Chapter 5

Algebra of matrices

Exercise 5.1

1. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can

have ? what if it has 5 elements ?
Solution:

If a matrix is of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 elements, it has m, n elements. So, if the

N AT IS
matrix has 8 elements, we will find the ordered pairs m and n.

C N
PY
mn=8
O C D
O IO
Then, ordered pairs m and n will be
D U AA

𝑚 × 𝑛 be (8 × 1), (1 × 8), (4 × 2), (2 × 4)

O
Now, if it has 5 elements
ED PR

Possible orders are (5 × 1), (1 × 5).

T
©

2 3 −5 2 −1
2. if 𝐴 = [1 4 9 ] and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] = [−3 4 ] then find
0 7 −2 1 2

(i) 𝑎22 + 𝑏21

(ii) 𝑎11 𝑏11 + 𝑎22 𝑏22
Solution:
(i) we know that

2 3 −5
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] [1 4 9 ] ……..(i)
0 7 −2
 𝑏11 𝑏12
and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] = [𝑏21 𝑏22 ] …….(ii)
𝑏31 𝑏32
Also given that

𝟐 𝟑 −𝟓 𝟐 −𝟏
𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] [𝟏 𝟒 𝟗 ] and B = [𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [−𝟑 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟕 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Now, comparing with equation (1) and (2)

𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒 and 𝒃𝟐𝟏 = -3

𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐𝟏 = 4 + (-3) = 1
N AT IS
We know that

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
D U AA

A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ] …(i)

O
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
ED PR

𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟐
©

And B = [𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐𝟐 ] ..(ii)

𝒃𝟑𝟏 𝒃𝟑𝟐

Also given that

𝟐 𝟑 −𝟓 𝟐 −𝟏
A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] = [𝟏 𝟒 𝟗 ] and B = [𝒃𝒊𝒋 ] = [−𝟑 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟕 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
Now, comparing with eq. (1) and (2)

𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝒃𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒃𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 × 𝟐 + 𝟒 × 𝟒 = 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎

3. Let A be a matrix of order 3 × 𝟒. If 𝑹𝟏 , denotes the first row of A

and 𝑪𝟐 denotes its second column, then determine the orders of
matrices 𝑹𝟏 and 𝑪𝟐 .
Solution:

Given A be a matric of order 𝟑 × 𝟒

So, 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
N AT IS
𝟑 ×𝟒
𝑹𝟏 = first row of A = [𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟏𝟒 ]

C N
PY
O C D
So, order of matrix 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏 × 𝟒
O IO
D U AA

𝑪𝟐 = second column of

𝒂𝟏𝟐 O
ED PR

A= [𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]
𝒂𝟑𝟐
T
©

Therefore order of 𝑪𝟐 = 3 × 𝟏

4. Construct a 𝟐 × 𝟑 matrix A = [𝒂𝒋𝒋 ] whose elements 𝒂𝒋𝒋 are

given by :
(i) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 × 𝒋
(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋
(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
(𝒊+𝒋)𝟐
(iv) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
𝟐
Solution:
(i) Given 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 × 𝒋

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟑

So, the elements in a 𝟐 × 𝟑 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏

𝒂𝟏𝟏 =𝟏×𝟏=𝟏 N AT IS
𝒂𝟏𝟐 =𝟏×𝟐=𝟐
𝒂𝟏𝟑 =𝟏×𝟑=𝟑

C N
PY
O C D
𝒂𝟐𝟏 =𝟐×𝟏=𝟐
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =𝟐×𝟐=𝟒
𝒂𝟐𝟑 =𝟐×𝟑=𝟔
O
ED PR

Substituting these values in matriix A we get,

T

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A= [ ]
©

𝟐 𝟒 𝟔

(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋
Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟑
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟑 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏
𝒂𝟏𝟏 =𝟐×𝟏−𝟏=𝟐−𝟏=𝟏
𝒂𝟏𝟐 =𝟐×𝟏−𝟐=𝟐−𝟐=0
𝒂𝟏𝟑 = 𝟐 × 𝟏 − 𝟑 = 𝟐 − 𝟑 = −𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 =𝟐×𝟐−𝟏=𝟒−𝟏=𝟑
𝒂𝟐𝟐 =𝟐×𝟐−𝟐=𝟒−𝟐=𝟐
𝒂𝟐𝟑 =𝟐×𝟐−𝟑=𝟒−𝟑=𝟏

Substituting these values in matriix A we get,

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
A= [ ]
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏

(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
N AT IS
Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]

C N
𝟐 ×𝟑

PY
O C D
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟑 matrix are
O IO
D U AA

O
[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
ED PR

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

T

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏
©

𝒂𝟏𝟏 =𝟏+𝟏=𝟐
𝒂𝟏𝟐 =𝟏+𝟐=𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟑 =𝟏+𝟑=𝟒
𝒂𝟐𝟏 =𝟐+𝟏=𝟑
𝒂𝟐𝟐 =𝟐+𝟐=𝟒
𝒂𝟐𝟑 =𝟐+𝟑=𝟓

Substituting these values in matriix A we get,

𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
A= [ ]
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
 (𝒊+𝒋)𝟐
(iv) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
𝟐

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟑
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟑 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏

𝒂𝟏𝟏 = N AT IS
C N
PY
( 𝟏+𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒
O C D
= = =2
O IO
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
D U AA

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =
O
ED PR

( 𝟏+𝟐)𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
= = = 4.5
T

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
©

𝒂𝟏𝟑 =

( 𝟏+𝟑)𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟔
= = =8
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =

( 𝟐+𝟏)𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
= = = 4.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

( 𝟐+𝟐)𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟔
= = =8
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟐𝟑 =
( 𝟐+𝟑)𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟐𝟓
= = = 12.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

2 4.5 8
A= [ ]
4.5 8 12.5
9
2 8
2
A = [9 25]
8
2 2
N AT IS
C N
PY
5. Construct a 2 × 𝟐 matrix A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] whose elements 𝒂𝒊𝒋 are given
O C D
O IO
by :
D U AA

(i)
(𝑖+𝑗)2
2 O
ED PR

(𝑖−𝑗)2
(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
T

2
(𝑖−2𝑗)2
©

(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2
(2𝑖+𝑗)2
(iv) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2
|2𝑖−3𝑗|
(v) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2
|−3𝑗+𝑗|
(vi) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2

(vii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑗

Solution:
 (𝑖+𝑗)2
(i) Given
2

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏

𝒂𝟏𝟏 = N AT IS
( 𝟏+𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒

C N
PY
= = =2
O C D
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =
O
ED PR

( 𝟏+𝟐)𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
= = = 4.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
T
©

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =

( 𝟐+𝟏)𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
= = = 4.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

( 𝟐+𝟐)𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟔
= = =8
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

 2 4.5
A= [ ]
4.5 8

9
2
2
A = [9 ]
8
2

(𝒊−𝒋)𝟐
(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
𝟐

N AT IS
Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐

C N
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are

PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

O
ED PR

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
T

𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐
©

𝒂𝟏𝟏 =

( 𝟏−𝟏)𝟐 𝟎𝟐
= =𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =

( 𝟏−𝟐)𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
= = = 0.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =
( 𝟐−𝟏)𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
= = = 0.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

( 𝟐−𝟐)𝟐 𝟎𝟐 𝟎
= = =0
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

0 0.5
A= [ ]
0.5 0
N AT IS
C N
1

PY
O C D
0
2
A = [1 ]
O IO
D U AA

0
2
O
ED PR

(𝑖−2𝑗)2
(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
T

2
©

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏

𝒂𝟏𝟏 =

( 𝟏−𝟐× 𝟏)𝟐 𝟏𝟐
= = 𝟎.5
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟏𝟐 =

( 𝟏−𝟐× 𝟐)𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
= = = 4.5
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =

( 𝟐−𝟐× 𝟏)𝟐 𝟎𝟐
= =𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

( 𝟐−𝟐× 𝟐)𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒
= = =2
𝟐
N AT IS𝟐 𝟐

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
Substituting these values in matrix A we get,
D U AA

A= [
0.5
0
O
4.5
2
]
ED PR

1 9
©

A =[ 2 2]
0 2

(2𝑖+𝑗)2
(iv) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏
𝒂𝟏𝟏 =

( 𝟐× 𝟏+𝟏)𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟗
= = = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =

( 𝟐× 𝟐+𝟐)𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟔
= = =8
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =

( 𝟐×𝟐+ 𝟏)𝟐
N AT IS
𝟓𝟐 𝟐𝟓
= = =12.5

C N
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

PY
O C D
O IO
𝒂𝟐𝟐 =
D U AA

( 𝟐×𝟐+ 𝟐)𝟐 𝟔𝟐 O 𝟑𝟔
ED PR

= = = 18
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
T
©

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

4.5 8
A= [ ]
12.5 18

9
8
2
A =[25 ]
18
2
 |2𝑖−3𝑗|
(v) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏

𝒂𝟏𝟏 = N AT IS
|2×1−3×1| 1

C N
= = 0.5

PY
O C D
2 2
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =
O
ED PR

|2×1−3×2| 4
= = 2
2 2
T

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =
©

|2×2−3×1| 4−3 1
= = =0.5
2 2 2
𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

|2×2−3×2| 2
= =1
2 2

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

0.5 2
A= [ ]
0.5 1
 1
2
A =[21 ]
1
2

|−3𝑗+𝑗|
(vi) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
2

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
D U AA

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏
O
ED PR

𝒂𝟏𝟏 =
T

|−3×1+1| 2
= =1
©

2 2

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =

|−3×1+2| 1
= = 0.5
2 2

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =

|−3×2+1| 5
= = 2.5
2 2
𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

|−3×2+2| 4
= =2
2 2

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

1 0.5
A= [ ]
2.5 2

1
1
2
A =[ 5 ]
N AT IS
2
2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(vii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒆𝟐𝒊𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒋

O
ED PR

Let A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟐 ×𝟐
So, the elements in a 2 × 𝟐 matrix are
T
©

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

A = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝟐𝟏

𝒂𝟏𝟏 =

= 𝑒 2×1𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 1 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =

= 𝑒 2×1𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 2 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =

= 𝑒 2×2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 1 = 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =

= 𝑒 2×2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × 2 = 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

Substituting these values in matrix A we get

2𝑥
𝑒2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
A = [𝑒4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
N AT IS ]
4𝑥
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
6. Construct a 𝟑 × 𝟒 matrix A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] whose elements a, are given by
:
ED PR

(i) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
T

(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 − 𝒋
©

(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒊
(iv) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒋
𝟏
(v) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = |−𝟑𝒊 + 𝒋|
𝟐

Solution:
(i) Given 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗
Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×3
So, the elements in a 3 × 4 matrix are
[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟏𝟒 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟒 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟒 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟒
A=( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
𝒂𝟑𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟑𝟒
𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 1 + 1 = 2
𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 1 + 2 = 3
𝒂𝟏𝟑 = 1 + 3 = 4
𝒂𝟏𝟒 = 1 + 4 = 5
N AT IS
𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 2 + 1 = 3

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 2 + 2 = 4
D U AA

𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 2 + 3 = 5
O
ED PR

𝒂𝟐𝟒 = 2 + 4 = 6
T

𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 3 + 1 = 4
©

𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 3 + 2 = 5
𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 3 + 3 = 6
𝒂𝟑𝟒 = 3 + 4 = 7
Substituting these values in matrix A we get,
2 ⋯ 5
A = (⋮ ⋱ ⋮)
4 ⋯ 7

2 3 4 5
A = [3 4 5 6]
4 5 6 7
(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊 − 𝒋

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×3

So, the elements in a 3 × 4 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟏𝟒 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟒 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟒 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟒
A=( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
𝒂𝟑𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟑𝟒
N AT IS
𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 1 − 1 = 0

C N
PY
𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 1 − 2 = −1
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟏𝟑 = 1 − 3 = −2
𝒂𝟏𝟒 = 1 − 4 = −3 O
ED PR

𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 2 − 1 = 1
T

𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 2 − 2 = 0
©

𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 2 − 3 = −1
𝒂𝟐𝟒 = 2 − 4 = −2
𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 3 − 1 = 2
𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 3 − 2 = 1
𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 3 − 3 = 0
𝒂𝟑𝟒 = 3 − 4 = −1
Substituting these values in matrix A we get,
0 ⋯ −3
A = (⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
2 ⋯ −1
 0 −1 −2 −3
A = [1 0 −1 −2]
4 5 6 7

(iii) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×3

So, the elements in a 3 × 4 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟏𝟒 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟒 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟒 ]
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟒
O IO
A=( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
D U AA

𝒂𝟑𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟑𝟒
𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 2 × 1 = 2
O
ED PR

𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 2 × 1 = 2
T

𝒂𝟏𝟑 = 2 × 1 = 2
©

𝒂𝟏𝟒 = 2 × 1 = 2
𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 2 × 2 = 4
𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 2 × 2 = 4
𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 2 × 2 = 4
𝒂𝟐𝟒 = 2 × 2 = 4
𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 2 × 3 = 6
𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 2 × 3 = 6
𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 2 × 3 = 6
𝒂𝟑𝟒 = 2 × 3 = 6

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

2 ⋯ 2
A = (⋮ ⋱ ⋮)
6 ⋯ 6

2 2 2 2
A = [4 4 4 4]
6 6 6
N AT IS6

C N
PY
O C D
(iv) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑗
O IO
D U AA

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×3

O
So, the elements in a 3 × 4 matrix are
ED PR

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟏𝟒 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟒 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟒 ]
T
©

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟒
A=( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
𝒂𝟑𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟑𝟒

𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 1
𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 2
𝒂𝟏𝟑 = 3
𝒂𝟏𝟒 = 4
𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 2
𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 2
𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 3
𝒂𝟐𝟒 = 4
𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 1
𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 2
𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 3
𝒂𝟑𝟒 = 4

N AT IS
Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

C N
1 ⋯ 4

PY
O C D
A = (⋮ ⋱ ⋮)
O IO
D U AA

1 ⋯ 4
O
ED PR

1 2 3 4
A = [1 4]
T

2 3
1 2 3 4
©

𝟏
(v) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = |−𝟑𝒊 + 𝒋|
𝟐

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]2×3

So, the elements in a 3 × 4 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟏𝟒 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟒 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟒 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟒
A=( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
𝒂𝟑𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟑𝟒
𝒂𝟏𝟏 =
1 1 1
|−3 × 1 + 1| = |−3 + 1| = |−2| = -1
2 2 2

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =
1 1 1 −1
|−3 × 1 + 2| = |−3 + 2| = |−1| =
2 2 2 2

𝒂𝟏𝟑 =
1 1 1
|−3 × 1 + 3| = |−3 + 3| = |0| =0
2 2 2

𝒂𝟏𝟒 =
1 1 1 1
N AT IS
|−3 × 1 + 4| = |−3 + 4| = |1| =
2 2 2 2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =
1
|−3 × 2 + 1| =O 1
|−6 + 1| =
1
|−5| =
−5
ED PR

2 2 2 2

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =
T

1 1 1
©

|−3 × 2 + 2| = |−6 + 2| = |−4| = −2

2 2 2

𝒂𝟐𝟑 =
1 1 1 −3
|−3 × 2 + 3| = |−6 + 3| = |−3| =
2 2 2 2

𝒂𝟐𝟒 =
1 1 1
|−3 × 2 + 4| = |−6 + 4| = |−2| = −1
2 2 2
𝒂𝟑𝟏 =
1 1 1
|−3 × 3 + 1| = |−9 + 1| = |−8| = -4
2 2 2

𝒂𝟑𝟐 =
1 1 1 7
|−3 × 3 + 2| = |−9 + 2| = |−7| = −
2 2 2 2

𝒂𝟑𝟑 =
1 1 1
|−3 × 3 + 3| = |−9 + 3| = |−6| = -3
2 2 2

𝒂𝟑𝟒 =
1 1 1 −5
N AT IS
|−3 × 3 + 4| = |−9 + 4| = |−5| =
2 2 2 2

C N
PY
O C D
Substituting these values in matrix A we get,
O IO
D U AA

1
−1 ⋯
A= ( ⋮ ⋱ O 2
⋮)
ED PR

−5
−4 ⋯
2
T

Multiplying by negative sign we get.

