Fyp Thesis Final

SMART ENERGY METER
A BS Final Year Project by
Muhammad Umar Farooq

654/FET/BSEE/F19
Muhammad Soban
667/FET/BSEE/F19
Muhammad Junaid
664/FET/BSEE/F19
Supervised by
Dr. Adnan Umar Khan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
International Islamic University, Islamabad
May, 2023
Certificate of Approval
It is certified that we have checked the project presented and demonstrated by Muhammad
Umar Farooq 654/FET/BSEE/F19, Muhammad Soban 667/FET/BSEE/F19,
Muhammad Junaid 664/FET/BSEE/F19 and approved it.
External Examiner Internal Examiner

Dr. Abdul Basit Dr. Khizer Mehmood
Assistant Professor Lecturer
Supervisor
Dr. Adnan Umar
Assistant Professor
ii
In the name of Allah (SWT), the most beneficent and the most merciful
iii
A BS Final Year Project submitted to the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
International Islamic University, Islamabad
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
iv
Declaration
We hereby declare that this work, neither as a whole nor as a part thereof has been
copied out from any source. No portion of the work presented in this report has been
submitted in support of any application for any other degree or qualification of this or any
other university or institute of learning. We further declare that the referred text is properly
cited in the references.

654/FET/BSEE/F19
Muhammad Soban
667/FET/BSEE/F19
Muhammad Junaid
664/FET/BSEE/F19
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Acknowledgments
This BS thesis in Electrical Engineering has been conducted at Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International
Islamic University, as part of the degree program. We would like to thank Dr Adnan Umar
for providing us an opportunity to work on this project, under his supervision and guidance
throughout the project. We would also like to thank Dr. Adnan Umar for his help, efforts and
dedicated support throughout the project. Further we are particularly thankful to Almighty
Allah and grateful to our parents, brothers and sisters who always supported and encouraged
us during our project and studies at IIUI.
Muhammad Soban
Muhammad Junaid
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Project Title: SMART ENERGY METER
Undertaken By: Muhammad Umar Farooq (654/FET/BSEE/F19)

Muhammad Soban (667/FET/BSEE/F19)
Muhammad Junaid (664/FET/BSEE/F19)
Supervised By: Dr. Adnan Umar

Assistant Professor
Date Started: September, 2022
Date Completed: May, 2023
Tools Used:
 Proteus Professional
 Arduino IDE
 Firebase
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Abstract
The smart energy meter is designed to provide real-time monitoring and analysis of energy
consumption using IOT in residential and commercial settings. By integrating advanced
metering technology, data analytics, and communication capabilities, over loading, the
system offers users a comprehensive solution for managing their energy usage effectively.
The smart meter collects data efficiently and display on the firebase cloud and lcd, allowing
users to track their energy usage, identify energy-intensive appliances, and make informed
decisions to optimize energy efficiency using IOT.
Overall, the project on smart energy monitoring system encompasses system design,
hardware implementation, software development, real-time monitoring, data analysis, user
interaction, evaluation, and scalability. The project aims to develop a robust and effective
system that empowers users to monitor, automatic transfer switching of two sources,
automated control (automation), power line protection and optimize their energy
consumption, contributing to energy conservation, cost reduction and sustainable energy
practices through IOT.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Motivation .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Project Overview .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Project Objectives ................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Brief Project Methodology ...................................................................................... 2
1.6 Report Outline ........................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 2 .......................................................................................................... 4
Literature Review ............................................................................................ 4

2.1 Background of Project .............................................................................................. 4
2.2 Related Work/Projects ................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Project Contribution ................................................................................................ 8
2.4 Summary ................................................................................................................ 8
Chapter 3 .......................................................................................................... 9
System Design and Implementation Details/Design Procedures ................... 9

3.1 System Design ........................................................................................................ 9
3.1.1 Flow Diagram ................................................................................................ 10
3.1.2 Requirements/Requirements Analysis ............................................................ 11
3.2 Methodology:........................................................................................................ 12
3.2.1 Hardware/Development Setup........................................................................ 13
3.2.2 Hardware Details ........................................................................................... 14
3.2.3 Software Tools Used ...................................................................................... 22
3.3 Simulation Details ................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................ 26
Results and Discussions ................................................................................. 26
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4.1 Testing .................................................................................................................. 27
4.1.1 Prototypes..................................................................................................... 30
4.1.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................... 31
4.2 Results .................................................................................................................. 33
4.2.1 Completion ................................................................................................... 34
4.2.2 Accuracy ....................................................................................................... 35
4.2.3 Correctness ................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................ 37
Conclusion and Future Recommendations ................................................... 37

5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 37
5.2 Future Recommendations ................................................................................... 37
Reference ........................................................................................................ 41
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List of Figures
Figure 3.1:Block Diagram of Smart Energy Meter............................................................... 11
Figure 3.2:Hardware implementation .................................................................................. 14
Figure 3.3: Four Channel Relay Module .............................................................................. 14
Figure 3.4: Two Channel Relay ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.5: PZEM ............................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.6: Current Transformer .......................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.7: DC Motor .......................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.8: Bulbs ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 3.9: AC Fan.............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 3.10: LED ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3.11: Push Button ..................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.12: Wires ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.13: Vero Board ...................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.14: ESP-32 Module ............................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.15: Adopters.......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.16: UART ............................................................................................................. 22
Figure 3.17: Source Sensing Circuit for ATS ....................................................................... 22
Figure 3.18: Simulation of Smart Energy Meter .................................................................. 23
Figure 4.1: Testing SEM ..................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4.2: Showing data on LCD ....................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.3: Overload detection ............................................................................................ 29
Figure 4.4: SEM in running state ......................................................................................... 30
Figure 4.5: Real Time Based Monitoring on Firebase .......................................................... 31
Figure 4.6: Features of Smart Energy Meter on Firebase ..................................................... 32
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List of Abbreviations
AMI Advance Monitoring Infrastructure
ATS Automatic transfer of switching
CT Current Transformer
FYDP Final Year Design Project
HEMS Home Energy Management System
IOT Internet of Things
OBE Outcome Based Education
PZEM Part Zone Expansion Module
SEM Smart Energy Meter
TOU Time of Use
UART Universal Asynchrous Receiver Transmitter
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Through the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies like Automatic Transfer Switching
(ATS), accurate bill computation, and seamless home automation, the Smart Energy
Meter(SEM) project seeks to revolutionize energy monitoring and management systems. This
novel solution tackles the difficulties experienced by consumers in monitoring and managing
their energy consumption in light of the growing concern for energy conservation and the
requirement for optimal utilization. The reason behind the project, the problem description,
the objectives, the methodology, the expected outcomes, and the project's future scope are all
thoroughly covered in this chapter.
A smart meter (SM) is a device that measures physical quantities, records events, and
transfers the information to a central acquisition system. An electric smart meter collects data
on energy flows, power, and voltage levels at the customer's premises, and sends the
measurements to the distribution system operator (DSO). The DSO utilizes the acquired data
to manage the network, control losses, and provide validated information to retailers for
billing and customer management purposes [5].
This paper describes a methodology to predict customers' eligibility to participate in Demand

Response (DR) programs using real electricity data collected from customers over time by
smart meters. These types of programs have been proposed to improve generation capacity
as load demand increases and the two-way communications (between utilities and users)
are enabled. Instead of installing new power plants in smart grids, utilities encourage users
to shift their electricity consumption from peak hours to off-peak hours [2].
In order to address global problems, smart energy systems have made significant
advancements by integrating multiple domains and technology themes. The development of
sensing, communication, and computation technologies has made it possible to implement
smart systems that are more accurate and dependable. Since the complexity of smart energy
systems has increased at an exponential rate, smart meters must scale up and take advantage
of IOT developments to fulfill their changing roles. The combination of sensing, computing,
and communication nodes in smart meters is the focus of this review, which emphasizes the
need to use all of the technology that is available and take an interdisciplinary approach to
future design challenges [3].
1
1.1 Motivation
The creation of smart energy solutions has become necessary due to rising energy prices,
resource scarcity, and the environmental effects of excessive energy consumption. Traditional
energy meters do not have the ability to automate essential processes, provide real-time data,
or provide insights for effective energy management. By offering consumers with an
intelligent, user-friendly technology that enables them to easily monitor, regulate, and
optimize their energy usage, the Smart Energy Meter project aims to close this gap.
1.2 Project Overview

