Abstract Book

SETAC North America 29th Annual Meeting

Table of Contents
Platorm Presentatons
5 Monday
48 Tuesday
89 Wednesday
127 Thursday
Poster Abstracts
165 Monday
208 Tuesday
254 Wednesday
302 Thursday
349 Author Index
366 Session Index
368 Keyword Index
This book is comprised of the abstracts of the presentatons for the platorm, interactve plat-
form, and poster sessions of the 29th Annual Meetng in North America of the Society of En-
vironmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), held at the Tampa Conventon Center, Tampa,
Florida, 1620 November 2008. The abstracts are reproduced as accepted by the Scientfc Pro-
gram Commitee and appear in numerical order. In each abstract, the Presentng Authors name
is underlined.
This book contains an Author Index that cross-references the corresponding abstract numbers. A
Session Index and Keyword Index to all the presentatons is also included.
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2008 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
International Standard Serial Number 1087-8939
SETAC
A PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
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Environmental Quality Through Science
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 5
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1 Global transport and fate of POPs an Oceanic perspective.
R. Lohmann, L. Zhang, Graduate School of Oceanography, University
of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI; L. Nizzetto, L. Gioia, K.C. Jones,
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; J. Dachs, Department
of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; C. Temme,
Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany. Results
from recent ocean cruises covering the Arctic (2004), Atlantic (2006)
and Pacic (2007) Ocean are presented for dierent POPs. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were
simultaneously measured in air and surface seawater between 49 N and 25
S in the open Atlantic Ocean. Broad latitudinal trends were observed with
the lowest PAH and PCB air concentration in the South Atlantic and the
highest o the west coast of Africa. Te unexpectedly high concentrations
o NW Africa were discussed assessing the possible contribution of the
emerging oil industry along the African shore, the role of biomass burning
and natural sources of PAHs. Correlations of PAHs partial pressures versus
inverse temperature were not signicant, in contrast to results for PCBs
from the same transect. Tis could have been due to the importance of
ongoing primary sources for PAHs combined with shorter atmospheric life-
times. Comparison with other data from cruises in the Atlantic Ocean since
1990 indicate little change in PCB air concentrations over the remote open
ocean. Ratios for anthracene and phenanthrene were <0.3 in the remote
tropical Atlantic, suggesting net volatilization. During a 2006/2007 cruise
on the Pacic, gas-phase PCBs were highest in the Northern Hemisphere
(NH), and decreased towards the equator. In the remote South Pacic,
concentrations declined to <10 pg/m3 for individual PCBs. In the surface
water, concentrations of PCBs decreased from >2 pg/L per congener in
the NH to ~1 pg/L in the S-Pacic. Dissolved PCBs in the S-Pacic gyre
were higher than those reported from the S-Atlantic, possibly due to the
extremely low biological productivity and removal uxes from the S-Pacic
gyres surface waters.
2 PAHs and Particulate Matter: A Look at US and Chinese
Atmospheres. J. Layshock, K. Anderson, S. Simonich, Environmental &
Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; J. Murray,
R. Huber, S. Simonich, Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR;
S. Tao, Environmental Sciences/Geography, Peking University, Beijing,
China. Episodic trans-Pacic atmospheric transport events to the Western
United States have been observed for many contaminant classes, including
semi-volatile organic compounds. Reported concentration enhancements of
particulate matter (PM) bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
measured at remote locations, have been correlated to both inter- and intra-
continental transport. In addition, further identication of substituted
PAHs, resulting from either combustion sources or photochemical
transformation of directly emitted PAHs during transport may reect
sources of these pollutants. A high elevation site in the Cascade Mountains
of Oregon and a rooftop in metropolitan Beijing, China were chosen as eld
sites in 2007 for the collection of size fractionated PM for PAH analysis.
Characterization of PM-bound PAHs was achieved by measuring their
chemical concentrations in three particle size fractions (>7.2m, 1.5-7.2m,
<1.5m) that were collected using a high volume air sampler. Te PM
fractions were analyzed simultaneous for parent and non-polar substituted
PAHs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nitro and oxy substituted
PAHs are identied and quantied using dierent methods including
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Initial results conrm
the hypotheses that elevated concentrations of PAHs and substituted
PAHs on PM collected from Beijing are indicative of specic sources.
Enhanced concentrations of higher molecular weight PAHs, including some
carcinogenic PAHs, on Beijing PM were associated with the ne, respirable
PM fraction of less than 2.5m diameter particles. Elevated PM-bound
PAH concentrations and key PAH isomers were measured at the Western
US site and may be used to dierentiate between regional and trans-Pacic
sources. Future work will include testing of the extracted U.S. and Beijing
PM for mutagenicity and DNA damage using genotoxicity assays.
3 Old and Emerging Flame Retardants around the Great
Lakes. M. Venier, R.A. Hites, School of Public & Environmental Aairs,
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Air samples were collected every
12 days at ve sites near the Great Lakes (Eagle Harbor, MI; Chicago, IL;
Sleeping Bear Dunes, MI; Cleveland, OH; and Sturgeon Point, NY) from
Nov. 2003 to Dec. 2006. Precipitation samples were also collected at the
same sites on a monthly basis. Samples were analyzed for polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other ame retardants, such as 1,2-bis(2,4,6-
tribromophenoxy)ethane, Dechlorane Plus, and decabromodiphenylethane.
Te highest mean atmospheric concentrations of total PBDEs were found
at the urban sites of Chicago and Cleveland (65 4 and 87 8 pg/m
3
,
respectively) and the lowest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor (5.8 0.4
pg/m
3
). In precipitation samples, the average concentration of total PBDEs
ranged from 94 19 ng/L at Chicago to 0.65 0.14 ng/L at Sturgeon
Point. BDE-47, 99, and 209 were the most abundant congeners at all sites
in both phases, suggesting that the penta-BDE and deca-BDE products
were the main sources of PBDEs. Te logarithmically transformed ame
retardant air concentrations showed a seasonal trend at most sites. Te
atmospheric concentrations of BDE-47 and 99 (summed over the gas and
particle phases) were generally decreasing with half-lives of ~2 years, but
the concentrations of BDE-209 were not decreasing at any of the ve sites.
TBE, DBDPE and DP were detected at all sites, but with the exception
of DP, there were insucient data to determine temporal trends for these
compounds. Te observed air concentrations were explained by looking at
the inuence of human population density and backward air trajectories.
Air and precipitation concentrations were also used to determine annual
ows (kg/y) to the Great Lakes. Te highest ows for BDE-47, and total
PBDEs were to Lake Michigan (150 40 and 310 79 kg/y, respectively)
while the highest ow for BDE-209 was to Lake Erie (79 56 kg/y). We
found good agreement between atmospheric ows (inputs) and sediments
ows (outputs) for Lake Superior, but we found a signicant imbalance for
BDE-209 for the other two lakes and for BDE-47 for Lake Michigan. Tese
ndings suggest that Chicago is a preferential source of BDE-47 to Lake
Michigan and that Cleveland is a preferential source of BDE-209 to Lake
Erie.
4 Air-Water Gas Exchange of Currently Used Pesticides in the
Canadian Arctic. L. Jantunen, T. Bidleman, Environment Canada, Egbert,
Ontario, Canada; F. Wong, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada; G. Stern, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada. Transport of pesticides from agricultural elds to non-
target areas is of great interest because they are manufactured to be toxic to
biota. Currently used pesticides (CUPs) are generally less persistent than the
older style organochlorines, but they can still undergo atmospheric transport
through volatilization and deposition followed by re-emissions. Some
ultimately make their way to sensitive ecosystems such as the Canadian
Arctic. Te CUPs dacthal, chlorothanonil and endosulfan are found in
areas where no usage occurs. Endosulfan has been reported in temperate
Canadian lakes and Arctic Ocean water and dacthal and chlorothalonil have
been detected in temperate and arctic lakes. Parallel air and water samples
were collected in the Canadian Archipelago as a part of Tundra North West
in 1999 and again in 2007 as part of International Polar Year and ArcticNet.
CUPs detected include chlorpyrifos, triuralin, endosulfan, chlorothalonil
and dacthal. Levels of CUPs in air and surface water will be presented
along with the water/air fugacity ratios to determine the net gas exchange
direction.
5 A unique PCB is discovered in the air throughout Chicago.
K.C. Hornbuckle, D. Hu, A. Martinez, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; D. Macken,
Engineering Design and Prototyping Center, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA. We have measured 3,3-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) in ambient
air throughout the city of Chicago (USA). PCB11 was a trace component
of the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor1221 and has not been reported
in environmental samples except in water near euents from paint
manufacturers. PCB11 was measured in air collected at more than forty
locations in Chicago during weekdays from November 2006 through
November 2007. Air was sampled using high volume samplers mounted on
platforms attached to the rear of two medical clinic vans. PCB11 and many
other PCB congeners were found almost exclusively in the extracts from the
XAD-2 resins and determined using a tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/
MS). Te concentration of PCB11 ranged from non-detectable to 140 pg
m-3. It was detected in 91% of the 184 samples and comprises up to 15%
of the total PCB congeners detected. After normalizing for temperature, the
concentrations of PCB11 in the city were relatively uniform and detected
values vary by about a factor of ten. Te prevalence of PCB11 in Chicago
air suggests that there are either multiple sources in the city or that this
compound is ubiquitous in background air. In any case, PCB11 in Chicago
is not related to the legacy of Aroclor use. Tis has important implications
6 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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for human exposure to this potentially toxic compound. If PCB11 is indeed
present in commonly used paint, then paint chips could be a direct exposure
route for children. It is also possible that PCB11 is present not only in
Chicago, but in air elsewhere and also in soil, water, animals, food and
humans.
6 Passive Sampling of Indoor and Outdoor Air in Urban
and Remote Environments. C.L. Persoon, K.C. Hornbuckle, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;
C.L. Persoon, K.C. Hornbuckle, Iowa Institute for Hydraulic Research,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Passive samplers were used at both indoor
and outdoor environments at three distinctly dierent sites: Metro Chicago,
a historically industrial site, East Chicago, IN, a highly industrialized urban
area with potential sediment sources, and Columbus Junction, IA, a remote
rural location. Initial comparison shows large variation in concentrations
for outdoor air, but similar concentrations for indoor air at both urban
and rural sites. Congener distributions were looked at for identication of
sources in both indoor and outdoor air, with the hypothesis that indoor
air concentrations can be correlated to indoor sources, such as caulk and
building materials. Outdoor sources for urban areas can be attributed to
major industrial activities and rural sources can be attributed to well mixed
ambient air. We also examined congener distributions to determine if
indoor air sources were major contributors to outdoor air concentrations,
specically in rural areas.
7 Determination of Potential Exposure of Oce Workers in
Tampa Bay Area to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. F.M. Jaward,
Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL; H. Alegria, Environmental Science & Policy, University of
South Florida St Petersburg, St Petersburg, FL. Abstract: Polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of emerging persistent and
bioaccumulative compounds used as ame retardants. Tough exposure
routes have not been fully elucidated, PBDEs have been found in a variety
of North American ecosystems. Te studies conducted to date have been far
from comprehensive and high exposure levels in large swaths of the United
States, Canada and Mexico remain a mystery. Levels recently detected in
U.S. milk, blood, and food are among the highest reported in the world.
Te high level of PBDE contamination in the U.S. population and food is
cause for concern since these compounds have similar physical-chemical,
bioaccumulative, and toxicological properties to traditional persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) (for example, polychlorinated biphenyls and
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), and have been shown in laboratory
animal studies to be toxic in a number of ways. Te main goals in this
study are to assess the indoor-outdoor gradient of PBDE concentrations,
determine if there are any seasonal variations in PBDE concentrations,
and to assess the implications for human exposure via indoor air. Tis pilot
research is based on the fact that indoor environment is one of the NORA
priority research areas under work environment and workforce. Te research
was therefore carried out in oce buildings on two USF campuses (Tampa
and St Petersburg) and their surrounding environments in the Tampa Bay
area. Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk samplers were employed to collect both
the indoor and outdoor air. Tree sampling campaigns were undertaken
between July 2007 and June 2008. Te samples were analyzed for the
predominant class of PBDEs up to the octa-PBDEs. Tis presentation will
detail the results of the study, including concentrations of dierent classes
of PBDEs and indoor versus outdoor concentrations. Data obtained will
be compared with baseline data set by WHO for exposure levels of PBDEs.
Te presentation will also include our interpretation of the results obtained,
especially as related to potential sources. Tis pilot study will report the
rst attempt to provide preliminary data on PBDEs using a passive sampler
network in Florida.
8 Alternative Brominated Flame Retardants in San Francisco
Bay Wildlife and Sediments. S. Klosterhaus, San Francisco Estuary
Institute, Oakland, CA; H. Stapleton, Nicholas School of the Environment,
Duke University, Durham, NC; A. Peck, Skidaway Institute of
Oceanography, Savannah, GA; A. Konstantinov, Wellington Laboratories,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada; D. Greig, Te Marine Mammal Center,
Sausalito, CA. Worldwide restrictions on the use of polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have led to the use of alternative brominated
ame retardant (BFR) chemicals to meet consumer product ammability
standards. Little information on the presence of these alternatives in the
environment is available and risk assessments to determine their impact
on the environment have been challenging because basic information
on their use, and in some cases their structural identities, are not readily
available. In this study several current use BFRs were quantied in harbor
seal blubber, double crested cormorant eggs, sport sh, bivalves, and
sediment collected from San Francisco Bay. Te BFRs measured included
hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB),
hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy) ethane
(BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), Dechlorane Plus (DP),
and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA). To assist in identication of specic
structures we also characterized a new BFR that is currently used in the
highest volumes to meet the California furniture ammability standard.
Tis information was previously listed as proprietary and not available. Te
two brominated chemicals identied in this mixture were di(2-ethylhexyl)
tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), which is the brominated analogue of the
commonly used plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and 2
ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB). TBB and TBPH were also
quantied in biosolids collected from two municipal wastewater treatment
plants (WWTPs) that discharge euent to San Francisco Bay to provide an
indication of the potential for these chemicals to migrate out of consumer
products and accumulate in the environment. Concentrations of TBB
and TBPH in biosolids ranged from 40 to 1412 and 57 to 515 ng/g
dry, respectively. At one WWTP the mean concentration of TBB (1240
264 ng/g dry) was comparable to BDE 209 (1023 179 ng/g dry).
Concentrations of the alternative BFRs and how they compare to PBDEs in
San Francisco Bay environmental samples will be discussed.
9 Study of Polibromanated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in
Waste Water of El Paso Del Norte Using Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction/
Termal Desorption/GC-MS. B.A. Rocha, W. Lee, ESE, UTEP, El Paso,
TX; B.A. Rocha, W. Lee, Chemistry, UTEP, El Paso, TX. Polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated compounds widely
used as ame retardants. PBDEs are structurally similar to polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and appear to act similarly in the environment. Due to
their persistence and lipophilicity, PBDEs are found to be bioaccumulated
and biomagnied in the food chain. Since PBDEs are not regulated in the
USA, large amounts of these harmful chemicals are dumped into drainage,
survive the treatment processes in the Wastewater Treatment Plants, and
are released into the aquifers. Ongoing research of PBDEs is focused on
their occurrences, concentration, fate, and transport in the environment,
and the impact on the ecosystem and human health. Te objective of this
study was to investigate the presence of PDBEs in wastewater in a border
region (El Paso, TX and Cd. Juarez). An innovated and environmental
friendly technique, called Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) coupled
with thermal desorption Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
was applied in the analysis of PBDEs in water samples. Concentrations as
low as parts per trillion can be detected in wastewater using this technique.
Target compounds for this study are: BDE #28, BDE #47, BDE #85, BDE
#99, BDE #100, BDE #153, BDE#154, BDE-183 BDE#197, which are
commonly found in the environment and some are considered the most
toxic. Te concentration of PBDEs in 5 wastewater treatment in this region
will be reported.
10 Te CALCAS scientic framework for New LCA. R.
Heijungs, J.B. Guine, G. Huppes, Institute of Environmental Sciences,
Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands. Within the EU-FP6-funding
scheme, the CALCAS project has focused on three major elements of
LCA development: 1) deepening LCA, that is adding more realism and
sophistication in the LCA model, such as dynamics, economic behavior,
spatial detail; 2) broadening LCA, that is adding issues that are currently
not addressed in LCA, such as economic aspects, social aspects, biodiversity;
3) better founding LCA, that is making it less an ad-hoc model, but rather
connecting it to established disciplines, such as decision theory, economics,
ecology. Following the establishment of the ISO-standards for LCA, many
developments have taken place to deepen, broaden, and provide a better
foundation for LCA. To mention just a few examples, scenarios have been
proposed for a broader validity of the goal and scope specication, economic
elasticities have been proposed to improve the inventory modelling, social
indicators have been proposed in connection to LCIA, and multi-criteria
tools have been applied for life cycle interpretation. All of these inputs are
extremely useful, but together they result in a confused picture, because
the coherence of the approaches gets lost. An important part of the
CALCAS project is therefore to design a framework for New LCA, which
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 7
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accommodates new developments in a coherent way, and in a more exible
manner than the framework for ISO-LCA. Tis presentation will sketch the
basic features of the framework for New LCA, show how it builds on the
framework for ISO-LCA, as well as where it deviates from it.
11 Development of a recommended Life Cycle Impact Assessment
methodology - a European step towards a worldwide method. M.
Hauschild, Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark,
Lyngby, Denmark; M. Goedkoop, A. De Schryver, PR Consultants,
Amersfoort, Netherlands; J. Guine, R. Heijungs, CML, Leiden University,
Leiden, Netherlands; M. Huijbregts, Department of Environmental Science,
Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; O. Jolliet, M. Margni,
EcointesysLife Cycle Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland; R. Bersani, European
Commission - Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy. Since the early nineties
many attempts have been made to harmonise life cycle impact assessment
methodology to enhance the recognition of LCA as a robust decision
support tool. Clear guidance on what data and methods to use is required
for policy support and called for by business representatives. A project
commissioned under the European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment
coordinated by the European Commission has developed a coherent and
consistent framework for LCIA characterisation modelling providing
recommendations for characterisation models at midpoint and endpoint
level of the environmental impact pathways, adressing all the commonly
applied impact categories. Tis has been achieved through a systematic
comparison of the major LCIA methods used worldwide, building on work
done in SETAC through the 1990es and continued under the UNEP-
SETAC Life Cycle Initiative after 2002. Te scope of the work is to provide
generic characterization factors in a worlwide perspective and insights on
spatially dierentiated characterization factors for Europe when relevant.
Te framework, models and factors are intended for future recommendation
by the European Commission in relation to their dierent policy areas
under the heading of Sustainable Consumption and Production and in
support of business applications. Framework, model recommendations and
classication of the recommended models have been developed in a process
involving extensive hearings of domain experts for the dierent impact
categories, Business and method developer Advisory Groups, representatives
for National LCA projects around the world as well as a broad public
stakeholder hearing. Te results are presented in a Technical Guidance
Document for LCIA, together with guidance on calculation of missing
characterisation factors. As an input to the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle
Initiative, the guidance document also presents recommendations for future
research based on the analysis of each impact category. Te presentation will
report on the approach and present the Technical Guidance document and
some of the recommendations it leads to for individual impact categories.
12 New Method for Calculating Metal Characterization
Factors in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. N. Gandhi, M.L. Diamond,
Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; M.L. Diamond, Geography, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; D. van de Meent, M. Huijbregts,
Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; W.
Peijnenburg, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment
(RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands; J. Guine, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; B. Koelmans, Wageningen
University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands. Under the
UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, we developed a generic method
to improve metal characterisation factors (CFs) to be used in the life
cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of chemicals. Te method is robust and
compatible with that for organic chemicals, and addresses key issues
that needed improvement for the assessment of environmental fate and
ecotoxicological eects of metals. We achieved our goal by linking the
results from three models: (1) WHAM 6.0 that calculated Kd and metal
speciation-complexation in aquatic systems, (2) USETox that calculated
metal specic fate estimates, and (3) Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) along
with Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) that estimated both acute
and chronic toxicity (HC50) of metals to aquatic organisms. We applied
the method to calculate CFs of Cu, Ni and Zn, due to abundance of
their aquatic toxicity data, for freshwater archetypes. We present the
model estimates of CFs, which vary over 1000 times for three metals,
and compare them with previously reported values. Our results show that
the environmental variability in chemistry can change fate (persistence)
estimates within two times but can change toxicity estimates by about four
orders-of-magnitude. Tese results clearly indicate the need for consensually
selecting a freshwater archetype for LCIA practitioners.
13 Development of recommended characterization factors
for primary and secondary particulate matter. O. Jolliet, S. Shaked,
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health,
University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI; O. Jolliet,
S. Humbert, Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland; Y.
Nishioka, Harvard University, Boston, MA; J. Guine, R. Heijungs, CML,
Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; M. Goedkoop, PR Consultants,
Amersfoort, Netherlands; M. Huijbregts, Radboud University, Nijmegen,
Netherlands; P. Preis, Universitt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; J. Marshall,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; S. Humbert, University of
California, Berkeley, CA; M. Hauschild, Technical University of Denmark,,
Lyngby, Denmark. Primary and secondary particulate matter (PM) often
dominate the human health damage category in life cycle assessment (LCA).
Two complementary eorts have been carried out to provide state-of-the-art
recommended characterization factors (CF) that can be used to estimate the
fate, population exposure and health eects of PM worldwide: a) within a
task force of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative and b) as part of the
LCIA European Method development. An extensive review of literature
and existing models has been conducted, carefully evaluating dierences in
assumptions, input data, models and results. Specic criteria were developed
and applied to evaluate the environmental relevance and scientic validity
of these models. Te resulting values for the CF vary by about an order
of magnitude between dierent models. Between regions of low and high
population densities, the PM2.5 intake fraction varies by a factor of 10
100 (rural median iF = 0.5ppm and urban median iF = 15ppm), which is
more than the factor 5 variation between the dierent models themselves.
Tus the ability to dierentiate between low and high population densities
is a key characteristic before considering the quality of the model itself. Te
eect and severity factors vary within a relatively narrow range of 15 to 67
DALY/kg PM2.5. Tis is a rather narrow range of uncertainty compared
to other eect factors, such as those for organic pollutants. Both RiskPoll
and the Greco models enable intake fraction calculation, in a simplied
approach as a function of population density around the emission source.
Results of van Zelm et al (2008), TRACI and averages from EcoSense can
be used for complementary analysis. Recommendations will be further
discussed as well as further research need and an evaluation of the quality of
the present models. Tese results are intended for, and can be incorporated
into, life cycle impact assessment for human health.
14 A framework for assessing freshwater use within LCA: Results
from the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative Project on Water Use
in LCA. A.-. Koehler, R. Juraske, S. Pster, Institute of Environmental
Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; J. Bayart, C.
Bulle, M. Margni, CIRAIG, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; P. Arena,
University of Mendosa, Mendosa, Argentina; E. Aoustin, F. Vince, VEOLIA
Environnement, Paris, France. Current life cycle assessment methods
generally do not provide assessment schemes and characterization factors
for the potential environmental impacts from freshwater use and depletion
of freshwater resources. Tey thereby neglect important environmental
consequences from the loss in quality and availability of freshwater. Te
project Assessment of use and depletion of water resources within the
LCA framework undertaken within the second phase (2007-2010) of the
UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, addresses this severe methodological
deciency. Te project aims at enhancing the global consensus and relevance
of existing and emerging life cycle approaches and methodologies by taking
the challenge to develop an operational framework for implementing the
assessment of freshwater resources into current LCA practice. Supplying
a methodological framework and operational assessment methods as nal
project deliverables in the next two years, this project will help to further
stipulate the worldwide use of life cycle approaches in decision-making in
business, government and the general public. Te presentation will focus on
the main developments achieved in the rst year of the project. A general
framework for integrating water resources into LCA is being proposed.
Te framework includes denitions of relevant freshwater resource types,
a description of impact indicators on mid-point and end-point level,
the latter reecting dierent areas of protection, a set of possible impact
pathways, a description of qualitative aspects of the cause-eect chain
relationships and a procedure to dene which pathways should be followed
at which conditions. Te assessment framework shall provide recommended
8 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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guidance for development of LCA methods enabling the modeling of
water withdrawal and impact pathways up to the environmental damages
as well as the integration of regionalization aspects. Te presentation will
in particular highlight the impact pathways leading to ecosystem quality
impairments and discuss the regional aspects being highly relevant for
assessing adverse eects on dierent types of ecosystems.
15 Characterization factors for damage to aquatic biodiversity
caused by water use. R. Maendly, S. Humbert, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; S. Humbert, Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems,
Lausanne, Switzerland. Te way society uses water can strongly aect
ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity. However, due to the complexity of
this topic, these impacts are currently only poorly addressed by current life
cycle impact assessment methodologies. Tis paper proposes a framework
to calculate characterization factors used for quantifying damage to
aquatic biodiversity caused by water use. Damage can be expressed as the
potentially damaged fraction of species (PDF) that disappear over a certain
area aected (in PDF-m2) caused by a certain amount of water used per
year for a specic purpose. When this framework is applied to the case
of hydroelectric dams, the impacts can be expressed, either per amount
of water owing through the dam per year, or relative to the amount of
electricity produced per year. Tis framework expresses results using PDF-
m2-yr per unit of water or electricity. Tis unit is advantageous in that it is
consistent with other damage-oriented impact categories describing damage
to ecosystems and thus allowing comparison between dierent types of
impacts. Suggested characterizations factors are calculated for dams. Results
show that for hydroelectric dams, damage on aquatic biodiversity are on
the order of 0.01 (0.002-0.1) PDF-m2-yr per m3 of water used or 0.04
(0.01-0.2) PDF-m2-yr per kWh produced. Tese values are between 1 and
3 orders of magnitude higher than the total damage to ecosystems currently
evaluated for electricity production, indicating that the damage to aquatic
biodiversity by hydroelectricity is signicantly underestimated and should
be considered when comparing the environmental impacts of competing
electricity production technologies. Tese characterization factors can be
directly combined with appropriate inventory databases and used in life
cycle assessment related to water use. Tis is especially useful for processes
using electricity from hydroelectric utilities, but also for processes using
water for irrigation, power plant cooling or public use. Tus the inclusion
of water use damage to aquatic biodiversity within overall damage to
ecosystems quality increases the reliability of nal results reported from LCA
containing processes using water.
16 Identication of best practice analysing existing models
on resource depletion and recognition of problems within this area
of protection/impact category. A. De Schryver, M. Goedkoop, Pr
Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands; R. Heijungs, CML, Leiden,
Netherlands. Within most life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods the
eects of natural resource depletion are often described with a single impact
category indicator. However, the scope of this impact category potentially
covers a wide variety of eects. Tis should be dened through a clear
denition of the Area of Protection, but we found that such descriptions
are often unclear or missing. A further complication is that the impact
category resource depletion not only aects the area of protection resource
depletion but also aects ecosystems or human health damage. Within
the frame of a project to develop a coherent and consistent framework
for LCIA characterisation modelling at midpoint and endpoint level for
future recommendation (commissioned under the European Platform
on Life Cycle Assessment and coordinated by the European Commissions
Joint Research Centre in collaboration with DG Environment), a
recommended preferred model for the impact category resources had to be
selected. Existing LCIA methodologies were scanned for resource depletion
characterisation models. Each resource model was evaluated, applying
a predened list of general criteria supplemented by specic criteria for
resource depletion. In the analysis six dierent midpoint methods and four
endpoint methods were pre-selected and evaluated. As all models cover
dierent eects and are positioned on dierent levels in the cause-eect
pathway for resources, a categorization of the models was necessary. Tree
subcategories of resource depletion models were developed: (1) models
that are entirely based on a physical property of a resource, such as exergy,
(2) models that are based on the use to stock ration, such as those applied
in CML and EDIP (3) models that are based on the increased eorts that
future generations will need to exercise to extract a resources, like models
applied in Eco-indicator 99 or ReCiP. Models reecting water depletion are
treated separately. For each category the best practice is recommended. Te
categorization and the question on what is important to preserve resulted
in several discussions. Terefore, expert and stakeholder feedback was
important in the process. Tis paper addresses the diculties in separating
the scientic quality from the conceptual dierences between methods and
highlights the overall confusion in the LCIA methodologies in this eld.
17 Environmental decision-making using life cycle impact
assessment and stochastic multi-attribute decision analysis: A case
study on alternative transportation fuels. T.P. Seager, Golisano Institute
for Sustsinability, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY; T.P.
Seager, K. Rogers, Ecological Science & Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is characteristic of
problems in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), in which criteria are
typically incommensurate and nal preference ordering of alternatives can
be dependent on decision maker values and the method of analysis. Current
state-of-the-art LCA tools typically compute an overall environmental
score using a linear-weighted aggregation of characterized inventory data
that has been normalized relative to total industry, regional, or national
emissions. However, when the LCA is conducted for comparative decision-
making, current normalization practices risk masking impacts that may
be signicant within the context of the decision, albeit small relative to
the reference data (e.g. total US emissions). Additionally, uncertainty
associated with quantication of weights is generally very high. Where
multiple stakeholder groups are engaged in a particular problem, several
dierent sets of weights must be elicited that can result in disparate scores
or ranking. Partly for these reasons, many LCA studies truncate impact
assessment at the inventory characterization step, rather than completing
normalization and weighting steps (considered optional by ISO standards).
Tis paper describes a novel approach called stochastic multi-attribute
life cycle impact assessment (SMA-LCIA) that combines an outranking
approach to normalization with stochastic exploration of weight spaces
-- avoiding some of the drawbacks of current LCIA methods. To illustrate
the new approach, SMA-LCIA is compared with a typical LCIA method
for crop-based, fossil-based and electric fuels using Argonne National Labs
GREET model for inventory data and EPAs TRACI for characterization. In
contrast to the typical LCIA case, in which results are dominated by fossil
fuel depletion and global warming considerations, the SMA-LCIA approach
balances criteria more evenly, resulting in a dierent preference ordering.
Te principal advantage of the SMA-LCIA method is the ability to facilitate
construction of context-specic preferences by simultaneously representing
multiple weights spaces and exploring the sensitivity of the alternative
preferences to uncertain stakeholder values.
18 Te molecular puzzle of p53 in haemic neoplasia in mussels:
expression, regulation, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. A.
Muttray, E. Vassilenko, S. Baldwin, Chemical and Biological Engineering,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
T. OToole, R. van Beneden, Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular
Biology, Te University of Maine, Orono, ME. Mussels have been used
for many years in mussel watch programs around the world and many
physiological endpoints have been documented. Te mussel species
Mytilus trossulus develops a fatal leukemia-like disease of the haemolymph
called haemic neoplasia. It is thought that several factors contribute to
this neoplasia: genetic, environmental, and transmissible factors. Tis
study examines genetic factors, in particular the expression, regulation,
and mutation of the highly conserved homologue for mammalian tumor
suppressor p53. Te p53-mediated molecular networks are well understood
for mammalian cancers and are thus providing a hypothetical blueprint for
the interpretation of gene expression data in relation to haemic neoplasia in
mussels. We show that p53 and a N-terminally truncated deltaN isoform
are expressed at signicantly higher levels in neoplastic when compared
to normal haemocytes. For the rst time, we present the sequence for a
Mdm2-like transcript in invertebrates which, in mammals, is activated by
p53 and tightly regulates p53 protein levels in a negative feedback loop.
Te expression levels of the mussel Mdm2 homologue and p53 are directly
correlated, suggesting that a similar regulation may exist in mussels. In
addition, preliminary results from yeast-two-hybrid assays indicate that this
Mdm2 homologue can bind to p53. We also investigated the expression
levels of the proto-oncogene homologue ras. Interestingly, ras was not up-
regulated in mussel haemic neoplasia, unlike in many human cancers. Te
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 9
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question remains why up-regulated p53 is unable to protect the haemocytes
from aberrant growth. To this end, we suspect that specic single nucleotide
polymorphisms may reduce p53 protein translation. It is also thought that
p53 is translocated to the cytoplasm where it is inactive. In conclusion, the
in-depth investigation of the invertebrate p53 molecular network provides
us with much needed insight for the interpretation and validation of high-
throughput toxicogenomic approaches which are currently being developed
for eco-toxicological research using bivalve bioindicator species.
19 Identication of a novel transcription factor involved in
the dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP)-induced
activation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)
in largemouth bass. M.S. Prucha, Pharmacology and Terapeutics,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; J. Kocerha, A.D. Heggestad, T.P.
Yang, Biochemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; K.J. Kroll, N.D.
Denslow, Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; D.
Steinhilber, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Universitaet Frankfurt, Frankfurt,
Germany. Te mechanisms of action of endocrine disrupting chemicals
(EDCs) in the environment are not well understood. Te largemouth bass
(LMB) is known to be highly sensitive to EDCs and serves as a good model
for EDC studies. Among the genes that have been identied as targets of
EDCs is the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). StAR controls
the rate-limiting step in steroid production in vertebrates and transports
cholesterol across the mitochondrial membrane for metabolism into
steroid hormones. To better characterize StAR transcriptional regulation
and to elucidate potential mechanisms of EDC actions on StAR, a 2.9kb
portion of the LMB StAR promoter was cloned and transfected into Y-1
mouse adrenocortical cells. Treatment with 1mM dbcAMP stimulated
transcription of the LMB StAR promoter more than two-fold. Point
mutations were made in several transcription factor binding sites to assess
their importance in the dbcAMP response of StAR using transfection
experiments. A particularly interesting mutation that diminished promoter
response to dbcAMP was a putative site for retinoic acid-related receptor
(RORE). Verication of the functionality of the RORE was conrmed using
a uorescence-based electromobility shift assay (EMSA) which showed that
specic proteins in basal and dbcAMP-induced nuclear fractions could
bind to a probe encompassing this site. Control EMSA experiments using
recombinant human ROR4 protein produced a similar banding pattern
and the specicity of the interaction was veried by supershift using an
ROR4 antibody. We are currently in the process of performing chromatin
immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to further verify involvement of ROR
in the regulation of dbcAMP stimulation of StAR. Characterization of StAR
regulation at the promoter level will contribute to a better understanding of
potential mechanisms of action of various endocrine disrupting chemicals
on StAR expression.
20 Xenoestrogen-dependence of human estrogen receptor
interaction with coregulator proteins and the estrogen response
element. J.C. Clark, L. Ferguson, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; T. Sabo-Attwood, Environmental
Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Endocrine
disrupting compounds (EDCs) are of toxicological interest because they
have the potential to disrupt normal endocrine system functions in exposed
organisms, resulting in reproductive and developmental abnormalities.
Xenoestrogens are a large class of structurally-diverse EDCs that mimic or
block the actions of the endogenous hormone, 17-estradiol, by binding
to a ligand-inducible transcription factor known as the estrogen receptor
(ER). In the presence of ligand, the ER dimerizes and translocates into the
nucleus where it then binds to a promoter DNA sequence, the estrogen
response element (ERE), and recruits coregulator proteins to form a
large transcriptional complex. Xenoestrogens can act through this same
mechanism to activate or repress gene transcription. In order to study the
mechanism by which xenoestrogens modulate ER transcriptional activity,
we have used electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) to examine the
ligand-dependence of ER-ERE complex formation. In addition, we have
utilized a time-resolved uorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)
assay to probe the ability of xenoestrogens to induce recruitment of a
model peptide (derived from SRC-1, a known coactivator protein present
in breast cancer cells) to the human estrogen receptor. Our objective in
this work was to study the ligand-dependence of these processes across
classes of estrogenic xenobiotics including nonylphenol and bisphenol-A
in comparison to endogenous steroids (e.g. estradiol) and the breast-cancer
treatment drug tamoxifen. Results of EMSA assays indicate that ER-ERE
complex formation can be initiated by xenoestrogens, although signicantly
higher concentrations of these compounds are required to induce
interaction relative to estradiol. We will discuss results of EMSA studies
conducted with an ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line to examine
ligand-induced recruitment of ER from a complex nuclear extract mixture.
Finally, results from the TR-FRET coactivator recruitment experiments
conrm successful recruitment of the SRC-1 peptide to the human ER in
a ligand concentration-dependent manner. Overall, our results suggest that
xenoestrogenic environmental contaminants can induce ER activation in a
manner mechanistically consistent with that of the endogenous hormone
estradiol.
21 Characterization of FXR alpha function in Japanese medaka
(Oryzias latipes): furthering our understanding of hepatobiliary
function in teleosts at the molecular level. D.L. Howarth, S.H. Law,
D.E. Hinton, S.W. Kullman, Integrated Toxicology and Environmental
Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC; D.L. Howarth, D.E.
Hinton, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham,
NC; S.H. Law, S.W. Kullman, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Te liver is a target organ for
many environmental toxicants and their metabolites. Model organisms are
often employed to study these compounds in the laboratory. One example
is the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small freshwater teleost with a
robust history of usage in liver and biliary toxicity studies. Little is known
about the molecular biology underlying critical medaka liver functions
during normalcy, making it dicult to denitively characterize toxic
responses. Here we describe the function of medaka FXR alpha (medFXR),
a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that plays a key role in bile
acid homeostasis. We have identied two isoforms of medFXR that dier
in the AF1 domain and are the result of alternative splicing of one gene
locus. Quantitative real time PCR data shows that medFXR1 is highly
expressed in liver, while medFXR2 is expressed in gut and kidney. Trough
in vitro studies with PLHC-1 cells we have been able to show that both
medFXR isoforms respond to various bile acids and the synthetic agonist
GW4064. In vivo exposures of medaka hatchlings to GW4064 at various
doses signicantly altered expression of dened FXR targets including BSEP,
SHP, and CYP7A1. Here we hypothesize that medFXR1 and 2 may
dierentially activate gene targets in the presence of an agonist. We suggest
that this mechanism can be used in vivo to alleviate the hepatotoxicity of
the reference compound -naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) in medaka. Our
continued investigation of medFXR function, along with other important
nuclear receptors of the liver, is a rst step to furthering our understanding
of hepatobiliary toxicity in teleosts as a result of exposure to environmental
contaminants. Tis work is supported by an EPA STAR Graduate
Fellowship, and by funds from the National Center for Research Resources
and the National Institutes of Health.
22 Bulky mitochondrial DNA adducts cause developmental
arrest and are handled via a process involving mitochondrial fusion
and autophagy in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. J.
Meyer, M. Leung, A. Bernal, A. Arrant, T. Crocker, Nicholas School
of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC. Mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) integrity is critical for organismal health, but is also
three-fold to several hundred-fold more sensitive than nuclear DNA to
specic genotoxins. Tis vulnerability is exacerbated by the fact that the
mitochondrial genome lacks nucleotide excision repair, which is responsible
in the nucleus for repair of a large number of environmentally important
DNA helix-distorting lesions, such as those caused by polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. We are using the genetic, genomic, and molecular tools
available in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to elucidate the
eects (molecular and organismal) and fate (processes for damage removal)
of bulky mtDNA adducts. Eects: We have found that developmental
exposure to bulky adducts leads to delayed/arrested larval development and
reduced reproductive tness when present at high levels or when combined
with specic genetic defects. At lower levels, preliminary evidence suggests
that bulky mtDNA damage lead to neurodegeneration. We are currently
investigating the hypotheses that such damage impairs mitochondrial
transcription, oxygen consumption, and ATP production. Finally, we are
investigating the global transcriptomic response to persistent mtDNA
damage via microarray analysis. Fate: We observed that bulky mtDNA
damage is removed slowly (~30% after 72 hours) from the mitochondrial
10 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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genome in intact, post-mitotic adult C. elegans. We found that this removal
process is mediated by genes that code for autophagy and mitochondrial
fusion: deletion of genes coding for proteins involved in these processes
leads to an exacerbation of mtDNA-mediated larval arrest, and RNAi-
mediated knockdown of these genes abrogates the nematodes ability to
remove mtDNA damage.
23 Adaptation to metals in natural populations of Daphnia
dened by tness assays, population genetics, and gene expression. J.
Shaw, S. Paland, S. Glaholt, J. Colbourne, Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN; C. Chen, D. Bugge, C. Folt, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; J.
Dudycha, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; N. Yan, York
University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Natural populations of Daphnia
pulex near smelters in the Sudbury region of Ontario faced severe metal
stress for over 100 years. Twenty isolates from each of seven lakes in Sudbury
and seven geologically similar, non-metals contaminated lakes in the
Dorset area of Ontario are established in the laboratory under standardized
conditions. Genotyping of each isolate at ~30 dierent microsatellite
markers along the sequenced genome reveal three genetically distinct
Daphnia lineages. Two lineages delineate by geographic region (Clade A
in Sudbury vs. Clade B in Dorset), while the third Clade C is comprised
of daphniids from both regions. Traditional chronic toxicity assays (21-d)
compare the response of populations within these lineages to metals (As,
Cd, Cu and Ni). Results from the laboratory tests indicate that Clade A
populations are adapted to cadmium stress. For example, these populations
show no dierences in their life history parameters when comparing
control and cadmium exposed Daphnia. By contrast cadmium exposures
signicantly decrease reproductive success for animals in Clades B and
C. Our studies also indicate that no tness costs are imparted on adapted
Daphnia from Clade A in the absence of metals, which diers from our
observations of animals physiologically acclimated to metals. Te molecular
and genetic mechanisms for adaptation are explored using candidate genes
derived from microarray experiments with metal exposed Daphnia. Genetic
dierences for the expression of the metal responsive gene metallothionein
(MT-1) are found to play an important role in metal adaptation in these
populations. While the levels of MT-1 transcript are elevated in response
to cadmium exposure in all Daphnia, constitutive expression of MT-1 in
adapted Daphnia is greater than the induced levels in non-adapted Daphnia.
In addition, preliminary analyses of polymorphisms in markers tightly
linked to candidate metal responsive genes reveal additional genes and allelic
combinations that strongly correlate with the adaptive phenotype. We are
currently re-sequencing isolates across genomic regions thought to be under
strong selection from metals to identify adapted, and conversely, susceptible
populations. Tese studies contribute to and benet from the Daphnia
Genomics Consortium.
24 Towards an integrated understanding of genes controlling
sexual maturation in female trout. I. Schultz, S.E. Hook, MSL, Battelle
PND, Sequim, WA; J.S. Verducci, Y. Liu, W.L. Hayton, J. Kim, Ohio St.
U., Columbus, OH; T. Cavileer, J. Nagler, U. of Idaho, Moscow, ID; G.
Craciun, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. As the use of high density
gene arrays based on fully or largely sequenced genomes increases in sh
toxicological studies, several trends are emerging that limit the interpretation
of the results. 1) A high percentage of genes signicantly altered in
expression have no clear vertebrate or invertebrate homolog and are thus
classied as unknown. 2) Many identied genes have no obvious link to
the presumed toxic mode of action. 3) Many genes altered in expression,
although considered statistically signicant, are still only marginally
aected (<2-3 fold) and the biological signicance within the context of
a genes normal range of expression is unknown. Tese problems have
been especially apparent in toxicogenomic studies of endocrine disruptors
in sh. To improve our understanding of gene expression and sexual
maturation in sh, we characterized the natural changes in gene expression
in tissues comprising the brain-pituitary-ovary-liver axis (BPOL) in female
rainbow trout during a 12 month reproductive cycle. At 18 dierent time
points during the cycle, groups of sh were euthanized, BPOL tissues
removed & gene expression patterns characterized using a 16K salmonid
cDNA microarray & RT-PCR. Other maturational markers measured
included circulating sex steroids, pituitary hormone levels and histological
characterization of the ovaries. Changes in gene expression during the cycle
were compared against levels occurring immediately after spawning. A
second group of female trout was placed under an accelerated photoperiod
regime, designed to compress the normal 12 month cycle to 7 months and
force many of the variables involved in maturation to reach their respective
max / min values in a more pronounced manner. Initial results from the
microarray analysis indicate the ovaries undergo the most dynamic changes
among BPOL tissues during the normal reproductive cycle. Te photo-
compressed sh also exhibited a similar pattern although fewer genes (17 vs.
55) were signicantly altered in the ovaries during the 7 month sampling
period. Te photo-compressed trout were not able to fully complete their
reproductive cycle, which may also have contributed to the dierence.
A summary of the ndings and their use with a previously developed
mathematical model of the BPOL axis will be presented. Supported by NSF
grant# 0540693.
25 Direct eects, compensation, and recovery in female fathead
minnows exposed to a model aromatase inhibitor. D.L. Villeneuve,
N.D. Mueller, D. Martinovi, E.A. Makynen, M.D. Kahl, K.M. Jensen,
E.J. Durhan, J.E. Cavallin, G.T. Ankley, US EPA Mid-Continent
Ecology Division, Duluth, MN; D. Bencic, US EPA Ecological Exposure
Research Division, Cincinnati, OH. A variety of chemicals present in the
environment have the potential to inhibit aromatase, an enzyme critical
to estrogen synthesis. Te objective of this study was to provide a detailed
characterization of the molecular and biochemical responses of female
fathead minnows to a model aromatase inhibitor, fadrozole. Fish were
exposed via water to 0, 3, or 30 g fadrozole/L for 8 d and then held in
clean water over an 8 d recovery period, with samples collected at four time
points during each 8 d period. Ex vivo steroid production, plasma steroids,
and plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) concentrations were quantied and relative
transcript abundance of 10 key regulatory genes in ovaries and three in
pituitary tissue was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ex vivo
17-estradiol (E2) production and plasma E2 and Vtg concentrations were
signicantly reduced after a single day of exposure to 3 or 30 g fadrozole/L.
However, plasma E2 concentrations recovered by the eighth day of exposure
in the 3 g/L group and within 1 d of cessation of exposure in the 30
g/L group, indicating concentration-and time-dependent physiological
compensation and recovery. Concentration-dependent increases in
transcripts coding for aromatase (A isoform), cytochrome P450 side-chain
cleavage, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and follicle stimulating
hormone receptor all coincided with increased E2 production and recovery
of plasma E2 concentrations. Results of this research highlight the need to
consider compensation/adaptation and recovery in evaluating the overall
risks associated with the exposure of vertebrate organims to aromatase
inhibitors and other endocrine disrupting chemicals.
26 Experimental design in microarray analysis: examples and
best practices. D. Knapen, W. De Coen, R. Blust, Biology, University of
Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; K. Laukens, Mathematics and Computer
Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; W. De Coen, European
Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland. Genomics using microarray
technology plays an increasingly important role in ecotoxicological
research. However, there is a growing discrepancy between mathematical
considerations when analysing microarray data, and the approach taken
by life scientists. Numerous articles in math-oriented and bioinformatics-
oriented journals suggest best practices for use in gene expression studies.
Unfortunately, it appears that this information does not suciently
reach ecotoxicologists. For example, there is a complex interplay between
experimental setup and hybridization design in microarray studies.
Although more complex designs than a simple control versus exposed design
have been worked out, these are not commonly applied despite the fact that
often all conditions for doing so have been met. Te lack of attention to this
rst and crucial step in planning microarray analyses often results in poor
statistical analysis and - more importantly - poor biological interpretation
of microarray data. Due to the statistical and computational complexity
of microarray data analysis most recent studies in ecotoxicology have
restricted themselves to assessing relatively simple questions. More complex
biological questions, such as those relating to time dynamics of gene
expression patterns, remain more dicult to address when relying only on
simple mathematical models and hybridization designs. Tis presentation
therefore aims at summarizing the knowledge available in the mathematics
and bioinformatics elds, distilling only that information that is relevant to
ecotoxicologists for practical use. A short list of best practices and methods
will be provided that can easily and realistically be implemented in most
experimental setups in order to improve the scientic yield of microarray
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 11
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analyses, not only making genomics more accessible to environmental
toxicologists but also resulting in more powerful and reliable analyses. Tese
theoretical concepts will be illustrated throughout the presentation with
several real-life examples of studies that have been performed in the authors
lab in the eld of aquatic ecotoxicogenomics during the last years. Tese
examples will show how biological output from genomics data can easily
be increased by selecting an appropriate experimental design, while keeping
costs under control.
27 Evaluation of the Median Lethal Dose (LD50)as the
Lethality Treshold in Avian Pesticide Risk Assessment. J.M. Staord,
L.W. Brewer, C.A. Redmond, Avian Toxicology, Springborn Smithers
Laboratories, Snow Camp, NC; L.B. Best, Dept of Natural Resource
Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; D.R. Moore,
Intrinsik Environmental Sciences, Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
K.R. Soloman, Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada; D. Carlson, M. Maynard, M. Morelli, S. Nissen-Meyer,
FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA. Tere has been debate over the
appropriateness of using the median lethal dose (LD50) as the lethality
threshold in avian pesticide risk assessment. Large dierences between
LD50 values and dietary toxicity values (LC50) for commonly tested species
indicate that most pesticides are less toxic when consumed with food than
when delivered directly into the crop or esophagus as a bolus dose. A bolus-
like dose is unlikely in the eld except in a few specic circumstances. In the
wild, food is usually consumed over time, and the time factor likely interacts
with adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and the
toxicokinetics of the pesticide. Uptake of the pesticide via the dietary matrix
may be dierent from uptake via a bolus dose and, coupled with ADME,
may reduce exposures at the target site. Tis would be particularly likely
with rapidly metabolized pesticides. Te LC50 values from dietary toxicity
tests are often rejected by risk assessors and regulators because the results
are often compromised by food avoidance, test substance induced anorexia
and other limitations of the study designs. We conducted studies with
mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
designed to overcome the limitations of dietary studies. Test birds were
dosed with either an aqueous bolus of carbofuran or a food slurry (food
and water mixture) containing the same amount of carbofuran used in the
bolus dose. Mortality rates were compared between like food matrix doses
and the bolus doses to demonstrate the dierence in toxicity of carbofuran
to the test species. Dosing via the food slurry resulted in less mortality than
dosing with the aqueous bolus and the time to rst mortality was longer
in the food slurry dosed birds, indicating reduced adsorption rate from the
gut. Data such as these provide potential correction factors for LD50 values
when used in avian pesticide risk assessment, allowing avoidance of use of
unreliable LC50 test data, while still accounting for dierences in toxicity
between laboratory aqueous bolus exposure and exposure via contaminated
food uptake by wild birds.