©

7. Construct a 𝟒 × 𝟑 matrix A = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] whose elements 𝒂𝒊𝒋 are given

by:
𝒊
(i) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒊 +
𝒋
(𝒊−𝒋)
(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
(𝒊+𝒋)

(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊
Solution:
𝒊
(i) 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒊 +
𝒋

Let 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟒×𝟑

So, the elements in a 4 × 𝟑 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟒𝟏 , 𝒂𝟒𝟐 , 𝒂𝟒𝟑 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟑
A=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝒂𝟒𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟒𝟑
N AT IS
𝒂𝟏𝟏 =

C N
PY
O C D
1
O IO
2 × 1+ =2+1=3
D U AA

𝒂𝟏𝟐 = O
ED PR

1 1 5
2 × 1+ =2+ =
2 2 2
T

𝒂𝟏𝟑 =
©

1 1 7
2 × 1+ =2+ =
3 3 3

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =
2
2 × 2+ =4+2=6
1

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =
2
2 × 2+ =4+1=5
2

𝒂𝟐𝟑 =
2 2 14
2 × 2+ =4+ =
3 3 3
𝒂𝟑𝟏 =
3
2 × 3+ =6+3=9
1

𝒂𝟑𝟐 =
3 3 15
2 × 3+ =6+ =
2 2 2

𝒂𝟑𝟑 =
3
2 × 3+ =6+1=7
3

𝒂𝟒𝟏 =
4
2 × 4+
N AT IS
= 8 + 4 = 12
1

C N
PY
O C D
𝒂𝟒𝟐 =
O IO
D U AA

4
2 × 4+ = 8 + 2 = 10

𝒂𝟒𝟑 =
2
O
ED PR

4 4 28
2 × 4+
T
=8+ =
3 3 3
©

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

7
3 ⋯
3
A= ( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮)
28
12 ⋯
3

5 7
3
2 3
14
6 5
3
A= 15
9 7
2
28
(12 10
3)
 (𝒊−𝒋)
(ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
(𝒊+𝒋)

Let 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟒×𝟑

So, the elements in a 4 × 𝟑 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟒𝟏 , 𝒂𝟒𝟐 , 𝒂𝟒𝟑 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟑
A=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝒂𝟒𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟒𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 =
N AT IS
1−1 0

C N
=

PY
=0
O C D
1+1 2
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟏𝟐 =
1−2
=
−1
O
ED PR

1+2 3

𝒂𝟏𝟑 =
T

1−3 −2 −1
= =
©

1+3 4 2

𝒂𝟐𝟏 =
2−1 1
=
2+1 3

𝒂𝟐𝟐 =
2−2 0
= =0
2+2 4

𝒂𝟐𝟑 =
2−3 −1
=
2+3 5
𝒂𝟑𝟏 =
3−1 2 1
= =
3+1 4 2

𝒂𝟑𝟐 =
3−2 1
=
3+2 5

𝒂𝟑𝟑 =
3−3 0
= =0
3+3 6

𝒂𝟒𝟏
4−1 3
=
N AT IS
4+1 5

C N
PY
O C D
𝒂𝟒𝟐 =
O IO
D U AA

4−2 2 1
= =
4+2

𝒂𝟒𝟑 =
6 3
O
ED PR

4−3 1
=
T

4+3 7
©

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

−1
0 ⋯
2
A = [⋮ ⋱ ⋮]
3 1
⋯
5 7
−1 −1
0
3 2
1 −1
0
3 5
A= 1 1
0
2 5
3 1 1
( 5 3 7 )
(iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒊

Let 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ]
𝟒×𝟑

So, the elements in a 4 × 𝟑 matrix are

[𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 , 𝒂𝟐𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐𝟑 , 𝒂𝟑𝟏 , 𝒂𝟑𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑𝟑 , 𝒂𝟒𝟏 , 𝒂𝟒𝟐 , 𝒂𝟒𝟑 ]

𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝟑
A=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝒂𝟒𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟒𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 1 N AT IS
𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 1

C N
PY
O C D
𝒂𝟏𝟑 = 1
O IO
D U AA

𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 2
𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 2 O
ED PR

𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 2
T

𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 3
©

𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 3
𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 3
𝒂𝟒𝟏 = 4
𝒂𝟒𝟐 = 4
𝒂𝟒𝟑 = 4

Substituting these values in matrix A we get,

 1 ⋯ 1
A = [⋮ ⋱ ⋮]
4 ⋯ 4
1 1 1
A = (2 2 2)
3 3 3
4 4 4

8. Find x, y, a and b if
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
[ ]=[ ]
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃
N AT IS −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟓 −𝟏
Solution:

C N
PY
O C D
Given
O IO
D U AA

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 2 4
[
𝑎+𝑏 O
2𝑎 − 𝑏 −1
]=[
5 −5 −1
]
ED PR

Given that two matrices are equal.

T

We know that if two matrices are equal then the elements of each
matrices are also equal.
©

Therefore by equation them we get,

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2 ….(1)
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4 ……..(2)
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5 …(3)
2𝑎 − 𝑏 = −5 … … . (4)
Multiplying equation (2) by 2 aand adding to equation (1), we get
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2 + 8
⇒ 5𝑥 = 10
⇒𝑥=2
now, substituting the value of x in equation (1)
3 × 2 + 4𝑦 = 2
⇒ 6 + 4𝑦 = 2
⇒ 4𝑦 = 2 − 6
⇒ 4𝑦 = −4
⇒ 𝑦 = −1
Now by adding equation (3) and (4)
N AT IS
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎 − 𝑏 = 5 + (−5)

C N
PY
⇒ 3𝑎 = 5 − 5 = 0
O C D
O IO
D U AA

⇒𝑎=0

O
Now, again by substituting the value of a in equation (3), we get
ED PR

0+b=5
T

⇒𝑏=5
©

∴ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −1.

9. Find 𝒙, 𝒚 , 𝒂 and b if
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 𝒂−𝒃 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
[ ]=[ ]
𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 𝟏 𝟔 𝟐𝟗
Solution:
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑎−𝑏 3 1 −2 3
[ ]=[ ]
1 𝑥 + 4𝑦 3𝑎 + 4𝑏 1 6 29
We know that if two matrices are equal then the elements of each
matrices are also equal.
Given that two matrices are equal.
Therefore by equation them we get,
2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4 … (𝑖)
And 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = −3 … … . (2)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑐 − 𝑑 = 11 … (3)
4𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 24 …..(4)
Multiplying equation (1) by 2 and adding to equ. (2)
N AT IS
4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 8 − 3

C N
PY
⇒ 5𝑎 = 5
O C D
O IO
⇒𝑎=1
D U AA

O
Now, substituting the value of a in eq.(1)
ED PR

2 ×1+𝑏 =4
T

⇒ 2+𝑏 =4
©

⇒𝑏 =4−2
⇒ 𝑏=2
Multiplying eq. (3) by 3 and adding to eq. (4)
15𝑐 − 3𝑑 + 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 33 + 24
⇒ 19𝑐 = 57
⇒𝑐=3
Now, substituting the value of c in eq. (4)
4 × 3 + 3𝑑 = 24
⇒ 12 + 3𝑑 = 24
⇒ 3𝑑 = 24 − 12
⇒ 3𝑑 = 12
⇒𝑑=4
∴ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 3 and 𝑑 = 4.

10. Find the values of a, b, c and d from the following equations:

2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2𝑏 4 −3
[ ]=[ ]
5𝑐 − 𝑑 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 11 24
Solution:
Given
2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2𝑏 4 −3
[
N AT IS ]=[ ]
5𝑐 − 𝑑 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 11 24

C N
PY
O C D
We know that if two matrices are equal then the elements of each
O IO
D U AA

matrices are also equal.

O
Given that two matrices are equal.
ED PR

Therefore by equation them we get,

T

2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4 … … . . (1)
©

and 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = −3 ……(2)
and 5𝑐 − 𝑑 = 11 ……(3)
4𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 24 ……(4)
Multiplying eq. (1) by 2 and adding to eq. (2)
4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 8 − 3
⇒ 5𝑎 = 5
⇒𝑎=1
Now, substituting the value of a in eq. (1)
2×1+𝑏 =4
⇒2+𝑏 =4
⇒𝑏 =4−2
⇒𝑏=2
Multiplying eq. (3) by 3 and adding to eq. (4)
15𝑐 − 3𝑑 + 4𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 33 + 24
⇒ 19𝑐 = 57
⇒𝑐=3 N AT IS
Now, substituting the value of c in eq. (4)

C N
PY
O C D
4 × 3 + 3𝑑 = 24
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 12 + 3𝑑 = 24
⇒ 3𝑑 = 24 − 12 O
ED PR

⇒ 3𝑑 = 12
T

⇒𝑑=4
©

∴ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 4
 Exercise 5.2

1. Compute the following sums:

3
−2 −2 4
(i) [ ]+ [ ]
14 1 3
2 1 3 1 −2 3
(ii) [ 0 3 5] + [2 6 1]
−1 2 5 0 −3 1
Solution:
Given N AT IS
3 −2 −2 4
(i) [ ]+ [ ]

C N
PY
O C D
1 4 1 3
O IO
D U AA

Corresponding elements of two matrices should be added

Therefore, we get O
ED PR

3 − 2 −2 + 4
=[ ]
1−1 4−3
T

1 2
©

=[ ]
2 7
Hence,
3 −2 −2 4 1 2
[ ]+ [ ]= [ ]
1 4 1 3 2 7
Therefore,
3 −2 −2 4 1 2
[ ]+ [ ]= [ ]
1 4 1 3 2 7
(ii) Given
2 1 3 1 −2 3
[0 3 5] + [ 2 6 1]
−1 2 5 0 −3 1

2+1 1−2 3+3

= [ 0+2 3−6 5 + 1]
−1 + 0 2−3 5+1

3 −1 6
=[ 2 9 6]
N AT IS
−1 −1 6

C N
PY
O C D
Therefore,
O IO
D U AA

2 1 3 O 1 −2 3 3 −1 6
ED PR

[0 3 5] + [2 6 1] = [ 2 9 6]
−1 2 5 0 −3 1 −1 −1 6
T
©

𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟓
2. Let A = [ ] B=[ ] and C = [ ]
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟓 𝟑 𝟒
Find each of the following :
(i) 2𝐴 − 3𝐵
(ii) 𝐵 − 4𝐶
(iii) 3𝐴 − 𝐶
(iv) 3𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶
Solution:
(i) 2𝐴 − 3𝐵
2 4 1 3 −2 5
Let A = [ ] B=[ ] and C = [ ]
3 2 −2 5 3 4
First we have to compute 2A
2 4 4 8
2𝐴 = 2 [ ] = [ ]
3 2 6 4
Now by computing 3B we get,
1 3 3 9
= 3B = 3[ ] =[ ]
−2N AT IS 5 −6 15
now we have to compute 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 we get

C N
PY
O C D
4 8 3 9 4−3 8−9
= 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 = [ ] -[ ] =[ ]
O IO
D U AA

6 4 −6 10 6+6 4 − 15
=[
1 −1
12 −11
] O
ED PR

Therefore,
T

1 −1
2𝐴 − 3𝐵 = [ ]
©

12 −11

2 4 1 3 −2 5
(ii). Given A = [ ] B=[ ] and C = [ ]
3 2 −2 5 3 4
First we have to compute 4C.
Now ,
1 3 −2 5
B – 4C = [ ] - 4[ ]
−2 5 3 4
 1+8 3 − 20
=[ ]
−2 − 12 5 − 16

9 −17
=[ ]
−14 −11

(iii) Given,
2 4 1 3 −2 5
2. Let A = [ ] B=[ ] and C = [ ]
3 2 −2 5 3 4
First we have to compute 3A.
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
2 4 6 12
3A = 3[ ] =[ ]
O IO
3 2 9 6
D U AA

Now
O
ED PR

6 12 −2 5
3A – C = [ ] - [ ]
9 6 3 4
T
©

6+2 12 − 5 8 7
=[ ] =[ ]
9−3 6−4 6 2

Therefore,
8 7
3A – C = [ ]
6 2

(iv) Given
2 4 1 3 −2 5
2. Let A = [ ] B=[ ] and C = [ ]
3 2 −2 5 3 4
First we have to compute 3A.

2 4 6 12
3A = 3[ ] =[ ]
3 2 9 6

Now we have to compute 2B.

