Remote Detection of Metallic Objects

Concealed on Human Body

Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering

Waleed Abdullah 2019-EE-603

Muhammad Ali 2019-EE-642
Ali Hamza Javed 2019-EE-637

Session: 2019-2023

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology,
Lahore, Narowal Campus

June, 2023
 Remote Detection of Metallic Objects Concealed on Human Body
By

Waleed Abdullah 2019-EE-603

Muhammad Ali 2019-EE-642
Ali Hamza Javed 2019-EE-637

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree of

Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering

Supervisor: Dr. Imran Javed

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology,

Lahore, Narowal Campus

June, 2023

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 Declaration

We Waleed Abdullah, Muhammad Ali and Ali Hamza Javed hereby state that our
BS thesis titled” Remote Detection of Metallic Objects Concealed on Human Body” is
our own work and has not been submitted previously by us for taking any degree
from University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore or anywhere else in the
country/world.
At any time if our statement is found to be incorrect even after our graduation the
university has the right to withdraw our BS degree.

June, 2023

Waleed Abdullah (2019-EE-603): Signature:

Muhammad Ali (2019-EE-642): Signature:

Ali Hamza Javed (2019-EE-637): Signature:

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 Plagiarism Undertaking
We Waleed Abdullah, Muhammad Ali and Ali Hamza Javed solemnly declare
that research work presented in the thesis titled, “Remote Detection of Metallic Objects
Concealed on Human Body” is solely our research work with no significant
contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has
been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by us.

We Waleed Abdullah, Muhammad Ali and Ali Hamza Javed understand the zero-
tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
towards plagiarism.

Therefore, we as Authors of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of our
thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly
referred/cited. We Waleed Abdullah, Muhammad Ali and Ali Hamza Javed
undertake that if we found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis
even after awarding of BS degree, the University reserves the rights to
withdraw/revoke our BS degree and that HEC and the University have the right to
publish our names on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are
placed who have submitted plagiarized thesis.

June, 2023

Waleed Abdullah (2019-EE-603): Signature:

Muhammad Ali (2019-EE-642): Signature:

Ali Hamza Javed (2019-EE-637): Signature:

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 Certificate of Approval

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, entitled” Remote
Detection of Metallic Objects Concealed on Human Body” was conducted by Waleed
Abdullah, Muhammad Ali and Ali Hamza Javed under the supervision of Dr. Imran
Javed.
Any part of this thesis has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This
thesis is submitted to Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Narowal Campus in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of BS Electrical Engineering.

Supervisor: Dr. Imran Javed Signature:

Co-Supervisor: Salman Yousaf (PhD student) Signature:

External Examiner: Signature:

Chairman: Engr. Dr. Waqas Tariq Toor Signature:

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 Acknowledgments

In today's competitive environment, individuals strive to progress and thrive, creating a

race for survival. Our project involves a combination of theoretical and practical work,
and through our unwavering determination, we have made significant progress.
Firstly, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to the Almighty Allah, who
consistently guided us in the right direction. This endeavor would not have been possible
without His grace. We would also like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to our advisors,
Dr. Imran Javed and Mr. Salman Yousaf (PhD student) for their continuous
encouragement, support, and guidance throughout our final year project. His assistance
was invaluable throughout the research and report-writing process, and we couldn't have
asked for a better mentor for our senior project. Thanks to him, we were able to complete
the project and reach this point.
Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge and thank our colleagues for their support
over the past four years, and for collaborating with us on countless sleepless nights to
meet deadlines. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to our family,
especially our parents, for their love, support, and inspiration in helping us reach our
current position.

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 Abstract

Security is a top priority for governments around the world due to increasing global
terrorism. Detecting weapons is crucial for maintaining public safety in places such
as airports, shopping malls, and schools. Current security equipment such as door
frame detectors, screens, and hand-held detectors have limitations in detecting
potentially dangerous metal objects, which has led to the need for remote and
automated weapon detection systems. This project proposes a remote wireless
detection system that achieves an accuracy of over 85% in detecting metallic objects.
The developed system utilizes Wi-Fi transmissions to extract features about
suspicious/non-suspicious objects, compiles a Channel State Information (CSI)
dataset and then trains a machine learning model to differentiate among the persons
with metal and non-metal objects. The proposed system is portable, cost-effective,
and could be a valuable tool for maintaining safety and security in public spaces.
Future work could focus on improving the system's accuracy in detecting suspicious
objects carried by moving persons and enhancing the dataset further to include other
types of weapons and non-weapon objects.

Keywords: Remote Metal Detection; Machine Learning; Wi-Fi CSI Extraction

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 Contents

Declaration 3

Plagiarism Undertaking 4

Acknowledgements 6

Abstract 7

1. Introduction 13
1.1. General Background / Literature Review....................................................13
1.2. Problem Statement..............................................................................................16
1.3. Motivation and Objectives of Thesis.................................................................23
1.4. Thesis Organization....................................................................................27

2. Proposed Methodology 28
2.1. Block Diagram............................................................................................28
2.2. Flow Charts.................................................................................................29

3. Modelling and Simulation 30

3.1. Mathematical Modelling.............................................................................30

4. Hardware Implementation 32
4.1. Hardware Discussion..................................................................................32
4.2. Results................................................................................................................39

5. Conclusion 40
5.1. Thesis Work........................................................................................................40
5.2. Future Work........................................................................................................40

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A. Appendix 66
A.1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).....................................................66
A.2. Complex Engineering Problem Attributes..................................................66

Bibliography 67

9|Page
 List of Figures

1.1. Combined channel perceived by two receiving antennas..............................16

1.2. Thesis Organization.......................................................................................27

2.1. Block Diagram ..............................................................................................28

2.1. Flow Chart.....................................................................................................29

4.1. Antenna Gain Pattern.....................................................................................32

4.2. D i r e c t i o n a l A n t e n n a .............................................................................33

4.3. E S P - 3 2 W R O O M ....................................................................................34

4.4. E S P - 3 2 - S 2 W R O O M -1..........................................................................35

4.5. O m n i A n t e n n a .........................................................................................35

4.6. W i f i C h a n n e l A n a l y z e r ........................................................................36

4.7. S C V a r i a n c e P l o t ...................................................................................37

4.8. P D F o f 6 4 S u b c a r r i e r ...........................................................................37

4.9. H i s t o g r a m o f t w o c l a s s e s ...................................................................38

4.10. C o n f u s i o n M a t r i x .................................................................................38

4.11. H e a t m a p ..................................................................................................39
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 List of Tables

1. Contents................................................................................................................8
2. List of Figures.....................................................................................................10

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 Acronyms
CSI: Channel State Information

PEC: Pakistan Engineering Council

SC: Sub-carrier

SDR: Software Defined Radio

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

RSS: Received Signal Strength

RFI: Radio Frequency Interference

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

COTS: Commercial off-the-shelf

FMCW: Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave

KNN: K-nearest Neighbor

IoT: Internet of things

NLOS: Non-Line-of-Sight

ML: Machine Learning

AP: Access Point

MAC: Media Access Control

SOC: System on Chip

UWB: Ultra-Wide Band

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 1. Introduction
1.1. General Background / Literature Review
1.1.1 Background of the research
Brief History of metal detection techniques:
In human history, metal and weapon detection have had an essential role, particularly
during war and warfare. To find weapons buried beneath the ground or concealed in the
surrounding landscape, the ancient armies utilized metal detectors. To find metal items,
these detectors relied on electromagnetic induction theory.
Metal detectors were often employed to find mines and unexploded bombs during
World War II. These detectors made use of sizable coils that produced an electromagnetic
field that caused metal objects to conduct electricity. A receiver then recognized this
current and displayed it on a meter to reveal the presence of metal.[1]
Metal and weapon detection are becoming essential components of security screening,
particularly in public spaces like airports and governmental buildings. In these
environments, conventional electromagnetic induction-based metal detectors are still
often utilized. These detectors are made up of a receiver coil that tracks the current
produced in metal objects and a transmitter coil that produces an electromagnetic field.
An alarm is set off when a metal object enters the electromagnetic field because it causes
a disturbance that the receiver detects.
Traditional metal detectors, however, have trouble picking up small, non-metallic
objects like ceramic blades and plastic explosives. They are also susceptible to false
alarms brought on by non-metallic objects like coins and keys. New methods of metal and
weapon identification are therefore required in order to get around these restrictions.[2]
One of the earliest methods for metal detection was the use of a simple compass. This
method relied on the fact that metal objects can interfere with the Earth’s magnetic field,
causing a disturbance that can be detected by a compass needle. Another early method for
metal detection was the use of a “dowsing rod”. When the rod crossed over a buried metal
object, it was believed to twitch or move in the operator’s hands.
Metal detectors were often employed to find mines and unexploded bombs during
World War II. These detectors made use of sizable coils that produced an electromagnetic
field that caused metal objects to conduct electricity. A receiver then recognized this
current and displayed it on a meter to reveal the presence of metal.
Metal and weapon detection are becoming essential components of security screening,
particularly in public spaces like airports and governmental buildings such that:

Christchurch Mosque incident:

In Christchurch, New Zealand, a shooter assaulted two mosques in quick succession,
killing 51 people and injuring another 40. Due to poor security surveillance, this occurred.
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By keeping an eye on a location, a location, and a property, security surveillance assures
the safety and security of people and things. Walk-through gates, cameras, sensors, and
access control systems are what we often use. These tools allow for detection in a specific
area and have few restrictions.[3]
9/11 Attacks:
Word Trade Center, Pentagon, and Field in Pennsylvania was blown up by four
commercial aero planes by terrorist in 9/11 attacks.. Metal detectors and other security
measures were in place at the airports where the terrorists boarded the planes, but they were
able to evade detection by hiding box cutters and other weapons in their luggage and on
their persons. As a result of this tragedy, airport security measures were significantly
strengthened and metal detectors became a standard feature of airport security screening.[4]

Airports:
Metal detectors are a common sight in airports worldwide, where they are used to detect
weapons and other prohibited items carried by passengers.[5]
Sporting Events:
Security measures are often heightened during major sporting events to prevent any
incidents. Metal detectors may be used to detect weapons or other dangerous items that
could pose a threat to the safety of spectators.

Government Buildings:
Metal detectors are used at the entrances of government buildings to ensure that only
authorized personnel with no weapons enter the building.

Public Gatherings:
Security measures may be increased at large public gatherings, such as concerts, political
rallies, and protests, where metal detectors can be used to screen for weapons and other
prohibited items.[6]

Prisons:
Metal detectors are often used in prisons to prevent weapons from being smuggled in by
visitors, employees, or inmates.[7]

Schools and Universities:

In light of recent incidents of school shootings, metal detectors are increasingly being used
in schools and universities to detect weapons and other dangerous items that may be carried
by students, staff, or visitors.

