Data Mining & Deendency Rules on Bigdata

The Term Paper Report

submitted to Farook College (Autonomous) in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF VOCATION
in
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Submitted by

Mohammed Nihal k
[FKAVBVW034]

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Rini Fernandez

2021 - 2024

Department of Software Development

Farook College (Autonomous), Kozhikode
(Affiliated to University of Calicut, Thenhipalam)
Farook College P.O., Kozhikode, Kerala - 673 632

March 2024
Data Mining & Deendency Rules on Bigdata
The Term Paper Report
submitted to Farook College (Autonomous) in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF VOCATION
in
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Submitted by

Mohammed Nihal k
[FKAVBVW034]

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Rini Fernandez

2021 - 2024

Department of Software Development

Farook College (Autonomous), Kozhikode
(Affiliated to University of Calicut, Thenhipalam)
Farook College P.O., Kozhikode, Kerala - 673 632

March 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
FAROOK COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)
KOZHIKODE – 673 632

Certificate
Certified that this report “Cyber Security & Ethical Hacking:Importance of Protecting
User Data ”,done as a part of a Sixth Semester Term Paper work, submitted to Farook College
(Autonomous) for the partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Bachelor of Vocation in
Software Development, is the record of bonafide work by MOHAMMED NIHAL K
[FKAVBVW034] under my supervision and guidance during the year 2023-24

Mrs. RINI FERNANDEZ Mrs. MUBEENA V.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Date:

Certified that the Candidate was examined by us in the term paper / Internship viva voce examination
held on……………..…….. and his/her register number is ………….…………

External Examiners:

1)

2)
 DECLARATION

I affirm that this submission represents my original ideas expressed in my own words.
Wherever I have incorporated ideas, words, or concepts from external sources, I have provided
appropriate citations and references acknowledging the original creators.

I assure that I have upheld the fundamental principles of academic honesty and integrity
throughout this term paper. At no point have I misrepresented, falsified, or fabricated any information,
data, fact, or source within this submission.

I acknowledge that any violation of the stated principles not only breaches the standards set
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consequences or penalties.

By signing this declaration, I affirm my commitment to academic integrity and take

responsibility for the ethical presentation of information within this term paper

Place : Mohammed Nihal k

Date : [FKAVBVW034]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This undertaking stands as a testament to the invaluable contributions of numerous individuals
who have, in various capacities, contributed to its fruition. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to those who
have, directly or indirectly, aided in the successful completion of this term paper.

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. K.A. Aysha Swapna, the Principal of Farook College, and
to my Head of Department, Assistant Professor Mrs. Mubeena V. I am deeply grateful for their
guidance and unwavering support throughout this academic endeavor. Additionally, I express my
appreciation to my guide, Assistant Professor Mrs. Rini Fernandez from the Department of Software
Development, for their invaluable assistance and encouragement.

The collective support and timely guidance of the faculty members from the Department of
Software Development Studies have been instrumental in the completion of this term paper. Their
involvement and insightful suggestions significantly contributed to its successful conclusion.

Gratitude is also owed to my family and friends whose unwavering encouragement and
support have been a constant source of strength throughout this endeavor. Lastly, I extend my thanks
to all individuals, whether directly or indirectly involved, for their assistance and support during the
course of this term paper.

Mohammed Nihal k
[FKAVBVW034]
 ABSTRACT
The process of hiding or obfuscating sensitive information to protect user data from unauthorized access,
misuse, or exploitation. Cyber risk is a danger or threat associated with the use of interconnected
technological systems. This risk occurs when one or more of the three attributes of information namely
confidentiality, integrity and availability is impacted. Essentially, cyber risk is an operational risk
happening in cyberspace. Somehow, cybersecurity mechanisms are costly to implement. Meanwhile,
resources for such implementation can be scarce to some companies. As a result, many organizations
have opted to not implement cybersecurity policies and procedures in the prevention of cyber threats.
Such decision increases the cyber risk level.Data mining on big data involves employing sophisticated
algorithms to analyze massive datasets and unveil patterns, trends, and relationships that might be
hidden within the vast sea of information. This process helps organizations make informed decisions,
optimize processes, and gain valuable insights.
Functional dependencies, in the realm of databases, establish relationships between different
attributes. They define how the values in one attribute uniquely determine the values in another. This is
crucial for maintaining data integrity and ensuring that databases accurately represent the real-world
relationships they model. When applied to big data, the combination of data mining and functional
dependencies becomes particularly powerful. Data mining techniques, such as association rule mining,
help uncover hidden connections and dependencies between variables. These can be further refined
using the principles of functional dependencies, providing a structured way to understand how different
attributes relate to each other within the vast and complex datasets characteristic of big data
environments. In summary, the synergy between data mining and functional dependencies in big data
analytics enhances the ability to extract meaningful insights, discover intricate relationships, and make
data-driven decisions in complex and extensive datasets.
 Contents

