Unit1 - DME 2

CURVED BEAMS
CONTENT:

WHATS A CURVED BEAM

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
CURVED BEAM

WHY STRESS CONCENTRA
CONCAVE SIDE OF CURV

DERIVATION FOR STRES

PROBLEMS.

WHATS A CURVED BEAM?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STRAIGHT BEAM AND A
WHY STRESS CONCENTRATION OCCUR AT INNER
CONCAVE SIDE OF CURVED BEAM?
DERIVATION FOR STRESSES IN CURVED BEAM

STRAIGHT BEAM AND A
TION OCCUR AT INNER SIDE OR

Theory of Simple Bending
Due to bending moment, tensile stress develops in one portion of section
and compressive stress in the other portion across the depth. In between
these two portions, there is a layer where stresses are zero. Such a layer
is called neutral layer. Its trace on the cross section is called neutral axis.

Assumption
The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the
length of the beam.
The material of the beam obeys Hookes law.
The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain
plane after bending also.
Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of
the layer above or below it.
Youngs modulus is same in tension & compression.

Consider a portion of beam between sections AB and CD as shown in
the figure.
Let e
1
f
1
be the neutral axis and g
1
h
1
an
element at a distance y from neutral
axis. Figure shows the same portion
after bending. Let r be the

radius of curvature and is the angle
subtended by a
1
b
1
and c
1
d
1
at centre of
radius of curvature. Since it is a neutral
axis, there is no change in its length (at
neutral axis stresses are zero.)
EF = E
1
F
1
= R

G
1
H
1
= (R+Y)
GH = R

Also Stress

OR

dF = 0

there is no direct force acting on the element considered.

GH = R
is no direct force acting on the element considered.

Since ya is first moment of area about neutral axis,
distance of centroid from neutral
centroid of the cross section. Cross sec
axis.

From (1) and (2)

CURVED BEAM

Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C
clamps, crane hooks, frames
machines, planers etc. In straight beams the neutral axis of the section
coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam
is linear. But in the case of curved beams the neutral axis of
is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam causing a non
linear [hyperbolic] distribution of stress. The neutral axis lies between
the centroidal axis and the centre of curvature and will always be present
within the curved beams.

a is first moment of area about neutral axis,
distance of centroid from neutral axis. Thus neutral axis coincides with
centroid of the cross section. Cross sectional area coincides with neutral
Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C
clamps, crane hooks, frames of presses, riveters, punches, shears, boring
is linear. But in the case of curved beams the neutral axis of
is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam causing a non
within the curved beams.
ya/a is the
Thus neutral axis coincides with
tional area coincides with neutral
Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C -
of presses, riveters, punches, shears, boring
is linear. But in the case of curved beams the neutral axis of the section
is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam causing a non-
Stresses in Curved Beam

Consider a curved beam subjected to bending moment M
b
as shown
in the figure. The distribution of stress in curved flexural member is
determined by using the following assumptions:
i) The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous [i.e., same
material throughout] and isotropic [i.e., equal elastic properties in all
directions]
ii) The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the length
of the beam.
iii) The material of the beam obeys Hooke's law.
iv) The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain plane
after bending also.
v) Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of
the layer above or below it.
vi) The Young's modulus is same both in tension and compression.

Derivation for stresses in curved beam

Nomenclature used in curved beam

C
i
=Distance from neutral axis to inner radius of curved beam
C
o
=Distance from neutral axis to outer radius of curved beam
C
1
=Distance from centroidal axis to inner radius of curved beam
C
2
= Distance from centroidal axis to outer radius of curved beam
F = Applied load or Force
A = Area of cross section
L = Distance from force to centroidal axis at critical section
d
= Direct stress
bi
= Bending stress at the inner fiber
bo
= Bending stress at the outer fiber
ri
= Combined stress at the inner fiber
ro
= Combined stress at the outer fiber

Stresses in curved beam

M
b
= Applied Bending Moment
r
i
= Inner radius of curved beam
r
o
= Outer radius of curved beam
r
c
= Radius of centroidal axis
r
n
= Radius of neutral axis
C
L
= Center of curvature

In the above figure the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes
before bending. i.e., when there are no stresses induced. When a bending
moment 'M
b
' is applied
'ab' through an angle 'd
shortened while the inner
strip at a distance 'y' from the neutral axis is (y + r
the amount yd and the stress in this

Where = stress, e = strain and E = Young's Modulus
F
F
M
b

the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes
' is applied to the beam the plane cd rotates with respect to
'ab' through an angle 'd' to the position 'fg' and the outer
shortened while the inner fibers are elongated. The original length of a
strip at a distance 'y' from the neutral axis is (y + r
n
). It is shortened by
and the stress in this fiber is,
= E.e
stress, e = strain and E = Young's Modulus
C
A
N
A
c
2
c
1
c
i
c
o
e
F
F
M
b
ri
rn
rc
r
o
C
L
the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes
to the beam the plane cd rotates with respect to
' to the position 'fg' and the outer fibers are
s are elongated. The original length of a
It is shortened by

We know, stress = E.e
We know, stress e

i.e., = E
..... (i)

Since the fiber is shortened, the stress induced in this fiber is
compressive stress and hence negative sign.
The load on the strip having thickness dy and cross sectional area dA is
'dF'
i.e., dF = dA =
dA
From the condition of equilibrium, the summation of forces over the
whole cross-section is zero and the summation of the moments due to
these forces is equal to the applied bending moment.

Let
M
b
r
i

r
o
r
c
r
n
= Radius of neutral axis
C
L
= Centre line of curvature

Summation of forces over the whole cross section

i.e. dF 0

=0

As

is not equal to zero,

= 0 ..... (ii)

The neutral axis radius 'r
n
' can be determined from the above equation.

If the moments are taken about the neutral axis,

M
b
= ydF
Substituting the value of dF, we get

M
b
=
dA

=
dA

=
ydA
0

Since ydA represents the statical moment of area, it may be replaced
by A.e., the product of total area A and the distance 'e' from the
centroidal axis to the neutral axis.

M
b

=
A.e ..... (iii)

From equation (i)

Substituting in equation (iii)

M
b
=
. A. e.

=
..... (iv)

This is the general equation for the stress in a fiber at a distance 'y' from
neutral axis.