Courthouses:
Metal detectors are used at the entrances of courthouses to detect weapons or other
prohibited items brought by visitors, litigants, or lawyers.

Other Areas of Life:

The rising incidents of theft and burglary in residential areas due to lack of proper security
surveillance and measures.
The failure of security surveillance in preventing terrorist attacks and mass shootings in
public spaces.
The need for improved security surveillance in schools and universities to prevent instances
of bullying, violence, and unauthorized access to premises.
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The challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in monitoring and preventing criminal
activities in high crime areas. The need for better security surveillance in public
transportation systems to prevent accidents, criminal activities, and terrorist attacks.

However, conventional electromagnetic induction-based metal detectors are still often

utilized. These detectors are made up of a receiver coil that tracks the current produced in
metal objects and a transmitter coil that produces an electromagnetic field. An alarm is set
off when a metal object enters the electromagnetic field because it causes a disturbance
that the receiver detects.
Traditional metal detectors, however, have trouble picking up small, non-metallic
objects like ceramic blades and plastic explosives. They are also susceptible to false
alarms brought on by non-metallic objects like coins and keys. New methods of metal and
weapon identification are therefore required in order to get around these restrictions.

Modern techniques for metal detection:

Modern metal and weapon detection techniques that don't rely on electromagnetic
induction have been created as a result of recent technological breakthroughs. A common
technique for finding metallic objects in luggage and parcels, for instance, is X-ray
imaging. High-energy radiation produced by X-ray machines passes through the objects
and, using variations in the densities of the materials, produces an image.
Security, construction, and industrial environments are just a few industries where metal
detection is essential. Metals can be found using a variety of techniques, such as X-ray
imaging, Induction causes by electromagnetism and GPR. The drawbacks of these
approaches are their high cost, complexity, and difficulty in detecting small metal objects.
As a result, there is a need for more versatile and reasonably priced metal detection
techniques that can get beyond these drawbacks. Researchers have recently looked into
the possibility of detecting metallic items via Wi-Fi waves. Compared to conventional
metal detectors, this approach has a number of benefits, including affordability, ease of
use, and the capacity to find small and non-metallic objects.[8]
In the context of remote detection of concealed metallic objects on the human body,
terahertz imaging is a promising technology that has gained significant attention from
researchers in recent years. Terahertz imaging utilizes electromagnetic waves having
frequency lies between 0.1 to 10 THz to detect and image concealed metallic objects on
the human body. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the range of the terahertz frequency lies
between microwave and infrared region, providing a unique combination of properties for
imaging, including high penetration depth, non-ionizing radiation, and high resolution.
Recent studies have shown that terahertz imaging has great potential for metallic object
detection concealed on human body, as it can provide high-resolution images that can
reveal the exact location and shape of the object. This technology has been successfully
used for security applications, including airport screening, law enforcement, and border
control.
However, one of the main limitations of terahertz imaging is that it requires the object
being imaged should lie between a direct line of sight of imaging system, making it
difficult to detect concealed objects that are not in direct view. This limitation has led
researchers to explore the use of other remote detection techniques which can provide a
wider field of views.[9]
The reflection and attenuation of Wi-Fi signals cause by metallic object is the basis for
the concept of employing Wi-Fi signals for metal detection. A metallic object causes a
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 disturbance in the travelling of a Wi-Fi signal that can be identified and examined. The
intensity, phase, and frequency fluctuations of the received Wi-Fi signal can be helpful to
identify this disruption.
In this project, we suggest a cutting-edge metal detection system that uses a Wi-Fi
transmitter to find and find metallic items. A Wi-Fi transceiver, an aerial, and a processor
unit make up the system, which uses the signals it receives to look for and pinpoint
metallic objects. The device uses the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum, which is frequently
employed by Wi-Fi gadgets.
The main objective of this project is to design, implement, and evaluate the proposed
metal detection system. Specifically, the project aims to:
 Design and develop a hardware prototype of the metal detection system using a Wi-Fi
transceiver.
 Implement signal processing algorithms to analyze the received Wi-Fi signals and
detect metallic objects.

 Evaluate the performance of the system in terms of detection accuracy, sensitivity,

and range.
The suggested metal detection system includes environmental monitoring, mining, and
security screening. The system is a viable replacement for current metal detecting
techniques because to its low cost, ease of use, and mobility. The outcomes of this project
may help Wi-Fi-based metal detection technologies progress and open new avenues for
investigation.

1.1.2 Literature review

Because different materials display various characteristics in the complicated CSI values
obtained from antennas (such as absorption, refraction, and reflection), we employ Wi-Fi
signals travelling through or around an element to identify various materials. The reflected
signal is removed by csi and is directly proportional to reflected area of object, helpful to
determine the size, shape and volume of the object. In contrast to other research, our
technique distinguishes between wireless interference brought on by the object's substance
and form. The CSI complex's numerous signal beams are used for this. Our system only
supports WIFI routers with two or three antennae. Regarding price and performance, SDR-
based sensing is a better option. SDR-based human activity detection is a cost-effective,
transportable, and flexible technology since software can be modified without impacting
the hardware. The ability to employ SDR technologies like radar and Wi-Fi is its main
advantage. Changes in CSI measurements are a result of how differently different materials
absorb and reflect the Wi-Fi signal. For instance, a sizeable component of the wireless
signal may flow through materials like paper, cloth, and plastic, but a sizeable portion of
the wireless signal is reflected by metal objects, the remaining signal is spread throughout
their surface. creates radio images by using deep learning to extract features, amplitude,
and phase information from several channels. This pattern effectively extracts
discriminative properties from radio images due to the deep learning model's capacity to
automatically collect important data. This system also explores a range of daily tasks in
two experimental environments and employs a deep learning model to perform activity
recognition and localization. Winkey(a keystroke recognition system) is based on the
software-defined radio (SDR) technology.[10]
Here t1 is antenna used by transmitter to get a signal, h11x and h22x is the signal
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received by antenna r1 and r2 at the receiver. (as depicted in Figure 1.1), where h11 and
h12 are CSIs for T1-r1. The input y1 may thus be defined as y1 = (h11 + h12) x when it is
coupled to the two receiving antennas. The closed channel Ht1,r1r2 between t1 and r2 can
be defined by selecting = -1; Ht1, r1r2 = h11 -h12, (3) When the item is present, the closed
Ht1, r1r2 Do the channel difference calculation. With two receiving antennas and the two-
channel mode, which eliminates typical impacts (such as the influence of permanent
furniture), as well as the variation in unit information and propagation effects is caused by
various factors. We also use CSI complex differences to identify suspicious object types.

Fig. 1.1: Combined channel perceived by two receiving antennas

Two phases make up the object identification process, which separates objects from the
group structure. To perform the classification, we first specifically take into account
suspicious cases by 1) using the reconstructed CSI complexity pattern as a feature, and 2)
by obtaining the complex difference CSI between two receiving antennas, which allows us
to determine whether the hazardous material is made of metal or liquid. We use learning-
based methodologies at each stage to create object profiles. We initially use feature
selection technique of KNN to choose CSI-based features from the top base stations and
antenna pairs during training.[11]
The drawbacks of video-based systems are not present with Wi-Fi, which also has a
advanced accessibility and has significant range than other signal-based systems like ultra-
wideband (UWB). There is a lot of promise in being able to follow people without sending
out a second signal or needing other items to cooperate like other signal-based systems do.
The Wi-Fi sensor can also discriminate between items and offer a clear 3D depiction of an
object. It has no detrimental effects on people and is ecologically friendly. Wi-Fi can also
be used due to following reasons:

 Suitable bandwidth, which will give high range resolution.

 Broad coverage, Wi-Fi networks are approaching rapidly both for commercial and
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 private use.