28 Mallard (Anas platyrhinchos) Avoidance of Flowable
Carbofuran Relative to Risk Projections in Avian Pesticide Risk
Assessment. L.W. Brewer, J.M. Staord, C.A. Redmond, Avian Toxicology,
Springborn Smithers Laboratories, Sisters, OR; L.B. Best, Dept of Natural
Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; D.R.
Moore, Intrinsik Environmental Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; K.R.
Soloman, Center for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada; D. Carlson, M. Maynard, M. Morelli, S. Nissen-Meyer, FMC
Corporation, Philadelphia, PA. Reduced food consumption by birds
resulting from eects of a pesticide on food items is a factor that may
inuence avian exposure to specic pesticides and, subsequently, reduce
avian risk posed by use of those pesticides. Absence of quantitative data
on food avoidance is often the reason this factor is not included in avian
risk assessment models. We conducted a study to measure food intake
reduction in mallards exposed to food treated with carbofuran, in the
form of Furadan 4F. At food concentrations of 30 ppm carbofuran and
higher, mallards could detect the presence of carbofuran and were repelled
by its presence. At lower concentrations the mallards reduced overall
food consumption measurably. Te food consumption data combined
with absence of symptoms of toxicity, mortality and signicant weight
changes suggests that the birds consumed enough treated feed to cause
sub-symptomatic eects that resulted in temporary anorexia. Te exposed
birds recovered and consumed additional feed until the sub-symptomatic
eects again caused anorexic response. Hockey-stick regression analysis
indicated reduction in food consumption began at food concentration of
3 ppm carbofuran and the degree of avoidance increased as carbofuran
concentration increased. Tese data indicate that mallards, and possibly
other bird species, are at reduced risk of lethal dietary carbofuran exposure
in the eld due to the observed food avoidance response, and risk assessment
models that do not include the avoidance factor most likely over estimates
the avian risk associated with owable carbofuran use
29 Recovery Rate of Carbofuran-inhibited Brain
Acetylcholinesterase in Birds: A Risk Assessment Issue. L.W. Brewer,
J.M. Staord, C.A. Redmond, Avian Toxicology, Springborn Smithers
Laboratories, Snow Camp, NC; L.B. Best, Natural Resource Ecology and
Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; D.R. Moore, Intrinsik
Environmental Science, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; K.E. Soloman, Centre
for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; D.
Carlson, M. Maynard, M. Morelli, S. Nissen-Meyer, GMC Corporation,
Philadephia, PA. Tere is evidence to suggest that carbofuran acts rapidly
as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and that recovery from its
eects also rapid. If recovery is rapid enough, it may be sucient to
reduce toxicological responses in wild birds, for example, when exposure
is spread over the time course of daily feeding. Tis question is relevant to
modeling mortality eects of avian exposure to carbofuran in agricultural
elds. Terefore, we conducted a study to thoroughly document the rate
of recovery of carbofuran-inhibited brain AChE in northern bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus) exposed to three dierent doses of carbofuran.
Inhibition was measurable within 5 to 15 min after a bolus oral dose and
the time to maximum inhibition of AChE was about 30 min. Maximum
inhibition was dose-dependent but not directly proportional to dose.
Reversal at all doses began 30 min after treatment. Recovery of AChE
to control values was more rapid at the smaller doses and was likely a
combination of recovery of the AChE itself and metabolism of carbofuran
in the liver and other tissues. At greater doses, metabolic deactivation
would remove proportionately less of the carbofuran from the blood and
more would be available to bind with reactivated AChE in the brain, thus
increasing the recovery time. Te results of this study also showed that
bobwhite that experienced less than 80% brain AChE inhibition or
recovered to 50% of their normal brain AChE activity, survived. Tat the
rate of recovery was dose-dependent allows incorporation of this process
into modeling bird responses to consumption of contaminated food items.
Using the rate of recovery at the site of action (AChE) rather than whole
body elimination to estimate rate of metabolism in risk assessment models
may produce more accurate estimates of mortality.
30 Eects of organophosphate pesticides on plasma and brain
cholinesterase activity in Coturnix quail as a function of exposure
route. J.W. Heernan, M. Wickstrom, Toxicology Centre, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; P. Mineau, Environment
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; T. Wolf, B. Caldwell, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Pre-registration
evaluation of potential pesticide risk to wild birds usually considers only
the oral route of exposure. However, studies comparing similar pesticide
toxicity tests under laboratory and eld conditions have demonstrated
greater risks to birds exposed in the eld. Tis dierence may be due in part
to contributions to toxicity from exposure routes other than oral. Dermal
exposure has been shown to be an important factor in explaining patterns
of bird kills with organophosphate (OP) pesticides in North America. Te
overall objective of this research is to test the hypotheses that the dermal
route of exposure contributes to the toxicity of OP pesticides to birds under
simulated eld conditions and that the relative contribution of dermal
exposure to total toxicity can be explained by the physicochemical properties
of the OP pesticide. Commercial spray formulations of four directly toxic
OP pesticides of various solubilities (methamidophos (log Kow = -0.8),
dicrotophos (log Kow = -0.2), naled (log Kow = +1.4), ethoprop (log Kow
= +3.6)) were sprayed onto 1.8 m by 5.4 m elds of barley plants having
a canopy height of approximately 0.3 m. Juvenile male Coturnix quail
(Coturnix coturnix) were exposed to the sprayed barley crops via dermal
only, dermal plus dietary, and dermal plus direct spray exposure routes (n
= 10 per treatment group, 3 replicates). Experimental spray rates for each
OP were established based on 60% within-bird inhibition of total plasma
cholinesterase activity at 24 hours after exposure in pilot studies with dermal
plus dietary exposure. Birds were sacriced at 24 or 72 hours post-exposure
in the main study. Results of brain and plasma cholinesterase activity assays
12 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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are pending. Regression analyses will be completed to determine the extent
to which toxicity and solubility data for the OPs can explain the ratios
of dermal only to dermal plus dietary responses. Results may be used to
reevaluate risk of agriculture insecticide exposure to avian wildlife.
31 Adverse eects of sublethal oral organophosphate pesticide
exposure on thermoregulation and heart rate in Coturnix quail. J.W.
Heernan, L. McKenny, T. MacDonald, M. Wickstrom, Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; P.
Mineau, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Comparisons
of similar avian toxicity tests under eld and laboratory conditions have
demonstrated greater risks to birds exposed in the eld. Tis dierence
may be due in part to secondary stressors found in the eld but not in the
lab. Te lethality of organophosphate (OP) pesticides to both mammals
and birds has been found to increase when combined with cold stress.
Te eects of sublethal oral exposures to four OP pesticides (dicrotophos,
ethoprop, methamidophos, naled) on thermoregulation and heart rate in
Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) were examined using subcutaneously
implanted radio telemetry transmitters (Mini Mitter Company, Inc.).
Juvenile male birds (n = 5 per treatment group) were subjected to simulated
normal day time and cold stress night time temperatures (18 and 4 oC,
respectively) in an environmental chamber and data were collected at both
temperatures prior to exposure to establish normal body temperature and
heart rate values. Quail were subsequently dosed by oral gavage with one
of the four OPs at one-third the published LD50. Controls received water
only. Potential eects of exposure on thermoregulation and heart rate were
examined under both day and night time conditions immediately after
dosing and again at 24 and 72 hours post-exposure. Te sham exposure
had no apparent eect on either thermoregulation or heart rate. Eects
of the pesticide exposures included hypothermia and tachycardia, but the
magnitude of these eects varied with pesticide. Signicant hypothermia
was observed following dicrotophos exposure on the day of exposure
but was absent by one day post-exposure. Heart rate data were highly
variable and potentially confounded by tertiary stressors present in the
environmental chamber. Signicant tachycardia was observed following
ethoprop exposure on the day of exposure but was absent by one day
post-exposure. Te observations with ethoprop are notable in that this OP
apparently does not pass the blood-brain barrier in Coturnix quail and all
observed eects must therefore result from exposure in peripheral tissues.
Analysis of the data continues.
32 A Probabilistic Exposure Model for Birds Exposed to
Flowable Pesticides. D.J. Moore, S.R. Teed, T.M. Delongchamp,
Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Te
USEPA undertook the development of a probabilistic exposure and risk
model, Terrestrial Investigation Model (TIM v1), for birds exposed to
owable pesticides in 2000. Since the release of TIMv1, new information
has become available that can be used to develop a more rened model.
Changes to TIMv1 and a recent renement of the model, TIMv2, were
also required to address the recommendations of two Scientic Advisory
Panels that reviewed the TIM models in 2001 and 2004. Tus, we
undertook development of the Liquid Pesticide Avian Risk Assessment
Model (LiquidPARAM). Although LiquidPARAM and the TIM models
share a similar basic structure, several important changes were made to
LiquidPARAM including: using a one hour time step instead of the twelve
hour time step employed by TIMv1 (TIMv2 also has a one hour time
step); using the rate of recovery at the site of action rather than whole
body elimination to estimate rate of metabolism; accounting for avoidance
behavior; and accounting for the reduced toxicity due to consumption of
the pesticide in a dietary matrix compared to the toxicity in laboratory tests
where the pesticide is administered in a liquid bolus dose. A number of
other changes were made to the model (e.g., updated allometric equations,
partitioning of inter- and intra-eld variation in bird foraging behavior and
concentrations on dietary items). Te outputs from the exposure portion of
LiquidPARAM are estimated hourly retained doses over 28 days following
initial application for each of 20 birds of selected species on each of 1000
elds. Te maximum hourly retained dose for each bird is compared to a
randomly chosen dose from each of three dose-response curves. Te three
dose-response curves represent species of high, median and low sensitivity
and were derived from a species sensitivity distribution (5th, 50th and 95th
percentiles, respectively, combined with average slope for all tested species).
If the maximum hourly retained dose for a bird exceeds the randomly
chosen eects dose from the selected dose-response curve, the bird is
considered dead. Tus, the risk output from LiquidPARAM is a bar chart
showing the percentages of elds with 0/20 dead birds, 1/20 dead birds,
etc for each of three potential sensitivities (high, medium and low). In this
presentation, the recently conducted owable carbofuran risk assessment for
birds will be used to illustrate the LiquidPARAM model.
33 Estimating Risk for Birds Exposed to Flowable Carbofuran
in the United States. D.J. Moore, S.R. Teed, T.M. Delongchamp, R.L.
Breton, Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
L.B. Best, Iowa State University, Farr West, UT; L.W. Brewer, Springborn
Smithers Laboratories, Snow Camp, NC; K.R. Solomon, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; D. Carlson, M. Maynard, M. Morelli,
FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA. Carbofuran is a contact and systemic
insecticide, nematicide, and miticide belonging to the carbamate class
of cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals. Flowable carbofuran is currently
under review by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US
EPA) for reregistration eligibility. Te Ecological Fate and Eects Division
(EFED) of US EPA conducted an ecological risk assessment to evaluate
the risk associated with the use of carbofuran on agricultural elds. EFED
concluded that carbofuran poses an unreasonable risk on avian species.
Te avian risk model used by EFED (Terrestrial Investigation Model,
version 1 or TIM v1) is a probabilistic model that was developed in 2000.
Since that time, there has been many advances in avian toxicology and
exposure modeling. As a result, we undertook a rened assessment using
a newly developed model, the Liquid Pesticide Avian Risk Assessment
Model (LiquidPARAM). LiquidPARAM has a shorter time step (one hour
versus 12 hours in TIM v1) and accounts for avoidance behavior and rate
of metabolism at the site of action. Further, it accounts for the reduced
toxicity of carbofuran in the dietary matrix consumed in the eld compared
to the liquid bolus dose used in laboratory toxicity tests. Tese renements
and others are unique to LiquidPARAM. Te risk estimates produced
by LiquidPARAM indicate that only a few species of focal birds would
experience mortality and, even then, mortality would be very low for the
crops and use patterns proposed by the Registrant on the revised label. Tese
results are in sharp contrast to the risk estimates derived by EFED using
TIM v1 for corn and alfalfa. With the exception of gorge-feeding waterfowl
in alfalfa elds (a scenario where both TIM v1 and LiquidPARAM estimate
high risk), TIM v1 estimates of risk were much higher than LiquidPARAM.
Te results of eld studies, as well as an analysis of avian incident reports
provide circumstantial conrmation of the risk estimates made be
LiquidPARAM.
34 Using ARGOS/GPS to estimate exposure of geese to
agricultural pesticides. P. Prosser, P. Irving, P. Bone, Wildlife Ecotoxicology,
Central Science Laboratory, York, United Kingdom. Screening-level
pesticide risk assessments often assume that animals spend all of their time
in areas to which pesticides have been applied and obtain all of their food
there. Tis is not necessarily true. Tere is much work ongoing in Europe
to measure time spent in crop for a range of wildlife species, using VHF
telemetry. Geese, as grazing birds, may be particularly at risk from pesticides
as they consume a large amount of vegetation to sustain themselves. Some
species are commonly observed grazing in arable crops. However, they
can and do commute long distances and this makes VHF radio-tracking
practically dicult or impossible. Satellite tracking is often used to follow
migrating animals, but lacks the precision to detect small-scale movements
within habitats. GPS combined with ARGOS satellite communication
allows ne-detailed movements to be detected, and the time spent in various
habitats estimated, even when animals also move over longer distances than
the range of a VHF transmitter. We used Microwave Telemetry PTT-100
transmitters to follow the detailed movements of 18 greylag geese. Te
resulting estimates of the proportion of time spent in crops are revealing and
useful in pesticide risk assessments.
35 Variation between pesticides in the level of protection achieved
by the rst tier risk assessment for birds. R. Luttik, National Institute
Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands; P. Craig,
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; P. Mineau, Canadian
Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; W. Roelofs, A. Hart, Central
Science Laboratory, York, United Kingdom. A scientic committee of the
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed the level of protection
currently achieved by the rst tier risk assessment for pesticides under the
Directive 91/414 of the European Union (EU) and found that it is not
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 13
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equal for dierent taxonomic groups and for dierent substances (EFSA,
2006). On average, the level of protection provided by the current approach
is, for example, markedly higher for sh than for crustaceans and insects,
and higher still for birds and mammals. Although not assessed in the
opinion of the EFSA there are indications that the level of protection can
dier substantially between compounds. Tis presentation analyses variation
between pesticides in the level of protection achieved for acute risks to birds.
Te comparison is based on calculating the proportion of species for which
the LD50 would be exceeded if exposure was at the maximum level that
would be compatible with authorisation of the pesticide at the rst tier of
assessment under European regulations (EU Directive 91/414). Although
the average level of protection is quite high, it varies rather widely between
pesticides. Implications for risk management are discussed.
36 Determination of estrogenic activity in heavy metal
contaminated sediments from Galveston Bay salt marshes. X.V. Sanchez,
C.L. Howard, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX. Many
studies suggest that exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting
compounds (EDCs) leads to defects in reproduction and developmental
functions that alter the survival of estuarine organisms. EDCs have been
detected in surface water ecosystems, including lakes, bays, estuaries, creeks,
and freshwater wetlands. However, EDCs in coastal wetland sediments have
not been studied. Te purpose of this project was to determine EDC activity
and heavy metal levels in Galveston Bay, Texas salt marsh sediments with
regard to the associated risks to resident marsh wildlife species. We analyzed
estrogenic activity and heavy metal concentrations in sediments from
eight sites representing native and pollutant-impacted salt marshes along
Galveston Bay. Estrogen activity was determined using the E-SCREEN in
vitro assay, which measures cell growth activity as a function of estrogen
receptor-ligand binding interactions. MCF-7 BOS cells were used the target
cells because of their high estrogen sensitivity to growth response. Results
indicated that estradiol equivalent activities were higher in the impacted salt
marshes than in native marshes. Te most heavily contaminated site (near a
former tin smelter) exhibited signicantly higher EDC activity compared to
the native and other impacted sites. Tese results suggest that the presence
of estrogenic activity in addition to heavy metals may provide a tool for
estimating risk to wildlife species living in these impacted salt marshes of
Galveston Bay.
37 Factors that inuence the potency of toxins released by
Prymnesium parvum Carter (Golden Algae). T.W. Valenti, M. Lahousse,
S. James, B.W. Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco,
TX; T.W. Valenti, M. Lahousse, S. James, B.W. Brooks, Center for
Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX;
J. Grover, Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX; D.
Roelke, Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, and Oceanography, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX. In recent years the harmful algal bloom
(HAB) species Prymnesium parvum has caused millions of dollars of
damage to inland sheries. Although P. parvum is a marine organism, it has
invaded inland waterbodies that are moderately saline. Current research
is focused on identifying factors associated with bloom formation and
termination when the algae releases allelochemicals to the water column.
Research has demonstrated that dierences in light, temperature, salinity,
and nutrient limitation inuence the toxicity of laboratory cultures using
both in vivo and in vitro endpoints. However, most of these studies did not
use standardized methodologies or endpoints, and analytical standards for
quantifying the toxin(s) are not available. Tese challenges have confounded
understanding causative mechanisms. Recently there is evidence that the
potency of these toxins may be related to pH inuences on ionization state.
Several studies report pH-dependant toxicity, which also supports our
hypothesis that the toxins are ionizable. Tis study investigated potential
importance of site-specic pH on aquatic toxicity using conceptual
approaches described for toxicity identication evaluation (TIE). We
observed that lowering the pH of samples from waterbodies experiencing
P. parvum-related sh kills reduced toxicity to Pimephales promelas and
Daphnia magna. We subsquetnly completed experiments with laboratory
reared cultures and again observed a pH-dependant relationship. Further,
we observed similar patterns when cells were removed, which veries that
changes in toxicity at dierent pH is due to physiochemical properties of
the toxin and not to physiological stress of the cells. Our ndings suggest
that the ionization state of allelochemicals released by P. parvum may be
important for understanding factors governing site-specic sh kills.
38 Spatiotemporal trends in fuel-derived PAH bioaccumulation
by edible intertidal bivalves near a recent ship wreck. D.A. Bright,
M. Sanborn, UMA Engineering, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; J.
Harper, Coastal Oceans Research Inc., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Te sinking of the Queen of the North, a large car and passenger ferry,
along the rugged northern-central coast of British Columbia (BC) catalyzed
a major investigation of marine environmental impacts associated with fuel
release. A concern for coastal First Nations communities near the spill site
was the loss of important shellsh and other marine resources that are a very
important component of diet and culture. First-response shoreline surveys
indicated that fuel contact with the shoreline was short-lived; however,
tissue samples of intertidal butter clams, cockles and bay mussels contained
elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and this data
may provide the best available retrospective information on the areal extent
of inuence. Typical levels of total detectable PAH in shellsh samples
collected within a few days of the wreck were in the range of 200 to 700
ng/g, and the inferred area of inuence of the spill was approximately 1,000
km2. Subsequent analyses of shellsh samples at ~3, 5, 8 and 17 months
post-spill have shown that detectable PAH concentrations rapidly declined
to levels of 15-30 ng/g, which are interpreted to be within the range of
background levels. Te investigation required (i) assessment for the rst
time within BC of larger scale regional background PAH concentrations in
shellsh tissues attributable to various atmospheric and non-point sources;
(ii) sensitive analytical techniques to quantify parent and alkyl PAHs; (iii)
critical evaluation of PAH compositional variability in tissue samples; and
(iv) an evaluation of seasonal lipid dynamics in shellsh as a major co-variate
of tissue residue concentrations. Overall, the data allow a quantication of
PAH depuration rates in the aected shellsh populations, as well as the
condent identication of background PAH levels and composition. Tis
background data, in particular, is expected to be of benet as a baseline
for future studies of PAH inputs to the British Columbia coastal marine
environment.
39 Saglek Bay; assessing ecosystem recovery from a local
historical PCB source in a highly energetic northern coastal marine
environment. T.M. Brown, T.A. Sheldon, K.J. Reimer, Environmental
Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada; N.M. Burgess, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada,
Mount Pearl, Newfoundland, Canada. Marine sediments in Saglek Bay
contain elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as
a result of historic terrestrial soil contamination associated with a former
military radar facility on the southern shore of the Bay. Historically, pelagic
and wider ranging species were not aected, whereas the shorthorn sculpin
(Myoxocephalus scorpius) and black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), two
indicator species associated with the local benthic food web contained
elevated concentrations of PCBs. PCBs were measured in marine sediments,
shorthorn sculpin, and black guillemot to assess ecosystem recovery eight
years after the clean-up of the terrestrial PCB source. Surface sediment
measurements indicate decreases in both the extent (spatial coverage) and
average concentrations of PCBs throughout Saglek Bay. A comparison
of shorthorn sculpin collected near the source beach in 1998/99 (15,856
ppb liver) and in 2006 (5448 ppb liver) revealed a statistically signicant
decrease in geometric mean sculpin liver PCB concentrations. Sculpin
collected from Big Island (6 km from the former source) in 2006 showed
decreases from 1998/99, although no signicant dierences were found.
Statistically signicant PCB decreases were found in guillemot chicks
collected in 2007 from the beach area, as well as Island (intermediate
area approximately 6-8 km away from the former source) and Reference
locations, compared with guillemot chicks collected in 1999. Te rapid
decreases in the physical and biotic PCB concentrations from the local
ecosystem at Saglek Bay demonstrate the resilience and eciency with
which natural ecosystem recovery can take place in a dynamic and highly
energetic coastal marine environment once a chronic input source is
removed.
40 Glutathione S-transferase-Sigma (GSTS) is a potential
biomarker of trace metal exposure in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus
japonicus. J. Lee, Dept of Chemustry, Hanyang University, Seoul, South
Korea. Te intertidal copepod, Tigriopus japonicus has been recognized
as a potential model species for marine pollution toxicity testing. Toxicity
ranges of several biocides, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and trace
metals are known in T. japonicus. A large number of expressed sequence
14 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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tags (ESTs) and genomic DNA are also sequenced from T. japonicus. To
identify a potential biomarker gene of antioxidant defense, we studied
expression of eleven glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in the copepod
exposed to toxic trace metals. In a copepod species, expression of such a
large number of GSTs was rstly studied. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was
used as a positive control. Of all genes, expression of GST-Sigma (GSTS)
was highly upregulated in H2O2 as well as trace metal-exposed copepods.
In the time-course study, expression of GSTS mRNA was more consistent
compared to other GSTs such as GST-Omega, GST-Delta1, GST-Teta3
or microsomal GST1 (mGST1). GSTS is predominantly reported from the
insects. Coupled with our previous study of the in vitro antioxidant role of
T. japonicus GSTS, these ndings imply not only for an antioxidant role for
GSTS but also highlight its importance as a biomarker of exposure to trace
metals.
41 Lipid peroxidation as a biomarker of metal contamination
in the white croaker Micropogonias furnieri from the Patos Lagoon
estuary (Southern Brazil). I.S. Chaves, Ps-Graduao em Oceanograa
Biolgica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; A.
Bianchini, Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas, Universidade Federal do
Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Te aquatic environment is subjected
to pollution processes caused by a variety of chemical substances originated
from anthropogenic activities. Te Patos Lagoon estuary (Southern Brazil) is
an important ecosystem standing not only for its ecological importance but
for its biological production, biodiversity, and socio-economical relevance.
However, the ecological balance of this area has been threatened by the
increasing pollution associated with the population growth and expansion
of the industrial area associated with Rio Grande city. In the present study,
we analyzed the seasonal concentrations of metals (Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb)
accumulated in gills and liver of the white croaker Micropogonias furnieri
collected in dierent sites of the Patos Lagoon estuary. Concentration of
metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) and LPO content were also evaluated
in both tissues as biomarkers of exposure and eect, respectively. In both
tissues and all seasons analyzed, the LPO content showed to be a better
indicator of metal accumulation than the MTLP concentration. Terefore,
we suggest the use of the LPO content in gill and liver of the white croaker
M. furnieri as a biomarker for monitoring metal contamination in the Patos
Lagoon estuary.
42 Contaminants in Sediment and Biota from the Oil and Gas
Development and Production Areas in the Arctic Beaufort Sea, Alaska.
G. Durell, Battelle, Duxbury, MA; J. Ne, Ne & Assoc., Duxbury,
MA; J. Brown, Exponent, Maynard, MA; J. Trefry, FIT, Melbourne,
FL. Tere is increasing interest in producing oil and gas in the unique
oshore environments of northern Alaska. A program was performed to
provide data for potential contaminant in sediment and biota from oil
exploration and production, and natural sources. Monitoring included
pre-drilling through production periods. Bottom sediment, suspended
sediment, and biota were collected during spring and summer surveys and
analyzed for PAH, saturated hydrocarbons, chemical biomarkers, and trace
metals. CYP1A activity and metabolites in bile were also measured in sh.
Hydrocarbons in sediments were from petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic
sources. Te contaminants present in sediments and biota are at or near
background concentrations in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Slight increase
of selected hydrocarbons near a production island were not statistically
signicant and concentrations were consistently below that of ecological
concern. For instance, Total PAH in sediment ranged from less than 100
to about 1,000 g/kg; concentrations were controlled primarily by grain
size and organic carbon. Most metals in the sediments were present at
concentrations similar to those in the suspended sediments of the rivers
emptying into the Beaufort Sea; there were small patches of slightly
elevate lead, mercury, and barium at some locations. Isolated areas with
evidence of inputs of anthropogenic chemicals were identied, possibly
due to historic exploratory drilling and vessel activities. Fish, amphipods,
and clams contained background concentrations of hydrocarbons and
metals and showed no evidence of exposure to elevated concentrations of
hydrocarbons. Total PAH concentrations were well below 100 g/kg in
most biota. Metals concentrations varied more, but were generally within
the expected background range for similar marine animals. Noteworthy
year-to-year uctuations in concentrations of PAH and some metals in
sediment and biota were observed, likely due to large storms, unpredictable
sediment erosion, and interannual variation in river discharges; normalizing
the data to organic or major metals removed much of the variability.
Signicant natural sources of hydrocarbons and metals were identied;
rivers deliver about 80% of the annual suspended solids input to Beaufort
Sea within a 2-3 week period each spring with signicant input of metals
and hydrocarbons.
43 Toxicogenomic study of migrating Sockeye (Oncorhynchus
nerka) and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon up the Fraser
River in British Columbia. N. Veldhoen, C. Helbing, Biochemistry &
Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
N. MacPherson, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; T. Sampson, Nicola
Watershed Stewardship & Fishing Authority, Nicola Tribal Association,
Meritt, British Columbia, Canada; C. Dubetz, M.G. Ikonomou, Institute
for Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, British
Columbia, Canada. Salmon have a keystone role in the ecosystem and are
the main staple food and cultural icon for the Nlakapamux Nation and
most First Nations within British Columbia and the Pacic Northwest. Te
health and environmental tness of salmonid species is of particular concern
as their migratory routes are increasingly impacted by human habitation
and industrial activity. Tis is true of Sockeye and Chinook salmon which
traverse the Fraser River delta region on their way to upstream spawning
grounds. With increased threats to salmon populations and the substantial
reduction of Sockeye in British Columbia in recent years, an examination
of sh stock health and possible threats due to exposure to environmental
pollution is warranted. Te present initiative conducted in collaboration
with the Siska Traditions Society of the Nlakapamux Nation focuses on
the development of highly sensitive biological indicators of sh health
that can provide valuable information on the status of sh populations.
Quantitative real-time PCR probes were generated and used to assess
dierences in abundance of key mRNA transcripts encoding eleven gene
products associated with reproduction, stress, metal toxicity, and exposure
to persistent and bioaccumulative organohalogen contaminants. Gene
expression proles were characterized in the liver and muscle tissues of male
and female Sockeye and Chinook salmon collected from the mouth of the
Fraser River and from upstream spawning grounds. Genotypic sex was
compared with phenotypic sex in each species. Te results of stock-matched
animals indicate that dynamic changes in mRNA levels occur for a number
of biomarker genes during this regional migration. We found that Sockeye
displayed more indicators of stress than Chinook salmon and identied
one phenotypic Sockeye female that was genotypically male out of the
154 animals sampled which may be a possible indicator of developmental
exposure to estrogenic contaminants. Te gene expression results were
compared to body contaminant load. Further longitudinal assessments and
correlation to toxicological information will aid in the determination of sh
stock health.
44 Using Chemical Quantication Techniques for Developing
a Correlation Between Imidacloprid Exposure and Eects in Juvenile
Chinook. J.A. Frew, C.E. Grue, Washington Cooperative Fish & Wildlife
Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Imidacloprid
(IMI) has been proposed as a viable alternative to carbaryl for controlling
burrowing shrimp within commercial oyster beds in Willapa Bay and
Grays Harbor, Washington. Attention has been given towards the potential
toxicity of IMI to non-target species, including juvenile Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytsha) residing in Willapa Bay. Neither an indicator
of exposure, nor an eects biomarker a linkage between exposure to a
toxicant and a distinctive biochemical eect indicating impairment exist
for IMI. Using an HPLC-UV/DAD assay for measuring the concentration
of IMI in tissue of exposed Chinook, we are determining correlations
among IMI concentrations in seawater, tissues, and overt eects. An ELISA
protocol has also been developed for the measurement of IMI in tissues.
Tis assay provides lower detection limits, requires smaller sample sizes,
and costs less than the HPLC-UV/DAD assay. IMI concentrations were
measured in brain tissue of exposed juvenile Chinook following a 96-hour
acute toxicity test. Te results of the measured tissue concentrations were
then linked to known water concentrations and overt eects. Tese studies
will establish relationships that can be used for assessing the hazards IMI
applications pose to juvenile Chinook in the eld.
45 Occurrence and Eects of Contaminants of Emerging
Concern in the Southern California Bight Coastal Ecosystem: Study
Origins and General Approach. J.R. Gully, Los Angeles County Sanitation
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 15
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Districts, Whittier, CA; J. Armstrong, Orange County Sanitation Districts,
Fountain Valley, CA; M. Baker, University of California, San Diego, San
Diego, CA; C. Cash, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; S. Johnson,
Aquatic Bioassay & Consulting Laboratories, Ventura, CA; K. Kelley,
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA; K. Maruya,
D. Vidal-Dorsch, S. Bay, Southern California Coastal Water Research
Project, Costa Mesa, CA; D. Schlenk, University of California, Riverside,
Riverside, CA; T. Stebbins, City of San Diego, San Diego, CA. Every day,
coastal waters of Southern California receive over one billion gallons of
treated municipal wastewater containing trace amounts of natural and
synthetic hormones, hormone mimics, and pharmaceuticals and personal
care products. Tis region also contains sediments contaminated by legacy
discharges of DDT and PCBs which are also endocrine disruptors. Evidence
suggestive of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in coastal
atsh collected near major metropolitan areas was discovered during a
small-scale regional study in 2003. Observed responses included increased
vitellogenin and estrogen levels in many male sh as well as the presence
of testis-ova in some males. Tese preliminary ndings created a need to
denitively document the occurrence and severity of EDC exposure eects
associated with ocean outfall systems in the Southern California Bight
(SCB). In 2006, a collaborative research study was initiated to document
the extent of endocrine disruption in sh and determine what management
actions are necessary, if any, due to the presence of putative EDCs near
major ocean outfalls in the SCB. Te study design included assessments
of inputs, fates, and eects of EDCs and other contaminants of emerging
concern and how they relate to legacy and current treated wastewater
discharges. Eects evaluated include gene expression, hormonal responses
and their eects on steroidogenic mechanisms, vitellogenin induction,
gonadal histopathology, organism tness indicators, and population
changes. Tis presentation sets the stage for the symposium by describing
the discharge history of the various wastewater treatment agencies in the
region and the 2003 pilot study ndings that prompted the current research
project. Te specic objectives and design of the three studies performed
during this research project will be described as well as a general overview of
the symposium topics and presenters.
46 Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Coastal Southern
California Waters. D.E. Vidal-Dorsch, S.M. Bay, K. Maruya, Toxicology,
SCCWRP, Costa Mesa, CA; B. Vanderford, S. Snyder, Southern Nevada
Water Authority, Las Vegas, NV. Contaminants of emerging concern
(CECs), including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs),
and many industrial and commercial compounds are chronically discharged
into aquatic environments from multiple sources, including stormwater
runo and municipal wastewater euent. Whereas many studies have
focused on investigating the presence of CECs in freshwater receiving
waters, their input and occurrence in marine ecosystems are poorly
understood. Tis study was conducted to determine the presence of CECs
in marine coastal areas near large (>200 mgd) municipal wastewater euent
discharges as part of an integrated study of the occurrence and eects of
CEC in the Southern California Bight. Seawater samples collected from
four euent discharge areas, a reference area, and euent samples were
analyzed with liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry (LC-
MS/MS) and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/
MS). Te study targeted 31 PPCPs, 5 hormones, 10 current-use pesticides
and 13 industrial and commercial compounds in samples collected over
four quarters in 2006-07. Many PPCPs such as tranquilizers, antibiotics,
fragrances, anti-inammatory agents, as well as industrial compounds were
present in 100% of euent samples, at concentrations ranging from 1 to10
ug/L. Te estimated mass emission of some of these chemicals is 1-5 mt/
yr; similar to that of some regulated trace metals. Some PPCPs (such as
sulfamethoxazole, oxybenzone, atenolol, carbamazepine, and naproxen)
were also detected at much lower concentrations in bottom seawater
samples collected near the euent discharges. Tese ndings indicate that
marine life in southern California is potentially exposed to a wide variety of
contaminants that are not measured by current monitoring programs.
47 Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Sediments
and Flatsh near Marine Outfalls. K. Maruya, D. Vidal-Dorsch, S. Bay,
Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA; J.
Kwon, K. Xia, A. Kevin, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi
State, MS. To characterize the persistence and bioaccumulation of potential
endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the southern California coastal
marine environment, a comprehensive suite of organic analytes representing
several classes of emerging and legacy contaminants were analyzed in
seaoor sediments and hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis), a
locally abundant atsh. Surface sediments and liver composites of male
and female sh collected near four large wastewater ocean outfalls and a
designated coastal reference area were extracted and analyzed for > 100
individual analytes, including legacy organic pollutants; pharmaceutical and
personal care products (PPCPs); current use pesticides (CUPs); industrial/
commercial chemicals (ICCs); and antifoulants. Research grade GC-MS
and LC/MS techniques and a performance-based QA/QC approach were
employed. Legacy organochlorines (e.g. DDT and PCBs), polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were the most
frequently detected and most concentrated target analytes in sediments.
Levels of PBDEs and 4-NP in atsh livers were also comparable to the
legacy contaminants; in addition, the tranquilizer diazepam was universally
detected in atsh liver but not in sediments. Tis is the rst known report
of this human-use pharmaceutical in marine sh tissue. Tese results will
be analyzed for patterns associated with current and historical treatment
practices at each outfall site and in conjunction with occurrence and eects-
based measurements from other project components to better characterize
the potential relative impacts of the targeted EDCs.
48 Multi-factorial Endocrine Disruption in a Southern
California Flatsh. J.A. Reyes, K.M. Kelley, Environmental Endocrinology
Laboratory, Dept. Biological Science, California State University, Long
Beach, Long Beach, CA; S. Bay, D. Vidal-Dorsch, Toxicology Department,
So. Calif. Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA; J.R. Gully,
Ocean Monitoring and Research, LA County Sanitation Districts, Whittier,
CA; J.L. Armstrong, Environmental Laboratory and Ocean Monitoring
Division, Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA; C. Cash,
Environmental Assessment Division, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;
T.D. Stebbins, Marine Biology Laboratory, City of San Diego, San Diego,
CA; M.E. Baker, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Diego,
San Diego, CA; D. Schlenk, Aquatic Toxicology, Dept. Environmental
Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA. Studies in the
Southern California Bight (SCB) are beginning to demonstrate that wild
sh in this region are exhibiting alterations in their endocrine physiology in
association with their residence in environments where treated wastewater
and other anthropogenic inputs are known to exist. In this study, plasma
concentrations of several hormones were evaluated in hornyhead turbot
(Pleuronichthys verticalis) sampled from study sites in Los Angeles, Orange
and San Diego Counties, including cortisol (stress response, metabolic
and osmotic regulation), thyroid hormone (thyroxine; developmental
and metabolic regulation), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I; growth
regulation), and reproductive steroids [testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone
(11-KT), 17beta-estradiol (E2), 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2)]. Each
of the endocrine factors exhibited, to varying degrees, location-associated
dierences in mean plasma concentrations. Te three endogenous sex
steroids (T, 11-KT and E2) exhibited changes related to reproductive
seasonality, and the androgens showed expected sex dierences (higher in
males versus females). E2, however, was as high or higher in male plasma
as compared with female plasma, and peaked as high as 600-800 pg/ml
in sh from some locations. In addition to the extraordinary E2 levels
in males, both sexes exhibited impaired cortisol responses to stress and
decreased thyroxine concentrations at sites associated with major treated
wastewater outfalls as compared with a coastal reference area. Te evidence
for disruption of multiple endocrine systems in SCB sh and their potential
relationships to exposure to human-derived environmental contaminants
will be discussed. (Support in part by NOAASouthern California Sea
Grant Program)
49 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Environmental Endocrine
Disruption in Southern California Flatsh. K.M. Kelley, A.W. Hamilton,
K. Hagstrom, D.E. Petschauer, K.M. Sak, J.A. Reyes, Environmental
Endocrinology Laboratory, Dept. Biological Science, California State
University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA; J.L. Armstrong, Environmental
Laboratory and Ocean Monitoring Division, Orange County Sanitation
District (OCSD), Fountain Valley, CA; C. Cash, Environmental Assessment
Division, City of Los Angeles (CLAEMD), Los Angeles, CA. Alterations in
hormone levels and actions are dependent upon changes in the expression of
genes involved in hormone synthesis, transport, and/or reception. Terefore,
there are a variety of potential targets for endocrine-disrupting chemicals
16 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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(EDCs) along each particular endocrine axis. In the former presentation
by Reyes et al., evidence was provided indicating that hornyhead turbot
(Pleuronichthys verticalis) collected within the Southern California Bight
(SCB) are exhibiting several types of endocrine disruption. Two notable
disruptions included extraordinarily high plasma concentrations of the
female sex steroid, 17beta-estradiol (E2), in males, and impairment in the
ability to synthesize cortisol in response to stress (both sexes). Further work
has determined that these types of endocrine disruption are associated with
signicant changes in the expression of genes involved in interrenal (sh
equivalent of mammalian adrenal cortex) and testicular steroid production,
respectively. Steroidogenic genes including StAR, P450-11beta, 11beta
HSD-2, P450arom and 17beta HSD-1, each exhibit changes in expression
correlating with the altered steroid concentrations in the animals. In
addition to disrupted steroidal endocrine systems, thyroid and growth
regulatory hormones may also be impacted in SCB sh, in which altered
circulating hormone concentrations also appear to be associated with
specic changes in the expression of related genes. Results from this work
are providing new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the
observed endocrine disruption, and will be discussed in the context of how
potential EDCs may be targeting and disrupting specic endocrine axes.
(Support by NOAASouthern California Sea Grant Program, OCSD and
CLAEMD)
50 Gene Expression Changes in Hornyhead Turbot as an
Indicator of Contaminant Exposure and Eect. S. Bay, D. Vidal-
Dorsch, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa
Mesa, CA; M.E. Baker, Dept. of Medicine, University of California,
La Jolla, CA; G. Hardiman, R. ik, School of Medicine, University
of California, La Jolla, CA; A.W. Hamilton, K. Kelley, Environmental
Endocrinology Laboratory, California State University, Long Beach,
CA. Gene microarrays simultaneously evaluate up to thousands of genes
and thus potential as an assessment tool to examine multiple pathways
of exposure and eect. Microarray limitations, such as complex data
interpretation, semiquantitative results, uncertain linkage to organism
eects, and species specicity issues may limit their utility, especially
for species with limited genome information. Tis study developed and
evaluated a multi-gene cross-species microarray as a tool to screen the
eects of environmental chemicals on the endocrine responses of marine
atsh (Pleuronectiformes). Developed from cloned gene sequences of
atsh and from sequences for related sh species deposited in GenBank,
the array included genes indicative of estrogenic responses, as well as those
involved in the actions of other adrenal and sex steroids, thyroid hormones,
retinoids, and xenobiotic exposure responses. Analyses were conducted
using liver RNA from hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) collected
from multiple southern California locations with varying exposure to
municipal wastewater discharges and historical contamination from DDTs
and PCBs. Gene-specic expression in turbot liver was also measured by
quantitative real-time PCR and correlated to microarray data. Both types
of analyses indicated altered gene expression proles in sh from dierent
locations. Turbot collected from some stations near wastewater discharges
had up-regulated mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 3A and retinoid
x receptor, estrogen receptor- and vitellogenin, whereas mRNA transcripts
encoding farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator activated
receptor- and thyroid hormone receptors and were down-regulated.
Gene expression patterns showed variable correspondence with other
indicators of exposure and eect. Agreement among data generated from
the multi-species microarray, specic PCR analyses, and measures of plasma
endocrine factors in turbot suggests that this multi-species microarray will
have utility for measuring endocrine and other gene responses in atsh,
and possibly other shes, for which there is minimal genomic sequence
information.
51 Vitellogenin Expression in Blood and Gonadal Histological
Responses in Hornyhead Turbot from the Southern California Bight.
D. Schlenk, X. Deng, M. Rempel-Hester, M. Miranda, Environmental
Sciences, Univ. California-Riverside, Riverside, CA; G. Lu, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing,
China; J. Armstrong, Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley,
CA; D. Vidal-Dorsch, SCCWRP, Costa Mesa, CA. Te expression of
plasma vitellogenin (Vtg), as well as gonadal developmental status and
histopathology was evaluated in hornyhead turbot collected from reference
and major POTW outfall areas throughout the Southern California Bight
between 2005 and 2006. Plasma Vtg was evaluated in male and female
hornyhead turbot using ELISA. Stages of testicular development and
ovarian maturation were evaluated histologically. Ovaries and testes were
also examined for incidences of ovarian atresia and ova-testes, respectively.
Plasma Vtg was detected in male hornyhead turbot in some sh collected
at both reference and outfall areas. Te percent incidence of detection
was lowest in November and highest in August. Tere was no consistent
trend regarding site-specic dierences in Vtg expression. In females,
distinct seasonal changes in mean Vtg concentrations were observed with
the highest concentrations in May and the lowest in November. Statistical
analysis indicated no signicant dierences in cell-type composition existed
between reference and outfall sites nor between dierent outfall areas.
Among 391 male hornyhead turbot examined, primary oocytes were only
observed in one individual from a far-eld station near the Orange County
Sanitation Districts outfall. Among 353 ovaries examined, 110 contained
atretic follicles most of which were observed post-spawning in August and
November indicating atresia was not inuenced by anthropogenic impact.
Although low levels of vitellogenin was observed in the blood of male
turbot throughout the SCB, histopathological or developmental anomalies
indicative of impaired reproduction or development were not widely
observed in males. Studies are currently underway to evaluate age and
spawning condition in females.
52 Organism and Population Level Responses to Endocrine
Disrupting Chemicals in Southern California Coastal Waters. J.
Armstrong, Environmental Laboratory and Ocean Monitoring, Orange
County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA; D. Schlenk, X. Deng,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside,
Riverside, CA; K. Kelley, J. Reyes, Environmental Endocrinology
Laboratory, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA; J.
Gully, Ocean Monitoring, Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Los
Angeles, CA; C. Cash, Environmental Monitoring Division, City of Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; T. Stebbins, Ocean Monitoring, City of San
Diego, San Diego, CA; D. Vidal-Dorsch, S. Bay, Toxicology Division,
Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Coasta Mesa, CA.
A large collaborative study investigating the occurrence and eects of
contaminants of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the southern
California urban ocean was conducted by the Southern California
Coastal Water Research Project, wastewater treatment agencies, and
university researchers in 2005-2006. Evidence of EDC exposure to a feral
atsh, hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis), was detected using
biomarkers, such as vitellogenin expression, cortisol suppression, and gonad
histology. Te focus of this presentation is on organismal and population
level eects in sh collected from four major wastewater outfalls relative to
sh collected from a regional reference area. Potential eects reported on
include changes to abundance, age-class structures, growth rates, gender
ratios, seasonality, reproductive timing, and sh health as measured by the
Liver Somatic Index (LSI) and Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI).
53 Sources, Fates, and Eects of Emerging Contaminants on
Southern California Flatsh: Synthesis and Next Steps. S. Bay, D. Vidal-
Dorsch, K. Maruya, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project,
Costa Mesa, CA; J.L. Armstrong, Ocean Monitoring Division, Orange
County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA; M.E. Baker, Department
of Medicine, Universtiy of California, La Jolla, CA; C. Cash, Environmental
Monitoring Division, City of Los Angeles Dept. of Public Works, Playa
del Rey, CA; J.R. Gully, Ocean Monitoring and Research, Los Angeles
County Sanitation Districts, Whittier, CA; K.M. Kelley, Environmental
Endocrinology Laboratory, California State University, Long Beach, CA;
T.D. Stebbins, Marine Biology Laboratory, Metropolitan Wastewater
Department, San Diego, CA; D. Schlenk, Environmental Sciences Dept.,
University of California, Riverside, CA. Te coastal waters of southern
California currently receive large inputs of contaminants from multiple
sources that combine with historical contamination from chlorinated
hydrocarbons and oceanographic processes to produce a complex and
dynamic system of contaminant exposure. Determining the impacts
of contaminants of emerging concern in such a system is dicult, yet
necessary for future environmental management actions in the region. Te
integrated study described in this series of presentations, where measures
of source, fate, and eects were determined using a common study design,
has been shown to be useful in helping understand both the presence and
signicance of emerging contaminant impacts on coastal sh. Key study
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 17
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ndings indicate that inputs of some contaminants of emerging concern are
relatively large, and that exposure of southern California coastal sh to these
contaminants is widespread as a result of multiple sources and fate/transport
processes. Several molecular indicators of endocrine disruption are present
in hornyhead turbot, suggesting widespread responses to anthropogenic
contaminants, yet the ecological signicance and cause of these responses
are not obvious and still somewhat uncertain. Te unique collaboration of
agencies and institution in this study is expected to continue this research
and focus on several key areas of uncertainty: determining baseline response
levels for molecular indicators, investigating impacts on other species, and
identifying contaminants of highest concern. Strategies for addressing these
uncertainties will include expanded temporal trend studies, in situ sampling
using passive samplers, renement of genomic tools, evaluation of additional
reference areas, and the use of laboratory exposure studies to validate tools
and investigate mixture eects.
54 Advances in Sample Preparation for Environmental Samples
Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). B. Richter, S. Henderson, E.
Francis, R. Carlson, J. Peterson, B. Murphy, B. Dorich, Dionex, SLCTC,
Salt Lake City, UT. Sonication and Soxhlet are commonly used as the
methods to extract organic compounds of interest from environmental
samples prior to analysis. Tese techniques use large quantities of solvent
and require hours of labor. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was
introduced in 1995 as a replacement for these older techniques. ASE uses
small volumes of solvent, and extractions can be completed in 10 to 15
minutes instead of hours. Te sample size capacity of ASE can be as small
as a few grams and as large as nearly 100 grams. In all cases when ASE has
been compared to sonication and Soxhlet, ASE has shown comparable
or improved performance in terms of analyte recovery and precision of
determination. ASE methodology is specied in environmental methods
such as USEPA Method 3545A and as part of the Contract Laboratory
Program (CLP SOW OLM04.2). We will discuss the use of ASE generally
for environmental samples and two main areas of new advancements.
Te rst new advancement will be the use of adsorbents in the extraction
cell along with the sample. Tis procedure produces extracts that require
no additional clean-up (GPC or SPE) after extraction and prior to
chromatographic analysis. For example, high fat samples such as sh tissue
containing PCBs can be extracted using this technology and extracts are
produced that are free of lipids. Te second area deals with new materials
of construction that expand the applicability of ASE to include samples
that have been pre-treated with either acids or bases. For example, soil
samples containing phenols can be pre-treated with HCl to give improved
recovery of phenols. Included in this presentation will be the use of ASE
for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, pesticides, brominated ame retardants and
uorinated compounds. Matrices will include soils, sludges, sediments,
plant and animal tissues. We will discuss the conditions necessary to obtain
quantitative recovery and comparisons to other techniques.
55 Method Development of Free and Conjugated Estrogens
by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with an Electrospray
Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Tso, D. Aga, Chemistry, University at
Bualo, Bualo, NY. Te detection of endocrine disrupting compounds in
the environment is generating environmental and heath concerns. Among
these endocrine disrupting compounds, estrogens are reported to be one
of the most serious contributors because of the estrogenicity that can be
exhibited at ng/L concentrations. Estrogens are typically excreted in their
free and conjugated forms, however these conjugates are assumed to be
inactive. Te conjugates have been characterized to transform back into
the endocrine disrupting estrogenic parent compounds through enzymatic
or chemical dissociation reactions. Hence, a large interest has developed
to determine whether the conjugated forms contribute signicantly to the
overall estrogenicity in aquatic environments. A simple and fast analytical
method was developed to separate 14 analytes which include free estrogens
and their conjugates in a single analysis. Sample preparation encompassed
solid phase extraction or sonication. Separation and detection was achieved
by high performance liquid chromatography with an electrospray tandem
mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Both natural and synthetic estrogens were
evaluated along with their conjugated forms (sulfate, disulfate, glucuronide,
diglucuronide, and sulfate-glucuronide). Tis analytical method has been
applied in the analysis of environmental aqueous and solid samples. Te
ability to detect free and conjugated estrogens in a single analysis allows
for simultaneous monitoring of these compounds which will contribute
in determining the overall amount of estrogenic compounds in the
environment.