At the outer fiber, y = c
o

Bending stress at the outer fiber
bo

i.e.,
bo
=
( r
n
+ c
o
= r
o
) ..... (v)

Where c
o
= Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber. It is compressive
stress and hence negative sign. At the inner fiber, y = c
i

Bending stress at the inner fiber

bi
=

i.e.,
bi

=
( r
n
c
i
= r
i
) ..... (vi)

Where c
i
= Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber. It is tensile stress
and hence positive sign.

Difference between a straight beam and a curved beam

Sl.no straight beam curved beam
1 In Straight beams the neutral
axis of the section coincides
with its centroidal axis and the
stress distribution in the beam
is linear.

In case of curved beams the
neutral axis of the section is
shifted towards the center of
curvature of the beam causing
a non-linear stress
distribution.
2
3 Neutral axis and centroidal
axis coincides

Location of the neutral axis

Neutral axis and centroidal

Neutral axis is shifted
towards the least centre of
curvature
Location of the neutral axis By considering a rectangular
section

Neutral axis is shifted
towards the least centre of
By considering a rectangular cross

Centroidal and Neutral Axis of

Centroidal and Neutral Axis of Typical Section of Curved Beams

Typical Section of Curved Beams

Why stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of
curved beam

Consider the elements of the curved beam lying between two axial
planes ab and cd separated by angle
the plane cd having rotated through an angle d
Consider two fibers symmetrically located on either side of the neutral
axis. Deformation in both the fibers is same and equal to yd

planes ab and cd separated by angle . Let fg is the final position of
the plane cd having rotated through an angle d about neutral axis.
axis. Deformation in both the fibers is same and equal to yd

. Let fg is the final position of
about neutral axis.
.
Since length of inner element is smaller than outer element, the strain
induced and stress developed are higher for inner element than outer
element as shown.
Thus stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of curved
beam

The actual magnitude of stress in the curved beam would be influenced
by magnitude of curvature However, for a general comparison the stress
distribution for the same section and same bending moment for the
straight beam and the curved beam are shown in figure.

It is observed that the neutral axis shifts inwards for the curved beam.
This results in stress to be zero at this position, rather than at the centre
of gravity.
In cases where holes and discontinuities are provided in the beam, they
should be preferably placed at the neutral axis, rather than that at the
centroidal axis. This results in a better stress distribution.
Example:
For numerical analysis, consider the depth of the section ass twice
the inner radius.

For a straight beam:

Inner most fiber:

Outer most fiber:

For curved beam: h=2r

e = r
c
- r
n
= h 0.910h = 0.0898h
c
o
= r
o
- r
n
= h 0.910h = 0590h
c
i
= r
n
- r
i
= 0.910h -

For a straight beam:
Outer most fiber:
For curved beam: h=2r
i

0.910h = 0.0898h
0.910h = 0590h
= 0.410h

Comparing the stresses at the inner most fiber based on (1) and (3), we
observe that the stress at the inner most fiber in this case is:

bci
= 1.522
BSi

Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 1.522 times greater
than that for a straight beam.
From the stress distribution it is observed that the maximum stress in a
curved beam is higher than the straight beam.
Comparing the stresses at the outer most fiber based on (2) and (4), we
observe that the stress at the outer most fiber in this case is:

bco
= 1.522
BSi

Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 0.730 times that for
a straight beam.
The curvatures thus introduce a non linear stress distribution.
This is due to the change in force flow lines, resulting in stress
concentration on the inner side.
To achieve a better stress distribution, section where the centroidal axis
is the shifted towards the insides must be chosen, this tends to equalize
the stress variation on the inside and outside fibers for a curved beam.
Such sections are trapeziums, non symmetrical I section, and T sections.
It should be noted that these sections should always be placed in a
manner such that the centroidal axis is inwards.

Problem no.1
Plot the stress distribution about section A-B of the hook as shown in
figure.
Given data:
r
i
= 50mm
r
o
= 150mm
F = 22X10
3
N
b = 20mm
h = 150-50 = 100mm
A = bh = 20X100 = 2000mm
2

e = r
c
- r
n
= 100

Section A-B will be subjected to a combination of direct load and
bending, due to the eccentricity of the force.
Stress due to direct load will be,

y = r
n
r = 91.024

M
b
= 22X10
3
X100 = 2.2X10

= 100 - 91.024 = 8.976mm
B will be subjected to a combination of direct load and
bending, due to the eccentricity of the force.
Stress due to direct load will be,

r = 91.024 r
X100 = 2.2X10
6
N-mm

B will be subjected to a combination of direct load and

Problem no.2
Determine the value of t in the cross
shown in fig such that the normal stress due to bending at the extreme
fibers are numerically equal.

Given data;
Inner radius r
i
=150mm
Outer radius r
o
=150+40+100
=290mm

Solution;
From Figure C
i
+ C
O
= 40 + 100

= 140mm (1)

Since the normal stresses due to bending at
the extreme fiber are numerically equal
have,

i.e C
i
=

= 0.51724C

Radius of neutral axis

r
n
=

r
n
=197.727 mm
a
i
= 40mm; b
i
= 100mm; b
a
o
= 0; b
o
= 0; r
i
= 150mm; r

Determine the value of t in the cross section of a curved beam as
fibers are numerically equal.
=150mm
=150+40+100

= 40 + 100

= 140mm (1)
Since the normal stresses due to bending at
the extreme fiber are numerically equal we

0.51724C
o
(2)
= 100mm; b
2
=t;
= 150mm; r
o
= 290mm;
section of a curved beam as

=

i.e., 4674.069+83.61t = 4000+100t;

t = 41.126mm

Problem no.3
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in
figure.

Solution:

The figure shows the critical section of the split
ring.
Radius of centroidal axis
Inner radius of curved beam
Outer radius of curved beam

Applied force

+83.61t = 4000+100t;
The figure shows the critical section of the split
Radius of centroidal axis r
c
= 80mm
Inner radius of curved beam r
i
= 80
= 50mm
Outer radius of curved beam r
o
= 80 +
= 110mm
r
n
=
=
= 77.081mm
F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in the
F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)
Area of cross section A =
d
2
=

x60
2
= 2827.433mm
2
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = r
c
= 80mm
Bending moment about centroidal axis M
b
= Fl = 20,000x80
=16x10
5
N-mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis
e = r
c
r
n
= 80 77.081=2.919mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius
c
i
= r
n
r
i

= 77.081 50=27.081mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius
c
o
= r
o

r
n

= 110 77.081=32.919mm

Direct stress
d
=
.

= 7.0736N/mm
2
(comp.)

bi
=
.
..

= 105N/mm
2
(compressive)

bo
=
.
..