The project will involve the design, implementation, and testing of a smart energy meter. The
system will consist of modules, batteries, loads, sensors, Arduino and relay. The meter will
monitor and manage loads, schedule them and allow users to interact will mobile application.
The project is divided into the following sub-parts:
System Design: This will involve the selection of appropriate components, aligning them in
software.
System Implementation: This will involve the physical implementation of smart energy meter
with the test loads used in our project.
Testing and Evaluation: This will involve the testing and evaluation of the smart energy
meter that the meter is working smoothly and performing the given tasks.
1.3 Problem Statement

With the current energy metering systems, it is difficult to detect and efficiently manage
usage because consumers are not given thorough and accurate information about their energy
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consumption habits. Additionally, the lack of integrated home automation and automated
switching mechanisms restricts the ease of use and effectiveness of energy management.
With a comprehensive solution that streamlines energy monitoring and offers cutting-edge
capabilities for optimal energy use, the Smart Energy Meter project seeks to address these
restrictions.
1.4 Project Objectives

Automatic Transfer Switching of two Sources
Energy Monitoring with Bill Calculations using IOT
Power line & Power transformer protection through alert of overloading
using IOT Time-based Load Management for energy saving
Home Automation
1.5 Brief Project Methodology

The project will require designing and creating a reliable hardware platform for data
collection, communication, and energy measurement. Accurate and dependable energy
monitoring will be provided via cutting-edge sensors and microcontrollers. Intelligent
switching and circuits will be used to implement the ATS capability. On the basis of
consumption information and tariff rates, software algorithms will be created to calculate
accurate invoices. A user-friendly interface and wireless communication protocols will be
used to integrate home automation.
1.6 Report Outline

The report will be organized as follows:
Introduction: This section will provide an overview of the project, including the
motivation, project objectives, and methodology.
Literature Review: This section will review the current state of the art in regenerative
braking systems for electric vehicles.
Objectives: In this we’ll discuss the objectives of project
System Design: This section will describe the design of the regenerative
3
Application Area: Smart energy meters are advanced devices that provide real-time
monitoring, measurement, and management of electricity consumption in residential, commercial,
and industrial settings. They offer numerous benefits and applications, including:
Energy Consumption Monitoring: Smart energy meters enable users to monitor their energy
consumption patterns in real-time. This information helps individuals and businesses understand
their energy usage, identify high-energy-consuming appliances, and make informed decisions to
reduce consumption and save costs.
Billing Accuracy: Traditional energy meters often suffer from estimation errors, leading to
inaccurate billing. Smart energy meters provide precise and automated readings, eliminating
estimation errors. This ensures accurate billing based on actual energy consumption, enhancing
transparency between utility companies and consumers.
Demand Response: Smart energy meters facilitate demand response programs by providing real-
time data on energy usage. Utility companies can analyze this data to identify peak demand
periods and incentivize consumers to reduce their energy consumption during those times. This
helps balance the electricity grid, reduce strain on power infrastructure, and avoid blackouts.
Time-of-Use Tariffs: With smart energy meters, utility companies can implement time-of-use
tariffs, where the price of electricity varies based on the time of day. Consumers can adjust their
energy usage to take advantage of lower-cost periods, such as running high-energy appliances
during off-peak hours, optimizing cost savings.
Remote Monitoring and Control: Smart energy meters can be integrated with home automation
systems, allowing users to remotely monitor and control their energy consumption. Through
smartphone apps or web portals, users can switch appliances on/off, set energy usage thresholds,
and receive alerts for abnormal energy consumption, promoting energy efficiency and
conservation.
Fault Detection and Maintenance: Smart energy meters can detect irregularities in energy
usage, such as voltage fluctuations or sudden spikes in consumption. This information helps
identify faults, malfunctions, or inefficiencies in the electrical system. Utility companies can
proactively address these issues, reducing downtime and improving maintenance operations.
4
Renewable Energy Integration: With the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources like
solar panels, smart energy meters play a vital role. They enable the measurement and integration
of renewable energy generation, allowing users to track their solar energy production, monitor the
performance of their systems, and potentially feed excess energy back into the grid.
Energy Efficiency Programs: Smart energy meters serve as a foundation for energy efficiency
programs. By providing real-time energy consumption data, consumers can identify areas of
improvement, adopt energy-saving practices, and participate in energy efficiency initiatives
supported by utility companies or government organizations.
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Chapter 2
Literature Review
Smart Energy Meters (SEMs) collect fine-grained data every hour to manage electricity
consumption in a variety of settings. However, the properties of the data that could improve
classification and analytics are not sufficiently assessed in the current research. This
bibliometric analysis sheds light on applications like direct-indirect phone charging, demand
response, load profiling, pattern analysis, and energy consumption prediction by examining
SEMs' global reach and data analysis [1].
In order to address global problems, smart energy systems have made significant
advancements by integrating multiple domains and technology themes. The development of
sensing, communication, and computation technologies has made it possible to implement
smart systems that are more accurate and dependable. Since the complexity of smart energy
systems has increased at an exponential rate, smart meters must scale up and take advantage
of IOT developments to fulfill their changing roles. The combination of sensing, computing,
and communication nodes in smart meters is the focus of this review, which emphasizes the
need to use all of the technology that is available and take an interdisciplinary approach to
future design challenges [3].
The future smart grid faces significant challenges in acquiring and analyzing vast amounts of
data from integrated devices like distributed storage, intelligent loads, and distributed energy
resources. Managing the enormous data generated by smart meters, which are used for
monitoring and control, is crucial to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of
the smart grid. Additionally, effectively managing this data is essential for gaining insights
into customer behavior and establishing electric tariffs. Meeting this big data challenge
requires advanced methods and infrastructure capable of handling large data volumes and
performing analytics [4].
The paper presents a detailed structure for a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) as
part of a smart grid, focusing on demand response (DR) applications for residential
6
customers. The HEMS considers cost-effective residential operation schedules based on
pricing, taking into account occupants' comfort preferences and lifestyles. The system
incorporates various household appliances, energy storage systems (ESS), and distributed
energy resources (DER). It offers multiple flexible solutions with different user satisfaction
levels, accommodating different DR strategies. The proposed approach is formulated as a
mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved using state-of-the-art solvers,
demonstrating its effectiveness in numerical results. The scheme holds general applicability
and value for other smart home environments [9].
The significant increase in energy consumption and the rapid development of renewable
energy, such as solar power and wind power, have brought huge challenges to energy security
and the environment, which, in the meantime, stimulate the development of energy networks
toward a more intelligent direction. Smart meters are the most fundamental components in
the intelligent energy networks (IENs). In addition to measuring energy flows, smart energy
meters can exchange the information on energy consumption and the status of energy
networks between utility companies and consumers. Furthermore, smart energy meters can
also be used to monitor and control home appliances and other devices according to the
individual consumer's instruction. This paper systematically reviews the development and
deployment of smart energy meters, including smart electricity meters, smart heat meters, and
smart gas meters. By examining various functions and applications of smart energy meters, as
well as associated benefits and costs, this paper provides insights and guidelines regarding the
future development of smart meters [7].
Effective energy consumption plays a massive role in the growth of smart-grid in the power
system. But it is difficult to monitor and control the existing energy meter while using non-
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linear loads. The programmed control affects the quality of power and leads to distortion of
current and voltage waveforms. A smart energy meter is proposed to overcome this glitch
based on the Internet of Things (loT). The proposed smart energy meter controls and
calculates energy consumption using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The sensed voltage
and current values are fed into the ATMega328-P microcontroller, and the various power-
related parameters are calculated by the instantaneous power calculation technique. The
experimental values are verified using three standard meters: Fluke 317, Mecho 5760, and
Fluke 434 series-II power quality analyzer. The data are uploaded to various fields of the
Thing Speak cloud platform for efficient monitoring[8].
This paper describes a methodology to predict customers' eligibility to participate in Demand

