L58 PDF

58
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Module 4:
Lecture 9 on Stress-strain relationship
and Shear strength of soils

Contents
 Stress state, Mohr’s circle analysis and Pole, Principal
stress space, Stress paths in p-q space;
 Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria and its limitations,
correlation with p-q space;
 Stress-strain behavior; Isotropic compression and
pressure dependency, confined compression, large stress
compression, Definition of failure, Interlocking concept
and its interpretations,
 Triaxial behaviour, stress state and analysis of UC, UU, CU,
CD, and other special tests, Drainage conditions; Stress
paths in triaxial and octahedral plane; Elastic modulus
from triaxial tests.
Example Problem
A drained triaxial compression test is carried out on a sample
of soil known to have the effective stress strength
characteristics c′ = 10 kPa, φ′ = 22°. If the cell pressure is 100
kPa draw the Mohr stress circle at failure and evaluate the
failure values of t, s′, q and p′. Draw the stress paths on both
t - s′ and q - p′ diagrams. What are the slopes of the stress
paths? Evaluate k′ (or a) and α ′ (or Ψ).
Composite stress parameters such as deviator stress and
mean effective stress are widely used in soil mechanics.
Also referred as q (= t) , p (= s)
MIT group Cambridge group

Solution
The radius of stress circle at failure is:

Solution
t = q = (σ1-σ3)/2
s = p = (σ1+σ3)/2
It can be seen that the t-s′ stress path has a slope of 1:1 and
the q-p′ stress path has a slope of 3:1

Relationship between Kf line and Mohr-Coulomb failure
envelope
From geometries of the two circles, it can be shown that:
sinφ = tan Ψ
c = a (or k′ ) / cosφ
q qf = a + pf tanΨ τ τf = c + σf tan φ
Kf
Ψ φ
a c
p σ
CD tests : Stress Path
Isotropic Consolidation : Constant isotropic stress
Mohr’s circle will be a point as σ1 = σ3
τ A sample of soil under isotropic
A= Total stress point; stress has a Mohr stress circle of zero
A′ = Effective stress radius.
point
For sample consolidated at constant
confining stress the stress path is a
B’ single point with u = 0, and σr = σr’ at
the end of consolidation
A, A’
σ, σ’
Initial state of stress at the application of
stress σ3

Isotropic Consolidation : Increasing isotropic stress
τ
B’
A, A’
σ, σ’
stress σ3

τ
Stress path travels along the line τ = 0
B’ C’, C
A, A’ B’
∆σ=∆u+∆σ’ σ, σ’
Increment in pressure is carried by pore water

τ
Consolidated ( Pore
water dissipates)
B’ C’, C
A, A’ B’
∆σ=∆u+∆σ’ ∆σ = ∆σ’ σ, σ’
If the total stress increment Δσ
is now removed the stress paths Increment in pressure is carried by pore water
will be reversed.
CD tests : Drained triaxial stress paths
Traxial test is restricted as the cell pressure must be equal to minor

or major principal stress.
Wide range of stress paths are possible because axial and radial
pressure can be varied independently
Axial and radial pressures may be

• Increased,
• Decreased, or
• Held constant.

CD tests : Drained triaxial stress paths
Compression: Constant isotropic total stress.. ∆σr = 0
Compression: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0
Extension: Constant isotropic total stress.. ∆σr = 0
Extension: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0
Possible combinations of Drained loading on triaxial

sample
Drained compression: Constant isotropic stress….. ∆σr = 0
In drained triaxial test σa = σa’ and σr = σr’ and u = 0
∆σ a ' = + ∆σ a '
∆σ r ' = 0
∆t = ∆τ ∆σ a '− ∆σ r ' ∆σ a '
∆τ = = Only stress which
2 2 changes is σa’ by an
∆s′ =∆σ′ ∆σ a '+ ∆σ r ' ∆σ a ' amount ∆σa’
∆σ ' = =
2 2
∆τ
∴ = +1
∆σ '
Drained compression: Constant isotropic stress….. ∆σr = 0
τ Initial stress
Kf line
P
path point ∆τ
 = +1
Compression
1
1 ∆σ '
∴ K0 = 1
R
M σ, σ’
Extension
∴The stress path is a straight line with slope 1:1