= 58.016N/mm
2
(tensile)
Combined stress at the inner fiber
ri
=
d
+
bi

= 7.0736 105.00
= - 112.0736N/mm
2
(compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
ro
=
d
+
bo

= 7.0736+58.016
= 50.9424N/mm
2
(tensile)
Maximum shear stress
max
= 0.5x
max

= 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm
2
, at B

The figure.

Problem No. 4
Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean
100mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2KN
straighten the bar. Find the position of the Neutral axis and draw a
diagram to show the variation of stress across the section.

Solution

Given data:
b= 40mm h= 60mm
r
c
=100mm M
b
= 2x10
C
1
=C
2
= 30mm

r
n
=

r
o
= r
c
+h/2=100+30=130 =(r
r
i
= r
c
- h/2 = 100 - 30= 70mm
r
n
= 96.924mm




Area
A= bxh = 40x60 = 2400 mm


Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean
100mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2KN-m tending to
diagram to show the variation of stress across the section.
60mm
= 2x10
6
N-mm
30mm

=130 =(r
i
+c
1
+c
2
)
30= 70mm (r
c
-c
1
)
e = r
c
- r
n
= 100-96.924
=3.075mm
c
i
= r
n
- r
i
= (c
1
-e) = 26.925mm
c
o
=c
2
+e= (r
o
-r
n
) = 33.075mm
A= bxh = 40x60 = 2400 mm
2

bi
= =
= 104.239 N/mm
2
(compressive)
Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean radius of
m tending to
e) = 26.925mm
) = 33.075mm

(compressive)
bo
=
.
.

= -68.94 N/mm
2
(tensile)

Bending stress at the centroidal axis =

= -8.33 N/mm
2
(Compressive)

The stress distribution at the inner and outer fiber is as shown in the
figure.

Problem No. 5

The section of a crane hook is a trapezium; the inner face is b and is at a
distance of 120mm from the centre line of curvature. The outer face is
25mm and depth of trapezium =120mm.Find the proper value of b, if the
extreme fiber stresses due to pure bending are numerically equal, if the
section is subjected to a couple which develop a maximum fiber stress of
60Mpa.Determine the magnitude of the couple.

Solution
r
i
= 120mm; b
i
= b; b
o
= 25mm; h = 120mm
bi
=
bo
= 60MPa

Since the extreme fibers stresses due to pure bending are numerically
equal we have,

We have,
C
i
/r
i
=c
o
/r
o
=c
i
/c
o
=120/240
2c
i
=c
o

But h= c
i
+ c
o

120 = c
i
+2c
i

C
i
=40mm; c
o
=80mm
r
n
= r
i
+ c
i
= 120+40 =160 mm

b=150.34mm

To find the centroidal axis, (C
2
)

b
o
= 125.84mm; b=25mm; h=120mm

= 74.313mm.

But C
1
=C
2
r
c
= r
o
-c
2
=240 - 74.313

=165.687mm

e=r
c
- r
n
= 165.687 - 160 = 5.6869 mm

Bending stress in the outer fiber,

Aer

A=
.

= 1050.4mm

60 =
..

M
b
=10.8x10
6
N-mm

Problem no.6
fig.1.9a
Solution:
Redraw the critical section as shown in the figure.
c
= 80mm
i
= 80
= 50mm
o
= 80 +
= 110mm
Radius of neutral axis r
n
=
=77.081mm
Applied force F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)
d
2
=

x60
2
= 2827.433mm
2
c
= 80mm
b
= FI = 20,000x80
=16x10
5
N-mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = r
c
r
n
= 80 77.081
=2.919mm
c
i
= r
n
r
i
= 77.081 50 = 27.081mm
c
o
= r
o

r
n
= 110 77.081 = 32.919mm
Direct stress
d
=
.

= 7.0736N/mm
2
(comp.)
bi
=
.
..

= 105N/mm
2
(compressive)
bo
=
.
..

= 58.016N/mm
2
(tensile)

ri
=
d
+
bi
= 7.0736 105.00
= 112.0736N/mm
2
(compressive)
ro
=
d
+
b
= 7.0736+58.016
= 50.9424N/mm
2
(tensile)
max
= 0.5x
max
= 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm
2
, at B

The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

Problem no.7
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress induced
in a c frame of a hydraulic portable riveter shown in fig.1.6a

Solution:

Draw the critical section as shown in
the figure.
i
=
100mm
o
= 100+80
= 180mm
c
= 100+

= 140mm
n
= ln

= ln

= 136.1038mm
e = r
c
- r
n
= 140-136.1038 = 3.8962mm
80
5
0
R
1
0
0
175 mm
9000N
h = 80mm
c
2
e
c
1
b

=

5
0

m
m
Critical
Section
c
o
c
i
r
o
r
n
r
c
F
r = 100mm
i
175mm
C
L
F
C
A
N
A
c
i
= r
n -
r
i
= 136.1038-100 = 36.1038mm
c
o
= r
o -
r
n
= 180-136.1038 = 43.8962mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force
l = 175+ r
c
= 175+140 = 315mm
Applied force F = 9000N
Area of cross section A = 50x80 = 4000mm
2

b
= FI = 9000x315
= 2835000 N-mm
Direct stress
d
=
= 2.25N/mm
2
(tensile)
bi
=
=
.
.

= 65.676N/mm
2
(tensile)
bo
=
=
.
.

= 44.326N/mm
2
(compressive)
ri
=
d
+
bi
= 2.25+65.676
= 67.926N/mm
2
(tensile)
ro
=
d
+
bo
= 2.25 44.362
= 42.112 N/mm
2
(compressive)
max
= 0.5x
max
= 0.5x67.926
= 33.963 N/mm
2
, at the inner fiber
The stress distribution on the critical section is as shown in the figure.

bi
=65.676 N/mm
2
ri
=67.926 N/mm
2
b = 50 mm
h =80 mm
C
A
N
A
Bending stress =-44.362 N/mm
bo
2
Combined stress -42.112 N/mm
ro
2
=
d
=2.25 N/mm
2
Direct stress ( )
d
Problem no.8
The frame punch press is shown in fig. 1.7s. Find the stress in inner and
outer surface at section A-B the frame if F = 5000N

Solution:

Draw the critical section as shown in the
figure.
i
= 25mm
o
= 25+40
= 65mm
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c
1
=
= 16.667mm
h = 40mm
c
2
e
c
1
b

=

6

m
m
o
c
o
c
i
r
o
r
n
r
c
F
r = 25mm
i
100mm
C
L
F
b

=

1
8

m
m
i
C
A
N
A
c
= r
i
c
1

= 25+16.667 = 41.667 mm
n
=

=38.8175mm
c
r
n

= 1.66738.8175
=2.8495mm

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius c
i
= r
n
r
i

= 38.817525=13.8175mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius c
o
= r
o
r
n

= 65-38.8175=26.1825mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = 100+ r
c
= 100+41.667
= 141.667mm
Applied force F = 5000N
x4018 6 = 480mm
2

b
= FI = 5000x141.667
= 708335 N-mm
Direct stress
d
=
= 10.417N/mm
2
(tensile)
bi
=
=
.
.

