DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Tutor: Mr Jale Bin Ahmad

email: jaleahmad@gmail.com



Content:
1.TOPIC 1 Set (T1)
2.TOPIC 2 Relation (T1)
3.TOPIC 3 Function (T1)
4.TOPIC 4 Sequence and Strings (T1)
5.TOPIC 5 Propositional Logic (T2)
6.TOPIC 6 Predicate Logic (T2)
7.TOPIC 7 Integer (T2)
8.TOPIC 8 Counting (T3)
9.TOPIC 9 Matrices (T3)
10.TOPIC 10 Graphs (T3)
11.TOPIC 11 Path & Cycle (T4)
12.TOPIC 12 - Graph Rep & Isomorphism (T4)
13.TOPIC 13 - Planar Graph (T4)
14.TOPIC 14 - Tree (T4)


TOPIC 1 Set
1. Definition: a defined collection of objects
2. Examples: A={1, 2, 3}, B={a, b, c},
C={2,4,6,}, D={all positive even integers},
E={x| x is a positive, even integer}
3. Listing: A,B,C (see above)
4. Specifying properties: D & E (see above)
5. Membership: 4eC, 4eA
6. Cardinality:
7. Empty set: {} or C
8. Number sets: N, W, Z, Q, R


3 A =
TOPIC 1 Set
9. Exercises:
Q:Write a mathematical property of set
A={1,2,3,4,5}.
Ans: A={x|xeN, x5}

Q:Describe the property of set
B={1,4,9,16,25}.
Ans: B={x
2
|xeN, x5} or B={x
2
|xeN, x
2
25}

Q: Specify the property of C={2,4,6,8,}.
Ans: C={2k|keN}


TOPIC 1 Set
10. Set Equality: two sets that have the same
elements/members.
Example: A={1,2,3} and B={x|xeN, x
2
<10}

Please do exe 1.2

11. Venn Diagram: to represent sets


E
A
TOPIC 1 Set
12.Operations:

a. Intersection:
b. Union:
c. Complement: or
d. Subset:
E
A B
-A
AB
AB
AB
A
E
A B
E
A
AB
A
AcB
E
A
B
AcB
TOPIC 1 Set
13. Power set: the set of ALL subsets of a
given set.
A. Consider A={1,2,3,4}
B. List all the subsets of A:
{}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4},
{1,2}, {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,3}, {2,4}, {3,4},
{1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4},
{1,2,3,4}
C.
D. Note that
{ } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } { } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , ) ( = A P
16 2 2 ) (
4
= = =
A
A P
TOPIC 1 Set
13.Cartesian product





Please do exercise 1.8
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
A B B A
A B
B A
B
A
=
=
=
=
=
) 3 , 4 ( ), 2 , 4 ( ), 1 , 4 ( ), 3 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 1 , 2 (
) 4 , 3 ( ), 2 , 3 ( ), 4 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 4 , 1 ( ), 2 , 1 (
4 , 2
3 , 2 , 1