifying water resources for drinking and other purposes
Providing seeds for kitchen garden and community garden
Educating the people for composting


Integrated approach of health care delivery cont
Animal Husbandry:
Immunizing domestic animals and catties against rabies etc.
Preventing zoonotic diseases

Education:
Health education covering nutrition, personal hygiene and environmental sanitation;
Education about various health problems in the community and their prevention and control;
Population education, advantages of small family
Providing first-aid and treatment of minor ailments and the knowledge of local health
resources.

Social and Women's Welfare:
Mobilizing women, mahila mandals, mother's club etc. for propagation of health, nutrition
practices, special nutrition programmes for vulnerable groups, maintenance and use of water
resources; proper disposal of excreta, composting, kitchen garden etc.
Educating mothers on maternal and child care

Contribution by NGOs
Providing services like relief to the blind, the disabled and disadvantaged and helping the
government in mother and child health care, including family planning programmes.
Greater roles for the NGOs was seen to ensure Health for All through the primary health
care approach.
Government of India started granting financial aids to NGOs for various schemes
Contracting in government hires individuals on a temporary basis to provide services
Contracting out government pays outside individuals to manage specific function
Subsidies government gives funds to privet groups to provide specific services.
Leasing or rental government offers the use of its facilities to a privet organization.
Privatization government gives or sells a public health facility to a privet group.


Challenges
Prices of services in private sector
Earning commission from diagnostic laboratories
Financial protection against medical expenditure
Non availability of medical, nursing and paramedical staff
Inadequate and weak drug control infrastructure
inadequate drug testing facility
Extremely high drug cost
No clear urban health care delivery model

References:
GOI. Twelfth five year plan (2012-2017) social sector, Volume III. Planning commission
government of India.p1- 47
MOHFW. Rural health care system in India-the structure and current scenario. Rural health
statistics 2011.
GOI. MOHFW. National rural health mission. [online]. [cited 2012 Dec 27]. Available from:
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM.htm
Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) guideline for community health centers, Revised
2012. DGHS, MOHFW, GOI. 1-94
GOI. Financing and delivery of health care services in India. MOHFW 2005; 1-320
Park K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 21st ed. Prem Nagar, Jabalpur,
(M.P.), India: M/s Banarsidas Bhanot; 2011