56 Te optimization and comparison of multiple analytical
screening methods for measuring personal care products and
alkylphenol surfactants in sh. S. Usenko, M.A. Mottaleb, A.J. Ramirez,
B.W. Brooks, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University,
Waco, TX; S. Usenko, B.W. Brooks, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic
System Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX; M.A. Mottaleb, A.J.
Ramirez, C.K. Chambliss, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Baylor University, Waco, TX. Personal care products (PCPs) and
alkylphenol surfactants represent several emerging classes of environmental
contaminants. Recent research has shown that PCPs and alkylphenol
surfactants can be present in water bodies that receive a signicant
amount of wastewater euent. Consequently, sh inhabiting these waters
may be exposed to these contaminants. Analytical screening methods
for determining the concentration of ten PCPs and two alkylphenol
surfactants in sh tissues were optimized and compared. Analytical
techniques investigated included (i) sample tissue homogenate (llet versus
llet plus skin and belly ap), (ii) sample clean-up steps (silica gel versus
silica gel and gel permeation chromatography (GPC)), and (iii) chemical
identication and quantication techniques (GC/EI-MS versus GC/EI-
MSMS). Tissue samples for the llet homogenate and llet plus skin and
belly ap homogenate were collected from the same sh; however, they were
collected from opposing sides. Te extraction of 1-g tissue homogenate was
optimized with acetone and was conserved for all methods. Mean analyte
recoveries from control tissue matrix ranged from 87 to 114% with RSDs
<13%. Statistically-derived method detection limits were <10 ng.g-1 for
most analytes, and as low as 2.4 ng.g-1 for p-nonylphenol. Results for
our investigation indicated that llet plus skin and belly ap homogenate
extracts did require silica gel, GPC, and GC/EI-MSMS techniques. Results
also showed that llet tissue homogenate extracts did not necessarily require
GPC clean-up and that either GC/EI-MS or GC/EI-MSMS were suitable.
Te use of llet tissue only did not typically result in a loss of identication
or quantication for any target analyte.
57 An optimized method for the analysis of ortho-PCBs in air
samples collected from remote areas of the United States by GC/MSD
and its application to dierent matrices. J.S. Boone, T. Boone, C.J. Byrne,
C. Vigo, J.B. Ferrario, Environmental Chemistry Branch, USEPA/OPPTS/
OPP/BEAD/ECB, Stennis Space Center, MS. A method was developed
to determine background levels of individual ortho-PCBs (o-PCB) in air
samples collected from rural and remote areas of the United States during
the National Dioxin Air Monitoring (NDAMN) Study. Tis data would
complement the dioxin, furan, and coplanar PCB data obtained prior.
Published methods are available for the measurement of PCBs in air and
other environmental samples; however, many identify only a few specic
PCBs, while others have problems with PCB identication, co-eluting
PCBs, and contamination. After initial method development and sample
analysis by GC-ECD, the GC-MSD was found to reduce the number of
false positives and was chosen for analysis. Comparisons were made between
the J&W DB-5ms and the DB-XLB capillary columns to determine the
better column for the analysis of individual o-PCBs. Based solely on the
marker PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180), it was determined that the
DB-XLB better separated PCBs 28 and 101 and that the DB-5ms better
separated PCBs 138 and 153. Te DB-XLB was chosen for the analysis of
NDAMN air samples. Sample preparation included acid stirring and acid/
base, carbon, and alumina column clean-ups. Te carbon column split the
sample into three fractions: the F1 which contained the greatest percentage
of the o-PCBs, the F2 which contained the coplanar PCBs and a few
remaining o-PCBs, and the F3 which contained the dioxins and furans. Te
F2 (coplanar PCBs) and F3 (dioxins and furans) fractions were analyzed
by HRGC/HRMS. Te F1 (o-PCBs) fraction was analyzed by GC-MSD.
Te analyses of the NDAMN air samples detected over 100 PCBs with 30-
50 PCBs above the limits of quantitation (LOQ). Te 20 most abundant
o-PCBs are PCBs 22, 28, 31, 33, 44, 47, 49, 52, 64, 84, 87, 95, 97, 101,
110, 118, 138, 149, 151, and 153 +132. PCB 180 was also often detected.
Te marker PCBs are among those most abundant o-PCBs. Te method has
also been tested with standard reference materials and during international
intercalibration food exercises with excellent correlation.
58 Targeted/untargeted screening analysis of organic
contaminants in cod liver oil using GCGC/TOF-MS with direct
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sample introduction (DSI). E. Hoh, S.J. Lehotay, K. Mastovska, USDA
ARS, Wyndmoor, PA. Most analytical methods used for the analysis of
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental samples are targeted
analytical methods based on GC/MS. In other words, the analytical
methods are specically developed for certain POPs. Tese methods meet
analytical needs as intended, but in a broader context, they are inecient
not only because multiple methods are needed for multiple POP classes, but
also because they only can nd what is targeted by the methods. A better
risk analysis of POPs to humans and environment requires total data of
these several groups of POPs not a single group in dierent environmental
matrices. Terefore, the objective of our study was to develop and evaluate
a fast and ecient analytical method for a concurrent analysis of several
groups of POPs with the application of comprehensive gas chromatography
with time of ight mass spectrometry (GCGC-TOF MS) and a novel
sample introduction system, automated direct sample introduction (DSI).
Te TOF-MS produces full scan mass spectra with better sensitivity than
a quadruple based GC/MS. Te GCGC provides better separations and
sensitivity than one dimensional GC. Te DSI injection system reduces
laborious clean up procedures and enables large volume injections that
increase sensitivity. More importantly, the sample preparation process can
have wide scope because the DSI does not require adsorptive or destructive
clean up, such as silica gel methods or acidication that often loses some
analytes. In addition, this GCGC-TOF MS approach was powerful to
discover unidentied organic chemicals or new organic contaminants
entering into environment which would not have been detected by the
targeted analytical methods. Using the GCGC-TOF MS with DSI, we
were able to analyze several groups of POPs simultaneously and discover/
identify several unknown/unexpected organic contaminants and natural
halogenated compounds in cod liver oil.
59 Lab and eld evaluation of an Inline Biosensor for water
soluble PAHs. C. Spier, G. Vadas, M. Unger, S. Kaattari, Department
of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of
Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA; E. Bromage, Biology Department,
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA. To
complement the classical analytical methods for detecting pollutants in
aquatic environments, there is a need to develop new technologies that are
faster, cheaper, and highly sensitive. Among these new technologies are
biosensors and more specically, antibody-based biosensors. As part of our
eort to produce a biosensor for the detection of the water soluble fraction
(WSF) derived from oil, we have developed and characterized a monoclonal
antibody (mAb 7B2.3) that specically recognizes 3 and 4 ringed polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Its high binding anity (K
d
= 8.79 x 10
-10

M) for free PAHs in solution permits its use in a rapid portable platform
(KinExA Inline Biosensor; Sapidyne, Inc.), which requires less than 200
seconds for analysis at a cost of approximately $0.05 per sample. Analysis
of a series of spiked environmental water samples showed the biosensor
could detect free anthracene accurately as low as 1-30 g/L (r
2
= 0.9742).
To evaluate the detection of PAH from a variety of environmental sources,
we generated WSFs from two PAH contaminated sediment sources, a
creosote standard, and a Prudhoe Bay crude oil standard. All WSFs from
these environmental sources demonstrated easy detection of 3 and 4
ringed PAHs by our biosensor and were conrmed by GC-MS analysis.
Samples were diluted 100 fold and were still at measurable concentrations
for the biosensor demonstrating its potential utility. A validation test of
the biosensor showing time dependant PAH concentrations measured
in the eld will be presented and compared to conventional analytical
techniques. Te rapid detection and quantication of water soluble PAHs
in environmental samples has many potential applications in environmental
chemistry including oil detection and dening concentration plumes in the
eld.
60 Sources and Levels of Volatile Methylsiloxanes in Air from
Southern Ontario. H. Steer, M. Alaee, S. Smyth, Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Organosilicon compounds produced
commercially are based on siloxane (Si-O-Si) bonded with both aliphatic
and cyclic structures. Te annual environmental loading of organosilicon
materials for the United States in 1993 was estimated to be 179,000 metric
tons. Tree organosilicon classes have noteworthy environmental loadings:
volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS), polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), and
polyethermethylsiloxanes (PEMS). Tese three classes have been the most
studied. PDMS are non-volatile liquids with low water solubility; on the
other hand VMS compounds have high vapor pressure, combined with
low water solubility and high Henrys Law constants which indicate these
compounds would favor partitioning into the atmosphere. Recent studies
indicate that the atmospheric half-life of VMS is long enough to allow
this class of compounds to undergo long range atmospheric transport.
Duplicate air samples were collected onto Tenax TA lled sorbent tubes
and extracted by Termal Desorption. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4),
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and Dodecamethylcylohexasiloxane
(D6) were identied in both inside and outside air by TDS-GC/MS. D5
was measured in higher concentrations than D4 and D6 for all samples
locations. At WWTPs A and B, D5 air concentrations were 3g/m3 and
2g/m3 respectively. In indoor air, D5 concentrations were highest in
the analytical laboratory and non-lab locations; 14g/m3 and 9g/m3
respectively. Whereas D6 was measured at all indoor sampling locations
(0.05 to 0.5 g/m3), it was only conrmed in outdoor air sampled at the
WWTPs (0.04g/m3). D4 concentrations were highest in outdoor air
sampled at the aeration tanks of both WWTPs (~0.01g/m3). Indoor
air measurements of D4 were highest in the non lab and analytical lab
air (0.1 to 0.2g/m3) and lowest in clean labs (~0.03g/m3) In this
presentation occurrence of VMS in municipal sewage treatment plants and
concentrations of VMS in indoor and ambient air will be presented.
61 Diastereo-Selective Separation of Chiral Pesticides by
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) With Tandem Columns.
J.L. Leer, R. Chen, Tar Technologies, Pittsburgh, PA. Pyrethroids are
synthetic chemical compounds similar to the natural chemical pyrethrins
and commonly used as household insecticides and insect repellents.
Typically, pyrethroids possess multiple stereogenic centers and individual
stereoisomer can have widely diering biological activities. Rapid, reliable,
and precise determination of the isomeric ratio(s) of these chiral pesticides
is of great importance not only for product formulation but also for the
subsequent study on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the pesticides.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with chiral stationary
phases (CSPs) has been the predominant tool for separating chiral pesticides.
However, the complexity of the pyrethroids resulting from the multiple
stereogenic centers presents a special challenge for baseline resolution of all
isomers. Numerous CSPs, many are not commercially available, have been
attempted to separate synthetic pyrethroids with varying degree of success.
Despite its great popularity and success in pharmaceutical industries for
chiral separation, SFC has rarely been used for separating chiral herbicides
and pesticides. In 2007, Cole and Leer et al., reported the use of SFC
with two AD-H columns in tandem to baseline separate Metolachlor, a
traditionally dicult-to-resolve chiral herbicide. We present herein our
recent endeavor on exploring SFC with column coupling to separate
fenvalerate, a diastereomeric mixture in the pyrethroid family. Various
experimental parameters, including ow rate and order of coupled columns,
will be discussed. We hope that this communication will encourage and
stimulate more research activities in this promising led.
62 Application of a New, Stereoselective Liquid Chromatography-
Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Method to the Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Methyl Sulfone
Metabolites in Tissue Extracts. V.I. Cooper, C.S. Wong, Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; C.S.
Wong, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Methylsulfonyl polychlorinated biphenyls
(MSCBs) are persistent metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls that
have been detected in the tissues of several animal species from around
the globe. Gas chromatography (GC) has been used exclusively for the
analytical separation of MSCBs, but the run times are prohibitively long
and some of the enantiomers of the chiral congeners cannot be resolved on
many commercially available columns. We have developed a stereoselective
high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(HPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of several chiral and
achiral, meta- and para-substituted MSCBs of environmental interest. In
order to separate most of the MSCB congeners from one another, it was
necessary to couple an achiral column, which provided the rst dimension
of separation, to a chiral column in the second dimension. Both columns
are commercially available and were used in normal phase. Atmospheric
pressure photoionization was employed in negative ion mode with an Ar
lamp, using toluene or anisole as the dopant. Tis ion source was chosen
due to its ability to ionize non-polar analytes eciently, its compatibility
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with normal phase LC solvents, and its lack of matrix eects compared
to other soft ionization techniques. Te main transition monitored in
multiple reaction monitoring mode was [M-Cl+O]
-
[M-MeSO
2
-Cl+O]
-
.
However, it was found that using hybrid linear ion trap scan types led to
signicant increases in signal intensity. Interestingly, the dominant daughter
ion and the eciency of its formation appear to depend on the positions
of the methylsulfonyl- and chloro- substituents, regardless of the scan type.
Te enantiomer resolution and limits of detection of the nal method
were compared to those of previously published stereoselective GC-MS
techniques. Our new method was applied to the analysis of various tissue
extracts of environmental origin.
63 Regional Variation in the Distribution of Metals in Minnesota
Lake Sediments. J.L. Crane, S.K. Hennes, Environmental Analysis &
Outcomes, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN. Te
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), in collaboration with
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other partners,
conducted eld sampling of 54 Minnesota lakes during the summer of
2007 as part of the U.S. EPAs National Lake Assessment Program (NLAP).
Te eld sampling resources of the NLAP project were leveraged with
additional state funding to gain statistically valid ambient sediment quality
data for this suite of lakes. A stratied random sampling approach was used
to select 50 lakes from ve size classes and ve ecoregions covering most of
Minnesota. In addition, four potential reference lakes were also selected.
Surface sediment samples were collected from the main depositional area of
each lake. Five eld replicate samples were also collected. Sediment samples
were analyzed for a suite of 19 metals/metalloids, including: aluminum,
antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium,
vanadium, and zinc. Analyses for total organic carbon, particle size, and
several organic chemical parameters (e.g., PAHs, PBDEs) are also being
done. Antimony and thallium were either not detected or present below
the quantication limit for all 59 sediment samples. Distributions of the
other metals/metalloids will be used to determine ambient background
concentrations. Te metals/metalloids data will also be analyzed for any
patterns of variation among ecoregions or watershed parameters (e.g., lake
area, land use), and between reference and study lakes. Sediment quality
in each lake (in terms of biological impacts to benthic invertebrates)
will be assessed by comparing the concentrations of a subset of metals to
the MPCAs Level I and Level II sediment quality targets. Te results of
this study will have useful applications for assessment, emerging issue,
stormwater, watershed, remediation, and pollution prevention eorts at the
MPCA.
64 Kinetics and Modeling of Nickel Sulde Oxidation.
B.P. McGuire, K.J. Farley, R.F. Carbonaro, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY; D.M. Di Toro, Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE; K.J.
Farley, D.M. Di Toro, R.F. Carbonaro, HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ.
Addition of nickel to iron sulde-rich sediments will result in the formation
of insoluble nickel sulde, NiS(s), which renders the nickel immobile and
therefore non-bioavailable. Of concern is the possible oxidation of NiS(s)
by dissolved oxygen which would result in a re-release of the metal and
a potential for toxicity. Tis is particularly important during sediment
resuspension and/or mixing events. With this work we examine the reaction
rates and stoichiometry of NiS(s) oxidation by dissolved molecular oxygen.
Te synthetic nickel sulde employed in these reactions was prepared under
strict anoxic conditions. Reaction progress was monitored by measuring
appearance of dissolved nickel and disappearance of dissolved oxygen.
NiS(s) oxidation was rapid, with reactions going to completion in about
1 hour. An approximate stoichiometry of 1 mol Ni
2+
produced / 1 mol
O
2
consumed was observed, which indicates that an average of 4 electrons
were lost from sulfur during the reaction. Reaction progress was adequately
modeled using a kinetic rate law where the rate was rst order with respect
to NiS(s) surface area, and NiS(s) particles assumed to be spherical. Te
results of this study provide the necessary kinetic parameters to model
NiS(s) oxidation in sediments.
65 Distribution of Trace Metals in Sediment Samples from
Tree Protected Areas in South Florida. V. Caccia, P. Gardinali, C.
Cantos, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International
University, Miami, FL; V. Caccia, P. Gardinali, Department of Chemistry
& Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL; J. Castro,
Department of Interior, Everglades National Park, Miami, FL. As part
of the Contaminant Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) project,
the concentrations of 20 metals (Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se,
Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, Al and Fe) were measured on surface
sediments/soil samples collected at 30 stations in Everglades National Park,
9 stations in the Big Cypress National Preserve and 12 stations in Biscayne
National Park between 2006 and 2007. Concentrations of metals were
determined by ICP-MS. Since water deliveries to these three protected areas
are being extensively modied by implementation of CERP projects and
the increasing of urban development, the evaluation of certain heavy metals
(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) are important to assess environmental degradation.
Typical metal sources located around these parks include: the Homestead
and Imolakee agricultural areas that require the application of large
quantities of chemicals containing various heavy metals; the canal systems
that drain the agricultural elds, the Black Point Landll (the largest landll
in Miami), and several large marinas along the coastline of Biscayne Bay
that collectively impact these parks and their resources. Our results showed
elevated concentrations of certain metals in regions of the study area that
have anthropogenic inuences. For Example: Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were
above the average at some stations in the East Boundary of the Everglades
National Park (E1, E3, E4, E5, E6). Tis area is adjacent to the Homestead
Agricultural Area and also it is used for the practices of the shooting schools
that contribute to the high Pb levels. Two stations within Biscayne National
Park (BB1 and BB10) showed higher than average concentrations of Cu,
Zn and Pb. Tese stations are heavily inuenced by the runo from the
South Dade agricultural area and the boat trac, since BB1 and BB10
are located inside of two Marinas. Cu and Zn were enriched in several
stations of Biscayne National Park and at structure S178 in the ENP. Te
lowest concentrations of metals were found in sediments with high calcium
carbonate content at the southern part of the Everglades National Park, at
stations C111-1, C111-2 (the C111 Basin ) and TS2 (Taylor Slough)
66 Sediment toxicity and metal bioavailability in streams of the
Vermont copper belt, USA. J. Besser, B. Brumbaugh, D. Hardesty, C.
Ingersoll, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO; R. Kiah, J. Coles, U.S.
Geological Survey, Pembroke, NH; R. Seal, N. Piatak, U.S. Geological
Survey, Reston, VA. We characterized toxicity and metal bioavailability in
sediment from streams draining inactive mines in the Vermont Copper
Belt. Sediment samples were collected from depositional areas of streams in
the vicinity of the Ely Mine (in 2006) and the Pike Hill Mine (in 2007),
as part of broader studies of the hydrology, water and sediment quality,
and aquatic biological communities of these sites. We conducted whole-
sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod, Hyalella azteca (28 d), and
the midge, Chironomus dilutus (10 d). Sediments and pore waters were
analyzed for metal concentrations (total recoverable metals, simultaneously
extracted metals or SEM, and pore water metals) and supporting variables
(particle size analysis, fraction organic carbon or foc, acid-volatile sulde or
AVS, dissolved organic carbon, and water quality characteristics). Sediments
collected downstream of mines in both study areas caused signicant
reductions in survival and/or growth of amphipods, relative to reference
sites (6 of 7 sites at Ely; 5 of 11 sites at Pike Hill). In contrast, there were no
signicant dierences in midge survival among sediments from either study
area and sediment from only one site (at Ely) caused signicant reductions
in midge growth. Toxic eects on amphipods generally corresponded
to degree of metal (primarily copper) contamination, although two
sediments collected from acidic stream reaches exhibited lower toxicity than
predicted based on total-recoverable metal concentrations in sediments
(expressed as probable eect quotients) or from metal concentrations in
eld-collected pore waters (expressed as cumulative criteria units). Tese
anomalous toxicity results were predicted more accurately by equilibrium
sediment benchmarks based on SEM-AVS/foc, which reected the
low concentrations of labile (SEM) metals in these sediments. Metal
concentrations measured in eld-collected pore waters from acidic sites were
greater than those measured in-situ in toxicity test chambers, suggesting
that acidic, metal-rich site waters were rapidly neutralized and ushed from
the sediment exposure system. Te toxicity of sediment to amphipods
was signicantly correlated with reduced taxa richness of resident
macroinvertebrate assemblages.
67 Using Tissue Metal Concentrations in Fathead Minnows
Exposed to a Sediment Dilution Concentration Series to Characterize
Ecological Risk. T.L. Watson-Leung, Laboratory Services Branch,
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Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada;
N. Diep, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario
Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; J. Van Geest,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Knowledge of the relative
bioaccumulation among sites would be useful in determining management
options for possible remediation. A procedure was developed at the Ontario
Ministry of the Environment to dilute contaminated sediment with clean
control sediment to allow for the assessment of site-specic bioaccumulation
risk and development of remediation goals. Concentrations of contaminants
were measured in the test sediment, toxicity test overlying water and
fathead minnow tissue after a 21 day static laboratory exposure. In addition
Hexagenia spp., Lumbriculus variegatus and fathead minnows were exposed
for 21 days to 25% dilution of the metal contaminated sediment and their
tissue concentrations were measured. Te utility of the sediment dilution
method and the comparison of three dierent species in the assessment of
ecological and human health risk will be examined with the presentation of
site-specic data.
68 Chemical characterization of metal-contaminated sediments
from the Tri-state mining district in association with laboratory whole-
sediment toxicity testing. W. Brumbaugh, T. May, J. Besser, C. Ingersoll,
US Geological Survey, Columbia, MO; M. Doolan, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Kansas City, KS; J. Meyer, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Dallas, TX; D. MacDonald, MacDonald Environmental, Nanaimo,
British Columbia, Canada. Te Tri-State Mining District (TMD) is
an historic lead and zinc mining area that includes portions of Kansas,
Missouri, and Oklahoma, USA. Historic mining activities in the area
have resulted in contamination of surface water, groundwater, sediments,
and ood plain soils by lead, zinc, and other heavy metals. As part of
an advanced screening level ecological risk assessment being conducted
by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), we conducted
comprehensive chemical analyses and whole-sediment toxicity assessments
for stream sediments collected from 70 locations within the TMD in 2007.
Sediments were analyzed for grain size, fraction of organic carbon (foc),
acid-volatile sulde (AVS), simultaneously-extracted metals (SEM), total
recoverable metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine
compounds. Pore water, sampled by centrifugation/ltration just before
onset of toxicity testing and by in-situ dialysis (peepers) on days 7 and 28
during testing, was analyzed for dissolved organic carbon, major cations
and anions, and trace metals. Based on USEPAs 2005 sediment metals
benchmarks derived from (SEM-AVS) / foc, 24% of the sediment samples
were classied as high risk (adverse biological eects expected) and
another 44% of the sediment samples were classied as slight-to-moderate
risk (adverse eects possible). Similar percentages of samples were classied
as either slight-to-moderate risk or high risk when sediments were evaluated
using benchmarks based on total recoverable metals normalized to 1%
organic carbon (probable eect concentration quotients), or based on pore-
water metals toxic units. Strong concurrence between these three approaches
probably reects the fact that AVS was low in most samples, and that zinc,
the primary metal of concern, exhibits increased metal sulde solubility
compared with most other toxicologically-important divalent metals.
Relations between sediment physiochemical characteristics and pore-water
metal concentrations, as evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, will
be presented. Eects of sampling time and method also will be discussed.
69 Evaluation of Metal Contamination in Multiple Media in
Proximity to a Historic Ore Processing Facility in Skagway Harbor,
Skagway, Alaska. M. Bowersox, J. Roberts, J. Tice, C. Barbour, Tetra
Tech, Inc., Owings Mills, MD. Skagway Harbor is listed as impaired
by Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) due to
sediment metals that are potentially toxic to aquatic life. Several previous
studies of the harbor have indicated relatively high concentrations of several
priority pollutant metals including copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, and
zinc in sediments, apparently in relation to historic metal ore transport
and loading operations. Current sediment and water quality of Skagway
Harbor with respect to metal contamination was characterized. Multiple
media, i.e., sediment, pore water, surface water, and mussel tissue, were
collected and analyzed for metals and other parameters (i.e., grain size, acid-
volatile sulde, and total organic carbon). Whole sediment, pore water, and
surface water samples were also subjected to toxicity tests using a variety
of test species. Eects were observed in the few sediment and pore water
samples tested. However, investigations of metal bioavailability, including
limited pore water toxicity identication evaluation testing and analysis
of acid volatile sulde concentrations, suggest that metals are not likely to
be a source of toxicity. Observations of sediments and pore waters suggest
that oil (petroleum) by-products and/or high oxygen demand may have
caused toxicity. All metal concentrations measured in surface water and
surcial sediments were below thresholds of concern and much lower than
that recorded 20 years ago. Mussels had increased tissue concentrations
of lead and zinc as proximity to the historic site of metal input increased,
but all levels were generally below threshold response values reported
in the literature. Results of these analyzes indicate that metals may have
historically impaired Skagway Harbor but natural attenuation is reducing
the concentration (and therefore the risk) of these metals, while other
contaminants (petroleum) may need to be characterized.
70 Toxicity characterization of metal-contaminated sediments
from the Tri-state mining district with the amphipod Hyalella azteca,
the midge, Chironomus dilutus, and the fatmucket mussel (Lampsilis
siliquoidea). C.D. Ivey, J.M. Besser, C.G. Ingersoll, N.E. Kemble, J.L.
Kunz, Toxicology, USGS, Columbia, MO; W.G. Brumbaugh, T.W. May,
Chemistry, USGS, Columbia, MO; D.D. MacDonald, MESL, Nanaimo,
British Columbia, Canada. Te Tri-State Mining District is a historic
lead and zinc mining area that includes portions of Kansas, Missouri,
and Oklahoma. Historic mining activities in the area have resulted in
contamination of surface water, groundwater, sediments, and ood plain
soils in the Tar Creek, Neosho River, and Spring River basins by lead,
zinc, and other heavy metals. Te objective of this study was to evaluate
the ability of sediment quality guidelines for metals based on (1) probable
eect concentrations (PECs) or (2) simultaneously extracted metals, acid
volatile sulde, and total organic carbon in sediment (SEM-AVS/foc) to
predict sediment toxicity to amphipods (Hyalella azteca; 28-d exposures
with 100 sediment samples), midges (Chironomus dilutus; 10-d exposures
with 100 sediment samples), and mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea;
28-d exposures with 42 sediment samples). Toxicity testing was conducted
following ASTM and EPA methods. Toxicity relative to reference conditions
was observed in the amphipod, midge, and mussel tests in 26 to 33% of
the sediment samples. Strong agreement in toxicity was observed between
the results of the mussel and amphipod toxicity test (i.e., 85% similarity for
the 42 samples with only 5% of the samples identied as toxic to mussels
and not toxic to amphipods). Toxicity in the amphipod and mussel tests,
but not in the midge tests was accurately predicted by metal PECs, SEM-
AVS/foc, or pore-water metal concentrations with eect concentrations
(EC20s) for amphipods or mussels at a (1) mean metal PEC quotient of
about 1.2, (2) SEM-AVS/foc of about 1200 mole/goc or (3) pore-water
metal toxic unit of about 0.85. Agreement between measures of PECs and
SEM-AVS/foc likely occurred because of the relatively low concentration
of AVS in the sediment samples. Results of this study will be used by EPA
and DOI in ongoing assessments of risks and injuries associated with metal
contamination in the area.
71 Development of toxicity thresholds for assessing risks to
sediment-dwelling organisms in the Tri-State Mining District, KS, OK,
and MO. D.D. MacDonald, D.E. Smorong, MacDonald Environmental
Sciences Ltd., Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada; C.G. Ingersoll, J.M.
Besser, W.G. Brumbaugh, T.W. May, CERC, USGS, Columbia, MO; J.C.
Meyer, Region 6, USEPA, Dallas, TX; M. Doolan, Region 7, USEPA,
Kansas City, MO; S. Irving, CH2M Hill, Dallas, TX. Te Tri-State Mining
District (TMD), an area of about 500 square miles, is a historic mining
region that includes portions of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Te
TMD was one of the worlds foremost lead and zinc mining districts,
yielding about 460 million tons of crude ore between 1885 and 1970.
Historic mining activities in the TMD have resulted in contamination
of surface water, groundwater, sediments, and/or ood plain soils in the
Tar Creek, Neosho River, and Spring River basins by lead, zinc, and other
heavy metals. To address concerns regarding the potential eects of heavy
metal releases on the environment, USEPA is evaluating risks to ecological
receptors associated with exposure to metals and other chemicals of
potential concern in environmental media. As part of this investigation,
a total of 70 sediment samples were collected from eight areas of interest
located within the study area to support chemical characterization and
toxicological evaluation (see Brumbaugh et al. and Ivey et al. abstracts).
Up to three toxicity tests were conducted on each sample including a 10-d
toxicity test with the midge, Chironomus dilutus (Endpoints: survival
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and growth), a 28-d toxicity test with the amphipod, Hyalella azteca
(Endpoints: survival, growth, and biomass), and a 28-d toxicity test with the
mussel, Lampsilis siliquoidea (Endpoints: survival, growth, and biomass).
Te matching sediment-chemistry and sediment-toxicity data from these
studies were then used to derive site-specic toxicity thresholds for various
individual COPCs and COPC mixtures based on (1) pore-water metals
toxic units, (2) sum simultaneously extracted metals minus acid volatile
sulphide normalized to total organic carbon (SEM-AVS/foc), and (3)
mean metals probable eects quotients normalized to total organic carbon
in sediment. Te toxicity thresholds generated from the eld-collected
data were then evaluated to identify the most reliable basis for assessing
risks to sediment-dwelling organisms in the TMD. Te results of these
investigations will be discussed.
72 Eective Ecological Restoration Monitoring An NRDAR
Overview. S. Glomb, U.S. Department of the Interior, Natural Resource
Damage Assessment and Restoration Program, Washington, DC; S.
Kennedy, U.S. Department of the Interior, NRDAR Restoration Support
Unit, Denver, CO; M. Hooper, S. Finger, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia
Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO. A recent review of the
U.S. Department of the Interiors Natural Resource Damage Assessment
and Restoration (NRDAR) program identied the need to explore improved
approaches for measuring success resulting from NRDAR restoration
activities. Te success of restoration activities is dependent on returning
injured resources and services to baseline conditions. It is necessary to
demonstrate that these activities are successful or that they are progressing
according to established goals and objectives. A better understanding of
monitoring strategies would improve the ability to implement successful
restoration monitoring programs on previously contaminated sites. Tis
presentation will serve as an introduction and overview of the full-day
symposium, the goal of which is to bring together restoration practitioners
with a diverse range of experiences to discuss strategies for, and strengths
and weaknesses of, restoration monitoring programs. Following an
introductory description of a range of NRDAR restoration and monitoring
activities, this presentation will focus on challenges facing the NRDAR
program to improve its current monitoring practices. Tis presentation
will establish the framework for the symposium papers and set the stage for
discussions that will follow. Key questions, concepts, and challenges to be
addressed in the symposium sessions include a sharing of the state-of-the-
art on restoration management (e.g., relationship to injury, monitoring,
metrics); performance measures; acquisition; appropriate substitution
of resources; legal obligations; eective partnering; baseline; monitoring
duration and frequency; costs; adaptive management; lessons learned;
and next steps. Appropriate monitoring approaches will be site specic,
reecting the range of trust resources injured (e.g., endangered species,
migratory species, cultural uses of natural resources, public lands), habitat
types injured; geographic scale of injury; and variability of contaminants of
concern. Tis presentation will explore the commonality among the varied
approaches and outline future eorts to develop exible guidance for cost-
eective restoration planning and monitoring.
73 Approaches for Eective Ecological Restoration Monitoring.
Invited speaker by the session chairs. J. Harris, Natural Resources,
Craneld University, Craneld, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. Tere
are nine key attributes of restored ecosystems, which may be used as a
conceptual framework for setting restoration targets and judging the success
of restoration projects and programmes (SERI, S&PWG, 2004). Tese
attributes may be summarised in the following way: Similarity to a reference
ecosystem, characteristic assemblages; Contains indigenous species, some
exceptions; Functional groups present or available; Physical environment
appropriate; Ecosystem functions normally for successional stage; Integrated
with the landscape, and biotic and abiotic interactions; Potential threats
eliminated; Site has resilience and ecological integrity; Self-sustaining.
In order to judge the success of programmes designed to achieve these
attributes, it is necessary to provide unambiguous measurements against
which we can compare the condition and progress of restoration eorts.
Ideally, such measurements should be easily made, robust, reproducible,
and ecologically interpretable in order to relate them to essential ecosystem
components and functions. A critical component of terrestrial ecosystems is
the soil biological community, which has been described as the biological
engine of the Earth. By measuring characteristics of this community in
terms of its size, phenotype, genotype, and functional prole, it is possible
to determine how close the restored system is to a target state be that
a reference system or ideal functional condition in an ecologically
meaningful and interpretable way. Tis will be illustrated with examples of a
number of restoration projects from large strip mines to restoring intensive
agricultural lands, and the rationale and outputs from the UK Soil Quality
Indicators Project - aimed at providing a suite of tools for national and
international soil and ecosystem quality assessment programmes - will be
presented, and how these relate to the key attributes discussed.
74 Te Elliott Bay/Duwamish Restoration Program Monitoring
Project Redening Success. J. Krausmann, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Lacey, WA. In 1990, a lawsuit was
led against the City of Seattle and the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
(Metro) by the United States of America on behalf of the U.S. Department
of Commerces National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under
its authority as a natural resource trustee provided by the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. Te
lawsuit was led to recover damages for injury to, destruction of, and loss
of natural resources resulting from releases of hazardous substances into the
environment in and around the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay. Instead of
litigation, the City of Seattle and Metro worked out a settlement agreement
with the participating natural resource trustees which included the United
States as represented by NOAA, and the Department of the Interior, Fish
and Wildlife Service (FWS); the State of Washington; and two Indian
Tribes. Te natural resource trustees, together with the City of Seattle and
Metro (now King County DNR) established a Panel of Managers (Panel) to
guide sediment remediation and develop habitat restoration projects. Four
habitat sites were selected and developed by the Panel, and a monitoring
program was implemented by the FWS that identied explicit project
objectives against which project performance could be measured. In order
to determine if project goals were met, eight specic success criteria were
developed and grouped into two categories: physical and biological. For
each criterion, quantiable performance measures were detailed and the sites
and monitoring years to which the criterion applied was identied. With the
completion of each project, monitoring began in post-construction years 1,
2, 3, 5, 7, and 10. For two of the four projects, 2007 marked year seven of
the monitoring program. Since the programs inception, a number of events
have occurred that have compromised the monitoring programs ability
to collect statistically sound data and determine if success as originally
dened for each of the habitat sites has been met.
75 NRDA Restoration Monitoring of the Former Empire Oil
Renery Site in Gainesville, Texas. L. Heath, Glenn Springs Holdings,
Inc., Dallas, TX; W.S. Stevens, T.H. White, Environeering, Inc., Houston,
TX. Te former Empire Oil Renery in Gainesville, Texas was owned and
operated by Empire Oil Company, an OXY USA Inc. predecessor, until it
closed in 1935. Remediation and the 147+-acre NRDA restoration were
completed in October 2006. Te NRDA restoration included wetland,
riparian, and grassland habitats. OXY implemented the Trustee-approved
Restoration Monitoring and Reporting Plan (RMRP) using qualitative
methods in 2007 with oversight by the NRDA Trustees. Monitoring was
conducted in two phases, Phase I - Grow-Out, and Phase II - Maintenance
monitoring. In the Grow-Out Phase, habitat was observed to ensure
the restorations met the minimum vegetative cover success criteria.
Maintenance monitoring will ensure the habitats maintain the vegetative
cover criteria without major corrections. If performance standards are
met throughout the Maintenance Phase, a Certicate of Completion will
be granted by the Trustees. Field data and observations are compared to
performance standards in the RMRP. Qualitative eld surveys are being
performed within the habitat restoration areas to determine general site
conditions, wildlife utilization, the growth of invasive species, and damage
caused by vandalism, erosion, etc. Field viewing locations, established by the
Trustees and OXY for each restoration type, provide a consistent view for
determining vegetative growth and survival. During the annual eld surveys,
photographs are taken from the identied monitoring locations to provide
visual documentation of development over time. Geographic location, date,
time, weather conditions, and photographic equipment used are noted
for each photograph taken. Aerial photographs of the entire restoration
project site are taken following completion of Grow-Out and Maintenance
monitoring to document site. Tese photographs are compared to aerial
photos of the site taken prior to the project commencement. Aerial
photographs are provided in digital format, Orthorectied and projected
22 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 14, National American
Datum (NAD) 1983 spatial projection. A monitoring plan must enable
early detection of a problem by knowledgeable individuals to minimize the
damage and the associated corrective action and cost.
76 Development of success criteria for evaluating submerged
aquatic vegetation in the habitat replacement and reconstruction
program for the Hudson River PCBs Site. J.W. Kern, Kern Statistical
Services, Inc., Sauk Rapids, MN; A. Ayers, M. Gardner, General Electric,
Albany, NY; H. Cherno, Earth Tech, White Plains, NJ; D. Glaser,
Quantitative Environmental Analysis, Glens Falls, NY; M.S. Greenberg,
A.A. Hess, USEPA Region 2, New York, NY. In 2007 and 2008, USEPA
and GE collaborated on development of technical criteria and statistical
analysis methods for evaluating the success (i.e., success criteria) for
GEs habitat reconstruction and replacement program to be implemented
following its environmental dredging at the Hudson River PCBs Superfund
Site. Te complexity of the riverine ecological system required the collection
of reference data on several metrics to adequately quantify the structure
and functions of the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), shoreline,
riverine fringing wetland and unconsolidated bottom habitats. Given that
ecological systems in their natural state vary temporally, development of a
xed standard to evaluate success for SAV was rejected in favor of a before-
after control-impact (BACI) analysis that acknowledges and explicitly
accounts for temporal variability. To evaluate the post-dredging (restored)
SAV habitats relative to the reference SAV habitats, a reverse null hypothesis
was chosen as the statistical test for the evaluation (i.e., assume that
function is below criteria until the data prove the converse with a level of
condence). However, framing the null hypothesis in this direction leads to
the potential conundrum of trying to show that the replaced habitats have
higher functionality than reference condition. Because it is not reasonable
to require better than reference conditions as a threshold for demonstrating
success, tests for bioequivalence were selected that will evaluate whether
restored SAV conditions are reasonably close (i.e. bioequivalent) to
reference conditions with a level of statistical condence. Combining these
considerations resulted in implementation of a test for bioequivalence
applied to several metrics associated with functionality within a BACI study
design. Selection of the equivalence coecient and necessary sample size was
developed through simulations designed to balance false positive and false
negative errors at rates that would provide adequate power to demonstrate
success, while ensuring an appropriate level of regulatory protectiveness.
77 Implementation of Scientic Tools to Identify Aquatic
Responses to Urban Gradients. M. Barbour, M. Paul, Center for
Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech, Inc., Owings Mills, MD; A. Purcell,
V. Resh, Entomology Department, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA; E. Rankin, Midwest Biodiversity Institute, Columbus, OH.
In complex urban environments, methods for eective identication of
sound, reasonable and protective goals for aquatic life have been poorly
developed. Any enhancement of tools for addressing impacts to aquatic
life in urban and urbanizing watersheds that recognizes the gradient of
aquatic restoration potential will have great benets for cost eective and
environmentally sound procedures for setting realistic goals. We developed
a process for developing alternative biological benchmarks for aquatic
life responses to cumulative stressors urban catchments using data from
three climatic regions: San Jose, Baltimore, and Cleveland. Tis scientic
tool relies on a three-step process, which includes: developing a primary
urbanization gradient, creating a sensitive urban biological index, and using
these rst two steps to dene the highest biological potential currently
achieved along the urban gradient using quantile regression. We calibrated
this model in the Baltimore urban system, and validated its applicability in
the San Jose and Cleveland systems. Te result was a viable and scientically
sound process for use on a broad scale in geographically diverse urban
settings. Implementation into urban water management programs relies
on establishing realistic aquatic life use benchmarks for urban areas,
procuring the appropriate monitoring data for using this tool, and applying
the empirical methods to prioritize waterbodies for management action
in urban catchments. Te selection of aquatic life goals for urban waters
has substantial economic and administrative consequences. Major water
resource programs in the United States would benet from the renement
of aquatic life goals and application of this model that focuses on biological
potential with respect to those goals.
78 Te role of wetland and conservation banks in natural
resource damage mitigation. J.P. McGuire, J. Wigginton, Westervelt
Ecological Services, Auburn, AL; M. Young, Westervelt Ecological Services,
Sacramento, CA. Mitigation and conservation banking programs can be
a good comparison to natural resource damage restoration as banking
requires monitoring to demonstrate that lost wetland and species habitat
services & functions are replaced and maintained. Natural resource damage
restoration may be able to dovetail with established Bank projects for
purchase of credits as the resulting habitat / species improvements have
already been dened in the bank enabling instrument. Banks are o-site
preserves approved by regulatory agencies to provide equivalent resources
to compensate for presumed future losses of pre-identied habitats and
species within a dened service area. Te monitoring program addresses the
Bank providers compliance with the conservation easement, construction,
implementation, establishment success and performance standards, and
long-term restoration viability. Te monitoring requirements for two banks
will be provided: the 547-acre Yellowleaf Mitigation Bank in Shelby County,
Alabama that provides replacement credits for both wetland and stream
impacts, and the 1200-acre Chickasawhay Conservation Bank in Greene
County, Mississippi that provides credits for the establishment of a gopher
tortoise preserve.
79 Te Big Picture and NRDAR. W.G. Landis, Inst. Env. Tox,
Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA. In the last 10 years,
the realization of ecological systems as complex, non-equilibrium and
connected, hierarchical structures that exist over patchy landscapes requires
a critical evaluation of the NRDAR process. Te terms, resource, damage
and restoration, are essentially normative, that is derived from cultural
values. Tese terms do not reect a measured innate property of reality, such
as Planks constant, but are dependent upon particular societal viewpoints.
Tese societal values can be used to create an assessment space in which the
site of interest can be mapped. Te trajectory of the ecological structure
can then be followed or modeled as part of the restoration planning and
monitoring process. Appropriate sampling can inform the restoration
process to measure-monitor progress toward an acceptable set of stakeholder
values. Te long-term challenge of the NRDAR process is to couple an
understanding of human systems with a current model of the workings of
ecological structures so that societal requirements are based upon the reality
of ecological structures. Te remainder of the talk will provide suggestions
on how this coupling can take place so that ecological systems can be
engineered after an event to provide the ecological services required by
society within the constraints governed by the nature of ecological systems.
80 Using the concept of ecological thresholds to quantify long-
term restoration success in a metal-polluted stream. W.H. Clements,
Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO; D. Sonderegger, Statistics, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO. Objectively dening restoration success
in ecosystems simultaneously experiencing eects of natural climatic
variation and long-term perturbation is challenging. Over the past 19 years
(1989-2008) we monitored recovery of the upper Arkansas River, a metal-
polluted stream in the Southern Rocky Mountain ecoregion of Colorado.
We measured physicochemical characteristics, heavy metal concentrations
and macroinvertebrate community structure at locations upstream and
downstream from several sources of metal contamination. Tree years
after we began this project, natural resource agencies initiated a large-scale
restoration program designed to improve water quality and reestablish
brown trout populations in the upper Arkansas River basin. Because our
data were collected before and after restoration, this long-term research
provided a unique opportunity to quantify ecological responses in a system
recovering from chronic pollution. In this presentation we will demonstrate
the use of novel statistical and graphical approaches to objectively identify
recovery thresholds in the Arkansas River. We have recently developed a
derivative-based approach using locally weighted polynomial regression
and signicance of zero crossings (SiZer) to show that ecological resilience,
dened as the amount of time required for recovery, varied among locations
and response variables. Measures based on species richness recovered within
several years, whereas those based on abundance or ecological processes
required longer time periods. Evaluating ecological resilience in multivariate
space based on community composition was shown to be the most
informative measure of recovery in this system. Because SiZer makes fewer
assumptions than conventional threshold approaches (e.g., piecewise linear
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regression), this technique will be useful for quantifying restoration success
in other ecosystems.
81 Nano-Ecotoxicology: Factors that inuence environmental
behavior. C.M. Sayes, Vet. Phys. & Pharm., Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX. Nanotechnology is not only an emerging eld of
study, it is now an industry. Because of this, we now see an abundance of
nanomaterials in numerous consumer goods. Still further, well established
industries, such as food packaging, forestry and paper, plastics and
paints, and electronics are beginning to use nanotechnologys scientic
and engineering-based advances to better their products, prot, and
marketability. Te research presented here describes basic concepts of
nanotoxicology and its potential environmental, human health, and safety
risks; the current status of nanomaterial-containing consumer products in
the marketplace; and nanomaterial production and characterization relevant
to toxicological and ecotoxicological evaluations. Tis material aims to
prepare chemists, toxicologists, risk assessors, and policy-makers to meet the
rapidly growing need to understand and evaluate the risks that engineered
nanomaterials may pose to human health and the environment. In the
ecotoxicological assessments of nanomaterials presented here, understanding
the unique dierences between nanomaterials and their previously studied
chemicals or larger-particle predecessors is required. For example, studies
on the biocompatibility of various metal oxide nanoparticles (such as
titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide) in various crystalline
forms exposed to algal cells, mammalian cells in culture, and whole animal
are compared and contrasted to the more commonly used micro-sized
particles. Results show that, depending on chemical composition, crystalline
structure, and type (and degree of ) surface modication, nano-scale metal
oxide particles may induce elevated levels of alkaline or acid phosphatase
and increase levels of lactate dehydrogenase (an indicator for leaky
membranes). However, larger metal oxide particles remain relatively inert in
cultured cells, the lungs of rats, and algae test systems. Tis work identies
strategies in the material design process that minimize potential EHS when
working with nanomaterials.
82 Assessing the implications of modied nanomaterials in
aquatic bioassays. A.J. Kennedy, J. Steevens, Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; S. Diamond, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN; J. Goss, SpecPro, Inc., Vicksburg,
MS; J. Gunter, Luna Innovations, Blacksburg, VA; M. Hull, Virginia
Tech, NanoSafe, Inc., Blacksburg, VA. As nanotechnology advances to
product development, lling environmental health and safety knowledge
gaps is increasingly critical. Nanotoxicology cannot be over-generalized
due to numerous nanomaterial variations permuted by dierent classes
(carbonaceous, metals, quantum dots), morphologies (spheres, threads)
and surface alterations (e.g., functional groups, coatings, surfactants) that
may inuence material toxicology. Surface modications can be induced
by engineered manipulation or incidentally (e.g., handling, environmental
transformation). Tese surface modications can counteract van der Waals
attractions (electrostatic or steric stabilization), knowledge that is applied
for applications requiring stable colloids. Preparation methods to spike
nanomaterials into environmental media may create toxicological artifacts.
In this study, fullerenes (C60) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) were
prepared by dierent methods. Fullerenes were stirred for three months
and allowed to settle for 24-h. Tis aggregate suspension was tested as (1)
stirred-only (~600 nm eective diameter (ED)), (2) after probe sonication
(~600 nm ED) and (3) after probe sonication in natural organic matter
(NOM) (~300 nm ED). Concentration decreased from 60 mg/L in all
preparations but was most pronounced after 48-h in the stirred, followed
by sonicated and lastly in the NOM preparation (2, 4 and 14 mg/L,
respectively). Toxicity based on initial concentration to Ceriodaphnia
dubia was similar for the stirred and sonicated aggregates (LC50 = 15 (12
- 19) and 8 (4 16) mg/L, respectively), but lower for the smaller NOM
stabilized aggregates (80% survival). Preparations of MWNTs included
consideration to chemicals (e.g., acids, solvents) used for functionalization
and diering dispersion (stirring, sonication in presence of NOM). In
water, 96-h C. dubia survival was higher in sonicated relative to stirred
MWNTs but the greatest toxicity was observed for MWNTs functionalized
by octylamine (0% survival). Sediment exposures of amphipods to MWNT
suggest sonication may increase toxicity. Tese results clarify the need for
standardized preparation methods for bioassays.
83 Aquatic Toxicology of Silver Nano-colloids in Medaka Fish
Model. S. Kashiwada, T. Sabo-Attwood, T. Kawaguchi, E. Ariza, C.M.
Aelion, P.H. Davis, G.T. Chandler, Environmental Health Sciences,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; P.L. Ferguson, Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Assessment
of the environmental fate and potential health impacts of nanomaterials
is urgently needed. Silver nanomaterials are components of consumer
and pharmaceutical products which are expected to account for 80%
of the health sector by 2015. Tis study explores the toxic eects of
silver nano-colloids (SNC; average particle size 3.6 diameter nm, purity
99.99%, pure water solution) using the medaka sh model. Four dierent
developmental stages of medaka embryos (stage 11, Late morula stage;
stage 21, brain regionalization and otic vesicle formation; stage 30, blood
vessel development; and stage 40, posthatch embryo stage) were exposed
to SNC at 0 (control) to 10 mg/L by static renewal every 24 hrs. Acute
median-lethal concentrations for 96 hrs were 1.4 mg/L for three pre-hatch
stages and 0.26 mg/L for the post-hatch stage. Te post-hatch stage was
more susceptible to SNC lethality. SNC exposure produced morphological
deformations in pre-hatch stages such as blood clots, percardiovascular
edema, tubular hearts, and spinal deformities. Reduced and delayed
hatching were observed. Among all the tested pre-hatch stages, stage-21
embryos were most susceptible to SNC. At 0.5 mg/L SNC, they presented
with 10% percardiovascular edema, 23.3% spinal deformity, and 43.3%
reduction of hatching success. At 1.0 mg/L, 96.7% of lethality was observed
by 10 days post exposure. In contrast, stage 30 embryos were less susceptible
in terms of hatching and gross abnormalities. Teir hatching success was
43.3% when exposed to 1.0 mg/L compared to 0% and 3.3% at stages 11
and 21, respectively. At stage 21, spinal deformity was observed in 23.3%
of embryos exposed to 0.5 mg/L; however, at stage 30, spinal deformity
was observed in 3.3% and 26.3% in 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L respectively.
