Scientists of Utopia

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Team Rogue Planets

Team Members:
Mohhit Kumar Jha
Phone: 8513870876

Eeshaan Sethia
Phone: 7230890111

Budagam Devichand
Phone: 9502545759
 Question – 1

The planet randomly teleports according to the probabilistic wave function.

3
𝑀𝜊 2 
1 𝑟 ( 𝐸𝑡)
( )
𝜓 𝑟, 𝑡 = ( ) (49𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )𝑒 −3 𝜙 sin (𝜃) 𝑒 𝑖 𝜙+ ℏ
√216𝑒 3 8
The probability of finding the planet between two points in a linear coordinate system is. 𝑃=
𝑏
∫𝑎 |𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑥

The expected position of the planet in linear coordinate system is

+∞
< 𝑥 >   = ∫−∞ 𝑥 . |𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑥

Similarly, in spherical coordinate system, for getting the expected position (𝑟, 𝜃, Φ) We need to solve three
integrals.
𝜓 And 𝜓 ∗ are complex conjugates.
|𝜓|2 = 𝜓. 𝜓 ∗

𝑥 = 𝑟. sin (𝜃) . cos(Φ) ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin (𝜃) . sin (Φ) ; 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃) ;

The probability of finding the planet in the entire universe is 1, mathematically we can show as
𝑧=+∞ 𝑦=+∞ 𝑥=+∞ Φ=𝜋 𝜃=2𝜋 𝑟=∞
∫𝑧=−∞ ∫𝑦=−∞ ∫𝑥=−∞ (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧   = 1 ∫Φ=0 ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝑟 2 . sin(Φ) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑Φ  = 1

Expected position in 3D-coordinates. Expected position in spherical coordinates

           
<𝑥>  = ∫  ∫  ∫  (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 < 𝑟 >   = ∫  ∫  ∫  (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛Φ.𝑑𝑟𝑑Φ𝑑𝜃
           
< 𝑦 >   = ∫  ∫  ∫  (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝑦. 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 < 𝜃 >   = ∫  ∫  ∫  (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝜃. 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛Φ.𝑑𝑟𝑑Φ𝑑𝜃
           
< 𝑧 >   = ∫  ∫  ∫  (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝑧. 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 < Φ >   = ∫  ∫  ∫  (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗ ) . Φ. 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛Φ. 𝑑𝑟𝑑Φ𝑑𝜃

In both the coordinate systems origin is home planet.

1 𝑀𝜊 3 2𝑟
𝜓. 𝜓 ∗= 3 . ( ) . (49𝑟 − 𝑟 2 ) 2. 𝑒 − 3 . 𝜙 2 . sin2 (𝜃)
216𝑒 8
Φ=𝜋 𝜃=2𝜋 𝑟=∞
∫ ∫ ∫ (𝜓. 𝜓 ∗) . 𝑟 2 . sin(Φ) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑Φ  = 1   ⇒  𝑀𝜊 = 1.273 ⋅ 10−2
Φ=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝑟=∞ Φ=𝜋 𝜃=2𝜋
1 𝑀𝜊 3 2𝑟
<𝑟> =∫ ∫ ∫ 3 . ( ) . (49𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )2 . 𝑒 − 3 . 𝜙 2 .sin2 (𝜃) . 𝑟 3 .sin (Φ) 𝑑𝜃𝑑Φ𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 Φ=0 𝜃=0 216𝑒 8

< 𝑟 >   = 0.6993

 𝜃=2𝜋 Φ=𝜋 𝑟=∞
1 𝑀𝜊 3 2𝑟
< 𝜃> =∫ ∫ ∫ 3 . ( ) . (49𝑟 − 𝑟 2 ) 2 .𝑒 − 3 . 𝜙 2 . sin2 (𝜃) . 𝜃. 𝑟 2 . sin (Φ) 𝑑𝑟𝑑Φ𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 Φ=0 𝑟 =0 216𝑒 8