Response (DR) programs using real electricity data collected from customers over time by
smart meters. These types of programs have been proposed to improve generation capacity
as load demand increases and the two-way communications (between utilities and users)
are enabled. Instead of installing new power plants in smart grids, utilities encourage users
to shift their electricity consumption from peak hours to off-peak hours[2].
The last-mile networking for Internet of Things (IoT) applications using short-range networks
in ISM band such as IEEE 802.15.4 LoWPAN mesh, WiFi, Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy
has been studied widely in the last few years with demonstration in many industrial scenarios.
However, the reliable connectivity in last-mile scenarios like individual energy meter in the
home area network (HAN) connecting to the data concentrator in turn to the meter data
management systems (MDMS) through WAN connectivity is considered to be a challenge in
certain areas. There are emerging low-power WAN (LPWAN) technologies such as LoRa,
Wi-SUN, Sigfox—all operating in unlicensed band, and NB-IOT—in licensed band that can
provide alternative long-range connectivity option for realizing IOT networks. In this paper,
we discuss the Indian smart metering deployment in both rural and urban scenarios where the
short-range IOT solution built-in may not always work best to the needs of long-range
expectations. Further, we highlight how emerging LPWAN technologies will help in building
a reliable, low-cost, low-power, long-range, last-mile technology for smart energy metering
solutions. We also present our prototype implementation of end-to-end LoRa connectivity for
smart metering solution and discuss final visualization platform [10].
2.1 Background of Project

By providing users with up-to-date information and cutting-edge capabilities for
effective energy management, the deployment of smart energy meters has revolutionized the
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field of traditional energy monitoring. This section explores the development of smart energy
meters, highlighting significant turning points and the original characteristics that
transformed energy monitoring. It also incorporates information from other articles to offer a
thorough overview of the topic.
Pioneers and Development: In response to the expanding need for better energy monitoring
and conservation, the idea of smart energy meters evolved. Several nations, notably the US,
UK, and Italy, started pilot projects in the early 2000s to investigate the potential advantages
of cutting-edge metering systems. A few notable innovators in the creation of smart energy
meters are:
1. Enel (Italy): In 2001, Enel, an Italian utility provider, introduced Telegestore, one of the
first smart metering initiatives. In order to enable remote meter reading and load control, it
planned to replace conventional electromechanical meters with digital devices capable of
two-way communication.
2. Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) (United States): In 2006, PG&E started the initial
widespread rollout of smart meters. The project's goal was to switch out traditional meters for
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in order to collect data on energy use in real-time
and boost operational effectiveness.
Initial functions: A variety of functions were available in the first iterations of smart energy
meters, revolutionizing energy monitoring. These comprised:
1. Smart meters made it possible to collect data remotely, doing away with the necessity for
human meter reading. Utility billing procedures were simplified by this innovation, which
also decreased expenses and increased accuracy.
2. Time-of-Use (TOU) Tariffs: The introduction of TOU tariffs was made easier by the use of
smart meters, which let utilities set different charges for usage during peak and off-peak
times. Customers were encouraged to use less energy during off-peak times, boosting load
balance and energy efficiency.
3. Real-time Energy Consumption Display: Smart meters provide customers access to real-
time data on their energy use, enabling them to keep track of their consumption trends and
decide for themselves how to save energy.
2.2 Related Work/Projects

The following are two noteworthy developments involving smart energy meters:
With the introduction of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) for real-time energy
consumption monitoring, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) in the United States started a
9
large-scale deployment of smart meters in 2006. The goal of this initiative was to switch out
traditional meters with digital, two-way communication devices. In order to increase
operational effectiveness, enable correct invoicing, and give customers the power to make
knowledgeable decisions about their energy consumption, PG&E started collecting real-time
data on energy usage.
In the UK, British Gas started rolling out smart meters on a national scale in 2009. The
purpose of this program was to switch over to smart meters from conventional gas and
electricity meters in order to increase energy efficiency and enable precise billing. With the
advent of smart meters, consumers could now keep an eye on their energy usage in almost
real-time, gaining insights into their usage patterns and giving them the power to make
changes for more effective energy management. Smart meter rollout in the UK is still going
strong today, helping to create a more sustainable energy future.
The efforts undertaken by businesses like Pacific Gas and Electric and British Gas to use
smart meter technology for improved energy monitoring, precise billing, and consumer
empowerment are highlighted by these examples.
2.3 Project Contribution

Introducing our state of the art smart energy meter, built with IOT and Arduino ISE
technology to prioritize energy conservation and effective management. Our meter offers
real-time monitoring of energy consumption through seamless integration with IoT systems,
allowing users to spot waste and make educated decisions for the best possible use of energy.
Our solution offers sophisticated automation features that take use of Arduino's adaptability
and enable the intelligent control of connected devices based on energy availability and user-
defined preferences. We want to equip users with the resources they need to save energy, cut
expenses, and contribute to a sustainable future with our smart energy meter.
2.4 Summary
Our project focuses on the use of smart energy meters for effective energy management and
control. In this project, we created a smart energy meter prototype on a wooden board with all
the modules integrated. Different forms of loads, such as DC motors, DC fans, and lights, are
driven by us. In order to make smart energy meters more effective and user-friendly while
reducing energy consumption, our solution includes functions such automated transfer
switching, billing, load control, overload prevention, and home automation utilizing IOT.
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Chapter 3
System Design and Implementation
Details/Design Procedures
This chapter describes the overall in-depth information about the project. This chapter
also involves the basic theoretical information about each and every component & aspect of
the project, such as circuit design, simulation implementation, and modeling, software
implementation, and so on. The appropriate information should always be accompanied by
pictorial representations, tabular demonstrations, diagrams, flow charts, visible graphs,
Images, photos other representations, and depictions of the project with good resolution and
clarity.
3.1 System Design