−2 5 −6 15
3C = 3[ ]=[ ]
3 4 9 12
N AT IS
C N
By computing 3C we get,

PY
O C D
O IO
−2 5 −6 15
D U AA

= 3C = 3[ ]=[ ]
3 4 9 12
O
ED PR

6 12 2 6 −6 15
= 3A – 2B + 3C = [ ] -[ ]+[ ]
T

9 6 −4 10 9 12
©

6−2−6 12 − 6 + 15
=[ ]
9+4+9 6 − 10 + 12

−2 21
=[ ]
22 8
Therefore,

−2 21
3𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶 = [ ]
22 8
 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3. If A = [ ], B = [ ],C=[ ], find
𝟓 𝟕 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
(i) 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 + 𝑪
(ii) 𝟐𝑩 + 𝟑𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝑪 − 𝟒𝑩
Solution:
(i) Consider A +B,
A + B is not possible because matrix A is an order of 2 × 2 and matrix
B is an order of 2 × 3, so the Sum of the matrix is only possible when
their order is same.
Now consider B +C
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
−1 0 2 −1 2 3
D U AA

⇒𝐵+𝐶 = [ ]+ [ ]
3 4 1 2 1 0
O
ED PR

−1 − 1 0+2 2+3
⇒𝐵+𝐶 = [ ]
T

3+2 4+1 1+0

©

−2 2 5
⇒𝐵+𝐶 = [ ]
5 5 1

(ii) Consider 2𝐵 + 3𝐴
2𝐵 + 3𝐴 also does not exist because the order of matrix B and matrix A
is different, so we cannot find the sum of these matrix.
Now consider 3C – 4B.
 −1 2 3 −1 0 2
⇒ 3C – 4B = 3 [ ] - 4[ ]
2 1 0 3 4 1

−3 6 9 −4 0 8
⇒ 3C – 4B = [ ]−[ ]
6 3 0 12 16 4

−3 + 4 6−0 9−8
⇒ 3C – 4B = [ ]
6 − 12 3 − 16 0−4

1 6 1
⇒ 3C – 4B = [ ]
−6 −13 −4
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟓 𝟏 −𝟓 𝟐
D U AA

4. Let A = [ ],B =[ ] and C = [ ].

𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟔 𝟎 −𝟒
O
Complete 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩 + 𝟒𝑪.
ED PR

Solution:
T

Given,
©

−1 0 2 0 −2 5 1 −5 2
A=[ ],B =[ ] and C = [ ]
3 1 4 1 −3 1 6 0 −4
Now we have to compute 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩 + 𝟒𝑪.
−1 0 2 0 −2 5 1 −5 2
2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 4𝐶 = 2[ ] − 3[ ] + 4[ ]
3 1 4 1 −3 1 6 0 −4

−2 0 4 0 −6 4 4 −20 8
=[ ]−[ ]+[ ]
6 2 8 3 −9 3 24 0 −16

−2 − 0 + 4 0 + 6 − 20 4 − 15 + 8
⇒ 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 4𝐶 = [ ]
6 − 3 + 24 2+9+0 8 − 3 − 16
 2 −14 −3
⇒ 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 4𝐶 = [ ]
27 11 −11

5. If A = diag (2 −5 9), B = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(1 1 −4) and C =

diag(−6 3 4), find
(i) A – 2B
(ii) B + C – 2A
(iii) 2A + 3B – 5C
Solution:
N AT IS
(i) Given A = diag (2 −5 9), B = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(1 1 −4) and C =
diag(−6 3 4)

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
Here
D U AA

O
ED PR

2 0 0
A = [0 −5 0]
T

0 0 0
©

1 0 0
B = [0 1 0]
0 0 −4

⇒ A – 2B
2 0 0 1 0 0
[0 −5 0 ] − 2 [0 1 0]
0 0 0 0 0 −4
⇒ A – 2B =
2 0 0 2 0 0
[0 −5 0] − [0 2 0]
0 0 0 0 0 −8

0 0 0
⇒ A – 2B = [0 −7 0 ] = diag ( 0 - 7 17)
0 0 17

(ii) Given A = diag (2 −5 9), B = diag (1 1 −4) and C = diag

(6 −3 4)
N AT IS
C N
PY
We have to find B + C - 2A
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Here,

O
ED PR

2 0 0 1 0 0
A = [0 −5 0], B = [0 1 0]
T

0 0 9 0 0 −4
©

Now we have to compute B + C – 2A

1 0 0 −6 0 0 2 0 0
⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 2𝐴 = [0 1 0 ]+ [ 0 3 0] - 2[0 −5 0]
0 0 −4 0 0 4 0 0 9
⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 2𝐴 =
1 0 0 −6 0 0 4 0 0
[0 1 0 ]+ [ 0 3 0] -[0 −10 0]
0 0 −4 0 0 4 0 0 18
⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 2𝐴 =
1−6−4 0+0−0 0+0−0
[0 + 0 − 0 1 + 3 + 10 0+0−0 ]
0+0−0 0+0−0 −4 + 4 − 18

⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 2𝐴 =
−9 0 0
[0 14 0 ] = diag (−9 14 −18)
0 0 −18
N AT IS
(iii) Given A = diag ( 2 -5 9), B = diag (1 1 −4) and C = diag

C N
PY
(6 −3 4)
O C D
O IO
Now we have to find 2A + 3B – 5C
D U AA

Here, O
ED PR

2 0 0
A = [0 −5 0]
T

0 0 9
©

1 0 0
B = [0 1 0 ]
0 0 −4
−6 0 0
and C = [ 0 3 0]
0 0 4

Now consider, 2A + 3B – 5C
2 0 0 1 0 0 −6 0 0
⇒2A + 3B – 5C = 2[0 −5 0] + 3 [ 0 1 0 ] − 5[ 0 3 0]
0 0 9 0 0 −4 0 0 4
 4 0 0 3 0 0 −30 0 0
⇒2A + 3B – 5C = [0 −10 0 ] + [0 3 0 ]−[ 0 15 0]
0 0 18 0 0 −12 0 0 20

4 + 3 + 30 0+0−0 0+0+0
⇒2A + 3B – 5C = [ 0 + 0 − 0 −10 + 3 − 15 0+0−0 ]
0+0−0 0 +0−0 18 − 12 − 20

N AT IS
37 0 0
⇒2A + 3B – 5C = [ 0 −22 0 ]

C N
PY
O C D
0 0 −14
O IO
D U AA

O
= diag ( 37 – 22 - 14)
ED PR

T
©

6. Given the matrices

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟗 𝟕 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟒 𝟑
A = [𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎], B = [𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 ] and C = [𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟔 𝟗 𝟒 𝟓
Verify that (A+B) +C = A + ( B + C)
Solution:
Given
2 1 1 9 7 −1 2 −4 3
A = [3 −1 0], B = [3 5 4 ] and C = [1 −1 0]
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5
Now we have to verify (A+B) +C = A + ( B + C)
First consider LHS, (A+B) + C,

2 1 1 9 7 −1 2 −4 3
= ([3 −1 0] + [3
N AT IS 5 4 ] ) + [1 −1 0]
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

2+9 1+7 1 + (−1) 2 −4 3

= ([3 + 3
0+2
O
−1 + 5
2+1
0 + 4 ]) +
4+6
[1
9
−1
4
0]
5
ED PR

11 8 0 2 −4 3
©

= ([ 6 4 4 ]) + [1 −1 0]
2 3 10 9 4 5

11 + 2 8−4 0+3
=[6+1 4−1 4+0]
2+9 3+4 10 + 5

13 4 3
=[7 3 4]
11 7 15
Now consider RHS, that is A + (B+C)

2 1 1 9 7 −1 2 −4 3
= [3 −1 0] + ([3 5 4 ] + [1 −1 0])
0 2 4 2 1 6 9 4 5

2 1 1 9+2 7−4 −1 + 3
= [3 −1 0] + [3 + 1 5−1 4+0 ]
0 2 4 2+9 1+4 6+5

2 1
N AT IS
1 11 3 2
= [3 −1 0] + [ 4 4 4]

C N
PY
O C D
0 2 4 11 5 11
O IO
D U AA

2 + 11 1+3O 1+2
ED PR

=[3+4 −1 + 4 0+4 ]
0 + 11 2+5 4 + 11
T
©

13 4 3
= [7 3 4]
11 7 15
Therefore LHS = RHS
Hence (A+B) + C = A + ( B + C)
7. Find the matrices X and Y,
𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
if 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ] and X – Y = [ ]
𝟎 𝟗 𝟎 −𝟏
Solution:
Consider,
3 6
(𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑋 − 𝑌) = [5 2
]+ [ ]
0 9 0 −1
Now by simplifying we get,

5+3 2+6
⇒ 2𝑋 = [
N AT IS ]
0+0 9−1

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

8 8
⇒ 2𝑋 = [
0 O 8
]
ED PR

1 8 8
⇒𝑋= [ ]
2 0 8
©

Therefore,

4 4
⇒𝑋= [ ]
0 4

Again Consider,
3 6
(𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑋 − 𝑌) = [5 2
]+ [ ]
0 9 0 −1
 5−3 2−6
⇒𝑋+𝑌−𝑋+𝑌 =[ ]
0−0 9+1

Now by simplifying we get,

2 −8
⇒ 2𝑌 = [ ]
0 10

1 2 −8
⇒𝑌= [ ]
2 0 10
N AT IS
1 −2
⇒𝑌=[ ]

C N
PY
0 5
O C D
O IO
Therefore
D U AA

X=[
4
0
4
4 O
], 𝑌 = [
1
0
−2
5
]
ED PR

𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
8. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑿 , 𝒊𝒇 = [ ] and 𝟐𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ]
©

𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟐
Solution:
Given
1 0
2𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ]
−3 2
Now by transposing, we get
3 2 1 0
⇒ 2𝑋 + [ ] =[ ]
1 4 −3 2

1 0 3 2
⇒ 2𝑋 = [ ]−[ ]
−3 2 1 4
 1−3 0−2
⇒ 2𝑋 = [ ]
−3 − 1 2−4

−2 −2
⇒ 2𝑋 = [ ]
−4 −2

1 −2 −2
⇒𝑋 = [ ]
2 −4 −2
Therefore,

−1 −1
⇒𝑋 = [
N AT IS ]
−2 −1

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©
 𝟔 −𝟔 𝟎
9. Find matrices X and Y, if 𝟐𝑿 − 𝒀 = [ ] and X +
−𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
2Y= [ ]
−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟕
Solution;
Given

(2𝑋 − 𝑌) = [ 6 −6 0] ..(i)
−4 2 1
(𝑋 + 2𝑌) = [ 3 2 5 ] ..(ii)
−2 1 −7
N AT IS
Now by multiplying eq. (1) and (2) we get,

C N
6 −6 0

PY
O C D
2(2𝑋 − 𝑌) = 2 [ ]
−4 2 1
O IO
D U AA

12 −12 0
⇒ 4𝑋 − 2𝑌 = [
−8 O4 2
] ..(3)
ED PR

Now by adding equation (2) and (3) we get,

T
©

12 −12 0 3 2 5
(4𝑋 − 2𝑌) + (𝑋 + 2𝑌) = [ ]+[ ]
−8 4 2 −2 1 −7
12 + 3 −12 + 2 0 + 5
⇒ 5𝑋 = [ ]
−8 − 2 4+1 2−7

15 −10 5
⇒ 5𝑋 = [ ]
−10 5 −5

1 15 −10 5
⇒X= [ ]
5 −10 5 −5
 3 −2 1
⇒X= [ ]
−2 1 −1

Now by substituting X in eq. (2) we get,

(𝑋 + 2𝑌) = [ 3 2 5
]
−2 1 −7

3 −2 1 3 2 5
⇒ [ ] + 2Y = [ ]
−2 1 −1 −2 1 −7
N AT IS
3 2 5 3 −2 1
⇒ 2𝑌 = [ ]− [ ]

C N
PY
−2 1 −7 −2 1 −1
O C D
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 2𝑌 = [
3−3
−2 + 2 O 2+2
1−1
5−1
−7 + 1
]
ED PR

0 2 2
⇒𝑌=[ ]
©

0 0 −3
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
10. If 𝑿 − 𝒀 = [𝟏 𝟏 𝟎] and 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏] find X and Y.
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟖 𝟎
Solution:
Consider,
1 1 1 3 5 1
𝑋 − 𝑌 + 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [1 1 0] + [−1 1 1]
1 0 0 11 8 0
1+3 1+5 1+1
⇒ 2𝑋 = [ 1 − 1 1 + 1 0 + 1]
1 + 11 0 + 8 0 + 0
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
4 6 2
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 2𝑋 = [ 0 2 4]
12
O 8 0
ED PR

4 6 2
T

1
⇒𝑋= [0 2 4]
2
©

12 8 0

2 3 1
⇒ 𝑋 = [0 1 2]
6 4 0
Now,
Now again consider
1 1 1 3 5 1
(𝑋 − 𝑌) − (𝑋 + 𝑌) = [1 1 0] -[−1 1 1]
1 0 0 11 8 0
 1−3 1−5 1−1
⇒𝑋−𝑌−𝑋−𝑌 = [1+1 1−1 0 − 1]
1 − 11 0−8 0−0

−2 −4 0
⇒ −2𝑌 = [ 2 0 −4]
−10 −8 0
N AT IS−2 −4 0
1
⇒𝑌= [ 2 0 −4]

C N
PY
O C D
−2
−10 −8 0
O IO
D U AA

1 O2 0
ED PR

⇒ 𝑌 = [−1 0 2]
5 4 0
T

Therefore,
©

2 3 1
X = [0 1 2]
6 4 0
and
1 2 0
Y =[−1 0 2]
5 4 0
 Exercise 5.3

1. Compute the indicated products:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
(i) [ ][ ]
−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
1 −2 1 2 3
(ii) [ ][ ]
2 3 −3 2 1
N AT IS
2 3 4 1 −3 5
(iii) [3 4 5] [ 0 2 4]

C N
PY
O C D
4 5 6 3 0 5
O IO
D U AA

Solution:
Consider O
ED PR

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏
(i) [ ][ ]
T

−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
©

𝑎 × 𝑎 × +𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑎 × (−𝑏) + 𝑏 × 𝑎
=[ ]
(−𝑏) × 𝑎 + 𝑎 × 𝑏 (−𝑏) × (−𝑏) + 𝑎 × 𝑎

2 2
=[ 𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏]
−𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2

On simplification we get,

2 2
⇒[𝑎 + 𝑏 0 ]
−𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑎2
2
(ii) Consider
1 −2 1 2 3
[ ] [ ]
2 3 −3 2 −1

⇒
1 × 1 + (−2 × (−3)) 1 × 2 + (−2) × 2 1 × 3 + (−2) × (−1)
[ ]
2 × 1 + 3 × (−3) 2 ×2+3×2 2 × 3 + 3 × (−1)

1+6 2−4 3+2

⇒ [
N AT IS ]
2−9 4+6 6−3

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

On simplification we get,
O
ED PR

7 −2 5
⇒[ ]
T

−7 10 3
©

(iii) Consider,

2 3 4 1 −3 5
[3 4 5] [0 2 4]
4 5 6 3 0 5
⇒
2×1+3×0+4×3 2 × (−3) + 3 × 2 + 4 × 0 2×5+3×4+4×5
[3 × 1 + 4 × 0 + 5 × 3 3 × (−3) + 4 × 2 + 5 × 0 3 × 5 + 4 × 4 + 5 × 5]
4×1+5×0+6×3 4 × (−3) + 5 × 2 + 6 × 0 4×5+5×4+6×5
 2 + 0 + 12 −6 + 6 + 0 10 + 12 + 20
⇒ [3 + 0 + 15 −9 + 8 + 0 15 + 16 + 25]
4 + 0 + 18 −12 + 10 + 0 20 + 20 + 30

On simplification we get,

14 0 42
⇒ [18 −1 56]
22 −2 70
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
2. Show that AB ≠ 𝑩𝑨 in each of the following cases :
O IO
D U AA

(i) A = [
5 −1O] and B = [
2 1
]
ED PR

6 7 3 4
T
©

−1 1 0 1 2 3
(ii) A = [ 0 −1 1] and B = [0 1 0]
2 3 4 1 1 0

1 3 0 0 1 0
(iii) A = [1 1 0] and B = [1 0 0]
4 1 0 0 5 1

Solution:
Consider
 5 −1 2 1
(i) A = [ ] and B = [ ]
6 7 3 4

10 − 3 5−4
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
12 + 21 6 + 28

7 1
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ] ……….(1)
33 34
Again consider,
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
2 1 5 −1
BA = [ ][ ]
O IO
D U AA