 Suitable transmitted power provides Wi-Fi signal an edge over other low range
technologies such as UWB
Guo tested separating users of Wi-Fi signals for the first time in the SDR section. By
comparing the received signal, We can localize a person over a large region without any
interference by the utilization of Wi-Fi signal.
The received signal strength (RSS) or CSI can be used to monitor changes in the
received signal. Different target movement patterns and non-line-of-sight (NLOS)
scenarios are addressed by RSS. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that under
NLOS settings, CSI detection provides a steady and accurate representation of the non-
magnetic channel with little fading. As a result, we employ CSI data to spot changes in
the signal's characteristics. In order to prevent frequent fading, Wi-Fi employs orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which sends data over many Subban’s. To put
it simply, CSI uses complex integers to represent the channel properties of distinct
subgroups. For example, the vector y acquired across M subsets may be expressed as y =
H + n If Vector M of transmitted signal(for each subset) have length x and H is diagonal
matrix, with each diagonal represents the complex response of channel sub band I and the
additive Gaussian white noise is given by vector n.. The fine-grained Csi equivalent to
the Wi-Fi channel is also available in commercially available off the shelf Wi-Fi devices .
The fundamental idea behind utilizing Wi-Fi radios to find hidden metallic items is that
metal causes variations in the signal that can be detected and separated from non-metal
situations.[12]
The researcher gathers csi input from Wi-Fi transmitter and receiver by employing CSI
measurement present in Wi-Fi equipment.. Two approaches of product categorization and
symptom-based product risk assessment were used in the procedure. The ideal subcarriers
for the CSI complex were chosen using the KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) approach based
on data selection. We may examine data points based on their height and other factors
using the supervised learning technique known as KNN, where k is set to be an odd
number. Based on the outcomes of the categorization of other comparable items, we may
utilize the squared error to assign the product type. Less time is required to master this
model because it is algorithm-based. However, the long-term assessment. Additionally,
following the classification of the product's quality, the risk level of this product is
assessed based on the presentation of its signal output [8]. An ESP32-based temperature
sensor, a Wi-Fi network at home, and a web interface are all included in the remote
sensing hardware version of the home automation system.
We employ an ESP32 node, a portable IoT solution for Wi-Fi/Bluetooth communication
and detection, to investigate the new Wi-Fi CSI platform. The ESP32 CSI Toolkit is
introduced as a fresh CSI approach, with an emphasis on its usability and accessibility. To
establish numerous Wi-Fi connections, The transmitter has access point and Aps and
receiver has station and STAs are made by the node of esp32.. Each Tx/Rx pair is given a
separate SSID and password enabling individualized communication with a
programmable packet rate using ESP32 CSI tools. The AP continually makes CSI queries
to the STA because ESP32 nodes are controlled, and the STA then provides the observed
CSI information to the AP so that we may determine the channel state between the AP
and the STA by the AP. Overall, this part gives a thorough summary of the current
research on wireless detection of metallic items hidden on human body, highlighting the
benefits and drawbacks of various approaches, and suggesting potential topics for further
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 study.
The Ettus Research USRP E312, a battery-operated SDR with 2x2 MIMO capabilities,
is used to produce the SD Radar sensor. It employs Sdr having Ultra-Wideband to provide
detailed pictures of subsurface objects simulating landmines using commercial USRP
SDR gear. Results from experiments show how well the focusing algorithm and SD Radar
function. The other sub-surface imaging activities and landmines detection is done by
developing unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV) that has low cost and high resolution is also
an area of concerned in our study.. A USB WIFI module has been added for remote
control and wireless data collecting. The transmitting/receiving antennas are UWB
Vivaldi antennas from RFSpace, capable of operating within the 600 − 6000 MHz
frequency range [13].
A specific kind of radio called SDR, or software-defined radio, allows the physical layer
functions to be specified and managed by software. These functions are often
implemented using hardware in the traditional method. If, however, changes must be
made to a particular function, developing and implementing the change in hardware is a
time- and money-consuming procedure. As opposed to this, these functions are made
flexible and simple to reconfigure by being defined in software. This drastically cuts
down on the amount of time needed for prototyping. [14]
Atomic read-modify-write operations and polling on system memory-stored
synchronization variables are frequently used to synchronize between activities or threads.
Because the primary system bus is blocked during this procedure, processor throughput is
decreased, and software busy-waits unnecessarily increase power consumption. To solve
this problem, the SDR design has put in place a specialized synchronization infrastructure
that makes synchronization effective and power-saving. Three parts make up this
infrastructure: 1) For synchronized variables,it has small central memory.2) A star
topology link established between core and synchronized memory is formed by the 8 bit
point to point connections , and 3) A sync memory housed by a hardware block offers the
network interfaces, deciding how to access memory, and supporting synchronization
operations. [15]
In-vehicle, sensing has been suggested as a way to improve safety in vehicles and large
equipment controlled by people. Identification and observation of occupants' presence,
movements, gestures, and attentiveness are the goals. Since they overcome the constraints
of conventional RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) methods and enable a larger
variety of applications, sensing techniques based on CSI (Channel State Information)
have recently gained prominence. Modified laptops, routers, desktop computers, and
USRPs (Universal Software Radio Peripherals) are frequently used in Wi-Fi CSI
experiments. [16]
Interest in ocean monitoring has increased, notably in the Arctic area, as a result of
growing worries about climate change and rising sea levels. L-band microwave
radiometers are used to measure ocean conditions and monitor thin sea ice. When used in
conjunction with imagers, these radiometers produce regular maps that provide a greater
level of resolution. The execution of the radiometer and imager payloads having RITA is
made possible by the IoT payload’s integration of an SDR-based LoRa modulation is on
demand. The extensive details of the objectives, operational concept, hardware and
software architecture, and implementation of this module will be given as a part of this
project. [17]
FMCW is often used for signal production due to the use of solid state microwave
amplifiers on a large scale. A more affordable and straightforward method is to
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 implement and analyze FMCW radar using SDR. The real-time implementation of SDR-
based FMCW radar is proposed by this study for target identification and radar
applications for traffic control. hardware, USRP N210 and software GNU is used, open
source software and hardware is used to implement FMCW radar model. Radar signals
are sent and received using a log-periodic antenna that operates at a frequency of 1 GHz.
Targets can be found by looking at the beat signal that was received and taking the range
resolution into account. [18]
In 4G/5G technology, srsLTE and OAI are widely used as open source SDR. It is
difficult to implement SDR on EE802.11. After successfully receiving a packet, SIFS
needs packets to be sent within 10 or 16 seconds (2.4 or 5 GHz). Therefore, PC-based
SDR architecture is unfeasible due to the delay (100 s) between Peripherals. Researchers
use simulations, commercial chip hacking, or the purchase of pricey reference designs to
test their theories in order to get around this problem. To solve this problem, we create
open Wi-Fi for the implementation of open source SDR.The SOC based Xilinx Zynq
System, which combines an ARM CPU with an FPGA, serves as the foundation for this
solution.  By solving compatibility connections between FPGA and RF front end, we can
achieve precise timing of SIFS by the implementation of the physical layer(PHY) and
low-level Media Access Control(MAC) on the FPGA. [19]
We can find the design of SDR(multinode and multi-mode) in this study. The SDR
platform includes waveform generators for LFM Chirp and multi-mode digital modules,
as well as multi-band RF modules and reconfigurable SDR-GUI software modules for the
user interface, that platform has several uses, including radar imaging, traffic monitoring,
collision avoidance, and security monitoring. A digital signal processing module,
reconfigurable software module, and generic RF module. Unlike conventional radar RF
components, which are often hardware-based and include Modulators, mixers, filters,
demodulator and detectors, SDR parts can be built by using software on a PC, DSP, or
FPGA. The expanding trend of SDR technology is significantly impacting the existing
radar market due to its low cost, compactness, reconfigurability, and versatility. [20]
Numerous steps are required for the installation of GNU radio and RTL-SDR drivers on
the Raspberry Pi, which makes it error-prone and detrimental to hardware performance
and application development. It is strongly advised to write a Linux script for the
automated installation of the programmers and their dependencies on the RPi2 in order to
minimize these mistakes and guarantee a smooth installation. The utilization of GNU
radio has shown to be quite helpful for learning and understanding digital signal
processing. Furthermore, compared to alternative choices, its GPL license helps keep
expenses low. GNU radio companion that carries out real-time FM signal demodulation
can also be run on Raspberry Pi 2 and enable visualization of waterfall frequency-time
representation and FFT power spectral density. [21]
A Software Defined Radio (SDR) may be built using an open-source software toolkit
that provides a variety of operations including
demodulation,modulation,encoding,filtering,sourcecoding, decoding, and channel coding
as software codes. The flexibility for SDR to be reconfigured is a benefit of using
software modules for these tasks. SDR enables customization by only changing the
appropriate code, in contrast to conventional radios where changing the modulation
scheme necessitates modifying the complete analogue equipment. With its graphical user
interface(GUI), GNU Radio Companion (GRC), which enables experimentation with
signal processing blocks written in C++ and Python, GNU Radio makes this possible.
Radio construction is achieved by making a graph that uses signal processing primitives
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 as nodes and data flow between them is represented by edges. [22]
Researchers are now interested in using SDR technology for cutting-edge radio
communication applications including radar, electronic warfare, and signal intelligence.
By using MATLAB, Xilinx, and Simulink environment, this study focuses on the
methods and approach for constructing a low complexity SDR transceiver. The system
uses QPSK modulation to encode and decode the IF signal while sampling a spectrum
frequency ranges from 5 MHz and 20 MHz the methods and approach of the proposed
transceiver design enable quick system modifications with little complexity, facilitating
SDR development. Additionally, it offers the chance to include cognitive radio features
into next wireless networks like 3G and 4G. [23]
The Doppler metric is used as the main measure in this research to propose a real-time
system for recording human movement based on passive signals from the 802.11
standard. the cross-ambiguity function (CAF) approach is used for Doppler extraction due
to the poor range resolution of 802.11 signals,. The suggested system can identify slow
and minute human motions through prolonged integration periods by utilizing quick CAF
processing. To reduce direct signal interference (DSI) and improve, pre- and post-
processing methods like the normalized least mean square (NLMS) filter or CLEAN
algorithm may be simply included and detection performance. Through experiments using
software-defined radio (SDR) in numerous circumstances, including hand movement and
tremor sensing utilizing leaked laptop Wi-Fi signals, through-wall human body motion
sensing using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) Wi-Fi access point, and even respiration
detection using a 2.4 GHz ISM band CW signal that can be adapted to Wi-Fi signals the
concept's viability is confirmed. [24]
In terms of wireless data capture and control for diverse devices, the ESP32
outperforms its predecessor, the ESP8266. Comparing ESP32 to ESP8266, it was
discovered that ESP32 performs remarkably well and is advised for non-professional
developers [11]. One useful usage of ESP32 is to allow people to remotely monitor their
smart homes using a smartphone. The gadget may be immediately accessed by users, for
example, to monitor the state of their smart home. The STAARS Wi-Fi network is in
charge of sending temperature data from the sensor to the web interface. A general Wi-Fi
password dictionary called "rock you developers" was used to discover the network
password [25].
Due to the fast expansion of wireless communication technology, an adaptable base
station that can successfully adapt to various wireless communication systems is
becoming more necessary. The needed flexibility is provided by base station
implementation of Software-Defined Radio (SDR) technology, and a GSM wireless
system-specific SDR base station is already operating. SDR base stations should be able
to effortlessly switch between different wireless systems and autonomously adapt to
changing environmental parameters like the volume of data traffic and the quantity of
mobile devices in order to offer more sophisticated network services. For instance, within
a venue like an event hall, The type of event, number of users, and service content, the
requirements of wireless system and number of channels vary significantly . In such
dynamic scenarios, an ideal solution would be an SDR base station capable of adapting
wireless systems to the specific situation. This part outlines the design of proposed system
and presents the results evaluation of the SDR base station, highlighting its distinctive
features and autonomous adaptive control technology. [26]
Advanced wireless sensing systems will be built on widespread improvements in
commercial Wi-Fi transmissions. These systems will provide a wide range of extremely
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 precise, dependable, secure, and practical application services, with the main emphasis
being on publicly accessible human activities identification technologies. The IEEE
802.11n/ac standard-compliant modern Wi-Fi devices use OFDM multi-carrier
modulation technology and frequently include several transmitting and receiving
antennas, providing MIMO functionality. The wireless channel's performance in wireless
communication systems is impacted by variables including time delay, amplitude
attenuation, and phase shift. In order to appropriately distribute transmit power and adjust
rates for each unique MIMO stream, Wi-Fi devices must continually check the condition
of the wireless channel. [27]
In this research work, a novel Base Transceiver Station (BTS) design and
implementation method for GSM mobile communication in rural and disaster-affected
regions is presented. This method makes use of Software-Defined Radio (SDR)
technology. YateBTS is used as the BTS solution in terms of software. The system was
put through a thorough testing process that included sending SMS and phone calls, as
well as evaluating the received power at various distances from the BTS. Notably,
successful audio calls and SMS exchanges were achieved in a range of 90 meters, having
received power of -105dBm. Furthermore, the dual-band GSM patch antenna was
assembled by using a 1.6mm thick FR4 epoxy substrate, featuring dimensions of 85mm x
85mm.The results of simulation demonstrated a loss value of -34.22dB and -36.99dB for
the downlink (953MHz) frequencies and uplink (907MHz) respectively [28].
In particular, in the fields of vital sign detection and object identification, this survey
study examines possible Wi-Fi applications that might be advantageous to society. We
evaluate the efficiency of Wi-Fi-based technologies in identifying heart rates to
conventional sensor-based techniques by examining prior research in this area. We stress
the significance of deploying cutting-edge Wi-Fi technologies, particularly in the medical
industry where non-contact devices are more useful for spotting anomalies in vital signs
like tachycardia and bradycardia. We suggest swapping out the physical sensor with Wi-
Fi technologies to enable contactless heart rate monitoring, even though sensor systems
may rely on Wi-Fi for communication between parts. Notably, Wi-Fi based systems such
as Vital Radio and Wi-Sleep have the ability to monitor the heart beats of multiple people
simultaneously. Thus, non contacting Wi-Fi-based systems prove to be well organized
and in for everyday use. Furthermore, we highlight the potential for improving contactless
systems to identify multiple users at extended distances, taking inspiration from the UWB
radar system and the Fresnel model, which demonstrate higher accuracy rates at shorter
distances. Lastly, in addition to heart beat detection, we discuss other valuable benefits of
Wi-Fi technology. [29]
The use of directional antennas improved power radiation and reception in certain
directions for GPR performance. Due to less interference from outside sources, detection
capabilities were successfully boosted. Additionally, the creation of a Software-Defined
Radio (SDR)-based GPR that may be changed. Due to its adaptability, the GPR's power,
frequency, bandwidth, carrier, and other characteristics may be changed depending on the
testing circumstance. The suggested method recognized underground artefacts in smaller
transverse areas successfully without requiring that they be made entirely of metal. [30]
A number of indoor fine-grained Wi-Fi-based systems have been proposed for passive
intrusion detection, a developing approach utilized in smart homes and home security.
The lengthy offline training procedures used by these present detection systems, however,
slow down the rapid deployment of wireless devices and reduce system robustness. We
introduce APID, an adaptive indoor passive intrusion detection system that uses features
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 extraction of channel state information (CSI) from Wi-Fi signals to provide human
intrusion detection in order to overcome these difficulties. The spread of the CSI
amplitude, which is not affected by the mean amplitude, is evaluated first by APID. The
ratio of dispersion between two successive time frames of CSI amplitude is then extracted
and used as a sensitive measure for detection. Finally, APID performance in two typical
indoor scenarios is evaluated by implementing APID on readily available WI-FI devices.
Experimental results shows that APID have an average detection accuracy of over 95%.
[31]
However, because to the identical CSI fluctuations brought on by pets, current
techniques for identifying people based on CSI are unable to tell humans and pets apart
with accuracy. We carried out an experiment to show the problem in order to confirm this.
While a volunteer went down a different path that was one meter distant, we told a cat to
move 0.3 meters away from the (LoS) path. Both transceivers, which are shown as
hollow stars, were set 10 cm off the ground. It shows how a moving cat can induce CSI
fluctuations similar to those brought on by a person going farther away, leading to false
alerts in the interior intrusion detection system [32].