The design of smart energy meter is to monitor and efficiently control energy consumption.
We have made the prototype on the wooden board and all the component are embedded on it.
In which we are using four channel relay to control four loads which include DC fan, DC
motor and LED bulbs of different ratings it is powered by 12 volts adopter acting as a DC
source. Two channels relay module consist of two relays which controls two loads one is
overloading and second one is controlling the sources and source sensing circuits. PZEM
module is connected with current transformer for current measurement and voltage sources
for voltage measurement. PZEM is powered by the 5 volts adopter acting as a DC source. It
calculate all the necessary parameters including power in KW, power factor, voltage, current,
unit consumed, overloading and billing. The push button (displays the bill status) and signal
button(time conversion) is connected over the meter and it is integrated with Esp-32. All the
hardware components including four channel relay module, two channel relay module, power
analyzer, source sensing circuits are interfaced with ESP-32 module which store the data on
the fire base cloud and then it will display on the screen.
Secondly, moving towards on the software part where we have created a server name fire
base cloud system similarly as app system, made a portal and created different features which
include bill notification, loads, sources management, load management. For Real time based
management the time is selected from the link “Asia time” and the button is integrated which
converts the hours into seconds. These are the features basically deigned in order to perform
the tasks as per requirements. Load managements include the control of loads manually as
well as automatically from the server. Sources include two sources one is WAPDA and the
other is Generator currently, By default it is set to WAPDA. Loads include simply four loads
(DC fan, DC motor and LED bulbs).we can control the relays through the server due to that
11
switching of loads is possible. The maximum power usage is 1000 watt if our load excesses
from the maximum load power usage then the “overloading” will be shown on the LCD as an
alert notification. Automatic transfer switching is performed by the code uploaded
in esp32 module which controls the relays.
When we connect the meter with main supply the relays gets ON, then we could control the
loads automatically from the fire base or manually from the buttons. For this, if we have to
run the loads automatically for that we simply pass “one” otherwise if we want to control
manually from the button on the hardware we have to pass “zero” in the load management
feature. Similarly, the loads are controlled from the load management. Through this we
basically perform the automation and energy consumption can also be measured. All the data
from the relays and the data from the power analyzer receive and stored on the Esp-32 which
displays the output on the LCD.
Furthermore, for automated transfer of switching (ATS), both the source sensing circuits are
interfaced individually with the two channel relay module. When the source one is not
available then it is automatically shifted to second source , but when it comes back it can be
shifted to first. The explanation of source sensing circuit is that when the input phase is given
to the resistor of 170k (due to high resistance it lowers the voltage) then it is connected to
bridge which converts AC into DC after then it is connected in parallel with zener diode
(maintains that 220 volts to 5volts and acts as an DC source).Furthermore, zener diode is
connected parallel with filter capacitor which is further connected to opto-coupler and
resistance which send signal as output.
3.1.1 Flow Diagram

The smart energy meter is to monitor and efficiently control energy consumption. We have
made the prototype on the wooden board and all the component are embedded on it. In which
we are using four channel relay to control four loads which include DC fan, DC motor and
LED bulbs of different ratings it is powered by 12 volts adopter acting as a DC source. Two
channels relay module consist of two relays which controls two loads one is overloading and
second one is controlling the sources and source sensing circuits. PZEM module is connected
with current transformer for current measurement and voltage sources for voltage
measurement. PZEM is powered by the 5 volts adopter acting as a DC source. It calculate all
the necessary parameters including power in KW, power factor, voltage, current, unit
consumed, overloading and billing. The push button (displays the bill status) and signal
button (time conversion) is connected over the meter and it is integrated with Esp-32. All the
12
the fire base cloud and then it will display on the screen. After the completion of wiring,.
When the AC source and Wifi is provided to the smart meter circuit and the relays get ON
and the loads are working properly. The total current and voltage of the loads are connected
with the PZEM module in order to measure the energy consumption the time is taken from
the Google link named “Asia time” which can be adjusted from the button which converts
hours into seconds as per our requirement. The features of load management, loads, real time
base management, sources ,energy consumption can be controlled through fire base as our
system is IOT .We can control the loads automatically as well as manually through coding
done in the microcontroller of the Esp-32.The Esp-32 store and display all the data on the
LCD screen. Implementing that circuit we could achieve our require output and helps in the
completion of the objectives.
Figure 3.1:Block Diagram of Smart Energy Meter
3.1.2 Requirements/Requirements Analysis

Requirement Analysis for the Smart Energy Meter Project:
1. Automatic Transfer Switching (ATS): An ATS function that permits

seamless switching between the grid and backup power sources must be included in the smart
energy meter in order to guarantee an uninterrupted power supply during interruptions.
13
2. Accurate Bill Calculation: The meter must be able to compute energy
consumption in real time using time-of-use, tariff rates, and real-time data. It ought to
produce thorough bills that clearly break down users' energy consumption.
3. Home Automation: To enable users to remotely monitor and manage connected

devices, the smart energy meter must be integrated with home automation systems. This
contains tools for scheduling, energy optimization, and alert/notification capability.
4. Energy Monitoring: The meter should offer real-time energy monitoring so that users
may analyze their trends of energy use and spot inefficient areas. Through graphical
representations and historical data analysis, it ought to provide insights.
5. Energy Control: The meter should allow users to establish energy usage limits or
remotely turn on or off devices in order to control energy usage. Users are given the ability to
control and regulate their energy use thanks to this.
6. IoT Integration: To enable smooth connectivity and communication with other

devices and platforms, the smart energy meter should make use of IoT technologies. This
guarantees interoperability and improves the system's overall functionality.
7. Data Security and Privacy: The meter needs to give data security and privacy
first priority, enforcing strong encryption standards and guaranteeing secure data transit and
storage. To safeguard user information, it must adhere to pertinent laws and standards.
8. User-Friendly Interface: The meter's interface should be simple to use and

allow users to navigate and access the features and functionalities with ease. It should deliver
information that is both understandable and usable, enabling a smooth user experience.
The smart energy meter may successfully supply the needed features and functions by
analyzing and implementing these needs, enabling effective energy monitoring, control, and
automation for users.
3.2 Methodology
Methodology for Developing the Smart Energy Meter:
14
Analyze the project requirements in-depth, paying special attention to ATS functionality,
precise bill calculation, home automation features, and energy monitoring/control. The
foundation for the development process will be established by this.
Develop a comprehensive system design that incorporates IOT technology and integrates the
required features. This entails creating the software architecture for data processing,
automation, and user interface, as well as designing the hardware elements, such as sensors
and communication modules.
Implement the energy measurement unit, communication modules, and control circuitry as
well as the other hardware elements of the smart energy meter. Ensure compatibility with IoT
protocols for seamless connectivity and data transmission.
Finally, when all the connection get established test first the hardware modules individually
and then collectively the whole circuit and check whether we are achieving the required
objectives or not.
3.2.1 Hardware/Development Setup

button (time conversion) is connected over the meter and it is integrated with Esp-32. All the
with the Pzem module in order to measure the energy consumption the time is taken from the
Google link named “Asia time” which can be adjusted from the button which converts hours
into seconds as per our requirement. The features of load management, loads, real time base
15
management, sources, energy consumption can be controlled through fire base as our system
is IOT .We can control the loads automatically as well as manually through coding done in
the microcontroller of the Esp-32. The Esp-32 store and display all the data on the LCD
screen. Implementing that circuit we could achieve our require output and helps in the
Figure 3.2:Hardware implementation
3.2.2 Hardware Details

Four channel relay module: A four-channel relay module is a compact device that
allows you to control four independent electrical circuits. It consists of four relays integrated
onto a single board, with each relay capable of switching a separate circuit on or off. The
module accepts low-voltage control signals, usually provided by a microcontroller, to activate
or deactivate the relays. Terminal blocks are provided for easy connection of external
circuits, such as lights, motors, or appliances often labeled as & quot VCC & quot and & quot
GND.& quot;. A separate power supply, typically 5V or 12V,is required to operate the
module. Indicator LEDs are included to visually indicate the status of each relay. This
module is commonly used in various applications, including automation, robotics, home
automation and IOT projects.
Figure 3.3: Four Channel Relay Module
16
Two channel relay: A two-channel relay module is a compact device that allows you
to control two independent electrical circuits. It consists of two relays integrated onto a single
board, each capable of switching a separate circuit on or off. The module accepts low-voltage
control signals, typically provided by a microcontroller, to activate or deactivate the relays.
Terminal blocks are provided for easy connection of external circuits, such as lights, motors,
or appliances. A separate power supply, usually 5V or 12V, is required to operate the module.
Indicator LEDs are included to visually indicate the status of each relay. This module is
commonly used in applications requiring the control of two devices or systems
Figure 3.4: Two Channel Relay
Power analyzer: A power analyzer module is a compact device used to measure and
analyze electrical power parameters in a circuit or system. It typically includes functions such
as voltage measurement, current measurement, power factor calculation, and energy
monitoring. The module is designed to provide accurate measurements and real-time data on
power consumption, allowing users to optimize energy usage and identify power quality
issues. It often features a user-friendly interface, data logging capabilities, and
communication interfaces for data retrieval and integration with other systems. Power
analyzer modules find applications in various fields, including energy management, industrial
automation, and electrical testing.
17
Figure 3.5: PZEM
Current transformer: A current transformer, also known as a CT, is a device used to