failing at point P

Drained compression: Constant axial stress….. ∆σa‘= 0
∆σ a ' = 0
∆σ r ' = − ∆σ r '
∆σ a '−(− ∆σ r ' ) ∆σ r '
∆τ = = Only stress which
2 2 changes is σr’ by an
∆σ a '+ (− ∆σ r ' ) ∆σ r ' amount ∆σr’
∆σ ' = =−
2 2
∆τ
∴ = −1
∆σ '
Drained compression: Constant axial stress….. ∆σa‘= 0
τ Initial stress
Kf line
P
path point ∆τ
 = −1
Compression
∆σ '
∴ K0 = 1
R
1
-1
M σ, σ’
∴If the stresses are initially isotropic the
Extension
resulting stress path is given by MR

Drained extension: Constant isotropic stress….. ∆σr‘= 0
∆σ r ' = 0
∆σ a ' = − ∆σ a '
− ∆σ a '− ∆σ r ' ∆σ a '
∆τ = =− Only stress which
− ∆σ a '+ ∆σ r ' ∆σ r ' amount ∆σr’
∆σ ' = =−
2 2
∆τ
∴ = +1
∆σ '
Drained extension: Constant isotropic stress….. ∆σr‘= 0
τ Initial stress
path point ∆τ
 = +1
Compression
∆σ '
∴ K0 = 1
M
-1 σ, σ’
-1
Q This stress path MQ is a simple
Extension
extension of the corresponding

compression test MP into the
extension stress zone.
Kf line

Drained extension: Constant axial stress….. ∆σa‘= 0
∆σ a ' = 0
∆σ r ' = + ∆σ r '
∆σ a '− ∆σ r ' ∆σ a '
∆τ = =− Only stress which
∆σ a '+ ∆σ r ' ∆σ r ' amount ∆σr’
∆σ ' = =+
2 2
∆τ
∴ = −1
∆σ '
Drained extension: Constant axial stress….. ∆σa‘= 0
τ Initial stress
path point This stress path MS is a ∆τ
 = −1
Compression
simple projection of the ∆σ '

corresponding compression
∴ K0 = 1
test path MR into the
extension stress zone.
M σ, σ’
Q -1
Extension
Kf line S
Stress paths Indicating that the τ added
to the sample horizontally
does not change s , just t. In
reality, s may increase
slightly due to passive
pressure developed at
sample ends in upper part.
Isotropic compression
Triaxial compression
1-D consolidation and extension tests DS test
CU tests: Stress path
Isotropic Consolidation : Increasing isotropic

stress
The stress path for Isotropic consolidation
remains identically same in both CD and
CU triaxial tests.

CU tests : Stress Path
τ
B’
A, A’
σ, σ’
stress σ3

τ
B’ C’, C
A, A’ B’
∆σ=∆u+∆σ’ σ, σ’

τ
Consolidated ( Pore
water dissipates)
B’ C’, C
A, A’ B’
∆σ=∆u+∆σ’ ∆σ=∆σ’ σ, σ’

CU tests : Undrained triaxial stress paths
Compression: Constant isotropic total stress.. ∆σr = 0
Compression: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0
Possible combinations of undrained loading on triaxial

sample

CU tests : Undrained triaxial stress paths
Undrained compression: Constant isotropic stress….. ∆σr = 0
The slopes of the total stress paths in conventional undrained

compression are found by putting ∆σr = 0 and thus
∆τ = ∆σa′/2
∆σ = ∆σa/2 and
∆τ/∆σ = 1.
The effective stress paths will be separated from these by the pore
pressure value ‘u’ at any time.