= 286.232N/mm
2
(tensile)
bo
=
=
.
.

= 208.606N/mm
2
(compressive)
ri
=
d
+
bi
= 10.417+286.232
= 296.649N/mm
2
(tensile)

ro
=
d
+
bo
= 10.417286.232
= 198.189N/mm
2
(compressive)
max
= 0.5x
max
= 0.5x296.649
= 148.3245 N/mm
2


bi
=286.232 N/mm
2
ri
=296.649 N/mm
2
b = 18 mm
i
h =40 mm
C
A
N
A
bo
2
Combined stress N/mm
ro
2
=-198.189
b = 6 mm
o
d
=10.417 N/mm
2
Direct stress (
d
)
Problem no.9
Figure shows a frame of a punching machine and its various dimensions.
Determine the maximum stress in the frame, if it has to resist a force of
85kN

Solution:
figure.
i
= 250mm
o
= 550mm

r
n
=

a
i
= 75mm; b
i
= 300mm; b
2
= 75mm; a
o
= 0; b
o
= 0
A=a
1
+a
2
=75x300+75x225 =39375mm
2

r
n
=
= 333.217mm
Let AB be the ref. line
5
5
0
75
85 kN
300
2
5
0
750 mm
75
B
a

=

7
5
m
m
i
225 mm
a
2
b =75mm
2
b
=
3
0
0
m
m
i
c
i
c
o A
X
e
r
n
r
c
r =550 mm
o
C
A
N
A
C
L
750
r = 250 mm
i
F
F
a
1
x
= 101.785mm
c
= r
i
+x
= 250+101.785=351.785 mm
c
r
n

= 351.785-333.217=18.568mm
i
= r
n
r
i

= 333.217 250=83.217mm
o
= r
o
r
n

= 550 333.217=216.783mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = 750+ r
c

= 750+351.785 = 1101.785mm
Applied force F = 85kN
b
= FI
= 85000x1101.785
= 93651725N-mm
Direct stress
d
=
= 2.16N/mm
2
(tensile)
bi
=
=
.
.

= 42.64N/mm
2
(tensile)
bo
=
=
.
.

= 50.49N/mm
2
(compressive)
ri
=
d
+
bi
= 2.16+42.64
= 44.8N/mm
2
(tensile)
ro
=
d
+
bo
= 2.16 50.49
= 48.33N/mm
2
(compressive)
max
= 0.5x
max
= 0.5x48.33
= 24.165N/mm
2
, at the outer fiber
The below figure shows the stress distribution.

bi
=42.64 N/mm
2
ri
=44.8 N/mm
2
b

=

3
0
0

m
m
i
225
C
A
N
A
bo
2
Combined stress N/mm
ro
2
=-48.33
a =75mm
i
b = 75 mm
2
a
2
a
1
d
=2.16 N/mm
2
Direct stress ( )
d
Problem no.10
Compute the combined stress at the inner and outer fibers in the critical
cross section of a crane hook is required to lift loads up to 25kN. The
hook has trapezoidal cross section with parallel sides 60mm and 30mm,
the distance between them being 90mm .The inner radius of the hook is
100mm. The load line is nearer to the surface of the hook by 25 mm the
centre of curvature at the critical
section. What will be the stress at inner
and outer fiber, if the beam is treated as
straight beam for the given load?

Solution:

Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.
i
= 100mm
o
= 100+90 =
190mm
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber
c
1
=

= 40mm
90mm
30mm
F = 25 kN
25mm
60mm
1
0
0

m
m
r
i
r
c
r
n
r
o
e
c
i
c
o
N
A
C
A
c
2
c
1
h = 90 mm
l
F C
L

c
= r
i
+ c
1
= 100+40
= 140 mm
n
=

= 135.42mm
c
r
n

= 140 135.42=4.58mm
i
= r
n
r
i
= 135.42 100
=35.42mm
o
= r
o
r
n
= 190 135.42
= 54.58mm
c
25= 140 25
= 115mm
Applied force F = 25,000N = 25kN
x90x60 30 = 4050mm
2

b
= FI = 25,000x115
= 2875000 N-mm
Direct stress
d
=
= 6.173N/mm
2
(tensile)

bi
=
=
.
.

= 54.9 N/mm
2
(tensile)
bo
=
=
.
.

= 44.524N/mm
2
(compressive)
ri
=
d
+
bi
= 6.173+54.9
= 61.073N/mm
2
(tensile)
ro
=
d
+
bo
= 6.173 44.524
= 38.351N/mm
2
(compressive)
max
= 0.5x
max
= 0.5x61.072
= 30.5365 N/mm
2

b) Beam is treated as straight beam
From DDHB refer table,
b = 30mm
b
o
= 60-30 = 30mm
h = 90
c
1
= 40mm
c
2
= 90-50 = 40mm
A = 4050 mm
2
M
b
= 28750000 N/mm
2

Also
C
2
=
---------------------- From DDHB

C
2
=
= 50mm
c
1
= 90-50= 40mm

Moment of inertia I =

= 2632500mm
4

Direct stress
b
=
= 6.173N/mm
2
(tensile)
bi
=
2632500

= 43.685 N/mm
2
(tensile)
bo
= -
=
2875000x50

= -54.606N/mm
2
(compressive)
ri
=
d
+
bi
= 6.173+43.685
= 49.858N/mm
2
(tensile)
ro
=
d
+
bo
= 6.173-54.606
= -48.433N/mm
2
(compressive)
The stress distribution on the straight beam is as shown in the figure.