measure electrical current in a circuit. It works based on the principle of electromagnetic
induction. The CT consists of a primary winding and a secondary winding. The primary
winding is connected in series with the circuit carrying the current to be measured, while the
secondary winding is connected to a measuring or monitoring device. The current flowing
through the primary winding induces a proportional current in the secondary winding, which
is then measured. CTs are commonly used in power systems, electrical distribution networks,
and industrial applications to monitor current levels, protect equipment, and enable accurate
metering and power measurements. They provide electrical isolation between the high current
circuit and the measuring device for safety and accurate measurements.
Figure 3.6: Current Transformer
DC motor: A DC motor is an electric motor that operates on direct current (DC) power.
It consists of a rotor, a stator, and a commutator. When a current flows through the rotor, it
creates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field produced by the stator, causing
the rotor to rotate. The commutator helps in reversing the direction of the current in the rotor
coils, enabling continuous rotation. DC motors are widely used in various applications,
including robotics, automation, electric vehicles, and industrial machinery. They provide high
torque, precise speed control, and are available in different sizes and power ratings. DC
18
motors can be powered by batteries, power supplies, or renewable energy sources. here it is
used as an load powered by 12 V DC battery.
Figure 3.7: DC Motor
Bulbs: Bulbs are electric light sources commonly used for illumination in residential,
commercial, and industrial settings. They consist of a filament or LED (Light Emitting
Diode) enclosed within a glass or plastic bulb filled with gas or vacuum. When electricity
passes through the filament or LED, it emits visible light, providing illumination. Bulbs come
in different types, including incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and LED, each with its own
characteristics in terms of efficiency, lifespan, and light output.
Figure 3.8: Bulbs
DC fan: A DC fan is a type of electric fan that operates using direct current (DC) power. It
consists of a motor with a rotating shaft and fan blades, which are enclosed within a housing.
When DC power is supplied to the motor, it generates a rotating magnetic field that causes
the fan blades to rotate, creating airflow. DC fans are commonly used for cooling purposes in
various applications, including computers, electronic devices, and cooling systems. They
offer advantages such as energy efficiency, variable speed control, and quieter operation
compared to traditional AC fans. DC fans can be powered by batteries, power supplies, or
renewable energy sources. Here also it is used as load.
19
Figure 3.9: AC Fan
LED: LEDs, or Light Emitting Diodes, have revolutionized the world of lighting. These
compact and energy-efficient devices have gained immense popularity due to their longevity
and versatility LEDs consume significantly less power than traditional incandescent bulbs,
making them an environmentally friendly lighting solution for both residential and
commercial settings.in our case, leds are used to show that the source sensing gets the voltage
of 5V because it glows on that voltage it means our circuit is functioning properly.
Figure 3.10: LED
Socket: Sockets are electrical devices designed to connect and provide power to various
electronic devices. They serve as convenient access points for plugging in and using
appliances, ensuring a safe and reliable connection to the electrical supply. Here in our
project we using the socket as overloading purpose because we will be connecting heavy
loads more than max loads .so ,due to that the circuit will stop working.
Button: Buttons are small, tactile devices used to activate or control electronic devices or
systems with a simple push or press. They serve as user interfaces, providing a convenient
and intuitive way to interact with devices, such as turning them on/off, selecting options, or
triggering specific actions.
Push button: It typically consists of a round or rectangular button cap attached to a

mechanism beneath. When pressed, the button completes an electrical circuit, allowing
current to flow and triggering a specific response or action. Here in our case it is fitted over
20
the meter and control by the WAPDA authority. in case of paid bill it will be pressed so it
sends ones signal over IOT.
Figure 3.11: Push Button
Wires: These are copper wires packed in an insulation used for the connections of the
electrical appliance. In our circuit we prefer 30’ 76’’ its diameter is 76 so it is better to be
used in wiring because the chancing of lose connections are lesser as compared to other
wires.
Figure 3.12: Wires
Vero board: Vero board, also known as strip board or perfboard, is a type of prototyping
board used for constructing electronic circuits. It consists of parallel copper strips on a
phenolic or fiberglass board, allowing for the soldering of components and the creation of
custom circuit layouts. We have connected data pins cable along with the reference pins of
esp-32 for sending the data on the Wifi module which then further display on the LCD.
21
Figure 3.13: Vero Board
Resistors: Resistors are passive electronic components that restrict the flow of electrical
current in a circuit, regulating voltage levels and controlling the flow of power. They come in
various resistance values and power ratings, providing precise control over current flow and
voltage division in electronic system .we have used résistance of 170 k in source sensing
circuit in order to lower the voltage.
Capacitors: Capacitors are passive electronic components that store and release
electrical energy, acting as temporary energy reservoirs in circuits. In our circuit we use the
capacitors as filter capacitor in order to filter the voltages high ranges.
Esp-32: ESP-32 is a powerful microcontroller module widely used in IOT (Internet of

Things) applications, offering dual-core processing, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities,
and a rich set of peripherals, making it suitable for a wide range of projects requiring wireless
connectivity and computational capabilities. In our project the Wifi module is esp-32 which
stores the data on the fire base cloud and ten it is integrated with LCD in order to display
the data on the LCD.
Figure 3.14: ESP-32 Module
Adopters: 12 volts, 5volts (acting as DC source battery). Adaptors are electrical devices
that enable the connection and compatibility between different types of plugs or sockets
22
allowing devices from different regions or with different power requirements to be used
together. In our case we used adaptors as DC source in order to integrate the four and two
channel relay module and esp-32 so that it could gets ON and work properly. 12V for 4
channel relay, 5V for 2 channel and esp-32.
Figure 3.15: Adopters
Diode: Zener diodes are specialized diodes that operate in the reverse breakdown region,
maintaining a constant voltage across their terminals. They are commonly used for voltage
regulation, transient voltage suppression, and voltage reference applications in electronic
circuits.in our case, zener diode is used to maintain the dc supply at 5 v so that led could get
ON.
Holders: Holders are mechanical devices designed to securely hold and provide electrical
connections for batteries or other removable components in electronic devices or systems.
Bulbs are placed in holder for getting the electric connections from the supply.
AC supply: AC supply refers to alternating current electrical power, where the direction
of current flow periodically reverses, delivering electricity that is commonly used for
residential, commercial, and industrial applications. The electric supply is used to power ON
the meter circuit which of 220 v.it is also known as main supply.
UART: UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is a widely used

communication protocol that enables serial data transmission between devices. It provides a
straightforward and efficient method for data exchange, using a predetermined baud rate and
a specific number of data bits, stop bits, and parity bits.12. Wires: These are copper wires
packed in an insulation used for the connections of the electrical appliance. In our circuit we
23
prefer 30’ 76’’ its diameter is 76 so it is better to be used in wiring because the chancing of
lose connections are lesser as compared to other wires.
Figure 3.16: UART
3.2.3 Software Tools Used