To investigate oxidative mechanisms of injury, 0.5 mM GSH and 0.05
mM NAC were evaluated for their rescue potential in embryos exposed
to 10 mg/L SNC. Pretreatment of the embryos with GSH failed to rescue
embryos, but NAC rescued all embryos at 96 hrs. In addition, TBARS were
signicantly (P<0.02) induced in livers and gills of adult male medaka when
exposed to 1.0 mg/L SNC for 24 hrs. Tese results suggest that SNC cause
internal cell-damage in medaka sh by lipid peroxidation.
84 Developmental Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles to
African Clawed Frogs. S.L. Nations, M. Wages, M. Long, G.P. Cobb,
Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; C.
Teodorakis, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois
University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL. ZnO nanoparticles are used
in sunscreens, cosmetics, have antimicrobial properties, and are used to
maintain transparency in a variety of coatings, caulks, and adhesives. Te
purpose of this study is to determine the eect of ZnO nanoparticles
to Xenopus laevis larvae through metamorphosis (NF stage 66). Acute
96-hr studies were conducted to determine doses for the developmental
study. A calculated malformation EC15, 1.9 mg/L, was used to determine
the highest dose. Te doses for the developmental test are 0.125, 0.250,
0.500, 1, and 2 mg/L. Water samples are collected for determination of Zn
concentration. Analysis reveals that Zn concentrations are relatively stable.
Growth endpoints (snout-vent length (SVL), total body length (TBL),
hind limb length (HLL), NF stage) will be measured and malformations
evaluated every ve days. Day 5 indicates that all tadpoles are developing at
a similar rate because SVL, TBL and staging are not signicantly dierent.
By day 10, SVL, TBL, and staging were aected by ZnO concentration
in a dose dependent manner. Te lowest ZnO concentrations, 0.125 and
0.250 mg/L, have increased averages of SVL, TBL, and staging from control
tadpoles. Te highest ZnO concentration, 1 and 2 mg/L, have signicantly
decreased SVL, TBL, and staging compared to control tadpoles. Tadpoles
exposed to 2 ppm ZnO nanoparticles appear to be stunted in development
indicated by the lack of stage progression.
85 A Spineless Examination of Metal-based Nanoparticle Toxicity
and Mode of Action through Toxicity Testing and Gene Expression
Analysis. H.C. Poynton, C.A. Impellitteri, H. Allen, J.M. Lazorchak, US
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH; M. Patra, K. Rogers,
US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV; M.E. Smith, K.A.
Hammer, Te McConnell Group, Cincinnati, OH. Rapid growth in
nanotechnology research and development has created the urgent need
for toxicological studies addressing the exposure potential and ecological
24 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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eects of these materials once they are introduced into the environment.
Exposure biomarkers may play an important role in interpreting the
potential risks associated with nanoparticles by providing an understanding
of relevant exposure scenarios, bioavailability, and environmental transport
of nanoparticles. We hypothesize that aquatic invertebrates will be at the
greatest risk of exposure to nanoparticles, and due to their small size and
short life cycle they are ideal for screening for ecological exposure and eects
of nanomaterials. We have investigated the toxicity of zinc oxide and silver
nanoparticles to a variety of aquatic invertebrates including Daphnia magna,
Tamnocephalus platyurus, and Hyalella azteca. Nanoparticle suspensions
were ltered and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Particle size
was characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). X-ray
diraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were also used to
examine mineralogical speciation and oxidation states of elements in the
nanoparticles. Our ndings suggest that ZnO nanoparticles are less toxic
than Zn ions, while Ag nanoparticles exhibit a similar level of toxicity to
Ag ions. We also investigated the eect of particle coating on the toxicity
of silver nanoparticles using commercially available particles (coated and
uncoated) and synthesized particles capped with coee or tea. Finally, to
understand the mode of action of nanoparticles and develop nanoparticle
specic biomarkers of exposure, we are conducting gene expression studies
with D. magna using a custom microarray. Gene expression analysis
reveals genes and pathways aected by a toxicant. By comparing the gene
expression patterns of the nanoparticles and their corresponding metal ions,
we can determine if nanoparticles cause toxicity by acting like metal ions,
or if the particles themselves exhibit a unique mode of action. Unique gene
expression patterns of the nanoparticles may also provide potentially useful
exposure indicators.
86 Eects of Colloidal Suspensions of Fullerene C-70 to
Daphnia magna. B.C. Seda, S.J. Klaine, Clemson University Institute
of Environmental Toxicology, Pendleton, SC; A.S. Mount, S.J. Klaine,
Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC; P. Ke, Physics
& Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Tis study examined
the eects of colloidal suspensions of fullerene C70 on Daphnia magna.
Te fullerenes were complexed with gallic acid to improve the stability
of aqueous suspensions. Eects on survival and reproduction were
assessed over 96 hour and 21 days, respectively. It has been shown that
carbon-based nanomaterials, such as C60-fullerene can induce oxidative
responses in aquatic organisms. Terefore, activities of antioxidant enzymes
including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were
determined in D. magna juveniles exposed to this suspension. Levels of
lipid peroxidation in exposed juveniles were also measured as thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results suggest that exposure to these
C70 suspensions resulted in oxidative stress to D. magna. Terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)
was used to determine the occurrence of apoptotic cells in sectioned tissue
of exposed D. Magna. TUNEL-positive cells were quantied using confocal
uorescence microscopy.
87 An Evaluation of Ecotoxicity Test Guidelines: Teir Adequacy
for Nanomaterials. S. Diamond, C.P. Andersen, M.G. Johnson, D.R.
Mount, P. Rygiewicz, NHEERL, USEPA, Duluth, MN; S. Hirano,
Nanotoxicology Section, RCER, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Tsukuba, Japan; P. Pandard, Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment Unit,
INERIS, ALATA, France; J.J. Scott-Fordsmand, Department of Terrestrial
Ecology, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark; K. Stewart, Brixham
Environmental Laboratory, Brixham, United Kingdom. New nanomaterials
and their applications are being developed at a rapid pace, yet due to
their nano-scale size and novel structures or forms, little is known about
their potential toxicological hazard. As with many traditional substances,
many nanomaterials will be regulated based on the results of standardized
toxicological tests. However, the adequacy of existing guidelines for testing
nanomaterials materials is undetermined. Te Organization for Economic
and Cooperative Development (OECD) has formed the Working Party
on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN). Te WPMN convened an
international panel of experts to review OECD ecological test guidelines
for their adequacy in assessing the hazard of nanomaterials. Te review
included 25 OECD test guidelines, an OECD document describing testing
dicult substances, and selected Environment Canada and ISO guidelines.
Each test guideline was reviewed by at least one workgroup member with
expertise in the specic media and/or organisms used in testing. In brief, the
review indicated that existing test guidelines are decient in their description
of preparation of exposure media, characterization of nanomaterials used
in testing, their incorporation into media, and guidance on many aspects
of metrology. Te current guidance on quantication of exposure-response
relationships is a critical deciency in these test guidelines. Generally,
deciencies were related to the particulate or brous nature of nanomaterial,
and the fact that exposures in liquid media will be via colloidal dispersions
rather than solutions. Current endpoints identied in test guidelines seem
adequate for nanomaterials; endpoints such as growth, reproduction,
and mortality should reect harmful eects of nanomaterials. However,
additional endpoints specic to nanomaterials might be suggested by
research results. Tese and other aspects of the OECD review process will be
discussed relative to toxicological issues associated with regulatory testing of
nanomaterials.
88 Co(II) and Cr(III) oxidation by bacteriogenic nano-sized Mn
oxides. K.J. Murray, Exponent, Inc., Maynard, MA; B.M. Tebo, Division
of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science
University, Beaverton, OR. While there has been much attention given to
the use of synthetic nanomaterials and their eects on the environment,
nanoparticles can also occur naturally. Tese particles may have properties
not exhibited by their bulk mineral counterparts and have the potential to
inuence the toxicity of other chemicals in the environment. Manganese
oxides are one group of highly reactive minerals involved in the cycling
of many other chemicals in the environment. Tey have previously been
linked to Co(II) oxidation in aqueous environments and are the only known
environmental oxidants of Cr(III). In the environment, Mn oxides are
believed to be formed primarily through the enzymatic activities of Mn(II)-
oxidizing bacteria. Tis work examines the oxidation of Co(II) and Cr(III)
by Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria and nanoparticulate Mn(IV) oxides. Previous
culture experiments suggested that Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria directly oxidize
Co(II) to Co(III). However, our experiments with Bacillus sp. strain SG-1, a
spore-forming marine Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium, demonstrated that small
amounts of Mn were required for Co(II) oxidation to occur. Experiments
with Cr(III) showed similar results, with SG-1 requiring Mn to oxidize
the Cr(III) to the more toxic and mobile Cr(VI). Additionally, it was seen
that the rates of Cr(III) oxidation were much faster than would have been
predicted by equivalent amounts of Mn oxide, including accumulated
bio-oxide and -MnO2, which has been used as a synthetic analog of the
highly disordered bio-oxide. A 20-200 nm synthetic colloidal Mn oxide was
prepared and showed a much faster rate of Cr(III) oxidation than any of
the mineral Mn oxides. Tis may be a better analog for the initial oxidized
Mn produced by Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria, and may be used to predict the
environmental reactivity of the Mn, which can inuence the biogeochemical
cycling of essential nutrients (e.g. Co ) and toxic metals (e.g. Cr).
89 Nanoparticle Physical Characteristics Aect Interactions
with Aquatic Organisms. A. Feswick, J. Gritt, J. Luo, D.S. Barber,
Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL. Previous studies have demonstrated that the toxicity
of nanomaterials in aquatic organisms varies with composition of the
nanomaterial as well as species of organism tested. Te observed dierences
may be related to kinetic behavior of the nanoparticles. Particle physical
characteristics, including surface charge, size, and shape, are likely to be
critical determinants in adhesion, uptake, distribution and elimination of
nanoparticles. To investigate the role of charge on uptake of nanomaterials,
aquatic organisms were exposed to quantum dots (QD) with varying
surface charges. Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to 8nM QD for up to
24 hours. Following exposure, daphnids were placed in four successive
changes of water for 15 minutes each to remove unabsorbed material. In
these exposures, the rate and extent of uptake of positively charged (amine
functionalized) quantum dots was 2-fold higher than that of negatively
charged (carboxylate functionalized) or neutral (PEG functionalized)
particles. After 24 hours of exposure, C. dubia exposed to positively charged
quantum dots contained ~6 fmol Cd/daphnia compared to ~3 and 2 fmol
Cd/daphnia for carboxylate and PEG dots, respectively. Elimination of
all quantum dots was biphasic, with ~60% of body burden eliminated
in the rst 4 hours and only an additional 10-20% of body burden
eliminated during the next 20 hours after cessation of exposure. Similarly,
experiments with zebrash demonstrate that nanoparticulate silver (26nm)
is accumulated to a much greater extent in gills than nanoparticulate
copper (27nm). Te zeta potential of copper particles was -0.6mV in the
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 25
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test water (pH 7.6), while silver had a zeta potential of -30mV in the test
water. Tese data demonstrate that particle properties can have an impact
on the interaction of nanomaterials with biological membranes, possibly
modulating uptake and subsequent toxicity. Identifying the mechanisms
underlying these eects will contribute to the fundamental understanding
of nanomaterial toxicity and potentially lead to robust structure-function
relationships.
90 Environmental Loadings of Pharmaceuticals from Healthcare
Facility Wastewaters. P.M. Nagarnaik, B.O. Boulanger, Environmental
and Water Resources Division, Zachry Dept of Civil Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, TX; A.L. Batt, National Exposure
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. Recent research has highlighted
the ubiquitous nature of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, ground waters,
wastewater treatment plant euents, and treated potable water. While
the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is established, sources
of pharmaceuticals to the environment are less characterized. Healthcare
facility wastewaters are a potentially important source of pharmaceuticals
to the environment that are particularly under characterized. To better
understand the composition and magnitude of pharmaceuticals released
through healthcare facility wastewaters, wastewater from a hospital, a multi-
care nursing facility, an assisted living facility, and an independent living
facility was sampled and analyzed for 54 common pharmaceuticals. Te
analytes were broadly classied into analgesics, antibiotics, cardiovascular,
antiemitic, hormones, psychological and respiratory drugs. 41 out of 54
compounds were detected at least once across all sites, with 39% of the
analyzed pharmaceuticals found in each of the four facility wastewaters. At
least ten analytes from each site had a mean concentration exceeding 1 g/L.
Te highest mean concentration measured within each classied group
was 650 g/L acetaminophen for analgesics, 170 g/L sulfamethoxazole
for antibiotics, 26 g/L furosemide for cardiovascular medications, 2.4
/L ranitidine for antiemitics, 0.55 g/L hydrocortisone for hormones,
0.25 g/L albuterol for respiratory drugs, and 0.22 g/L amitriptyline
for psychological drugs. A yearly average environmental mass loading was
estimated for each pharmaceutical based on the average ow data from each
facility. Te total environmental loading of all pharmaceuticals from a given
facilities ranged from 1.7 kg/yr to 34 kg/yr, with a combined loading for
all four facilities of ~50 kg/yr. Statistical analysis was performed to identify
potential correlations between sampled facilities. Tese ndings provide
the basis for future research in the risk assessment and management of
pharmaceuticals in the environment and oer a dataset used to evaluate
pretreatment technologies that could be used at healthcare facilities.
91 Source allocation and fate of EDCs: Quaternary ammonium
surfactants as sewage-specic tracers. X. Li, B.J. Brownawell, School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, NY; L.A. Benedict, R.F. Bopp, Earth and Enivironmental Sciences,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. Sediments can serve as an
important and sometimes long-term reservoir of many endocrine disrupting
contaminants (EDCs), and knowledge of the relative sources and fate of
EDCs can be important for the study or management of these substances.
We provide evidence that sewage-specic ditallowdimethylammonium
compounds (DTDMACs), can be used as new and powerful tracers to
separate sources of other particle reactive EDCs in urban estuarine settings,
as well as provide insight into the dierential fate and transport of EDCs
after discharge from sewage treatment plants. DTDMAC can be a more
powerful tracer than other sewage derived compounds used to date due to
its high concentrations (exceeding 100 ppm in some sediments), sensitivity
of analysis, and greater sorption and stability in the environment. We will
discuss several applications from our work with EDCs and DTDMAC
in the lower Hudson Basin, and focus on applications of DTDMAC
to conrm sewage sources of steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylate
metabolites (APEOs which also have potential sources from de-icing
operations at local major airports). More interesting is the ability of
DTDMAC to provide an additional tool for separating relative sources of
PCBs in the lower Hudson Estuary, and provide a more quantitative tool for
separating sewage sources of PBDEs from other sources (industrial?) to the
upper Passaic and Hudson Rivers, which are then transported downstream
from their inputs. Furthermore, DTDMAC has been used to show that
APEO metabolites and estrogen hormones are preferentially lost with
distance from sewage treatment plants in Jamaica Bay. Whether this is due
to lower particle reactivity or greater microbial transformation of the EDCs
is a question of current interest.
92 Presence and Fate of Steroid Hormones in a Colorado
River. J.L. Gray, W.T. Foreman, National Water Quality Laboratory,
US Geological Survey, Denver, CO; R.B. Young, T. Borch, Y. Yang,
Departments of Chemistry & Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO. In river systems, steroid hormones have been
linked to various adverse eects on sh, including altered sex ratios, intersex
sh, and diminished reproduction. Te presence of steroid hormones in
Colorados Cache la Poudre River water is being investigated by solid-phase
extraction and gas chromatographtandem mass spectrometry. Multiple-
reaction monitoring and isotope dilution procedures are being used for
improved sensitivity and reliable compound quantication. Estrogens and
androgens were observed at multiple sites along the river. Laboratory studies
also are being conducted to investigate the potential for steroid hormone
biodegradation and photodegradation under mimicked natural conditions,
including photodegradation in the presence of the photosensitizers
nitrate and humic acid. Using UV-A lamps (i.e., > 315 nm), direct
photodegradation of testosterone and progesterone was observed, and
indirect photodegradation of testosterone and 17-estradiol was observed
in the presence of humic acid. Preliminary data reveal biodegradation of
testosterone by boar-manure-borne bacteria.
93 Sorption of an Ionizable Antibiotic, Ciprooxacin, to
Environmentally Relevant Dissolved Organic Carbon Materials. N.
Carmosini, L.S. Lee, Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Human and veterinary antibiotics released to the environment through the
land application of livestock wastes and municipal biosolids often possess
polar and ionizable functional groups that can interact with complimentary
groups on soil components. Several studies have reported strong sorption
of ionizable antibiotics to soils via electrostatic interactions, yet these
contaminants are frequently detected in surface waters and ground water.
Binding to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil solution may
enhance the transport of these types of compounds. We quantied the
sorption of ciprooxacin, which is an ionizable uoroquinolone antibiotic
that can exist as a cation, zwitterion, and anion depending on pH, to
four types of standard humic materials at three pH conditions, as well as
to DOC originating from biosolids and manure. Sorption isotherms for
the standard humic materials were nonlinear and highly pH-dependent.
Normalizing sorbed concentrations to the pH-dependent negative charge
on the DOC (mmol/meq) and plotting versus solution concentrations for
only the cationic species (mmol
c
/L) resulted in a log-log relationship for
each humic material (R
2
> 0.93), exemplifying the importance of cation
exchange in ciprooxacin interactions with DOC. However, sorption
decreased with increasing charge density of the humic material, indicating
that other factors must be considered in predicting the ability of DOC to
facilitate transport of ionizable compounds. Currently, the potential for Cu
and Zn, two common livestock feed additives, to enhance sorption of the
zwitterionic and anionic forms of ciprooxacin through cation bridging is
being examined. Results will be presented and applied to assessing the likely
relative impact of DOC in enhanced mobility of ionizable antibiotics.
94 Estimating the relative potency of estrogen-like active
pharmaceutical ingredients to ecological receptors using a sh
estrogen receptor binding assay. S. Takali, T. Verslycke, M. Sharma,
Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, MA; T. Verslycke, A. Tarrant, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA; H. Yekel, Wyeth
Pharmaceuticals Inc, Malvern, PA. Recent studies continue to report the
presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals in
euents, surface waters, and drinking water. To date, however, there is no
accepted framework for evaluating the ecological risk of compounds that act
as EDCs. With regulatory screening for EDCs planned to start in 2008 in
the United States, targeted assays that are protective of ecological receptors
and useful environmental risk management tools are urgently needed to
assess potential environmental impacts of EDCs. We developed an in vitro
estrogen receptor (ER) binding assay, using the zebrash ER, and measured
the relative potency of a range of estrogen-like active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs). Te relative binding anity, expressed as an IC50 (50%
inhibitory concentration), was used to derive a potency ratio between
17-ethinylestradiol and the API. Te relative potency was then used to
derive a predicted no (adverse) eect concentrations (PNECs) for these
APIs, proportional to the aquatic life PNEC that has been established for
26 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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17-ethinylestradiol. Te PNECs derived using this approach presume that
the most sensitive aquatic endpoints for all estrogen-like APIs are similar
to those of EE2 a reasonable assumption given that endocrine activity
is the shared mode of action of all hormone APIs. Te assay is a relatively
straightforward, economical, and rapid alternative to in vivo aquatic toxicity
tests with reproductive endpoints, thus readily enabling the inclusion of
endocrine activity in the risk assessment of new APIs. Te procedure for
deriving aquatic PNECs based on in vitro data, while requiring further
validation, can provide initial guidance for euent criteria that incorporate
endocrine toxicity.
95 Uncovering a novel source of phytoestrogens; simultaneous
detection and identication of estrogenic compounds in Polygonum
dumetorum through bioassay-directed fractionation. J.C. Brennan,
J.R. Millam, Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA;
M.S. Dension, Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis,
Davis, CA; D.M. Holstege, Agriculture and Natural Resources Laboratory,
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA. Seed extracts of selected weeds
(including Polygonum aviculare) induced estrogenic activity in vitro and may
contain novel estrogens (1). We have used analytical chemistry techniques
with guidance from an in vitro estrogen bioassay (ovarian carcinoma cell line
employing a luciferase reporter gene inserted downstream of the estrogen
receptor response element) to isolate estrogenic compounds in a related
Polygonum, P. dumetorum. A crude separation of P. dumetorum seed extract
yielded multiple estrogen-positive fractions when cross-referenced against
the bioassay which led us to hypothesize there are multiple estrogenic
compounds in P. dumetorum seed. At the ranges tested, P. dumetorum seed
extract induces greater response than P. aviculare seed extract in the estrogen
bioassay. Estradiol equivalency of P. dumetorum seed extract is 2.21 pmol 17
-estradiol (E2) eq/g seed. Eective concentration at half-maximal response
(EC
50
) is 0.65 mg seed. Estradiol equivalencies of positive fractions are
0.085, 0.13, and 0.21 pmol E2/g seed. Trough high performance liquid
chromatography coupled with diode array detection, we have tentatively
identied resveratrol, polydatin, and emodin in estrogen positive fractions.
To our knowledge, no previous studies have conrmed estrogenic properties
in seeds of P. dumetorum; therefore P. dumetorum seed would be a novel
source of phytoestrogens.
96 Analytical evaluation of Spanish urban wastewaters
regarding the removal of pharmaceuticals and their photodegradation
behaviour. A. Agera, A.R. Fernandez-Alba, M. Gomez, M. Martinez
Bueno, Analytical Chemistry, University of Almera, Almera, Spain. Te
occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment constitutes an
emerging worldwide problem. Many studies in dierent countries relate
the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface waters at concentrations
up to g L-1 range. Te principal introduction route of these drugs in
the environment is the conventional sewage treatment plants (STPs).
In many cases, pharmaceuticals are not completely eliminated and their
continuous discharge into the environment results in a chronic exposure
of aquatic organisms. Besides, once the pharmaceuticals reach the surface
water they undergo degradation/transformation, generating transformation
products, sometimes more toxic and persistent than the parent compounds.
Since photochemical degradation is likely to be the most important loss
mechanism for many pharmaceuticals in surface water, its knowledge is
essential in understanding the persistence of these compounds, and thus
predicting their environmental fate and risk of long-term exposure. In this
context, the development of ecient and reliable analytical methods to
determine both, target and non-target/unknown compounds are required.
In this work, two potent analytical techniques, liquid chromatography
time-of-ight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography quadrupole-
linear ion trap mass spectrometry have been applied with this purpose.
Results, concerning the evaluation of wastewater euents of three STPs
in Spain, during a two years monitoring study, are presented. Up to 68
pharmaceuticals were detected in average concentrations from low ng/L to
16 g/l. Ten of them were systematically detected in all the STPs studied
at the higher concentrations, thus representing the most consumed drugs
in Spain and/or those with lower degradation eciency in the STPs. It
is interesting to point out that the metabolites of the analgesic dypirone
are among them. For that reason, a photolysis study was performed to
determine the fate and environmental impact of these contaminants under
environmental conditions. Te analytical techniques applied allowed
identify the most abundant and persistent intermediates generated, as well
as possible photodegradation pathwais. Application of acute toxicity tests
evidenced the formation of toxic intermediates. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Te Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Project CE-
CSD2006-004) for economical support.
97 Soil Temperature and Moisture Eects on Persistence of
17-trenbolone and Trendione. B. Khan, L.S. Lee, AGRONOMY, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN. Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a synthetic
androgenic steroid hormone administered as a subcutaneous implant
for growth promotion in beef cattle. Te primary metabolites present in
manure from implanted cattle are 17trenbolone and trendione as well
as a small amount of 17-trenbolone. Under favorable soil temperature
and moisture content (close to eld capacity) 17trenbolone degrades
to trendione in a few hours. In order to predict persistence under a range
of environmental conditions, aerobic degradation of 17-trenbolone was
monitored over time in a typical agricultural soil along with the production
and subsequent degradation of trendione for conditions of 5 degree to 35
degreeC and decreasing water availability (-0.3 to -5 bar matrix potential).
A rst-order exponential decay model derived assuming transformation is
irreversible and no impact of sorption on bioavailability generally resulted
in good model ts to the data. Under temperatures favorable for microbial
activity, degradation rates decreased with decreasing water availability, e.g.,
at 25 degree C rates decreased from 0.18 h-1 (-0.3 bar) to 0.08 h-1 (-5
bar). Under favorable water availability, degradation rates decreased with
decreasing temperature, e.g., at both -0.3 bar and -1 bar rates decreased
an order of magnitude from 25 to 5 degree C. Low microbial activity
at 5 degree C resulted in no additional decreases with decreased water
availability. Tis study exemplies how cold temperatures or low moisture
conditions will likely increase hormone persistence in soil, thus may increase
the likelihood of hormone leaching to groundwater or tile-drains from
manure-applied elds.
98 Elimination of Polar Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Using
Membrane Bioreactor Technology. M. Celiz, D. Aga, Chemistry,
University at Bualo Te State University of New York, Bualo, NY; S.
Prez, D. Barcelo, Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona,
Spain. Te presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment indicates
incomplete removal of drugs from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP).
Tis is a major concern as these drugs were manufactured to be biologically
active. Tis research investigates the removal eciencies of conventional
activated sludge (CAS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) for ve
polar pharmaceuticals namely aceclofenac, diclofenac, trimethoprim,
carbamazepine, and enalapril. Sample clean-up and enrichment were
performed using tandem solid phase extraction. Analyte separation
and detection were done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass
spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) under selected reaction monitoring mode.
Enalapril, trimethoprim, and diclofenac were more amenable to degradation
in MBR than in CAS. Carbamazepine was hardly eliminated while
acelofenac was slightly eliminated in both systems. Tese results indicate
that MBR has a higher eciency in removing some polar pharmaceutical in
wastewater.
99 A Long Range View of Long Range Transport of POPs. M.L.
Diamond, Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Te paradigm of reversible chemical partitioning between an organic and
another phase such as air or water has allowed us to estimate the fate of
POPs with relative ease. Te paradigm has allowed us to explain POP fate
at scales ranging from within a single room in the indoor environment
to global transport. Te scientic paradigm is less reliable when more
realistic descriptions are sought, such as for gas-particle or dissolved-particle
distribution and by extension, soil-water, sediment-water partitioning, etc.
However, the paradigm has proved to be highly successful in the policy
realm because of its simplicity and the numerous clever derivations that can
be obtained (e.g., intake fraction, characteristic travel distance). Tis paper
will highlight the key insights obtained from the simple organic carbon
partitioning paradigm as the core of POP fate models that span the local to
global. I will also critically review the limitations of the paradigm. Te paper
will conclude with examples of the policy successes achieved with through
the paradigm.
100 Time Trends of Arctic Contamination in Relation to Emission
History and Chemical Persistence and Partitioning Properties. T. Gouin,
Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK;
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 27
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T. Gouin, F. Wania, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada. How long does it take for organic contaminant concentrations to
decline in the Arctic after regulatory measures have succeeded in reducing
emissions globally? To identify the chemical property combinations that are
most likely to lead to a lag-time between the period when emissions begin
to decline and when a decline in Arctic Contamination Potential (ACP) is
observed, calculations of ACP for 96 hypothetical chemicals with dierent
partitioning and reactivity properties, and using three dierent emission
scenarios, are performed using the Global distribution model, GloboPOP.
Results indicate that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) identied as either
swimmers or multi-hoppers have properties that make them susceptible to
a lag-time in ACP of several decades. For the swimmers, their reactivity in
surfaces has the greatest inuence on the ACP and lag-time, where a half-life
> 10 years results in a signicant delay in ACP. It is demonstrated that the
mechanism of delay for the swimmers is due to their slow movement along
oceanic currents. For the multi-hoppers, the lag-time is strongly inuenced
by both their reactivity in air and surfaces, where substances with a half-
life in air > 3 years and a half-life in surfaces > 10 years are most likely to
experience a lag. Te mechanism of delay for the multi-hoppers is also
shown to be inuenced by their interaction with the oceans, in particular
their air-ocean exchange as dened by the grasshopper eect. Tus, for
multi-hoppers with log KAW of -2, it can be shown that signicant hopping
occurs along the surface of the worlds oceans. Tis is due to the role that the
oceans play as a large reservoir to store organic pollutants, combined with
their relatively low stickiness. For multi-hoppers that are more hydrophobic
(log KAW > 0), and therefore more likely to be associated with the
terrestrial environment where the stickiness is greater, the number of hops is
signicantly less, and no lag is observed. Te oceans are thus shown to play
a crucial role in the delayed Arctic contamination of both the swimmers
and multi-hoppers. For the former it is the slow transport medium to the
Arctic, for the latter it is a relatively non-sticky storage reservoir which is in
constant exchange with the atmosphere.
101 Temporal variability of the air-forest canopy exchange
of POPs. L. Nizzetto, A. Jarvis, K.C. Jones, Lancaster Environment
Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; A. Di Guardo,
Department of chemistry and environmental sciences, University of
Insubria, Como, Italy. Forest canopies represent an extensive organic surface
available for partitioning of semivolatile organic pollutants (SOCs) with the
atmosphere. So far, the ability of forests to sequester airborne SOCs (the
so called forest lter eect) has been investigated using indirect methods
which yield time integrated deposition uxes and deposition velocities. In
the present study, experimental data collected in alpine forest sites were used
to parameterize a conceptual framework describing the dynamic gaseous
plant/air exchange of POPs. Tis framework, which includes the main
forcing parameters of air concentration, temperature, foliage structure,
forest composition and biomass dynamics, is used to estimate the plant-air
mass transfer coecient and its variation with time. Similarly, variations in
deposition uxes were determined for selected compounds, with growing
season and with the dynamics of the canopy biomass development.
102 Eect of Aging on the Aeroavailability of Organochlorine
Pesticides from Soils. F. Wong, Department of Chemistry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; F. Wong, T.F. Bidleman, Science and
Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
As chemicals age, they may relocate within the soil matrix to sites that
microorganisms and plants cannot access. Studies have shown that the
bioavailability of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soil declines over time.
Analogous to bioavailability, it is hypothesized that aged chemicals may be
less available for soil-air exchange, thereby decreasing their volatilization to
the atmosphere. A Canadian organic rich soil which is highly contaminated
with native OCs was spiked with
13
C-labelled OCs. Spiked soils were
stored at room temperature in dark glass jars for 255 days. Te eect of
aging on the aeroavailability was investigated using a fugacity meter
(design of Meijer et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003) to measure changes
in the soil-air partition coecient (K
SA
= dimensionless C
soil
/C
air
) over
time. Sub-samples of the aged soils were also subjected to non-exhaustive
extraction using aqueous hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (HPCD) to estimate
the extractability of the spiked vs. native OCs. HPCD has been shown to
provide a direct measure of the bioaccessibility of organic contaminants
to microbial degradation (Reid et al., 2000; Diock et al., 2006). HPCD
extractability was normalized to the quantity of OCs removed by soxhlet
extraction with dichloromethane. Te K
SA
of the spiked OCs (
13
C-p,p-
DDT and
13
C-trans-chlordane) were lower than those of native compounds
over the 255 days of aging, indicating that the spiked OCs have a higher
volatility than the natives. Te HPCD extractability of the spiked OCs was
also greater than the natives. Both results suggest that the spiked OCs are
more loosely bound to the soils and development of bound residues in this
soil appears to require a long time. Further studies are being conducted to
examine the aging eect under eld conditions.
103 Using stable isotopes to advance our understanding of the
bioaccumulation of POPs through freshwater food webs. K. Kidd,
Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department, University of New
Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; D. Muir, M. Houde,
Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada,
Burlington, New Brunswick, Canada; M. Evans, Water Science and
Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; S. Guildford, Department of Biology, University of Minnesota
Duluth, Duluth, MI. Lake to lake variability in concentrations of POPs
in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and other top predators has been
widely observed and continues to be dicult to fully explain. Recently,
studies are using stable isotopes of C and N to characterize the food web
structure in these systems and advance our understanding of the factors
aecting the bioaccumulation of POPs. Tissue measures of stable N isotope
ratios (expressed as
15
N) determine relative trophic positioning whereas
ratios of the heavier to lighter C isotopes (expressed as
13
C) are used to
assess the importance of dierent energy sources (i.e. pelagic and littoral
carbon) to organisms. Studies on temperate and arctic lakes have found
that the concentrations of POPs such as PCBs in biota are signicantly
and positively predicted by their trophic level (TL; calculated from

15
N) and that the slopes of these relationships are higher for the more
than less lipophilic compounds. Tese slopes are then used to calculate a
Trophic Magnication Factor (TMF) for each food web which can then
be compared across lakes that dier considerably in their sh species
composition and physical and chemical characteristics. For example, a study
of 17 lake trout lakes in Canada found similar TMFs across systems for
individual POPs like p,p-DDE, and signicant correlations between TMFs
of PCBs, HCB, -HCH, or lindane and lake area, latitude, or longitude.
Correlations between TMFs and water chemistry (total phosphorous and
dissolved organic carbon) were also found for some POPs. Across these same
lakes, lake trout that relied more on pelagic carbon (as determined by lipid
adjusted
13
C) had higher concentrations of PCBs than those relying on
littoral carbon sources. Tis presentation examines the current applications
of stable isotopes in bioaccumulation studies and assesses their utility and
limitations for improving our understanding of the factors aecting the
transfer of POPs through freshwater food webs.
104 Tracing Persistent Organic Pollutants into Antarctic Seabird
Eggs. H.N. Geisz, R.M. Dickhut, M.A. Cochran, Virginia Institute of
Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA; W.R. Fraser, Polar Oceans Research
Group, Sheridan, MT. Antarctic seabirds, including Adlie penguins
Pygoscelis adeliae, south polar skuas Catharacta maccormicki, and southern
giant petrels Macronectes gigantus, are high trophic level predators that
accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in the marine
food webs in which they forage. Diet and migration patterns inuence
the level of POP residues per species. In this study, we investigated the use
of nonmetabolizable POPs as tracers for the transfer of lipid stores from
mother to egg in Antarctic seabirds. Eggs from all three seabird species were
collected throughout the austral summer breeding seasons of 2000-2005
on the Western Antarctic Peninsula and Ross Sea, Antarctica and analyzed
for POPs including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) via gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry. A paired t-test analysis of POP and stable isotope
(15N, 13C) transfer from mother to egg in Adlie penguins indicates
no signicant dierences in hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (ng/g-lipid), but
signicantly lower DDT (p, p-DDT, p,p-DDE) in eggs compared to
mother birds. Tis may be indicative of a selective use of dierent lipid
pools by female penguins during egg formation or the lower transfer rate of
some chemical species. In addition, a signicant dierence in p,p-DDE/
HCB between Adlie penguins and southern giant petrels, and petrel eggs
compared to other Antarctic organisms may indicate that female giant
petrels transfer a large fraction of lipid reserves and lipophilic POPs acquired
28 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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outside of Antarctica to their eggs, and subsequently rebuild lipid stores
while in Antarctica.
105 Trophic Magnication and Foodweb Dynamics of
Peruorinated Alkyl Compounds in the Arctic. C.M. Butt, S.A. Mabury,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada; D. Muir, S. Sturman, A.D. Morris, Water Science & Technology
Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; S.
Sturman, A.D. Morris, Department of Environmental Biology, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; R.J. Letcher, S. Chu, B.M. Braune,
National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada. Peruorinated alkyl compounds (PFCs), such as the peruorinated
carboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs), are now recognized as
ubiquitous environmental contaminants in the Arctic environment. Arctic
marine food chains have been shown to biomagnify PFCAs greater than 8
carbons, as well as PFHxS and PFOS. In fact, polar bears can attain PFOS
levels that are typically greater than or equal in magnitude to other legacy
organohalogen compounds. However, the bioaccumulation and trophic
magnication characteristics of PFCs are unique as compared to the classical
chlorinated and brominated POPs. PFCs are thought to be transported to
the Arctic through a combination of two processes. Te rst mechanism
involves the direct transport of PFCAs and PFSAs to the Arctic via oceanic
currents. Te second mechanism involves the transport of volatile precursor
compounds (such as FTOHs and sulfonamido alcohols) to the Arctic and
their subsequent degradation via atmospheric oxidation to PFCAs and
PFSAs. PFCs are known to be found primarily in proteinous tissues (ie
blood, liver, kidney), and thus unlike the legacy POPs are presumably
not transferred up the food chain via lipid consumption. Te goal of
this presentation is describe the current state of knowledge regarding the
trophic magnication and foodweb dynamics of PFCs in the Arctic. Major
knowledge gaps and potential future research will be discussed.
106 Enantioselective bioprocessing of HBCD in juvenile rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). K. Pleskach, G. Tomy, DFO, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada; G. McInnis, C. Marvin, Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada. In this study we report on enantiomeric
values of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD, C12H18Br6) in sh derived
from an in-vivo feeding laboratory experiment. HBCD is the most widely
used aliphatic BFR and the third in global production volume. It is the
principal ame retardant in extruded and expanded polystyrene foams used
as thermal insulation in the building industry. Te three main isomers in the
technical mixture exist as enantiomeric pairs. Because the technical mixture
is synthesized in a non-stereospecic manner, the resulting enantiomeric
pairs will be present in equimolar amounts, i.e., an EF value equal to 0.5.
Te integrity of racemic mixtures is preserved when it is subjected to achiral
interactions such as hydrolysis, photolysis, volatization and atmospheric
deposition. Deviation from an EF of 0.5, however, is indicative of a
stereospecic-enantiomeric shift likely from biologically-mediated processes.
Te objective of this research is to examine whether sh can stereoselectively
bioprocess the enantiomers. Tis was done by exposing three groups of
juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to food fortied with
racemic amounts of the individual diastereoisomer (, , ) for 56 days
(uptake phase) followed by 112 days (depuration phase) of unfortied
food and sacriced at dierent time points through out the experiment. A
fourth group of sh were exposed to unfortied food for the duration of the
experiment.
107 Biomagnication of naturally-occurring methoxylated
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) in a sh-marine
mammal food chain from the North Sea. L. Weijs, R. Blust, A.
Covaci, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp,
Antwerp, Belgium; L. Weijs, S. Losada, L. Roosens, H. Neels, A. Covaci,
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium;
S. Losada, Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain; K. Das, MARE Center, Laboratory for Oceanology, University of
Lige, Lige, Lige, Belgium. Te biomagnication of brominated ame
retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), in marine mammals has been
recently the subject of several investigations. Due to their high lipophilicity
and persistency, these contaminants have been shown to biomagnify to a
large extent from sh (prey) to marine mammals (top-predator). While
the presence of naturally-occurring brominated compounds, such as
methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), has been reported in the marine
environment (sh and marine mammals from dierent locations),
no attempt has been made to estimate the biomagnication of these
compounds in a marine food web from the same location. Although a large
number of mono- to hexabrominated MeO-PBDE congeners were analysed,
only 2 tetrabrominated congeners (2-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE
47) were consistently measured in sh and marine mammal species, in
accordance with previous literature reports. Te 6-MeO-BDE 47 congener
was always present in higher amounts than 2-MeO-BDE 68. Moreover,
various naturally-occurring organobrominated compounds, such as
polybrominated hexahydroxanthenes (PBHDs), tribromoanisole (TBA) and
mixed halogenated compound (MHC-1), were identied and quantied
if possible. Biomagnication factors (BMFs) of MeO-PBDEs were
calculated between two representative top-predator species for the North
Sea ecosystem (harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena and harbour seals,
Phoca vitulina) and their prey. Correlations were made between the BMFs,
age and gender of the mammals, and other factors which may inuence the
biomagnication process, such as the octanol-water partition coecients (if
available) and trophic position measured through stable isotope (15N and
13C) analysis.
108 Endangered Species and the Evaluation of Indirect Eects
of Pesticides: Introduction. K. Henry, Syngenta Crop Protection,
Greensboro, NC. Tis paper is one of two by the session chairs representing
an introductory overview of the topic. Pesticides are valuable tools used for
protecting crops from pest infestation and disease, reducing soil erosion,
and decreasing loss of habitat by limiting conversion of arable land to
crop production. However, pesticides are designed to be bioactive, and the
benets of their use must be balanced against the risk to non-target ora and
fauna, notably threatened and endangered species. Te Endangered Species
Act (ESA) in the US mandates that actions authorized by the government
will not adversely impact a listed species, or destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat for the species. Endangered species assessments are completed
through collaboration among multiple Federal Agencies, including the US
EPA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries
Service. Te direct toxic eects of pesticides on endangered species can be
evaluated using high quality, best-available data from surrogate organisms
in standard laboratory tests. However, endangered species assessments also
evaluate the potential for indirect eects on individuals and populations.
Examples of potential indirect eects of a pesticide could include reduction
of forage/prey base, or deleterious alteration of critical habitat. Current risk
assessment practices for screening for indirect eects use conservative Levels
of Concern (LOC) for each potentially aected non-endangered taxonomic
group that is important to the life cycle or habitat of an endangered species.
Pesticide use scenarios that result in Risk Quotients (RQ = expected
environmental concentration / LC50 or NOEC) below direct endangered
species LOCs are considered to be of no concern for risks to listed species
through indirect eects. When screening-level RQs are exceeded, additional
renements of the basic screening-level risk assessment are typically
performed. Te use of various methods for assessment of indirect eects will
be presented in this paper and throughout this session.
109 Indirect Eects Analyses in Pesticide Eects Determinations
for Federally-Listed Treatened and Endangered Species Challenges
and Perspectives. T. Steeger, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC; N. Golden, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
DC. Under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), all Federal
agencies are required to ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or
carryout does not jeopardize the continued existence of federally-listed
threatened or endangered species, or adversely modify or destroy designated
critical habitat for that species. As part of its responsibilities for regulating
pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA), EPA routinely assesses potential adverse eects to non-target
species and the environment from the use of pesticides. However, when
these regulatory actions may aect listed species or their habitat, EPA must
consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Marine
Fisheries Service, and conduct analyses to support eects determinations
relative to jeopardy and adverse modication that meet the standard of the
ESA, which may dier from that of FIFRA. Te components of the ESA
analyses include a characterization of the action and the action area, the
status and environmental baseline of the species and critical habitats in the
action area, and the eects of the action. Both direct and indirect eects of
pesticide registration and use must be considered when characterizing each
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of these elements. Accounting for these potential eects based on limited
data has led to spirited discussions and in some cases litigation among the
responsible government agencies, the regulated community, grower groups,
and the public. Te challenge facing EPA and the Services is in protecting
listed species while concurrently developing appropriately vetted data and
tools for qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating potential risks in light of
very limited resources. Tis presentation will provide an overview of some of
the challenges facing regulators in making temporally and spatially explicit
eects determinations for listed species at the national level.
110 Assessing the Indirect Eects of Pesticides to Listed Species:
Key Statutory and Regulatory Considerations. T. Hawkes, S. Hecht,
Oce of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Olympia,
WA; A. Pangelinan, Oce of Protected Resources, National Marine
Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. General procedures for assessing
the eects of pesticides to federally listed species pursuant to section 7 of
the Endangered Species Act are largely dened by statutory denitions,
regulations, and agency guidance. Tese factors must be considered in
developing a plan to evaluate potential indirect eects of pesticides to listed
species and their designated critical habitat. Te National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS) approach to evaluate the risk of pesticide-generated
indirect eects to listed species is presented. Te rst step in the NMFS
analysis identies stressors of the federal action that may aect the physical,
chemical, and biotic environment. For pesticide registration actions, the
federal actions are largely dened by the product labels authorized by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Terefore, chemical stressors
evaluated include active and inert ingredients of pesticide products,
metabolites, degradates and label-authorized tank mixtures. Te second step
of our analyses identies the listed species that are likely to co-occur with
these eects in space and time and the nature of the co-occurrence. In this
step, the NMFS approach considers how listed species utilize their habitat
and develops risk hypotheses for the assessment. Te available scientic and
commercial data are used to determine whether listed resources are likely to
respond to habitat modications (e.g., reduced prey availability) induced
by the stressors of the action. In the nal step of the NMFS analysis the
risks posed to listed species and to designated critical habitat are established.
NMFS biological opinions and responses to informal consultation consider
the uncertainty in the assessment and hinge on insuring that the federal
action does not jeopardize the continued existence of the species or adversely
modify designated critical habitat. Conclusions of adverse modication
or destruction of designated critical habitat are based on reductions in
conservation value such as reductions in the quantity or availability of
dened primary constituent elements.
111 Assessing habitat-induced eects to threatened and
endangered Pacic salmonids: A case example. T. Hawkes, S.A. Hecht,
Oce of Protected Resources, NMFS, Lacey, WA; A. Pangelinan, Oce
of Protected Resources, NMFS, Silver Spring, MD. Herein, we discuss the
current framework NMFS is using to evaluate pesticide-induced eects
to freshwater salmonid habitats. Currently, 28 population groupings of
Pacic salmonids are listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as
either threatened or endangered. Pesticides are registered for use in all of the
watersheds utilized by listed salmonids and are frequently detected in their
aquatic habitats, including designated critical habitats. Terefore, pesticides
may pose unanticipated risks to listed salmonids. In addition to the direct
eects from pesticides to salmonids, pesticides may also aect habitat
attributes including altering the abundance and composition of salmonid
prey items, impacting the riparian areas along stream channels, and reducing
aquatic primary production; ultimately limiting the conservation and
recovery of salmonid populations. An assessment of a federal actions eects
to listed salmonids habitat is a key component of an ESA consultation.
Two primary avenues for habitat eects are analyzed. Te rst addresses
how listed salmonids respond to habitat impairment. Te second avenue,
and a separate analysis, addresses the eect of pesticides on designated
critical habitat- specic geographic locales protected under the ESA. In this
analysis, eects to salmonid-specic primary constituent elements (PCEs)
are evaluated for any changes in the conservation value of critical habitat.
Te PCEs potentially aected by pesticides include water quality, prey, and
riparian vegetation which are identied for spawning and juvenile rearing
areas, juvenile migration corridors, and adult migration corridors. We
emphasize one of these PCEs, prey, to show how reductions in salmonid
prey abundance may translate to population level consequences.
112 Complexity in Assessing Potential Indirect Eects of
Herbicides on Endangered Species. S.R. Mortensen, K.H. Carr, S.L.
Levine, J.L. Honegger, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO. Herbicides
may broadly be dened as pesticides that are specically designed to kill
plants, especially weeds, or to inhibit plant growth. However, no two
herbicides are the same when determining their potential impact to non-
target organisms. Even herbicides from the same chemical class may vary
signicantly in their exposure and hazard proles. It is well known that risk
is a function of exposure and hazard. Terefore, an herbicides use rate and
its propensity to drift, runo, or volatilize, along with its hazard to aquatic
and terrestrial organisms, are all key factors in assessing risk. As part of the
registration or reregistration process in the US, EPA is required to perform
an endangered species risk assessment. While these assessments generally
include the potential impact from both direct and indirect eects, the
indirect eects assessment often is not as clearly developed. Te purpose of
this presentation is to describe current methodologies for and to discuss the
complexities associated with assessing the indirect eects of herbicides on
endangered species.
113 Modeling Potential Indirect Eects of Pesticides on
Endangered Salmon Populations. K. Macneale, J. Spromberg, D. Baldwin,
N. Scholz, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA. Pesticides
currently used in agricultural and urban areas throughout the Pacic
Northwest are detected routinely in aquatic habitats that support ESA-
listed salmonid populations. Te presence of these pesticides raises concern
that salmonid populations may be aected directly via physiological stress
as well as indirectly via alterations to the food web. While direct eects of
pesticide exposure have received some attention, there has been less focus
on salmonid food webs and namely salmonid prey. Many pesticides are
designed to kill invertebrates, and consequently exposure to pesticides can
result in dramatic changes in aquatic invertebrate communities and in
particular, the drift behavior of many taxa. Because juvenile salmonids are
primarily drift-feeding, we are especially interested in how these changes
aect prey availability and subsequent salmonid growth and survival. For
instance, a brief exposure to a pesticide at a concentration sublethal to sh
can reduce invertebrate densities for months and for signicant distances
downstream. To address indirect eects and evaluate their importance
relative to direct eects, we have incorporated dynamics in prey availability
into an existing individual-base model that is linked to a population growth
model. Using published data that track invertebrate community responses
and recoveries following pesticide exposure, we present a range of scenarios
that illustrate when and why indirect eects may be as important as direct
eects in limiting salmonid survival. We will also present results from
bioenergetic modeling that address how reducing the quality as well as the
quantity of prey aect juvenile salmonid growth.
114 Using telemetry to estimate animals exposure to pesticides in
arable crops. P. Prosser, P. Bone, P. Irving, Wildlife Ecotoxicology, Central
Science Laboratory, York, United Kingdom. Screening-level risk assessments
for agricultural pesticides assume that all of an animals diet is obtained
from treated areas. For some species this is quite possibly so, but for others
it almost certainly is not. Without real-world data, this assumption may be
unnecessarily conservative. Judgements concerning alternative values for
the proportion of diet obtained in treated crops are open to question. For
a range of farmland mammals and birds, chosen to be representative of the
major feeding guilds, we have used radio-telemetry to collect data on the
proportion of time animals actually spend potentially foraging among crops.
Tis data can be used to represent the Proportion of Time spent foraging in
treated crops in risk assessment calcualations. Tis presentation will present
a summary of the data and consider its use in risk assessment.
115 Addressing indirect eects in a national endangered species
assessment for Registration Review of the herbicide clomazone. J.
Giddings, Compliance Services International, Rochester, MA; A. Rives-
Frank, B. McGaughey, Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA;
J. Cummings, FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA; G. Mitchell, S. Nissen-
Meyer, FMC Corporation, Princeton, NJ; T. Hall, Bayer CropScience,
Research Triangle Park, NC. U.S. EPA opened the docket for Registration
Review of the herbicide clomazone in January, 2007, and stated that an
endangered species determination will be conducted. Based on an initial
EPA screening-level ecological risk assessment that indicated theoretical risk
to listed and non-listed plants, unicellular algae, aquatic invertebrates, and
small and medium-sized herbivorous mammals, EPA considered that listed
30 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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species in all taxa may potentially be aected indirectly due to alterations in
their habitat (e.g., food sources, shelter, and areas to reproduce). To support
EPAs endangered species eects determination and nal risk management
decisions, the clomazone registrant is providing the Agency with
information on the location of listed species and their proximity to sites
where clomazone might be used. Information is also being provided on site-
specic and species-specic factors including dependencies of listed species
on other taxa potentially aected by clomazone. Tis information is being
recorded, compiled and submitted using the Information Management
System (IMS), a work product of the FIFRA Endangered Species Task Force
(FESTF). EPAs endangered species assessment for clomazone is the rst to
be conducted under the new Registration Review program for pesticides,
and the provision of data in this manner can serve as a model for data
submissions to support future EPA assessments. Te format of the study is
intended to clarify the role of the registrant in submitting data, dene the
role of FESTF data in the assessment, and bring optimal eciency to the
pesticide endangered species review and decision process. Tis presentation
describes the overall approach to the assessment, with special emphasis on
investigation of potential indirect eects.
116 Endangered Species Indirect Eects: Screening level
assessments and rened ecological assessments. T. Hall, Bayer
CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC; C. Tomas, DuPont Crop
Protection, Wilmington, DE; J. Honegger, Monsanto Company, St.
Louis, MO; J. Giddings, Compliance Services International, Rochester,
MA; D. Moore, Intrinsik Environmental Sciences, Inc., Ottowa, Ontario,
Canada. In the US EPA pesticide registration process, an assessment
of the potential eects of agricultural products on endangered species,
including an examination of the possible direct and indirect eects,
must be conducted. For indirect eects, the current methodology begins
with a screening level assessment with worst-case assumptions for the
most sensitive species among various taxonomic groups. Based on these
methods, the potential risk for indirect eects is characterized as either
minimal (posing no risk to the species) or requiring further analysis to
better characterize the risk. In the rened risk assessment for indirect
eects, many options are available. Higher tier studies on or models of the
potential eects of and/or exposure to the pesticide should be used. Rened
exposure estimates based on extensive eld studies are available for likely
potential prey items (e.g., terrestrial invertebrates) for many endangered
species. Diet composition of non-obligate endangered species and species
sensitivity distributions of potential food species should be analyzed. Te
mobility of the species of interest, and the fate of the pesticide, need to be
considered in the risk characterization. For plant habitat and community
structure, there needs to be consideration of the diering sensitivity of
plant species, and the relevance of dierent plant eects endpoints for
endangered species that require plants in the habitat. For an indirect eects
assessment, particularly for non-obligate endangered species, the endpoints
of interest are population responses and/or community structure alterations.
Tis presentation provides examples of how these renements can be
incorporated into an indirect eects assessment for endangered species.
117 Herbicidal eects of sulfamethoxazole in Lemna gibbaG3;
using pABA as a biomarker of eect. R.A. Brain, B.A. Fulton, B.W.
Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX; A.J. Ramirez,
Science Facility Directors Oce, Baylor University, Salvador, Bahia,
Brazil; C.K. Chambliss, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Baylor University, Waco, TX. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is among the most
frequently detected antibiotics in the environment, heavily used in both
human therapy and agriculture. Like other sulfonamides, SMX disrupts
the folate biosynthetic pathway in bacteria, which was recently established
as identical to that of plants, raising concerns over non-target toxicity.
Consequently, Lemna gibba was exposed to SMX to evaluate phytotoxic
potency and mechanism of action by HPLC-MS/MS measurement of
p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) metabolite levels, a precursor to folate
biosynthesis and substrate of the target enzyme dihydropteroate synthase
(DHPS). pABA levels were found to increase upon exposure to SMX
following an exponential rise to a maxima model in a concentration-
dependent manner. Te EC50 for pABA content was 3.36 g/L, 20
times lower than that of fresh weight (61.6 g/L) and 40 times lower
than frond number (132 g/L). Mechanistically, these results suggest
that, as in bacteria, sulfonamide antibiotics disrupt folate biosynthesis via
inhibition of DHPS. Analysis of pABA concentrations appears to provide
a sulfonamide-specic biomarker of eect with exceptional diagnostic
capacity and sensitivity compared to traditional morphological endpoints.
Using the EC50 for pABA content, a potential hazard was identied for L.
gibba exposed to SMX, which would not have been detected based upon
traditional morphological approaches.
118 Development of Methods of Genotyping Sex for Use in
Endocrine Disruption Assays. A.W. Olmstead, A. Lindberg-Livingston,
K.K. Woodis, S.J. Degitz, US EPA, Duluth, MN. Endocrine disrupting
compounds have been shown to completely sex reverse both male and
female individuals in amphibian, avian, sh, invertebrate, and reptile
species. In many cases these sex-reversed individuals are morphologically
indistinguishable from normal individuals. Detection of low-level sex
reversal often requires large numbers of organisms to achieve the necessary
statistical power, especially in those species with genetic sex determination
and homomorphic sex chromosomes (such as amphibians and many
sh). Te usefulness of genotyping sex has been demonstrated in the
Japanese medaka, where the sex-determining gene has been identied;
however, in most aquatic toxicology model species, the sex-determining
gene is unknown. We developed a genotyping method utilizing amplied
fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) in the amphibian, Xenopus
tropicalis, for incorporation into endocrine disruptor screening assays that
examine the eects of chemicals on gonad dierentiation. AFLPs from
512 primer pairs were assessed in one spawn of X. tropicalis. Each primer
pair yielded on average 100 fragments. In total 16 sex-linked AFLPs were
identied, isolated, and sequenced. A recombination map of these AFLPs
was generated using over 300 individuals with three AFLPs having a
recombination rate of 0% with regard to sex. Cost-eective PCR methods
were then developed that determine the presence of a given sex-linked
marker for utilization in environmental toxicological assays. Tis approach
to identifying sex-linked markers and developing sex genotyping methods is
applicable to other species with genetic sex determination. Incorporation of
sex genotyping in endocrine disruptor assays increases the statistical power
of examining eects on gonad dierentiation. Examples of data analysis
from X. tropicalis toxicological studies where the genetic sex has been
determined using these methods will be presented.
119 Hormone Binding to Recombinant Estrogen Receptors from
Human, Alligator, Quail, Salamander, and Fathead Minnow. C.V. Rider,
P.C. Hartig, M.C. Cardon, V.S. Wilson, RTD, NHEERL, ORD, US EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC; C.V. Rider, Molecular Biomedical Sciences,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Te overarching goal of this
project is to compare environmental chemical binding anity for estrogen
receptors from dierent species. In this phase, a cell-free estrogen receptor
binding assay was developed to facilitate the direct comparison of chemical
binding to full-length recombinant estrogen receptors across vertebrate
classes. Receptors were generated in a baculovirus expression system. Tis
approach allowed for a limitless supply of receptor without the use of
animals. Hormone binding to estrogen receptors from human (hER), quail
(qER), alligator (aER), salamander (sER), and fathead minnow (fhER)
was compared in saturation and competitive binding assays. Te 17-
estradiol (E2) dissociation constants (Kd) generated from saturation binding
experiments were 0.20 0.024nM for hER, 0.25 0.042nM for sER,
0.44 0.039nM for aER, 0.55 0.061nM for fhER, and 0.87 0.16nM
for qER. Binding specicity to each of the receptors was evaluated using
the steroid hormones E2, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and corticosterone
(C) and the synthetic steroid ethynylestradiol (EE). E2 and EE were strong
binders with IC50s for E2 ranging from 0.65nM with hER to 1.01nM
with sER and for EE ranging from 0.68nM with sER to 1.20nM with
qER. As expected, DHT was a weak binder with IC50s ranging from
7.0M with qER to 18.6M with fhER and C did not bind any of the
estrogen receptors at concentrations up to 100M. Tis use of cell-free,
recombinant estrogen receptor binding assays provides a convenient in
vitro approach for directly comparing environmental chemical binding
to estrogen receptors from dierent species. Funding was provided by the
NCSU/EPA Cooperative Training Program CT833235-01-0. Disclaimer:
Tis is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reect
USEPA policy.
120 Modulation of oxidative stress genes of the intertidal copepod
Tigriopus japonicus after exposure of several kinds of chemicals. J.
Lee, Dept of Chemustry, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. To use
the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus as a testing model system for
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 31
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evaluating estuarine environmental contamination, we analyzed 87,638
expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and made 12K Tigriopus oligoChip for
multipurpose use. Firstly, to check oxidative stress genes after exposure of
several kinds of chemicals, we tested key genes of oxidative stress genes.
After exposure of copper (50 ug/L) for 96 hrs, we found that GST theta,
microsomal GST, MnSOD and catalase genes would greatly aected.
Among them, GST delta-epsilon and GST theta would play a major role,
while catalase, GPX and MnSOD showed up-regulation after exposure of
copper. Tese data showed what kind of genes would be a main regulator
after chemical exposure. Now we are tested other chemicals such as heavy
metals (Cu, Cd, AsIII, AsV), biocides (endosulfan, alachlor, molinate), and
environmental disrupting chemicals (BisA, OP, NP, BP, PCB, TBT). To
test comprehensive expression of many genes in Tigriopus, we made 12K
oligoChip from the known genes, and evaluated it after exposure of b-NF,
BisA, copper and manganese. In case of exposure of copper (50 ug/L for 96
hrs), we found that several genes showed signicant changes of expression,
enabling to nd novel biomarkers upon exposure of above chemicals.
Especially, CYP13A showed very signicant increase of expression after
exposure of copper and manganese, indicating that CYP13A would be
a good marker for heavy metals. To see cellular event after exposure of
copper and zinc chloride (24 hrs and 96 hrs) along with gene expression
patterns, we employed BrdU assay for cellular proliferation and TUNEL
assay for apoptosis. In case of zinc chloride, it showed signicant increase
of apoptotic cells in 96 hrs, while copper showed less toxic. Also those
chemicals showed both roles for cellular proliferation after exposure,
indicating the cells were damaged but trying to recover depending on
concentration of exposed chemicals. Tis is new attempt to use the marine
copepod for evaluating the chemicals along with elucidating molecular
mechanisms and environmental adaptation, and also possibly useful to
compare with other aquatic organisms on those aspects.
121 Acclimation as dened by individual and transcriptional
responses to environmental stress. D. Bugge, C.L. Folt, C.Y. Chen,
Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; J.R. Shaw, J.K. Colbourne,
C. Glaholt, Te School of Public and Environmental Aairs, Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN. Degradation of aquatic environments
due to widespread loading of toxic metals is a signicant environmental
problem. To protect aquatic organisms from metal pollution, it is necessary
to understand their susceptibility to metal exposure, which is in part
determined by their ability to acquire tolerance. Previous studies of isoclonal
laboratory cultures of Daphnia pulex (subclade arenata) found that multi-
generational exposure of clonal Daphnia to low levels of Cd resulted
in increased tolerance (acclimation) to toxic levels of Cd, Zn, and Ag.
Cadmium-acclimated Daphnia also had higher levels of metallothionein
(MT) mRNA expression in the presence of metals, but lower population
tness in the absence of metals. In our current eort to further dene
metal tolerance acquisition, we compare populations of Daphnia pulex
from historically metal contaminated vs. reference lakes in Sudbury and
Dorset, Ontario. Clones from both lake types were then acclimated to low
levels of Cd exposure over multiple generations and life-table tests were
conducted on nave vs. acclimated clones in an eort to determine whether
clones taken from metal contaminated lakes responded to acclimation
and metal challenge dierently from clones derived from reference lakes.
In addition, MT transcription was measured in acclimated and nave
clones to determine whether populations from metal contaminated lakes
exhibit hyper-induction of the MT gene when acclimated to low levels of
Cd. Te results of these studies will be discussed in terms of the role of
metallothionein induction in metal tolerance acquisition and the population
level consequences of acclimation in populations with dierent metal
exposure histories. Tese studies help to reveal the causes and consequences
of acclimation and establish benchmarks for distinguishing between
acclimation and adaptation to metals. Tis work contributes to and benets
from the Daphnia Genomics Consortium.
122 Genomic proling the neuroactive pesticide dieldrin in
the hypothalamus of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). C.J.
Martyniuk, A. Feswick, R. Weil, K.J. Kroll, D. Barber, N.D. Denslow,
Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL. Te muckfarms around Lake Apopka (Florida, USA)
contain a high level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Tere is evidence
that signicant levels of the OCP, dieldrin, are present in tissues of aquatic
organisms that inhabit these sites. Dieldrin acts as an antagonist to GABA-A
receptors in the CNS, eectively blocking GABAergic synaptic transmission.
Tis is signicant in the context of sh reproduction because GABA has
a role in stimulating pituitary gonadotropin release. Dieldrin has also
been linked to increased risk to human neurodegenerative diseases such as
Parkinsons disease.Te primary objective of this study was to investigate the
genomic response to dieldrin in the hypothalamus. Largemouth bass (LMB)
were injected (i.p.) with 10 mg/kg dieldrin and sampled 7 days later. Gene
expression analysis was performed using a 4X44K LMB oligonucleotide
microarray containing 16,350 annotated LMB genes. Over 150 genes in the
hypothalamus were signicantly altered (P<0.001; FDR<5%) by dieldrin
and included genes that 1) have previously been implicated in Parkinsons
disease (e.g. apolipoprotein E, Niemann-Pick disease type C2, heart-fatty
acid binding protein), 2) are indicative of brain damage and apoptosis (e.g.
autophagy protein 9, thioredoxin), and 3) are involved in hormone and
cell signaling (insulin precursor, thyroid hormone receptor beta). Pathway
analysis revealed novel associations between the genomic response to
dieldrin and human diseases, suggesting additional health risks that may
be associated with exposure. Levels of dopamine (DA), the DA metabolite
DOPAC, and GABA in specic brain regions were also measured by high
performance liquid chromatography. Tere was no signicant dierence
in the levels of DA in the female and male brain after dieldrin injection.
However, the neurotransmitter GABA was signicantly increased in the
female hypothalamus (p<0.05). Te results indicate that the transcriptome
and neurotransmitter levels in the sh brain are potential targets of dieldrin.
Tis data will be compared to dieldrin feeding studies conducted by our
lab to test the hypothesis that environmentally relevant doses alter the
transcriptome in a similar manner in LMB. Tis research was supported
by an NSERC grant to CJM and NIH grant # RO1 ES015449 awarded
to NDD. Key words: GABA, microarray, sh, neurodegeneration, HPLC,
dieldrin, pesticides
123 Proteomic Proling for Biomarker Discovery in the Zebrash
Gill. G.G. Goss, T. MacCormack, Biological Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; A. de Souza, L. Li, Dept of Chemistry,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Using high-throughput
mass spectrometer-based methods (2D LC-ESI MS/MS) we have identied
approximately 6172 proteins in the gill of the zebrash, Danio rerio.
Proteins were characterized according to their cellular process, molecular
function, and subcellular location. Tose relevant to expected physiological
and metabolic processes in the gill were identied and provided excellent
coverage of important biochemical pathways. Greater than 14% (2573) of
the peptides in the analysis were classied as hydrophobic (GRAVY index
>0.5) and more than 250 integral membrane proteins were found without
using specic enrichment strategies. Approximately 40 proteins involved in
xenobiotic metabolism and a number of established toxicological biomarkers
were present. Te goal of this project was to establish a baseline proteome
for ongoing physiological and toxicological studies. Quantifying specic
changes in the zebrash proteome will be a powerful tool in identifying new
biomarkers for emerging toxicants and novel engineered compounds.
124 Copper alters the transcriptome within the olfactory
rosettes of coho salmon at environmentally relevant concentrations. F.
Tilton, T. Bammler, D. Beyer, F. Farin, M. Trute, P. Jansen, E. Gallagher,
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA; D. Baldwin, N. Scholz, National Marine Fisheries
Service, Seattle, WA. Olfactory injury from toxicant exposures has been
shown to negatively impact behaviors in Pacic salmon critical to survival.
Te molecular mechanisms of olfactory toxicants, however, are poorly
understood. To test the hypothesis that copper impairs the transcription
of genes involved in olfactory signal transduction within the olfactory
rosettes, 3 groups of N=5 juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
were exposed to copper at 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 ppb for 4 hours. Total RNA was
isolated from the olfactory rosettes, the portion of the olfactory system in
contact with the surrounding environment, prior to hybridization to the
GRASP 16K cDNA microarray. A dose-responsive increase in the number
of signicantly (p <0.05) altered transcripts ( 1.5-fold) was observed in
copper-exposed coho. Comparison of gene signatures by Venn diagram
revealed 50 altered transcripts ( 1.5 fold) that were shared among all
concentrations tested, whereas the majority of the perturbed transcripts
identied were unique to the particular concentration. Dierentially-
expressed transcripts of interest encoded proteins important in the
recognition and initial response to odorants, including; signal recognition
32 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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particle proteins, signal-transducing adaptor proteins, G protein-coupled
proteins and olfactory receptors. Of relevance, low environmentally relevant
copper exposures (< 10 ppb) reduced the expression of these functionally
important olfactory genes. Interestingly, a number of transcripts identied
in this study corresponded to copper-altered genes previously identied in
the olfactory system of zebrash including the olfactory signal transduction
(OST) pathway, ion transport and homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis.
Short-term environmentally relevant exposures to copper negatively impact
the conserved neurophysiology of olfaction in salmon. Te downregulation
of OST pathway genes may impact the transduction of odorant binding
within the rosette, as well as, further downstream within the olfactory
system. Tese studies provide a transcriptional signature from copper
exposure in salmon olfactory rosettes which may be relevant for detecting
early neurobehavioral perturbations during environmental exposures.
Supported by NIEHS P42-04696 and NIEHS P30-ES07033.
125 Gene expression endpoints of chronic copper toxicitiy in
zebrash. P.M. Craig, C.M. Wood, G.B. McClelland, Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; C. Hogstrand, Biomedical
Sciences, Kings College, London, United Kingdom. Although copper
(Cu) is an essential micronutrient for all organisms, in excess, waterborne
Cu poses a signicant threat to sh from a cellular level to the population
as a whole. We examined the chronic eects (21d) of elevated waterborne
Cu (8 g/L) in softwater and amended water chemistry (Cu + 3mM Ca
2+

or Cu + 10mM Na
+
) on the gene expression prole of liver in zebrash.
Additional comparisons were made to softwater-acclimated zebrash that
were chronically stressed to dierentiate Cu-specic gene eects from
general stress eects. Te highest accumulation of Cu occurred after 14
days of exposure in the liver, which persisted through 21d. Liver RNA was
extracted and hybridized to an annotated gene chip containing > 16,500
targets. Normalized gene expression data indicated that 4.5% of genes were
aected by chronic Cu exposure, with 65% of these increased in expression,
and 35% decreased in expression, when compared to controls. Using gene
ontology annotations, we identied the ~60% of genes aected (up or
down) by Cu exposure that relate to factors involved in DNA transcription
on a biological process level. Further analysis shows molecular pathways
involved relate to signaling and metal transfer pathways. During Cu
exposure, we noticed a signicant elevation in whole-body cortisol levels.
Several genes related to Cu exposure contain cortisol-binding elements,
which may indicate a general stress response as opposed to a specic Cu
response. By identifying the dierences between general- and Cu- stress
specic changes in gene expression, in addition to expression changes
in amended water chemistry, we will be able to specically identify the
pathways involved in chronic Cu exposure. (Funding: NSERC CRD,
ICA/CDA, ILZRO/IZA, NiPERA, Teck-Cominco, Xstrata (Noranda-
Falconbridge), & Vale Inco).
126 Are We at Risk From Non-lethal Weapons. L. Jamka, R.
Green, O. Saulters, L. Erickson, B. Leven, T. Boguski, Urban Operations
Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. Early evaluation
of environmental, safety, occupational health (ESOH) risk is a critical
component of the acquisition process for non-lethal systems by the U.S.
military. Te Department of Defense (DoD) utilizes various resources and
tools, including the Environmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool (EKAT,
www.ekat-tool.com), to facilitate evaluation of technologies. EKAT is a
web-based application used to identify, research, and assess environmental
and safety-related issues for products and systems. EKAT has been used in
a variety of supporting scientic studies and required frameworks, such as
Programmatic Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Evaluations
(PESHEs), National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documentation,
and lifecycle environmental assessments (LCEAs) conducted by Kansas State
Universitys (KSU) Center for Hazardous Substance Research. Analyses have
been performed for chemical compounds, subsystems, integrated programs,
and training ranges, including slippery gel materials, airburst munitions,
ash-bang technologies, and aromatics. In addition to cost savings related to
report generation and tracking of ESOH concerns, EKAT can proactively
reduce overall lifecycle costs by addressing environmental considerations
prior to development and elding of new technology, thereby contributing
to the streamlining and sustainability of mission readiness.
127 Tungsten speciation and ecotoxicology. N. Strigul, Center for
Environmental Systems & Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stevens
Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ; W. Braida, C. Christodoulatos,
Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology,
Hoboken, NJ; A. Koutsospyros, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT; G. OConnor,
US Army, Environmental Technology Division, Picatinny, NJ. Tungsten
is a widely used transition metal; however, information on its possible
environmental and toxicological eects is limited. Tere is practically
no available information on the role played by tungsten speciation in
the observed ecotoxicological eects. It is known that tungsten anions
polymerize (depending upon concentration, pH and aquatic geochemistry)
in environmental systems as well as under physiological conditions inside
of living organisms. Tis polymerization/condensation reaction results
in development of stable polyanions of several types such as Anderson,
Keggin, and Dawson structures. It is known that these polyanions
have some unique chemical properties (in particular redox and acidic
properties), which monotungstates do not posses. However, up to date only
monotungstates, of all soluble tungsten compounds, have been examined
in toxicological experiments. As a result of that, all our knowledge of
tungsten toxicology, biological and environmental eects is based entirely
on experiments performed with monotungstates. Our recent research
using plants, redworms, sh, daphnia and algae as target organisms shows
that polyoxotungstates are much more toxic than monotungstates (more
than one order of magnitude). Similar results we obtained in ecosystem
level toxicological experiments. In this presentation we consider tungsten
ecotoxicology from the standpoint of tungsten speciation and we identify
knowledge gaps and future research needs.
128 Eects of Tungsten on Phosphate-Dependent Biochemical
Processes. D.R. Johnson, A.J. Bednar, C. Ang, Environmental Laboratory,
U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg,
MS; L.S. Inouye, Shorelands & Environmental Assistance, Washington
State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Tungstate, the oxidized
form of tungsten (W) metal, is known to polymerize with phosphates.
Extensive polymerization may deplete intracellular stores of phosphate,
disrupting phosphorylation reactions in cells including formation of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy currency in all living cells.
Furthermore, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are critical
triggers in intra- and intercellular communications, alterations of which
may have dire consequences to cellular functions in animal systems, such
as the formation of certain cancers. A series of studies were conducted to
evaluate the eect of tungsten on several phosphate-dependent intracellular
functions, including energy cycling (ATP production), regulation of enzyme
activity (protein tyrosine kinase), and intracellular secondary messengers
(cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP]). Rat non-cancerous hepatocyte
(Clone9), rat cancerous hepatocyte (H4IIE), and human cancerous
hepatocyte (HepG2) cells were exposed to 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg/L tungsten,
in the form of sodium tungstate, for 24 hours. Cells were then lysed and
analyzed for cell viability, cytotoxicity, ATP concentration, tyrosine kinase
activity, and cAMP concentration. In general, tungsten signicantly reduced
cell viability at 1000, 300, and 300 mg/L in Clone9, H4IIE, and HepG2
cells, respectively. Cellular ATP levels were not aected in Clone9 cells,
but were signicantly reduced at 300 mg/L in H4IIE and HepG2 cells.
Te decrease in ATP was not likely due to tungstate polymerization with
phosphates on the ATP molecule. Tungsten did not aect tyrosine kinase
activity in Clone9 and H4IIE cells, however, tungsten signicantly increased
tyrosine kinase activity in HepG2 cells at 10 mM W within 4 hours of
exposure. cAMP was signicantly increased by tungsten in Clone9 cells at
100 mg/L. Tungsten had mixed eects at higher concentrations in rat and
human cancerous cells. In H4IIE cells, cAMP was signicantly increased
only at 100 mg/L, and exposed HepG2 cells showed a signicant increase in
cAMP at 100 mg/L, but then a signicant decrease in cAMP at 1000 mg/L.
In conclusion, these data indicate that tungsten produces complex results
that must be carefully interpreted in the context of their respective animal
models.
129 Tungsten Bioavailability and Toxicity in Sunowers
(Helianthus annuus) in Spiked Field Soil. D.R. Johnson, A.J. Bednar,
J.U. Clarke, L.E. Wineld, Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army
Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; L.S. Inouye,
Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA; R.E. Boyd, C.
Ang, SpecPro, Vicksburg, MS. Tungsten (W) metal is taken up by plants
in natural soils, yet few studies have been conducted on plant responses
to high soil concentrations of tungsten due to anthropogenic activities.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 33
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Tus, tungsten bioavailability and toxicity were examined in sunowers
(Helianthus annus). Sunowers were grown for 14 days in tungsten-spiked
Grenada-Loring eld soil that had been aged for 6 months. Sunower total
weight was signicantly reduced at tungsten soil concentrations 2600
mg kg-1 soil, with leaf, stem, and root weights signicantly reduced at
concentrations 2600, 325, and 3900 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. Sunower
growth was also signicantly reduced 3900 mg kg-1 soil, as determined
by shoot and root lengths. Signicant log-linear dose response relationships
were detected between soil tungsten concentrations and stem wet weight,
total wet weight, leaf wet weight, and root wet weight. Plant shoot length
and root length also showed signicant dose-response relationships with
soil tungsten. Photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and carotenoids were
signicantly increased at 3900 mg kg-1 soil, while chlorophyll b was
unaected. Tungsten was bioaccumulated in both sunower roots and leaves
in a dose-dependent manner, with roots having a bioaccumulation factor of
approximately 2. Tus, sunowers may be useful phytoremediation plants
for soils with tungsten levels below 0.26% (mass basis).
130 Understanding the Biodegradation of RDX in Groundwater.
M.E. Fuller, P.B. Hatzinger, R.J. Stean, Shaw Environmental, Inc.,
Lawrenceville, NJ; K. Chu, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; J.
Hawari, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
N.C. Sturchio, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL. Tere is increasing
concern about the presence of explosive compounds in soil and groundwater
at DoD installations. Tis research is exploring the biodegradation of the
energetic compound RDX in the subsurface with respect to the microbial
ecology and groundwater chemistry. Tis research will expand the range of
organisms that are known to be associated with the biological degradation
of RDX under actual eld conditions. RDX degradation in microcosms,
model aquifers, and groundwater from various explosive-contaminated sites
is being examined. Eorts are being directed towards identifying signature
RDX breakdown products, and relating these products to geochemical
and microbiological parameters. Microbial community analyses include
use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (tRFLP), coupled with 16S
rRNA gene sequencing to identify the predominant microorganisms.
Application of
13C
/
15
N stable isotope probing (SIP) is being performed to
improve identication of RDX-degraders in mixed microbial communities.
Biological isotopic fractionation of RDX is also being examined in order to
develop a diagnostic method to assess natural attenuation in groundwater.
Results to date indicate that some of the dominant 16S rRNA sequences
detected were related to bacterial strains associated with explosives
degradation (i.e., Rhodococcus, Clostridium). Results also have indicated that
Pseudomonas spp., which are widespread environmental bacteria, are likely
involved in RDX biodegradation under certain environmental conditions.
Initial SIP experiments have more precisely identied some of the
organisms (and degradative genes) directly metabolizing RDX and/or RDX
breakdown products. Further development and use of microbial community
assessment methods (especially SIP), identication of signature products,
and determination of biological fractionation factors for RDX will expand
our understanding of explosive compound biodegradation in groundwater,
and will facilitate site-specic assessment, monitoring, and remediation of
explosive-contaminated groundwater.
131 Eects of soil-bound TNT and RDX in selected forb species.
F.L. Hagen, T. Smith, CERL, COE ERDC, Champaign, IL; E.P. Best, A.J.
Torrey, EL, COE ERDC, Vicksburg, MS; F.L. Hagen, J.O. Dawson, NRES,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. During the performance of military
training operations, explosive residue, including TNT and RDX, is released
into the environment on-range. Te long-term environmental impacts
of exposure to elevated levels of these compounds are of longstanding
concern. Promising in-situ technologies for remediating explosive residue
contaminated soils include phytoextraction and phytostabilization. In
addition to supporting sustainable training range use, phytoextraction or
phytostabilization, or a combination of both, would be would be a cost-
eective and ecologically compatible means of energetic contaminant
management. However, the fate and transport characteristics of energetics
in vegetated soils must be understood before phytoremediation can
be eectively used. In the rst phase, rapidly colonizing, resilient, and
potentially explosives-tolerant forbs were identied through a literature
review, followed by a short-term tolerance screening experiments. Based on
these results, ve species were selected for the second phase. In the second
phase longer-term screening for explosives tolerance, degradation activity,
and growth trait response was conducted. Dose-response experiments form
the basis for the evaluation of the munitions energetics toxic eects. Plants
were exposed for between 55 and 90 days to RDX or TNT spiked soil.
Plants were started from seeds and grown on the greenhouse bench. Biomass
production and root characteristics were examined. We found that biomass
production was stimulated by low doses of RDX but both RDX and TNT,
at high concentrations, exhibited toxic eects by a decrease in biomass.
Root to shoot ratio was aected by both RDX and TNT based on the soil
concentration. Based on the results of these studies four species, redroot
pigweed (Amaranthus retroexus L.), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca),
morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa), and prickly sida (Sida spinosa) were
recommended for further study of phytoextraction and phytostabilization
remediation capacity. Four species were classied as TNT-tolerant and all
species were classied as RDX- tolerant. TNT uptake in plants was almost
none while RDX uptake ranged to 6.4 kg ha-1. One species (redroot
pigweed, Amaranthus retroexus) metabolized RDX.
132 Proteomic and Genomic Approaches to Identify Microbial
Biomarkers of in situ RDX Biodegradation. F.H. Crocker, K.J. Indest,
Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; J. Hawari,
Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; L.D. Eltis,
Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada. In situ bioremediation is an attractive remedial
action for Department of Defense (DoD) sites currently contaminated with
explosive residues, such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX).
Microbial biomarkers of RDX biodegradation would be valuable tools in
demonstrating the capacity for in situ bioremediation at contaminated
sites. Currently, it is not clear which pathways, genes, or enzymes are
responsible for in situ RDX biodegradation. We are characterizing two
RDX-degrading bacteria (one aerobic and one anaerobic strain) with respect
to the pathways, enzymes and genes involved in the RDX biodegradation
pathways. Two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry
and annotation of the genome sequence is being used to identify proteins
that are dierentially expressed in response to RDX in the aerobe Gordonia
sp. KTR9. Genome sequencing of KTR9 has identied a plasmid
approximately 182 Kb in size that contains two cytochrome P450-like genes
similar to xplAB genes, which are responsible for RDX biodegradation. One
of these genes in KTR9 is greater than 98% similar to the xplA gene found
in several RDX-degrading Rhodococcus species. Transcriptomic analysis using
DNA microarrays is being used with the anaerobe Shewanella oneidensis
MR-1, since the genome sequence has been annotated and microarrays
are available. Key metabolites and end-products are being determined to
identify the mechanism of RDX catabolism in both strains and to determine
whether RDX serves as a nitrogen source or terminal electron acceptor in
strain MR-1. Tis paper will discuss the approaches being used to determine
the RDX biodegradation pathways, enzymes and genes in this project and
will present preliminary data on the dierential protein expression studies
in KTR9. Te product of this research will be novel enzyme or gene targets
that will be used to develop biomarkers that will can determine the potential
for RDX biodegradation in contaminated aquifers and monitor in situ
restoration. Tese molecular tools will support DoD land management
practices for range sustainability.
133 Availability of explosives for in ovo uptake for developing
lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis). S. Braseld, J. Coleman, G. Lotufo,
J. Steevens, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineering Research
and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; K.L. Richardson, Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside,
CA. Te ecological impacts of munitions and explosives of concern (MEC)
are dicult to predict. Reptiles provide several components to a terrestrial
trophic structure, serving as both prey and predators and represent
important ecological receptors. Embryonic reptiles may be exposed to these
contaminants via two primary mechanisms: transfer from the mother to
ospring and absorption from the eggs surroundings. Based on prior study
with egg uptake in eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) and metals,
potential ecological consequences may include egg mortality, reductions in
hatching success, as well as reduced survival and growth of the hatchlings.
Te importance of contaminant transfer from soils to terrestrial organisms
has been studied in invertebrates, but limited information exists for
vertebrates including reptile embryos. Western fence lizards were collected
from Riverside, CA following emergence from overwinter period, females
34 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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were gravid--an indication the rst clutch of eggs had not been laid. Lizards
were returned to the laboratory and provided substrate for oviposition. No
sooner than seven days after oviposition, fertilization was determined and
eggs in a single clutch were randomly assigned to a treatment level. Fertilized
eggs were placed in perlite spiked with cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
(RDX) in a dose range of 0.1-10 mg/L in preliminary trials. No acute
mortality to the eggs has been observed, and hatching success is unaected
by eggs placed in substrate contaminated with RDX. Following this
preliminary study, data will be available using RDX-spiked soils as a more
environmentally relevant exposure scenario.
134 Framework for Application of the Toxicity Equivalence
Methodology for Polychlorinated Dioxins, Furans and Biphenyls
in Ecological Risk Assessment. S.R. Wharton, Region 8 (8P-HW),
US EPA, Denver, CO; P. Cook, Oce of Research & Development,
U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN; P. Cirone, Region 10 (Retired), U.S. EPA,
Seattle, WA; M. DeVito, Oce of Research & Development, U.S. EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC; B. Duncan, Region 10, U.S. EPA, Seattle,
WA; T. Henry, Oce of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances, U.S.
EPA, Washington, DC; R. Pepin, Region 5, U.S. EPA, Chicago, IL; S.
Schappelle, Oce of the Science Advisor, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
Abstract Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans
(PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) commonly occur as complex mixtures in
the environment, including in animal tissues. For more than a decade, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other organizations have
estimated the combined risks that such mixtures pose to human health using
a method known as the toxicity equivalence methodology. EPAs most recent
Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds further establishes the use
of the toxicity equivalence methodology as a key assumption in human
health risk assessment and a principle upon which many of the conclusions
in the reassessment hinge. Application of this methodology in ecological
risk assessments, however, has proceeded more slowly. Tis is due, in part,
to the variety of species from dierent taxonomic classes that need to be
considered. As both experimental data and experience with the methodology
have accumulated, experts have reached consensus that use of the toxicity
equivalence methodology can strengthen ecological risk assessments. EPAs
Risk Assessment Forum has developed the Framework for Application of
the Toxicity Equivalence Methodology for Polychlorinated Dioxins, Furans,
and Biphenyls in Ecological Risk Assessment to advance the use of this
methodology in ecological risk assessments. Te framework is intended to
assist EPA scientists in their assessment of ecological risks from mixtures
of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs, as well as to inform EPA decision makers,
other agencies, and the public about this methodology. Te EPA believes
this framework presents a scientically sound method that, when used to
conduct risk assessments involving dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals, serves
to enhance the application of the best available science.
135 Spatial and Temporal Trends in Trace Element
Bioaccumulation by Bivalves in the Altamaha River System. W. Shoults-
Wilson, M.C. Black, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; J. Unrine,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; J. Rickard, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Athens, GA. Te Altamaha River and its major tributaries (Oconee,
Ocmulgee, and Ohoopee Rivers) drain a quarter of the state of Georgia.
Recent surveys have concluded that native mussel populations in this
system are declining. One proposed factor in this decline is increased loads
of trace elements from anthropogenic activity, with one specic source
being kaolin mining. In 2006 and 2007, the invasive clam, Corbicula
uminea was collected from 39 sites in the Altamaha watershed and one
adjacent watershed (Ogeechee) and tissues were analyzed for trace metal
concentrations using ICP-MS. Sites in tributaries and the main stem of the
Oconee River that lie below sources of kaolin euent show signicantly
increased bioaccumulation of Cd by C. uminea when compared to
upstream sites. Te data also show signicant ( = 0.05) relationships
between metal accumulation in the clams and growth metrics (length,
height, depth, shell thickness). For instance, Cd accumulation was shown to
be negatively correlated with these metrics, indicating higher concentrations
in smaller individuals. Environmental parameters (sediment composition,
pH, water temperature, etc) were also correlated to metal concentrations.
Concentrations of Cd in tissues were negatively correlated to water hardness,
with higher concentrations found at sites with lower hardness. At three sites
in the lower Oconee and upper Altamaha Rivers, live individuals of the
native mussel species Elliptio hopetonensis were also collected. Tin sections
of these shells were analyzed using laser ablation ICP-MS to determine
temporal uctuation of trace metal accumulation as recorded by annual
rings. Tese data reveal that trace elements such as Cu, Mg, Mn, S, Sr, and
Zn are deposited in the shell in a seasonal fashion, while the trace elements
Cd and Pb showed spikes of concentration, which may indicate pollution
events. Tese spikes will be compared with any known releases of trace
element euents. Overall, this study elucidates 1) the spatial distribution
of trace elements in the Altamaha watershed and 2) the potential of using
mussels shells as a retroactive trace metal monitor.
136 Using an emergent midge (Chironomus sp.) to investigate a
potential pathway of PCB movement in Lake Hartwell. J.S. Gallagher,
S.J. Klaine, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University,
Pendleton, SC; W.C. Bridges, Applied Economics and Statistics, Clemson
University, Clemson, SC. Te Sangamo-Weston capacitor manufacturer
(Pickens County, South Carolina) discharged approximately 400,000
pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into the 12-Mile Creek arm of
Lake Hartwell from 1955 to 1978. Due to the recalcitrant nature of PCBs,
these contaminants can still be found in sediment and sh in sections of
Lake Hartwell. Tis research evaluated a potentially signicant pathway
for PCB movement from Lake Hartwell sediment using Chironomus sp.
in eld and lab experiments. Emergent chironomids and sediment were
collected from Lake Hartwell and from a reference lake site and analyzed
for total PCBs. In addition, Lake Hartwell sediment and reference lake
sediment were used in 56-day emergent experiments in the laboratory with
Chironomus dilutus (10 d post-hatch). Emergent chironomids (eld and
lab), exposed to Lake Hartwell sediment, had achiral PCB concentrations
approaching 1 mg/kg (997ug/kg 158ug/kg). PCBs were not detected in
emergent chironomids exposed to the reference lake sediment. Comparisons
of the chiral PCBs analyzed from the chironomids and sediment (eld and
lab) will also be presented. Due to the signicantly high PCB concentrations
in the emergent chironomids, future Lake Hartwell research should focus
on PCB bioaccumulation in the prey of chironomids (i.e. swallows, bats)
and investigate ways to decrease this potential risk from PCBs through this
emergent insect pathway.
137 You get what you eat: the transfer of contaminants within
a common tern food web in the Netherlands. M. Van den Heuvel-
Greve, D. Vethaak, L. van Duren, F. Sulu-Gambari, Unit Sea & Coastal
Systems, Deltares, Delft, Netherlands; P. Leonards, IVM, Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, Netherlands; N. van den Brink, Alterra, Wageningen,
Netherlands; F. Sulu-Gambari, Roosevelt Academy, Middelburg,
Netherlands; J. Middelburg, NIOO-CEME, Yerseke, Netherlands. In the
period 1994-1998, a large proportion of common tern hatchlings (Sterna
hirundo) in a colony in the Dutch Western Scheldt (Terneuzen) showed
abnormalities and ultimately died. Abnormalities included hemorrhaging
and inammation of their wings, legs and/or eyes. Te hatching success
of the eggs was also reduced. Extensive eld and experimental research
showed that the observed eects have a multi-factorial etiology, possibly
including exposure to chemical factors such as non-ortho PCBs, PCDDs,
PCDFs and brominated ame retardants (i.p. HBCD). Te main question
that policy makers then asked was: how do these contaminants end up
in common terns? Food and transfer of chemicals from sediments to
organisms and accumulation in food chains seem to be the main source
and mechanism here. In order to assess contaminant concentrations in food
items of common terns, a pilot survey was conducted in 2005 covering two
simple food chains. In 2007 a more detailed survey was conducted. At two
locations near the colony and at three time intervals, a variety of samples
were taken: sediment, suspended matter, water, shrimps, comb jellies and
several species of sh. Also samples of common terns were collected at the
Terneuzen colony. Isotope signatures (13C/15N) were measured in all
samples to identify the structure of the food web. Trophic level could be
calculated using the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) as baseline measurement.
Tese stable isotope results provided information on possible transfer routes
of contaminants throughout the food web. Te results show that PCBs,
PBDEs, HBCD and PFOS are easily transferred in this food web and
biomagnify in most prey species.
138 Use of Logistic Regression Models for Oil Spill NRDA. J.
Slocomb, ENTRIX, Inc., Houston, TX; G. Robilliard, ENTRIX, Inc., Gig
Harbor, WA; R. Markarian, ENTRIX, Inc., Wilmington, DE; R. Barrick,
ENTRIX, Inc., Seattle, WA; J. Kubitz, ENTRIX, Inc., Barrington, IL.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 35
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Logistic regression modeling (LRM) may increasingly be utilized by NRDA
trustees for injury assessment of aquatic, estuarine, and marine sediments
following oil spills. Tis paper describes factors that should be evaluated
prior to deciding LRM is to be used in assessing injury from released oil.
Site-specic toxicity and matching concentrations of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment associated with a Calcasieu Estuary (LA)
oil spill are used to develop an LRM and to illustrate these factors. Oil spills
routinely occur in locations historically contaminated with multiple source
PAHs and other collocated constituents that may result in sediment toxicity
unrelated to these spills. Knowledge concerning concentrations of PAHs in
released oil, historical PAH sources, and non-PAH constituents is needed to
provide a means of individually screening all contaminants against measures
of potential toxicity before LRM is applied. Sediment bioassays need to
be performed using reference (clean) sediment into which released oil is
spiked to establish a dose-response relationship over an estimated range of
spilled oil PAH concentrations in sediments. PAH ngerprinting is needed
to identify dierent process pyrogenic, petrogenic, and combustion-derived
PAH sources, and possibly to dierentiate proportions of released oil PAHs
from non-spill related PAHs. Site-specic LRMs are expensive to develop.
Decisions to move ahead with developing LRM applications in an oil spill
will be based on tradeos between (a) projected costs associated with a more
quantitative injury assessment, (b) any added precision associated with the
more intensive quantitative eort, and (c) utility of more observational or
experience based on negotiated agreements for injury assessment, and the
projected costs of restoration actions themselves.
139 Te Signicance of Sediment Toxicity Evaluations in the
Application of Californias Newly Developed Sediment Quality
Objective. S. Anghera, D. Moore, W. Hovel, Weston Solutions, Carlsbad,
CA. In 1989, the California Water Code was amended to include the Bay
Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program. A portion of this amendment
required the State Water Resource Control Board (SWRCB) to develop
and adopt Sediment Quality Objectives (SQOs). In February of 2008,
draft SQOs for the State of California were published. Tese SQOs are
based on a multiple lines of evidence (MLOE) approach in which the lines
of evidence are sediment chemistry, benthic community condition, and
sediment toxicity. Te MLOE results are integrated through the evaluation
of the severity of biological eects and the potential for chemically-mediated
eects to provide a nal assessmentstation level. Te newly developed
SQOs were evaluated to determine the relative inuence of each of the
lines of evidence in determining the nal assessment. Data generated in an
amphipod bioassay eld validation study were used to evaluate the SQO
assessment. Te eld validation study was designed to evaluate amphipod
bioassays performance on selected contaminated and clean sediments.
Sediment toxicity tests included standard 10-day acute toxicity tests with
the amphipods Leptochirus plumulosus, Eohaustorius estuarius, Ampelisca
abdita, and Rhepoxynius abronius. Five concentrations of contaminated
sediment were created by blending relatively clean reference sediment
with known contaminated sediments. Te sediment treatments were then
placed in berglass containers and deployed in the eld to allow natural
recolinization. Annually, material placed in situ was retrieved for chemical,
benthic (infaunal community composition/re-colonization), and toxicity
evaluation. Results of the acute laboratory bioassays were then compared to
eects observed in situ (e.g., benthic infaunal diversity, abundance, biomass,
etc.) to evaluate the ability of these tests to predict impacts on benthic
infauna in the environment. Te predicted benthic impacts were then
compared to the SQO assessment.
140 Connections and missing links in bioavailability and impact:
a multi-faceted study. J. Hellou, B. Robinson, Fisheries and Oceans,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; J.
Hellou, E. Soo, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada; S. Marklevitz, Department of Biology, University of
Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; J. Flemmings, Mathematics
and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; E.
Soo, Institute of Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada; F. Gagne, Fluvial Ecosystem Research, Environment
Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Te goal of environmental risk
assessment is to constrain the state of an environment. Ideally, it is also to
prevent negative developments and take action to remediate the situation,
if deemed necessary. Dening the cause for deleterious eects is essential
and represents as big a challenge as dening the nature of the toxicity. Te
emphasis on studying population level eects, such as survival, growth/size
at age/year class distribution, as well as reproductive success is to ascertain
the prosperity of a species and ecosystem. Te endpoints investigated in
laboratory exposures have to be adjusted to the raised questions and help
interpret eld data. An analysis of eld sediments for priority contaminants
indicated that some exceeded sediment quality guidelines. Tis was followed
by an investigation of the bioavailability of the abundant contaminants.
Te consequence of the uptake was interpreted according to simple
observations of eects consisting of changes in lipid content and weight
of the exposed animals that correlated with those of eld mussels. Te
meaning of this minor impact was further pursued by studying behavioural
eects of avoidance or preference of sediments by mud shrimp and mud
snails combined with chemical considerations. Te link between attraction
and bioaccumulation was associated with feeding and further connected or
disconnected from known and unknown chemical ingredients. Te potent
components in this sedimentary concoction are simmering away.
141 Identication of the sources of sediment-associated toxicity
in the Illinois River using a sediment Toxicity Identication Evaluation
(TIE). W. Mehler, M.J. Lydy, Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center
and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale,
Carbondale, IL; J. You, Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physics, University of
Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO; J.D. Maul, Environmental Toxicology,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Te diculty of assessing risk of
complex mixtures in sediment to benthic ecosystems is often attributed
to understanding the bioavailable fraction of each contaminant. Tese
issues have led to the development of the toxicity identication evaluation
(TIE). In 1992, pore water TIE testing on Illinois River sediments
indicated that ammonia was the primary contaminant among toxic sites.
Te current study, however, suggests that ammonia is no longer the
primary contaminant of concern, but rather non-polar organics, including
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are the primary cause for toxicity at
these sites. Summer of 2007 testing showed that six out of the seven sites
that proceeded to phase I testing exhibited a signicant increase in survival
with the addition of the non-polar organic amendment powdered coconut
charcoal (PCC), while zeolite (ammonia amendment) and Resin Tech SIR
300 (cationic metals amendment) did not signicantly increase survival.
Phase II testing suggested that concentrations of PAHs and other non-
polar organics were high enough to cause the observed toxicity, which
conrmed the results of Phase I testing. Later seasonal sampling (fall, winter,
and spring) supported the summer ndings, with little variation between
toxicity and concentrations. Te current study provided data that could be
used in combination with previous work to better characterize the sources
and spatial trends of toxicity in Illinois River sediments. Tis study used a
whole-sediment TIE that will complement and strengthen previous pore-
water TIE studies. Furthermore, sediment TIEs may provide closer to in situ
like conditions than that of extracted pore water and provide a more realistic
estimate of bioavailability.
142 Assessing sediments and sh health using a weight-of-evidence
approach and eect-directed analyses in search for the causes of sh
decline in the Danube river. H. Hollert, Inst. for Environmental Research,
Department of Ecosystem Analysis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany; E. Higley, J. Giesy, M. Hecker, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; M. Engwall, MTM, rebro University,
Sweden, Oerebro, Sweden; G. Reierscheid, Federal Hydrological Institute,
Koblenz, Germany; H. Hollert, S. Grund, T. Braunbeck, S. Keiter,
Department of Zoology,, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;
U. Luebcke-Von Varel, T. Schulze, W. Brack, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
Despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water
quality since the 1970s, sh populations, especially those of the grayling
(Tymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the upper
Danube River (Germany), In order to assess (i) possible links between
molecular/biochemical responses and ecologically relevant eects, and (ii) if
ecotoxicological eects might be related to the decline in sh catches in the
upper Danube river, sediment samples and sh were collected at dierent
locations and analyzed using a weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach with
several lines of evidence. Te objective of the presentation is to introduce
the conceptual framework and to review results of the ongoing study.
As previously addressed by Chapman & Hollert (2006, JSS) a variety of
lines of evidence can be used in WOE studies. Briey, (i) a comprehensive
battery of acute (neutral red assay, Arthrobacter and Danio rerio sediment
36 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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contact assays) and mechanism-specic bioassays (comet assay, micronucleus
assay and Ames test, EROD and DR-CALUX assays, YES and H295r-
assays) was used to characterize the ecotoxicological hazard potential.
(ii) Histopathological investigations and the micronucleus assay with
erythrocytes were applied, representing in situ parameters. (iii) Diversity and
abundance of benthic macroinvertebrate and sh as well as (iv) persistent
organic pollutants (PCB, PAH and PCDD/Fs), endocrine disrupting
substances, limnochemical parameters and the concentration of heavy
metals were recorded. To identify organic contaminants causing eects in
sediment toxicity assays, (v) eect directed analysis (EDA) was applied.
143 Co-Occurrence Sediment Quality Benchmarks Are Biased
Randomness, Not Toxicity. D.W. Smith, CRA, Inc., Exton, PA. Sediment
quality benchmarks (Co-SQBs) such as ERL/ERM, TEC/PEC, and LEL/
SEL are de facto toxicological values widely used to diagnose sediment
toxicity in environmental regulation and environmental science. As opposed
to controlled experiments, Co-SQBs are based on the co-occurrence of
impacts to benthic invertebrates and sediment chemistry. For example, LELs
(lowest eect level) and SELs (severe eect level), the focus of my talk, are,
ostensibly, based on the co-incidence of specic chemical concentrations
and impoverished communities of benthic species. However, previous
analyses have demonstrated that Co-SQBs cannot be based on relative
toxicity; therefore, further analyses were conducted to determine whether
LELs and SELs are based on random sampling (as hypothesized by Von
Stackelberg and Menzie 2002). Random SEL/LEL values were generated
from the original databases of chemical concentrations in two dierent
ways: analytically with statistical theory and probabilistically with random
sampling of chemical concentrations. Neither method considered the
eects, i.e., the information on benthic species composition that coincided
with each chemical concentration. Random SELs and LELs produced by
both methods were exceedingly robust predictors of the actual SELs and
LELs, respectively: r2 values > 95% in multiple comparisons. Contrary to
widespread belief, these eects-based Co-SQBs are not based on either
eects or co-occurrence. Many readers, as did this author, will wonder
how this could have happened. How could there be no eects of chemicals
on macrobenthos structure? And how could essentially random numbers
be the basis of so much science, so much regulation, and so much and so
expensive remediation? Te talk will also present information to address
both questions.
144 Assessing Damage to Coastal Ecological Resources: Impact of
Hurricane Katrina on Estuarine Condition. W.H. Benson, R.M. Greene,
J.M. Macauley, Oce of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Gulf
Breeze, FL. On August 26, 2005 Hurricane Katrina struck the Louisiana
and Mississippi Gulf Coasts destroying coastal communities. Massive
amounts of water pushed in by the storm breached portions of the New
Orleans levy system causing subsequent ooding. Inland industrial areas and
municipal sewage treatment facilities for both states were ooded. As ood
waters receded into the Gulf of Mexico through the estuaries and wetlands,
there was the potential that the water could be laden with contaminants,
nutrients, and micro-organisms. EPA has been assessing the condition of
coastal waters in both LA and MS through the Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Programs since 2000. Site characterization data along with
water and sediment samples have been analyzed to develop indicators of the
condition or health of these systems. With pre-Katrina conditions assessed,
EPA was poised to detect any post-Katrina eects on the ecology of the
coastal estuaries. EPA partnered NOAA to add additional target analytes,
fecal coliform, and enterococci to the assessment. Te targeted survey areas
for these assessments included; (1) the Mississippi River delta into the Gulf
of Mexico, (2) Mississippi Sound extending from Lake Borgne to Dauphin
Island AL, and (3) Lake Pontchartrain. A probability-based survey design
was used as a scientically rigorous means to sample a subset of a target
population. Data from this type of survey method may then be used to
generate estimates of areal extent of some condition with a measurable level
of uncertainty. EPA partnered with NOAA and USGS in the collection
and analysis of samples. Te coastal assessments conducted by EPA prior
to the storm provided a unique set of data and a exible design that could
be used in disaster response. Te response brought together the expertise of
EPAs Oce of Water and ORD, NOAA, USGS, Mississippi Department
of Environmental Quality, and the Alabama Department of Environmental
Management.
145 Contaminant distributions in New Orleans and surrounding
areas following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. G.P. Cobb, S.M. Presley,
M.T. Abel, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX;
M.T. Abel, TraceAnalysis Inc, Lubbock, TX; C.R. Demas, USGS, Baton
Rouge, LA; P.C. van Metre, USGS, Austin, TX; G.S. Plumlee, USGS,
Denver, CO; E.C. Witt, USGS, Rolla, MO; B. Suedel, J. Steevens, USArmy
Corps, Vicksburg, MS; T. Su, C. Adams, J. Wang, Civil, Architectural &
Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology,
Rolla, MO. Hurricane Katrina brought tidal surges that exceeded 6 m
in some locations. Te surge and subsequent ooding in SE Louisiana
caused releases of industrial chemicals and translocated soils and sediments.
Tis raised questions regarding the amount, type, and availability of
contaminants that were left in urban environments and more remote areas.
Several research groups evaluated the extent of contaminant distributions
and their availability to organisms. Overall ndings indicated that
contaminant proles in urban areas following the hurricane events exceeded
criteria for protection of human health. Elevated concentrations were most
widespread for Pb and As, but the post hurricane contaminant proles were
similar to those found before the 2005 hurricane season. Notable exceptions
included signicant contamination of As and V at some sites, suggesting
that more thorough assessment of this contamination is needed at identied
locations and possibly in a more comprehensive manner throughout the
eected region. Te majority of contaminants that exceeded human health
criteria were metals, although a few organics occurred in excess within
sediments. Toxicant availability from soils and from ood sediments was
also found to be in a normal range. Elevated contaminant concentrations
were found in sediments from marshes and waterbodies near outfalls from
New Orleans ood control pumps. Metals comprised the majority of
contaminants demonstrating elevated concentrations in these sediments.
Toxicity tests indicated that these sediments did cause toxic eects in aquatic
organisms.
146 Pesticide and Polychlorinated Biphenyl in Soil and Sediment
Samples Collected from New Orleans Region following Hurricanes
Katrina. H. Shi, J. Ding, C.D. Adams, J. Wang, Environmental Research
Center, Missouri S & T, Rolla, MO; J. Ding, C.D. Adams, J. Wang, Dept.
of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri S&T,
Rolla, MO; H. Shi, Department of Chemistry, Missouri S&T, Rolla,
MO; E.C. Witt, Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, United
States Geological Survey, Rolla, MO. A total of 238 sediment and soil
samples were collected from Great New Orleans region in October 2005,
after Hurricane Katrina. Tere were 157 of the 238 samples analyzed
for pesticide, including prometon, simazine, atrazine, heptachlor, and
methoxychlor. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) were detected in 118 of 238
samples. Arochlor 1016, 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 were
the seven groups of PCB analyzed in this study. Te analytical methods
used were GC-ECD and GC-MS after sample extraction. Total organic
carbon (TOC) was also detected. Pesticide and PCB arochlor levels in post-
hurricane samples were low. Prometon was the most frequently detected
pesticide with concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 193 g/kg. Methoxychlor
was present in 22 samples with a concentration ranging from 3.5 to 3,510
g/kg. Although the level of methoxychlor was the highest among all the
samples, it was well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
High-Priority Screening Level for residential soils. All of seven arochlor
groups were not detected for any samples above the minimum detection
levels of 3.6-7.9 g/kg. In our previous report (Adams et al, Environmental
Science & Technology, Vol 41, 2007), 46 sediment and soil samples from
these 238 collected samples were analyzed for gasoline constituents and 18
pesticides, including the ve pesticides analyzed in this study. All of these
organic contaminates were in nondetectable range or at very low level that
were orders of magnitude below regulatory guidelines. Te ve pesticides
studied in this presentation were those pesticides found more frequently
in those 46 samples. Tese studies indicated that the common organic
contaminate gasoline, pesticide, and PCB levels observed in the samples
analyzed appeared to be well within the acceptable limits and should not
be a primary concern to repopulating residents in the studied area in New
Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
147 Spilled Oil and Marine Debris from Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita: Eects and Remediation. J. Michel, Research Planning,
Inc., Columbia, SC; C. Henry, NOAA, New Orleans, LA; B. Benggio,
NOAA, Miami, FL. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita created storm surges
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that that created numerous oil spills and large volumes of debris that
posed an imminent or long-term threat to public health and safety and
threatened sensitive habitats, listed and protected species, and historic
and culturally important sites. Te scale of the response was enormous.
Over 11 million gallons of oil were released into the Gulf of Mexico in
August and September 2005 (8 million gallons from 10 facilities and 3.3
million from the tank barge DBL-152). About 3.5 million gallons of oil
were recovered. About 2,200 hectares of vegetated wetlands were aected
by the oil spills. Te oil spilled from the DBL-152 was heavier than
seawater, thus most of the oil sank, aecting 18,200 hectares of seaoor
45 kilometers o the southwestern coast of Louisiana. Cleanup methods
used included conventional response methods as well as in-situ burning
of two intermediate marshes and a prescribed burn of oil understory at an
inaccessible bottomland forest. Large amounts of debris (construction and
demolition, vessels, hazardous materials, white goods, natural vegetation, oil
and gas infrastructure, etc.) accumulated in intertidal and subtidal habitats.
Hurricane Rita deposited debris piles of vegetation and man-made items
in the Sabine National Wildlife Refuge that covered 700 hectares with
7 million cubic meters volume, and 1,400 items of hazardous materials.
Removal of damaged and abandoned vessels stranded along the coast posed
many environmental challenges. More than 1,400 derelict vessels (including
recreational shing vessels) were removed. Side scan surveys by NOAA
identied 5,000 submerged objects in 250,000 hectares (745 square nautical
miles) in waters oshore Mississippi and Alabama in 2007; the states and
U.S. Coast Guard managed the program to remove marine debris items.
Similar surveys and removal actions have been conducted in Louisiana
where the USCG has removed 130,000 cubic meters of marine debris from
1,500 kilometers of waterways. A comprehensive debris remove project
in nearshore-submerged habitats in Louisiana state waters began 2008.
Cleanup (the rst phase of restoration) of the damage from these hurricanes
has taken over three years. Because of the scale of impacts, there have been
little additional remediation eorts, with emphasis on natural recovery
mechanisms.
148 Environmental Impacts of Disaster Debris. T. Townsend,
Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Among the many challenges facing government agencies in the aftermath of
a natural disaster is the removal, transport and disposal of debris produced
by the event. Te decisions made as part of the debris management process
have long-term implications on issues of environmental and human health
impact. Disaster debris may contain components of a potentially toxic
or hazardous nature; examples include household chemicals, asbestos,
mercury lamps, lead paint, and pesticide treated wood. Parties responsible
for cleanup must determine what extra eorts should be implemented to
address potential hazards from these chemicals, both from the point of
collection to the nal disposition. Recent evidence suggests that even greater
environmental impacts might result the improper disposal of the most
fundamental debris components (e.g., wood, tree debris, sheetrock). Several
debris piles in the Southeast have recently resulted in emission of toxic
gases (hydrogen sulde from decomposing drywall) and smoke (from debris
res) and have shown signs of contaminating underlying groundwater.
Proper planning must occur prior to storm events to minimize future
environmental impacts from debris management.
149 Te Impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the Microbial
Landscape of the New Orleans Area. C.D. Sinigalliano, Atlantic
Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL; C.D. Sinigalliano, M. Gidley, L.
Brand, H. Solo-Gabriele, Center for Oceans and Human Health, University
of Miami, Miami, FL; L. Amaral-Zettler, R. Gast, Woods Hole Center for
Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods
Hole, MA; G. Steward, R. Fujioka, Pacic Research Center for Marine
Biomedicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; E. Laws, A. Hou, School
of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
LA. A two-year assessment of the impacts of ooding from Hurricanes
Katrina and Rita on the microbial landscape of the New Orleans region was
conducted by a multi-institutional collaboration. Measurements focused on
quantifying levels of traditional and non-traditional fecal indicators in water,
sediments, and soils of Lake Pontchartrain and New Orleans following the
disaster, plus the detection of select pathogens. EPA-recommended single
sample exposure levels for enterococci were only exceeded on occasion in
Lake Pontchartrain (as measured by qPCR and chromogenic substrate) at
the stations closest to shore, and the levels dropped rapidly with distance
away from shore. Single sample exposure levels were frequently exceeded
within interior canals. Elevated levels of indicators and human fecal source
tracking markers were observed for periods exceeding 1 year after the
hurricanes within dried oodwater sediments. Signicant concentrations of
norovirus or enterovirus were not detected. Giardia and Cryptosporidium
were observed at higher levels within inner-city canals as compared to Lake
Pontchartrain. No evidence of a long-term hurricane-induced harmful algal
bloom was observed. Elevated levels of pathogenic Vibrio and Legionella
species were initially observed, but long term observation showed this to be
a seasonal eect rather than induced by oodwaters. Microbial water quality
conditions in Lake Pontchartrain returned to their historic background
levels within 2 3 months after the ooding. However, a chronic source of
fecal indicators to Lake Pontchartrain comes from the interior canals that
routinely discharge to the lake. Genetic community proling of microbial
populations showed that microbial communities in the 17th street canal and
in deposited sediments were more similar to those found in sewage sludge
than in the oshore lake microbial community. Sediments remaining within
the city might now continue to serve as an additional non-point-source of
fecal indicators in future stormwater events.
150 Chemical, Toxicological, and Benthic Community Analysis of
Marsh Sediments near New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. B. Suedel,
J. Steevens, A. Kennedy, S. Braseld, G. Ray, USACE ERDC, Vicksburg,
MS. Te environmental impacts originating from unwatering New Orleans,
Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina were investigated. Te primary
environmental concern was potential impacts from chemical contamination
of surrounding wetlands. We compared sediment chemistry, toxicity, and
benthic community structure at sites in the vicinity of functioning and
non-functioning pumping stations that discharged into Violet Marsh during
Hurricane Katrina. More than 160 organic and inorganic chemical analyses
were performed in sediments. Whole sediment 10-day toxicity tests were
conducted using the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. A
comparison of sediment chemistry data from this study made with other
studies showed that the relative concentrations for four representative
chemicals (arsenic, benzo[a]pyrene, DDD, and lead) were generally lower
than the concentrations reported within New Orleans by other investigators.
Tis suggests that sediment-associated contaminants present within the
levees during Katrina may not have been pumped into the marsh in
appreciable quantities. A comparison of the bioassay and chemical analysis
results suggested a relationship between the concentrations of several
chemicals analyzed in the sediment and mortality of L. plumulosus for
several samples. In general, Violet Marsh samples further from the levees
had lower chemical concentrations and resulted in less L. plumulosus
mortality relative to other samples. Te benthic community data suggest
that oodwater pumping aected benthic assemblages as indicated by the
low abundance, diversity, altered species composition, and high degree of
variability in pumped areas. Te cause for such eects on benthos is likely
due to unmeasured physical, chemical, or biological stressors.
151 Impacts of Hurricane Katrina on Louisiana Seafood. C.M.
Piehler, Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, Baton Rouge, LA.
Category 4 Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana and Mississippi
on August 29, 2005. Te resulting damage was felt in a broad swath of
the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. Initial concerns of Toxic Soup in
the ooded New Orleans area progressed to concerns at the national
level that area sh/shellsh harvest must be banned in the wake of the
storm. A signicant sh/shellsh sampling eort ensued cooperatively
between the federal Food and Drug Administration and the Louisiana
Department of Environmental Quality. Results of samples collected from
Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne from October 6 to November 9 indicated
no need for sh consumption advisories due to Hurricane Katrina.
Supplemental sampling using similar protocol and analyses is planned to
determine whether persistent pollutants have accumulated in target species.
Ancillary ndings relative to sh/shellsh populations and habitat will be
discussed.
152 Environmental sampling conducted in the aftermath
of Hurricane Katrina. J. Rauscher, U.S. EPA Region 6, Dallas, TX.
Hurricane Katrina struck southeastern Louisiana, USA on 29 August 2005
as a Category 4 hurricane. Te storm surge caused major or catastrophic
damage along the coastlines of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama,
and overwhelmed the levee system separating Lake Pontchartrain from
38 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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New Orleans, LA causing widespread ooding in much of the city and
its neighboring parishes. In the aftermath of the storm, a multi-agency
incident management team conducted environmental sampling programs
initially to characterize the nature and type of contaminants that may have
impacted residential areas due to migration of hazardous materials by the
ood. Samples of surface water including ood water, sediment from ood
water, soil, and air were collected, and were evaluated using EPA Region 6
Media Specic Screening Levels and short-term exposure levels. Initially,
sample analyses and evaluations were conducted daily and this information
was used to direct later sampling eorts. Initial sampling found elevated
concentrations of arsenic, lead and benzo(a)pyrene sampling in ood-
impacted residential areas in the New Orleans area. Focused sampling of
ood-impacted sediment and soil found that 1) arsenic levels fell within
EPAs excess cancer risk range and were similar to Louisiana statewide
background concentration; 2) lead levels primarily were attributable to lead-
based paint and corresponded to older housing (built before 1978); and, 3)
benzo(a)pyrene levels were localized to an area near the Agriculture Street
Landll Superfund site. Additionally, the presentation will focus on how the
results of these studies were communicated to the public.
153 Dioxin-Like PCB Pattern in Sediments and Comparison with
Pattern in Fish. S. Bhavsar, E. Reiner, R. Fletcher, A. Hayton, P. Helm,
Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; S. Gewurtz,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; C. Marvin, Environment
Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Many studies have shown that
the distribution of PCB congeners in mixtures is altered after their release
into the environment. Because of analytical and/or cost considerations,
environmental levels of PCBs have traditionally been measured as total-
PCB. In addition, even congener-specic analyses do not normally
determine the levels of the 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and as a result,
the fate and dynamics of these highly toxic congeners can not be properly
assessed. Using one of the largest known dl-PCB sediment datasets, here
we present a pattern of dl-PCBs in sediments from Ontario (Canada) and
compare the pattern with the one observed for sh. About 1000 sediment
samples were collected from a number of lakes including the Canadian
Great Lakes and rivers/streams located in the Province of Ontario (Canada)
as a part of regular Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OMOE) and
Environment Canada (EC) monitoring and special studies. Te possible
sources of PCB to the sampled aquatic systems varied from atmospheric
deposition to point sources. Te relative abundance (expressed as a
percentage of sum of dl-PCBs; 25th-75th quartile range) was generally in
the order of PCB-118 (51-57%) > PCB-105 (22-25%) > PCB-156 (5-8%)
> PCB-77 (2.5-7.4%) > PCB-167 (2.4-3.8%) > PCB-123 (1.9-2.8%) >
PCB-157 (1.3-2.0%) > PCB-114 (1.1-1.5%) > PCB-189 (0.5-1.1%) >
PCB-126 (0.27-0.73%) > PCB-81 (0.1-0.3%) > PCB-169 (0.03-0.17%).
Te most toxic dl-PCB congeners PCB-126 and -169 contributed on
average only 0.7% and 0.3% of dl-PCBs, respectively. When we considered
dl-PCB measurements for a Lake Ontario sediment core that was sliced in
20 sub-samples representing a time period of over a century and contained
sum(dl-PCB) levels spanning over two orders of magnitude, the relative
abundances of most of dl-PCBs, notably the most abundant PCB-118
and PCB 115 as well as the most toxic PCB-126, were relatively constant
throughout this period. A comparison of the dl-PCB pattern in sediment
presented here with that for sh suggests signicant similarities between
them and the only major dierence observed was greater relative abundance
of PCB-77 in the sediments compared to in sh. In contrast to common
perception, the results suggest that the dl-PCB pattern in sediments is
relatively constant (regardless of PCB source (point or diuse) and dl-PCB
level.
154 Environmentally Relevant Assessment Tool: Bridging Passive
Sampling Devices and the Embryonic Zebrash Toxicity Model.
W. Hillwalker, M.E. Corvi, S.E. Allan, R. Tanguay, K.A. Anderson,
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR. Te unique bio-analytical approaches of passive sampling
devices (PSD) and the zebrash (danio rerio) developmental model have
been combined to bridge measurements of environmental contaminants
with their potential biological responses. For these preliminary experiments,
a range of dilutions from extracts of PSD deployed at a number of urban
and Superfund river and air sites between 2006 and 2008 were exposed
to early life stage zebrash embryos to determine if these environmentally
relevant mixtures were developmentally toxic. Dilutions of the extracts were
nominally equivalent to a contaminant concentration range from 1 to 1/100
times that of the environmental matrices. Initial experiments for repeated
exposures (n>3) demonstrate concentration-response increases in the
appearance of a diverse collection of toxic endpoints including: notochord
malformations, growth retardation, pericardial edema, delayed hatching,
and gene induction. Tese initial experiments indicate that environmentally
relevant concentrations of mixtures have the potential to adversely impact
early-life stage vertebrate development. Most importantly, these studies
highlight the utility of bridging environmental passive sampling with in vivo
toxicity assessments as a tool to better protect human and environmental
health.
155 Detecting Air-Water and Surface-Deep Water Gradients
of PCBs Using Polyethylene Passive Samplers. R. Lohmann, E.
Morgan, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island,
Narragansett, RI. PPolyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed
in a vertical array (bottom water, surface water, near-surface air) to study
the cycling of active polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between reservoirs
in an urban estuary (Narragansett Bay, RI), from May to November
2006. Performance reference compounds were used to account for non-
equilibrium of PCBs in PEs. Activity gradients were established from
direct comparisons of temperature, salt and non-equilibrium corrected
PE concentrations. Te uncertainty of determining the net gradients
is composed of (i) the analytical uncertainty of the PE concentrations
to determine the gradient; (ii) the equilibrium corrections from the
performance reference compounds; (iii) the temperature correction to
298 K (the uncertainty of excess energies of phase change between PE
and air or water); and (iv) the salinity correction for the PE in the water
(depending on knowing salinity and Setschenow constants). Te uncertainty
of determining air-water gradients was estimated to be < 70%, and <50%
within the water column. PCB activities were 3-30 times higher in the
surface water than air. PCB activities were highest in deep waters, and lowest
in the atmosphere indicating net volatilization throughout most of the
summer. Surface waters became depleted in PCBs during periods of highest
temperature and stratication, leading to the uptake of gaseous PCBs. Our
results demonstrate that passive samplers are powerful tools to determine the
ux directions of organic contaminants in the environment.
156 Assessing the occurrence of emerging contaminants in
the lower Great Lakes by Polar Passive (POCIS) Samplers. H.
Li, C. Metcalfe, Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; P. Helm, Environmental Monitoring
and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
and endocrine disruptor substances (EDS) are contaminants of emerging
concern. Household chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal
care products are released directly to the environment after passing
through wastewater treatment plants. Veterinary pharmaceuticals are
released into the environment with animal wastes through leakage or
land application. Active grab sampling at specic sites only provides a
snapshot of contamination, and is time-consuming and very costly. Te
recently developed POCIS (i.e. polar organic chemical integrative sampler)
technology may provide an eective means of monitoring for contaminants
of emerging concern in the aquatic environment. In this study, we deployed
POCIS samplers in the near shore zone in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie to
monitor a range of PPCPs and EDS, including neutral drugs, beta-blocker
drugs, sulfanomide antibiotics, acidic drugs, triclosan and triclocarban,
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) anti-depressants, natural
and synthetic estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol A. Te POCIS were
deployed for 1 month at several stations in the near shore zone of western
Lake Ontario in the summer of 2006, and in Lake Erie near Port Stanley in
the summer of 2007. Most of the classes of PPCPs and EDS were detected
by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the
POCIS extracts. Te neutral drugs, caeine, carbamazepine and the SSRI
anti-depressant, venlafaxine are the compounds detected at the highest
concentrations, ranging from 9.0 to 576 ng per POCIS. POCIS deployed
near urban sources (i.e. WWTPs) in L. Ontario and L. Erie accumulated
higher amounts of PPCPs. Te uptake eciency of Pest-POCIS is higher
than that of Pharm-POCIS, but there are practical advantages to using the
Pharm-POCIS. Studies conducted in collaboration with the EAWAG in
Switzerland showed that hydrological ow rates inuence POCIS uptake
rates, and work is currently underway to evaluate the eects of water
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 39
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temperature and pH on uptake rates. Overall, POCIS is an eective means
for monitoring contaminant levels in the aqueous environment.
157 Adding Method 6800 to the Hexavalent Chromium Analysis
Toolbox. M. Bruce, TestAmerica, North Canton, OH; A. Vicinie, W.
Reinheimer, TestAmerica, Pittsburgh, PA. Accurate site characterization
of hexavalent chromium contamination is needed to assess risk and direct
cleanup responses. An alkaline digestion (Method 3060A) is used to prepare
solid samples for analysis. Colorimetric analysis (Method 7196A) and ion
chromatographic analysis (Method 7199) are common, but can still produce
low biased results in reducing or highly absorptive matrices. Speciated
isotope dilution analysis (Method 6800) monitors hexavalent chromium
losses and transformations, then mathematically compensates to produce
more accurate results in dicult matrices. We recommend a tiered approach
to produce the most accurate data for the lowest cost. Start with the low
cost 7196A analysis, if accuracy (matrix spike recovery) is unacceptable,
analyze by 7199. If accuracy is still unacceptable, analyze by 6800. Method
6800 is now available as an analytical option. It is designed to produce
more accurate data in dicult matrices. Isotopically labeled Cr(VI) and
Cr(III) species are added to each sample aliquot at the beginning of the
sample preparation process. Method 3060A is used for solid samples.
Chromium species losses and transformations are monitored via chromium
isotopes 50, 52 and 53 from ion chromatographic separation with ICP-
Mass spec detection. Te calculated Cr(VI) result uses the additional data
from the isotopically labeled internal standards of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) to
mathematically compensate for moderate species losses and transformations.
Adding Method 6800 to the analytical toolbox provides a means to improve
data accuracy when Method 7196A and 7199 cant meet measurement
quality objectives for hexavalent chromium in dicult matrices.
158 Modication of ASTM Method (D6442) to Evaluate
Copper Release Rates from Marine Antifouling Coatings Exposed to
Biotic Seawater. J.C. Baummer, Ecotoxicology, EA Engineering Science
and Technology, Sparks, MD; D. Guritza, L.A. Kiefer, Natural Science
Technologies, Chagrin Falls, OH. Currently, copper release rates from
marine antifouling paints are evaluated under controlled laboratory
conditions with articial seawater. Exposure under controlled conditions
limits interactions of microorganisms found in natural seawater with
antifouling coating systems. Some microorganisms found in natural
seawater can modify coated surfaces which in turn can aect the leach rate
of copper from coated surfaces. Natural seawater also contains enzymes
which aect copper release rates from coating systems. Te purpose of
this study was to evaluate the copper leach rates of two marine antifouling
coatings exposed to natural seawater using ASTM D6224. Both coatings
were applied to cylinders and were extracted according to ASTM D6442.
Marine antifouling coatings were then applied to coupons and method
D6442 was modied to extract exposed coupons. Test results showed
that under identical conditions, the rotating cylinder test extracted less
copper than the modied ASTM test with coupons. Because most marine
antifouling coatings are applied on coupons for ecacy testing rather than
cylinders, this adaptation of ASTM is a far better tool for the evaluation of
exposed coatings. Test results also showed that the results were repeatable
with low standard deviation regardless of when the coupons are deployed
for eld testing. Final calculation of copper release rate with this modied
method was possible. Modication of ASTM D6442 also allows for
sampling of other relevant parameters such as bioassay testing which can be
useful in evaluating toxic eects of antifouling coatings after they have been
applied to a surface.
159 Organic and Inorganic Contaminants on Suspended Solids
from CSO/SWO Discharges and Tributaries to the Lower Passaic River.
J. Atmadja, S. Gbondo-Tugbawa, E.A. Garvey, C. Purkiss, D. Grzesik,
Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Fair Lawn, NJ. Lower Passaic River sediments are
known to be heavily polluted with 2,3,7,8-TCDD, a contaminant with
a relatively well known release history. However, the sediments are also
known to contain many other contaminants including metals, PAHs, and
pesticides, whose sources are less well known. A study of the Lower Passaic
River sediments and the external sources of contamination to the river
was conducted as part of EPAs Lower Passaic River Restoration Project.
Te study of the external source contributions focused on particle-reactive
contaminants whose mass is primarily carried on suspended matter. To
this end, suspended matter samples were obtained during rainfall events
to characterize solids-borne loads from a range of point sources including:
combined sewer overows (CSOs), stormwater outfalls (SWOs) and major
tributaries. Typically, when a sample from a CSO source is analyzed for
contaminants, samples are taken as whole water composites of the combined
storm water-sanitary sewage discharge or as whole water stormwater
discharge. Standard wastewater constituents, e.g. fecal coliform (E. coli) are
usually analyzed in this manner. Te persistent pollutants, such as PCBs,
dioxins, and metals are not typically analyzed, and if they are analyzed,
it is on a whole water basis. Tis approach often leads to high variability
in the reported values, as whole water concentrations of particle-reactive
contaminants are dependent on the instantaneous suspended solids
concentrations. To avoid this problem, this investigation directly measured
the contaminants concentrations associated with the suspended solids
portion of the discharge. Samples were collected from CSOs, SWOs and
tributaries during six rainfall events to represent periods with elevated
solids discharge to the river over a 3 month period. During these events,
samples were collected by peristaltic pump and solids were ltered prior
to being analyzed. Tese results showed a close level of agreement among
multiple events as well as among similar discharge types (e.g., among CSO
discharges) and permitted the estimation of contaminant loads to the water
column of the Lower Passaic River from these external sources relative to
those internally generated by sediment resuspension.
160 New method for the rapid speciation analysis of methyltin
compounds in seawater. G. Zhai, J. Liu, L. Li, B. He, Q. Zhou, G. Jiang,
Research Center for Ec-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China. Extensive applications of methyltin compounds
have caused serious pollution in the environment. Te occurrence of
methyltin compounds have been found in many dierent environmental
media such as seawater, river, lake, sediments and biological samples.
Te traditional analytical methods for methyltin compounds based on
gas chromatography include complex pretreatment steps such as time-
consuming derivatization. New approaches are urgent for the rapid
analysis of methyltin compounds. A novel on-line coupled HPLC-hydride
generation (HG)-ICP-MS system was developed for rapid, direct and
sensitive determination of methyltin compounds in seawater without any
pretreatment steps. Te technique of hydride generation could improve
the eciency of sample injection and increase the sensitivity of the analysis
of methyltin compounds. Methyltin compounds were rstly separated by
reversed phase HPLC, and then on-line reacted with potassium borohydride
and acetic acid to generate volatile hydride products. Te volatile products
were separated in the spray chamber of ICP-MS and then introduced into
ICP-MS by argon gas for detection. Monomethyltin (MMT), dimethyltin
(DMT) and trimethyltin (TMT) were baselined separated within 15 min.
Te inuences of spray chamber temperature, KBH4 concentration and
acid species on the analytical performance were investigated and optimized.
Te linear ranges of methyltins calibration curves were 0.550 ng (Sn)
mL-1 based on peak heights against concentrations and the correlation
coecients were 0.9990, 0.9990 and 0.9996 for MMT, DMT and TMT,
respectively. Te relative standard deviations measured at 10 ng (Sn) mL-1
for these three methyltin species were in the range of 0.61.4 % (n = 5),
and the calculated detection limits (S/N = 3) for MMT, DMT and TMT
were 0.266, 0.095 and 0.039ng (Sn) mL-1, respectively. Tis method was
successfully applied to the speciation analysis of methyltins in seawater with
the spiked recoveries in the range of 95.4~106.9 %. MMT and DMT were
detected in all the seawater samples from Bohai Sea and the concentrations
were in the ranges of 1.0~1.5 and 0.30~0.57 ng (Sn) mL-1 for MMT and
DMT, respectively. Tis new developed technique could also be used to
analyze methyltin compounds in other natural waters, such as tap water,
lake water, river water, and beverage and wine.
161 Freely dissolved concentrations and sediment-water activity
ratios of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the open Baltic Sea. G. Cornelissen,
H. Arp, G. Breedveld, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway;
G. Cornelissen, D. Broman, P. Jonsson, ITM, Stockholm University,
Stockholm, Sweden; K. Wiberg, Ume University, Ume, Sweden.
Aqueous concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans
(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the open sea have
heretofore been measured by ltering and extracting large amounts of
water. Measurement of freely dissolved concentrations with this technique
is dicult because of corrections for sorption to dissolved organic matter.
In this study we use a novel, more economic technique using equilibrium
passive samplers consisting of 17-m thin polyoxymethylene (POM-17),
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capable of measuring freely dissolved aqueous concentrations (CW) in
pristine (i.e. background) locations. POM-17 was employed in an extensive
eld campaign at six stations in the open Baltic sea to obtain CW at two
depths (1m above the seaoor and 25m below the surface). Median CW
in the overlying water was 2.3 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/m3 PCDD/
Fs and 15 pg/L sum 7-PCB, with generally less than a factor two variation
among sites. Also freely dissolved concentrations of native compounds in
the surface sediment porewater (CPW) were determined in laboratory batch
experiments. Te data were used to derive sediment-water-activity ratios,
which indicate the diusive ux direction. It was found that the PCDD/Fs
and PCBs were in close equilibrium between the sediment porewater and
the overlying water.
162 Lead Accumulation and ALAD Activity in Ground Beetles
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) Found on or Near Dove Hunting Fields at
Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA. M.B. Cook, F. Bailey, Middle
Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN. Te Carabidae (ground
beetles) are one of the most common families of beetles found across
North America. Tey are mostly predators and scavengers which places
them at or near the top of their food chain. Since they are at a high trophic
level, ground beetles are ideal organisms for studying trophic transfer and
accumulation of contaminants. Studies on Carabids that examined the
uptake, distribution and trophic transfer of heavy metals have shown high
levels of metal accumulation and specically that Pb from spent shotgun
pellets is available in the soil and can be accumulated by beetles. Little is
known about -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in beetles,
and as far as we know, there have been no studies on beetles that have
looked at ALAD as a biomarker of sublethal Pb exposure. Te objective of
this study is to examine dierences in Pb accumulation and ALAD activities
in ground beetles found on two dierent dove hunting elds at Arnold Air
Force Base in TN. Te rst dove eld (Old eld) was hunted over with
shotguns using Pb pellets for many years and is no longer in use while the
other eld (New eld) has only been hunted over since 2006 and is still in
use. Beetles were captured in pitfall traps at both elds. Pb in beetles was
determined by ICP-MS after HNO
3
digestion. Mean Pb concentrations
were: Old eld = 1.01ppm, range = 0.055-1.88 ppm; New eld = 0.504
ppm, range = 0.14-0.75 ppm. Pb concentrations were not found to be
dierent between elds (t=0.907, p=0.416). ALAD assays are currently
underway with beetles. A dosing study is being conducted to determine the
concentrations of Pb in food items necessary to cause a specic response
in ALAD activity in the beetles. Tis is potentially a useful assay for Pb
exposure on contaminated sites since Carabid beetles are widely distributed
and are relatively easy to catch.
163 Te protective eects of calcium against gastro-intestinal
uptake of cadmium in rainbow trout, an in vivo and in vitro approach.
J.S. Klinck, T.Y. Ng, C.M. Wood, Biology, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Te primary route of Cd entry into sh is
often via dietary uptake, but the mechanism(s) of Cd transport along the
gastrointestinal tract are much less characterized compared to those at
the gills. Past evidence has suggested that Cd acts as a Ca analog which
is accidentally taken up by Ca channels, but this is largely based on gill
experiments, or dietary trials using unrealistic levels of Cd and/or Ca. In
our experiment, we used a diet which closely replicated a natural food
source which contained an environmentally relevant concentration of both
Cd (0 or 12 g Cd g-1 dry wt., as Cd(NO3)2) and Ca (1, 10, 20 or 60
mg/g dry wt., as CaCO3). Dietary [Ca] signicantly impacted the rate of
Cd accumulation, providing evidence for shared transport systems. Cd
tissue burdens in the each section of the tract were highly dependant on
the [Ca] in their diet. Te highest Ca diet reduced Cd tissue burdens by
almost 50% in the stomach, anterior- and posterior- intestine, and was
most protective in the mid intestine where [Cd] was brought back to nearly
background levels by the fourth week of exposure. At this time, in vitro gut
sac experiments were performed with the stomach, mid- and posterior-
intestine using radiolabelled Ca- (1 mM) and Cd-spiked salines (either 6
or 30 M). Results suggest that sh regulate Ca transporters (and thereby
Cd absorption) when exposed to sublethal levels of Cd at low [Ca] (1 mg/g
dry wt.) and also when fed high dietary Ca (60 mg/g dry wt). Intermediate
concentrations of Ca (10 and 20 mg/g dry wt.) appeared to protect the sh
from the toxic action of Cd, but levels were not high enough to change the
number of Ca transporters. Taken together, we provide evidence that Cd is
in part taken up via Ca transporters and that low levels of Cd can induce
physiological changes. [ICA/CDA, ILZRO/IZA, NiPERA, Teck Cominco,
Vale Inco, Xstrata (Noranda- Falconbridge) NSERC CRD program]
164 Stable isotopes of silicon reveal disruption of gut processes
by dietborne exposure to high metal concentrations. M. Croteau, T.
Bullen, D. Cain, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA; S. Luoma, Te
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; S. Luoma, John
Muir Institute of the environment, University of California, Davis, CA.
Dietborne metal uptake prevails for many species in nature. However, the
implications of dietary metal exposure to toxicity are not well understood.
Sources of uncertainty include the lack of suitable tracers to quantify
exposure for metals such as copper and nickel, and the diculties in
quantifying important dietary processes such as food ingestion rate (IR).
We used enriched stable metal isotopes to characterize dietborne copper,
nickel and cadmium inuxes in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis.
Specically, we labeled diatoms with 65Cu, 62Ni and 106Cd using
enrichment of these low abundance isotopes to trace newly accumulated
metals from diet and to estimate metal assimilation eciency (AE). Diatoms
were also amended with enriched 29Si, an inert tracer, which allowed
determination of the ingestion rate of diatoms by L. stagnalis. Metal uptake
rates in L. stagnalis correlated linearly with metal concentration in diet
over a range encompassing most environmental concentrations. But at
concentrations greater than 400 nmol g-1 for Cd, 800 nmol g-1 for Ni, and
25000 nmol g-1 for Cu, metal inuxes decreased with increasing exposure
concentrations. AEs were similar at all concentrations and varied only
slightly among metals (70-85%). Small amounts of 29Si were retained by
snails at the high dietborne metal exposures. Te declines in metal inuxes
at high exposure concentrations were attributed to an inability to clear the
gut; a sublethal response to dietary metal exposure observed in other studies.
We hypothesized that impairment of gut peristalsis occurred at the threshold
where uptake rates peaked. Feeding inhibition then occurred at the most
extreme concentrations, perhaps related to food palatability. Enriched 29Si
provided a novel, sensitive tool to identify disruption of dietary processes by
high metal concentrations, a biologically relevant endpoint for dietary metal
toxicity in L. stagnalis.
165 Toxicity of dietary and waterborne selenium to desert pupsh
in a life-cycle toxicity test. J. Besser, C. Ivey, J. Kunz, B. Brumbaugh,
C. Ingersoll, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO. We evaluated the
toxicity of selenium (Se) to the desert pupsh (Cyprinodon macularius),
an endangered species that inhabits Se-contaminated habitats in southern
California USA. Te life-cycle exposure started with a 12-week exposure
with juvenile pupsh exposed concurrently to Se in water and in diets of
live, Se-dosed oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), as reported previously.
We present the results of the adult reproduction phase and F1 early life
stage phase, both of which continued the same Se exposure regime. Mature
pupsh were divided into replicate breeding groups consisting of 1 male
and 3 females. Egg production was monitored three times per week over
an eight-week period and selected batches of eggs were monitored for egg
hatching success, larval survival (through 14-d post-hatch), and larval
physical deformities. Endpoints of the F1 exposure were survival and
growth. Survival and growth of adult pupsh and F1 juveniles were not
adversely aected by the highest level of Se exposure tested: 55 g Se/L in
water and 57 g Se/g dry weight in diet. Adult pupsh at this Se exposure
level had a mean whole-body Se concentration of 21 g Se/g (dry wt). Of
the biological endpoints evaluated, egg production showed the greatest
dierences among Se exposure levels. Cumulative egg production was
lower in all ve Se exposure treatments than in controls. Egg production in
the four highest Se exposure levels ranged from 46% to 68% of controls,
although egg production did not follow a consistent decreasing trend across
all Se exposure levels. Egg production in the high-Se treatments, but not
in controls, decreased during the course of the reproductive period. In
contrast, egg hatching success and larval survival did not dier substantially
among treatments. Overall, the results of the life-cycle toxicity test indicate
that most life stages of desert pupsh are not highly sensitive to Se toxicity.
However, results of the reproduction phase suggest that pupsh egg
production may be adversely aected in Se-contaminated aquatic habitats.
166 Eects of sh community composition and food web structure
on mercury concentrations in brook trout. M. Shaver, K. Kidd, Canadian
Rivers Institute and Biology Department, University of New Brunswick,
Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; A. Curry, Canadian Rivers Institute
and Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New
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Brunswick, Canada. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)) are the
most popular freshwater sport sh in New Brunswick, Canada and are
frequently caught and consumed in many regions of the province; however,
it is not well understood why mercury (Hg) concentrations in this species
are highly variable between lakes even after standardizing to a common
size. In this study we examined whether food web structure and sh
community complexity aected the concentrations of Hg in 4 brook trout
populations. Te number of species in the sh community ranged from
1 (brook trout only) to 11; all lakes were oligotrophic, had undeveloped
watersheds and surface areas that ranged from 5 to 200 ha. Fish (n=10
to 30/species) and littoral, profundal and pelagic invertebrates (n=1 to 6/
major taxa) were collected from these lakes over the open water seasons of
1998 and 2005, and analyzed for stable carbon (
13
C) and nitrogen (
15
N)
isotopes to determine the dietary habits of brook trout and the structure
of the supporting food web. Brook trout muscle and certied reference
materials were analysed for total Hg using a Direct Mercury Analyzer. In
all lakes, brook trout were the top predators and their mean (SD)
15
N
values were 8.86 (0.95), 9.21 (0.92), 8.63 (0.96) and 7.67 (0.35) .
Trophic level (TL) of these sh was calculated after adjusting their
15
N to
the mean
15
N of primary consumers (Ephemeroptera and Amphipoda)
from each lake. Signicant dierences in brook trout TL were found across
lakes (mean TL ranged from 3.3 to 3.9) but were unrelated to numbers of
sh species present. Mean concentrations of Hg varied signicantly across
lakes (p<0.01), ranging from 0.07 to 0.33 g/g wet weight (unadjusted
for size; ANOVA of length, p=0.06), and, as has been observed for other
species of Salvelinus, Hg was highest in the population of sh occupying the
highest TL. Based on these results to date, Hg concentrations in brook trout
were related to their dietary habits but were not aected by the numbers of
species in the sh community.
167 Characterization of dietary nickel uptake in the rainbow
trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss). E.M. Leonard, S.R. Nadella, C. Bucking,
C.M. Wood, Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Nickel (Ni) has been identied as one of the most important aquatic
contaminants associated with uranium mining in Canada. Te water
column, sediment and food are collectively involved in controlling the fate
and eects of metals in the aquatic environment. Concentrations of metals
in the diets of organisms are generally many orders of magnitude higher
than in ambient water. Modelling digestive uptake of metals in animals
will depend on the mechanistic understanding. We therefore characterized
dietary Ni uptake through the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout using
in vivo and in vitro techniques. Realistic in vivo dietary Ni concentrations
in the supernatant (uid phase) of the gut contents averaged between 2-24
M. Net assimilation eciency of dietary Ni was approximately 50 % after
a single meal. Te stomach and mid intestine emerged as important sites of
Ni absorption. In vitro gut sac studies determined the kinetic relationship
of Ni uptake to be biphasic in nature, where Michaelis-Menten parameters
were observed at 1-30 M Ni (Km = 11 M, Jmax = 53 pmol cm-2 h-1
in the stomach and Km = 42 M, Jmax = 215 pmol cm-2 h-1 in the mid
intestine), and a linear relationship was seen at higher concentrations. Ni
uptake (at 30 M) into the blood compartment was signicantly reduced in
the stomach by high Mg (50 mM) and by both Mg and Ca (50 mM) in the
mid intestine. Inhibition of Ni uptake by Mg and Ca was concentration-
dependent and more pronounced in the mid intestine. Both regions
demonstrated changes in Km and Jmax that suggest competitive as well as
non-competitive interactions. (NSERC-CRD; ICA; CDA; ILZRO; IZA;
NIPERA; X-Strata; Teck-Cominco; Vale Inco.)
168 Results of a Study to Determine the Eect of Cold
Temperature on the Toxicity of Selenium to Juvenile Bluegill Sunsh.
D.O. McIntyre, M.A. Pacheco, D.J. McAuley, M. Garton, W.H. Clement,
Great Lakes Environmental Center, Columbus, OH; D. Wallschlger,
Environmental Chemistry - Environmental & Resource Studies Program,
Trent University, Ontario, Ontario, Canada; C. Delos, Health and
Ecological Criteria Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Te nal chronic value of 7.91 g/g dw recommended
in the 2004 Draft Update of the Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality
Criteria for Selenium is based on one study (Lemly 1993) in which
juvenile bluegill experienced winter stress syndrome. Data from Lemlys
experiment indicate that over-wintering sh may be more susceptible to
the eects of waterborne and dietary selenium due to increased sensitivity
at low temperature. Lemly exposed juvenile bluegill sunsh for 180 days
to one cold water exposure scenario: 5 g Se/L in the water and 5 g Se/g
dw seleno-L-methionine in food (TetraMin). Given the importance of
data from the Lemly study in deriving the tissue-based nal chronic value
for selenium, a similar test was conducted with three distinct exposure
systems. Exposure systems 1 and 3 simulated winter conditions for two
temperature regimes, 20 to 4
O
C and 20 to 9
O
C and exposed juvenile
bluegill to a range of six selenium aqueous and dietary (Lumbriculus fed
selenized yeast) concentrations. A third system exposed juvenile bluegill
to aqueous selenium and seleno-L-methionine in TetraMin under a 20
to 4
O
C temperature regime. In general, bluegill in the current study were
slightly less sensitive than those in Lemlys study. Te accumulation of
selenium in the juvenile bluegill was aected by the form of selenium
in the diet of the sh. Under a similar temperature regime and exposure
period, concentrations of selenium in tissues of sh receiving an articial
diet spiked with seleno-L-methionine (ES2 treatments 5A and 5B) were 2.5
times higher than concentrations of selenium in juvenile bluegill receiving
a natural diet of selenium accumulated in L. variegatus (ES1 treatment 3).
Te statements expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reect the views or policies of EPA.
169 Arsenic bioaccessibility of synthesized iron oxide minerals
using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. B. Laird, K. Dekker, D. Peak,
S.D. Siciliano, Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; T.R. Van de Wiele, W. Verstraete, Laboratory
of Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, Ghent,
Belgium. We demonstrated that the arsenic bioaccessibility of mine tailings
depends upon the concentration of arsenic in the tailing and the activity
of the microbial community in the distal intestine using the Simulator
of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), an in vitro
gastrointestinal (GI) model. Tis presentation investigates the mechanisms
controlling both of these relationships using surrogate arsenic-bearing
synthesized mineral samples. Te bioaccessibility of arsenic adsorbed to
ferrihydrite or incorporated within amorphous scorodite was measured
in the stomach, small intestine, and colon stages of the SHIME, which
incorporates the microbial community found in the human colon. Arsenic
bioaccessibility ranged between < 1 and 83% and decreased with increasing
concentration in both the stomach and intestinal stages of the SHIME. Te
SHIME digests of these arsenic-bearing minerals were used to construct
arsenic dissolution isotherms for the stomach and intestinal stages of the
SHIME to evaluate the mechanism of concentration-dependent constraints
on arsenic bioaccessibility. Additionally, the speciation of iron and
arsenic in the SHIME digests were investigated using spectrophotometric
and synchrotron techniques to establish the mechanism by which GI
microorganisms increase the bioaccessibility of arsenic from iron oxide
minerals. Based upon the results of these experiments, we recommend
evaluating the role of both residence time and LS ratio when an inverse
relationship between arsenic concentration and bioaccessibility is observed.
In addition, GI microbes may inuence the toxicokinetics of ingested
arsenic from soils and minerals. Terefore, we recommend that eorts
to validate in vitro models with in vivo experiments ensure that the GI
microbial community of the model organism be similar or equivalent to
those in the human GI tract.
170 Importance of testing low metal concentrations in a dietary
toxicity study toxicity of dietary Cd and protection by elevated
dietary Ca in the rainbow trout. T. Ng, J.S. Klinck, C.M. Wood, Biology,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Previous lab studies
have tested dietary Cd concentrations up to 20-fold higher than those in the
natural environment. Te relevance of the predicted toxicity and protection
by dietary Ca against toxicity of dietborne Cd in the sh is therefore
questionable. We tested the interaction of dietary Ca and Cd from a natural
diet, at an environmentally relevant concentration, in Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Worm pellets were made from the blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus, with
supercially spiked Ca (60 mg /g dry wt. as CaCO3) and/or Cd (12 g
Cd /g dry wt. as Cd(NO3)2) for the treatment diets. Te sh grew more
slowly after 4 weeks of dietary exposure to Cd, and the Ca concentration in
the plasma was reduced. Cd was highly concentrated in the metal-sensitive
fractions of the red blood cells, suggesting haematological toxicity. Overall,
dietary Cd at a natural range caused potential toxicity to rainbow trout.
Elevated Ca in the diet prevented growth inhibition and hypocalcemia,
and reduced Cd accumulation in the gills, stomach and whole bodies of
the sh. Ca also protected against toxicity of Cd by changing how the sh
42 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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handled Cd in their subcellular compartments. [NSERC CRD, ICA/CDA,
NiPERA, ILZRO/ IZA, Xstrata Zinc, Teck-Cominco, Vale Inco].
171 Implementing a Multi-Scale Ecosystem Monitoring Program:
Lessons learned from Channel Islands National Park, NPS Sonoran
Desert Parks, and the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management
Program. W.L. Halvorson, Southwest Biological Science Center, U. S.
Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ. Increasingly, land management agencies
are charged with developing and implementing comprehensive long-
term ecosystem monitoring programs with multiple and often competing
objectives. High-quality ecological information on key ecosystem
parameters can provide critical information for decision makers at local
scales. Adaptive management requires such information in asking questions
as to whether actions are working or need adjustment. Examples of
programs that require high quality data that will be discussed are general
ecosystem-scale monitoring, release ows from Glen Canyon Dam, re
management programs, and restoration programs. From regional and
national perspectives, generalized results for topics and parameters of
broad interest provide an assessment in aggregate of the state of resources
across large areas with varying land management goals and practices. At
the executive and legislative level, monitoring is often viewed as agency
accountability; results address questions such as Is the agency meeting its
stated goals given the inputs of scal and human resources? Te National
Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey have been cooperatively
developing long-term monitoring programs since the early 1990s, with a
few ad hoc attempts going back to the early 1980s. Even with this amount
of time having been spent on such programs, we are still very much in the
process of learning to deal with the technical and administrative challenges
and strategies that are required to overcome those challenges. Monitoring
to ensure long-term viability of resources at the ecosystem scale requires
conceptual models and heavy up-front planning as to what components of
the system need to be monitored, research to develop monitoring protocols,
accurate data collection and archiving, adequate data analysis, sharing and
reporting, and careful program analysis aimed at modifying protocols to
increase accuracy. When dealing with a regional or national scale situation,
a data management system is necessary that allows a number of government
agencies to communicate and share information with each other and with
a number of non-government entities that also have programs dealing with
those same resources.
172 Monitoring important things at the right time: examples
from Australia. R.J. Hobbs, Environmental Science, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; G. Gann, Te Institute for Regional
Conservation, Miami, FL. Monitoring programs can be costly and are often
not very eective because they do not necessarily look at the right things at
the right times. Monitoring is either so onerous and expensive that it soaks
up a signicant proportion of the funds available for doing the restoration,
or it focuses more on reporting requirements rather than actual ecological
outcomes. Alternatively, if it is too complex, the monitoring program may
not be carried out at all. Hence, monitoring needs to be simple, eective
and inexpensive. Restoration projects often have distinct phases in which
dierent parameters are of greater or lesser importance. For instance in
minesite restoration, the initial phases involve stabilizing the site and
providing a suitable substrate. Tis is followed by re-establishment of a
suite of plant species and then later stages involve ensuring the continued
growth and survival of the re-established vegetation, the redevelopment
of ecological interactions and resilience to disturbance. Ensuring that the
monitoring program follows these dierent phases is likely to result in more
eective monitoring which is less costly and more likely to be fed back into
adaptive management. I illustrate these ideas with examples from minesite
rehabilitation and revegetation of agricultural land in Western Australia.
173 Bunker Hill Superfund Sites Coeur dAlene Basin
Environmental Monitoring Plan A link between remediation and
restoration (Invited speaker). A. Dailey, Environmental Cleanup Oce,
USEPA Region 10, Seattle, WA. Te Bunker Hill Superfund Site is within
one of the largest historical mining districts in the world. Over more than
100 years of commercial mining, milling, smelting, and related activities
have resulted in widespread heavy metals contamination in the soil,
sediment, and surface water of the Coeur dAlene Basin. Te estimated total
mass of and extent of contamination exceeds 100 million tons dispersed over
thousands of acres. Te pervasive metals contamination has injured birds,
sh and other natural resources in the Basin. Establishment of a Basin-wide
environmental monitoring plan is required under EPAs 2002 Superfund
cleanup plan for the Coeur dAlene Basin. EPA collaboratively developed
the monitoring plan with the National Resource Trustees and other
partners. Te monitoring plan has a 30-year implementation period with
a key goal to monitor and evaluate the Superfund remedy implementation
in terms of improving ecosystem conditions. Primary monitoring design
principles enhance the practicality, robustness, and cost-eectiveness while
maintaining adequate technical rigor. Te plan relies on key indicators of
change, uses parameters and sampling frequencies expected to be sensitive to
environmental change in response to the Superfund cleanup and associated
natural restoration activities. An adaptive management framework in
the monitoring plan helps ensures that the monitoring plan will evolve
appropriately over the future decades of monitoring. In a 2005 review of
Bunker Hill Superfund Site, the National Research Council noted that
the Coeur dAlene Basin environmental monitoring plan recognize(s) the
complexities and uncertainties of the system and should provide much
of the information needed to make informed decision about the most
important and eective cleanup approaches.
174 Remediation, Restoration and Monitoring of Metal Mining
Sites in Colorado and Montana. S. Jennings, D. Neuman, Reclamation
Research Group, LLC, Bozeman, MT. Abandoned metal mines are common
in the Western U.S. numbering in the tens of thousands. Widespread
ecological injury has resulted in stream acidication, release of metals and
toxic eects to vegetation, wildlife and domestic animals. Remediation
and restoration of abandoned metal mine sites are ongoing under the
leadership of State and Federal entities. Monitoring of previously reclaimed
and restored sites has employed highly variable methodologies using a
de-emphasized monitoring strategy in favor of walk-away construction.
A growing number of unsatisfactorily completed projects have raised
interest in monitoring to assess the limitations of techniques used during
construction and to track changes in ecological condition. Drought, metal-
induced phytotoxicity, salinity and ineective soil treatment have been
implicated in sub-optimal vegetation persistence. Vegetation condition
and plant community succession form the basis for long-term monitoring
as an index of biological function and risk mitigation by stabilizing sites
against erosion. Multi-tiered and modular monitoring protocols have been
developed that allow for site-specic adaptation built on a reproducible
framework emphasizing ecological integrity and landscape stability.
Qualitative and quantitative measures are used as diagnostic indicators of
long-term permanence and for tracking successional changes indicative of a
return toward baseline conditions.
175 Ecological Restoration Monitoring Associated with the
Grand Calumet River (Indiana) NRDAR. R.W. Wolfe, N. Kalkbrenner,
S. Namestnik, JFNew, Walkerton, IN; R. Menozzi, United States
Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA; J. Smith, Indiana Department of
Environmental Management, Indianapolis, IN; D. Sparks, United States
Fish & Wildlife Service, Bloomington, IN. United States Steel Corporation
(US Steel) entered into a consent decree in 1999 with the US Department
of Interior and the State of Indiana that required it to implement ecological
restoration projects through on several sites pursuant to the US Department
of Interiors NRDAR program. US Steel and its consultant prepared detailed
restoration plans for each of these projects under the oversight of the natural
resource trustees. Te restoration projects aect several hundred acres in
highly developed NW Indiana. Tese projects included the protection and
ecological enhancement of approximately 140 acres of globally rare dune/
swale habitat, introduction of insect biological controls of the invasive
exotic plant purple loosestrife in wetlands along the Grand Calumet River,
ecological enhancement of 38 acres of disturbed riparian woodland along
the Grand Calumet River, and the protection of 70 acres of which 29 acres
were ecological enhancement acres of riparian habitat on a salmonid stream.
Te restoration plans detailed the goals, objectives, and success criteria
of each project and the management/implementation plan necessary to
accomplish these goals. Te plans also clearly laid out specic monitoring
programs that documented how each project progressed towards meeting
its goals and objectives. Monitoring plans were scheduled to last ve years
but could be shortened or extended as dictated by site performance. All but
two of the sites have met their success criteria and have been released from
further monitoring. Long term management of 4 key restoration properties
was addressed by transferring them to protective public ownership (National
Park Service and Indiana Department of Natural Resources). In our talk we
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will provide an overview of the projects and detail the extensive monitoring
carried out for each.
176 Restoration of a subtropical lake and oodplain after
prolonged degradation from excess nutrients and chlorinated
pesticides. R. Conrow, M. Coveney, E. Lowe, E. Marzolf, P. Bowen, E.
Mace, J. Peterson, Water Resources, St. Johns River Water Management
District, Palatka, FL. Lake Apopka, Florida, and its watershed have been
the focus of restoration eorts by the St. Johns River Water Management
District (District) since 1985. Prior to the 1940s, the shallow, 125-km2
lake was nationally famous for its clear water and abundant game sh.
However, increasing discharges from farms located on peat soils in the
original oodplain caused chronic algal blooms and other environmental
degradation starting in 1947. With state and federal (NRCS) funding, the
District purchased over 8,000 ha of farms in order to reduce anthropogenic
phosphorus loading to the lake and to restore farmlands to wetlands and
other aquatic habitat. Habitat restoration was interrupted when initial
ooding of a portion of the former farms caused acute, organochlorine
pesticide (OCP) toxicosis in sh-eating birds, an outcome not predicted by
ecological risk assessments. Subsequent ooding of elds has been guided by
detailed studies of bioaccumulation of OCPs from organic soils to sh and
to birds and by an extensive assessment of OCP levels in surcial soils over
the entire area. Since the mortality event eight years ago, in consultation
with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, we have reooded approximately
1,400 ha of farm elds that contained the lowest soil levels of OCPs. OCP
concentrations in sh and other biota are monitored and compared to
pre-determined safe levels. Flooding depth and timing are managed to
encourage seed germination and abundant coverage by wetland plant species
in order to limit open water areas and minimize foraging by wading birds.
Bird use is recorded from xed observation locations on the project, as well
as from weekly aerial surveys. Wetland vegetation is monitored annually
using infrared aerial photography, photointerpretation, and GIS analyses.
In elds with the highest soil OCP levels, remediation by deep tilling
covering the top 30 cm of contaminated soil with deeper, cleaner soilwill
precede ooding. As measured by water quality, OCP concentrations, and
habitat quality, the lake and associated wetlands are improving.
177 Monitoring regional-scale wetland restoration success in an
area of legacy mercury contamination: restoring salt ponds in south
San Francisco Bay. N. Athearn, J. Takekawa, J. Ackerman, C. Eagles-
Smith, K. Miles, S. Schwarzbach, Western Ecological Research Center, U.S.
Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA. More than 79% of tidal wetlands in
San Francisco Bay have been lost due to anthropogenic causes during the
past 150 years. Seeking to reverse this trend and benet native tidal marsh
species, the 6,100 ha South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project was proposed
as one of the most ambitious undertakings in the estuary. Tidal ow to the
former salt ponds has been restricted since earthen levees were constructed
to separate the ponds from adjacent bay waters in the mid 1890s. However,
many migratory species now feed or roost in salt ponds during the spring
migration and the winter, while other avian species nest on pond islands
and levees. Tus, initial restoration plans included a mix of both restored
and managed ponds to support these resource users. Although acquisition
of these lands presented an unprecedented restoration opportunity,
the restoration activities carried large ecological risks. Te salt pond
restoration project is downstream from the largest former mercury mine
in North America and NRDA site, the New Almaden Mine. Restoration
planning identied uncertainties about changes in water quality resulting
from opening the ponds including the potential for increasing mercury
methylation. Recent studies have shown that mercury is bioaccumulated
in birds to levels that may negatively aect their reproductive success.
Facing the complicated regional uncertainties, the nal environmental
documents included a commitment to monitoring and applied studies to
guide restoration steps. We are contributing to a comprehensive applied
research and monitoring program tracking the successes of the restoration
while addressing the regional-scale ecological concerns. Will restoration of
subsided ponds erode mudat foraging habitats in the bay critical to the
migratory birds? Will non-native species such as smooth cordgrass dominate
the native ora? Te salt pond restoration may be one of the largest plans
to apply adaptive management principles to a regional wetland restoration
project.
178 Monitoring Success of Seabird Restoration after the Apex
Houston Oil Spill. D. Welsh, Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Oce, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, CA; G. McChesney, M. Parker, J.
Bua, San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Newark, CA; R. Golightly, Dept. of Wildlife, Humboldt
State University, Arcata, CA; H. Carter, Carter Biological Consulting,
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; S. Kress, National Audubon Society,
Ithaca, NY; J. Boyce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Long Beach, CA; M. Brown, Gulf of the Farallons National Marine
Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, San
Francisco, CA; S. Hampton, Oce of Spill Prevention and Response,
California Dept. of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA. Te 1986 Apex
Houston Oil Spill killed approximately 10,000 seabirds along the central
California coast. Te Common Murre (Uria aalge), a seabird that nests
colonially on oshore rocks, was among the species most aected by the
spill. Approximately 6,300 Common Murres were killed and the colony
at Devils Slide Rock was extirpated. After settlement of the Natural
Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration case in 1994, the natural
resource trustees (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, and the California Department of Fish and
Game) developed a Restoration Plan for injured resources. Te Restoration
Plan proposed to restore Common Murres to Devils Slide Rock using
social attraction, an innovative approach that uses decoys, recorded calls,
and mirrors to attract nesting birds back to the former colony site. Te
trustees set an initial goal of restoring 100 nesting pairs of Common Murres
to Devils Slide Rock within 10 years and a long term goal of restoring the
colony to its pre-spill size of approximately 1,500 nesting pairs. Restoration
eorts began in 1996 and succeeded in attracting 6 nesting pairs. Te goal
of 100 nesting pairs was reached in 2000 and 394 pairs nested in 2007.
Tis presentation focuses on the methods used to monitor the successful
restoration of the Common Murre colony at Devils Slide Rock.
179 Te Global Restoration Network: Teaching the World
through your Restoration Monitoring Successes. M. LeFevour, Society
for Ecological Restoration International, Tucson, AZ; A. Farag, Columbia
Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Jackson, WY. Te
importance of communicating restoration and monitoring successes cannot
be understated and is paramount to eectively making resource trustees and
the public in general, aware of the advantages and limitations of restoration
science. Te Global Restoration Network (GRN) will be presented as one
example of eective communication of restoration science. Te GRN
oers the eld of ecological restoration a database and web-based portal
to trustworthy and hard-to-nd information on all aspects of restoration,
from historic ecosystems and recent causes of degradation to in-depth case
studies and proven restoration techniques. One of the most useful aspects
of a web-based tool of this type is that it links restoration projects, research,
and practitioners in order to foster the creative exchange of experience,
vision and expertise. Web sites such as the GRN can powerfully showcase
monitoring successes. Whether the project has photos, video, or audio any
or all of these methods of demonstrating a projects success, strategies and
techniques can be utilized. A network like the GRN must have the necessary
stang support to help create useful case studies that are easily uploaded
to its most visited feature the GRN Database where any user can make a
specic query and nd restoration case studies and annotated links to a wide
variety of relevant resources including experts, organizations and literature.
Tis type of web-based communication exemplies the importance of
escorting researchers out of the era of generating reports for only the select
few readers, and into an era of providing greater visibility of the research and
monitoring eorts.
180 Metal nanoparticle and fullerene studies with adult oysters
and embryos. A.H. Ringwood, M. McCarthy, T. Changela, Department
of Biology, University of North Carolina - Charlotte, Charlotte, NC; D.
Carroll, J. Berry, Wake Forest University, Center for Nanotechnology and
Molecular Materials, Winston-Salem, NC; N. Levi-Polyachenko, Wake
Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC. Te fate and
eects of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms are important environmental
concerns that must be addressed as the production and uses of nanoparticles
continue to increase. Te purpose of these ongoing studies is to characterize
the toxicity of various nanoparticle preparations (metal nanoparticles and
fullerenes) on oysters, Crassostrea virginica, a common estuarine species.
As lter-feeders, oysters are a very valuable model species for characterizing
nanoparticle bioavailability and interactions with basic cellular processes.
Laboratory exposure studies were conducted with adult and embryonic
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oysters as well as with isolated hepatopancreatic cells. Te potential for
hepatotoxicity was evaluated using a lysosomal destabilization assay,
and lipid peroxidation assays were used to assess oxidative damage. For
the embryo assays, newly-fertilized oyster embryos were exposed to the
nanoparticles and then the percent normal development after 48 hours
was assessed. We used these studies to address important issues, such as
relative sensitivity of embryos compared to adults, tissue distribution, and
cellular accumulation and eects. Generally, embryos tend to be slightly
more sensitive than adults, and isolated hepatopancreas cells were similar
in toxicity to the whole oyster studies. Fluorescent confocal microscopy
and electron microscopy as well as atomic absorption spectrometry were
used to verify the accumulation of the nanoparticles inside hepatopancreas
cells and embryos. Signicant accumulation inside lysosomes was observed
supporting the model that endosomal pathways are a likely mechanism
of accumulation. Tese kinds of basic studies are essential for addressing
the potential impacts of nanoengineered particles on fundamental cellular
processes as well as aquatic organisms.
181 Gill accumulation and toxicity of nanoparticulate copper
and silver in zebrash. J. Gritt, A. Feswick, N.D. Denslow, D.S. Barber,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Nanoparticulate copper and silver
cause acute toxicity in Danio rerio (48-hr LC50 = 0.94 mg/L and 7.1 mg/L,
respectively) and while the mechanism is unclear, it is not solely mediated
by particle dissolution. Exposure to these metals produces signicantly
dierent histological responses and tissue burdens of copper and silver tissue
in the gill following equitoxic exposures. Tese data suggest that dierences
in particle association with the gill may underlie dierences in toxicity. To
test this hypothesis, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure
the adherence of nanoparticles to zebrash gills. Nanosilver exhibited an
average attractive force of 6nN while essentially no attraction was found
between nanocopper and gills. Because there appear to be dierences in the
interactions of the particles with gill, it is possible that there are dierences
in the mechanisms by which the particles are producing toxicity. Particle-
mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been proposed
as a potential mechanism controlling nanoparticle toxicity. Following 48
hours of exposure to aqueous suspensions of nanocopper or nanosilver
at the NOEC, the GSSG:GSH ratio increased two-fold and ve-fold in
nanocopper and nanosilver, respectively. Nanosilver levels were signicantly
higher than nanocopper levels. No signicant dierences were observed at 2
or 24 hours. Analysis of three genes involved in the oxidative stress response
pathway (GCLC, responsible for glutathione biosynthesis; GPx, glutathione
peroxidase; and NRF-2, a transcription factor responsible for controlling
many genes involved in this pathway) demonstrates that expression of
GCLC is signicantly up-regulated by both NM exposure at 24 hours,
but only by nanosilver at 48 hours. GPx is signicantly up-regulated by
nanosilver at 48h, but not by nanocopper. Tese results demonstrate that
nanocopper and nanosilver are interacting dierently with the surface of the
gill and that ROS generation is a component of toxicity, but suggests that
these particles may aect dierent pathways in the gill.
182 Toxicity of zinc oxide and silver engineered nanoparticles to
marine phytoplankton. A. Miao, A. Quigg, Marine Biology, Texas A&M
University at Galveston, Galveston, TX; A. Miao, K. Schwehr, P. Santschi,
Marine Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX; A.
Quigg, C. Xu, S. Zhang, P. Santschi, Oceanography, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX. Te toxicity of two engineered nanoparticles (ENs)
to marine phytoplankton was examined. Silver (Ag-EN) and zinc-oxide
(ZnO-EN) ENs were found to coagulate quickly upon mixing with sea
water. Nontheless they released a signicant amount of metal ions which
were found high enough to inhibit the cell growth, photosynthetic system II
quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and chlorophyll a synthesis. Te metal ions released
daily account for 0.25 and 0.5 % of the total suspended Ag-ENs and ZnO-
ENs. We dene these as the indirect toxicity of ENs. On the other hand,
with the development of more hydrophilic and stable ENs (e.g., by surface
coating or functionalization), there are some aqueous Ag-EN and ZnO-EN
dispersions available in the market. Tese extremely small and well-dispersed
ENs may interact more directly with the phytoplankton cells and thus
exert stress which we dene as direct toxicity of ENs. Furthermore, surface
coatings may also reduce the release of metal ions into the environment and
thus eliminate their indirect toxicity to phytoplankton. We compare the
metal ion release from the well-dispersed ENs to those of the same nature
(e.g., Ag-ENs) but that easily coagulate. At the same time, EN stability is
examined under dierent ionic strength conditions and the potential eects
of dierent types of organic matter on the stability of Ag-ENs and ZnO-
ENs will also be reported. Te overall goal of this research is to examine the
potential for ENs to enter the marine environment and exert a toxic eect
on phytoplankton, either directly or indirectly.
183 Riverine Microbial Community Response to Silver
Nanoparticle Exposures. A.L. Bunn, M.G. Warner, A.L. Miracle, Pacic
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA; J.M. Brandenberger, Pacic
Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA; S.A. Breithaupt, Pacic
Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA. Te use of silver nanoparticles
as an antimicrobial agent for consumer products has increased exponentially
over the last decade making them one of the most common in commercial
products. Silver has historically been elevated in waste water due to dental
and photographic processes, but this new source of silver to receiving waters
must be understood both in terms of chemical/physical transformation
of the nanoparticle and toxicological eects on the ecosystem. In this
study, microbial communities associated with riverine sediments from a
ow-through mesocosm were exposed to silver nanoparticles and ionic
silver in static studies. Shape, size and morphology of the nanoparticles
were characterized in Columbia River water using visualization tools and
physical analyses. Dose-response for nanosilver and ionic silver exposures
was evaluated based on biomass and changes in community structure
using standard techniques and molecular indicators (including PLFA and
RISA). Particle-size fractionation of the nanomaterials in the water column
and incorporation of particles into the sediment were evaluated using a
mass balance approach with ultra-clean metal techniques. Results of the
transformation of the nanosilver, accumulation by the microbial community
and shifts in community structure will be used in the development of an
empirical fate and transport model for evaluating nanosilver in a riverine
environment.
184 Dietary and aqueous uptake of Quantum Dots in an aquatic
food chain involving Artemia franciscana and Pimephales promelas.
A. SenGupta, Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University,
Jonesboro, AR; J.L. Bouldin, Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas
State University, Jonesboro, AR; T.M. Ingle, Molecular Biosciences
Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR; R. Buchanan,
Molecular Biosciences Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro,
AR. Te opportunities and uncertainties concerning nanoscience and
nanotechnology presently seem to be unlimited. Te methodologies for
examining the toxicology, ecotoxicology, persistence and bioaccumulation
potential of manufactured nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals are
challenging. Quantum Dots are engineered nanocrystals consisting of a
metalloid crystalline core (Cd/Se or Cd/Te crystalline core) and an organic
cap or shell that shields the core. Tere remains a vital question about
the hazards and risks posed by these engineered particles, especially under
conditions that result in the exposure of the toxic metallic core. Te present
study aims at the uptake, fate and distribution, eects, and potential
bioaccumulation of Quantum Dots in the aquatic environment, using
standard test organisms- Artemia franciscana and Pimephales promelas,
along a simple two trophic level food chain. Te average pixel intensities
of the uorescence images (using a Nikon epiuorescence microscope)
conrmed the uptake of Quantum Dots in both test species. Further, this
research compares the dietary and the aqueous uptake of the Quantum Dots
in P. promelas. Results indicate a higher body burden of Quantum Dots
along the dietary route of exposure. Te study also focuses on the exposure-
distribution relationship of these nanocrystals on P. promelas to gain a better
understanding of the biocompatibility or toxicity of the Quantum Dots.
As indicated by the uorescence images and the mean pixel intensities, the
dietary uptake resulted in the accumulation of Quantum Dots mainly along
the gut tract of P. promelas. Te results of the present study will aid in the
understanding of the risk associated with these nanocrystals on aquatic
ecosystems and their environmental fate in aqueous food chains.
185 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nano TiO2 to Freshwater Fish,
Invertebrates, and Algae, and the Eects of Organic Carbon on TiO2
Toxicity. S. Hall, T. Bradley, L. Minella, T. Kuykindall, Ecotoxicology,
ENVIRON International, Brentwood, TN. Very little data are available
on the aquatic toxicity of nano-size TiO2, especially given its prevalence
in consumer products. Tis study evaluated the acute and chronic toxicity
of high-purity (> 99%) nano TiO2 (10 nm) to the fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas), water eas (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 45
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pulex), and green algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata, formerly Selenastrum
capricornutum). Te respective acute LC50 values for the fathead minnow,
D. pulex and C. dubia were > 1,000 mg/L, from 6.5 to 13 mg/L, and
from 3 to 13 mg/L. Te same trend of lower sh sensitivity to TiO2 was
observed based on chronic toxicity: fathead minnow and C. dubia IC25
values approximately 400 mg/L and approximately 20 mg/L, respectively. R.
subcapitata chronic IC25 values were in the range of 2 mg/L, indicating the
highest overall sensitivity. Addition of organic carbon (as Cerophyll) to C.
dubia acute tests indicated marked decreases in TiO2 (LC50 > 100 mg/L).
Tis indicates that the relatively low Acute to Chronic Ratio (ACR) value
for C. dubia may be a function of the complexing of TiO2 by food used in
chronic toxicity tests.
186 Gold nanoparticle interactions and impact upon a common
biolm source: Legionella pneumophila JR32. A.R. Stojak, T.L. Mcnealy,
S.J. Klaine, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC. Gold nanoparticle
production is increasing due to the new and growing demand for inks,
lms, catalysts, and their use in cancer detection. Te discovery of new
uses and synthesis methods for gold nanoparticles enhances the probability
of environmental contamination through point and nonpoint sources,
eventually entering an aquatic ecosystem. Past transport and toxicity
information on gold nanoparticles has been limited to human health.
Only recent studies have begun to quantify and characterize the role of
nanomaterials in the environment. In aquatic systems, nanoparticles settle
onto most surfaces and thus may sorb to biolms. Biolms are often formed
by one or many bacterial species and exist on almost every interface. Tese
microhabitats exist as a food source for protozoans and other invertebrates,
play critical roles in reducing chemical oxygen demand and inorganic
nitrogen, and pose a problem in medical and industrial elds. Only within
the last couple decades have biolms been characterized as structured and
specialized microcolonies. Tis research focused on the interactions between
gold nanoparticles and a biolm produced by Legionella pneumophila
JR32. L. pneumophila form their biolms in a wide range of environmental
conditions and can survive and proliferate in freshwater and marine
environments. L. pneumophila were added to a broth media at 0.12 OD,
diluted 10-fold, and contained in a glass chamber. Slides inserted both
horizontally and vertically in the chamber served as a removable substrate
to evaluate biolms before and after media exchange. Upon stable biolm
establishment, moderately hard water replaced the broth media and gold
nanoparticles, 80 nm diameter and coated with citrate, were introduced.
Te interaction between L. pneumophila and the nanoparticles developed
over 48 hours at 25 C. Biolms were evaluated for structure, density,
and composition. Gold nanoparticle fate was followed by use of confocal
microscopy. Preliminary results suggest that gold nanoparticles interact with
the intact biolm. Further work is ongoing to quantify the impacts of the
nanoparticle and biolm interaction.
187 Growth Stimulation and Inhibition of a Freshwater Algae
Exposed to Increasing Concentrations of Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes. S. Youn, J. Gao, G. Bitton, J.J. Bonzongo, Enviro. Engineering
Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; R.K. Wang, K. Ziegler,
Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Single-walled
carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are one of the most attractive nanomaterials
(NMs) due to its enormous potential and anticipated extensive use in
several industrial and medical applications. It is therefore expected that
both ecological functions and human health would be impacted by this
new material. Although research investigating the potential toxicity of
SWNTs is still its infancy, results published so far point primarily to the
potential for toxicity which has been attributed not only to the nanotubes
themselves, but also to the levels and types of impurities resulting from
SWNTs manufacturing methods. In this study, the biological response of
a model aquatic organism, the freshwater green algae, Pseudokirchneriella
Subcapitata, was assessed in exposure studies to SWNTs suspended in
gum Arabic (GA), a non-ionic surfactant. Changes in chlorophyll a
concentrations were used as indicator of general toxicity, and the presence
and degree of aggregation of SWNTs in culture media were tracked by
use of near infrared-uorescence and Raman spectroscopy. A biphasic
biological response was observed in that the presence of SWNTs in culture
media resulted rst in a clear stimulation of algal growth for SWNTs
concentrations <1ppm. Tis biostimulation was then followed by growth
inhibition as SWNTs concentrations exceeded 1 ppm. Te exclusion of
the potential eect of the surfactant and the elimination of the degree of
SWNTs aggregation as causes of the observed biological responses led to
the conclusion that the observed growth stimulation and inhibition were
likely due to levels of produced free radicals and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) formed over time in the culture media. In this case, low SWNTs
concentrations would result in low levels of free radicals and ROS which
stimulate growth, while high SWNTs would have an opposite eect.
Gluthatione, an indicator of oxidative stress, is used to support the above
conclusions.
188 Toxicity of Manufactured Nanomaterials Dispersed in
Natural Waters of Dierent Chemical Composition: Eects of Ionic
Strength and Dissolved Organic Carbon Content. J. Gao, S. Youn, V.
Llaneza, G. Bitton, J.J. Bonzongo, Environ. Eng. Sciences, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Te rapid growth of the newly emerging
nanotechnology suggests that the production and use of manufactured
nanomaterials (MNs) will be followed by either intentional (landlls) and/
or non-intentional (diuse) introduction of these materials into dierent
environmental compartments, as MNs-products enter the market place and
waste streams. Unfortunately, research on the environmental implications
of nanotechnology is still in its infancy, and although growing rapidly,
research on fate, transport and impacts of MNs remains a frontier science.
In this study, experimental conditions that mimic likely scenarios for MNs
introduction to aquatic systems were used to study the potential toxicity
response of test model aquatic organisms to selected MNs (i.e. C60, nano-
silver (nAg), and nano-copper (nCu)) suspended in natural water matrices.
C60, nAg, and nCu suspended in natural water matrices showed particle
size distributions and toxicity responses varying with key water quality
parameters such as DOC and ionic strength. In addition, our results
show that toxicity results obtained from laboratory experiments that use
drastic MNs suspension methods may not be representative of real world
situations. Overall, the biological response of tested model organisms to the
above listed MNs varies with both water chemistry and particle chemical
composition and reactivity.
189 Concentrations, treads and concerns of brominated ame-
retardants in land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). M.J. La Guardia,
R.C. Hale, E. Harvey, D. Luellen, M. Mainor, Virginia Institute of
Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA. Fifteen years has past since the
promulgation of Part 503 Rule (Standards for the Use and Disposal of
Sewage Sludge, Title 40 CFR, Part 503), but controversy remains over
the use of sewage sludge (referred to as biosolids) in agriculture. Annually,
over half (>3.5 million tons) of the biosolids produced in the U.S. is
applied to crop, pasture and forest lands for its nutrient value. However,
the chemical composition within remains largely unknown (NRC 1996,
2002 and WERF 2003), rendering Part 503s risk assessment incomplete.
Partitioning of hydrophobic chemicals onto particles and their subsequent
removal, as sewage sludge is an integral step in the wastewater treatment
process. However, chemicals that resist mineralization during treatment
may be introduced into the environment by the application of biosolids.
Brominated ame-retardants (BFRs), e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) have been reported to resist degradation during wastewater
treatment, with >90% of the original inuent burden sequestered into
sludge. BFRs also exhibit environmental stabilities and accumulation
potentials in humans and wildlife similar to previously banned
organohalogens, e.g. PCBs. BFRs, PBDEs, hexabromocyclododecane
(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A are considered endocrine disrupting
chemicals, known to interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. To
determine potential BFR transfers to and trends at a WWTP, biosolids
were collected over a six-year period. Analytes were identied by electron
capture negative ionization (ECNI) GC-MS and then positively identied
by spectra library matching of the full scan electron ionization (EI) spectra.
BFRs detected in samples were PBDEs, HBCD and BTBPE (1,2-bis
(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane), ranging >50 mg/kg, dry weight. HBCD
isomers (-, -, and -HBCD) were determined by LC-MS/MS. Proles
observed were similar to the HBCD technical product. Dierent trends
in concentration for each group of BFRs were also observed which might
relate to recent alterations in BFR production or changes in local plastics
manufacturing during the six-year collection period. (HBCD and BTBPE
have also been identied as replacement products for the discontinued
penta- and octa-PBDEs formulations.) Hence, such data may be of value in
respect to evaluating risks associated with the benecial re-use of sludges, as
well as in improving wastewater treatment approaches.
46 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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190 Validation of hydrochloric acid for the preservation of
endocrine disrupting compounds. S. Havens, T. Barry, C. Hedman,
J. Hemming, M. Miertz, M. Shafer, J. Schauer, University of Wisconsin
- Madison, Madison, WI. Ineciencies in the analysis of endocrine
disrupting compounds (EDCs), due to microbial degradation, adsorption
to colloids and extraction ineciencies, have lead to the need for chemical
preservation of samples and the use of isotope dilution. Te goal of
this research was to validate the use of hydrochloric acid (HCl) for the
preservation of a suite of EDCs (naturally occurring estrogens, androgens
and progesterones as well as synthetic hormones such as trenbolone) in
runo from conned animal farming operations (CAFOs) in conjunction
with the use of isotope dilution. Target and mass-labeled EDC standards
were spiked into Type 1 water samples and samples composed of CAFOs
runo, extracted via solid phase extraction and analyzed using HPLC-
MS/MS. Te recovery of spiked target EDC standards, normalized to
the recovery of mass-labeled EDC standards, was assessed in unpreserved
and HCl (pH 2) preserved samples. Most or all of the spiked EDC
standards in the unpreserved CAFOs runo samples were microbially
degraded within days of sample collection. Te recovery of EDCs in HCl
preserved samples was sucient (79-120%) after 12 days. Te addition
of HCl in excess quantities did not reduce the recovery of EDCs or cause
chemical transformations of any of the EDCs assessed. Te results of
these preservation studies provides a much needed method for preventing
microbial degradation of EDCs and incorporates a technique for accounting
for EDC adsorption to colloids and extraction ineciencies.
191 Soxhlet and Sequential ASE Extraction of Alkylpenols from
Sediments: Occurrence and Implications for Sorption Mechanism.
Y. Ran, J. Gong, L. Xu, Y. Yang, State Key Laboratory of Organic
Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, China. Te occurrence of alkyphenols (APs) including
nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) in 28 riverine sediments from
the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China was determined by a Soxhlet
extraction method. Concentration of OP and NP ranged from < 1 to
463 ng/g and 31 to 21885 ng/g, respectively. High levels of APs appeared
in Guangzhou metropolitan area, which was related to the discharge of
industrial and domestic wastewater. APs contents extracted by Soxhlet
extraction (S-APs) with dichloromethane and by sequential accelerated
solvent extraction (ASE) (A-APs) with 1:6 toluene/ methanol were
compared. Te A-APs contents are on average 1.5 times the S-APs contents.
For sequential two ASE extractions, APs in the rst extract accounts for
82.2 99.2% of their total contents in the sequential two extractions.
Te correlation analysis shows that S-APs and A-APs are both signicantly
associated with the contents of total organic carbon (TOC). Mechanism for
various extraction eciency of these two methods is discussed. Te above
results indicate the underestimation of total contents of APs by a factor 1.2-
4.1 and the important eect of condensed organic matter on their extraction
and distribution in the investigated eld sediments.
192 Evaluation of the sorption of atorvastatin and simvastatin
acid to wastewater treatment plant biosolids. K.J. Ottmar, J.A. Smith,
L.M. Colosi, M. Fuller, Civil & Enviornmental Engineering, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. Tis research examined the sorption
mechanisms of the two most common cholesterol-lowering drugs,
atorvastatin (brand name Lipitor and Caduet) and simvastatin (brand
name Zocor and Vytorin). Both of these drugs are highly prescribed,
accounting for over 120 million prescriptions per year. Teir limited
hepatic metabolism results in approximately 80% of the metabolically
active compound entering the wastewater treatment systems. After traveling
through sewer lines and entering the wastewater treatment plant, the rst
treatment process occurs in the primary clarier, whereby solids are removed
by gravity settling. As such, the potential for removal with those solids after
sorption was evaluated. Equilibrium and kinetic isotherm experiments were
conducted with both radiolabeled [3H] and non-radiolabeled atrovastatin
and simvastatin acid in a batch conguration at 5, 17, and 32C. Linear
Freundlich isotherms were observed with calculated distribution coecients,
Kd, of 345 L/kg for atorvastatin and 418 L/kg for simvastatin acid. Based
on these values, less than 10% of drug will be sorbed to the biosolids, thus
over 90% will pass to the aerobic basins. Te Two-Site Equilibrium-Kinetic
model was used to evaluate the sorption kinetics and showed that the
atorvastatin reached equilibrium in under an hour while the simvastatin
acid reached equilibrium in less than 5 hours. Because these times to reach
equilibrium are less than the combined sewer transport plus primary clarier
hydraulic retention times, the assumption of equilibrium is valid.
193 Characterization of the Biodegradation Products of Aircraft
Anti- Icing Fluids and their Estrogenic Eects on Male Zebrash
(Danio rerio). K.C. Hyland, Marine Science, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC; L. Ferguson, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Aircraft Deicing and Anti- Icing Fluids
(ADAFs) are commercially manufactured, chemically complex uids applied
to commercial aircraft to clear and prevent ice formation. In addition to
ethylene/propylene glycol freezing point depressants, dyes and corrosion
inhibitors, some of these uids also contain alkylphenol polyethoxylate
(APEO) surfactants, which have been shown to contribute to the aquatic
toxicity of these ADAFs. Tese compounds have been previously shown
to be highly persistent in the environment and are prone to oxidation,
breakdown via aerobic degradation to form xenoestrogenic compounds such
as octyphenol, nonylphenol, and the alkylphenol carboxylate series. Release
of ADAF and associated degradation products to the aquatic environment
may cause deleterious eects through both acute and chronic aquatic
toxicity. Te aim of this study was (1) to assay the biodegradation of a well-
characterized ADAF under aerobic slurry conditions using an inoculum
isolated from the outfall of a major Midwestern airport stormwater
system, and (2) to determine the extent to which the ADAF and its
biodegradation products induce estrogenic eects in exposed male zebrash.
Biodegradation of the ADAF under simulated aquatic conditions at 10C
was rapid, as glycol consumption by microbes in the slurry system was
essentially complete within four days. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of APEOs
and their degradation products indicated that total APEOs were completely
consumed in less than 13 days. Te second phase of the experiment was
performed by exposing male zebrash to incomplete ADAF biodegradation
test liquors (at concentrations determined by the quantitative analysis of the
octyl- and nonylphenol-etholxylate and carboxylate series) for 72 h. Serum
vitellogenesis ELISA assays are then used as an indication of endocrine
disruption. Results of these experiments will be interpreted in the context
of comparing biodegraded to non-degraded ADAF in their ability to induce
estrogenic eects in sh.
194 Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Steroid Hormones in
Wastewater Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
D.D. Snow, T.R. Damon, D.A. Cassada, Water Center/School of Natural
Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE; A.S. Kolok,
Biology Department, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE.
Natural and synthetic estrogens, androgens and progestegens can occur
in agricultural and municipal waste and associated wastewater. Release
of even small amounts these compounds into the environment may have
signicant impacts on the reproductive and metabolic functions of aquatic
organisms. To date, accurate measurement of these polar, lipophilic, and
highly sorptive compounds at relevant levels in complex samples has been
a tremendous challenge. Detection limits required for steroid hormones are
in the low ng/L to even pg/L range, and require the use of elaborate sample
preparation procedures and advanced instrumentation. Methods using
solid phase extraction, with and without cleanup, combined with detection
by tandem mass spectrometry are among the most sensitive, accurate and
reproducible techniques available. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass
spectrometry with electrospray ionization can provide detection limits
at ng/L concentrations in relatively clean matrices. However, consistent
detection at low concentrations is often compromised by the presence of co-
extracted compounds present in the sample. Signicant ion suppression and
enhancement of ions has been observed presumably due to the presence of
co-extracted compounds interfering with the ionization. Tese interferences
can be reduced in some cases by additional sample clean-up steps though
some loss of analyte may occur. Alternative ionization methods, such
as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization may
provide comparable sensitivity for ng/L detection of these compounds in
complex matrices while reducing the need for elaborate sample preparation
procedures. Sub-part per billion concentrations of estrogens and androgens
have been measured in wastewater, passive samplers exposed to wastewater,
and river water impacted by waste euent using methods based on solid
phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
with electrospray and atmospheric pressure photoionization.
195 Temporal study of PBDEs in soil with a single land
application of biosolids. N. Andrade, A. Torrents, Civil and
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Environmental Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD; L. McConnell, EMBUL, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; M.
Ramirez, DCWASA, Washington, DC. Land application of biosolids is
common in the U.S. Tere is concern that along with organic matter,
nutrients, and metals, biosolids could be a source of organic pollutants.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as ame retardants
in consumer products and in the last decade they have been found in
environmental samples. Te objective of this study is to examine the fate of
selected PBDE congeners in soils treated with biosolids. Surface soil samples
were collected from a eld (2954m2) which received a known application
rate of biosolids from a WWTP in the Mid-Atlantic region. Samples were
collected periodically for two years. Te experimental eld was divided
into eight columns (alternating conventional tillage with no-till to simulate
typical commercial farm practices) and six rows. Te columns and rows
design is to assist with sample collection and spatial statistical analysis.
High spatial resolution sampling from the experimental eld allowed for
an examination of spatial variability. Sample locations were gathered using
a eld GPS and the data was analyzed using ArcGIS. Biosolids samples
from the source WWTP were collected over two years to evaluate typical
PBDE loads. Preliminary data shows that concentrations of PBDEs (BDE-
28,-47,-99,-100,-153,-154,-183, and-209) in biosolids range from 1050-
1720ppb. Te trend for soil concentrations is an increase two weeks after
biosolids application. Concentrations found in soil so far range from 2.05
to 7.87ppb before biosolids application, from 1.61 to 19.49ppb on the
day of application, and from 2.20 to 43.33ppb after two weeks. Our data
suggests that the concentration of PBDEs in the no-till columns is higher
than the concentration found in the tilled columns. After two weeks, the
congener prole of the soil samples start to match the congener prole of
the biosolids applied, suggesting that the increase in concentration derives
from the biosolids application. Te prevalent congener in both biosolids
(55%) and soil samples (72% in background soil) is BDE-209. Two weeks
after the biosolids application, the contribution of BDE-209 to the total
concentration decreased from 72% to 60%. Te contribution of BDE-47
(from 5% to 10%) and BDE-99 (from 8% to 15%) increased and approach
the fraction present in biosolids (19% for BDE-47 and 20% for BDE-99).
196 Screening of environmental water for immunotoxicity
using in vitro assays. E.J. Pool, T.U. Magcwebeba, Medical Bioscience,
University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa. Te acquired
immunity consists of two pathways namely the humoral immunity that
defends the host against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and the cell
mediated immunity that defends the host against intracellular pathogens
such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and viruses and also against cancers.
Te aim of this study is to determine the eects of an informal settlement,
with inadequate drinking water and sanitation, on the immunotoxicity of
river water. Hydrophobic extracts were prepared from water collected at
contaminated and pristine sites. Inammatory activity was determined by
measuring IL-6 levels synthesized by whole blood after incubation with the
extracts. For determining the eects on acquired immunity, PHA stimulated
whole blood from healthy volunteers was incubated with extracts. Te
eect on humoral immunity was determined using IL-10 as biomarker,
while IFN- was used as biomarker for cell mediated immunity. Te results
obtained show that water from the sites downstream from human activity
induced inammation. Extracts collected from a site downstream from an
informal housing settlement suppressed both humoral and cell mediated
immunity. Water from sites impacted by human activity can potentially
suppress the acquired immune system and this can pose a heath risk to
people using this water source. Studies must be done to investigate the long
term eects of the contaminated water on animals in vivo.
197 Evaluation by chemical sequential extraction of metal mobility
from biosolids produced at municipal wastewater treatment plants to
calcareous soils. C. Gonzlez-Prez, F. Alatriste-Mondragn, M. Alfaro-
De la Torre, Environmental Sciences, IPICYT, San Luis Potosi, San Luis
Potosi, Mexico; J. Flores-Flores, IIZD, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
Te Mexican dry highland soils are mainly calcareous, rich in carbonates
and sulfates and low in organic matter content; grazing is the main land
use that is practiced in this region. Te soil amendment with high organic
matter content residues, for example stabilized sewage sludges (biosolids),
may enhance the general functioning of these soils and their productivity.
However, the presence of heavy metals in these sludges could restrict their
use for these purposes. Te applications of heavy metal-contaminated
residues can increase both potentially toxic metal concentrations in soils
and metal transfer to water and wild plants. Te accumulation of heavy
metals results from their adsorption on minerals and organic matter. Soil
carbonates have often been found to increase soil metal retention; thus, in
alkaline soils metal persistency is expected to be generally very high. Te aim
of this work was to assess the risk of metal transfer to soils from biosolids
obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Sequential chemical
extractions based on the procedures proposed by Tessier et al (1979) and the
Community Bureau Reference (BCR method) were used. Distribution of
metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, Fe) in ve fractions of biosolids and soils
were determined: a) soluble in acidic water (pH 5.6), b) exchangeable and
associated with carbonates phases, c) reducible associated to Mn and Fe
hydrous oxides, d) oxidizable associated to organic matter and e) residual.
Total leachable metal concentrations in biosolids are higher than those in
calcareous soils, but conrmed that the heavy metal content do not exceed
the limits established by the Mexican legislation. Te distribution of metals
in the phases to which they were associated in biosolids and soils indicated
that the metal concentrations decreased in the following order in the
fractions: Residual > Mn and Fe hydrous oxides > Carbonates > Organic
Matter > Exchangeables > Water Soluble. Te mobilization risk is lower
for the residual and higher for the soluble and exchangeable fractions. We
propose that the risk of metals mobilization from the biosolids to the soils
is low because they are mainly associated to the residual fraction. Given
that the biosolids are applied to soil surface, then the reduction of hydrous
oxides seems to be not feasible.
48 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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198 Evaluating the environmental persistence of organic
pollutants from laboratory tests, monitoring and modeling. R.S.
Boethling, Oce of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US EPA, Washington,
DC; J.R. Snape, AstraZeneca, Brixham, United Kingdom; K. Fenner,
EAWAG, Dubendorf, Switzerland; P. Howard, Syracuse Research
Corporation, Syracuse, NY; T. Madsen, DHI Water & Environment,
Horsholm, Denmark; M. Whelan, Craneld University, Craneld, United
Kingdom. Environmental persistence is an important property that can
enhance the potential of a chemical substance to exert adverse eects
and be transported to remote environments. Te persistence of organic
compounds is governed by the rates at which they are removed by chemical
and biological processes such as biodegradation, hydrolysis, atmospheric
oxidation and photolysis. Te persistence workgroup focused on evaluating
persistence of organic compounds in environmental media (air, water,
soil, sediment) in terms of their single-medium degradation half-lives.
Te ndings build upon the results of a previous Pellston workshop, as
well as recent guidance developed for other assessment programs. Te
primary aim was to provide guidance to authors and reviewers of chemical
dossiers in government and the private sector. A second objective was to
provide a summary of the current state of the science with respect to fate
assessment for POPs. Assessing the persistence of chemical substances in
the environment is not straightforward. A common misconception is that
like many chemical properties, environmental persistence is an inherent
property of the substance and can be readily measured. Tis is not the case.
Rates of degradation of a substance in the environment are determined
by a combination of substance-specic characteristics and environmental
conditions. Tis presentation considers how persistence can be evaluated
based on an assortment of supporting information including the results
of laboratory degradation tests, monitoring, multimedia environmental
modeling and QSARs. In addition to identifying information that a
risk prole should contain, special attention is given to several critical
issues including degradation products, bound residues, and treatment of
uncertainty and conicting data as part of a weight of evidence assessment.
199 Multi-media partitioning, overall persistence and long
range transport potential. K. Jones, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
United Kingdom; M. Scheringer, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Zurich, Switzerland; M. Matthies, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck,
Germany; S. Simonich, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; D. van der
Meent, RIVM, Amsterdam, Netherlands. When addressing the assessment
and regulation of persistent organic pollutants, it is important to assess the
ability of a compound to undergo multi-media partitioning, because this
will aect its: ability to be transported in air or water over long distances;
susceptibility to degradation in a particular compartment; potential to
transfer into living systems; overall persistence (Pov) in the environment;
and long-range transport potential (LRTP). Persistence and LRTP is often
assessed against criteria for single-media half-lives e.g. under the Stockholm
Convention. However, such approaches can overlook important features
of chemicals that undergo re-distribution in a multi-media environment.
Terefore, chemicals should also be assessed with respect to their Pov and
LRTP in an evaluative multi-media regional or global environment.
Te OECD Pov and LRTP Screening Tool allows comparison of the
test chemical against a series of reference chemicals. Complementary
to modeling, regulatory approaches often acknowledge the usefulness
of monitoring data, often from remote locations as indicators of LRT
potential. However, detection of a chemical in a remote area is not evidence,
per se, of these properties and needs to be assessed in the context of amounts
and patterns of usage and emission and the sensitivity of the analytical
methods. Te OECD Screening Tool can help to rank chemicals according
to their potential of transport over long distances into remote areas such as
the Arctic.