Pore pressure parameters
B is a coefficient indicating level of saturation

A is an excess PWP coefficient
B = 1 for saturated soils, then at failure

A = Af = ∆u/(∆σ1- ∆σ3)
Skempton’s equation is very useful in determining
whether a soil is saturated in axisymmetric test.
During isotropic
consolidation, ∆σ1 =∆σ3,
then B = ∆u/∆σ3
For saturated soils, B ≈ 1; B = 0 for dry soils.
A-parameter at failure (Af)
For normally consolidated clays Af ≈ 1.
B-parameter
B = f (saturation,..)
Af = f(OCR)
For heavily over-consolidated clays Af is negative.
Af values
Variation of Af with OCR
After Budhu M (2000)

Skempton (1954) PWP equation:
∆u = B[∆σ 3 + A(∆σ 1 − ∆σ 3 )] At failure

A = 0.33 to 1
B=1 for saturated clay (Normally
∆u = A∆σ 1 + ∆σ 3 (1 − A)] consolidated clay)
A = 0 to -0.25
∆σr = 0 and ∆τ = ∆σa /2 (Heavily
Overconsolidated
∴ ∆u = A(∆σ 1 ) = 2 A∆τ clay)

Skempton (1954) PWP equation:
∴ ∆u = A(∆σ 1 ) = 2 A∆τ At failure

A = 0.33 to 1
(Normally
If ‘A’ is constant during the test the
consolidated clay)
effective stress path is a straight line with
slope as, A = 0 to -0.25
(Heavily
∆τ 1 Overconsolidated
= clay)
∆σ ' (1 − 2 A)

τ Slope(1/(1-2A)
∆u
ES TS
u0 σ, σ’
ES = Effective stress path

TS = Total stress path
Stress paths are assumed linear, As ‘A’ varies with test progress, ideally the stress paths are
curved in nature.

Undrained compression: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0
∆σ ∆σ ∆σ r = − ∆σ 3
∆τ
∴ = −1
∆σ ∆σ ∆σ
A = B + C
A = B+C
As ‘B’ cause no change in effective stress
No change in σ’ A=C
So, Effective stress path for undrained compression are same for both constant
axial stress loading as well as constant radial stress loading
Undrained compression: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0
τ Unique effective stress
path
Compression
Total stress path

σa constant σr
decreased
Total stress path σr
constant σa increased
∆u2 ∆u1
Extension
45° 45°
σ, σ’

Influence of stress paths on laboratory measured undrained strength:
τ Slope [1/(1-2Af)]
∆τ 1
Effective stress path =
∆σ ' (1 − 2 Af )
∆u1
k’ τ0
α’ 45°
τ0(1 - 2Af) σ, σ’
τf(1 - 2Af)
k’cotα σ0’

Influence of stress paths on laboratory measured undrained strength:
At failure ∆τ 1
=
∆σ ' (1 − 2 Af )
Referring previous figure, for soil with initial stress (τ0, σ0’)
k '+σ 0 ' tan α '−(1 − 2 Af )τ 0 tan α ' c' cot φ '+σ 0 '−(1 − 2 Af )τ 0
τf = OR τf =
1 − (1 − 2 Af ) tan α ' cos ecφ '−1 + 2 Af
Undrained compressive strength
c' cot φ '+σ i ' Considering the undisturbed specimen
τf = initially at negative effective stress σi=-ue
cos ecφ '−1 + 2 Af
and initially τ0= 0

CD tests : Example
Undrained strength for a soft clay
Undisturbed soil specimens are taken from a depth z = 5 m in a

soft, lightly over-consolidated clay for which K0 = 0.7, unit weight
γ = 16 kN/m3, c′ = 0, φ′= 22°. The water table is at a depth zw =
1m, and assume γw = 10 kN/m3. For specimens tested under a
cell pressure of 40 kPa. (Assume σv0 = γz.) If Af = 0.8, find the
undrained compression strength Cu.

