Mathematical Department Dana Rashid

Fourth Stage Harez Omer

Group B Samar Kazm

Group 3 Deman Husen

Exercise 2.2 limits Complex Number Kawsar Kawa

1) Compute the given complex Limits

𝑧 3 +𝑖𝑧 2 −𝑧−𝑖
b) lim
𝑧→−𝑖 𝑧+𝑖
Solution:
𝑧 2 (𝑧 + 𝑖 ) − (𝑧 + 𝑖 )
=
𝑧+𝑖
𝑧 2 (𝑧 + 𝑖 ) (𝑧 + 𝑖 )
= −
𝑧+𝑖 𝑧+𝑖
= lim (𝑧 2 − 1)
𝑧→−𝑖

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦
= lim (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 1 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦)
𝑧→−𝑖

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 1
𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑢0 = lim 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2
𝑥→0
𝑦→−1

𝑣0 = lim 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑥→0
𝑦→−1

𝑢0 + 𝑖𝑣0 = −2

𝐼𝑚(𝑧 2 )
c) lim
𝑧→3𝑖 𝑧+𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
Solution:
𝐼𝑚(𝑧 2 )
lim (1)
𝑧→3𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧)
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦
𝐼𝑚(𝑧 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦 (2)
𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑥 (3)
 Put eq 2&3 in eq 1
𝐼𝑚(𝑧 2 ) 2𝑥𝑦
lim = lim
𝑧→3𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧) 𝑧→3𝑖 2𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 2(0)(3) 0
lim = = =0
𝑥→0 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2(0) + (3) 3
𝑦→−1

𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
3) Consider the limit lim
𝑧→0 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
a) What value dose the limit approach as z approaches 0 long the liny
𝑦 = 𝑥?
𝑅𝑒(𝑧) 𝑥 𝑦
ans: lim = lim = lim =1
𝑧→0 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) 𝑧→0 𝑦 𝑧→0 𝑦
b) What value dose the limit approach as z approaches 0long the
imaginary axis?
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
Ans: lim =0
𝑧→0 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

c) Based on your answers for (a) and (b), what can you say about
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
lim .
𝑧→0 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
Ans: does not axis.

4) Write the epsilon-delta proof that lim [(1 − i)z + 2i] = 2 + 𝑖2.
𝑧→1+𝑖
Solution:
lim [(1 − i)z + 2i] = 2 + 𝑖2
𝑧→1+𝑖
If, for every 𝜖 > 0, there is a δ > 0, such that
|(1 − i)z + 2i − 2 − 𝑖2| < 𝜖 whenever 0 < |𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖 )| < 𝛿
Start with the inequality
2
|(1 − i)z − 2| < 𝜖 , |1 − i||z − |<𝜖
1−i
2 2
√2|z − 1−i | < 𝜖 (since |1 − 𝑖 | = √2 & = 1 + 𝑖)
1−𝑖
𝜖
|𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖 )| <
√2
𝜖
𝛿=
√2
lim [(1 − i)z + 2i] = 2 + 𝑖2 that does not indicate how the choice of 𝛿
𝑧→1+𝑖
was made
 𝜖
Given ε > 0 , 𝛿 =
√2
𝜖
If 0 < |𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖 )| < 𝛿 then we have |𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖 )| <
√2
𝜀
|1 − 𝑖 ||𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖 )| < √2 → |(1 − i)z − 2| < 𝜖
√2
(2𝑖 − 2𝑖 = 0) then |(1 − i)z + 2i − 2 − 2𝑖 | < 𝜖
lim [(1 − i)z + 2i] = 2 + 𝑖2
𝑧→1+𝑖

̅̅̅̅̅̅
5) It is true that lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = lim 𝑓(𝑧̅) for any complex function 𝑓? If so,
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0
then give a brief justification, if not, and then find a counter example?

Solution:
̅̅̅̅̅̅
For any complex function lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = lim 𝑓(𝑧̅) is true
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0
For example:
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 , 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ 𝑅
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 (𝑧) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛
= ̅̅̅
𝑎0 + 𝑎̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 𝑧 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑧
𝑛

= ̅̅̅
𝑎0 + 𝑎̅̅̅𝑧̅
1 + ⋯ + ̅̅̅𝑧𝑎𝑛 ̅̅̅𝑛

= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧̅ + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 ̅̅̅ 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑧̅)
If lim 𝑓 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑧) = 0, then lim 𝑓(𝑧̅) = 0
𝑧→0 𝑧→0
̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
∴ lim 𝑓 𝑧 = lim 𝑓(𝑧̅)
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0
8) The following is an epsilon-delta proof that lim 𝑧̅ = 𝑧̅0 . Provide the
𝑧→𝑧0
missing justification in the proof.
Proof:
lim 𝑧̅ = 𝑧̅0 , if for every 𝜖 > 0, there is a δ > 0, such that
𝑧→𝑧0
| … … . | < 𝜖 whenever 0 < |… … | < 𝛿. By properties of complex
modulus and conjugation, |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = |̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = | … . | . therefore,
if 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝛿 and 𝛿 = ⋯ , then |𝑧̅ − 𝑧̅0 | < 𝜖.