1.2. Problem Statement

For the sake of everyone's protection, it's imperative to solve the challenge of finding
metallic items hidden on the human body, especially in light of the growing threats from
international terrorism. The capacity to find concealed metallic objects is essential for
maintaining public safety and security in areas like airports, retail malls, and schools.
Despite the availability of a variety of security tools, the ones that are now available on
the market have limits in terms of their capacity to detect potentially dangerous metal
items, which might risk public safety. Due to these restrictions, there is an urgent need for
a system that can precisely identify metallic goods on human bodies. This will increase
public security by enabling wireless technology.
In this study, we propose creating a wireless system that uses Wi-Fi signals to identify
and classify metallic objects hidden on human bodies. The recommended system has a
target detection accuracy of roughly 86% for metallic objects and is designed to be
portable and economically priced. The system uses a receiving antenna, an ESP32
microcontroller, a power source, and a laptop to study the variations in mean and variance
between metals and non-metals.
In order to create a dataset for people carrying both metal and non-metal objects, we
will capture the signal that is reflected back. We will next train and assess a machine
learning model to classify metallic items using the dataset that has been gathered. The
system's performance will be judged based on its ability to distinguish between metal and
non-metal objects by using attributes extrapolated from the received Wi-Fi signals.
The success of this project will contribute to the development of security systems that
are more effective and efficient and can enhance public safety by detecting hidden
metallic items in public areas, improving the system's ability to recognize moving objects
more accurately in the future, and increasing the diversity of metals and weaponry in the
dataset.

1.3. Motivation and Objectives of Thesis

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 1.3.1. Objectives and PLOs
The purpose of our studies is to develop an instrument which is used to scan harmful
items which are underneath tight clothes. During this purpose we have used number of
techniques for the detection of harmful items which are well explained in literature
review.
The project covers following PLOs:
• Engineering Knowledge
• Problem Analysis
• Design/Development of Solutions
• Investigation
• Modern Tool Usage
• The Engineer and Society
• Environment and Sustainability
• Ethics Project
• Individual and Team Work
• Communication
• Project Management
• Lifelong Learning

Following are the main objectives of our project:

 Remote Detection of Suspicious Persons:

The wireless signal response will alter noticeably when metallic objects are hidden on a
person's body. The wireless detection system will be utilized to measure the signal
response both with and without the presence of hidden metallic items. To ascertain
whether there is a substantial difference between the two signal responses, statistical
analysis will be carried out.

 Minimizing the effect of Channel Impairments:

The precision of detection may be influenced by the location of the hidden metallic object
within the body. The size, form, and material of the hidden metallic object will all have an
impact on how accurately the wireless detecting system works. The wireless detection
system's performance may also be impacted by environmental conditions including
various temperatures and humidity levels, as well as in the presence of electromagnetic
interference.
The system will be put to the test using metallic items positioned with the body at various
depths and various shapes and sizes to see how these variables affect the detection's
accuracy.

 Collection of Wireless Dataset for Metallic and Non-metallic objects:

The mean and variance obtained from the received signal differentiates between metallic
and non-metallic objects as when LOS (line of sight) of Wi-Fi transceiver is blocked with
metal variance suddenly increases and decreased for non-metals. Also, when we observe
reflection of WIFI signal variance decreases for metallic objects and increases for non-
metal or empty space. With the help of received signal we create a dataset by observing

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 response at different events of time for further classification to confirm that whether the
metallic object is weapon or not.

 Enhancing Wireless Detection Systems through ML and Signal Analysis:

By examining the signal response and differentiating between metallic and non-metallic
objects, machine learning algorithms can enhance the wireless detection system’s
performance. The system will be taught with machine learning methods to increase
detection accuracy and decrease false positives and false negatives in order to test this
hypothesis.

 Making a Reliable System for Security Applications:

The wireless detection system can be utilized as a reliable screening device for finding
hidden metallic objects in security applications. The technology will be put to the test in a
real-world setting, like a security checkpoint at an airport, to see if it can successfully find
hidden metallic objects on people's bodies.

1.3.2. Significance/Motivation
The wireless detection of metallic objects concealed on human body is an important area
of research with significant implications for various fields, such as security, law
enforcement, and healthcare. Here are some of the potential significances of your FYP:

 Security:
Wireless detection of hidden metallic objects on human body has significant
ramifications for security applications, including border control, law enforcement, and
airport security: The wireless detection system created in your FYP could aid in
preventing security threats and enhancing public safety by increasing the precision and
effectiveness of screening operations.

 Healthcare:
The wireless detection system created in your FYP may have significant uses in the
field of medicine, such as the identification of metallic foreign bodies in patients that, if
not discovered, can lead to serious health consequences. A non-intrusive and effective
technique to find and find these foreign bodies could be made available by the wireless
detecting system.

 Non-intrusive screening:
As opposed to conventional screening techniques that rely on physical touch, including
pat-downs and metal detectors, the wireless detection system built in your FYP offers a
non-intrusive means to screen for hidden metallic objects on human body. As a result,
there may be less chance of discomfort or privacy concerns for those undergoing
screening.

 Efficiency in terms of time:

The wireless detection system created in your FYP has the ability to drastically cut the
time needed for screening operations because it can instantly detect hidden metallic
objects on a person's body. This might facilitate faster traffic flow through security
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 checkpoints and shorten screening wait times.

 Research novelty:
The wireless detection of hidden metallic objects on human body is a relatively new
field of study, and your FYP could help create new methods and approaches for finding
these objects. This might progress the subject and open the door to more investigation in
this area.

1.3.3. Scope and Limitations

 Scope:
The study focuses on employing a specially created detection system to wirelessly find
metallic things that are hidden on the human body.
The purpose of the study is to assess the performance of the wireless detection system by
putting it to the test with various metallic items that are covered up on the human body at
various depths and positions.
The project will examine how machine learning techniques may be used to increase
detection precision and decrease false positives and false negatives.
The effectiveness of the wireless detection system will be examined in relation to
environmental parameters as temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference.
The study's goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of wirelessly detecting metallic objects
hidden on the human body, with possible uses in security, healthcare, and other fields.

 Limitation:
Non-metallic objects that could likewise be a threat in some security applications will not
be included in the study, which will be restricted to the wireless detection of metallic
objects.
The study won't take into account any possible ethical repercussions of utilizing the
wireless detection technology on people, such as privacy issues or potential health
dangers.
Because the study will only be conducted in a lab environment, it may not accurately
reflect real-world circumstances like interference from other wireless signals or
movement of the subject being screened.
The study will concentrate on a particular kind of wireless detection system; thus, it might
not be applicable to other technologies or systems.
The study's focus will be on finding metallic objects disguised on people; other security
issues will not be covered such as detecting explosives or narcotics.
Thus, even if the study has the potential to offer insightful information about the wireless
detection of metallic objects hidden on human body, it is crucial to recognize these
limitations and take them into account when evaluating the study's findings.

1.4. Thesis Organization

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 Fig. 1.2: Thesis Organization

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 2. Proposed Methodology

2.1. Block Diagram

Fig. 2.1: Block Diagram

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 2.2. Flow Charts

Fig. 2.2 Flow Chart

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 3. Mathematical Modelling
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO), two crucial methods used in the 802.11 protocol, allow Wi-Fi signals to offer
more precise channel measurements. The signal is broadcast using the OFDM method. The
CSI is measured across several orthogonal subcarriers at various subcarrier frequencies,
i.e., at the subcarrier level. The MIMO approach uses several antennas to transmit the
signal, taking use of spatial variety to enhance diversity gain, array gain, and multiplexing
gain. Consequently, a can be expressed as the signal that was received at the receiver.
yi = Hi*xi + ni
where i is the subcarrier index, xi ∈ R N and yi ∈ R N are the transmitted signal and the
T R

received signal, respectively, N R is the number of transmitter antennas, N R is the number of

receiver antennas, ni is the noise vector and Hi ∈ C N × N denotes the CSI matrix of the
R T

subcarrier i.

where K represents total number of multipath components, Fi is the sub-carrier frequency,

rk is the attenuation and τk is the propagation delay of k-th path respectively; |Hi | and θi
correspond to the magnitude and phase of Hi.