Proteus designing: It is used to design the simulation of the smart energy meter in
order to achieve the required functions. In this simulations we use different loads connected
with the wires and run in order to achieve required output.
Arduino ISE: Using proteus professional we have design software simulation of smart
energy meter using relays to control the loads for measuring the load consumption and
achieving other objectives .Furthermore, we have interfaced Esp-32 and firebase app through
IOT and coding for attaining required output.
Source sensing circuit simulation:
Figure 3.17: Source Sensing Circuit for ATS
Furthermore, for automated transfer of switching (ATS), both the source sensing circuits are
interfaced individually with the two channel relay module. when the source one is not
24
available then it is automatically shifted to second source , but when it comes back it can be
shifted to first. The explanation of source sensing circuit is that when the input phase is given
to the resistor of 170 k (due to high resistance it lowers the voltage) then it is connected to
bridge which converts AC into DC after then it is connected in parallel with zener diode
(maintains that 220 volts to 5volts and acts as an DC source).Furthermore, zener diode is
connected parallel with filter capacitor which is further connected to optocoupler and
resistance which send signal as output.
Fire base: It is used as a server which is integrated with the esp-32 module and different
features have been created on it in order to achieve our objective such load management,
loads, bill calculation etc. From fire base. We could control the loads automatically by
controlling the relays in order to get energy saving and the reduction of bill.
Internet/ Wifi: Now it has become necessity of everyone in order to perform multiple
task. Similarly in our project we need an internet connection every time in order to operate
the different module automatically. Without internet we are not able to achieve our desired
output.
3.3 Simulation Details
Figure 3.18: Simulation of Smart Energy Meter
25
button(time conversion) is connected over the meter and it is integrated with Esp-32. All the
with the Pzem module in order to measure the energy consumption the time is taken from the
google link named “asia time” which can be adjusted from the button which converts hours
into seconds as per our requirement. The features of load management ,loads, real time base
management, sources ,energy consumption can be controlled through fire base as our system
is IOT .We can control the loads automatically as well as manually through coding done in
the microcontroller of the Esp-32.The Esp-32 store and display all the data on the Lcd
screen. Implementing that circuit we could achieve our require output and helps in the
Code:
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <Firebase_ESP_Client.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_PCF8574.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <PZEM004Tv30.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <TimeLib.h>
26
//Provide the token generation process info.
#include "addons/TokenHelper.h"
//Provide the RTDB payload printing info and other helper functions.
#include "addons/RTDBHelper.h"
// Insert your network credentials
if (PayBillState == LOW && BillCheck == true) {
BillCheck = false;
BillPaid = true;
pzem.resetEnergy();
lcd.setBacklight(255);
lcd.home(); lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Bill Paid");
delay(1000);
else {
27
Chapter 4
Results and Discussions
Overview of Verification, Testing, and Validation Processes for the Smart Energy Meter
Project:
Verification
System/Hardware Design: The hardware design of the system is carefully examined to make
sure it complies with the criteria. To validate the design's functionality, dependability, and
conformity with industry requirements, extensive inspections, simulations, and evaluations
must be carried out.
Algorithm and Data Verification: The smart energy meter's design algorithms and data are
thoroughly tested and confirmed. This entails confirming the integrity and dependability of
the data sources as well as validating the precision, effectiveness, and correctness of the
algorithms used.
Hardware and algorithm requirements are verified to make sure they have been thoroughly
tested (specification and test coverage). The test cases are created with an analysis of the
project's functional and non-functional requirements coverage in mind.
Development of Test Cases: Test cases are created for every design stage, from discrete
hardware parts to fully integrated system modules. To assess the effectiveness, dependability,
and functionality of the smart energy meter, these test cases cover a range of scenarios and
conditions.
Validation:
Desired Results Analysis: The project's goals and intended results are carefully checked
against the system that has been put into place. The accuracy and efficiency of the smart
energy meter in carrying out activities like energy monitoring, bill calculation, home
automation, and ATS functionality are assessed using statistical analytic methodologies.
Verification and validation of results: The testing phase's results are checked against those
anticipated and validated to make sure they're in line with the project's requirements and
aims. In order to determine whether the smart energy meter operates as intended, it is
necessary to examine the data gathered during testing, compare it to established standards,
and make a determination.
28
Evidence Gathering: In order to support the findings and conclusions, evidence is acquired
throughout the verification and validation stages. To offer a transparent audit trail of the
testing and validation operations, this includes recording the test processes, test cases, data
measurements, statistical analysis, and any other pertinent information.
The Smart Energy Meter Project ensures that the system design and algorithms meet the
specified requirements, the test cases cover all levels of design integration, and the desired
outcomes are successfully validated and analyzed by adhering to these robust verification,
testing, and validation procedures.
4.1 Testing
To make sure that the meter performs properly and offers accurate measurement of energy
consumption, various actions must be taken during the testing for SMART ENERGY
METRE functionality, performance, and accuracy. The following are some possible testing
procedures:
Figure 4.1: Testing SEM
Tests of Functionality: This comprises verifying the fundamental capabilities of the

smart energy meter, including energy consumption measurement, reading display, and real-
time data provision. It makes sure that the meter's features and functionalities all function as
29
planned. hardware elements such as lights, motors, power analyzer modules, circuits on Vero
boards, led, resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc.
Testing for Accuracy: This kind of testing focuses on ensuring the precision of
energy measurements captured by the smart meter. To make certain that the meter gives
accurate and reliable data on energy usage, it compares the results with a reference standard
or calibrated equipment. Whether or not the esp-32 module's output, which is shown on the
screen, is accurate. Whether or not the various loads' reported power usage is accurate.
Performance testing: Performance testing measures how well the meter performs
under various loads and situations. It evaluates aspects including reaction time, data transfer
speed, and the meter's capacity to deal with various amounts of energy use. All of the
components, including relays, are subject to the conditions specified in the circuit, depending
on their rating and the voltage required to operate them. They also need power to turn on
loads, run motors and fans, and handle overloads. Overall, the outcome demonstrates whether
or not we were successful in achieving our goals.
Figure 4.2: Showing data on LCD
30
Figure 4.3: Overload detection
Communication Testing: Smart energy meters frequently communicate with other

gadgets or a centralized monitoring system, according to communication testing. This testing
ensures that data can be delivered accurately and securely by validating the communication
protocols and interfaces utilized by the meter. This includes the UART protocol and whether
or not the wires are correctly linked to prevent short circuits when they are connected.
Reliability and Stability Testing: The purpose of this testing is to ascertain the
smart energy meter system's dependability and stability over an extended length of time. To
evaluate the meter's capacity to function consistently and reliably, several scenarios and
conditions are simulated. The simulation of the designed module is running or not during the
software portion. Whether the wiring and connections are accurate. Rating whether or not the
components produce the desired result.
Security Testing: It is essential to examine the security characteristics of smart

energy meters because they are linked devices. In order to prevent information from being
sealed, we provide a secret user name in addition to a password for this purpose. This
involves evaluating the meter's communication for security against hacking, data encryption,
and authentication measures, and ensuring that it is protected against unauthorized access.
The system's performance, accuracy, and dependability are validated by testing in a smart
energy meter for an FYP thesis. It enables the discovery and correction of any problems or
shortfalls, resulting in a better and more effective smart energy meter solution.
31
4.1.1 Prototypes
A smart energy meter prototype is a pre-production model or version of the meter created to
test and evaluate its features, functionalities, and design. In order to receive feedback, make
necessary adjustments, and make sure the finished product matches the required
specifications, it is often generated during the product development phase.
A smart energy meter prototype may have the fundamental elements and features of the
finished product, such as measuring and monitoring energy consumption, corresponding with
utility or smart grid systems, and giving consumers real-time data on energy usage. The
prototype, however, could not be as polished or functionally complete as the final product.
The design, user interface, and performance of the smart energy meter can all be improved,
and manufacturers and developers can do this by prototyping. They can use it to assess the
viability and efficacy of various technologies, communication protocols, and data
management systems.
Overall, as they offer insightful feedback and enable iterative improvement prior to mass
manufacturing and commercialization, prototypes are essential to the development of smart
energy meters.
Figure 4.4: SEM in running state.
32
4.1.2 Test Cases
Some of the screen shots of the output are attached below in which the output is shown on the
lcd. Real time monitoring is completed which helps to optimize the energy
consumption,automatatic switching. In case of load shedding, Electric bill monitoring. These
are all the factor that helps us to save the energy they are proved more fruitful for the
society nowadays.
By following that procedure the power line and appliance protection could also be
possible.So safety and precautionary measures helps making our life easier. We save money,
time and energy resources if we would be focusing on such type of advancements. If these
meter are implemented then complexities of the society can be solved in case of bill,
Maintenance of the meter etc.Such type of meter also helps to reduce the government budget
and less staff will required for dealing with the customers. It helps to avoid frauds. So this is
big relief for our society if the society take this project into consideration.
Figure 4.5: Real Time Based Monitoring on Firebase
33
Figure 4.6: Features of Smart Energy Meter on
Firebase
4.1.3 Achieved Objectives