INTRODUCTION
Nursing Council Act came to existence in 1948 to constitute a council of nurses to
safeguard the quality of nursing education in the country.
The mandate was to establish and maintain uniform standards of nursing education.
Indian Nursing Council (INC) is a statutory body that regulates nursing education in the
country through prescription, inspection, examination, certification and maintaining its
stands for a uniform syllabus at each level of nursing education.
There are six levels of nursing education in India today. They are :
1. Multy Purpose Health Worker Female training (ANM or MPHW-F)
2. Female Health Supervisor training (HV or MPHS-F)
3. General nursing and midwifery (GNM)
4. BSc. Nursing
5. MSc. nursing
6. MPhil and PhD
The ANM, HV, and GNM are conducted in schools of nursing. The last 3 are university level
courses and the respective universities conduct examinations. Beside there are several certificate
and diploma courses in specialties.
Link to Nursing Programmes in India
GENERAL NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
The general nursing and midwifery course is conducted in 2178 centers in the country.
(As on 12/12/2010)
Link to the INC list of recognized
institutionshttp://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/pdf/gnm-recognized-Nursing-
Institution.pdf
The syllabus has undergone many revisions according to the change in the health plans
and policies of the Government and changing trends and advancements in general
education, nursing health sciences and medical technology.
The latest revision of syllabus by INC in 2004 has increased the duration of the course
from three year to three and half year.
The basic entrance has become intermediate or class 12 instead of earlier class 10.
Both science and arts students are eligible.
The focus of general nursing education is the care of sick in the hospital. Schools of
nursing are generally attached to teaching hospitals.
Three Board examinations are conducted, one at the end of each year. On passing the
candidates are registered as registered nurse and mid wife by the respective state nursing
councils.
PHILOSOPHY
The Indian Nursing Council believes that the basic course in nursing is a formal
educational preparation which should be based on sound education principles. The
council recognizes that the program as the foundation on which the practice of nursing is
built and on which depends further professional education. It also recognizes its
responsibility to the society for the continued development of student as individual nurse
and citizens.
Purpose
The purpose of general nursing programme is to prepare general nurse who will function
as member of the health team beginning with competence for first level position in both
hospital and community.
The programme is generated to the health needs of the society, the community and the
individual and will assist nurses in their personal and professional development so that
they may take their maximum contribution to the society as individual citizens and
nurses.
Objectives
1. Demonstrate awareness of and skills required in the nursing process in the provision of
health care and nursing of patients
2. Apply relevant knowledge from the humanities biological and behavioral sciences in
carrying out health care and nursing activities and functions.
3. Show sensitivity and skill in human relationship and communication in his or her daily
works
4. Demonstrate skill in the problem solving methods in nursing.
5. Gain knowledge of health resources in the community and the country
6. Demonstrate skill in leadership
7. Demonstrate awareness of necessity of belonging to professional organizations.
8. Promotion of health, precaution against illness, restoration of health and rehabilitation.
Students admission
1. Age for the entrance shall be 17 years to 35 years, provided they meet the minimum
educational requirement ie 12 years of schooling.
2. Minimum education all students should pass 12 classes or its equivalent, preferably with
science subjects
3. Admission of students shall be once a year.
4. Students should be medically fit.
The selection committee should comprise tutors, nurse administrators, and
educationalist/psychologist. The principal of the school shall be the chairperson.
Training programme
The course in general nursing shall be of three and half years duration as follows,--- two years
practice in general nursing , one year community health nursing and midwifery and six months
internship which includes nursing administration and nursing research classes. There will be
alternate course for male students in lieu of midwifery. The ANM who wishes to under take
general nursing course will not be given any concessions. The maximum hours per week per
students shall be 36 hours, which includes instructions and clinical field experiences.
BACHELOR OF NURSING COURSE (BScNursing)
Graduate nursing education started in India in the year 1946 in CMC , Vellore and in the
RAK college of nursing at Delhi university.
At present 1373 colleges have been recognized by INC to conduct the course under
several universities in India.
Link to INC list of recognized colleges http://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/pdf/bsc-
recognized-Nursing-Institution.pdf
Eligibility for admission
A candidate seeking admission should have:
1. pass the 2 year of pre university exam or equivalent as recognized by concerned
university with science subjects ie Physics, biology and chemistry.
2. students of vocational courses
3. obtained at least 45%of total marks in science subjects in the qualifying exam, if belongs
to a scheduled caste or tribe , should have obtained not less than 40 % of total marks in
science subjects.
4. completed 17 years of age at the time of admission or will complete this age on or before
31st December of the year of admission
5. is medically fit