Average CSI amplitude:

Inter-carrier variance:

where p indicates packet index, M total number of subcarriers and |Hi [p]| is the CSI
magnitude for i-th subcarrier at packet index p.
The antenna gain is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct energy in a particular
direction. It is usually expressed in decibels (dB). A higher gain means that more energy is
directed in a particular direction, resulting in a narrower beamwidth. The antenna gain can
be calculated using the following formula:
G = 10*log (Pout/Pin)
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64 subcarrier amplitude out of 52 are useable over which we apply moving average filter
that smooth waveform by taking average of consecutive 10 sample and storing it from first
index respectively.

Where y[n] is amplitude of subcarrier, x[n] is time lapse.

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the target echoes is defined as

Noise Power η k refers to the power of the background noise present in the system. Noise is
unwanted random variations that can interfere with the desired signal. Signal Power α k
refers to the power of the desired signal, which is the component of the signal that carries
the information of interest. The signal power represents the strength or magnitude of the
signal.
Wireless signals travel at the speed of light 3 ×108 m s−1. AS we are using 2.4GHz
frequency. By using formula, we calculate wavelength parameter.
v=fλ
8 8
3 ×10 ∕ 2⋅ 4 ×10 =0 ⋅125 m
Wavelength of a 2.4GHz signal is 0.125 meters or 12.5cm.

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 4. Hardware Implementation

4.1. Hardware Discussion

We used Parabolic dish antenna that scan a person focused in one direction. Its direct radio
waves of WIFI transmitter in narrow bandwidth. IOT device ESP32 with external antenna
and use Omnidirectional antenna mount on ESP32.
1. Antenna Design:
The 1.2 m / 4ft Parabolic Reflector Antenna is a directional antenna with a parabolic
reflector. The reflector is made of aluminum and is coated with a thin layer of dielectric
material to improve its efficiency. The antenna has a gain of 24 dB and is dual-polarized,
which means it can transmit and receive signals in both vertical and horizontal
polarizations.
The gain of an antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity in the direction of maximum
radiation to the radiation intensity of a hypothetical isotropic radiator, expressed in decibels
(dB). The gain (G) of a parabolic reflector antenna can be calculated using the following
formula:
G = (4πA/λ²) × η
Where A is the area of the reflector, λ is the wavelength of the signal, and η is the
efficiency of the antenna.
Assuming an efficiency of 60%, a wavelength of 12.5 cm, and an area of 1.13 m², the gain
of the 1.2 m Parabolic Reflector Antenna can be calculated as follows:
G = (4π × 1.13 / (0.125) ²) × 0.6 = 24.19 dB

Figure 4.1 Antenna Gain Pattern

2. Transmitter Design:
The 2.4 GHz transmitter is designed to transmit signals at a frequency of 2.4 GHz with a
power output of up to 100mW for point-to-point communications. The transmitter uses

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation to spread the signal over a wide
bandwidth, making it less susceptible to interference and jamming.
The power (P) of a signal transmitted by an antenna can be calculated using the following
formula:
P = G × P₀
Where G is the gain of the antenna and P₀ is the power input to the antenna.

Fig. 4.2 Directional Antenna

3. Feed-Horn
A feedhorn is a component of a directional antenna that is responsible for collecting and
focusing the electromagnetic radiation into the waveguide that carries the signal to the
radio receiver or transmitter. In the case of a 2.4GHz feed feedhorn for a directional
antenna, it is specifically designed to work with signals in the 2.4GHz frequency range.
This frequency range is commonly used for Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth devices, and
other wireless applications. Construction of a feed for a directional antenna involves
choosing the appropriate type of feed, determining the feed point location, calculating the
impedance matching network, selecting the appropriate transmission line, assembling the
feed, and testing the feed.
A 2.4 GHz feed horn typically consists of a metal waveguide with a flared opening at one
end. The waveguide is designed to match the impedance of the radio frequency signal and
guide the signal towards the flared opening of the horn. The flared opening of the horn
helps to increase the gain of the antenna by concentrating the radio waves and reducing the
amount of energy lost in other directions.

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 Fig. 4.2 Directional Antenna
3. CSI Technology:
The ESP32 IoT device uses Channel State Information (CSI) technology to analyze the
changes in signal strength caused by metallic objects concealed on the human body. When
a metallic object is present, it causes a phase shift in the signal, which can be detected by
analyzing the CSI data.
The phase shift (Δϕ) caused by a metallic object can be calculated using the following
formula:
Δϕ = 4πΔd/λ
Where Δd is the change in distance caused by the metallic object and λ is the wavelength of
the signal. Assuming a wavelength of 12.5 cm and a change in distance of 1 cm caused by
a metallic object, the phase shift can be calculated as follows:
Δϕ = 4π × 0.01 / 0.125 = 10.053 radians
4. Microcontroller:
The microcontroller, such as an Arduino or Raspberry Pi, processes the data collected by
the ESP32 IoT device and provides a visual or audible alert if a metallic object is detected.
The microcontroller can be programmed to perform various actions, such as sounding an
alarm, flashing a light, or sending a notification to a smartphone.

Fig. 4.3 ESP32-S2-WROOM (in-built Antenna)

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 Fig. 4.4 ESP32-S2-WROOM-I

5. Omni-Antenna:
Omni directional antenna provide 360-degree coverage. The gain of an Omni antenna is
typically lower than that of a directional antenna, but it provides coverage in all directions
around the antenna. The radiation pattern of an Omni antenna is a three-dimensional graph
that shows the relative strength of the radio signal in all directions around the antenna. In
an ideal Omni antenna, the radiation pattern is a perfect sphere, but in practice, it is
affected by the physical dimensions and mounting location of the antenna.

Fig. 4.5 Omni Antenna

4.2. Simulation Results

Wi-Fi is a line-of-sight radio technology, which means it connects to your device directly
through any walls, subflooring, or other electronic devices that are in the way rather than
surrounding it with a wireless signal. The signal will be attenuated by each solid object in
the path between your computer and the antenna of your wireless access point
(router/modem). Even a slight change in location can have a significant impact.
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Interference sources are not always easy to determine. You may frequently experience
interference from undetected wireless networks or even certain electronics. The 2.4 GHz
radio frequency has a higher prevalence of electronic interference. Always select Channels
1, 11, or 6 for Wireless-N on the 2.4 GHz spectrum. Other than channels 1, 11, or 6, there
will be greater interference.
2.4 GHz channels 1–5 will interfere with channel 1 while receiving interference from it.
2.4 GHz channels 2 to 10 will both generates and receive interference on channel 6.
2.4 GHz channels 7 to 11 will both cause and receive interference from channel 11.

Fig. 4.6. Wi-Fi Channel Analyzer

ESP32 programmed on ESP-IDF software to change setting of active station, passive

station and baud rate also frequency set etc. of transmitter and receiver microcontroller
respectively. To operate all receivers in synchronize way we set time difference of
collecting csi data. After which .txt file extracted from Gui of MATLAB and some other
useful data Heatmap images that after use for Image classification procedure. As observe
change occur in variance when target illuminate with weapon and metal that give sharp
reflection, otherwise without any metal material variance is high, 64 subcarriers of each
CSI packet give information of material dimension and shape. CSIDataDecoding file
generate M-file that give rssi, pkt_rate, phase and mag of variance.

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 Fig. 4.7 SC Variance plot
In above figure, we make three Case. For First Case of Human with metal sudden fall of
variance below threshold and in second case of Human without metal variance increase
above threshold value and kept constant. In third case, when human move sudden peak
come. We draw pdf graph by using variance. When Object moving these two pdfs one with
metal and other in absence overlap and separable distance between them. To train a model,
we need a data set. This data set consists of feature extraction of reflected wave detected by
the receiver. These features are called raw csi data. OFDM breaks the channel into 52-sub
carriers. These 52-subcarriers has their own mean variance and RSI values as a csi data.
The mean of RSSI data is very important in our case. The raw csi data is extracted with
metal and without metal and recorded as a csv file

Fig 4.8 PDF of 64 subcarrier

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By using average value of variance and amplitude we draw histogram against this pdf, that
move with respect to corresponding amplitude graph. This gives us clear image for plotting
machine learning accuracy graph. By using this information, we get statistical results as
show below.

Fig 4.9 Histogram of two classes.

Class labeling function give two mat file and csv file of both scenarios. We set threshold
value beyond which fall in class-1 and curve below threshold is metal information. 52
subcarriers are usable out of 64 that use as a features value for machine learning train
model. This csv file given to Classifier learner that train our machine learning model of
training accuracy 84%. Test data accuracy correct up to 90%. We use support Vector
Machine to train the model.

Fig. 4.10 Confusion Matrix

A heatmap can be a useful visualization technique to understand the regions of an image
that are most important for a given image classification task. It helps identify the areas that
the model focuses on when making its predictions. We plot heatmap in combine form. By
using save_heatmap.m file we generate multiple pictures of resolution size 25x52. This
dataset gives to pre-trained CNN model for image classification.
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 Fig. 4.11 Heatmap

4.3. Results
To conclude, we can scan one person at a maximum range of 20ft whether any sharp
weapon concealed in clothes or in any baggage with 85% accuracy of ML model.

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 5. Conclusion
5.1. Current Work
The safety and security of public places is burning issue in the modern era, especially in
Pakistan like other countries, Pakistan also faces problems to give protection to its citizens
in crowded areas like airports, railway station and bus terminals. The existing systems
typically depend on the analysis of post events to detect metallic weapons and are only
alerted when the event has occurred.
The proposed system not only uses an advanced algorithm to point out potential
threats at real time but also leverages the latest advancement in machine learning to
automatically detect metal in real time. The proposed system is economically Significant. It
will attract tourism and investment in country. Channel State Information (CSI) is one of
the most important parts of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). CSI has
many applications such as counting, object detection, old age person and etc. Metals are
also detected by carefully analyze CSI data. Metals have ability they reflect light sharply.
When the area is illuminated by radio waves through transmitting antenna, the metal placed
in line of sight of antenna causes reflection which is detected by receiving antenna. The
analyzing of transmitting and receiving signal gives us CSI data. The data is useful enough
for pre-processing. The CSI data is recorded in the form of CSV file. CSI data is also
recorded without metal as CSV file. This CSV file with metal and without metal is given to
machine learning as an input. Support Vector Machine is used to train the model. The
model has an accuracy of 85%. This system works better in the reflections scenario and in
indoor environment. In short, This AI model will improve will remove the flaws in
surveillance system and will be alerted before the event has occurred.

5.2. Future Work:

In future, we have to detect metal in five scenarios and will pick the best scenario for real
time metal detection.
 Increase number of receiving antennas.
 5Ghz antenna.
 Wi-Fi channel.
 Software defined radio (SDR).
 Install the system on robotics car to make system portable.
 Detect different type of weapons using deep learning
Increasing numbers of antenna will make our system more stable and more reliable. 5Ghz
antenna will be suitable for long range metal detection. We will find better Wi-Fi channel
that will has less overlapping and interference. We will also work on latest technology
software defined radio (SDR) that will eliminate noise distortion in channel caused by
environment.
We will also install this system on robotics car to take large area under surveillance. It will
reduce the probability of breaches occurred in security surveillance system. We will also
work on detection of weapon using deep learning. It will enhance the surveillance system
and many precious lives have been saved.