{
"BillNotification": {
"BillAmount": 0,
"BillStatus": "Paid"
},
"EnergyMonitor": {
"1_Voltage": 231.39999,
"2_Current": 0.05,
"3_Power": 0.6,
"4_Frequency": 50.2,
"5_PowerFactor": 0.05,
"6_UnitConsumed": 0
},
"LoadSwitches": {
"AirConditioner": 1,
"Fan": 0,
34
"Light": 1,
35
"LoadManagement": 1,
"Motor": 1
},
"NewDataDateTime": {
"1_Date": "2023-6-7 ",
"2_Time": "12:37:38 "
},
"SourceSwitch": {
"Source": 0,
"SourceMode": 1
4.2 Results
Smart energy meters are cutting-edge gadgets that offer a range of results, outputs, and
statistics relating to energy usage and consumption. Here are a few typical instances:
Real-time Energy Consumption: Smart energy meters track and show real-time
energy consumption in kWh or other units on a continuous basis. Users can monitor their
energy consumption habits and make wise decisions to optimize their energy use with the use
of this information.
Energy Usage Over Specific Periods: Smart energy meters often preserve past
data, allowing customers to examine their energy usage over particular intervals. Users can
examine energy use patterns on a daily, weekly, monthly, or annual basis to spot trends and
modify their energy use accordingly.
Cost tracking: Smart energy meters frequently compute the cost of energy consumption
using the current tariff rates. Users can more efficiently monitor and comprehend their energy
expenses by multiplying their energy consumption by the relevant tariff. Real-time cost
displays are offered by some meters as well.
36
Peak Demand: Peak demand times, when energy consumption is at its highest, can be
monitored by smart meters. Users can use this information to determine peak times and alter
their usage patterns to lower their energy expenses or the burden on the electrical grid.
Energy Efficiency ideas: Based on the user's consumption patterns, certain smart
energy meters provide energy-saving advice and ideas. These suggestions can involve
modifying thermostat settings, maximizing appliance use, or using energy-saving techniques.
Remote Access and Control: A lot of smart energy meters have a connection to a
website or a mobile app, allowing users to access their energy consumption information from
a distance. Users have access to usage monitoring, alerts for unusual consumption, and even
remote control of some appliances.
Smart energy meters frequently offer graphical depictions of patterns in energy consumption.
Users may visualize their energy usage trends and make knowledgeable decisions regarding
energy management with the aid of these graphs and charts.
Environmental Impact: Some smart energy meters evaluate the effects of energy
use on the environment, such as the volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated.
This knowledge can help people become more environmentally conscious and motivate them
to lessen their carbon impact.
4.2.1 Completion
Smart energy meters are cutting-edge gadgets that make it possible to precisely monitor and
manage energy consumption. To give accurate information and improve energy efficiency,
they make use of a variety of technologies and features. Smart energy meters have a number
of notable features, such as:
Real-time Data: Smart energy meters provide rapid updates on the amount of energy
being consumed and provide real-time information on energy consumption. This enables
customers to carefully track their usage trends and make quick modifications to maximize
energy efficiency.
Two-way communication is made possible by smart meters between the utility company and
the meter. This makes it possible to share data easily, including as meters readings, pricing
updates, and outage alerts. Manual meters reading is no longer necessary, and effective
invoicing procedures are made possible.
37
Remote Monitoring and Control: Smart energy meters frequently have the
ability to do remote monitoring and control. Users get access to their meters data via web
services or mobile applications, enabling them to remotely monitor their energy use and make
any adjustments. Users may also be able to remotely control specific appliances or establish
preferences for energy conservation.
4.2.2 Accuracy
The degree of accuracy with which these gadgets measure and record energy use is referred
to as accuracy in smart energy meters. To provide fair billing, efficient energy management,
and dependable data for multiple uses, smart meters must offer accurate readings.
A smart energy meter's accuracy is often given as a percentage or an error margin. For
instance, a meter with a 1% accuracy indicates that the readings can differ from the real
energy usage by no more than 1%. A more accurate meter will have a higher accuracy
percentage.
Smart energy meter accuracy is governed and held to standards established by regulatory
bodies and business associations. These norms can be particular to the kind of energy being
measured (such as electricity or gas), and they differ across different geographical areas.
Smart meter go through extensive testing and calibration throughout production and
installation to guarantee accuracy. To preserve their accuracy over time, routine maintenance
and occasional recalibration may also be carried out.
It's crucial to remember that accuracy can be affected by a number of variables, such as the
environment, meter manipulation, electromagnetic interference, and technical constraints.
Technology improvements and better meter designs, however, strive to reduce these
influences and improve accuracy.
4.2.3 Correctness
Correctness refers to the meter's capacity to carry out its prescribed duties precisely and
consistently. Several crucial elements relating to correctness in smart energy meters are listed
below:
Measurement Accuracy: The linked system or device's energy usage should be

precisely measured and recorded by the meter. As was previously said, accuracy is typically
38
expressed as a percentage or margin of error, indicating how closely the readings from the
meter correspond to the actual amount of energy consumed.
Data Integrity: Data on energy use is collected and transmitted via smart energy
meters. The meters must guarantee the integrity of the data it has gathered, guarding against
any loss or manipulation during transmission or storage. Data integrity controls aid in
preserving the precision and dependability of the meter's recorded data.
Functionality: Smart energy meters come with a range of functions and capabilities,
including load profiling, real-time monitoring, and remote data access. In this sense,
"correctness" refers to the meter's capacity to carry out certain tasks precisely and reliably.
For instance, the meter should provide trustworthy remote access to energy usage data and
provide accurate real-time information on energy consumption.
Standards Compliance: The rules and regulations regulating the design, production,
installation, and use of smart energy meters must be followed. Compliance guarantees that
the meters adhere to strict standards for precision, security, data privacy, communication
protocols, and compatibility with utility networks.
Reliability and Durability: Correctness includes the smart energy meter's

dependability and durability. To retain accurate measurements over time, it must function
consistently and endure external conditions including temperature changes and electrical
disruptions.
Thorough testing, adherence to standards, on-going monitoring, and maintenance are required
to guarantee the accuracy of smart energy meters. In order to ensure that these meters
function properly and provide accurate energy consumption data for invoicing, energy
management, and other purposes, regulatory authorities, utility companies, and manufacturers
play crucial responsibilities.
39
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, smart energy meters have several advantages and are essential to modernizing
the energy industry. Real-time data on energy consumption is provided by these gadgets,
allowing for more precise billing and encouraging energy conservation. Smart meters
encourage consumers to make informed decisions about energy consumption and
conservation by arming them with information about their energy usage trends.
By enabling improved monitoring and management of energy supply and consumption, smart
energy meters also aid in the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. They
encourage the creation of smart grids, which improve energy delivery and distribution and
make it more dependable and effective.
Additionally, by lowering carbon emissions, smart energy meters support environmental

sustainability. Consumers can spot potential for energy-saving solutions and change their
behavior as a result of having improved visibility into their energy usage. As a result, there is
less energy waste, less dependency on fossil fuels, and there will be more sustainable energy
in the future.
In conclusion, smart energy meters have a number of advantages, such as precise billing,
increased energy efficiency, the incorporation of renewable energy, and environmental
sustainability. Their adoption paves the way for a more knowledgeable and environmentally
friendly energy ecology, which is advantageous to both customers and the larger energy
infrastructure.
5.2 Future Recommendations