< 𝜃 >   = 0.3147

Φ=𝜋 𝜃=2𝜋 𝑟=∞
1 𝑀𝜊 3 2𝑟
2 )2 .𝑒 − 3 . 𝜙 2 . sin2 (𝜃) . Φ. 𝑟 2 . sin (Φ) 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑Φ
<Φ>  =∫ ∫ ∫ . ( ) . (49𝑟 − 𝑟
Φ=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0 216𝑒 3 8

< Φ >   = 0.2075

The expected position of the planet is (0.6993, 0.3147, 0.2075) ≡ (r, 𝜃 , 𝜙 )
 Question – 2

A). By curve fitting, the equation of height of tides as a function of time is a polynomial equation with a
degree of 6:

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 6 + 𝐵𝑥 5 + 𝐶𝑥 4 + 𝐷𝑥 3 + 𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐺

𝑦  =  ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠,  𝑥  =  𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝐴  =  0.000009350088240724376
𝐵  =   − 0.0005824969927654823
𝐶  =  0.01291100929635854
𝐷  =   − 0.11735250420583157
𝐸  =  0.33861488448913835
𝐹  =  0.1951835824467732
𝐺  =  3.2380560047246045
B).

𝜃 𝑡
  =   , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡  =  24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟,  𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢 min 𝑔  𝑇  =  365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
2𝜋 𝑇

𝜔𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛  = 𝜔𝑚
∆𝑇  = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑠
(2𝜋 + 𝜃)
∆𝑇  =  
𝜔𝑚
(2𝜋 + 𝜃)
∆𝑇  =   𝑇𝑚
2𝜋
𝜃
∆𝑇  =   (1 + )𝑇
2𝜋 𝑚
𝑡
∆𝑇  =   (1 + ) 𝑇𝑚
𝑇
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
∆𝑇  =   (1 + ) ⋅ 29.53 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

∆𝑇  = 29.6109042 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
 Question – 3
Asteroids are rocky objects that circle a star. Although asteroids orbit the star in the same way as planets
but they are smaller. Their forms are jagged and uneven. Some asteroids are hundreds of miles across, but
the majority are the size of pebbles. Most asteroids are made up of several types of rocks, however some
contain clays or metals like nickel and iron.

A meteor is a tiny piece of space debris (like Asteroid), that penetrates the earth's atmosphere and becomes
luminous due to friction, resulting in a streak of light. A collision of this magnitude might inflict tremendous
damage depending on the size of the striking item. There is considerable scientific evidence that cosmic
collisions played a significant impact in the reported mass extinctions.

The planet occasionally teleports to a neighboring asteroid belt in the present planetary system. This makes
it prone to disasters due to asteroids. The most important thing is to determine which out of the millions of
asteroids in the asteroid belt will possess some lethal threat. Most asteroids will not be large enough to pose
any threat.
Mechanism for protection from Asteroids:
1. Gravity Tractors:
These are satellite–like things, revolving around the planet. Whenever an asteroid gets near to
the planet, instead of sending an impactor to ram into an approaching object, a gravity tractor
device would fly alongside the asteroid and gently pull it out of planet’s path. We will need these
Gravity Tractors in large numbers. But these gravity tractors alone will not be able to stop the
asteroids from hitting the planet because some asteroids are very massive and changing their
trajectory is not an easy task. The other reason being, the planet is in an asteroid belt, the
frequency of collision will be extremely high.
2. Vacuum Bombs: -
Gravity tractors alone will not be enough to destroy or change the trajectory of larger asteroids.
Researchers used small asteroid replicas and laser bursts to simulate the effect of nuclear
bombs in the lab to study the annihilation of deadly space objects. A 3 -megaton nuclear
weapon would be needed to kill a 650-foot-wide (200-meter) rocky asteroid, according to the
scientists. The researchers discovered that releasing any nuclear inside a crater or h ollow
within the space rock will boost its destructive power.
3. Array of Lasers: -
The researchers next blasted their synthetic asteroids, which came in a variety of forms, with
short laser pulses in a vacuum chamber. The researchers discovered that a 500-joule-per-gram
laser beam was sufficient to break apart a model space rock with a diameter of 0.3 inches to
0.4 inches (8 to 10 millimeters) when focused into a prepared hollow in the "asteroid." The
required energy without the cavity was around 650 joules per gram. These arrays of lasers can
be used to prevent any cosmic object hitting the planet’s surface.
 Question – 4