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Source Code:
GUI-CSI Acquisition
classdef WIFI_CSI_v16 < matlab.apps.AppBase
% Properties that correspond to
properties (Access = public)
WiFI_CSI
DecisionBoxEditField
DecisionBoxEditFieldLabel
SamplesEditField
SamplesEditFieldLabel
SetThresholdEditField
SetThresholdEditFieldLabel
EnableDecisionCheckBox
NoofSamplesEditField
NoofSamplesEditFieldLabel
EnableMAFIlterCheckBox
GraphMaxEditField
GraphMaxEditFieldLabel
HistogramPlotCheckBox
MaxMagLimEditField
MaxMagLimEditFieldLabel
CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox
MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox
MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox
ColorbarmaxEditField
ColorbarmaxEditFieldLabel
SaveDataCheckBox
SampleWindoweditField
YLimMaxEditFieldLabel
FileNameLabel
PKTRateEditField
PKTRateEditFieldLabel
ChannelEditField
ChannelEditFieldLabel
NFloorEditField
NFloorEditFieldLabel
RSSIEditField
RSSIEditFieldLabel
SerialPortSettingsPanel
41 | P a g e
app components
matlab.ui.Figure
matlab.ui.control.EditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.CheckBox
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
matlab.ui.control.Label
matlab.ui.container.Panel
 ConnectButton matlab.ui.control.Button
SelectCommPortListBox matlab.ui.control.ListBox
SelectCommPortListBoxLabel matlab.ui.control.Label
BAUDRateEditField matlab.ui.control.NumericEditField
BAUDRateEditFieldLabel matlab.ui.control.Label
PortStatLabel matlab.ui.control.Label
UIAxes3 matlab.ui.control.UIAxes
UIAxes5 matlab.ui.control.UIAxes
UIAxes4 matlab.ui.control.UIAxes
UIAxes matlab.ui.control.UIAxes
end

properties (Access = public)

serConn; % Serial Connection identifier
data; % data from ESP32
tim; % timer object

filename; % data file name to be saved

fileID; % file identifier
savedata; % flag to save CSI data
plot_option; % plotting options

% ESP32 Receicved Packet Parameters

rssi;
noise_fl;
channel;
csi_data;
pkt_cnt;

% Packet processing Parameters

LLTF_csi_data;
HTLLTF_csi_data;
STBC_HTLLTF_csi_data;

sc_mean;
sc_var;

pdf;

real_csi;
42 | P a g e
 imag_csi;
mag_csi;

phs_csi;

a_mean_val;
var_val;

cs;
mag;
ph;
real;
imag;
rsl;

idx;

mag_data;
phs_data;
mean_data;
var_data;

decision_hold;
decision_threshold;
cntr;
decision_flg;

MAF_samples;
MAF_array;
MAF_en;
end

methods (Access = private)

%------------------------------------------------------------------
function [] = serial_read(app,~,~)

bytes=app.serConn.NumBytesAvailable;
if(bytes)
app.data=readline(app.serConn);
43 | P a g e
 str=split(app.data,',');
if(strcmp(str(1),'CSI_DATA'))
app.pkt_cnt=app.pkt_cnt+1;
app.rssi=str2double(str(4));
app.noise_fl=str2double(str(15));
app.channel=str2double(str(17));
%------------------------------------------------------
app.csi_data=str2num(str(26));
%------------------------------------------------------

app.real_csi=app.csi_data(2:2:end);
app.imag_csi=app.csi_data(1:2:end);
%------------------------------------------------------
app.mag_csi=abs(complex(app.real_csi,app.imag_csi));
app.mag_csi(1,1)=0;app.mag_csi(1,2)=0;

%------------------------------------------------------
app.phs_csi=phase(complex(app.real_csi,app.imag_csi));

%------------------------------------------------------

app.a_mean_val=mean([app.mag_csi(7:32)
app.mag_csi(34:59)]); % mean value of all sub carriers
app.var_val=var([app.mag_csi(7:32) app.mag_csi(34:59)]);
% variance of all subcarriers

temp1=app.phs_csi;

temp1(1,1)=0;temp1(1,2)=0;

app.mag_data(1,:)=app.mag_csi;
app.phs_data(1,:)=temp1;

44 | P a g e
 app.mean_data(1,:)=app.a_mean_val;

app.MAF_array(1,:)=app.var_val;
ma_var=(sum(app.MAF_array)/app.MAF_samples);
ma_var= ma_var*app.MAF_en + app.var_val*(1-app.MAF_en);

app.var_data(1,:)=ma_var;

app.mag_data=circshift(app.mag_data,1);
app.phs_data=circshift(app.phs_data,1);
app.mean_data=circshift(app.mean_data,1);
app.var_data=circshift(app.var_data,1);
app.MAF_array=circshift(app.MAF_array,1);

if(ma_var<app.decision_threshold)
app.cntr=app.cntr+1;
else
app.cntr=0;
end
if(app.cntr>app.decision_hold)
app.decision_flg=1;
else
app.decision_flg=0;
end

if(app.decision_flg==1)
app.DecisionBoxEditField.Value='Metal';
app.DecisionBoxEditField.BackgroundColor='Red';

else
app.DecisionBoxEditField.Value='No Metal';
app.DecisionBoxEditField.BackgroundColor='Green';
end

45 | P a g e
 % Plotting Data
if(app.plot_option(1)==1)
imagesc(app.UIAxes,app.mag_data',[1
app.ColorbarmaxEditField.Value]);

end

if(app.plot_option(2)==1)
plot(app.UIAxes5,app.mag_csi');
end

if(app.plot_option(4)==1)
plot(app.UIAxes3,[app.mean_data, app.var_data]);
legend(app.UIAxes3, 'SC Mean','SC Variance') ;
end

if(app.plot_option(3)==1)

histogram(app.UIAxes4,app.var_data,11);

end

app.RSSIEditField.Value=double(app.rssi);
app.NFloorEditField.Value=double(app.noise_fl);
app.ChannelEditField.Value=double(app.channel);

% Write to file

46 | P a g e
 if(app.savedata)
try
fwrite(app.fileID, app.data);
catch e
errordlg(e.message);
end
end
end
end
end
%------------------------------------------------------------------
function [] = timer_action(app,~)
app.PKTRateEditField.Value=app.pkt_cnt;
app.pkt_cnt=0;
app.SelectCommPortListBox.Items= serialportlist("all");
display('Timer is working');
end
end

% Callbacks that handle component events

methods (Access = private)

% Code that executes after component creation

function startupFcn(app)
clc
% This function performs the following:
% 1. Initialization of variables etc
% 2. Look for pref.mat file and upload saved settings

% look for available serial ports

app.SelectCommPortListBox.Items= serialportlist("all");

% Initialization of Timer Object

app.tim = timer;
app.tim.Period = 1.0; % Time Period
app.tim.ExecutionMode='fixedRate';
app.tim.TimerFcn = @(myTimerObj, thisEvent)app.timer_action;

47 | P a g e
 % Variable initializtion
app.idx=1;
app.savedata=0;
app.rssi=0;
app.noise_fl=0;
app.channel=0;
app.pkt_cnt=0;
app.mag=0;
app.ph=0;
app.real=0;
app.imag=0;
app.decision_flg=0;
app.decision_hold=10;
app.decision_threshold=10;
app.cntr=0;
app.MAF_samples=10;
app.MAF_en=0;

app.MAF_array=zeros(app.MAF_samples,1);

app.plot_option=zeros(1,4);

app.mag_csi=zeros(1,64);
app.phs_csi=zeros(1,64);
app.mag_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,64); % Rows
Column=64
app.phs_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,64); % Rows
Column=64
app.mean_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,1);
app.var_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,1);

app.RSSIEditField.Value=double(app.rssi);
app.NFloorEditField.Value=double(app.noise_fl);
app.ChannelEditField.Value=double(app.channel);
app.PKTRateEditField.Value=double(app.pkt_cnt);

48 | P a g e
 app.UIAxes.XLim = [0 app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10];
%
app.UIAxes.XTickLabel=[0:app.SampleWindoweditField.Value/10:app.SampleWindowed
itField.Value];

app.UIAxes.XDir = 'reverse';
app.UIAxes.YLim = [1 64];
% set(app.UIAxes.YLabel,[-31:8:32]);
% Initial plot is all zeros
imagesc(app.UIAxes,app.mag_data');
colorbar(app.UIAxes);
colormap(app.UIAxes,'hot');
% app.cs1_plot = plot(app.UIAxes,-32:31,zeros(1,64));
app.UIAxes.Title.String='CSI Magnitude Heatmap';
start(app.tim);

app.UIAxes5.XLim=[1 64];
app.UIAxes5.YLim=[0 50];

app.UIAxes3.XDir = 'reverse';
app.UIAxes3.YLim=[0 50];

% app.UIAxes4.YLim=[0 1];

app.plot_option(4) = app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox.Value;
app.plot_option(3)=app.HistogramPlotCheckBox.Value;
app.plot_option(2) = app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox.Value;
app.plot_option(1) = app.MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox.Value;

end

% Button pushed function: ConnectButton

function ConnectButtonPushed(app, event)
% currently Disconnected. Connect Port
if strcmp(app.ConnectButton.Text,'Connect')
app.RSSIEditField.Value=double(0);
app.NFloorEditField.Value=double(0);
app.ChannelEditField.Value=double(0);
app.PKTRateEditField.Value=double(0);

49 | P a g e
 serPortn = app.SelectCommPortListBox.Value;
if serPortn == 1
errordlg('Select valid COM port');
else
serPort= app.SelectCommPortListBox.Value;
delete(app.serConn);
instrreset;

app.serConn =
serialport(serPort,double(app.BAUDRateEditField.Value));
app.PortStatLabel.Text=strcat('Port Status: ',serPort,'
Connected');

configureCallback(app.serConn,"byte",100,@app.serial_read);

app.ConnectButton.Text='Disconnect';

end

% Currently Connected. Disconnect Comm Port

else

configureCallback(app.serConn,"off");

% Change Button Labels

app.ConnectButton.Text='Connect';
app.PortStatLabel.Text='Port Status: Disconnected';
% Clear Lamp Indicators
app.rssi=0;
app.noise_fl=0;
app.channel=0;
app.pkt_cnt=0;

end
end

% Close request function: WiFI_CSI

function WiFI_CSICloseRequest(app, event)
50 | P a g e
 stop(app.tim);
delete(app.tim);
delete(app.serConn);
instrreset;
delete(app);
end