Objectives of study
The programme is designed :
1. to provide a balance of professional and general education
2. to enable a student to become a professional nurse practitioner who has self direction and
is a responsible citizen.
Through planned guided experiences students are provided with opportunities to develop
a broad concept of the fundamental principles of nursing care based on sound knowledge
and satisfactory levels of skill in providing care to people of all ages in community or
institutional setting
understanding of the application of principles from the physical biological and social
sciences for assessing the health status
ability to investigate health care problems systematically
ability to work collaboratively with members of allied disciplines towards attaining
optimum health for all members of the society
understanding of fundamental principles of administration and organization of nursing
service
understanding of human behaviour and appreciation of effective interpersonal
relationship with individuals families and groups
ability to assume responsibility for continuing learning
appreciation of professional attitudes necessasary for leadership roles in nursing
appreciation of social and ethical obligations to society.
Course of study
The course of study leading to bachelor of nursing degree comprises 4 academic years.
BACHELOR OF NURSING COURSE (POST CERTIFICATE) FOR QUALIFIED
NURSES
INC has recognized two modes of programmes at this level.
A. Regular B.Sc (Post Basic) course for those who have 10+2 + GNM (General Nursing &
Midwifery) which has a duration of 2 years
B. Distance B.Sc (Post Basic) course for those who have 10+2 GNM + 2year Exp which has a
duration of 3 years.
Philosophy and aims of the programme
Nursing is an integral part of the health care delivery system and shire responsibility in
collaboration with other allied health professions for the attainment of optimal health for
all members of the society.
Education as a life long learning process. It seeks to render appropriate behavioral
changes in students in order to facilitate their development, which assist them to live
personally satisfied and socially useful lives.
The goal of post certificate degree programme leading to bachelor of science in nursing is
the preparation of the trained nurse as a generalist who accept responsibility for
enhancing the effectiveness of Nursing care
Eligibility for admission
The candidate seeking admission must:
1. hold a certificate in General nursing.
2. be a registered nurse
3. have minimum of two years of experience. Now it is relaxed that no experience after
GNM is required for admission to this course.
4. have passed pre university exam in the arts /science/commerce or its equivalent which is
recognized the university
5. be medically fit
6. have a good personal and professional record
7. have working knowledge of English
Programme of study
DURATION the programme of the study is two academic years from the date of
commencement of programme. Terms and vacations shall be as notified by the university from
time to time.
OBJECTIVESthe goal of the post certificate programme leading to the bachelor of nursing is
the preparation of the trained nurses as a generaralist who accept responsibility for enhancing the
effectiveness of nursing care.
Administer high quality nursing care to all people of all ages in homes , hospitals and
other community agencies in urban and rural areas
Apply knowledge from the physical, social and behavioral sciences in assessing the
health status of individuals and make critical judgment in assessing the health status of
the individuals and make critical judgment in planning ,directing and evaluating primary,
acute and long term care given by themselves and others working with them
Investigate health care problems systematically
Work collaboratively with members of other health disciplines
Teach and counsel individuals , families and other groups about health and illness
Understand human behavior and establish effective interpersonal relationships
Teach in clinical nursing situations
Identify underlying principles from the social and natural sciences and utilize them in
adapting to , or initiating changes in relation to those factors
Acquire professional knowledge and attitude in adapting for leadership rol
DE GRE E OF MAS T E R OF NURS I NG
First two years course in masters of nursing was started at RAK College of Nursing in
1959.and in 1969 in CMC Vellore.
At present there are 401 colleges imparting MSc Nursing degree course in different
specialties.
INC recognized List of Colleges of Nursing for M.Sc(N) course (2010-
2011)http://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/pdf/msc-recognized-Nursing-Institution.pdf
Philosophy
1. The master of nursing programme is offered by institution of higher education and is built
up on a recognized bachelors curriculum in nursing (in India-by Indian nursing council)
2. The programme prepares nurses for leadership position in nursing and other health fields
who can function as specialists nurse practitioners, consultants ,educators ,administrators
and investigators in a wide variety of professional setting in meeting the national
priorities and the changing needs of the society
3. The programme prepares nursing graduates who are professionally equipped ,creative,
self directed and socially motivated to effectively meet with the needs of the social
change
4. The programme encourages accountability and commitment to life long learning which
fosters improvement of quality care
Objectives
Graduates of master of nursing programme demonstrate:
increased cognitive ,affective and psychomotor competencies and the ability to utilise the
potentials for effective nursing performance
expertise in the utilization of concepts and theories for the assessment ,planning and
intervention in meeting the self care needs of an individual for the attainment of fullest