bi
= 43.685 N/mm
2
ri
= 49.858 N/mm
2
6
0

m
m
h =90 mm
N
A
,

C
A
bo
=-54.606 N/mm
2
ro
N/mm
2
=-48.433
b = 30 mm
c =50mm
2
c =40mm
1
b /2 = 15
o
b /2 = 15
o
d
= 6.173 N/mm
2

d
b
Problem no.11
The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is
30mm and depth is 60mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at
distance of 125mm from the inside section and the load line is 100mm
from the same point. Find the capacity of hook if the allowable stress in
tension is 75N/mm
2

Solution:
figure.
i
= 125mm
o
= 125+60
= 185mm
c
=100+

= 130mm
n
= ln
= ln

= 153.045mm
c
- r
n

= 155-153.045 = 1.955mm
h=60mm
b=30mm
F = ?
1
2
5

m
m
100
h = 60mm
c
2
e
c
1
b

=

3
0

m
m
c
o
c
i
r
o
r
n
r
c
F
r = 125mm
i
C
L
l
100
C
A
N
A
L
o
a
d

l
i
n
e

i
= r
n
-

r
i

= 153.045-125 = 28.045mm
o
= r
o
-

r
n

= 185-153.045 = 31.955mm
c
-25 = 155-25 = 130mm
Area of cross section A = bh = 30x60 = 1800mm
2

b
= Fl = Fx130
= 130F
Direct stress
d
=

bi
=

ri
=
d
+
bi

i.e., 75 =
.
.
+

F = 8480.4N =Capacity of the hook.

Problem no.12
Design of steel crane hook to have a capacity of 100kN. Assume factor
of safety (FS) = 2 and trapezoidal section.

Data: Load capacity F = 100kN = 10
5
N;
Trapezoidal section; FS = 2
Solution: Approximately 1kgf = 10N
10
5
= 10,000 kgf =10t
Selection the standard crane hook dimensions from table 25.3 when safe
load =10t and steel (MS)
c =11933; Z = 14mm; M = 71mm and
h = 111mm
b
i
= M = 7133
b
o
= 2xZ = 2x14 = 28 mm
r
1
=
= 59.5mm
h = 111mm

b
o
H
M
=
b
i
Z
r =59.5 mm
i
r =
c
l
r
n
r
o
e
c
i
c
o
N
A
C
A
c
2
c
1
h = 111 mm
F
C
L
b =28
o
b=71
i
Assume the load line passes through the centre of hook. Draw the
critical section as shown in the figure.
i
= 59.5mm
o
= 59.5+111 = 170.5mm
n
=
..

.
.

= 98.095mm
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c
1
=
= 47.465mm
c
= r
i
+ c
1

= 47.465+59.5= 106.965 mm
c
- r
n

=106.965-98.095 =8.87mm
i
= r
n
- r
i

= 98.095-59.5=38.595mm
o
= r
o
- r
n

= 170.5-98.095=72.0405mm
c
-106.965
Applied force F = 10
5
N
x111x71 28 = 5494.5mm
2

b
= Fl = 10
5
x141.667
= 106.965x10
5
N-mm
Direct stress
d
=
.

= 18.2N/mm
2
(tensile)
bi
=
=
.
.
...

= 142.365/mm
2
(tensile)
bo
=
=
.
.
.5x8..

= -93.2 N/mm
2
(compressive)
ri
=
d
+
bi
= 18.2+142.365
= 160.565N/mm
2
(tensile)
ro
=
d
+
bo
= 18.2-93.2
= -75N/mm
2
(compressive)
max
= 0.5x
max
= 0. 160.565
= 80.2825 N/mm
2

bi
=142,365 N/mm
2
ri
=160.565 N/mm
2
b = 71 mm
i
C
A
N
A
bo
=-93.2 N/mm
2
ro
N/mm
2
=-75
b = 28 mm
o
h = 111 mm
d
=18.2 N/mm
2

d
Problem no.13
The figure shows a loaded offset bar. What is the maximum offset
distance x if the allowable stress in tension is limited to 50N/mm
2

Solution:
Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.
c
= 100mm
Inner radius r
i
= 100 100/2 = 50mm
Outer radius r
o
= 100 + 100/2 = 150mm
n
=
r
o
r
i
4
2

=
15050
4
2
=
93.3mm
e = r
c
- r
n
= 100 - 93.3 = 6.7mm
c
i
= r
n
r
i
= 93.3 50 = 43.3
mm
c
o
= r
o
- r
n
= 150 - 93.3 =
56.7mm
A =
x d
2
=
x 100
2
= 7853.98mm
2

M
b
= Fx = 5000 x
Combined maximum stress at the inner fiber
(i.e., at B)

ri
= Direct stress + bending stress
=

50
.

.
..

x = 599.9 = Maximum offset distance.

Problem no.14
An Open S made from 25mm diameter
rod as shown in the figure determine the
maximum tensile, compressive and shear
stress

Solution:
(I) Consider the section P-Q

Draw the critical section at P
Radius of centroidal axis
Inner radius r
i
=100
Outer radius r
o
= 100+
r
n
= =
= 99.6mm
Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =r
Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber c

Draw the critical section at P-Q as shown in the figure.
c
=100mm
= 87.5mm
+ = 112.5mm

Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =r
c
- r
n

=100 - 99.6 =
Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber c
i
= r
n
r
i

= 99.6 87.5 =12.1 mm
0.4mm
87.5 =12.1 mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer fiber c
o
= r
o
-r
n

=112.5 99.6 = 12.9 mm

Area of cross-section A =
4
d
2
=
4
x25
2
= 490.87 mm
2

Distance from centroidal axis I = r
c
= 100mm
b
= F.l = 100 x 100
= 100000Nmm

Combined stress at the outer fiber (i.e., at Q) =Direct stress +bending
stress

ro
=
F
A
-
M
b
C
o
Ae
o
=
1000
490.87

100000 X12.9
490.87 X 0.4 X 112.5

= - 56.36 N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at inner fibre (i.e., at p)

ri
= Direct stress + bending stress
=
F
A
+
M
b
c
i
Aer
i
=
1000
490.87
+
100000 X 12.1
490.87 X 0.4 X 87.5

= 72.466 N/MM2 (tensile)
(ii) Consider the section R -S
Redraw the critical section at R S as shown in fig.
r
c
= 75mm
r
i
= 75 -
25
2
=62.5 mm
r
o = 75 +
25
2
= 87.5 mm
A =
4
d
2

=
4
X 25
2

= 490.87 mm
2

r
n
=
r
o

r
i
4
2

=
87.5 62.5
4
2
=74.4755 mm

e = r
c
- r
n
= 75 -74.4755 =0.5254 mm
c
i
= r
n
- r
i
=74.4755 62.5 =11.9755 mm
c
o
= r
o
- r
n
= 87.5 74.4755 = 13.0245 mm
l = r
c
= 75 mm