% Value changed function: SaveDataCheckBox

function SaveDataCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
app.savedata = app.SaveDataCheckBox.Value;

if(app.savedata)
app.filename=
strcat('CSI',datestr(now,'ddmmyyyy_HHMMSS'),'.txt');
app.FileNameLabel.Text=strcat('File: '," ",app.filename);

try
app.fileID = fopen(app.filename,'w');
fclose(app.fileID);
app.fileID = fopen(app.filename,'a');
catch e
errordlg(e.message);
end
else
try
fclose(app.fileID);
app.FileNameLabel.Text='';
catch e
errordlg(e.message);
end

end

end

% Value changed function: SampleWindoweditField

function SampleWindoweditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
app.mag_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,64);
app.UIAxes.XLim = [0 app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10];

51 | P a g e
 app.mean_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,1);
app.var_data=zeros(app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10,1);
app.UIAxes3.XLim = [0 app.SampleWindoweditField.Value*10];
% app.UIAxes.XTickLabel=[0:app.SampleWindoweditField.Value];
end

% Value changed function: MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox

function MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
app.plot_option(1) = app.MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox.Value;

end

% Value changed function: MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox

function MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
app.plot_option(2) = app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox.Value;

end

% Value changed function: CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox

function CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
app.plot_option(4) = app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox.Value;

end

% Value changed function: MaxMagLimEditField

function MaxMagLimEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
value = app.MaxMagLimEditField.Value;
app.UIAxes5.YLim=[0 value];
end

% Callback function
function XLimEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
value = app.XLimEditField.Value;
app.UIAxes2.XLim=[-value value];
end

% Callback function
function YLimEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
value = app.YLimEditField.Value;
app.UIAxes2.YLim=[-value value];
end

52 | P a g e
 % Value changed function: GraphMaxEditField
function GraphMaxEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
value = app.GraphMaxEditField.Value;
app.UIAxes3.YLim=[0 value];
end

% Value changed function: SamplesEditField

function SamplesEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
app.decision_hold= app.SamplesEditField.Value;

end

% Value changed function: SetThresholdEditField

function SetThresholdEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
app.decision_threshold = app.SetThresholdEditField.Value;

end

% Value changed function: NoofSamplesEditField

function NoofSamplesEditFieldValueChanged(app, event)
app.MAF_samples = app.NoofSamplesEditField.Value;
app.MAF_array=zeros(app.MAF_samples,1);
end

% Value changed function: HistogramPlotCheckBox

function HistogramPlotCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
app.plot_option(3) =app.HistogramPlotCheckBox.Value;

end

% Value changed function: EnableDecisionCheckBox

function EnableDecisionCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
value = app.EnableDecisionCheckBox.Value;
if(value)
app.SetThresholdEditField.Enable='Ture';
else

end

end

53 | P a g e
 % Value changed function: EnableMAFIlterCheckBox
function EnableMAFIlterCheckBoxValueChanged(app, event)
app.MAF_en = double(app.EnableMAFIlterCheckBox.Value);

end
end

% Component initialization
methods (Access = private)

% Create UIFigure and components

function createComponents(app)

% Create WiFI_CSI and hide until all components are created

app.WiFI_CSI = uifigure('Visible', 'off');
app.WiFI_CSI.AutoResizeChildren = 'off';
app.WiFI_CSI.Position = [0 50 1510 784];
app.WiFI_CSI.Name = 'WiFi CSI v16';
app.WiFI_CSI.Resize = 'off';
app.WiFI_CSI.CloseRequestFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@WiFI_CSICloseRequest, true);

% Create UIAxes
app.UIAxes = uiaxes(app.WiFI_CSI);
title(app.UIAxes, 'CSI Magnitude Heatmap')
xlabel(app.UIAxes, 'Samples Lapsed')
ylabel(app.UIAxes, 'Subcarrier Index')
app.UIAxes.PlotBoxAspectRatio = [2.33009708737864 1 1];
app.UIAxes.XTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes.YTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes.ZTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes.XGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes.YGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes.Position = [12 424 753 358];

% Create UIAxes4
app.UIAxes4 = uiaxes(app.WiFI_CSI);
title(app.UIAxes4, 'Variance Histogram')
xlabel(app.UIAxes4, 'Variance')
ylabel(app.UIAxes4, 'Occurance')

54 | P a g e
 app.UIAxes4.PlotBoxAspectRatio = [1.75471698113208 1 1];
app.UIAxes4.XTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes4.YTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes4.ZTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes4.XGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes4.YGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes4.Position = [797 71 500 316];

% Create UIAxes5
app.UIAxes5 = uiaxes(app.WiFI_CSI);
title(app.UIAxes5, 'CSI Magnitude Spectrum')
xlabel(app.UIAxes5, 'Subcarrier Index')
ylabel(app.UIAxes5, 'Magnitude')
app.UIAxes5.XTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes5.YTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes5.ZTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes5.XGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes5.YGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes5.Position = [798 448 494 310];

% Create UIAxes3
app.UIAxes3 = uiaxes(app.WiFI_CSI);
title(app.UIAxes3, 'CSI Magnitude Stats')
xlabel(app.UIAxes3, 'Time Lapsed')
ylabel(app.UIAxes3, 'Value')
app.UIAxes3.XTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes3.YTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes3.ZTickLabelRotation = 0;
app.UIAxes3.XGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes3.YGrid = 'on';
app.UIAxes3.Position = [12 67 753 338];

% Create PortStatLabel
app.PortStatLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.PortStatLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.PortStatLabel.FontColor = [0.502 0.502 0.502];
app.PortStatLabel.Position = [12 7 250 22];
app.PortStatLabel.Text = 'Port Status: Disconnected';

% Create SerialPortSettingsPanel
app.SerialPortSettingsPanel = uipanel(app.WiFI_CSI);
55 | P a g e
 app.SerialPortSettingsPanel.AutoResizeChildren = 'off';
app.SerialPortSettingsPanel.TitlePosition = 'centertop';
app.SerialPortSettingsPanel.Title = 'Serial Port Settings';
app.SerialPortSettingsPanel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.SerialPortSettingsPanel.Position = [1339 583 158 173];

% Create BAUDRateEditFieldLabel
app.BAUDRateEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.SerialPortSettingsPanel);
app.BAUDRateEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.BAUDRateEditFieldLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.BAUDRateEditFieldLabel.Position = [11 37 70 22];
app.BAUDRateEditFieldLabel.Text = 'BAUD Rate';

% Create BAUDRateEditField
app.BAUDRateEditField = uieditfield(app.SerialPortSettingsPanel,
'numeric');
app.BAUDRateEditField.Limits = [9600 460800];
app.BAUDRateEditField.ValueDisplayFormat = '%.0f';
app.BAUDRateEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.BAUDRateEditField.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.BAUDRateEditField.Position = [88 37 54 22];
app.BAUDRateEditField.Value = 115200;

% Create SelectCommPortListBoxLabel
app.SelectCommPortListBoxLabel =
uilabel(app.SerialPortSettingsPanel);
app.SelectCommPortListBoxLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.SelectCommPortListBoxLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.SelectCommPortListBoxLabel.Position = [24 129 109 22];
app.SelectCommPortListBoxLabel.Text = 'Select Comm Port';

% Create SelectCommPortListBox
app.SelectCommPortListBox =
uilistbox(app.SerialPortSettingsPanel);
app.SelectCommPortListBox.Items = {'Item 1', 'Item 2', 'Item 3'};
app.SelectCommPortListBox.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.SelectCommPortListBox.Position = [16 66 124 63];

% Create ConnectButton
app.ConnectButton = uibutton(app.SerialPortSettingsPanel, 'push');

56 | P a g e
 app.ConnectButton.ButtonPushedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@ConnectButtonPushed, true);
app.ConnectButton.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.ConnectButton.Position = [28 6 99 24];
app.ConnectButton.Text = 'Connect';

% Create RSSIEditFieldLabel
app.RSSIEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.RSSIEditFieldLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.RSSIEditFieldLabel.Position = [1354 497 55 22];
app.RSSIEditFieldLabel.Text = 'RSSI';

% Create RSSIEditField
app.RSSIEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.RSSIEditField.Editable = 'off';
app.RSSIEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.RSSIEditField.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.RSSIEditField.Position = [1409 497 72 22];

% Create NFloorEditFieldLabel
app.NFloorEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.NFloorEditFieldLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.NFloorEditFieldLabel.Position = [1354 472 55 22];
app.NFloorEditFieldLabel.Text = 'NFloor';

% Create NFloorEditField
app.NFloorEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.NFloorEditField.Editable = 'off';
app.NFloorEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.NFloorEditField.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.NFloorEditField.Position = [1409 472 72 22];

% Create ChannelEditFieldLabel
app.ChannelEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.ChannelEditFieldLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.ChannelEditFieldLabel.Position = [1354 549 55 22];
app.ChannelEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Channel';

% Create ChannelEditField
app.ChannelEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.ChannelEditField.Editable = 'off';
57 | P a g e
 app.ChannelEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.ChannelEditField.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.ChannelEditField.Position = [1409 549 72 22];

% Create PKTRateEditFieldLabel
app.PKTRateEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.PKTRateEditFieldLabel.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.PKTRateEditFieldLabel.Position = [1354 523 59 22];
app.PKTRateEditFieldLabel.Text = 'PKT Rate';

% Create PKTRateEditField
app.PKTRateEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.PKTRateEditField.Editable = 'off';
app.PKTRateEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.PKTRateEditField.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.PKTRateEditField.Position = [1409 523 72 22];

% Create FileNameLabel
app.FileNameLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.FileNameLabel.FontColor = [0.502 0.502 0.502];
app.FileNameLabel.Position = [293 7 293 22];
app.FileNameLabel.Text = 'File:';

% Create YLimMaxEditFieldLabel
app.YLimMaxEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.YLimMaxEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.YLimMaxEditFieldLabel.Position = [165 44 91 22];
app.YLimMaxEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Time span (sec)';

% Create SampleWindoweditField
app.SampleWindoweditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.SampleWindoweditField.Limits = [0 10000];
app.SampleWindoweditField.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@SampleWindoweditFieldValueChanged, true);
app.SampleWindoweditField.Position = [263 44 40 22];
app.SampleWindoweditField.Value = 60;

% Create SaveDataCheckBox
app.SaveDataCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.SaveDataCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@SaveDataCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
58 | P a g e
 app.SaveDataCheckBox.Text = 'Save Data';
app.SaveDataCheckBox.FontColor = [0.502 0.502 0.502];
app.SaveDataCheckBox.Position = [207 7 78 22];

% Create ColorbarmaxEditFieldLabel
app.ColorbarmaxEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.ColorbarmaxEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.ColorbarmaxEditFieldLabel.Position = [601 421 78 22];
app.ColorbarmaxEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Colorbar max';