Chapters

1. Indroduction to Data Mining................................................................... 8

1.1. Key Concepts in Data Mining............................................................... 8 8
1.2. Application of Data Mining................................................................... 88
2. Objectives of Data Mining & Functional Dependencies....................... 9 9
2.1. Objectives of Data Mining....................................................................... 99
2.2. Objectives of Functional Dependencies.................................................. 99
3. Mining Techniques..................................................................................... 1010
10
3.1. Classification............................................................................................. 10
10
3.2. Clustering.................................................................................................. 10
10
3.3. Association Rule Mining......................................................................... 10
10
3.4. Regression Analysis................................................................................. 10
10
3.5. Anomaly Detection.................................................................................. 10
10
3.6. Text Mining.............................................................................................. 10
10
3.7. Spatial Data Mining................................................................................. 10
10
3.8. Web Mining.............................................................................................. 10
10
3.9. Neural Networks...................................................................................... 10
11
4. Categories of Mining Techniques............................................................. 11
11
4.1. Descriptive Mining Techniques.............................................................. 11
11
4.2. Predictive Mining Techniques................................................................ 11
11
4.3. Sequencial Pattern Mining...................................................................... 11
11
4.4. Anomaly Detection Techniques............................................................. 11
11
4.5. Text Mining Techniques......................................................................... 11
12
5. Data Mining Method................................................................................... 12
12
5.1. Frequent Itemset Generation................................................................... 12
12
5.2. Rule Generation....................................................................................... 12
12
5.3. Rule Evaluation....................................................................................... 12
12
5.4. Pruning..................................................................................................... 12
12
5.5. Visualization and Interpretation............................................................... 12
12
6. Challenges of Data Mining........................................................................ 13
13
6.1. Data Quality............................................................................................. 13
 6.2. Data Quantity.............................................................................................. 13
13
6.3. Computational Complexity......................................................................... 13
13
6.4. Data Privacy................................................................................................ 13
13
6.5. Dimensionality............................................................................................ 13
13
6.6. Algorith Selectiom..................................................................................... 13
13
6.7. Interpretability............................................................................................ 13
13
6.8. Scalability................................................................................................... 13
13
6.9. Changing Patterns....................................................................................... 13
13
7. Conclusion........................................................................................................ 14
14

References.......................................................................................................... 15
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO DATA MINING

Data mining is a process of discovering patterns, correlations, and valuable information from large
datasets through computational algorithms. This field combines techniques from machine learning,
statistics, and database systems to extract knowledge from vast amounts of data. The primary goal is to
uncover hidden patterns and trends that can be used to make informed decisions, predict future outcomes,
or identify relationships within the data.
1.1 Key Concepts in Data Mining:
 Data Exploration:Understanding and preparing the data for analysis is a crucial step. This
involves cleaning, transforming, and exploring the dataset to identify patterns or anomalies.
 Machine Learning Algorithms:Data mining employs a variety of machine learning algorithms,
such as clustering, classification, regression, and association rule mining. These algorithms
help uncover relationships and patterns within the data.
 Pattern Recognition: Data mining seeks to recognize patterns that may not be immediately
apparent. These patterns could include trends, clusters, outliers, or associations.
1.2 Applications of Data Mining:
 Business and Marketing :Analyzing customer behavior, market trends, and optimizing
marketing strategies.
 Healthcare: Identifying patterns in patient data for disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment
planning.
 Finance : Detecting fraudulent activities, predicting stock market trends, and assessing credit
risks.
 Telecommunications :Analyzing call data records to improve network efficiency and identify
potential issues.
 Science and Research : Uncovering patterns in scientific data for better understanding and
discovery.

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 CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVES OF DATA MINING AND FUNCTIONAL

DEPENDENCIES

2.1 Objectives of Data Mining:

 Pattern Discovery : Uncover hidden patterns, trends, and relationships within large datasets to
gain a deeper understanding of the underlying structures in the data.
 Predictive Modeling : Build models that can predict future trends or outcomes based on
historical data, enabling proactive decision-making.
 Anomaly Detection : Identify unusual patterns or outliers in the data that may signify errors,
fraud, or unique events requiring attention.
 Classification and Clustering : Categorize data into meaningful groups (clustering) or assign
predefined labels (classification) to aid in data organization and analysis.
 Customer Segmentation : Analyze customer behavior to segment them based on preferences,
allowing businesses to tailor products and services more effectively.

