Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy

Area in polar coordinates

If we have a circle of radius r, and select a sector of angle θ, the area of a circle
is A= πr2. When measuring angles in radians, 360 degrees is equal to 2π radians.
Therefore a fraction of a circle can be measured by the central angle θ. The
𝛉
fraction of the circle is given by , so the area of the sector is this fraction
𝟐𝝅
multiplied by the total area:
𝛉 𝟏
𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = ∗ 𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝜽𝒓𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝟐

As shown in the figure, the rays divide the region R into n wedges with areas
(A1, A2,…, An) and central angles (∆𝛉𝟏, ∆𝛉𝟐, … . . , ∆𝛉𝐧) .
The area of the entire region can be written as:
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ 𝐴𝑛
𝑛

𝐴 = ∑ 𝐴𝑘
𝑘=1

1
Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy

If ∆𝛉𝒌 is small, then we can approximate the area of the kth wedge by the area
𝑨𝒌 of a sector with central angle ∆𝛉𝒌 and radius 𝒇(𝜽𝒌 ) where 𝜽 = 𝜽𝒌 is any ray
that lies in the kth wedge. Thus, the area of the sector is

𝑛 𝑛
1
𝐴 = ∑ 𝐴𝑘 ≈ ∑ [𝒇(𝜽𝒌 )]𝟐 ∆𝛉𝒌
2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

If we now increase n in such a way that max ∆𝛉𝐤 → 𝟎, then the sectors will
become better and better approximations of the wedges and it is reasonable to
expect that the approximation will approach the exact value.
𝑛
1
𝐴 = lim [𝒇(𝜽𝒌 )]𝟐 ∆𝛉𝒌 =∫ [𝒇(𝛉)]𝟐 𝐝𝛉
∆𝛉𝐤 →𝟎 𝑘=1 2

𝒏
𝟏
𝑨=∫ (𝒓)𝟐 𝐝𝛉
𝒌=𝟏 𝟐

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Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy

Example1: Find the area of the region in the first quadrant that is within the
cardioid 𝒓 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑎
a=1 , b=1 =1
𝑏
𝜋
21
𝐴= ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
0 2

𝜋 𝜋
21 21
𝐴= ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 0 2

3
Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =
2
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 1 1 2 1 1
𝐴 = ∫ [1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 0 2 2 0 2 2
𝜋
1 2 3 1
𝐴 = ∫ ( − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 0 2 2
𝜋
1 3 1 1 2
𝐴 = [ 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃]
2 2 2 2 0

1 3𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 3 1 1
𝐴 = [(2 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ) − (2 (0) − 2sin(0) + 2 . 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2(0)]
2

1 3𝜋
𝐴= [( − 2 + 0) − (0)]
2 4
3𝜋
𝐴= −1
8

Example2: Find the area within the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Solution

𝑎
a=1 , b=1 =1
𝑏
2𝜋
1 2
𝐴= ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 2

2𝜋 1
𝐴 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 2 𝑑𝜃
2

2𝜋
1 3 1
𝐴 = [ 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃]
2 2 4 0

1 3 1 3 1 1
𝐴 = [(2 2𝜋 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(2𝜋)) − (2 (0) − 2sin(0) + 2 . 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2(0)]
2

1 3𝜋
𝐴= [( 3𝜋 − 0 + 0) − (0)] =
2 2

4
Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy

Ex3: find the area of the region that is inside the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

And outside the circle r = 6

Solution:

𝒓 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑎
a=4 , b=4 =1
𝑏
𝜋
1
3
𝐴 = ∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑟12 − 𝑟22 )𝑑𝜃
− 2
3

𝜋
1
𝑂𝑟 𝐴 = 2 ∫03 ( 𝑟12 − 𝑟22 )𝑑𝜃
2
r2=6 , 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝜋
𝟐 𝟏
𝐴 = ∫03 (𝟒 + 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) − (𝟔) 2 𝑑𝜃 6= 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 → 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝟐
𝜋
𝟏 𝝅
𝐴 = ∫0 (16 + 32cos 𝜽 + 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 36)𝑑𝜃
3 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 = ±𝟔𝟎 = ±
𝟐 𝟑
𝜋
3 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
𝐴 = ∫ (16 + 32 cos 𝜽 + 𝟏𝟔 ( ) − 36)𝑑𝜃
0 𝟐
𝜋
3
𝐴 = ∫ (16 + 32 cos 𝜃 + 8 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 36)𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
3
𝐴 = ∫ (32cos 𝜃 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 12)𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴= [32𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 − 12𝜃]30 = (32𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 12 ) − (0)
3 3 3
𝐴 = 18√3 − 4𝜋 = 18.6105

5
Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy

Ex4: Find the area of the region that is inside the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

And inside the circle r = 4

2𝜋
1 2
𝐴= ∫ ( 𝑟 − 𝑟22 )𝑑𝜃
0 2 1
1 2𝜋
𝐴 = ∫0 [ (4) 2 − (2 − 2 cos 𝜃) 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
2

1 2𝜋
𝐴 = ∫ [16 − (4 − 8 cos 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 0

1 2𝜋 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝐴= ∫ [16 − 4 + 8 cos 𝜃 − 4( )] 𝑑𝜃
2 0 2

1 2𝜋 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝐴= ∫ [16 − 4 + 8 cos 𝜃 − 4( )] 𝑑𝜃
2 0 2

1 2𝜋
𝐴 = ∫ [16 − 4 + 8 cos 𝜃 − 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
2 0

1 2𝜋
𝐴= ∫ [10 + 8 cos 𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
2 0

1
𝐴= [10𝜃 + 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃]2𝜋
0
2

1
𝐴= [(10(2𝜋) + 8 sin(2𝜋) − sin 4𝜋) − (0)] = 10 𝜋
2

6
Mathematics III first semester Second class

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Ali Al- mussawy