CD tests : Solution
Undrained strength for a soft clay
σ v = γz = 80kPa
0
σ v ' = γz − γ w ( z − z w ) = 40kPa.
0
σ h ' = K 0σ v ' = 28kPa

0 0
(σ v '+2σ h ' ) (40 + 2 × 28)

ue = − 0 0
=− = −32kPa
3 3
c' cot φ '+σ i ' 0 + 32

τf = = = 10kPa
cos ecφ '−1 + 2 Af cos ec 22 − 1 + 2 × 0.8

CD tests : Example
Undrained strength for a stiff clay
Undisturbed samples are taken from a depth of 5 m in a stiff,

heavily overconsolidated clay for which K0 = 1.8, γ = 20 kN/m3,
c′ = 5 kPa, φ′ = 22°. The water table is at a depth of 3 m and
assume γw = 10 kN/m3. For specimens tested under a cell
pressure of 100 kPa. (Assume σv0 = γz.) If Af = -0.15, find the
undrained compression strength Cu.

CD tests : Solution
Undrained strength for a stiff clay
σ v = 100kPa,
0
σ v ' = 70kPa,
0
σ h ' = 126kPa
0
(σ v '+2σ h ' ) (70 + 2 ×126)

ue = − 0 0
=− = −107.3kPa
3 3
c' cot φ '+σ i ' 5 × cot 22 + 107

τf = = = 87 kPa
cos ecφ '−1 + 2 Af cos ec 22 − 1 + 2 × (−0.15)

Octahedral plane
σ1
Hydrostatic axis
σ2 = 0 σ1 =σ2=σ3
Octahedral plane
σ3 σ1+σ2+σ3 = constant
σ1 = 0
σ3 = 0 Octahedral plane is very near to
the soil failure state and so very
useful to derive failure theories
σ2 of soil
Octahedral plane σ1
(σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3 ) σ2 = 0
σ oct =
3
τoct σoct
(σ 1 − σ 2 ) 2 + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) 2 + (σ 3 − σ 1 ) 2 σ3
τ oct =
3
(σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3 ) σ1 = 0
σ oct ' = −u
3
τ oct ' = τ oct σ3 = 0
Total and effective octahedral
shear stress will be equal σ2

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58

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Stress path travels along the line τ = 0

Increment in pressure is carried by pore water

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Stress path travels along the line τ = 0

Traxial test is restricted as the cell pressure must be equal to minor

Axial and radial pressures may be

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Compression: Constant isotropic total stress.. ∆σr = 0

Compression: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0

Extension: Constant isotropic total stress.. ∆σr = 0

Extension: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0

Possible combinations of Drained loading on triaxial

∴The stress path is a straight line with slope 1:1

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

resulting stress path is given by MR

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

extension of the corresponding

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

simple projection of the ∆σ '

Isotropic Consolidation : Increasing isotropic

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Stress path travels along the line τ = 0

Increment in pressure is carried by pore water

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Stress path travels along the line τ = 0

Increment in pressure is carried by pore water

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Compression: Constant isotropic total stress.. ∆σr = 0

Compression: Constant axial total stress….. ∆σa = 0

Possible combinations of undrained loading on triaxial

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

The slopes of the total stress paths in conventional undrained

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

B is a coefficient indicating level of saturation

B = 1 for saturated soils, then at failure

Variation of Af with OCR

After Budhu M (2000)

∆u = B[∆σ 3 + A(∆σ 1 − ∆σ 3 )] At failure

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

∴ ∆u = A(∆σ 1 ) = 2 A∆τ At failure

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

ES = Effective stress path

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Total stress path

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Undisturbed soil specimens are taken from a depth z = 5 m in a

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

σ h ' = K 0σ v ' = 28kPa

(σ v '+2σ h ' ) (40 + 2 × 28)

c' cot φ '+σ i ' 0 + 32

Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay