School of science, Gujarat university

Department of mathematics
M.sc semester-1

Name: Timbal Mehulkumar Premjibhai

Roll no. : 45

Subject: MAT-403 ( Complex analysis-I)

Topic: Hyperbolic functions

The hyperbolic function in terms of exponential function defined as
below,
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 =
2 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
1
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑧 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧

1
2
𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑧 = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
 Numericals
1) show that cosh2 z − sinh2 z = 1.
Proof: Let us consider z = x + iy,
We know the formula,
i.e. sinhz = e z −e −z & coshz = e z +e −z
2 2
now,
L.H.S.=cosh2 z − sinh2 z
2 2
={ 𝑒 𝑧 +𝑒 −𝑧 } −{ }
2 2
1 𝑒 𝑧 −𝑒 −𝑧
= ( 𝑒 2𝑧 + 2𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 −2𝑧 − 𝑒 2𝑧
+4
2𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧 − 𝑒 −2𝑧 )
1
= ( 4)
4
=1
= R.H.S.
2) Find out zeros of tanhz.
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
We want to find out zeros
of tanhz so,
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 0
 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
=0
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 0
Now,we know the formula,
i.e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 −𝑒 −𝑧
2
⇒ (𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 )/2 = 0
1
⇒𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑧 =0
𝑒
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑧 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑧 = (1)
1 (𝑒 2𝑛 𝜋 𝑖 = 1)
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑛 𝜋 𝑖

Hence, ⇒ 2𝑧 = 2𝑛𝜋𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 =are
Zeros of 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧 𝑛𝜋𝑖,𝑛𝜋𝑖,
𝑛 ∈𝑛𝑍∈ 𝑍.

3) Find the derivative of tanhz with

respect to z.
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
 We have formula for 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧,

i.e. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧𝑧 −𝑒 −𝑧
−𝑧
𝑒 +𝑒

Diffrentiate w.r.t. z we get,

𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧) = 𝑑 {𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑒𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 }
Using qautient rule of diffrentiation,
1
= 𝑑
𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 ) 𝑑 ( 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 ) −
𝑧 −𝑧
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) 2 [ (𝑒
𝑧
𝑑
( 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 ) 𝑑 ( 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 )
𝑧

1
= [( 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 )( 𝑒 𝑧
(𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 ) 2
+ 𝑒 −𝑧 ) − ( 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 )( 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 )]
4
= 𝑧
(𝑒 + 𝑒−𝑧)2
2 2
=[
]
𝑒 𝑧 +𝑒 −𝑧

= (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑧)2
= sech2 𝑧
Hence, the
derivative of
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑧 𝑖𝑠 sech2 𝑧.
 SHORT
QUESTIONS
1) Show that |𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒛|𝟐 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒙 +
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚.
Solution:
Let us consider 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,

So, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 = cosh(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑖𝑦)
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑖𝑦)

(1)
But we know that,

cosh(iy) = cosy &

sinh(iy) = isiny
Put this value in eqaution (1)
we get,
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 −
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
Now,
 ⇒ cosh2 𝑥 = 1 + sinh2 𝑥
Put this value in above eqaution we get,

= (1 + sinh2 𝑥 ) cos 2 𝑦 +
sinh2 𝑥 sin2 𝑦
= cos2 𝑦 + sinh2 𝑥 cos2 𝑦
+sinh2 𝑥 sin2 𝑦
= cos2 𝑦 + sinh2 𝑥 (cos2 𝑦 +
sin2 𝑦)
= sinh2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑦
= 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.

2) Prove that,

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐡(𝟐𝒛)

Proof:

i.e. 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
Let =𝑥+ =𝑖𝑦,
𝑒 𝑧 −𝑒 −𝑧 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 +𝑒 −𝑧
2 2
We know the formula,
so,
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. =
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧
 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 } 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 }
= ( 2) { 2 2
{
𝑒 2𝑧 − 𝑒 −2𝑧
=
2
= sinh(2𝑧)
= 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
Hence, proved.

𝟑) Show that 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉(𝒛 + 𝝅𝒊) = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒛.

Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
We
i.e. know
𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑧the
= 𝑒formula,
𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑧𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑧

replace 𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑧 + 𝜋𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,

𝑧 +𝜋 𝑖
−( 𝑧+𝜋𝑖 )
𝑒𝑒 𝑧 +𝜋 𝑖 −𝑒
+𝑒 − ( 𝑧 +𝜋 𝑖 )
coth(𝑧 + 𝜋𝑖) =
𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝜋𝑖 +
𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 −𝜋𝑖
=
But,𝑒 𝜋𝑖 𝑒 𝑧𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑒 𝜋 𝑖 −= −1
−𝑖 −𝜋𝑖
𝑒 𝑒
And 𝑒 −𝜋 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 = −1
So,

𝑧 −𝑧
−𝑒 −𝑒
coth(𝑧 + 𝜋𝑖) = −𝑒 𝑧 +𝑒 − 𝑧
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
=
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑧
Hence,proved.
 M.C.Q.S

𝒅
1) (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒛) =?
𝒅𝒛

(𝐚)𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐳 (𝐛)𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐳 (𝐜)𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐳

(𝐝)𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐳

Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
We know the formula,
i.s. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 +𝑒
2
−𝑧

differentiate with respect to z we get,

𝑑 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧) = 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
Ans.(d)
 2) What is the value of
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒛 𝒅𝒛 =?
(𝒂) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒛 (𝒃)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒛 (𝒄) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛 (𝒅) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒛
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
=
2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
Ans.(a)
3) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝒛 + 𝟐𝝅𝒊)
(𝐛) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐳
=? (𝐚) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐳

(𝐜) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐳 (𝐝) 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐳

Solution:
𝑧 −𝑒 −𝑧
We know the
i.e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 𝑒formula,
2
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑧 + 2𝜋𝑖 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,
𝑧 +2𝜋 𝑖
−( 𝑧+2𝜋𝑖 )
𝑒 2
−𝑒
sinh(𝑧 + 2𝜋𝑖) = 𝑒 𝑧 𝑒 2𝜋 𝑖
−2𝜋 𝑖𝑒
−𝑒
−𝑧
=
2
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
=
2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
Ans.(a)
4) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(−𝒊𝒛) =?
(𝐚) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐳 (𝐛) 𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐳
(𝒄) − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛
(𝒅) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒛
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦,
𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑖𝑧
sinh(−𝑖𝑧) = 2

𝑖(𝑒 𝑖 𝑧 −
= − −𝑖 𝑧
𝑒 ) 2𝑖

= −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧

Ans.(c)
 5) 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐𝒛 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒛 =?
(𝒂) 𝟎 (𝒃) 𝟏 (𝒄) − 𝟏 (𝒅) 𝟐
Solution:
Here,
1 sinh 2𝑧
sech2 𝑧 + tanh2 𝑧 = +
cosh 𝑧 cosh2 𝑧
2

1 + sinh2 𝑧
=
cosh2 𝑧

cosh2 𝑧
=
cosh2 𝑧

=1
Ans.(b)
THANK YOU