3 4 6 7

O
ED PR

10 + 6 −2 + 7
⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [ ]
15 + 24 −3 + 28
T
©

16 5
⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [ ] …(2)
39 25
From eq. (1) and (2), it is clear that
𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴

(ii) Consider,

−1 1 0 1 2 3
AB = [ 0 −1 1] [0 1 0]
2 3 4 1 1 0
 −1 + 0 + 0 −2 + 1 + 0 −3 + 0 + 0
⇒ AB = [ 0 + 0 + 1 0−1+1 0+0+0 ]
2+0+4 4+3+4 6+0+0

−1 −1 −3
⇒ AB = [ 1 0 0 ] …………(1)
6 11 6
N AT IS
Now again consider,

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

1 2 3 −1 1 0
BA = [0
1
1
1
O
0] [ 0
0 2
−1
3
1]
4
ED PR

−1 + 0 + 6 1−2+9 0 + 2 + 12
©

⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [ 0 + 0 + 0 0−1+0 0+1+0]
−1 + 0 + 0 1−1+0 0+1+0

5 8 14
⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [ 0 −1 1 ] …..(2)
−1 0 1
From eq.(1) and (2), it is clear that
AB ≠ 𝐵𝐴
(iii) Consider,

1 3 0 0 1 0
AB = [1 1 0 ] [1 0 0]
4 1 0 0 5 1

0+3+0 1+0+0 0+0

⇒ AB = [0 + 1 + 0
N AT IS 1+0+0 0 + 0 + 0]
0+1+0 4+0+0 0+0+0

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

3 1 0
⇒ AB = [1
1
O1
4
0] ….(1)
0
ED PR

Now again Consider,

T
©

0 1 0 1 3 0
BA = [1 0 0] [1 1 0]
0 5 1 4 1 0

0+1+0 0+1+1 0+0+0

⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [1 + 0 + 0 3+0+0 0 + 0 + 0]
0+5+4 0+5+1 0+0+0

1 1 0
⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [1 3 0] ….(2)
9 6 0
Now again consider,

0 1 0 1 3 0
BA = [1 0 0 ] [1 1 0]
0 5 1 4 1 0

0+1+0 0+1+1 0+0+0

⇒ BA = [1 + 0 + 0 3+0+0 0 + 0 + 0]
0+5+4
N AT IS 0+5+1 0+0+0

C N
PY
O C D
1 1 0
O IO
⇒ BA = [1 3 0] ……(2)
D U AA

9 6 0
O
From eq. (1) and (2), it is clear that
ED PR

AB ≠ 𝐵𝐴
T
©

3. Compute the products AB and BA whichever exists in each of the

following cases :
1 −2 1 2 3
(i) 𝐴 = [ ] and B = [ ]
2 3 2 3 1

3 2
4 5 6
(ii) A = [−1 0] and B = [ ]
0 1 2
−1 1
 0
(iii) A = [1 −1 2 3] and B = [1]
3
2

𝑎
𝑐 𝑏
(iv) [𝑎 𝑏] [𝑑 ] + [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 ] and B = [ 𝑐 ]
𝑑
Solution:
N AT IS
(i) Consider,

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

1 −2 1 2 3
AB = [
2
][
3 2 O 3 1
]
ED PR

1−4 2−6 3−2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
2+6 4+9 6+3
©

−3 −4 1
⇒ AB = [ ]
8 13 9
BA does not exist
Because the number of columns in B is greater than the rows in A
(ii) Consider,

3 2
4 5 6
AB = [−1 0] [ ]
0 1 2
−1 1

12 + 0 15 + 2 18 + 4
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [−4 + 0 −5 + 0 −6 + 0]
−4 + 0 −5 + 1 −6 + 2

12
N AT IS 17 22
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [−4 −6]

C N
−5

PY
O C D
−4 −4 −4
O IO
D U AA

Again Consider,
O
ED PR

3 2
4 5 6
T

BA = [ ] [−1 0]
0 1 2
©

−1 1

12 − 5 − 6 8+0+6
⇒ BA = [ ]
0−1−2 0+0+2

1 14
⇒ BA = [ ]
−3 2
(iii) Consider,
𝟎
A = [𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑] and B = [𝟏]
𝟑
𝟐
AB = [0 + (−1) + 6 + 6]
AB = 11

Again Consider,
N AT IS
𝟎

C N
PY
O C D
BA = [𝟏] [𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑]
O IO
𝟑
D U AA

𝟐
O
ED PR

0 0 0 0
T

1 −1 2 3
⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = [ ]
©

3 −3 6 9
2 −2 4 6

(iv) Consider,
𝒂
𝒄 𝒃
[𝒂 𝒃] [𝒅] + [𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅] and B = [ 𝒄 ]
𝒅
⇒ [𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑] + [𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 ]
= [𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑]
4. Show that AB ≠ 𝑩𝑨 in each of the following cases :

1 3 −1 −2 3 −1
(i) A = [2 −1 −1] and B = [−1 2 −1]
3 0 −1 −6 9 −4

10 −4 −1 1 2 1
(ii) A = [−11 5 0 ] and B = [3 4 2]
9 −5 1 1 3 2
Solution: N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
(i) Consider,
O IO
D U AA

1 3 −1 −2 3 −1
(i) A = [2
3
−1
0
O −1] and B = [−1
−1 −6
2
9
−1]
−4
ED PR

−2 − 3 + 6 3+6−9 −1 − 3 + 4
©

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [−4 + 1 + 6 6−2−9 −2 + 1 + 4]
−6 − 0 + 6 9+0−9 −3 − 0 + 4

1 −9 0
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [0 −5 0] ….(2)
0 −27 1

From eq. (1) and (2), it is clear that

AB ≠ 𝐵𝐴
(ii) Consider,
10 −4 −1 1 2 1
AB = [−11 5 0 ] [3 4 2]
9 −5 1 1 3 2

10 − 12 − 1 20 − 16 − 3 10 − 8 − 2
= [−11 + 15 + 0 −22 + 20 + 0 −11 + 10 + 0]
9 − 15 + 1 18 − 20 + 3 9 − 10 + 2

−3
N AT IS1 0
AB = [ 4 −2 −1] …..(1)

C N
PY
O C D
−5 1 1
O IO
D U AA

Again Consider,
O
ED PR

1 2 1 10 −4 −1
T

BA = [3 4 2] [−11 5 0]
©

1 3 2 9 −5 1

10 − 22 + 9 −4 + 10 − 5 −9 + 0 + 1
= [30 − 44 + 10 −12 + 20 − 10 −3 + 0 + 2]
10 − 33 + 18 −4 + 15 − 10 −1 + 0 + 2

−3 1 0
BA = [ 4 −2 −1] ……(2)
−5 1 1
From eq. (1) and (2) it is clear that,
AB ≠ 𝐵𝐴

5. Evaluate the following :

1 3 3 −2 1 3 5
(i) ([ ]+[ ]) [ ]
−1 −4 −1 1 2 4 6

1 0 2 2
(ii) [1 2 3] [2 0 1] [4]
0 1 2 6
N AT IS
1 −1

C N
1 0 2 0 1 2

PY
O C D
(iii) [0 2 ] ([ ]− [ ])
2 0 1 1 0 2
O IO
2 3
D U AA

O
ED PR

Solution:
T
©

(i) Given:
1 3 3 −2 1 3 5
([ ]+[ ]) [ ]
−1 −4 −1 1 2 4 6
First we have to add first two matrix.

1+3 3−2 1 3 5
⇒ ([ ]) [ ]
−1 − 1 −4 + 1 2 4 6

4 1 1 3 5
⇒ [ ][ ]
−2 −3 2 4 6
 4+2 12 + 4 20 + 6
⇒ [ ]
−2 − 6 −6 − 12 −10 − 18

On simplifying, we get

6 16 26
⇒ [ ]
−8 −18 −28

(ii) Given,

N AT IS
1 0 2 2
(ii) [1 2 3] [2 0 1] [4]

C N
PY
O C D
0 1 2 6
O IO
D U AA

First we have to multiply first two given matrix,

O
ED PR

2
⇒ [1 + 4 + 0 0+0+3 2 + 2 + 6] [4]
T

6
©

2
⇒ [5 3 10] [4]
6

⇒ [10 + 12 + 60]

= 82
(iii) Given,

1 −1
1 0 2 0 1 2
[0 2 ] ([ ]− [ ])
2 0 1 1 0 2
2 3
First we have subtract the matrix which is inside the bracket,

1 −1
1−0 0−1 2−2
⇒ [0 2] [ ]
2−1 0−0 1−2
2 3
N AT IS
1 −1

C N
PY
1 −1 0
O C D
⇒ [0 2][ ]
1 0 −1
O IO
D U AA

2 3

O
ED PR

1−1 −1 + 0 0+1
T

⇒ [0 + 2 0+0 0 − 2]
©

2+3 −2 + 0 0−3

0 −1 1
⇒ [2 0 −2]
5 −2 −3
 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
6. If A = [ ],B=[ ] and C = [ ], show that 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑩𝟐 =
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝑪𝟐 = 𝑰𝟐
Solution:

1 0 1 0 0 1
A=[ ],B=[ ] and C = [ ]
0 1 0 −1 1 0
We know that,
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴

1
N AT IS
0 1 0
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ][ ]
0 1 1 0

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

1+0 0+1
⇒ 𝐴2 = [
0+0 O 0+1
]
ED PR

1 0
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……..(1)
0 1
©

Again we know that,

𝐵2 = 𝐵
1 0 1 0
⇒ 𝐵2 = [ ][ ]
0 −1 0 −1

1+0 0−0
⇒ 𝐵2 = [ ]
0−0 0+1

1 0
⇒ 𝐵2 = [ ] ……..(2)
0 1
 1 0
⇒ 𝐵2 = [ ] ……..(2)
0 1

Now, Consider

𝐶2 = 𝐶
0 1 0 1
⇒ 𝐶2 = [ ][ ]
1 0 1 0

0+1 0+0
⇒ 𝐶2 = [ N AT IS ]
0+0 1+0

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
1 0
⇒ 𝐶2 = [
D U AA

] ……..(3)
0 1
We have O
ED PR

1 0
𝐼2 = [ ] ……..(4)
©

0 1
Now, from eq. (1), (2), (3) and (4), it is clear that 𝐴2 = 𝐵2 = 𝐶 2 = 𝐼2

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟒
7. If A = [ ],B=[ ], find 𝟑𝑨𝟐 − 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑰
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟕
solution:
Given
2 −1 0 4
A=[ ],B=[ ], find 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼
3 2 −1 7
consider,
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴
2 −1 2 −1
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] [ ]
3 2 3 2
4−3 −2 − 2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
6+6 −3 + 4

1 −4
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
12 1

N AT IS
Now we have to find,
⇒ 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
1 −4 0 4 1 0
⇒ 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼 = 3 [
D U AA

] − 2[ ]+ [ ]
12 1 −1 7 0 1
O
ED PR

3 −12 0 8 1 0
⇒ 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼 = [ ]−[ ]+ [ ]
T

36 3 −2 14 0 1
©

3−0+1 −12 − 8 + 0
⇒ 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼 = [ ]
36 + 2 + 0 3 − 14 + 1

4 −20
⇒ 3𝐴2 − 2𝐵 + 𝐼 = [ ]
38 −10
 𝟒 𝟐
8. If A = [ ], prove that (𝑨 − 𝟐𝑰) (𝑨 − 𝟑𝑰) = 0.
−𝟏 𝟏
Solution:
Given
4 2
A=[ ], prove that (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = 0.
−1 1
Consider,
4 2 1 0 4 2
⇒ (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = ([ ]−2 [ ]) ([ ]−
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
1 0
3[ ])
−1 1 N AT IS 4−2 2−0 4−3 2−0
⇒ (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = [( )( )]
−1 − 0 1 − 2 −1 − 0 1 − 3

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

2 2 1 2
O
⇒ (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = [
−1
] ,[
−1 −1 −2
]
ED PR

2−2 4−4
⇒ (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = [ ]
−1 + 1 −2 + 2
©

0 0
⇒ (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = [ ]
0 0
⇒ (𝐴 − 2𝐼) (𝐴 − 3𝐼) = 0
Hence the proof.
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
9. If A = [ ], show that 𝑨𝟐 = [ ] and 𝑨𝟑 = [ ]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Solution:
Given,
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴
1 1 1 1
𝐴2 = [ ] [ ]
0 1 0 1

1+0 1+1
𝐴2 = [ ]
0+0 0+1
N AT IS
1 2

C N
PY
⇒ 𝐴2 = [
O C D
]
0 1
O IO
D U AA

Again consider,
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 . 𝐴 O
ED PR

1 2 1 1
⇒ 𝐴3 = [ ][ ]
©

0 1 0 1

1+0 1+2
⇒ 𝐴3 = [ ]
0+0 0+1

0 3
𝐴3 = [ ]
0 1
Hence the proof.
10. If A = [ 𝒂𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 ], show that 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟎
−𝒂 −𝒂𝒃
Solution;
Given,
2
A = [ 𝑎𝑏2 𝑏 ], show that 𝐴2 = 0
−𝑎 −𝑎𝑏
Consider,
𝐴2 = 𝐴 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴 = [ 𝑎𝑏2
2 𝑏 2 ] [ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 ]
−𝑎 N AT IS −𝑎𝑏 −𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏

C N
PY
2 2 2 2
𝑎𝑏 3 − 𝑎𝑏 3 ]
O C D
2 𝑎
⇒ 𝐴 = [ 3 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏
O IO
3
−𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2
D U AA

0 0
O
ED PR

⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
0 0
T
©

⇒ 𝐴2 = 0
Hence the proof.

𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
11. If A = [ ], find 𝑨𝟐
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
Solution:
Given,
𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
A=[ ], find 𝐴2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴
 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ][ ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

⇒ 𝐴2 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝜃 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (2𝜃) cos(2𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ + cos(2θ) sin2θ
[ ]
− cos(2𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (2𝜃 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝜃)

We know that,
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝜃 )
N AT IS
cos( 2 × 2𝜃) 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]

C N
PY
−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 cos(2𝜃)
O C D
cos( 2 × 2𝜃)
O IO
D U AA

Again we have,

O
sin 2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ED PR

𝐶𝑜𝑠4𝜃 sin(2 × 2𝜃 )
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
− sin(2 × 2𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠4θ
T

𝐶𝑜𝑠4𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃
©

⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
−𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠4θ
 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟓 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
12. IF A = [−𝟏 𝟒 𝟓 ] and B = [ 𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟓] show that AB
𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
= BA = 𝟎𝟑×𝟑
Solution:
Given,
2 −3 −5 −1 3 5
A = [−1 4 5 ] and B = [ 1 −3 −5] show that AB = BA =
1 −3 −4 −1 3 5
03×3
Consider, N AT IS
C N
PY
2 −3 −5 −1 3 5
O C D
O IO
AB = [−1 4 5 ][ 1 −3 −5]
D U AA

1 −3 −4 −1 3 5
O
ED PR

−2 − 3 + 5 6 + 9 − 15 5 + 15 − 20
T

=[ 1+4−5 −3 − 12 + 15 −5 − 15 + 20]
−1 − 3 + 4 3 + 9 − 12 5 + 15 − 20
©

0 0 0
=[0 0 0]
0 0 0

AB = 03 ×3 ……..(1)

Again Consider,
 −1 3 5 2 −3 −5
BA = [ 1 −3 −5] [−1 4 5]
−1 3 5 1 −3 −4

−2 − 3 + 5 3 + 12 − 15 5 + 15 − 20
=[ 2+3−5 −3 − 12 + 15 − 5 − 15 + 20]
−2 − 3 + 5 3 + 9 − 12 5 + 15 − 20

0 0 0
=[0 0 0]
N AT IS
0 0 0

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

BA= 03 ×3 ……..(2)
O
From eq. (1) and (2) AB = BA = 03 ×3 .
ED PR

𝟎 𝒄 −𝒃 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄
©

13. 𝒊𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝒄 𝟎 𝒂 ] and B = [𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝒄] show that 𝑨𝑩 =

𝒃 −𝒂 𝟎 𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝟐
𝑩𝑨 = 𝟎𝟑×𝟑
Solution:
0 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝐴 = [−𝑐 0 𝑎 ] and B = [𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 ] show that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 =
𝑏 −𝑎 0 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2
03×3
Consider,
 0 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
AB = [−𝑐 0 𝑎 ] [𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 ]
𝑏 −𝑎 0 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2

0 0 0
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = [0 0 0]
0 0 0

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂3 ×3 …(1)
Again Consider,
N AT IS
𝑎2

C N
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 0 𝑐 −𝑏

PY
O C D
BA = [𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 ] [−𝑐 0 𝑎]
O IO
D U AA

𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2 𝑏 −𝑎 0
O
ED PR

0 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎2 𝑐 + 0 − 𝑎2 𝑐 −𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝑏 + 0

⇒ BA = [ 0 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 0 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 2 + 0 ]
T

0 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑎𝑐 2 + 0 − 𝑎𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 0
©

0 0 0
⇒ BA = [0 0 0]
0 0 0
⇒ BA = 𝑂3 ×3 …..(2)

From eq. (1) and (2) AB = BA = 𝑂3 ×3

 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟓 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟒
14. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟒 𝟓 ] and B = [−𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ] show that AB
𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑
= A and BA = B.
Solution:
Given
2 −3 −5 2 −2 −4
𝐴 = [−1 4 5 ] and B = [−1 3 4 ] show that AB = A and
1 −3 −4 1 −2 −3
BA = B.
Now consider,
N AT IS
C N
PY
2 −3 −5 2 −2 −4
O C D
O IO
AB = [−1 4 5 ] [−1 3 4]
D U AA

1 −3 −4 1 −2 −3
O
ED PR

4+3−5 −4 − 9 + 10 −8 − 12 + 15
T

= [−2 − 4 + 5 2 + 12 − 10 4 + 16 − 15 ]
2+3−4 −2 − 9 + 18 −4 − 12 + 12
©

2 −3 −5
= [−1 4 5]
1 −3 −4
Therefore AB = A
Again consider, BA we get,

2 −2 −4 2 −3 −5
BA = [−1 3 4 ] [−1 4 5]
1 −2 −3 1 −3 −4
 4+2−4 −6 − 8 + 12 −10 − 10 + 16
= [−2 − 3 + 4 3 + 12 − 12 5 + 15 − 16 ]
2+2−3 −3 − 8 + 9 −5 − 10 + 12

2 −2 −4
= [−1 3 4]
1 −2 −3
Hence BA = B
Hence the proof.

N AT IS
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 𝟑

C N
PY
O C D
15. Let A = [ 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟑 ] and B = [ 𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟑], compute
O IO
D U AA

𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 −𝑩 .
Solution:
O
ED PR

Given,
T

−1 1 −1 0 4 3
©

A = [3 −3 3 ] and B = [ 1 −3 −3], compute 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 .

5 5 5 −1 4 4
Consider,
−1 1 −1 −1 1 −1
2
𝐴 = [3 −3 3] [3 −3 3]
5 5 5 5 5 5

1+3+5 −1 − 3 − 5 1+3−5
= [ −3 − 9 + 15 3 + 9 + 15 −3 − 9 + 15 ]
−5 + 15 + 25 5 − 15 + 25 −5 + 15 + 25
 −1 9 −1
2
𝐴 = [ 3 27 3 ] ….(1)
35 15 35
Now again consider, 𝐵2

0 4 3 0 4 3
2
𝐵 = [1 −3 −3] [ 1 −3 −3]
−1 4 4 −1 4 4

0+4+3 0 − 12 + 12 0 − 12 + 12
= [0 − 3 + 3
N AT IS 4 + 9 − 12 3 + 9 − 12 ]
0+4−4 −4 − 12 + 16 −3 − 12 + 16

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
1 0 0
D U AA

= [0 1 0]……..(2)
0 0 1 O
ED PR

Now by subtracting eq. (2) from eq. (1) we get,

T
©

−1 9 −1 1 0 0
2 2
𝐴 −𝐵 = [ 3 27 3 ] [0 1 0]
35 15 35 0 0 1

−2 9 −1
=[ 3 26 3]
35 15 34
16. For the following matrices verify the associativity of matrix
multiplication i.e. (AB) C = A ( BC)
1 0
1 2 0 1
(i) A = [ ], B = [−1 2], and C = [ ]
−1 0 1 −1
0 3
4 2 3 1 −1 1 1 2 −1
(ii) A = [1 1 2], B = [0 1 2], and C = [3 0 1]
3 0 1 2 −1 1 0 0 1
Solution:
(i) Given
N AT IS
1 0
1 2 0 1

C N
PY
(i) A = [ ], B = [−1 2], and C = [ ]
O C D
−1 0 1 −1
O IO
0 3
D U AA

Consider,
O 1 0
ED PR

1 2 0 1
(AB)C = ([ ] [−1 2]) [ ]
−1 0 1 −1
T

0 3
Consider,
©

1 0
1 2 0 1
= ([ ] [−1 2]) [ ]
−1 0 1 −1
0 3

1−2+0 0+4+0 1
= [ ][ ]
−1 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 3 −1

−1 4 1
= [ ][ ]
−1 3 −1
 −1 −4
=[ ]
−1 −3

−5
(AB) C = [ ] …..(1)
−4

Now consider RHS,

1 0
1 2 0 1
A(BC) = [ ] ([−1 2] [ ])
−1 0 1 −1
0 3
1+0
1 2 0
=[
N AT IS
] [−1 − 2]
−1 0 1

C N
0−3

PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

1
=[
1
−1
2
0
0
1
O
] [−3]
ED PR

−3
T

1−6+0
©

=[ ]
−1 + 0 − 3

−5
A(BC) = [ ] …..(2)
−4
From eq.(1) and (2), it is clear that (AB) C = A (BC)
(ii) Given,
4 2 3 1 −1 1 1 2 −1
(ii) A = [1 1 2], B = [0 1 2], and C = [3 0 1]
3 0 1 2 −1 1 0 0 1
Consider the LHS,

4 2 3 1 −1 1 1 2 −1
(AB) C = [1 1 2] [0 1 2] [3 0 1]
3 0 1 2 −1 1 0 0 1

N AT IS
4+0+6 −4 + 2 − 3 4+4+3 1 2 −1

C N
PY
O C D
= [1 + 0 + 4 −1 + 1 − 2 1 + 2 + 2] [3 0 1]
O IO
3+0+2 −3 + 0 − 1 3+0+1 0
D U AA

0 1

O
ED PR

10 −5 11 1 2 −1
=[5 −2 5 ] [3 0 2]
T

5 −4 4 0 0 1
©

10 − 15 + 0 20 + 0 + 0 −10 + 5 + 11
=[ 5−6+0 10 + 0 + 0 −5 − 2 + 5 ]
5 − 12 + 0 10 + 0 + 0 −5 − 4 + 4

−5 20 −4
(AB) C = [−1 10 −2] …….(1)
−7 10 −5
Now consider RHS,
 4 2 3 1 −1 1 1 2 −1
A(BC) = [1 1 2] [0 1 2] [3 0 1]
3 0 1 2 −1 1 0 0 1

4 2 3 1−3+0 2+0+0 −1 − 1 + 1
= [1 1 2] [0 + 3 + 0 0+0+0 0+1+2 ]
3 0 1 2−3+0 4+0+0 −2 − 1 + 1

4 2 3 −2 2 1
= [1 1 2] [ 3 0 3]
3 0 1 −1
N AT IS 4 −2

C N
−8 + 6 − 3 8 + 0 + 12 −4 + 6 − 6

PY
O C D
= [−2 + 3 − 2 2+0+8 −1 + 3 − 4]
O IO
D U AA

−6 + 0 − 1 6+0+4 −3 + 0 − 2
O
ED PR

−5 20 −4
A(BC) = [−1 10 −2]……(2)
T

−7 10 −5
©

From eq. (1) and (2), it is clear that (AB) C = A (BC)

17. For the following matrices verify that distributivity of matrix

multiplication over matrix addition i.e. A (B+C) = AB + AC.
1 −1 −1 0 0 1
(i) A = [ ], B = [ ] and C = [ ]
0 2 2 1 1 −1

2 −1
0 1 1 −1
(ii) A = [ 1 1 ], B = [ ], and C = [ ]
1 1 0 1
−1 2
Solution:
(i) Given
1 −1 −1 0 0 1
A=[ ], B = [ ] and C = [ ]
0 2 2 1 1 −1
Consider LHS,
1 −1 −1 0 0 1
A(B+C)=[ ] ([ ]+[ ])
0 2 2 1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 + 0 0 + 1
=[ ][ ]
0 2 2+1 1−1
N AT IS
1 −1 −1 1
=[ ][ ]

C N
PY
0 2 3 0
O C D
O IO
D U AA

=[
−1 − 3
0+6
1+0
0+0 O
]
ED PR

−4 1
A(B+C)= [ ]……(1)
©

6 0
Now consider RHS,
1 −1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1
AB = AC = [ ][ ]+[ ][ ]
0 2 2 1 0 2 1 −1

−1 − 2 0−1 0 + (−1) 1+1

=[ ]+[ ]
0+4 0+2 0+2 0−2
 −3 −1 −1 2
=[ ]+[ ]
4 2 2 −2

−4 1
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 = [ ] … … . (2)
6 0
From eq.(1) and (2), it is clear that A (B+C) = AB + AC

(ii) Given,
2 −1
0 1 1 −1
A=[ 1 1 ], B = [ ], and C = [ ] Consider the LHS
1 1 0 1
−1
N AT IS
2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
2 −1
D U AA

0 1 1 −1
O
𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = [ 1
−1 2
1 ] + ([
1 1
]+[
0 1
])
ED PR

2 −1
0 1 1 −1
T

=[ 1 1 ] + ([ ]+[ ])
1 1 0 1
−1 2
©

2 −1
0+1 1−1
=[ 1 1 ]+[ ]
1+0 1+1
−1 2

2 −1
1 0
=[ 1 1][ ]
1 2
−1 2
 2−1 0+2
=[ 1+1 0 + 2]
−1 + 2 0+4

1 −2
= 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = [2 2 ] …….(1)
1 4
Now consider RHS,
2 −1 2 −1
0 1 1 −1
AB + AC = [ 1 1 ][ ] +[ 1 1] [ ]
1 1 0 1
−1 2
N AT IS −1 2
0+1 2−1 2 + 0 −2 − 1

C N
PY
= [0 + 1 1 + 1 ] + [ 1 + 0 −1 + 1]
O C D

0 + 2 −1 + 2 −1 + 0 1 + 2
O IO
D U AA

−1 1 2 O −3
ED PR

= [1 2] + [ 1 0]
T

2 1 −1 3
©

−1 + 2 1−3
=[ 1+1 2 + 0]
2−1 1+3
1 −2
= AB + AC = [2 2 ]……(2)
1 4
 1 0 −2 0 5 −4
18. If A = [ 3 −1 0 ], B = [−2 1 3 ], and C =
−2 1 1 −1 0 2
1 5 2
[−1 1 0], verify that 𝐴(𝐵 − 𝐶 ) = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶.
0 −1 1
Solution: Given,
1 0 −2 0 5 −4 1 5 2
A=[ 3 −1 0 ], B = [−2 1 3 ], and C = [−1 1 0]
−2 1 1 −1 0 2 0 −1 1
1 0 −2 0 5 −4 1 5 2
A ( B – C ) = [ 3 −1 0 ] ([−2 1 3 ] − [−1 1 0])
N AT IS
−2 1 1 −1 0 2 0 −1 1

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

1 0 −2 −1 0 6
=[ 3
−2
−1
1
O
0 ] [−1
1 −1
0
1
3]
1
ED PR

Consider the LHS,

T
©

1 0 −2 0 5 −4 1 5 2
A(B–C)=[ 3 −1 0 ] ([−2 1 3 ] − [−1 1 0])
−2 1 1 −1 0 2 0 −1 1

1 0 −2 −1 0 6
=[ 3 −1 0 ] [−1 0 3]
−2 1 1 −1 1 1

1 −2 −8
A ( B – C ) = [−2 0 −21]
0 1 16
Now consider RHS,

AB – AC =
1 0 −2 0 5 −4 1 0 −2 1 5 2
[3 −1 0 ] [−2 1 3 ]−[ 3 −1 0 ] [−1 1 0]
−2 1 1 −1 0 2 −2 1 1 0 −1 1

2 5 −8 1 7 0
= [2 14 −15] − [ 4 14 6]
−3 −9 13 −3 −10 −3
N AT IS
1 −2 −8

C N
PY
O C D
= [−2 0 −21]
O IO
D U AA

0 1 16

O
From the above equations LHS = RHS
ED PR

Therefore, A ( B – C) = AB – AC.
T

19. Compute the elements 𝒂𝟒𝟑 and 𝒂𝟐𝟐 of the matrix.

©

𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐 −𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
A = [𝟐 𝟎 𝟐] [−𝟑 𝟐 ][ ]
𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒 −𝟒 𝟎
𝟒 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
Soluton:
Given
0 1 0
2 −1
0 1 −1 2 −2
A = [2 0 2] [−3 2 ][ ]
0 3 2 3 −3 4 −4 0
4 0 4 4 3
 −3 2
0 1 −1 2 −2
A = [ 12 4 ] [ ]
−1 12 3 −3 4 −4 0
24 8

6 −9 11 −14 6
A = [12 0 4 8 −24]
36 −37 49 −50 2
24 0 8 16 −48
From the above matrix, 𝑎43 = 8 and 𝑎22 = 0

N AT IS
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏] and I is the identify matrix of order 3, that 𝑨𝟑