% Create ColorbarmaxEditField
app.ColorbarmaxEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.ColorbarmaxEditField.Position = [697 422 40 22];
app.ColorbarmaxEditField.Value = 50;

% Create MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox
app.MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn =
createCallbackFcn(app, @MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
app.MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox.Text = 'Magnitude Heatmap';
app.MagnitudeHeatmapCheckBox.Position = [1351 403 130 22];

% Create MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox
app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn =
createCallbackFcn(app, @MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox.Text = 'Magnitude Spectrum';
app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox.Position = [1351 376 133 22];
app.MagnitudeSpectrumCheckBox.Value = true;

% Create CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox
app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn =
createCallbackFcn(app, @CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox.Text = 'CSI Magnitude Stats';
app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox.Position = [1350 349 136 22];
app.CSIMagnitudeStatsCheckBox.Value = true;

% Create MaxMagLimEditFieldLabel
app.MaxMagLimEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.MaxMagLimEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
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 app.MaxMagLimEditFieldLabel.Position = [798 404 85 22];
app.MaxMagLimEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Max Mag Lim ';

% Create MaxMagLimEditField
app.MaxMagLimEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.MaxMagLimEditField.Limits = [0 Inf];
app.MaxMagLimEditField.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@MaxMagLimEditFieldValueChanged, true);
app.MaxMagLimEditField.Position = [881 404 37 22];
app.MaxMagLimEditField.Value = 50;

% Create HistogramPlotCheckBox
app.HistogramPlotCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.HistogramPlotCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@HistogramPlotCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
app.HistogramPlotCheckBox.Text = 'Histogram Plot';
app.HistogramPlotCheckBox.Position = [1350 323 100 22];
app.HistogramPlotCheckBox.Value = true;

% Create GraphMaxEditFieldLabel
app.GraphMaxEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.GraphMaxEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.GraphMaxEditFieldLabel.Position = [49 45 65 22];
app.GraphMaxEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Graph Max';

% Create GraphMaxEditField
app.GraphMaxEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.GraphMaxEditField.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@GraphMaxEditFieldValueChanged, true);
app.GraphMaxEditField.Position = [121 46 30 22];
app.GraphMaxEditField.Value = 50;

% Create EnableMAFIlterCheckBox
app.EnableMAFIlterCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.EnableMAFIlterCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn =
createCallbackFcn(app, @EnableMAFIlterCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
app.EnableMAFIlterCheckBox.Text = 'Enable MA FIlter';
app.EnableMAFIlterCheckBox.Position = [512 42 111 22];

% Create NoofSamplesEditFieldLabel
app.NoofSamplesEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
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 app.NoofSamplesEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.NoofSamplesEditFieldLabel.Position = [644 42 88 22];
app.NoofSamplesEditFieldLabel.Text = 'No of Samples ';

% Create NoofSamplesEditField
app.NoofSamplesEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.NoofSamplesEditField.Limits = [1 1000];
app.NoofSamplesEditField.RoundFractionalValues = 'on';
app.NoofSamplesEditField.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@NoofSamplesEditFieldValueChanged, true);
app.NoofSamplesEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.NoofSamplesEditField.Position = [737 42 28 22];
app.NoofSamplesEditField.Value = 10;

% Create EnableDecisionCheckBox
app.EnableDecisionCheckBox = uicheckbox(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.EnableDecisionCheckBox.ValueChangedFcn =
createCallbackFcn(app, @EnableDecisionCheckBoxValueChanged, true);
app.EnableDecisionCheckBox.Text = 'Enable Decision';
app.EnableDecisionCheckBox.Position = [1361 254 109 22];

% Create SetThresholdEditFieldLabel
app.SetThresholdEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.SetThresholdEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.SetThresholdEditFieldLabel.Position = [1335 220 80 22];
app.SetThresholdEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Set Threshold';

% Create SetThresholdEditField
app.SetThresholdEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.SetThresholdEditField.Limits = [0 Inf];
app.SetThresholdEditField.RoundFractionalValues = 'on';
app.SetThresholdEditField.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@SetThresholdEditFieldValueChanged, true);
app.SetThresholdEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.SetThresholdEditField.Position = [1423 220 47 22];
app.SetThresholdEditField.Value = 10;

% Create SamplesEditFieldLabel
app.SamplesEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.SamplesEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.SamplesEditFieldLabel.Position = [1350 189 52 22];
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 app.SamplesEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Samples';

% Create SamplesEditField
app.SamplesEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'numeric');
app.SamplesEditField.Limits = [0 Inf];
app.SamplesEditField.RoundFractionalValues = 'on';
app.SamplesEditField.ValueChangedFcn = createCallbackFcn(app,
@SamplesEditFieldValueChanged, true);
app.SamplesEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.SamplesEditField.Position = [1423 189 48 22];
app.SamplesEditField.Value = 10;

% Create DecisionBoxEditFieldLabel
app.DecisionBoxEditFieldLabel = uilabel(app.WiFI_CSI);
app.DecisionBoxEditFieldLabel.HorizontalAlignment = 'right';
app.DecisionBoxEditFieldLabel.Position = [1371 149 76 22];
app.DecisionBoxEditFieldLabel.Text = 'Decision Box';

% Create DecisionBoxEditField
app.DecisionBoxEditField = uieditfield(app.WiFI_CSI, 'text');
app.DecisionBoxEditField.HorizontalAlignment = 'center';
app.DecisionBoxEditField.FontSize = 18;
app.DecisionBoxEditField.FontWeight = 'bold';
app.DecisionBoxEditField.Position = [1350 98 125 47];
app.DecisionBoxEditField.Value = 'No Metal';

% Show the figure after all components are created

app.WiFI_CSI.Visible = 'on';
end
end

% App creation and deletion

methods (Access = public)

% Construct app
function app = WIFI_CSI_v16

% Create UIFigure and components

createComponents(app)

% Register the app with App Designer

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 registerApp(app, app.WiFI_CSI)

% Execute the startup function

runStartupFcn(app, @startupFcn)

if nargout == 0
clear app
end
end

% Code that executes before app deletion

function delete(app)

% Delete UIFigure when app is deleted

delete(app.WiFI_CSI)
end
end
end

CSI Decoding and Processing

function results=CSIDataDecoding(fileName)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This script reads CSI data text file recorded from ESP32 and decodes its
% magnitude and phase of subcarriers.
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%==========================================================================
% Script Inputs:
% File name to decode.Enter full file path if not in same folder.
% fileName='CSI03042023_064521';
%==========================================================================
%==========================================================================
% Script Outputs:
%
% This scripts outputs the following variables and save it in same folder
% as the input text file.
%
% rssi = Receive Signal Strength Indicator (1 x pkt_cnt)
% noise_fl = Noise Floor (1 x pkt_cnt)
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% channel = CSI sensing Channel (1 x pkt_cnt)
% pkt_cnt = Packet counter (1x1)
% mag = Magnitude of Subcarriers (pkt_cntx64)
% phs = Phase of Subcarriers (pkt_cnt x 64)
%==========================================================================

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Read data from text file
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

fid=fopen(strcat(fileName,'.txt'),'r');
pkt_cnt=0; % packet counter
while (feof(fid) == 0)
data = fgetl(fid);
str=split(data,',');
pkt_cnt=pkt_cnt+1;
rssi(pkt_cnt)=str2double(str(4));
noise_fl(pkt_cnt)=str2double(str(15));
channel(pkt_cnt)=str2double(str(17));
%------------------------------------------------------
csi_data=cell2mat(str(26));
csi_data=csi_data(2:length(csi_data)-1);
csi_data=str2num(csi_data);
real_csi=csi_data(2:2:end);
imag_csi=csi_data(1:2:end);
mag_csi=abs(complex(real_csi,imag_csi));
% mag_csi(1)=0;mag_csi(2)=0;
mag(pkt_cnt,:)=mag_csi;
phs_csi=phase(complex(real_csi,imag_csi));
phs(pkt_cnt,:)=phs_csi;
%-----------------------------------------------------
end
fclose(fid);
mag(:,1:2)=0;
phs(:,1:2)=0;

mag_var=var([mag(:,7:32) mag(:,34:59)]');

save(fileName,'rssi','noise_fl','channel','pkt_cnt','mag','mag_var','phs') ;
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writematrix(mag,strcat(fileName,'.csv'),'WriteMode','append');

% clear workspase
clear all

end

function result= saveheatmap(fileName,pix)

% This function save pictures of heatmap from CSI decoded data.
% Script Inputs:
% fileName: Mat File to Process. Enter full file path if not in same folder.
% pix: Heatmap length e.g, 25 samples/pixels
%
%==========================================================================
%==========================================================================
% Script Outputs:
%
% This function saves pictures of heatmap.
% results: empty (reserved for future use)
%==========================================================================
load(strcat(fileName,'.mat'))
display(strcat(fileName,' loaded.'));

ds=mag;
l=size(ds);
l=l(1);
cnt_x=round(l/pix) % total number of heatmap pictures

display(strcat('Total no of images to save: ',num2str(cnt_x-1)));

i=0;
idx=0;

while (i<cnt_x-1)
idx=1+pix*i;
img=imagesc(ds(idx:idx+pix,:)',[1 25]);
colormap('hot');
saveas(img,strcat(fileName,'_',num2str(i+1),'.png') ,'png');
i=i+1;
end

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display(strcat(fileName,' processing completed.'));

end

A. Appendix
A.1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of global objectives established by
the United Nations to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges.
Here are some SDGs that might be relevant to your final year project on "Remote
Detection of Metallic Weapons Concealed on the Human Body":
 Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
 Your project directly aligns with the objective of promoting peace and
security. By developing a remote detection system for metallic weapons
concealed on the human body, your project can contribute to preventing
potential threats, enhancing safety, and maintaining social stability.
 Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
 Your project involves the development of a WIFI-based remote detection
system, which falls within the realm of innovation and infrastructure
development. It contributes to advancing technological capabilities and
promoting sustainable solutions for security purposes.
 Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being
 Your project indirectly relates to this goal by contributing to the overall
safety and well-being of individuals. By detecting concealed metallic
weapons, it aims to prevent potential harm and create safer environments,
promoting good health and well-being.
 Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals

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  Collaborating with relevant stakeholders such as security agencies, law
enforcement, or research institutions can foster partnerships and knowledge-
sharing, contributing to the development and implementation of your
project. This goal emphasizes the importance of collaboration to achieve
sustainable development.
It's important to note that while your project may directly align with specific SDGs, it's
essential to consider the potential ethical implications, privacy concerns, and human rights
considerations associated with detecting weapons concealed on the human body. Ensuring
that the technology is used responsibly and respects individuals' rights is crucial for a
sustainable and equitable implementation.

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