M
b
= Fl = 1000 X 75 = 75000 Nmm
Combined stress at the outer fibre (at R) = Direct stress + Bending stress

ro
=
F
A

M
b
c
o
Aer
o
=
1000
490.87
-
75000 X13.0245
490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5

= - 41.324 N/mm
2
(compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber (at S) = Direct stress + Bending stress
ri
=
F
A
+
M
b
c
o
Aer
o
=
1000
490.87
+
75000 X 11.9755
490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5

= 55.816 N/mm
2
(tensile)
Maximum tensile stress = 72.466 N/mm
2
at P
Maximum compressive stress = 56.36 N/mm
2
at Q
max
=0.5
max
= 0.5 X 72.466
= 36.233 N/mm
2
at P

Stresses in Closed Ring
Consider a thin circular ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown
in the figure.

The ring is symmetrical and is loaded symmetrically in both the
horizontal and vertical directions.
Consider the horizontal section as shown in the
A and B, the vertical forces would be F/2.
No horizontal forces would be there at A and B. this argument can be
proved by understanding that since the ring and the external forces are
symmetrical, the reactions too must be symmetri
Assume that two horizontal inward forces H, act at A and B in the upper
half, as shown in the figure. In this case, the lower
half must have forces H acting outwards as shown.
This however, results in violation of symmetry and
hence H must be zero. B
of equal magnitude M
0
act at A and
noted that these moments do not violate the
condition of symmetry. Thus loads on the section can
be treated as that shown in the figure.
quantity is M
0
. Again Consi
conclude that the tangents at A and B must be
vertical and must remain so after deflection or M
does not rotate. By Castiglianos theorem
derivative of the strain energy with respect to the load gives the
displacement of the load. In this

horizontal and vertical directions.
Consider the horizontal section as shown in the figure. At the two ends
A and B, the vertical forces would be F/2.
symmetrical, the reactions too must be symmetrical.
half, as shown in the figure. In this case, the lower
half must have forces H acting outwards as shown.
This however, results in violation of symmetry and
Besides the forces, moments
act at A and B. It should be
noted that these moments do not violate the
condition of symmetry. Thus loads on the section can
be treated as that shown in the figure. The unknown
. Again Considering symmetry, We
conclude that the tangents at A and B must be
vertical and must remain so after deflection or M
0

Castiglianos theorem, the partial
he load. In this case, this would be zero.
.(1)
figure. At the two ends
The bending moment at any point C, located at angle
figure.
Will be

As per Castiglianos theorem,
From equation (2)
And, ds = Rd
The bending moment at any point C, located at angle , as shown in the

..(2)
As per Castiglianos theorem,

, as shown in the
As this quantity is positive the direction assumed for M
produces tension in the inner fibers and compression on the outer.
It should be noted that these equations are valid in the region,
= 0 to = 90
0
.
The bending moment M
b

this quantity is positive the direction assumed for M
o
is correct and it
b
at any angle from equation (2) will be:

is correct and it
2) will be:

It is seen that numerically, M
The stress at any angle
forces as shown in the figure.
Put = 0 in Bending moment equation (4) then we will
get,

At A-A M
bi
= 0.181FR
M
bo
= - 0.181FR
And = 90,
At B-B M
bi
= - 0.318FR
M
bo
= 0.318FR

The vertical force F/2 can
components (creates normal direct stresses)
(creates shear stresses).

The combined normal stress across any section will be:

b-max
is greater than M
o
.
can be found by considering the
forces as shown in the figure.
= 0 in Bending moment equation (4) then we will
= 0.181FR
0.181FR
0.318FR
= 0.318FR
2 can be resolved in two
(creates normal direct stresses) and S

The combined normal stress across any section will be:

The stress at inner (
1Ai
) and outer points (

On similar lines, the stress at the point of application of load at i
outer points will be (at

It should be noted that in calculating the bending stresses, it is assumed
that the radius is large compared to the depth, or the beam is almost a
straight beam.

) and outer points (
1Ao
) at A-A will be (at

lines, the stress at the point of application of load at i
= 90
0
)

A will be (at = 0)
lines, the stress at the point of application of load at inner and
A Thin Extended Closed Link

Consider a thin closed ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown in
the figure. At the two ends C and D, the vertical forces would be F/2.

No horizontal forces would be there at C and D, as discussed earlier
ring.
The unknown quantity is M
conclude that the tangents at C and D must be vertical and must remain
so after deflection or M
0

There are two regions to be considered in this case:
The straight portion, (0 < y < L) where
M
b
The curved portion, where

A Thin Extended Closed Link
the two ends C and D, the vertical forces would be F/2.

The unknown quantity is M
0
. Again considering symmetry, we
does not rotate.
There are two regions to be considered in this case:
The straight portion, (0 < y < L) where
b
= M
O

The curved portion, where
the two ends C and D, the vertical forces would be F/2.
Again considering symmetry, we
As per Castiglianos theorem

\
As per Castiglianos theorem

It can be observed that at L = 0 equation reduces to the same expression
as obtained for a circular
and Compression on the outer.
The bending moment M
b

Noting that the equation are valid in the region,

At = 0
At section B-B bending moment at inner and outer side of

At section A-A the load point, i.e., at
bending moment occurs (numerically), as it is observed that the second
part of the equation is much greater than the first part.

It can be observed that at L = 0,
expression as obtained for
as obtained for a circular ring. M
o
produces tension in the inner fibers
and Compression on the outer.
b
at any angle will be

Noting that the equation are valid in the region, = 0 to = p/2
B bending moment at inner and outer side of the fiber is

A the load point, i.e., at = p/2, the maximum value of
part of the equation is much greater than the first part.

It can be observed that at L = 0, equation (v) reduces
obtained for a circular ring.
b-max
is greater than M
o
.
in the inner fibers
= p/2,
the fiber is
the maximum value of
to the same

The stress at any angle
shown in the figure.
The vertical force F/2 can
normal direct stresses) and S

The combined normal stress across any section will be

The stress at inner fiber
be (at = 0):

The stress at inner fiber
will be (at the loading point

The stress at any angle can be found by considering the force as

2 can be resolved in two components (creates
and S (creates shear stresses).

normal stress across any section will be

fiber
1Bi
and outer fiber
1Bo
and at section B
fiber
1Ai
and outer fiber
1Ao
and at section A
will be (at the loading point = 90
0
):
can be found by considering the force as
be resolved in two components (creates
and at section B-B will

and at section A-A

Problem 15
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 25 mm diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner
diameter of the ring is 60 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.29a and 1.29b respectively.
Inner radius r
i
= = 30mm
Outer radius = 30+25 = 55mm

= 42.5
= 41.56
diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner
diameter of the ring is 60 mm.
= 30mm
Outer radius = 30+25 = 55mm
c
= 30 + = 42.5mm
n
=
= =42.5mm
c
- r
n
= 42.5 41.56 = 0.94mm

axis to inner radius c
i
= r
n -
r
i
= 41.56 30 = 11.56mm

diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner

o
= r
o -
r
n
= 55 - 41.56 = 13.44mm
Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal

d
=

Consider the cross section A A
At section A A, = 90
0
with respect to horizontal
Direct stress
d
=

= 0
Bending moment M
b
= - 0.318F
r

Where r = r
c
, negative sign refers to tensile load
M
= - 0.318x6500x42.5 = -87847.5 N-mm

This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber
=Direct stress + Bending stress

= 0 -
=
..
..

= - 73.36N/mm
2
(compressive)
Maximum stress at outer fiber
= Direct stress + Bending stress

=0+
=
..
..

= 46.52N/mm
2
(tensile)
Consider the cross section B B
At section B B, = 0
0
Direct stress
d
=

2A
=
cos
.
= 6.621 N/mm
2

Bending moment M
b
= 0.182F
r

Where r = r
c
, positive sign refers to tensile load
M
= 0.182x6500x42.5 = 50277.5 N-mm


=
d
-
= 6.621 +
..
.874x0.

= 48.6 N/mm
2
(tensile)

=
d
+
=6.621+
..
..

= -20 N/mm
2
(compressive)

Problem 16
Determine the stress induced in a
of 50 mm diameter rod subjected to a compressive load of 20kNN. The
mean diameter of the ring is 100 mm.
Inner radius r
i
= - = 25mm
Outer radius = + = 75mm


= 50 - 46.65 = 3.35mm
= 46.65
Distance of neutral axis to
= 75 - 46.65 = 28.35mm

mean diameter of the ring is 100 mm.
= 25mm
= 75mm
c
= = 50mm
n
=
= = 46.65mm
axis to centroidal axis e = r
c
- r
n
46.65 = 3.35mm

i
= r
n -
r
i
= 46.65-25 = 21.65 mm
o
= r
o -
r
n
46.65 = 28.35mm
Area of cross section A = x55
2
= 1963.5mm
2

circular ring of circular cross section


d
=

Consider the cross section A A
0
Direct stress
d
=

= 0
Bending moment M
b
= + 0.318F
r

Where r = r
c
, positive sign refers to tensile load

= + 0.318x20000x50 = 318000 N-mm


= 0 +
=
31800021.
..

= 41.86 N/mm
2
(tensile)

=0 -
= -
.35
..

= - 18.27 N/mm
2
(compressive)

Consider the cross section B B
At section B B, = 0
0
Direct stress
d
=

=

.

= 5.093 N/mm
2
(compressive)
Bending moment M
b
= -0.1828F
r

Where r = r
c
, negative sign refers to tensile load
M
= - 0.182x20000x50 = -182000 N-mm


=
d
-
Aer
= -5.093 +
.
.5x3.

= - 29.05 N/mm
2
(compressive)

=
d
+
= -5.093 +
.
..

= 5.366 N/mm
2
(tensile)

Problem 17
A chain link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the
mean diameter of which is 80mm. The straight sides of the link are also
80mm. The straight sides of the link are also 80mm.If the link carries a
load of 90kN; estimate the tensile and compress
along the section of load line. Also find the stress at a section 90
from the load line
Solution: refer figure
= 80mm; d
c
= 80mm;
F = 90kN = 90000N
Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32
Inner radius r
i
= 40 - = 20mm
Outer radius = + = 60mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e =

link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the
estimate the tensile and compressive stress in the link
r
c
= 40mm;
Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32
= 20mm
= 60mm
c
= 40mm
n
=
= = 37.32mm
c
- r
n
=40-37.32 = 2.68mm

i
= r
n -
r
i
= 37.32-20 = 17.32 mm
link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the
ive stress in the link
0
away

o
= r
o -
r
n
= 60 37.32 = 22.68mm

d
=

Consider the cross section A A [i.e., Along the load line]
0
Direct stress
d
=

= 0
Bending moment M
= -
where r = r
c
,
M
= 1.4x10
6
N-mm

= 0 +
=
.
.

= - 360 N/mm
2
(tensile)

= 0 -
= -
.
.

= 157.14 N/mm
2
(compressive)

Consider the cross section B B [i.e., 90
0
away from the load line]
At section B B, = 0
0
Direct stress
d
=

=
.
= 35.81 N/mm
2

(compressive)
Bending moment M
= -
where r = r
c
,
M
= - 399655.7N-mm

=
d
-
= 35.81 +
..
.

= 138.578 N/mm
2
(tensile)

=
d
+
= 35.81 -
..
.

= - 9.047 N/mm
2
(compressive)
Maximum tensile stress occurs at outer fiber of section A A and
maximum compressive stress occurs at the inner fiber of section A A.

Using usual notations prove that
curved beam of initial radius R
uniform bending moment is

Consider a curved beam of uniform cross section as shown in Figure
below. Its transverse section is symmetric with respect to the y axis and
in its unstressed state; its upper and lower surfaces intersect the vertical
xy plane along the arcs of circle A
Now apply two equal and opposite couples
(c). The length of neutral surface remains the same.
central angles before and after applying the moment M. Since the length
of neutral surface remains the same
R
1
=R
2
'

Consider the arc of circle JK located at a distance y above the neutral
surface. Let r
1
and r
2
be the radius of this arc before and after bending
couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK,

From Fig. 1.2 a and c, r

Using usual notations prove that the moment of resistance M of a
curved beam of initial radius R
1
when bent to a radius R
uniform bending moment is
M = EAeR
1

Its transverse section is symmetric with respect to the y axis and
its upper and lower surfaces intersect the vertical
xy plane along the arcs of circle AB and EF centered at O [Fig. 1(
Now apply two equal and opposite couples M and M' as shown in Fig. 1.
The length of neutral surface remains the same. and
of neutral surface remains the same
'
Figure
couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK,

From Fig. 1.2 a and c, r
1
= R
1
y; r
2
= R
2
y ..... (iii)
the moment of resistance M of a
when bent to a radius R
2
by

Its transverse section is symmetric with respect to the y axis and
its upper and lower surfaces intersect the vertical
B and EF centered at O [Fig. 1(a)].
d M' as shown in Fig. 1.
and ' are the
..... (i)
.... (ii)
..... (iii)
= (R
2

=R
2
'
= y (
= y
[ ' = +
The normal strain
the deformation by the original length r

x
=
The normal stress
x

x
=E

i.e.
x
= E
Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress
with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting
obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.

From the condition of equilibrium the summation of forces over the
entire area is zero and the summation of the moments due to these forces
is equal to the applied bending moment.
F =0
i.e.,
x
dA =0
and ( y
x
dA)=M
y) ' (R
1
y)
'

'y R
1
+ y
y (' ) [ R
1
= R
2
' from equ (i)]

= + = ] .....
x
in the element of JK is obtained by dividing
by the original length r
1
of arc JK.
..... (v)
x
may be obtained from Hooke's law
..... (vi)
( r
1
= R
1
y) .(vii)
Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress
x
does not vary linearly
with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting
x
versus y, we
obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.
is equal to the applied bending moment.
..... (viii)
..... (ix)

' from equ (i)]
..... (iv)
in the element of JK is obtained by dividing
..... (v)
may be obtained from Hooke's law
x
= E
x

..... (vi)
does not vary linearly
versus y, we
..... (viii)
..... (ix)
Substituting the value of the
x
from equation (vii) into equation
(viii)

dA=0
Since

is not equal to zero
dA = 0
i.e. R
1
1
=0
i.e., . R
1
1
=0
R
1
=
1

It follows the distance R
1
from the centre of curvature O to the
neutral surface is obtained by the relation R
1
=
1
..... (x)

The value of R
1
is not equal to the
1
distance from O to the centroid
of the cross-section, since
1
is obtained by the relation,

1
=
1
..... (xi)
Hence it is proved that in a curved member the neutral axis of a
transverse section does not pass through the centroid of that section.
Now substitute the value of
x
from equation (vii) into equations (ix)

y dA =M

i.e.,

dA = M ( r
1
= R
1
- y from iii)
i.e.,

dA = M
i.e.,

1
= M
i.e.,

= M [using equations (x) and (xi)]

i.e.,

i.e.,

=M

i.e.,

..... (xii)

i.e.,

(e =
1
R
1
from Fig. 1.2a)
xiii)

Substituting

into equation (VI)

x
=
..... (xiv)

x
=
M
1
1
( r
1
= R
1
y ..... (xv)

An equation (xiv) is the general expression for the normal stress
x
in a
curved beam.
To determine the change in curvature of the neutral surface caused by
the bending moment M
From equation (i),

{From equation (xiii)

i.e.

=
M
EAeR
1

M =EAe R
1

Hence proved

References:

ASSIGNMENT

1. What are the assumptions made in finding stress distribution for a curved flexural member? Also
give two differences between a straight and curved beam
2. Discuss the stress distribution pattern in curved beams when compared to straight beam with
sketches
3. Derive an expression for stress distribution due to bending moment in a curved beam
EXERCISES
1. Determine the force F that will produce a maximum tensile stress of 60N/mm
2
in section
A - B and the corresponding stress at the section C - D

2. A crane hook has a section of trapezoidal. The area at the critical section is 115 mm2
.
The hook
carries a load of 10kN and the inner radius of curvature is 60 mm. calculate the maximum tensile,
compressive and shear stress.
Hint: b
i
= 75 mm; b
o
= 25 mm; h = 115 mm

3. A closed ring is made of 40 mm diameter rod bent to a mean radius of 85 mm. If the pull along
the diameter is 10,000 N, determine the stresses induced in the section of the ring along which it is
divided into two parts by the direction of pull.
4. Determine of value of t in the cross section of a curved beam shown in Figure such that the normal
stresses due to bending at the extreme fibers are numerically equal.
VTU,Jan/Feb.2005
Fig.1.35
5. Determine a safe value for load P for a machine element loaded as shown in Figure limiting the
maximum normal stress induced on the cross section XX to 120 MPa.

6. The section of a crane hook is trapezoidal, whose inner and outer sides are 90 mm and
25 mm respectively and has a depth of 116 mm. The center of curvature of the section is at a
distance of 65 mm from the inner side of the section and load line passes through the center of
curvature. Find the maximum load the hook can carry, if the maximum stress is not to exceed 70
MPa.
7. a) Differentiate between a straight beam and a curved beam with stress distribution in each of the
beam.
b) Figure shows a 100 kN crane hook with a trapezoidal section. Determine stress in the outer,
inner, Cg and also at the neutral fiber and draw the stress distribution across the section AB.

8. A closed ring is made up of 50 mm diameter steel bar having allowable tensile stress of 200
MPa. The inner diameter of the ring is 100 mm. For load of 30 kN find the maximum stress in
the bar and specify the location. If the ring is cut as shown in part -B of
Fig. 1.40, check whether it is safe to support the applied load.

F = 100kN
6
2
.
5

m
m
A B
112.5
2
5
8
7
.
5
REFERENCE BOOKS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN by Farazdak Haideri

MACHINE DESIGN by Maleev and Hartman

MACHINE DESIGN by Schaums out lines

DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS by V.B.Bhandari

DESING OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-2 by J.B.K Das and P.L. Srinivasa murthy

DESIGN OF SPRINGS Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur, IITM

Unit1 - DME 2

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Unit1 - DME 2

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CURVED BEAMS

is not equal to zero,

A.e ..... (iii)

---------------------- From DDHB

= - 0.318x6500x42.5 = -87847.5 N-mm

=Direct stress + Bending stress

= Direct stress + Bending stress

= 0.182x6500x42.5 = 50277.5 N-mm

=Direct stress + Bending stress

= Direct stress + Bending stress

= + 0.318x20000x50 = 318000 N-mm

=Direct stress + Bending stress

= Direct stress + Bending stress

= - 0.182x20000x50 = -182000 N-mm

=Direct stress + Bending stress

= Direct stress + Bending stress

=Direct stress + Bending stress

= Direct stress + Bending stress

=Direct stress + Bending stress

= Direct stress + Bending stress

is not equal to zero

= M [using equations (x) and (xi)]

into equation (VI)

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