C N
20. 𝑰𝒇 A = [𝟎 𝟎

PY
O C D
𝒑 𝒒 𝒓
O IO
D U AA

= 𝒑𝑰 + 𝒒𝑨 + 𝒓𝑨𝟐 .
Solution: O
ED PR

Given:
T

0 1 0
©

A = [0 0 1]
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
Consider,
𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴
0 1 0 0 1 0
= [0 0 1] [ 0 0 1]
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

0+0+0 0+0+0 0+1+0

= [0+0+𝑝 0+0+𝑞 0+0+𝑟]
0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 0 + 𝑞𝑟 0 + 𝑞 + 𝑟2
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 . 𝐴

0+0+0 0+0+0 0+1+0 0 1 0

=[0+0+𝑝 0+0+𝑞 0+0+𝑟] [0 0 1]
0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 0 + 𝑞𝑟 0 + 𝑞 + 𝑟2 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

0+0+𝑝 0+0+𝑞 0+0+𝑟

= [ 0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 0 + 𝑞𝑟 0 + 𝑞 + 𝑟2 ]
0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑟 2 𝑝𝑟 + 0 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑞𝑟 2 0 + 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2
N AT IS
Again consider,

C N
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 . 𝐴

PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

0+0+0 O 0+0+0 0+1+0 0 1 0

ED PR

=[0+0+𝑝 0+0+𝑞 0 + 0 + 𝑟 ] [0 0 1]
0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 0 + 𝑞𝑟 0 + 𝑞 + 𝑟2 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
T
©

0+0+𝑝 0+0+𝑞 0+0+𝑟

= [ 0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 0 + 𝑞𝑟 0 + 𝑞 + 𝑟2 ]
0 + 0 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑟 2 𝑝𝑟 + 0 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑞𝑟 2 0 + 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2

𝑝 𝑞 0+0+𝑟
= [ 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 0 + 𝑞 + 𝑟2 ]
𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑟 2 𝑝𝑟 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑞𝑟 2 0 + 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2
 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
= [ 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 𝑞 + 𝑟2 ]
𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑟 2 𝑝𝑟 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑞𝑟 2 𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2
Now, consider the RHS
𝑝𝐼 + 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑟𝐴2

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
= 𝑝 [0 1 0] + 𝑞 [ 0 0 1]+ 𝑟 [ 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 ]
0 0 1 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 𝑞 + 𝑟2
N AT IS
C N
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

PY
O C D

= [ 𝑝𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑟 𝑞 + 𝑟2 ]
O IO
D U AA

𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑟 2 𝑝𝑟 + 𝑞 2 + 𝑞𝑟 2 𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2
O
Therefore, 𝐴3 = 𝑝𝑙 + 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑟𝐴2
ED PR

Hence the proof.

T
©

21. if 𝝎 is a complex cube root of unity, show that

1 𝜔 𝜔2 𝜔 𝜔2 1 1 0
([ 𝜔 𝜔2 1 ] + [𝜔2 1 𝜔]) [ 𝜔 ] = [0]
𝜔2 1 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔2 1 𝜔2 0
Solution:
Given:
1 𝜔 𝜔2 𝜔 𝜔2 1 1 0
([ 𝜔 𝜔2 1 ] + [𝜔2 1 𝜔]) [ 𝜔 ] = [0]
𝜔2 1 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔2 1 𝜔2 0
It is also given that 𝜔 is a complex cube root of unity.

Consider the LHS,

1+ 𝜔 𝜔 + 𝜔2 𝜔2 + 1 1
= [𝜔 + 𝜔2 𝜔2 + 1 1+ 𝜔] [ 𝜔 ]
𝜔2 + 𝜔 1 + 𝜔2 𝜔+1 𝜔2
We know that 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 and 𝜔3 = 1

− 𝜔2
N AT IS
−1 −𝜔 1
= [ −1 2] ( 𝜔 )

C N
−𝜔 −𝜔

PY
O C D
−1 −𝜔 − 𝜔2 𝜔2
O IO
D U AA

O
Now by simplifying we get,
ED PR

− 𝜔2 −𝜔 −𝜔3
©

= [ −1 − 𝜔2 − 𝜔4 ]
−1 − 𝜔2 − 𝜔4

Again by substituting 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 and 𝜔3 = 1 in above matrix we

get,
0
[0]
0
Therefore LHS = RHS
Hence the proof.
Now by simplifying we get,

− 𝜔2 −𝜔 − 𝜔2
= [ −1 −𝜔2 − 𝜔4 ]
−1 − 𝜔2 − 𝜔4

Again by substituting 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1 in above matrix we get,

0
[0]
0 N AT IS
Therefore LHS = RHS

C N
PY
Hence the proof.
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝟐 O −𝟑 −𝟓
𝟓 ], show that 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨
ED PR

22. 𝑰𝒇 A = [−𝟏 𝟒
𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟒
T

Solution:
©

Given,
2 −3 −5
A = [−1 4 5 ], show that 𝐴2 = 𝐴
1 −3 −4
Consider 𝐴2
𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴

2 −3 −5 2 −3 −5
= [−1 4 5 ] [−1 4 5]
1 −3 −4 1 −3 −4
 4+3−5 −6 − 12 + 15 −10 − 15 + 20
= [−2 − 4 + 5 3 + 16 − 15 5 + 20 − 20 ]
2+3−4 −3 − 12 + 12 −5 − 15 + 16

2 −3 −5
= [−1 4 5 ]=𝐴
1 −3 −4
Therefore 𝐴2 = 𝐴.

N AT IS
𝟒 −𝟏 −𝟒
−𝟒] , show that 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑

C N
23. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟎

PY
O C D
𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟑
O IO
D U AA

Solution:
Given O
ED PR

4 −1 −4
T

𝐴 = [3 0 −4] , show that 𝐴2 = 𝐼3

©

3 −1 −3
Consider 𝐴2 .
𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴
4 −1 −4 4 −1 −4
= [3 0 −4] [3 0 −4]
3 −1 −3 3 −1 −3

16 − 3 − 12 −4 + 0 + 4 16 + 4 + 12
= [12 + 0 − 12 −3 + 0 + 4 −12 + 0 + 12]
12 − 3 − 9 −3 + 0 + 3 −12 + 4 + 9
 1 0 0
= [0 1 0 ] = 𝐼3
0 0 1
Hence 𝐴2 = 𝐼3

1 0 2 1
24. (i) if [1 1 𝑥 ] [0 2 1] [1] =0, find x.
2 1 0 1
2 3 1 −3 −4 6
(ii) if [ ][ ]= [ ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥
N AT IS 1
⇒ [1 + 2𝑥 + 0 + 𝑥+0+2 2 + 1 + 0] [1] =0

C N
PY
1
O C D
O IO
1
D U AA

⇒ [2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 4] [1] =0
O 1
ED PR

= [2𝑥 + 1 + 2 + 𝑥 + 3] = 0
T

= [3𝑥 + 6 = 0]
©

= 3𝑥 = −6
−6
=𝑥=
3

= 𝑥 = −2

(ii) Given,
1 0 2 1
24. (i) If [1 1 𝑥 ] [0 2 1] [1] =0, find x.
2 1 0 1
2 3 1 −3 −4 6
(ii) if [ ][ ]= [ ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥
 2−6 −6 + 12 −4 6
⇒ [ ]=[ ]
5 − 14 −15 + 28 −9 𝑥
−4 6 −4 6
⇒[ ] =[ ]
−9 13 −9 𝑥
On comparing the above matrix we get,
𝑥 = 13

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙
25. If [𝒙 𝟒 𝟏] [𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 ] [ 𝟒 ] = 0, find x.
𝟎 𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟏
Solution:
N AT IS
Given

C N
PY
𝑥
O C D
2 1 2
O IO
If [𝑥 4 1] [1 0 2 ] [ 4 ] = 0, find x.
D U AA

0 2 −4 −1
O 𝑥
ED PR

⇒ [2𝑥 + 4 + 0 𝑥 + 0 + 2 2𝑥 + 8 − 4] [ 4 ] = 0
−1
T

𝑥
©

⇒ [2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 4] [ 4 ] = 0
−1
⇒ [(2𝑥 + 4)𝑥 + 4 (𝑥 + 2) − 1 ( 2𝑥 + 4)] = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 1) + 4 (𝑥 + 1) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 1)( 2𝑥 + 4) =0
⇒ 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = −2
 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
26. If [𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙] [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 ] [𝟏] = 𝟎. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Solution:
Given
0 1 −1 0
[1 −1 𝑥 ] [2 1 3] [1] = 0
1 1 1 1
By multiplying we get,

N AT IS 0
⇒ [0 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑥 (−1) − 3 + 𝑥 ] [1] = 0

C N
PY
O C D
1
O IO
D U AA

0
O
⇒ [𝑥 − 2 𝑥 𝑥 − 4] [1] = 0
ED PR

1
⇒ [(𝑥 − 2) × 0 + 𝑥 × 1 + (𝑥 − 4) × 1] = 0
T
©

⇒ 𝑥+𝑥−4=0
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2

0 1 −1 0
[1 −1 𝑥 ] [2 1 3 ] [1] = 0
1 1 1 1
By multiplying we get,
 0
⇒ [0 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑥 (−1) − 3 + 𝑥 ] [1] = 0
1
0
⇒ [𝑥 − 2 𝑥 𝑥 − 4] [1] = 0
1
⇒ [(𝑥 − 2) × 0 + 𝑥 × 1 + (𝑥 − 4) × 1] = 0

⇒ 𝑥+𝑥−4=0

N AT IS
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
27. If A = [ ] and 𝑰 = [ ], then prove that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑨 + 𝟐𝑰 =
𝟎.
𝟒
O−𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
ED PR

Solution:
T

Given:
©

Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get

3 −2 3 −2
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
4 −2 4 −2

3 × 3 + (−2 × 4 ) 3 × (−2) + (−2 × −2)

⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
4 × 3 + (−2 × 4) 4 × (−2) + (−2 × −2)

9−8 −6 + 4
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
12 − 8 −8 + 4
 1 −2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……..(i)
4 −4
Now, we will find the matrix for 2l, we get
0 1
2I = 2 [ ]
1 0
2×1 2×0
⇒ 2I = [ ]
2×0 2×1

2 0
⇒ 2I = [ ] ……….(ii)
0 2
N AT IS
𝐴2 − 𝐴 + 2𝐼

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (i) and eq.(ii), we get
D U AA

O
ED PR

1 −2 3 −2 2 0
⇒= [ ]−[ ]+ [ ]
4 −4 4 −2 0 2
T
©

1−3+2 −2 − (−2) + 0
⇒= [ ]
4−4+0 −4 − (−2) + 2

0 0
⇒=[ ]=0
0 0
Therefore,
𝐴2 − 𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0
Hence proved.
 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
28. If A = [ ] and I = [ ], then prove that 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟓𝑨 + 𝝀𝑰.
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
Solution :
Given
3 1 1 0
A=[ ] and I = [ ], then prove that 𝐴2 = 5𝐴 + 𝜆𝐼.
−1 2 0 1
Now, we have to find 𝐴2 ,

3 1 3 1
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
−1 2 −1 2
N AT IS
3 × 3 + ( 1 × −1) 3 ×1+1 ×2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]

C N
PY
(−1 × 3) + 2 × (−1) (−1 × 1) + 2 × 2
O C D
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 𝐴2 = [
9−1 O
3+2
]
ED PR

−3 − 2 −1 + 4
8 5
T

⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……..(i)
−5 3
©

Now, we will find the matrix for 5A, we get

3 1
5A = 5 [ ]
−1 2

5×3 5×1
⇒ 5A = [ ]
5 × (−1) 5×2

15 5
⇒ 5A = [ ] …..(ii)
−5 10
So,
𝐴2 = 5𝐴 + 𝜆𝐼
Substitute corresponding values from eq(i) and (ii) we get

8 5 15 5 1 0
⇒ [ ]= [ ]+ 𝜆 [ ]
−5 3 −5 10 0 1

8 5 15 + 𝜆 5+0
⇒ [ ]= [ ]
−5 3 −5 + 0 10 + 𝜆
N AT IS
C N
8 5 15 + 𝜆 5+0

PY
O C D
[ ]=[ ]
−5 3 −5 + 0 10 + 𝜆
O IO
D U AA

And to ssatisfy the above condition of equality, the corresponding

O
entries of the matrices should be equal,
ED PR

Hence,
T

8 = 15 + 𝜆 ⇒ 𝜆 = −7
©

3 = 10 + 𝜆 ⇒ 𝜆 = −7

𝟑 𝟏
29. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] show that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰𝟐 = 0.
−𝟏 𝟐
Solution:
Given
3 1
𝐴= [ ] show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼2 = 0. 𝐼2 is in identity matrix of
−1 2
size 2, so
 1 0
𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
To show that
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼2 = 0
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get
3 1 3 1
𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
−1 2 −1 2
3 × 3 + (1 × −1) 3×1+1 ×2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
(−1 × 3) + 2 × (−1) (−1 × 1) + 2 × 2
N AT IS
9−1 3+2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [

C N
]

PY
O C D
−3 − 2 −1 + 4
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 𝐴2 = [
8 5 O
] …(i)
ED PR

−5 3
Now, we will find the matrix for 5A, we get
T

3 1
©

⇒ 5A = 5[ ]
−1 2

5×3 5×1
⇒ 5A = [ ]
5 × (−1) 5×2

15 5
⇒ 5A = [ ] …..(ii)
−5 10
Now,
1 0 7 0
7𝐼2 = 7 [ ] =[ ] ……….(iii)
0 1 0 7
So,
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼2
Substitute corresponding values from eq.(i), (ii) and (iii), we get

8 5 15 5 7 0
⇒= [ N AT IS ]−[ ]+[ ]
−5 3 5 10 0 7

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
8 − 15 + 7 5−5+0
D U AA

⇒= [ ]
−5 − (−5) + 0 3 − 10 + 7
0 0O
ED PR

⇒= [ ]=0
0 0
T

Hence the proof.

©

𝟐 𝟑
30. 𝒊𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] show that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟑𝑰𝟐 = 0.
−𝟏 𝟎
Solution:
Given
2 3
𝐴= [ ] show that 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 3𝐼2 = 0.
−1 0
𝐼2 is an identity matrix of size 2, so
 1 0
𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1

Now, we have to show,

𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 3𝐼2 = 0
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get
2 3 2 3
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
−1 0 −1 0
2 × 2 + (3 × −1) 2×3+3×0
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
(−1 × 2) + 0 × (−1) (−1 × 3 ) + 0 × 0
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
1 6
O IO
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……(i)
D U AA

−2 −3
O
Now, we will find the matrix for 2A, we get
ED PR

2 3
2A = 2 [ ]
©

−1 0

2×2 2×3
⇒ 2𝐴 = [ ]
2 × (−1) 2×0

4 6
⇒ 2𝐴 = [ ]……(ii)
−2 0
Now,
1 0 3 0
3𝐼2 = 3 [ ]=[ ] …….(iii)
0 1 0 3
So,
𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 3𝐼2
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get

1 6 4 6 3 0
⇒= [ ]- [ ]+ [ ]
−2 −3 −2 0 0 3

1−4+3 6−6+0
⇒= [ ]
−2 − (−2) + 0 −3 − 0 + 3
N AT IS
C N
0 0

PY
O C D
⇒= [ ]=0
0 0
O IO
D U AA

Hence the proof.

