Assist. Lect.

Heba Kadhm Salman

Water Resources-Faculty Engineering -Mustansiriyah University

Obstacles during the measurement:

The obstacles are genearally large water bodies, i.e lakes, rivers,…etc.

D E

A B
C F

AB = AC+CF+FB
Where CF=DE

A B
C E

𝐶𝐸 = √𝐶𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐸 2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐸 + 𝐸𝐵
 Assist. Lect. Heba Kadhm Salman
Water Resources-Faculty Engineering -Mustansiriyah University

∆ BCD C 𝛼

𝐵𝐷 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2 − 2𝐶𝐵. 𝐶𝐷 cos 𝛼

𝐵𝐶 2 +𝐶𝐷2 −𝐵𝐷2 A
D
cos 𝛼=
2𝐶𝐵.𝐶𝐷

∆ ACB
b
𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐵𝐶 2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 − 2𝐵𝐶. 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝛼 a
𝛾

𝜃 𝛼
1
= 2 sin (𝛼
2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1 c
= = ± 𝛽) cos (𝛼
2
sin 𝛼 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛾 ∓ 𝛽)
 Assist. Lect. Heba Kadhm Salman
Water Resources-Faculty Engineering -Mustansiriyah University

Example: A big pond obstructs the chain line (ab). A line (aI) was measured on
the left of line (ab) for circumventing the obstruct. The length (aI) was 901m.
Similarly, one the line (am) was measured on the right of line (ab) whose length
was 1100m. Points m, b, and I are on the same straight line. Lengths of (bI) and
(bm) are 502m and 548m, respectively. Find the distance (ab).

Solution:

∆ amI

𝑎𝑚2 +𝑚𝐼 2 −𝑎𝐼2

cos 𝛼 =
2𝑎𝑚.𝑚𝐼

11002 +10502 −9012

cos 𝛼 =
2×1100×.1050

= 0.6496532

𝑎𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚2 − 2𝑎𝑚. 𝑏𝑚 cos 𝜃

= 11002 + 5482 − 2 × 100 × 548 × 0.6496532

⸫ 𝑎𝑏 = 852.69𝑚
 Assist. Lect. Heba Kadhm Salman
Water Resources-Faculty Engineering -Mustansiriyah University

Levelling: is the most widely used method for obtaining the elevations of
ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate
procedure from that used for fixing planimetric position. Leveling requires a
graduated staff for the vertical measurements and an instrument called level that
will provide a horizontal line of sight.

Levelling terms:
Level line: A level line or level surface is one which at all points is normal to the
direction of the force of gravity as defined by a freely suspended plumb-bob.

Datum : A datum is any reference surface to which the elevations of points are
referred. The most commonly used datum is that of mean sea level (MSL)

Elevation: The distance measured along a vertical line from a vertical datum to a
point or object.

Reduced level(R.L): The heights of points relative to a reference datum.

Bench mark(B.M): Any permanent reference point which has an arbitrary
height assigned to it or has had its height accurately (above reference datum)
determined by levelling is known as a bench mark.

Backsight(B.S): Always the first reading for a new instrument station.

Foresight(F.S): Always the last reading from the current instrument station.
Intermediat sight(IS): Any sighting that is not a backsight or a foresight.
Change point(C.P) or Turning point(T.P): Location of the staff when the
level is moved. Changed point should be Stable and Well defined.
 Assist. Lect. Heba Kadhm Salman
Water Resources-Faculty Engineering -Mustansiriyah University

Permanent adjustment of level device readings (Two pegs method)

Ⅰ. ∆𝐻𝐴𝐵 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = 1.878 − 1.014 = 0.864𝑚……1

Ⅱ. ∆𝐻𝐴𝐵 = 2.224 − 1.332 = 0.892𝑚……2

∆𝐻Ⅱ > ∆𝐻Ⅰ (the line of sight upward +ve)
Correct reading at A= 2.224 − 𝑒𝐴
Correct reading at B = 1.332 − 𝑒𝐵
Where
𝑒𝐴 = 60 tan 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝐵 = 10 tan 𝜃
∆𝐻𝐴𝐵𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = Correct reading at A − Correct reading at B
0.864 = 2.224 − tan 60 − (1.332 − 10 tan 𝜃)…….3

H.W: Solved Eq.3 to find tan 𝜃and eA,eB to find correct reading at A and B.
 Assist. Lect. Heba Kadhm Salman
Water Resources-Faculty Engineering -Mustansiriyah University

Example: After the temporary adjusting the leveling device, the readings of staffs
at position A and B were 2.481m and 1.693m respectively, where the leveling
device puts at 12m behind the position A and the distance between A and B was
50m. After transferring the leveling device behind B with distance 8m and the
temporary adjusting on the leveling device was established again, the reading of
staff at A and B were 2.051m and 1.281m respectively. Find the correct readings at
A and B if there is an error in the leveling readings.

Solution:

Assume the line of sight upward

Ⅰ. Correct reading A= 2.481 − 12 tan 𝜃…….(A)
Correct reading B =1.693 − 62 tan 𝜃…….(B)
∆𝐻𝐴𝐵 = Correct reading A − Correct reading B
= 0.788 + 50 tan 𝜃………(1)
Ⅱ. Correct reading A= 2.051 − 58 tan 𝜃…….(C)
Correct reading B =1.281 − 8 tan 𝜃………(D
∆𝐻𝐴𝐵 = Correct reading A − Correct reading B
= 0.77 − 50 tan 𝜃………(2)
By combination between Eq.(1) and Eq.(2)
∆𝐻𝐴𝐵 = 0.779……..(3)

Substituting Eq.(3) in Eq.(1) or Eq.(2)

tan 𝜃 = −0.00018
Then
Ⅰ.Correct reading A= 2.483m
Correct reading B= 1.705m

Ⅱ. Correct reading A= 2.061m