2.2 Objectives of Functional Dependencies:

 Data Integrity: Ensure the accuracy and consistency of data by defining relationships between
different attributes in a database.
 Normalization: Facilitate the process of database normalization by identifying and removing
redundancy in data, leading to more efficient and organized databases.
 Schema Design: Contribute to the design of relational database schemas by establishing
dependencies that reflect the real-world relationships among entities.
 Query Optimization: Enhance the efficiency of database queries by utilizing functional
dependencies to guide the query optimization process.
 Database Maintenance: Simplify the maintenance of databases by adhering to functional
dependencies, which helps in avoiding update anomalies and preserving data integrity.
 Data Modeling: Support the creation of accurate data models that represent the relationships
and dependencies among various elements within a database.
 Constraint Enforcement: Enforce constraints on the data to ensure that it meets specified rules
and criteria, maintaining the overall quality and reliability of the Database.

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 CHAPTER 3

MINING TECHNIQUES
3.1 Classification:
 Objective: Assign predefined labels or categories to data instances based on their
characteristics.
 Applications: Spam detection, credit scoring, disease diagnosis.
3.2 Clustering:
 Objective: Group similar data instances into clusters without predefined categories.
 Applications: Customer segmentation, anomaly detection.
3.3 Association Rule Mining:
 Objective: Discover relationships or associations between variables in the form of rules.
 Applications: Market basket analysis, recommendation systems.
3.4 Regression Analysis:
 Objective: Predict numerical values based on historical data and relationships between
variables.
 Applications: Sales forecasting, price prediction.
3.5 Anomaly Detection:
 Objective: Identify abnormal patterns or outliers in the data.
 Applications: Fraud detection, network security.
3.6 Text Mining
 Objective: Extract meaningful information from unstructured text data.
 Applications: Sentiment analysis, document categorization.
3.7 Spatial Data Mining:
 Objective: Analyze data with spatial relationships to uncover geographic patterns.
 Applications: GIS (Geographic Information Systems), urban planning.
3.8 Web Mining:
 Objective: Discover patterns and knowledge from web-related data.
 Applications: User behavior analysis, web page recommendation.
3.9 Neural Networks:
 Objective: Use artificial neural networks to learn patterns and make predictions.
 Applications: Image recognition, speech recognition.

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 CHAPTER 4

CATOGORIES OF MINING TECHNIQUES

Mining techniques can be categorized into several groups based on their objectives and the types of
patterns they aim to discover. Here are broad categories of mining techniques.These categories represent a
diverse set of techniques, each suited for specific types of data and analytical goals. In practice, a
combination of these techniques may be employed to gain comprehensive insights from complex datasets.
4.1 Descriptive Mining Techniques:
Objective: Uncover patterns, trends, and relationships in the data.
Examples: Clustering: Group similar data points.
4.2 Predictive Mining Techniques:
Objective: Build models to predict future trends or outcomes.
Examples: Classification: Assign predefined labels to data instances.
4.3 Sequential Pattern Mining:
Objective: Discover patterns or sequences in data that occur over time.
Example: Analyzing customer purchase sequences for recommendation.
4.4 Anomaly Detection Techniques:
Objective: Identify unusual patterns or outliers in the data.
Example: Detecting fraudulent activities or network intrusions.
4.5 Text Mining Techniques:
Objective: Extract meaningful information from unstructured text data.
Examples: Text Classification:Categorize documents.
4.6 Descriptive Mining Techniques:
Objective :Uncover patterns, trends, and relationships in the data.
Examples: Clustering: Group similar data points.
Association Rule Mining: Discover relationships between variables.