O
ED PR

𝟐 𝟑
31. Show that the matrix A = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝑨𝟑 −
T

𝟏 𝟐
𝟒𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨 = 𝟎
©

Solution:
Given
2 3
Show that the matrix A = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 + 𝐴 =
1 2
0
To show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 + 𝐴 = 0
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
2 3 2 3
𝐴2 = (𝐴 × 𝐴) = [ ][ ]
1 2 1 2
 2 × 2 + (3 × 1) 2 × 3 + 3 × 2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
1×2+2×1 1×3+2 ×2

4+3 6+6
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
2+2 3+4

7 12
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ….(i)
4 7
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴3 , 𝑤𝑒 get
7 × 2 + 12 × 1 7 × 3 + 12 × 2
𝐴3 = [ N AT IS ]
4×2+7×1 4×3+7×2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
14 + 12 21 + 24
D U AA

⇒ 𝐴3 = [ ]
8+7 12 + 14
O
ED PR

26 45
𝐴3 = [ ] …….(ii)
T

15 26
©

So,
𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 + 𝐴
Substitute corresponding values from eq.(i) and (ii), we get
26 45 7 12 2 3
⇒= [ ] − 4[ ]+[ ]
15 26 4 7 1 2

26 45 4×7 4 × 12 2 3
⇒= [ ]−[ ] +[ ]
15 26 4×4 4×7 1 2
 26 45 28 48 2 3
⇒= [ ]−[ ]+[ ]
15 26 16 28 1 2

26 − 28 + 2 45 − 48 + 3
⇒= [ ]
15 − 16 + 1 26 − 28 + 2

0 0
⇒= [ ]=0
0 0
Therefore, N AT IS
𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 + 𝐴 = 0

C N
PY
O C D
Hence matrix A satisfies the given equation.
O IO
D U AA

O 𝟓 𝟑
ED PR

32. Show that the matrix A = [ ] satisfies the equation

𝟏𝟐 𝟕
𝑨𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝑨 − 𝑰 = 𝟎.
T

Solution:
©

5 3
Show that the matrix A = [ ] satisfies the equation
12 7
𝐴2 − 12𝐴 − 𝐼 = 0

1 0
I is an identity matrix so, I = [ ]
0 1
To show that 𝐴2 − 12𝐴 − 𝐼 = 0
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get
 5 3 5 3
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
12 7 12 7

25 + 36 15 + 21
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
60 + 84 36 + 49

61 36
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……(i)
144 85
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©

Now, we will find the matric for 12A, we get

 5 3
12A = 12 [ ]
12 7

12 × 5 12 × 3
⇒ 12𝐴 = [ ]
12 × 12 12 × 7

60 36
⇒ 12𝐴 = [ ] ……………..(ii)
144 84
So,
𝐴2 − 12𝐴 − 𝐼 = 0
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (i) and (ii), we get
O IO
D U AA

⇒= [
60 36 O
]− [
60 36
]−[
1 0
]
ED PR

144 84 144 84 0 1
T

61 − 60 − 1 36 − 36 − 0
©

⇒= [ ]
144 − 144 − 0 85 − 84 − 1

0 0
⇒= [ ]=0
0 0
Therefore,
𝐴2 − 12𝐴 − 𝐼 = 0
Hence matrix A is the root of the given equation.
 𝟑 −𝟓
33. If A = [ ] Find 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 − 𝟏𝟒𝑰.
−𝟒 𝟐
Solution:
Given

3 −5
If A = [ ] Find 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 14𝐼.
−4 2

I is identity matrix so

1 0 14 0
14I = 14 [ ]= [ ]
0
N AT IS1 0 14

To find 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 14𝐼.

C N
PY
O C D
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get
O IO
D U AA

𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ O 3
−4
−5 3
][
2 −4
−5
2
]
ED PR

3 × 3 + (−5 × −4) 3 × (−5) + (−5 × 2)

T

⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
(−4 × 3) + ( 2 × −4) (−4 × −5) + 2 × 2
©

9 + 20 −15 − 10
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
−12 − 8 20 + 4

29 −25
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……..(i)
−20 24
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get

3 −5
5A = 5 [ ]
−4 2
 5 ×3 5 × (−5)
⇒ 5A = [ ]
5 × (−4) 5×2

15 −25
⇒ 5A = [ ] ………(ii)
−20 10
So,
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 − 14𝐼.
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (i) and (ii), we get
29 −25 15 −25 14 0
⇒= [ ]−[ ] −[ ]
−20 24
N AT IS −20 10 0 14

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

29 − 15 − 14 −25 + 25 − 0
⇒= [
O
−20 + 20 − 0 24 − 10 − 14
]
ED PR

0 0
⇒= [ ]=0
©

0 0

𝟑 𝟏
34. If A = [ ] show that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰= 0. Use this to find 𝑨𝟒 .
−𝟏 𝟐
Solution:
Given
3 1
A=[ ] show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼= 0. Use this to find 𝐴4 .
−1 2
I is identity matrix so
 1 0 7 0
7I = 7 [ ]= [ ]
0 1 0 7

To show that 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼= 0

Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get
3 1 3 1
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ] [ ]
−1 2 −1 2

9−1 3+2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
−3 − 2
N AT IS −1 + 4

C N
PY
O C D
8 5
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] …….(i)
O IO
D U AA

−5 3

O
ED PR

Now, we will find the matrix for 5A, we get

T
©

3 1
5A = 5 [ ]
−1 2

5×3 5×1
⇒ 5A = [ ]
5 × (−1) 5×2

15 5
⇒ 5A = [ ] ……..(ii)
−5 10
So,
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (i) and (ii), we get
8 5 15 5 7 0
⇒= [ ] -[ ] -[ ]
−5 3 −5 10 0 7

8 − 15 − 7 5−5−0
⇒= [ ]
−5 + 5 − 0 3 − 10 − 7

0 0
⇒= [ ] =0
0 0
Therefore N AT IS
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 0

C N
PY
O C D
Hence proved
O IO
D U AA

We will find 𝐴4
𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 0 O
ED PR

Multiply both sides by 𝐴2 , we get

T

𝐴2 (𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 ) = 𝐴2 (0)
©

⇒ 𝐴4 − 5𝐴2 . 𝐴 + 7𝐼. 𝐴2 .
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5𝐴2 . 𝐴 − 7𝐼. 𝐴2 .
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5𝐴2 . 𝐴 − 7𝐴2
As multiplyingby the identity matrix, I don’t change anything. now will
substitute the corresponding values we get

8 5 3 1 8 5
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5 [ ][ ] − 7[ ]
−5 3 −1 2 −5 3
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5𝐴2 . 𝐴 − 7𝐼. 𝐴2
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5𝐴2 𝐴 − 7𝐴2
As multiplying by the identity matrix, I don’t change anything. Now
will substitute the corresponding values we get
8 5 3 1 8 5
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5 [ ] [ ]−7[ ]
−5 3 −1 2 −5 3
24 − 5 8 + 10 8 5
⇒ 𝐴4 = 5 [ ] − 7[ ]
−15 − 3 −5 + 6 −5 3
5 × 19 5 × 18 7×8 7×5
⇒ 𝐴4 = [ ]−[ ]
5 × (−18) 5 × 1
N AT IS 7 × (−5) 7 × 3
95 90 56 35
⇒ 𝐴4 = [ ]−[ ]

C N
−90 5 −35 21

PY
O C D
O IO
95 − 56 90 − 35
⇒ 𝐴4 =
D U AA

[ ]
−90 + 35 5 − 21
⇒ 𝐴4 = [
39 O 55
]
ED PR

−55 −16
T
©

𝟑 −𝟐
35. If A = [ ] find k such that 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌𝑨 − 𝟐𝑰𝟐 .
𝟒 −𝟐
Solution:
Given
3 −2
A=[ ] find k such that 𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝐼2 .
4 −2
𝐼2 is an identity matrix of size 2, so

1 0 2 0
2𝐼2 = 2[ ]= [ ]
0 1 0 2
Also given,
𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝐼2
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , we get
3 −2 3 −2
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
4 −2 4 −2

3 × 3 + (−2 × 4) 3 × (−2) + (−2 × −2)

⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
(4 × 3) + (−2 × 4) (4 × −2) + (−2 × −2)

9−8
N AT IS −6 + 4
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
12 − 8 −8 + 4

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 𝐴2 = [
O
1
4
−2
−4
] ….(i)
ED PR

Now, we will find the matrix for kA, we get

©

3
−2
kA = k [ ]
4
−2
𝑘 × 3 𝑘 × (−2)
⇒ 𝑘𝐴 = [ ]
𝑘 × 4 𝑘 × (−2)
So,
𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝐼2 .
Substitute corresponding values from eq(i) and (ii), we get

1 −2 3𝑘 −2𝑘 2 0
⇒ [ ]=[ ]−[ ]
4 −4 4𝑘 −2𝑘 0 2
 1 −2 3𝑘 − 2 −2𝑘 − 0
⇒ [ ]=[ ]
4 −4 4𝑘 − 0 −2𝑘 − 2
and to satisfy the above condition of equality, the corresponding entries
of the matrices should be equal
Hence, 3𝑘 − 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑘 = 1
Therefore, the value of k is 1.

𝟏 𝟎
36. If A = [ ] find k such that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟖𝑨 + 𝒌𝑰 =0.
−𝟏 𝟕
Solution: N AT IS
Given

C N
PY
O C D
1 0
O IO
A=[ ] find k such that 𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 =0.
D U AA

−1 7
O
I is identity matrix, so
ED PR

1 0 𝑘 0
kl = 𝑘 [ ]=[ ]
−1 7 0 𝑘
T

also given,
©

𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0
Now, we have to find 𝐴2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
1 0 1 0
𝐴2 = A × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
−1 7 −1 7

1×1+0 0+0
⇒ 𝐴2 = [( ]
−1 × 1) + 7 × (−1) 0 + 7 × 7

1 0
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ] ……(i)
−8 49
Now, we will find the matrix for 8A, we get

1 0
8A = 8 [ ]
−1 7

8×1 8×0
⇒ 8A = [ ]
8 × (−1) 8×7

8 0
⇒ 8A = [ ] …..(ii)
−8 56
N AT IS
So,

C N
PY
O C D
𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0
O IO
D U AA

Substitutte corresponding values from eq.(i) and (ii), we get

O
ED PR

1 0 8 0 𝑘 0
T

⇒ [ ]−[ ]+[ ]=0

−8 49 −8 56 0 𝑘
©

1−8+𝑘 0−0+0 0 0
⇒ [ ]= [ ]
−8 + 8 + 0 49 − 56 + 𝑘 0 0
And to satisfy the above condition of equality, the corresponding entries
of the matrices should be equal
hence.
1−8+𝑘 =0⇒𝑘 = 7
Therefore, the value of k is 7.
 𝟏 𝟐
37. If A = [ ] and 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 show that 𝒇(𝑨) = 𝟎.
𝟐 𝟏
Solution:
Given
1 2
A=[ ] and 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 show that 𝑓(𝐴) = 0.
2 1
To show that 𝑓(𝐴) = 0
Substitute 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑓(𝐴) = 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 − 3𝐼 ……..(i)
I is identity matrix, so
N AT IS
C N
1 0 3 0

PY
O C D
3I = 3 [ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 3
O IO
D U AA

Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [
O1 2 3 0
ED PR

][ ]
2 1 0 3
T

Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

©

1 2 1 2
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
2 1 2 1

1 ×1+2×2 1×2+2×1
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
2×1+1 ×2 2 ×2+1 ×1

1+4 2+2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
2+2 4+1
 1 ×1+2×2 1×2+2×1
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
2×1+1×2 2 ×2+1×1

1 ×1+2×2 1×2+2×1
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
2×1+1×2 2 ×2+1×1

1 +4 2+2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
2+2 4+1

5 4
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ N AT IS ]…..(ii)
4 5

C N
Now, we will find the matrix of 2A, we get

PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

2A = 2 [
1
2 O 2
1
]
ED PR

2 4
⇒ 2𝐴 = [ ] ….(iii)
©

4 2
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (ii) and eq. (i), we get

𝑓(𝐴) = 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 − 3𝐼

5 4 2 4 3 0
⇒ 𝑓(𝐴) = [ ]−[ ] − [ ]
4 5 4 2 0 3

5−2−3 4−4−0
⇒ 𝑓(𝐴) = [ ]
4−4−0 5−2−3
 0 0
⇒ 𝑓(𝐴) = [ ]
0 0
So,
⇒ 𝑓(𝐴) = 0
Hence Proved.

2 3 1 0
38. If A = [ ] and I = [ ] then find 𝜆, 𝜇 so that 𝐴2 = 𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝑙
1 2 0 1
Solution:
Given
N AT IS
2 3 1 0

C N
PY
] then find 𝜆, 𝜇 so that 𝐴2 = 𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝑙
O C D
A=[ ] and I = [
1 2 0 1
O IO
D U AA

So
1 O
0 𝜇 0
ED PR

𝜇𝑙 = 𝜇 [ ]= [ ]
0 1 0 𝜇
T

Now, we will find the matrix for 𝐴2 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

©

2 3 2 3
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
1 2 1 2
2×2+3×1 2×3+3×2
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]
1×2+2×1 1×3+2 ×2

7 12
⇒ 𝐴2 = [ ]……(i)
4 7
Now, we will find the matrix for 𝜆 𝐴, we get
 2 3
𝜆𝐴 = 𝜆 [ ]
1 2
𝜆×2 𝜆×3
⇒ 𝜆𝐴 = [ ]
𝜆×1 𝜆×2

2𝜆 3𝜆
⇒ 𝜆𝐴 = [ ] …….(ii)
𝜆 2𝜆

But given, 𝐴2 = 𝜆𝐴 + 𝜇𝑙
Substitute corresponding values from eq. (i) and (ii), we get
N AT IS
7 12 2𝜆 3𝜆 𝜇 0
⇒[ ]=[ ] +[ ]

C N
PY
4 7 𝜆 2𝜆 0 𝜇
O C D
O IO
D U AA

⇒[
7 12
]=[ O
2𝜆 + 𝜇 3𝜆 + 0
]
ED PR

4 7 𝜆+0 2𝜆 + 𝜇
And to satisfy the aboe condition of equality, the corresponding entries
T

of the matrices should be equal

©

Hence, 𝜆 + 0 = 4 ⇒ 𝜆 = 4
And also, 2𝜆 + 𝜇 = 7
Substituting the obtained value of 𝜆 in the above equation, we get
2(4) + 𝜇 = 7 ⇒ 8 + 𝜇 = 7 ⇒ 𝜇 = −1
Therefore, the value of 𝜆 and 𝜇 are 4 and -1 respectively.
39. Find the value o x for which the matrix product.
2 0 7 −𝑥 14𝑥 7𝑥
[0 1 0] [ 0 1 0 ] equal to an identity matrix.
1 −2 1 𝑥 −4𝑥 −2𝑥
Solution:
we know,
1 0 0
[0 1 0]
0 0 1
N AT IS
Is identity matrix of size 3.