Radio Communication consists of two components: a transmitter and a receiver. A transmitter encodes a
message onto electromagnetic waves through modulation, which alters the wave's characteristics to
represent the data. These waves travel through space on their way to the receiver. The electromagnetic
waves are collected and demodulated by the receiver, which decodes the sender's message. The abnormally
strong Electromagnetic Field on the planet can disrupt the normal operation and performance of electronic
communication systems and networks.
That is the reason we need some viable alternative for the scientists to send information back to their home
planet.
1. Optical Communication: Infrared lasers work in a similar fashion to radio waves. A digital signal,
by modulating the invisible beam in a certain way can be used to transmit. Since there is no
atmosphere or structures to hinder the beam's course, space is an ideal use for the technology, and
lasers offer a wide array of benefits over conventional communication methods. Light waves can
sustain a high data rate while consuming less power.

The quality of data transmitted over long distances might decrease, causing the information to be
distorted, so by using Tracking and Data Relay Satellites around the planet, Utopian scientists can
transmit to these satellites using infrared lasers and the TDRS satellites would decode the
information and send it to the home planet using radio waves. This will increase the efficiency of
communication as well as consuming less power.

2. Neutrinos: A neutrino is a subatomic particle that resembles an electron but lacks an electrical
charge and has an extremely low mass, maybe zero. It is a lepton like an electron with a spin of +½
or –½. Neutrinos are one of the universe's most abundant particles. They are, however, extremely
difficult to detect since they have little interaction with matter. Both electrons and neutrinos are
treated the same by nuclear forces; neither participates in the strong nuclear force, but both
participate equally in the weak nuclear force.

The entering neutrino flux is unchanged in strength, direction, or energy as it travels from its source
to us. As a result, a neutrino would be a perfect interplanetary communication medium. Because of
its weak interaction with interstellar and atmospheric matter, representatives of sophisticated
scientific-technical civilizations (STC) would consider the neutrino to be the best and most
dependable medium for conveying signals and information to other STCs.

The identifying signals might be monochromatic neutrino beams. High -energy neutrinos
(approximately 1 GeV) might be produced using accelerators with an enormous number of protons
in each pulse. The transmitter should broadcast signals that are distinct from the mother -star
background signals for low-energy neutrinos (15 MeV). As a result, the neutrinos should be
transmitted in an anisotropic manner.
 Question – 5
The planet is having substantial number of volcanoes and geological vents which carry so much heat energy
from the core. Harnessing this heat energy into electrical energy using a Thermoelectric generator and
Turbine generator.

Thermoelectric generator is a solid-state device which converts heat flux directly into electrical energy. A
thermoelectric circuit composed of materials of p-doped and n-doped semiconductors, configured as a
thermoelectric generator. Scientists of utopia are going to insert a long battery made of(silicon-germanium)
of the above kind into the surface of the planet near the volcanoes which will create a heat flux at a
temperature range of 1400-2000 K. To maintain this heat flux, a heat reservoir must be introduced at the
cold surface to extract heat from the battery. The heat reservoir will use the liquid which is causing tidal
waves as its primary heat extractor. Due to the heat, the liquid will convert liquid into gaseous form and
this gas is made run through the turbine generator which will again produce electrical energy. So, from this
method, a mechanism of high efficiency which generates Electrical energy is created. Scientists of Utopia
can use this electrical energy for their communication, extract Technexium and other uses.

Challenges:
1. The scientists must have the required alloy for the thermoelectric generator and mining equipment
to install the thermoelectric generator on the surface of the planet.

2. The boiling point of the liquid on the planet must be less than 2000k otherwise we cannot convert
it into gaseous state. We need to depress the boiling point by specific means if the boiling point is
greater than 2000k.
 Resources
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/
2. https://youtube.com/
3. https://www.nasa.gov/
4. http://chart-studio.plotly.com/
5. https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221679699_Demonstration_of_Communication_using_
Neutrinos
7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
8. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by David.J.Griffith
9. Images taken from google.