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 CHAPTER 5

DATA MINING METHOD

Association rule mining is a data mining method used to discover interesting relationships, patterns, or
associations among variables in large datasets. The process involves identifying rules that highlight the
co-occurrence of items or events. The most common algorithm for association rule mining is the Apriori
algorithm. Here's a simplified overview of the method:
5.1 Frequent Itemset Generation:
Identify itemsets (sets of items) that frequently occur together in the dataset.
Use support as a measure to determine the frequency of itemsets. Support is the proportion of
transactions that contain a particular itemset.
5.2 Rule Generation:
Generate association rules from the frequent itemsets.
Calculate confidence for each rule, which represents the likelihood that the presence of one item
implies the presence of another in a transaction.
5.3 Rule Evaluation:
Evaluate the generated rules based on various metrics, including support, confidence, and lift.
Support:The proportion of transactions containing both items in a rule.
Confidence:The probability of the occurrence of the consequent item given the presence of the
antecedent item in a transaction.
5.4 Pruning:
Prune rules based on predefined thresholds for support, confidence, or other metrics to retain only
most interesting and relevant associations.
5.5 Visualization and Interpretation:
Visualize and interpret the discovered rules to gain insights into the relationships between
different items.
Example:Suppose you are analyzing sales transactions in a retail store. An association rule
might look like this:
Rule: {Diapers} -> {Baby Wipes}
Interpretation: If a customer buys diapers, there is a high likelihood (confidence) that they will also
purchase baby wipes.

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 CHAPTER 6

CHALLENGES OF DATA MINING

Addressing these challenges involves a combination of careful data preprocessing, algorithm selection,
ongoing monitoring, and collaboration between data scientists and domain experts to ensure meaningful
and actionable results.
6.1 Data Quality:
Poor quality data, including missing values, outliers, and inaccuracies, can lead to unreliable and
biased results.
6.2 Data Quantity:
Inadequate or insufficient data can limit the effectiveness of data mining algorithms,
especially those that require a large volume of diverse data.
6.3 Computational Complexity:
Some data mining algorithms are computationally intensive and may require substantial
processing power, making them challenging to apply to large datasets.
6.4 Data Privacy:
Ensuring the privacy of sensitive information while mining data is a significant concern, especially
in industries with strict privacy regulations.
6.5 Dimensionality:
High-dimensional data poses challenges in terms of computational efficiency and the curse of
dimensionality, where the amount of data needed to support accurate modeling grows exponentially
with the number of dimensions.
6.6 Algorithm Selection:
Choosing the most suitable algorithm for a specific task can be complex, as different algorithms
have strengths and weaknesses depending on the characteristics of the data.
6.7 Interpretability:
Complex models may provide accurate predictions, but their lack of interpretability can make it difficult
for users to understand and trust the results.
6.8 Scalability:
The scalability of algorithms to handle large datasets or streaming data in real-time can be a
significant challenge.
6.9 Changing Patterns:
Data patterns may evolve over time, requiring constant monitoring and adaptation of models to ensure
continued accuracy.

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 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

leveraging data mining techniques and functional dependency rules on big data provides invaluable
insights into complex patterns and relationships within vast datasets. This powerful combination enhances
decision-making processes, facilitates predictive analytics, and ultimately contributes to a more efficient
and informed utilization of large-scale information. As big data continues to evolve, the integration of these
methodologies remains crucial for extracting meaningful knowledge and driving advancements across
various domains.
Data mining involves extracting patterns and knowledge from large datasets, and when
applied to big data, it becomes especially potent due to the sheer volume, velocity, and variety of
information. Functional dependencies, on the other hand, establish relationships between different attributes
in a dataset, highlighting how changes in one attribute may influence others. Combining these approaches
allows for a comprehensive analysis of complex datasets. Data mining algorithms can uncover hidden
patterns, correlations, and trends within the vast amount of information, leading to actionable insights.
Functional dependency rules provide a structured framework for understanding the dependencies between
different attributes, aiding in the interpretation of relationships and dependencies within the data. In
practical terms, this synergy facilitates predictive modeling, anomaly detection, and optimization.
Organizations can make informed decisions based on a deeper understanding of their data, leading to
improved efficiency, cost savings, and innovation. It's particularly relevant in fields like finance, healthcare,
marketing, and scientific research, where the analysis of massive datasets can uncover previously unnoticed
patterns or guide decision-makers in identifying critical factors.

As big data continues to grow, the integration of data mining and functional dependency rules remains
essential for harnessing the full potential of these vast and complex datasets, enabling businesses and
researchers to stay ahead in a data-driven world.

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 REFERENCES

[ 1 ] Kushwah, R., Batra, P. K., & Jain, A. (2020, March). “Data Mining and Functionsl Dependencies
Architectural Elements, Challenges and Future Directions”.In 2020 6th International Conference on
Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

[ 2 ] Bahrini, R., &Qaffas, A. A. (2019). “Impact of Data Mining and Dependency Rules on economic
growth: Evidence from developing countries”.Economies, 7(1), 21.

[ 3 ] Radanliev, P., De Roure, D. C., Nurse, J. R., Burnap, P., Anthi, E., Uchenna, A., ...& Montalvo, R.
M. (2019).“Data Mining management for the Modern Technology”

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