C N
PY
O C D
So according to the given criteria.
O IO
D U AA

2 0 7 −𝑥 14𝑥 7𝑥 1 0 0
[0
1
1
−2
0] [ 0
1 𝑥O 1
−4𝑥
0 ] = [0
−2𝑥 0
1
0
0]
1
ED PR

Now we will multiply the two matrices on LHS using the formula 𝐶𝑖𝑗 =
©

𝑎𝑖1 𝑏𝑖𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑗 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑛𝑗 , we get

2 × (−𝑥) + 0 + 7 × 𝑥 2 × 14𝑥 + 0 + 7 × (−4𝑥) 2 × 7𝑥 + 0 + 7 × (−2𝑥)

[ 0+0+0 0+1×1+0 0+0+0 ]
1 × (−𝑥) + 0 + 1 × 𝑥 1 × 14𝑥 + (−2 × 1) + (−1 × 4𝑥) 1 × 7𝑥 + 0 + 1 × (−2𝑥)

1 0 0
= [0 1 0]
0 0 1
 5𝑥 0 0 1 0 0
⇒[0 1 0 ] = [0 1 0]
0 10𝑥 − 2 5𝑥 0 0 1
And to satisfy the above condition of equality, the corresponding
entries of the matrices should be equal
So we get
1
5𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 =
5

So the value of x is
1 N AT IS
.
5

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©
 Exercise 5.4

2 −3
1. Let A = [ ] and B = [1 0 ] verify that
−7 5 2 −4
(i) (2𝐴)′
(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ + 𝐵′
(iii) (𝐴 − 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ − 𝐵′
(iv) (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵′ 𝐴′
Solution:
N AT IS
Given:

C N
PY
O C D

2 −3
O IO
] and B = [1 0 ] verify that
D U AA

1. Let A = [
−7 5 2 −4
Consider, O
ED PR

(2𝐴)𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑇
T

Put the value of A

©

𝑇 𝑇
=(2 [ 2 −3]) = 2 [ 2 −3]
−7 5 −7 5

4 −6 𝑇 2 −7
⇒ [ ] =2 [ ]
−14 10 −3 5

4 −14 4 −14
⇒ [ ]=[ ]
−6 10 −6 10
LHS = RHS
(ii) Given
2 −3 1 0
Let A = [ ] and B = [ ] verify that
−7 5 2 −4
Consider,
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵 𝑇
2 −3 1 0 𝑇 2 −3 𝑇 1 0 𝑇
= ([ ] +[ ]) = [ ] + [ ]
−7 5 2 −4 −7 5 2 −4

2+1 −3 + 0 𝑇 3 −5
⇒ ( ) =[ ]
−7 + 2 5−4 −3 1
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

3 −5 3 −5
O IO
⇒ [ ] =[ ]
D U AA

−3 1 −3 1
LHS = RHS O
ED PR

Hence proved.
T
©

(iii) Given
2 −3 1 0
Let A = [ ] and B = [ ] verify that
−7 5 2 −4
Consider,
(𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵 𝑇
2 −3 1 0 𝑇 2 −3 𝑇 1 0 𝑇
⇒ = ([ ]−[ ]) = [ ] − [ ]
−7 5 2 −4 −7 5 2 −4

2−1 −3 − 0 𝑇 2 −7 1 2
⇒ ( ) =[ ]− [ ]
−7 − 2 5+4 −3 5 0 −4
 1 −3 𝑇 1 −9
⇒ [ ] =[ ]
−9 9 −3 9
1 −9 1 −9
⇒ [ ]= [ ]
−3 9 −3 9
L.H.S. = R. H.S.

(iv) Given
2 −3 1 0
1. Let A = [
N AT IS ] and B = [ ] verify that
−7 5 2 −4

C N
PY
O C D
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
O IO
D U AA

𝑇
−3 𝑇
⇒ ([
2
−7 5 2O
−3 1
][
0
−4
] ) =[
1
2
0 𝑇 2
−4
] [
−7 5
]
ED PR

2−6 0 + 12 𝑇 1 2 2 −7
⇒ ( ) =[ ][ ]
©

−7 + 10 0 − 20 0 −4 −3 5

−4 12 𝑇 2−6 −7 + 10
⇒ ( ) =[ ]
3 −20 0 + 12 0 − 20

−4 3 −4 3
=[ ][ ]
12 −20 12 −20
So
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
 𝟑
2. 𝑨 = [𝟓] and B = [𝟏 𝟎 𝟒] verify that (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻
𝟐
Solution:

Given
3
𝐴 = [5] and B = [1 0 4] verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
2

3
N AT IS
𝑇
3 𝑇
⇒ ([5] [1 0 4] ) = [1 0 4]𝑇 [5]

C N
PY
O C D

2 2
O IO
D U AA

2−6
O
0 + 12 𝑇 1 2 2 −7
ED PR

⇒ ( ) =[ ][ ]
−7 + 10 0 − 20 0 −4 −3 5
T
©

3 0 12 𝑇 1
⇒ (5 0 20) = [0] [3 5 2]
2 0 8 4

3 5 2 3 5 2
=[0 0 0] = [ 0 0 0]
12 20 8 12 20 8
LHS = RHS
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3. Let 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑] and B = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑] find 𝑨𝑻 , 𝑩𝑻 and verify
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
that
(i) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
(ii) (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
(iii) (𝟐𝑨)𝑻 = 2𝐴𝑇
Solution:
Given,
N AT IS
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑

C N
PY
O C D
3. Let 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑] and B = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑] find 𝑨𝑻 , 𝑩𝑻 and verify
O IO
D U AA

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
that
O
ED PR

Consider,
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵 𝑇
T
©

1 −1 0 1 2 3 𝑇 1 −1 0 𝑇 1 2 3 𝑇
([2 1 3 ] + [2 1 3]) = [2 1 3] + [ 2 1 3]
1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1

1+1 −1 + 2 0+3 𝑇 1 2 1 1 2 0
= ([2 + 2 1+1 3 + 3]) = [−1 1 2] [2 1 1]
1+0 2+1 1+1 0 3 1 3 3 1
 2 1 3 𝑇 1+1 2+2 1+0
= [4 2 6] = [−1 + 2 1+1 2 + 1]
1 3 2 0+3 3+3 1+1

2 4 1 2 4 1
= [1 2 3] = [1 2 3]
3 6 2 3 6 2
L.H.S. = R. H. S.
So,
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵 𝑇
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
(ii) Given
O IO
D U AA

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3. Let 𝑨 = [𝟐 O 𝟏 𝟑] and B = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑] find 𝑨𝑻 , 𝑩𝑻 and verify
ED PR

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
that
T

Consider,
©

(𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
1 −1 0 1 2 3 𝑇 1 −1 0 𝑇 1 2 3 𝑇
([2 1 3] [2 1 3] ) = [2 1 3] [2 1 3]
1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1

1−2+0 2−1+0 3−3+0 𝑇 1 2 0 1 2 1

[2 + 2 + 0 4+1+3 6 + 3 + 3] = [2 1 1] [−1 1 2]
1+4+0 2+2+1 3+6+1 3 3 1 0 3 1
 −1 1 0 𝑇 1−2+0 2+2+0 1+4+0
[4 8 12] = [2 − 1 + 0 4+1+3 2 + 2 + 1]
5 5 10 3−3+0 6+3+3 3+6+1

−1 4 5 −1 4 5
[1 8 5]=[ 1 8 5]
0 12 10 0 12 10
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
So,
(𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
(iii) Given
O IO
D U AA

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3. Let 𝑨 = [𝟐 O 𝟏 𝟑] and B = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑] find 𝑨𝑻 , 𝑩𝑻 and verify
ED PR

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
that
T

Consider,
©

(2𝐴)𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑇

1 −1 0 𝑇 1 −1 0 𝑇
⇒ (2 [2 1 3]) = 2 [2 1 3]
1 2 1 1 2 1

2 −2 0 𝑇 1 2 1
⇒ [4 2 6] = 2 [−1 1 2]
2 4 2 0 3 1
 2 4 2 2 4 2
⇒ [−2 2 4] = [−2 2 4]
0 6 2 0 6 2
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
So,
(2𝐴)𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑇

−𝟐
4. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ 𝟒 ] , B = [𝟏 𝟑 −𝟔], verify that (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻
𝟓
N AT IS
Solution:

C N
PY
O C D
Given
O IO
D U AA

−2
O
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ 4 ] , B = [1
5
3 −6], verify that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
ED PR

Consider,
T

(𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
©

𝑻
−2 −2 𝑇
⇒ ([ 4 ] [1 3 −6]) = [1 3 −6]𝑇 [ 4 ]
5 5

−2 −6 −12 𝑻 1
⇒ ([ 4 12 −24]) = [ 3 ] [−2 4 5]
5 15 −30 −6
 −2 4 5 −2 4 5
⇒ [ −6 12 15 ] = [ −6 12 15 ]
−12 −24 −30 −12 −24 −30
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
So,
(𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .

𝟑 𝟒
𝟐 𝟒 −𝟏
5. If A = [ ] , [−𝟏 𝟐] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝑨𝑩)𝑻
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
N AT IS 𝟐 𝟏
Solution:

C N
PY
O C D
Given
O IO
D U AA

3 4
2 4 −1
If A = [
−1 0O 2
] , [−1
2
2] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝐴𝐵)𝑇
1
ED PR

Now we have to find (𝐴𝐵 )𝑇

T
©

3 4 𝑇
2 4 −1
⇒ ([ ] [−1 2] )
−1 0 2
2 1

6−4−2 8+8−1 𝑇
⇒ ( )
−3 − 0 + 4 −4 + 0 + 2

0 15 𝑇
⇒ [ ]
1 −2
 So,
⇒ [
0
15

(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = [
1

0
−2

15
]

© 1
−2
]
ED PR
D U AA
O C D
N AT IS
O IO
T
C N
O
PY
 Exercise 5.5

𝟐 𝟑
1. If A = [ ], prove that 𝑨 − 𝑨𝑻 is a skew – symmetric matrix.
𝟒 𝟓
Solution:
Given
2 3
1. If A = [ ], that 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew – symmetric matrix
4
N AT IS 5
Consider

C N
PY
2 3𝑇
O C D
𝑇) 2 3
(𝐴 − 𝐴 = ([ ]−[ ] )
O IO
4 5 4 5
D U AA

= ([
2 3
4 5
]−[
2 3
4 5 O ])
ED PR

2−2 3−4
=[ ]
T

4−3 5−5
©

0 −1
= (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) = [ ] . . (𝑖)
1 0
𝑇 )𝑇 0 −1 𝑇
- (𝐴 − 𝐴 = −[ ]
1 0
0 1
=-[ ]
−1 0
0 1
= - (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) = [ ] ..(ii)
−1 0
From (i) and (ii) we can see that
A skew- symmetric matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equal to
its negative, that is,
𝑋 = −𝑋 𝑇
So, 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew symmetric.

𝟑 −𝟒
2. If A = [ ], show that 𝑨 − 𝑨𝑻 is a skew- symmetric matrix.
𝟏 −𝟏
Solution:
Given N AT IS
3 −4
If A = [ ], show that 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew- symmetric matrix.

C N
PY
1 −1
O C D
O IO
Consider
D U AA

(𝑨 − 𝑨𝑻 ) = [0
5
O −5
0
] ……(i)
ED PR

𝑇 )𝑇 0 −5 𝑇
T

- (𝐴 − 𝐴 = −[ ]
5 0
©

0 5
= −[ ]
−5 0
0 −5
- (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) = [ ] …(ii)
5 0
From (i) and (ii) we can see that
A skew –symmetric matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals is
negative, that is,
𝑋 = −𝑋 𝑇
So, 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew- symmetric matrix.
 𝟓 𝟐 𝒙
3. If the matrix A = [𝒚 𝒛 −𝟑], is a symmetric matrix matrix find
𝟒 𝒕 −𝟕
x, y, x and t.
Solution:
Given,
5 2 𝑥
A = [𝑦 𝑧 −3], is a symmetric matrix.
4 𝑡 −7
N AT IS
We know that A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑎𝑗
𝑚+𝑛

C N
PY
O C D
So,
O IO
D U AA

𝑥 = 𝑎13 = 𝑎31 = 4
𝑦 = 𝑎21 = 𝑎12 = 2 O
ED PR

𝑧 = 𝑎22 = 𝑎23 = -3
T

Hence, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑡 = −3 and z can have any value.

©

𝟑 𝟐 𝟕
4. Let 𝑨 = [ 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑]. Find matrices X and Y such that X + Y =
−𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
A, where X is a symmetric and y is a skew- symmetric matrix.
Solution:
3 2 7
𝐴=[ 1 4 3] Then
−2 5 8
 3 1 −2
𝑇
𝐴 = [2 4 5]
7 3 8
1
𝑋= (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 )
2

3 2 7 3 1 −2
1
= ([ 1 4 3] + [2 4 5 ])
2
−2 5 8 7 3 8
N AT IS
6 3 5

C N
1

PY
[3 8]
O C D
=
2
8
O IO
5 8 16
D U AA

O
ED PR

3 5
3
2 2
3
T

𝑋= 4 4
2
©

5
[2 4 8]

Now,
1
Y= (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )
2

3 2 7 3 1 −2
1
= ([ 1 4 3] − [2 4 5 ])
2
−2 5 8 7 3 8
 0 1 9
1
= [−1 0 −2]
2
−9 2 0

1 9
0
2 2
1
Y = −2 0 −1
9
[− 2 1 0]

Now,
N AT IS
3 5 𝑇 3 5
3 3

C N
PY
O C D
2 2 2 2
3 3
O IO
𝑋𝑇 = 4 4 = 4 4 = x
D U AA

2 2
5
[2 4
O
8] [2
5
4 8]
ED PR

X is a symmetric matrix.
©

Now,

1 9 𝑇 −1 −9
0 0
2 2 2 2
−1 1
−𝑌 𝑇 = − 2
0 −1 =− 2
0 1
−9 9
[2 1 0] [2 −1 0]
 1 9
0
2 2
−1
−𝑌 𝑇 = 2
0 −1
−9
[2 1 0]

−𝑌 𝑇 = 𝑌
Y is a skew symmetric matrix.
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
3 5 1 9
D U AA

3 0
𝑋+𝑌 =
3
O 2
4
2
4 + − 0
1
2 2
−1
ED PR

2 2
5 9
[2 4 8] [− 2 1 0]
T
©

3 1 5 9
3+0 + +
2 2 2 2
3 1
= − 4+0 4−1
2 2
5 9
[2 − 2 4+1 8 + 0]

3 2 7
= [ 1 4 3] = 𝐴
−2 5 8
Hence, 𝑋 + 𝑌 = 𝐴
 ©
ED PR
D U AA
O C D
N AT IS
O IO
T
C N
O
PY