potentials in the field of specialty.
ability to practice independently as a nurse specialist
ability to function effectively as nurse educators and administrators
ability to interpret the health related research
ability to plan and initiate change in the health care system
leadership qualities for the advancement of practice of professional nursing
interest in life long learning for personal and professional learning advancement
Eligibility
The candidate seeking admission must:
1. have passed BSc. Nursing/post certificate BSc, or nursing degree of any university
2. have a minimum of one year of experience after obtaining BSc, in hospitals or nursing
educational institutions or community health setting
3. for BSc, nursing post certificate, no such experience is needed after graduation the
candidate shall be-a registered nurse or registered midwife for admission to medical
surgical nursing, community health nursing, pediatric nursing obstetric and gynecological
nursing.
4. a registered nurse for admission to psychiatric nursing
5. the candidate shall be selected on merit judged on the basis of academic performances
in BSc nursing, post certificate BSc, or nursing and selection tests.
Specialties
Candidate will be examined in any of the following branches
1. Medical Surgical Nursing -Cardio Vascular & Thoracic Nursing
2. Medical Surgical NursingCritical Care Nursing
3. Medical Surgical Nursing Oncology Nursing
4. Medical Surgical Nursing - Neurosciences Nursing
5. Medical Surgical Nursing - Nephro- Urology Nursing
6. Medical Surgical Nursing -Orthopedic Nursing
7. Medical Surgical Nursing - Gastro Enterology Nursing
8. Obstetric & Gynaecological Nursing
9. Paediatric (Child Health) Nursing
10. Psychiatric (Mental Health) Nursing
11. Community Health Nursing
Four common papers are there included in the syllabus. They are:
advanced concepts of health and nursing
education and nursing education
bio-statistics, research methodology and nursing research
administration and nursing administration
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAMME IN NURSING
In 1980 RAK college of nursing started an MPhil programme as a regular and part time course.
Since then several universities started taking students for the MPhil course in nursing.
Prominent among these are: MGR Medical University, Rajive Gandhi University of Health
Sciences, SNDT University and Delhi University and Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Philosophy
Nursing shares with the whole university a main focus of preparing its students for service and
assisting them to achieve a meaningful philosophy of life. The student is encouraged to develop
judgment and wisdom in handling knowledge and skills and achieve mastery of problem solving
and creative skills.
Commitment to life long learning is the mark of truly professional person. In order to maintain
clinical competencies and enhance professional practice the student must stay abrupt of the new
developments and contribute to the advancement of nursing knowledge.
Objectives
The objectives of M.Phil degree course in nursing are:
to strengthen the research foundations of nurses for encouraging research attitudes and
problem solving capacities
to provide basic training required for research in undertaking doctoral work
Duration
Duration of the full term M.Phil course will be one year and part time course will be two year.
Course of study
At the time of admission each candidate will be required to indicate her priorities in regard to the
optional courses .a candidate may offer one course from M Phil programme from the department
of Anthropology, education, sociology and physiology or any suitable department. The M.Phil
studies will be into two distinct parts, part1 and part 2.
Part1----it consist of 3 courses, ie research methods in nursing, major aspects of nursing, allied
disciplines
Part2----after passing the part1 examination, a student shall be required to write a dissertation.
The topic and the nature of the dissertation of each candidate will be determined by the advisory
committee consist of 3 members. The dissertation may include results of original research, a
fresh interpretation of existing facts, and date or a review article of critical nature of may take.
DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING (PhD in Nursing}
Erlier Indian nurses were sent abroad for Ph. D programme.
PhD programmes in nursing was first started in India in 1992
Universities where PhD programmes are conducted in India include
1. PhD Consortium by Indian Nursing Council, RUGHS and WHO
2. RAK College of Nursing
3. NIMHANS Banglore
4. Manipal University
Philosophy
A candidate for admission to the course for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the faculties of
medical science must have obtained an M Phil degree of a university or have a good academic
record with first or second class masters degree of an Indian or a foreign university in the
concerned subject.
The candidate shall apply to the university for the admission stating his qualifications and the
subjects he proposes to investigate enclosing a statement on any work he may have done in the
subject. every application for the admission of the course must be analyzed by the board of
research studies.
Board of research studies (medical sciences)- members-
dean and the head of the departments concerned
Principals/ head of institutions recognized for post graduate medical studies.
Two members nominated by the medical academic council
Three persons nominated by the medical faculty( for their special knowledge in the
medical science
Eligibility criteria
The candidate should be post graduate in nursing with more than 55% of aggregates of
marks
Should have research background
May or may not published articles in journals
The course duration is far regular PhD course is 3 years and for part time is 4 years