Enhanced Data Analytics: Smart energy meters are capable of gathering enormous
amounts of information about energy use. Future meters may use sophisticated data analytics
methods to give customers and energy corporations more insightful and useful information.
This might include real-time feedback on energy usage, customized energy-saving advice,
and alerts for impending maintenance.
40
Integration with Renewable Energy Sources: Smart energy meters can be
extremely useful in managing and optimizing the integration of renewable energy sources
into the power grid as they become more widespread. Future meters might be made to
monitor and manage the energy flow from things like solar cells, wind turbines, and energy
storage devices, enabling the effective use of clean energy.
Smart meters have the ability to enable demand response programs, which modify energy
usage patterns in response to supply and demand factors. Future meters might come equipped
with more advanced demand response features, enabling users to contribute to energy-saving
campaigns by automatically adjusting their energy usage during times of high demand or in
reaction to dynamic pricing signals.
Integration with Smart Home Systems: To enable a comprehensive energy

management strategy, smart energy meters can be combined with other smart home systems
including thermostats, lighting controls, and appliances. Future meters might provide smooth
interoperability and integration with different smart home gadgets, enabling users to automate
energy-saving measures and enhance overall energy efficiency.
Block chain Technology for Data Security: As data privacy and security
become more and more important, smart energy meters may use block chain technology to
guarantee safe and transparent data transfers. Block chain can aid in preventing tampering
with or unauthorized access to data on energy use, offering a dependable and trustworthy way
for maintaining such data.
Smart energy meters can support grid resilience by tracking and reporting grid problems in
real-time. Grid Resilience and Self-Healing. Future meters might have self-diagnostic
features that might identify grid problems or anomalies and alert utility providers in advance.
A self-healing grid could be made possible by enhanced metering infrastructure, in which
smart meters and distribution automation systems collaborate to isolate and restore power
during outages.
Consumer Engagement and Education: The improvement of consumer

engagement and education on energy consumption patterns and their effects on the
environment and energy costs should be a priority for future smart energy meters. Meters
might offer individualized energy usage information, benchmark comparisons, and
interactive user interfaces to help consumers make better decisions about their energy
consumption patterns. Other meters might incorporate new communication protocols,
41
including 5G or other wireless technologies, to enable effective and dependable
communication between smart energy
meters and utility systems. These protocols provide real-time monitoring and control of
energy use by providing high-speed data transfer, reduced latency, and greater capacity.
42
Reference
[1] Giordano, V., F. Gangale, G. Fulli, and M. S. Jiménez. 2011. Smart Grid projects in
Europe: Lessons learned and current developments. Energy and Transport.
doi:doi:10.2790/32946. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
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selection in demand response programs. Energy Procedia. 2017 Feb 1;107:49-59.
[3] Li and Li (2017) assessed the effect of smart metering on energy efficiency in their study.
The results showed that energy feedback mechanisms and smart energy meters together
reduced electricity use by, on average to 15%.
[4] A.A. Munshia, and Yasser A.-R. I. Mohamed, "Big data framework form analytics in
smart grids," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 151 pp. 369–380, 2017
[5] C. De Capua, G. Lipari, M. Lugarà and R. Morello, "A smart energy meter for power
grids," 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference
(I2MTC) Proceedings, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2014, pp. 878-883, doi:
10.1109/I2MTC.2014.6860868.
[6 ] Dudek G, Gawlak A, Kornatka M, Szkutnik J. Analysis of smart meter data for electricity
consumers. In2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
2018 Jun 27 (pp. 1-5). IEEE
[7] Q. Sun et al., "A Comprehensive Review of Smart Energy Meters in Intelligent Energy
Networks," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 464-479, Aug. 2016, doi:
10.1109/JIOT.2015.2512325.
[8] Kumar LA, Indragandhi V, Selvamathi R, Vijayakumar V, Ravi L, Subramaniyaswamy

V. Design, power quality analysis, and implementation of smart energy meter using internet
of things. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 2021 Jul 1;93:107203.
[9] Xiao L, Yao G, Bu S. S. Member,“Pricing-Based Demand Response for a Smart Home

With Various Types of Household Appliances Considering Customer Satisfaction,”. IEEE
Access. 2019;7:86463-72.
[10] Jain, S., Pradish, M., Paventhan, A., Saravanan, M., Das, A. (2018). Smart Energy
Metering Using LPWAN IoT Technology. In: , et al. ISGW 2017: Compendium of Technical
Papers. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 487. Springer, Singapore.
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SMART ENERGY METER

A BS Final Year Project by

Muhammad Umar Farooq

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Muhammad Umar Farooq

Muhammad Umar Farooq

Undertaken By: Muhammad Umar Farooq (654/FET/BSEE/F19)

Muhammad Junaid (664/FET/BSEE/F19)

Supervised By: Dr. Adnan Umar

Date Started: September, 2022

Date Completed: May, 2023

1.2 Project Overview .................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 1

1.4 Project Objectives ................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Brief Project Methodology ...................................................................................... 2

1.6 Report Outline ........................................................................................................ 2

Literature Review ............................................................................................ 4

2.2 Related Work/Projects ................................................................................................. 7

2.3 Project Contribution ................................................................................................ 8

2.4 Summary ................................................................................................................ 8

System Design and Implementation Details/Design Procedures ................... 9

3.1.1 Flow Diagram ................................................................................................ 10

3.1.2 Requirements/Requirements Analysis ............................................................ 11

3.2.1 Hardware/Development Setup........................................................................ 13

3.2.2 Hardware Details ........................................................................................... 14

3.2.3 Software Tools Used ...................................................................................... 22

3.3 Simulation Details ................................................................................................. 23

Results and Discussions ................................................................................. 26

4.1.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................... 31

4.2 Results .................................................................................................................. 33

4.2.1 Completion ................................................................................................... 34

4.2.2 Accuracy ....................................................................................................... 35

4.2.3 Correctness ................................................................................................... 35

Conclusion and Future Recommendations ................................................... 37

5.2 Future Recommendations ................................................................................... 37

Figure 3.2:Hardware implementation .................................................................................. 14

Figure 3.3: Four Channel Relay Module .............................................................................. 14

Figure 3.4: Two Channel Relay ........................................................................................... 15

Figure 3.5: PZEM ............................................................................................................... 16

Figure 3.6: Current Transformer .......................................................................................... 16

Figure 3.7: DC Motor .......................................................................................................... 17

Figure 3.8: Bulbs ................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 3.9: AC Fan.............................................................................................................. 18

Figure 3.10: LED ................................................................................................................ 18

Figure 3.11: Push Button ..................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.12: Wires ............................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.13: Vero Board ...................................................................................................... 20

Figure 3.14: ESP-32 Module ............................................................................................... 20

Figure 3.15: Adopters.......................................................................................................... 21

Figure 3.16: UART ............................................................................................................. 22

Figure 3.17: Source Sensing Circuit for ATS ....................................................................... 22

Figure 3.18: Simulation of Smart Energy Meter .................................................................. 23

Figure 4.1: Testing SEM ..................................................................................................... 27

Figure 4.2: Showing data on LCD ....................................................................................... 28

Figure 4.3: Overload detection ............................................................................................ 29

Figure 4.4: SEM in running state ......................................................................................... 30

Figure 4.5: Real Time Based Monitoring on Firebase .......................................................... 31

Figure 4.6: Features of Smart Energy Meter on Firebase ..................................................... 32

ATS Automatic transfer of switching

FYDP Final Year Design Project

HEMS Home Energy Management System