200 Workgroup 3 of the Pellston PBT Workshop: In-vitro
and in-silico approaches for bioaccumulation assessment. B. Escher,
Environmental Toxicology, EAWAG, Dbendorf, Switzerland; M. Bonnell,
Existing Substances Division, Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec,
Canada; S. Dimitrov, Dept. of Comp. & Inform. Technologies, University
of Zlatarov, Bourgas, BULGARIA; X. Han, Haskell Global Centers for
Health and Environmental Science, DuPont, Newark, DE; N. Kramer,
IRAS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; J. Nichols, MED-
Duluth, U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN. Predictive tools for the assessment of
bioaccumulation are critical components in an overall strategy for assessing
bioaccumulation potential in a regulatory and non-regulatory context.
Workgroup 3 explored the potential of in-vitro test systems and in-silico
approaches for improved prioritization and assessment of potentially
bioaccumulative chemicals. Te toxicokinetic processes of adsorption,
distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) determine the
bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds in sh and mammals.
Mechanistic models of bioaccumulation explicitly consider these ADME
processes but there is a lack of appropriate data as model input parameters,
particularly for compounds that do not partition simply to tissue lipid.
Tere are a variety of in-vitro systems available for estimating ADME
properties. In-vivo metabolism rate of xenobiotics can be estimated using
a variety of in-vitro systems including hepatocytes and microsomal or S9
fractions of sh liver in combination with a physiologically based prediction
model. Te perfused sh liver system is a promising tool for validation of in-
vitro assays. In-silico models are also being used to predict bioaccumulation
potential. Early models were based on empirically determined partitioning
relationships. Te mechanistic nature of more recent models makes them
more transparent and interpretable. Metabolic rate constants used as input
parameters for these models have been derived deductively from existing
in-vivo data sets. Guidance is provided for the use of bioaccumulation
prediction methods within the context of a weight-of-evidence approach.
Important to this usage is the domain of applicability of results generated
from in silico modeling eorts and in vitro assays. Teir application in
regulatory assessment schemes is relatively new, and will require continued
research to elucidate potential advantages and limitations.
201 Evaluation of Bioaccumulation using Whole Organism Lab
and Field Studies. K. Woodburn, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland,
MI; A. Weisbrod, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH; A.A. Koelmans,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; A. McElroy, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, NY; T. Parkerton, Exxon Mobil Biomedical,
Annandale, NJ; K. Borga, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo,
Norway. A primary concern in evaluation of chemicals is to identify
whether they biomagnify to concentrations sucient to pose health
concerns to humans or wildlife. Historically, biomarkers of in vivo chemical
exposure (e.g., egg shell thinning, bill deformities) have retrospectively
led to the identication of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Today,
multiple bioaccumulation metrics from lab and eld studies are available
to understand the bioaccumulation potential of a possible POP. Direct
measurement of bioaccumulation can be conducted using either laboratory-
exposed or eld-collected organisms. Recommendations for the collection
and evaluation of data from tests of whole organisms in lab and eld studies
is provided in the context of POPs screening (Annex D) and risk proling
(Annex E), and is applicable to any chemical management program. Tere
are multiple standard tests involving the exposure of aquatic or other species
to a chemical and measuring the resulting tissue residues. Exposures to
free or caged organisms can be via multiple routes, e.g., aqueous, dietary,
or through soil/sediment. Te advantages and disadvantages of standard
methods, non-standard tests, and data from tests conducted for other
purposes are described in terms of how the results can be used to build a
weight-of-evidence evaluation. Also reviewed are the methods to normalize
data and evaluate data uncertainty and reliability, in order to select the
most credible data to use in screening and risk proles. Based on the
bioaccumulation information contained in several draft POP Risk Proles,
recommendations are given for the types of information that are critical to
signicantly aid transparency and certainty in decision-making.
202 SETAC Pellston Workshop Working Group 5 - Revisiting
Bioaccumulation Criteria. W. de Wolf, DuPont Coordination Center,
Mechelen, Belgium; F. Gobas, Simon Frasier University, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada; E. Verbruggen, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands; K.
Plotzke, Dow Corning, Midland, MN; L. Burkhard, US EPA, Duluth,
MN. Te objective of workgroup 5 was to revisit the B(ioaccumulation)
criteria that are currently being used to identify POPs under the Stockholm
Convention and PBTs under CEPA, TSCA, REACh and other programs.
Despite the lack of a recognized denition for a B substance, we dened a
B(ioaccumulative) substance as a substance which biomagnies in the food-
web, i.e. increases in normalized concentration (or fugacity) with increasing
trophic position. It was concluded that the most relevant B criterion is the
TMF (Trophic Magnication Factor, and that the most conclusive evidence
to demonstrate that a chemical substance biomagnies is a TMF > 1. It is
crucial that in the characterization of the TMF both aquatic and terrestrial
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 49
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food-webs are considered. In absence of data on the TMF, the BMF (i.e.
Biomagnication Factor) is an indicator of the chemicals potential to
biomagnify through the food chain. While the BCF is generally used to
characterize B substances, the BCF is not a good surrogate for BMF or
TMF in terrestrial food-webs. Te BCF is an acceptable surrogate for
the BMF or TMF in aquatic food-webs if the route of exposure (water
vs. diet) does not aect biotransformation rate of the chemical in the
organisms and if bioavailability issues are not introducing signicant
experimental artefacts. Because empirical data regarding the TMF and BMF
are available for few chemicals that are considered in large scale chemical
evaluation initiatives, it is important to propose surrogate criteria to identify
potentially biomagnifying substances. Surrogate criteria suggested are log
Kow or log Koa, potentially supplemented with whole organism in-vivo
biotransformation rate constant (kM). Furthermore screening assessments
of chemicals for B can benet from the use of food-web bioaccumulation
models.
203 Use of Measurement Data in Evaluating Exposure of POPs/
PBTs in the Context of the Stockholm Protocol. D. Swackhamer,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; D. Muir, Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada; I. Holoubek, RECETOX National POPs
Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Czech Republic; L. Needham,
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control,
Atlanta, GA; D. Powell, Health & Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning
Corporation, Auburn, MI. Te Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs) recognized that POPs resist degradation,
undergo long range transport and accumulation in remote terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. Te convention also acknowledged that indigenous
communities, particularly in the Arctic, were at risk because of the
biomagnication of POPs and contamination of their traditional Foods.
Tis recognition was largely based on environmental monitoring data, and
demonstrate the need to have adequate guidance on data collection and use.
Although long range transport, persistence and bioaccumulation models
are important for screening of what chemicals are potential POPs and for
assessing human exposure, environmental measurement data are needed to
conrm predictions. Indeed the Stockholm convention (Annex E) requires
monitoring data for exposure in local areas and, in particular, as a result
of long-range environmental transport. However, there is relatively little
guidance available on the most appropriate environmental measurement
approaches, particularly for new candidate POPs, and on how to create a
weight of evidence based on such data. We provide guidance on how to
assess existing data generated by monitoring programs and individual studies
on the exposure of top predators and humans to candidate or potential
POPs, as well as considerations for collecting new additional data. Our
overall recommendation for assessing exposure in humans and top predators
is to use or obtain direct measurements of the compound of concern from
a signicantly and uniquely exposed population (indigenous populations,
remote populations), as well as data demonstrating biomagnication and
time trends if possible. Tese data must be from the appropriate sample
matrix type, must be collected and analyzed using accepted methodologies,
be reviewed for quality assurance, and be interpreted correctly in order to be
used to assess exposure.
204 Using Fate and Exposure Models in the Evaluation of
Potential POPs. M. McLachlan, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
Sweden; J. Arnot, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; M.
MacLeod, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; T. McKone, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; F. Wania, University of
Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; C.E. Cowan-Ellsberry,
Te Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH. Fate and exposure
models have considerable potential to improve in the risk prole evaluation
of signicant adverse eect under either the Stockholm Convention or
the LRTAP Convention. Such models are already used routinely in other
similar regulatory applications to inform the decision making, and they
have been instrumental in building our current understanding of the fate
of POP and PBT chemicals in the environment. Te ways that fate and
exposure models can be used to improve and inform the development of
risk proles include: - Benchmarking the ratio of exposure and emissions of
candidate chemicals to the same ratio for known POPs, thereby opening the
possibility of combining the relative magnitude of this ratio with the relative
emissions and relative hazard to arrive at a measure of relative risk. - Directly
estimating the exposure of the relevant endpoints to provide information to
compliment measurements, or where measurements are not available or are
limited. - Identifying the key processes and most important chemical and/
or environmental parameters which impact the exposure; thereby allowing,
when desired, focused research or measurements to improve the risk prole.
- Predicting future time trends including how quickly exposure levels in
remote areas would respond to reductions in emissions. A case study is
presented in which models are applied to the risk prole evaluation of a
candidate POP, PBDE 99. Te dierent elements listed above are addressed,
including the development and application of a benchmarking system.
205 Use of (Eco)Toxicity Data as Screening Criteria for the
Identication and Classication of PBT / POP Compounds. A.
Fairbrother, Toxicology & Risk Assessment, Parametrix, Inc., Bellevue,
WA; M. Marchand, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; L. McCarty, Scientic Research
& Consulting, Markham, Ontario, Canada; K. Solomon, Centre
for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Characterization of signicant adverse ecotoxicological eects of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) present particular challenges. In the various
international conventions on POPs and persistent, bioaccumulative, and
toxic substances (PBTs), guidance on classication is not detailed and, in
some cases, is not clear. In this paper, we focus on key issues in relation
to the selection of assessment endpoints, the use of appropriate eect
measures, and uncertainty in the face of little or no data. Ecotoxicological
assessment endpoints are generally at the level of the population and its
sustainability; however, some rare and endangered species may require
protection at the individual level. In principle, there is a large array of
standard guideline studies available to assess toxicity of POPs and PBTs,
but suciently large and robust datasets are available only for a few
substances and species. Because POPs are persistent and bioacumulative,
the most appropriate measures should be based on body or tissue residues
that are causally linked to adverse responses.Tese data will be more easily
matched to environmental measurements of body/tissue residues for the
purposes of assessing whether adverse eects occur in the environment. In
the face of persistence and accumulation in the food chain, appropriate
uncertainty factors need to be applied when assessing toxicity. Several draft
risk prole reports were reviewed to assess whether the information for
various endpoints supported the conclusions. Te proles lacked consistency
and there was no clear evidence that a generally accepted decision-making
process was followed. An evaluative scheme based on a tiered approach
is proposed to ensure that the same endpoints and evaluation in each
assessment are uniform. Tis paper oers practical guidance that can be
used to identify candidate POPs that have the potential to cause signicant
adverse eects in the ecosystem.
206 Development of guidance for integrating information on
exposure as a result of direct releases and of long-range transport and
adverse eect levels to assess the likelihood for signicant adverse
eects. D.V. Wijk, Science, Euro Chlor, Brussels, Belgium; R. Chenier,
Environment Canada, Ottawa, Quebec, Canada; T. Henry, OPPT, US EPA,
Washington DC, WA; M. Hernando, REACH Reference Center, Madrid,
Spain; C. Schulte, UBA, Dessau, Germany. Several national regulations and
regional or global conventions address the assessment and ultimate control
of PBT and POP substances. Te criteria for evaluating Persistence (P),
Bioaccumulation (B), and Toxicity (T), as well as for Long Range Transport
(LRT) characteristics of substances under the various programs are not
harmonized, but nevertheless show large similarities. Reviews of substances
generally involve an initial screening or categorization of substances, as well
as a more in-depth assessment of the properties and potential for adverse
eects. Te existing frameworks for evaluation of POPs/PBTs provide
adequate exibility to introduce additional, new and emerging scientic
evidence into the processes. Ultimately, with regards to potential POPs,
decisions are made on whether a chemical is likely, as a result of its long-
range environmental transport, to lead to signicant adverse human health
and/or environmental eects (SAE), such that global action is warranted.
In assessing any of the properties associated with potential PBTs or POPs
(P, B, T, LRT, SAE), a range of approaches, including empirically-derived
and model-derived information, should be considered and applied as
appropriate. In so doing, both quantitative and qualitative lines of evidence
can be used. Reporting should recognize and communicate uncertainties
associated with both quantitative and qualitative elements. Decisions on
whether to take actions on a given substance will be based on consideration
50 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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of a range of science, policy and legislative factors. Elements relating to the
science assessment of the properties and the likelihood of signicant adverse
eects are reviewed. Approaches identied can be applied to POP-specic
initiatives such as the Stockholm Convention, but they are also applicable to
a range of international, regional and domestic initiatives dealing with PBTs
and POPs.
207 Ecology comes rst in ecotoxicology. P.M. Chapman, Golder
Associates, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Ecotoxicology is,
by denition, not simply environmental toxicology. It incorporates adequate
ecological knowledge to test appropriate taxa using appropriate endpoints
and exposures: to protect ecosystem services, in particular essential
populations and communities, from toxic exposures; and, to this end, to
extrapolate from a few to many species and allow appropriate extrapolation
from the laboratory to nature. Testing can range from populations and
communities to individual organisms, to organs, to cells, to enzymes, so
long as ecological relevance is established, ideally a priori. Further, testing
needs to be designed and interpreted considering toxicity modifying factors
(not only physical and chemical but also biological [e.g., behavior]), and the
possibility not only of direct, but also of sometimes much more signicant
indirect eects (to competitors, predators, and prey e.g., trophic cascades).
Vulnerability to toxic chemicals can change related to global environmental
changes, nutritional status, pathogens, and other stressors. Toxicity testing
using laboratory surrogates is not necessarily ecotoxicology unless those
surrogates have been adequately compared to critical ecological processes
and not found wanting. Te ecologically most appropriate test organisms
(including most vulnerable life stages and populations), endpoints and
exposure routes may not always be intuitively obvious or easy to test, but
they will provide the most relevant and useful information for protecting
ecosystem services.
208 Wildlife Toxicology: Integration of Ecological and
Toxicological Research Strategies. R.J. Kendall, Te Institute of
Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
Over the past 25 years, the evolution of the eld of wildlife toxicology
has proceeded from basic laboratory-based LD50 and LC50 data
acquisition to scaled-up eld studies employing more ecological, as well
as toxicological assessment techniques. Currently, there is less emphasis
on eld measurement. To a large degree, this is caused by diculty in the
interpretation of eld-collected data. However, laboratory experiments
and modeling often do not adequately incorporate ecological eects that
may be manifested in the environment. Issues such as the direct and
indirect eects of environmental contaminants on wildlife populations in
their habitats will be discussed from a historical perspective and projected
research and development needs will be outlined and emphasized. Just
as we have increased our ability to implement and interpret integrated
laboratory and eld data, we must continue to strive to integrate ecological
and toxicological principles when we are acquiring data to assess impacts of
environmental toxicants on wildlife populations and their habitats. Tese
perspectives will be considered in the context of implemented wildlife
toxicology studies that have examined the potential impacts of a variety
of stressors, including pesticides, perchlorate and high-energy explosives
residues.
209 Freshwater ecotoxicological studies on organic contaminants:
Merging the gap between toxicology and ecology. J.M. Brausch,
K.A. Brausch, J.M. Cole, R.A. Erickson, A. Karnjanapiboonwong, R.
Vadan, S.B. Cox, C.A. Godard-Codding, J.D. Maul, Te Institute of
Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
Organic contaminants are ubiquitous and consistent stressors that inuence
most aquatic ecological relationships and processes. Many ecologists have
considered contaminants in their studies, indicating an increased awareness
of the importance of these stressors on basic ecological processes. Tus, it
is generally acknowledged that contaminants can aect ecological processes
at multiple levels of biological organization. In a preliminary review of the
ecological literature, however, we observed some commonly used design
approaches related to exposure frequency and behavior of the chemical
studied (i.e., fate) that may potentially aect the accurate assessment of
contaminant impacts. Tus, our objective was to conduct a review of
ecotoxicological studies published in ecology journals and characterize study
approaches and designs related to the assessment of contaminants. Our goal
is to bring this information to the attention of the ecological community
and provide suggestions and tools that should lead to improved assessment
of the eects of organic contaminants on freshwater ecological processes.
Ecology journals (the top 50 ranked by journal impact factor) were searched
using ISI Web of Knowledge for research articles that evaluated the
eects of organic contaminants on freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate
organisms. Overall, we found that many studies were well designed. For
example, about 66% of studies addressed bioavailability of contaminants
and most examined environmentally relevant concentrations. Also, many
studies quantied exposure concentrations using analytical chemistry
techniques. However, some re-occurring experimental design issues were
detected. Approximately 50% of the experiments in the studies examined
did not simulate environmentally relevant exposure frequencies. Finally,
point estimates such as EC50s were often mentioned in experimental
studies but rarely modeled, even when the experimental design allowed
for such analyses. Based upon these ndings, we recommend that studies
base experimental exposure concentrations and frequency heavily upon
environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Also, we recommend multi-
concentration designs, when possible, to allow for calculation of point
estimates. Such eorts will allow for these data to be used in ecological risk
assessments and facilitate comparisons among studies.
210 No Eco in Ecotoxicology without Context: Alterations in
Population Age Structure, Dynamics and Spatial interactions. W.G.
Landis, P.T. Bryant, L.A. Kaminski, Inst. Env. Tox, Western Washington
University, Bellingham, WA. Toxicological studies of birds, sh,
earthworms, daphnia, dogs or algae are not ecotoxicology unless the research
is placed within an ecological context. Ecology by denition incorporates
interactions between organisms in the context of the physical environment.
In order to predict and measure the ecological eects of toxicants a cause-
eect relationship must be constructed to incorporate at least the population
scale. We use three examples to illustrate these issues. First is the alteration
of age structure in a population as a result of dierent classes of modes of
action. Second is an exploration of the types of toxicological eects that
could give rise to the observed compression of age structure within the
Pacic herring of Puget Sound. Next, there is an update on the importance
of the spatial structure of a population and the transmission of eects
beyond direct exposure to a toxicant. Finally, ecotoxicology is put in the
framework of complex systems theory and the Hierarchical Patch Dynamics
Paradigm as a reminder of the critical nature of the ecological context and
the legacy of John Cairns Jr.
211 Responses of Lemna gibba exposed to triclosan across a
gradient of Nitrogen and Phosphorus ratios and concentrations.
B.A. Fulton, R.A. Brain, B.W. Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor
University, Waco, TX. Ecological stoichiometry is an underlying principle
in aquatic ecology for understanding linkages between the elemental
physiology of organisms and their trophic interactions. Unfortunately,
ecological stoichiometry has received considerably less attention from the
ecotoxicology and risk assessment communities. Whereas media employed
in standardized toxicity tests are generally optimal for maximum growth,
concentrations and ratios of elements may vary signicantly from ambient
concentrations and ratios in which environmental exposures to toxicants
occur. Te present study investigated the toxicity of triclosan to a oating
aquatic vascular plant, Lemna gibba, across a gradient of N:P ratios and
concentrations. Plants were exposed to triclosan for 7-d across four similar
N:P ratios (0.7, 3, 16, 2500) at concentrations orders of magnitude
dierent to identify responses at concentrations and ratios characteristic
of ambient and laboratory exposure. Traditional morphometric endpoints
were characterized in addition to elemental C:N:P stoichiometry in tissue
following exposure. Results indicate dierential morphological responses
when triclosan exposure occurs across nutrient concentrations. Respective
frond number EC50 values for the high treatment at N:P ratios 0.7, 3,
16, 2500 were 64.4, 64.5, 68.5, 93.1 g L-1, and at low treatments 191.6,
152.7, 167.7, and 155.0 g L-1. Stoichiometric results indicate triclosan
may dierentially modulate elemental composition of N and P in tissue
following exposure at low and high treatments: elements decreased in
tissue with triclosan concentration in the high treatment, but increased
in the low treatment. Consequently, additional studies explored nitrogen
uptake inhibition following 7-d triclosan exposure for plants cultured and
exposed to triclosan at 0.14, 1.4 and 14 mg N L-1. Our preliminary uptake
ndings also suggest L. gibba respond dierently to triclosan exposure
under dierent nutrient regimes, suggesting that site-specic dierences in
nutrients can introduce uncertainty to ecological risk assessment of aquatic
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plants. Future studies should evaluate the inuence of contaminants on
tissue stoichiometry.
212 Are species introductions increasing salmonid foraging
costs in Lake Ontario. G. Paterson, Worsfold Water Quality Centre,
Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; M. Whittle, Great
Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; K. Drouillard, D. Haner, Great
Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor,
Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Great Lakes phytoplankton, benthos, and
pelagic forage sh communities have undergone considerable changes since
salmonid stocking programs were initiated in the 1970s. Additionally, non-
indigenous species introductions have substantially altered both community
structure and production dynamics. Unfortunately, little is known of the
ability of salmonids to eciently exploit available prey resources under such
changed conditions. A comparison of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
energy densities and growth rates calculated for individuals collected from
1995 - 1999 and 2000 - 2004 demonstrated declines of 13 and 14%,
respectively, for these characteristics between these periods. Additionally,
the relationship describing the weight dependence of energy density for
larger (> 2000 g), older lake trout declined signicantly in the latter period.
Mirex body burdens for all age classes of lake trout, however, increased
during 2000 - 2004 relative to 1995 - 1999 indicating higher consumption
rates of mirex contaminated prey by lake trout in the current Lake
Ontario food web. Diet composition analysis indicated that round gobies
(Neogobius melanostomus) had replaced rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)
as the secondary prey species in the lake trout diet after alewives (Alosa
pseudoharengus). Importantly, round goby lipid contents, energy densities,
and mirex concentrations did not dier signicantly from those determined
for rainbow smelt. Tese results suggest that lake trout have shifted their
foraging behaviour to include shallower warmer water prey in the presence
of declining pelagic coldwater forage. In this manner, the increased
metabolic costs incurred by lake trout during such excursions have reduced
the fraction of consumed energy available for growth.
213 Detectability and uncertainty assessment of aquatic
microcosms: Implications for Experimental Design. B. Laird, H.
Sanderson, R. Brain, D. Johnson, C. Wilson, K. Solomon, Centre for
Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; B. Laird,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; H.
Sanderson, Danish National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde,
Denmark; R. Brain, Baylor University, Waco, TX; D. Johnson, C. Wilson,
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Microcosms
enable researchers to assess the eects of chemical contaminants and stressors
on zooplankton populations and communities and cascading indirect eects
through trophic interactions. However, the ability of researchers to detect
these eects is hampered by a lack of knowledge pertaining to the normal
operating ranges and variability of microcosm structural and functional
endpoints. Te natural variability of zooplankton abundance and species
richness in conjunction with common experimental design oversights
(e.g., pseudo-replication, or insucient/lack of replication) often impedes
the detectability of eects likely to be ecologically signicant. Terefore,
zooplankton abundance and species richness and several abiotic endpoints
were monitored in fteen untreated 12000 L outdoor microcosms over a
one year period to evaluate the natural variability and statistical detectability
of routinely measured endpoints. In addition, existing data from control
(i.e., untreated) microcosms of numerous studies at the same facility from
the previous 11 years were evaluated to corroborate endpoint normal
operating ranges, variability, and detectability. Statistical power analysis (=
0.1 and = 0.2) was utilized to calculate minimal detectable dierences
(MDD) for each evaluated endpoint. We demonstrated that the abundance
and species richness of Copepoda possess the best detectability (MDD
= 0.31 and 0.16, respectively) of evaluated trophospecies. However, the
ability to detect signicant eects to microcosm invertebrate communities
is improved when zooplankton abundance and species richness of all
trophospecies is pooled. Rotifera demonstrated the poorest single species
abundance detectability (0.54) while macroinvertebrates demonstrated the
poorest single species richness detectability (0.43). Notably, the minimal
detectable dierence of all zooplankton endpoints increased during the
summer months when the microcosm facility is most commonly used to
evaluate the eects of contaminants upon zooplankton communities. We
recommend a priori calibration of the study design relative to relevant
MDDs.
214 From Pickle Jar Bioassays and Pollution Surveys to Gene Chip
Technology and Geospatial Imaging in 40 Years -- Whats Next. A.F.
Maciorowski, Science Advisory Board, US EPA (1400 F), Washington,,
DC. Te past four decades have seen research, development and application
of toxicological and ecological methods to identify, characterize and assess
the ecological impact of products, chemicals, chemical wastes, and other
physical and biological stressors. Within this legislatively driven science-
policy milieu, ecotoxicology arose a recognizable scientic discipline. Te
roots of ecotoxicology began with the increasing public health concerns over
gross water pollution from the industrial revolution. From the late 30s to
late 60s a handful of pollution biologists worked with sanitary engineers
to improve water and waste treatment. Te late 60s through the 1980s
yielded a spate of environmental legislation that led to the development,
renement, and standardization of numerous eld and laboratory methods
for use in regulatory applications. For the most part, emphasis was on
reducing or eliminating acute and chronic toxicity from point sources and
contaminated sites. Te 1990s witnessed a conceptual shift from ecological
hazard evaluation to ecological risk assessment as a highly exible process
to integrate data and information. Over the last decade several large-
scale environmental issues have emerged that are again challenging how
scientists need to characterize risk for policymakers and environmental
decisionmakers. Issues such as the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone, biofuels,
carbon sequestration, and global trans-boundary air pollution have largely
moved beyond conventional ecotoxicological methods. Dealing with large
scale environmental issues will require increasing integration of agricultural,
energy, economic and social and demographic information, as well as
environmental and human health risk. Te present paper provides an
historical perspective ecotoxicology and ecological risk assessment from its
beginnings in stream sanitation, the shift to toxics control at point sources
and contaminated sites, and challenges for the future. Te question of
whether there is room for ecology in ecotoxicology is perhaps less critical
than whether toxicologists and ecologists a can adapt to work collaboratively
with economists, decision scientists, social scientists, and information
scientists. Such integrated science services will undoubtedly be necessary to
meet environmental challenges of the 21st century.
215 New methods to determine eciency of remediation by
capping. E. Eek, S. Nag, G. Cornelissen, A. Pettersen, G.D. Breedveld,
Environmental technology, Norwegian Geotechnical institute (NGI), Oslo,
Norway; G.D. Breedveld, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo,
Oslo, Norway; G. Cornelissen, Department of Applied Environmental
Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Two innovative
methods for measurements of contaminant ux from sediments are used
to determine the capping eciency of both passive and active capping
materials. Methods: Diusive ux of PAHs and PCBs from sediment with
native contamination was measured in microcosm tests with and without
passive cap materials (crushed stone materials and clay) and active cap
materials (activated carbon or graphite containing crushed limestone). In
these microcosm tests sediment and cap layers were placed in a glass beaker
with sea water and a oating cyclohexane layer on top. Te cyclohexane
acts as an innite sink for the HOCs. Te amount of PAHs and PCBs
accumulated in the cyclohexane was measured at predened times in
order to determine the ux from the sediment. Fluxes were also measured
under eld conditions using benthic ux chambers, where an innite sink
sorbent (trioline lled membranes) inside the chamber accumulated PAHs
and PCBs released from the seabed [2]. Results and discussion: With an
activated carbon cap the ux was lower than with passive caps. However,
the ux reduction of a 0.5 cm layer was >90% with respect to PAH ux for
all tested cap materials. It can be shown that if diusion is the dominant
mechanism of ux, 10 cm mineral cap can be sucient to obtain a RE of
>99% [1]. A reduction of the ux from the contaminated sediments of
99% or more surpasses in many cases the reduction under eld conditions,
taking into account the quality of newly formed sediments. Tis was
demonstrated by eld measurements of PAH and PCB ux from capped
and uncapped sediments, showing capping eciency of 90% after capping
with 40 cm clay. Tese results show that only a few cm of a passive cap
can be enough to reduce the diusive ux from contaminated sediments
suciently. On the other hand, the extra sorption capacity of an active
material can be needed in the cases where navigational needs require a thin
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cap or when contaminants in newly formed sediment on top of the cap are
limiting the eciency of the remedial eorts. References:,[1] Eek et al 2008,
Chemosphere, [2] Eek et al manuscript.
216 Eectiveness of Tin Layer Capping for the Control of
Bioaccumulation. W. Sarchet, D.D. Reible, X. Lu, Civil, Architectural and
Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common contaminant of concern
in sediments. Te potential risk to human health and the environment
from PAHs is largely controlled by processes near or at the sediment-
water interface. It is this upper layer of sediment that may be subject to
erosion during storm events and is populated by benthic organisms that
can enhance contaminant movement into the overlying water. Te use of a
thin layer sand cap (under 15 cm in depth) could prove to be an eective
management tool for sediments with relatively low contamination levels,
such as dredging residuals. Benets of a thin layer cap when compared to a
thick layer cap include reduced cost, monitoring needs, and environmental
impact on waterways. Tis study examines the eectiveness of a thin layer
sand cap in isolating chemical contaminants and the bioaccumulation of
contaminants in the benthic community, which could lead to increased
risk in human and ecological exposure. Additionally, the hypothesis that
porewater concentrations can be used to predict bioaccumulation was tested.
Microcosm cells were used to simulate an aquatic environment inhabited by
low level benthic organisms, and dierent sand cap thicknesses (0-10 cm)
were evaluated. Porewater concentrations were measured using Solid-Phase
Microextraction bers and compared to the bioaccumulation found in the
respective microcosm cell. Results show that a thin layer cap of a depth great
enough to isolate the bioturbation activities of benthic organisms from the
contamination (in this case 6 cm) is eective in reducing bioaccumulation
in the benthic organisms, and bioaccumulation of PAHs correlate strongly
with porewater concentrations.
217 SPME Measurement of Pore Water PAH Transport in
Amended Sediment Caps. P.T. Gidley, S. Kwon, U. Ghosh, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore
County, Baltimore, MD. Capping is a common remediation strategy
for contaminated sediments that creates a physical barrier between
contaminated sediments and the water column. Diusive ux of
contaminants through a sediment cap is small. However, under certain
hydrodynamic conditions such as groundwater potential and tidal pumping,
groundwater advection can accelerate contaminant transport. Hydrophobic
organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
could be transported through the cap under advective conditions. In
order to better understand this possibility, the migration of PAHs were
measured in the sediment and capping material pore water of laboratory
columns using solid phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography
and mass spectrometry. Contaminated sediment and capping material
was obtained from an existing Superfund site that was capped at Eagle
Harbor, Washington. Te capping material at this site had low levels of
organic carbon (0.04%) suggesting that the capping material has little
sorption capacity. In laboratory columns, the PAH dissolution from the
creosote contaminated sediment was measured. Te majority of the PAHs
demonstrated breakthrough of the capping material after 8 bed volumes
of ow. Organic carbon amendment in the form of peat moss (0.2% dry
wt.) extended the breakthrough time to at least 47 bed volumes for the
majority of the PAHs measured. With 0.2% activated carbon amendment,
breakthrough of PAHs was not observed after 157 bed volumes. An
advection-dispersion model with retardation using published organic
carbon-water partitioning coecients (Koc) provides reasonable prediction
of the measured prole of PAHs in the sediment cap porewater.
218 Evaluating Dissolved PCB Releases from Contaminated
Sediments Amended with Activated Carbon. L. Lockard, University
of Maryland Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD; P.
Paul, U. Ghosh, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD; A. Chang, J. Baker, Te
Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma,
WA. Te addition of granular activated carbon (AC) to contaminated
sediments reduces the bioavailability of organic contaminants, specically
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), (e.g. Millward et al., 2005; Zimmerman et al., 2005; Cornelissen
et al., 2006). Our research focuses on the longer term behavior of AC-
amended sediments, including alterations to sediment erodibility, changes
in microbial degradation rates, and release of dissolved contaminants from
the sediments. In laboratory studies, partitioning and desorption rates
of PCB congeners are measured using contaminated sediments from the
Grasse River in northern New York with and without the application of
AC amendments. Te sediments used in this study contain 5 g/g total
PCBs, 56% of which are dichlorinated and trichlorinated congeners.
Tirty-day aqueous equilibrium experiments with non-amended sediments
revealed that although monochlorinated through octachlorinated PCB
congeners were present in the bulk sediments, only the monochlorinated,
dichlorinated, trichlorinated, and tetrachlorinated congeners were released
into the dissolved phase. Tese results are due to the lower hydrophobicity
and faster mass transfer rates of these congeners. AC was added to a portion
of the Grasse River sediments and a 60-day study of PCB volatilization
from sediments with and without amendment was conducted. Volatilized
PCBs were collected on polyurethane foam plugs. Te addition of AC
decreased the masses of dichlorinated, trichlorinated, and tetrachlorinated
congeners released from sediments through volatilization by 6%, 14%, and
9%, respectively. Furthermore, sequestration of these congeners within the
sediments was increased by 27%, 16%, and 25%, respectively, when AC
amendment was added. Tese ndings conrm that AC amendments reduce
the release, and subsequent bioavailability, of PCBs from contaminated
freshwater sediments.
219 Benthic Community Response to Sediment Amendments.
Y. Arias-Tode, G. Rosen, J. Leather, Applied Ocean Sciences, SPAWAR
Systems Center, San Diego, San Diego, CA; J. Kan, A. Obraztsova, Y.
Wang, K. Nealson, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
K. Scheckel, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinatti, OH. Te
amendments apatite, organoclay, acetate, chitin, and geotextile reactive
mats containing apatite and apatite + organoclay are currently under
examination for remediation of contaminated sediments. Te objective
of this research is to evaluate toxicity to several estuarine and marine
benthic community surrogates exposed to the amendments singly, and in
combination. Amphipods (Eohaustorius estuarius), polychaetes (Neanthes
arenaceodentata), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), and purple
sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) were exposed to the various
amendments (at concentrations up to 5% by weight) in uncontaminated
sediment for up to 28 days in the laboratory. Bacterial counts and basic
microbiology were performed in the overlying water column. Te geotextile
mats had no observable eects on any of the organisms except bacterial
growth. Although not statistically signicant, there was an increase in sea
urchin fertilization success observed in all treatments that included loosely
mixed apatite. Acetate treatments resulted in reduced polychaete survival
in some beakers, as well as reduced minnow growth. Polychaete mortality
was attributed to a temporary, but sharp, decline in dissolved oxygen
concentration (to 1.3 mg/L) that was observed on Day 5 of the exposure.
Enhanced growth of N. arenaceodenatata relative to controls, however, was
observed in acetate treatments. Chitin treatments resulted in overlying water
and pore water ammonia concentrations substantially higher than any of
the other treatments. Microbial activities play critical roles in remediation in
natural environments. Results indicate that bacterial cell counts (~ 2 x10 5
cell ml-1) in the overlying water did not change signicantly over time for
treatments, except those containing acetate, chitin, and apatite. By day 28,
cell counts in the presence of acetate increased by three orders of magnitude,
while counts in chitin treatments increased one order of magnitude. It was
concluded by the authors that there was no inherent toxicity associated with
the amendments. Toxicity to the macro benthic community from acetate
and chitin likely resulted from the increase in bacterial growth and the
subsequent impairment of water quality.
220 Impacts of Reactive Mat Capping of Contaminated Sediments
on the Benthic Communities of the Cocheco River, New Hampshire.
K. Gardner, D. Aulisio, D. Wise, S. Greenwood, J. Melton, Environmental
Research Group, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH; J. Lee,
J. Byers, Zoology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH. Tis project is focused on developing thin geotextile mats containing
reactive compounds that eectively sequester metals and PAHs in sediments
in situ. Te reactive mats developed for this project are cost eective, non-
intrusive, address multiple types of contaminants, are easily deployed, oer
slope and erosion stability, and retain permeability for natural groundwater
ow. Because the reactive mat capping technique has not be extensively
eld-tested, knowledge of benthic community-level impacts is critically
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missing. Tis project focuses on characterizing eects of the use of reactive
mats on sediment contaminants and the associated benthic communities.
Te presentation will cover the eld deployment of the mats and the
concurrent measurement of a comprehensive suite of physical, chemical and
biological variables. In addition to sediment chemistry, SPME and peepers
have been used for measuring bioavailable PAH and metals and changes
in underlying sediment geochemistry due to mat deployment. Special
peepers have been constructed to measure metals in and over the thin
mats. Characterization of benthic community structure response to mats,
including surface recolonization, have been measured and will be presented.
221 Reactive Capping Mat Development for Sequestering
Contaminants in Sediment. G. Tracey, G. Berman, J. Swanko, SAIC,
Newport, RI; K. Gardner, J. Melton, UNH, Durham, NH; A. Hawkins,
Navy NFESC, Pt. Hueneme, CA. Te NFESC/SAIC/UNH team is
working to develop a reactive geotextile mat system as a chemically eective,
mechanically stable, and cost ecient technology for reducing ecological
risks by sequestering contaminants in sediment, thereby avoiding the need
for dredging and osite placement. Te mat system, if successful, would
be deployed in a wide variety of environmental settings to prevent both
metals and organic contaminants from entering overlying surface waters
while simultaneously allowing both groundwater ux and surcial biological
colonization. Various mixtures of reactive amendments to potentially absorb
sediment contamination have been evaluated in a laboratory setting and
the optimal combination (0.28 lb/sf activated carbon, 0.23 lb/sf apatite,
0.28 lb/sf organoclay) has been placed within prototype mats with woven
geotextile tops and a non woven geotextile backs to be positioned on top
of sediments of concern. Cottonwood Bay in Grand Prairie, Texas was
selected as the most suitable project test site based on a variety of chemical,
physical, biological and logistical factors. A comprehensive geophysical
investigation, including bathymetry, side scan sonar, sediment prole
imaging and groundwater seep surveys, was conducted to characterize the
site and identify a specic target area for mat placement with a substantial
groundwater plume. Gradient ratio testing and nite element modeling
was conducted using both clean geotextiles and eld weathered small scale
(6 ft x 6 ft) test mats to identify the non woven geotextile most resistant to
biofouling (8 oz/sq. yd polypropylene with 80 apparent opening size) for
construction of the prototype mat system. A full scale mat system featuring
four 25 ft x 25 ft test arrangements (bare single layer geotextile, single layer
geotextile with sand cap, bare double layer geotextile, sand cap only) and an
undisturbed control area was deployed in Cottonwood Bay in April 2008.
In September 2008, following ve months of soak time, the eectiveness
of the various test arrangements in terms of contaminant sequestration will
be monitored by passive sampling (semi-permeable membrane devices,
peepers) placed for 30 days within the mat systems. Preliminary conclusions
derived from eld testing will be discussed as well as plans for an additional
groundwater seepage survey to quantify ux through the mat after one year
of deployment.
222 Eects of Active Cap Components on Contaminant
Bioavailability and Toxicity in Contaminated Sediments. A.S. Knox,
M.H. Paller, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC; D.D. Reible,
University of Texas, Austin, TX; I.G. Petrisor, Haley & Aldrich, San Diego,
CA. Tis study evaluated the application of rock phosphate (apatite),
organoclays, and biopolymer coated sands in active caps. In contrast to
passive capping, active or reactive capping involves the use of capping
materials that react with sediment contaminants to reduce their toxicity or
bioavailability. Active capping is a less mature technology that holds great
potential for a more permanent solution that avoids residual risks resulting
from contaminant migration through the cap or breaching of the cap. In
this paper we present methods for measuring the bioavailability of metals in
amended contaminated sediments. A sequential extraction was conducted
on the solid phase to evaluate metal retention and bioavailability in
sediments amended with rock phosphate (apatite) and organoclay. Addition
of amendments (from 2.5% to 10%) signicantly reduced the Potentially
Mobile (Bioavailable) Fraction (PMF) but increased the Recalcitrant
Factor (RF) for several elements, especially Pb, Zn, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, and
U with the highest shifts in metal mobility observed with the highest
dose of amendments. Addition of 10% apatite to the sediment resulted in
about a 40% reduction in the PMF for Co, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Tese results
indicate that rock phosphate and organoclay are suitable for remediation of
contaminated sediments and for inclusion in active caps. Tese materials
were evaluated for potentially harmful side-eects on aquatic organisms as
well as for contaminant sequestering and retention capacity. All materials
were tested with ten day sediment toxicity tests that followed standard EPA
protocols and employed Hyalella in freshwater and Leptocheirus in brackish
(esturine) water. Extracts from potential amendments were analyzed to
determine if they contained impurities that could be released into water.
Metal concentrations in water extracts from the amendments did not exceed
EPA ambient water quality criteria or other ecological screening values.
Additional studies employed the standardized EPA Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP), which is used to identify metals that may be
mobilized from sediments or soils. Metal concentrations in all extracts were
well below the TCLP limits.
223 New Mercury Adsorbent Media and Its Environmental
Applications. Z. Wang, C. Hornaday, J. Olsta, J. Darlington, CETCO,
Arlington Heights, IL; D. Reible, Department of Civil, Architectural and
Environmental Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Mercury has drawn great environmental concerns in recent years due to
its cause of neurological impairment to humans and its bio-accumulation
ability in the food chain. Mercury contaminants in the environment
are coming from many sources. Te oil and gas industry has to meet a
mercury discharge limit before they can discharge the produced water
safely overboard. Many remediation projects also have to face the unique
challenges from the mercury contaminants. Among the technologies applied
to mercury treatment, a high ecient mercury adsorbent with high sorption
capacity is preferred in a certain environment. A new class of mercury
adsorbent media had been developed. Tis media technology is based on
the organoclay technology using several surface modication techniques on
a montmorillonite clay with a high surface area. Te resulted media is very
hydrophobic, porous and very permeable to water, and more importantly,
it shows its high adsorption anity to mercury ions. A series of lab column
studies were conducted on the media. At about 10 ppm concentration of
Hg (II) in the inuent water under an acidic condition with a 6-minute
contact time, the Hg (II) ions were removed at high eciency throughout
the study. On a separate study, both the organic contaminant and the Hg
(II) were presented in the inuent, the media was able to remove both
contaminate species simultaneously. Te media was heavily evaluated under
dierent operation scales using the actual produced water from the oil and
gas industry. During the eld trials, the mercury found in the euent was
able to meet the10 ppb discharge limit without suering oil fouling as it had
been demonstrated early in a similar lab test. Te Hg removal is based upon
several removal mechanisms. Te chemi-adsorption is the dominant force
and is non-reversible. Te media has quite potential to be used as a mercury
adsorbent/sequesting agent for many remediation applications. It could be
applied in several forms, such as in bulk media, in a mat, in a slurry wall or
as a solidication/stabilization agent. Some preliminary aqua life toxicity
data collected for this media will also be presented and discussed.
224 Development of Water Quality Criteria for Molybdenum for
the State of Nevada. H. Latimer, J. Diamond, Tetra Tech, Inc., Owings
Mills, MD; P. Comba, Nevada Division of Environmental Protection,
Bureau of Water Quality Planning, Carson City, NV. Molybdenum
(Mo) is an essential micronutrient, but can be toxic at highly elevated
concentrations. Molybdenum is actively mined at several locations in the
western U.S., including Nevada, as well as in other countries. Given existing
mining eorts and increasing global demand for Mo, it is likely that water
quality criteria (WQC) and water quality standards (WQS) for Mo will
become increasingly useful for evaluating potential toxic eects and in other
regulatory programs. In the U.S., there are currently no National WQC for
the protection of aquatic life for Mo. Te State of Nevada adopted a WQS
of 19 g Mo/L based on toxicity data from three studies and an estimate
of national ambient background concentrations of Mo. Tus, the current
Nevada WQS for Mo was not developed using generally accepted criteria
development methods, nor is it consistent with methods recommended
by the USEPA. Te objective of this project was to develop appropriate
Mo WQC for aquatic life protection for Nevada that are scientically
defensible, meet EPA protocols for deriving criteria, and are based on sound
toxicological data. A literature review yielded acute Mo toxicity data from
20 species and chronic data from eight species. Of these, acute data from
15 species and chronic data from ve species were determined to be suitable
for use in criteria development. Species mean acute values (SMAVs) ranged
from 28.9 mg Mo/L to >10,000 mg Mo/L, while species mean chronic
54 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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values (SMCVs) ranged from 1.7 mg Mo/L to 866 mg Mo/L. Te available
data were suitable for use in development of WQC using EPA methods, and
did not yield meaningful relationships toxicity of Mo and hardness. Because
bioaccumulation of Mo does not play a signicant role in the toxicity of
Mo to aquatic life, a water-based criteria approach was appropriate. Using
EPA methods, an acute criterion of 6.2 mg Mo/L and a chronic criterion
of 1.7 mg Mo/L were calculated. Tese criteria are much lower than Mo
concentrations reported to be related to ecological impacts and are well
above natural background concentrations in Nevada. Although these
criteria were developed for the State of Nevada, they are applicable as WQC
for other states, as well. Te State of Nevada is currently going through a
regulatory adoption process and EPA review of these criteria.
225 Evaluating the protection of USEPA water quality criteria
for copper or ammonia to freshwater mussels and snails. N. Wang, J.
Besser, C. Ingersoll, C. Ivey, J. Kunz, US Geological Survey, Columbia,
MO; R. Arnold, Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment L.L.C., Tyler, TX;
T. Augspurger, USFWS, Raleigh, NC; J. Dwyer, USFWS, Columbia,
MO; R. Erickson, USEPA, Duluth, MN; C. Mebane, USGS, Boise, ID.
Previous studies have indicated that early life stages of freshwater mussels
and snails are more sensitive to copper or ammonia than most commonly
tested organisms and that the USEPA water quality criteria (WQC) may not
adequately protect mussels and snails from ammonia or copper exposure.
However, these studies were typically conducted in reconstituted waters with
a limited range of water quality characteristics and at low concentrations
of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). DOC reportedly inuences copper
toxicity and pH inuences ammonia toxicity to sh and other species. Te
objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the inuence of DOC and pH
on acute toxicity of copper and ammonia, respectively, to juvenile mussels
(fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea); (2) to use the copper biotic ligand model
(BLM) or pH-ammonia relationship model used in the WQC to predict
acute toxicity of copper and ammonia to mussels; and (3) to evaluate the
sensitivity of mussels and snails relative to other organisms used to derive
the WQC. Static-renewal acute 96-h copper toxicity tests were conducted
with juvenile fatmucket in natural or reconstituted waters at four nominal
DOC concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L). Te acute 96-h ammonia
toxicity tests were conducted at ve nominal pH levels (6.5, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5,
and 9.0) in ow-through diluters. Dissolved copper EC50s varied 40-fold
over all of 21 treatments in various dilutions of the DOC waters. Within
a particular water type, copper EC50s increased 5- to 12-fold across DOC
concentrations of 0.1 to up to 11 mg/L. Te BLM-predicted copper EC50s
agreed with the observed EC50s within a factor of 1.7. Total ammonia
EC50s decreased from 88 mg N/L at pH 6.6 to 0.96 mg N/L at pH
9.0. Te pH-ammonia relationship for mussels was similar to the pooled
relationship for other taxa reported in the WQC. BLM- or pH-normalized
eect concentrations for copper or ammonia for mussels and snails tested
in the current and other studies were frequently equal to or below the nal
acute or chronic values used to derive the WQC. Tese results indicate that
the copper BLM and the pH-ammonia model used to derive the WQC are
appropriate for fatmucket. However, the current WQC may not adequately
protect mussels and snails from ammonia or copper toxicity.
226 Considerations in the Derivation of Water Quality Criteria
for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. G. Ankley, R. Erickson, D. Ho,
D. Mount, USEPA, Duluth, MN; J. Beaman, USEPA, Washington, DC;
J. Lazorchak, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH; T. Linton, GLEC, Columbus,
OH. When the USEPAs 1985 guidelines for deriving numerical water
quality criteria (WQC) for the protection of aquatic life were developed
there was little anticipation that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
would become a widespread environmental issue. While the basic guidelines
provide a solid framework for developing protective WQC for EDCs,
recent research has demonstrated that some EDCs (e.g., steroidal estrogens
and androgens) have unique characteristics that aect exactly how the
guidelines could/should be applied. For example, many EDCs are extremely
potent in terms of chronic developmental and reproductive eects while
causing little acute lethality, and consequently have acute:chronic eect
ratios of 1000 or higher. Tis has repercussions for the need for, or utility
of extensive acute toxicity data for criteria derivation. EDCs also tend to be
quite specic in their toxic mechanism of action, such that some phyla can
be far more sensitive than others. For example, sh are orders of magnitude
more sensitive than invertebrates to estrogens, such that requiring collection
of large amounts of toxicity data for invertebrates would have little eect
on WQC derivation for this class of chemicals. EDC specicity also has
implications for test design and endpoints used for WQC toxicity datasets.
Some historically useful test designs (e.g., early-life stage exposures with
sh) are unlikely to be eective because biological responses potentially
most sensitive to EDCs are not included. Alternatively, some endpoints not
typically employed for WQC derivation in the past (e.g., histopathology)
could prove of signicant utility. Tis talk will provide an overview of these
technical challenges and provide recommendations as to how they can be
addressed using the model steroidal estrogen, 17-ethinylestradiol, as a case
example.
227 Deriving Water Quality Criteria Based on Natural Conditions.
J. Diamond, Tetra Tech, Inc., Owings Mills, MD; J. Butcher, Tetra Tech,
Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC. Many State water quality programs
acknowledge that in certain instances, the natural condition of a waterbody
may include physicochemical regimes that exceed national criteria-based
standards. However, there is debate as to how such situations should be
addressed. In practice, the natural condition for a given constituent (e.g.,
copper, nitrate, dissolved oxygen) will vary over time and is imprecisely
known. Tetra Tech, with Alaska DEC, developed a rigorous and
comprehensive approach to derive natural condition standards (NCS) for
pollutants such as certain metals and fecal coliform, which are naturally
elevated in some Alaska waterbodies. NCS for toxic pollutants are estimated
based on lower condence limits on the central tendency and upper quantile
of sample data representing the natural condition. In addition, minimum
data standards are imposed to ensure that any such determinations are
based on reliable information. Use of the lower condence limit ensures
that risk is minimized, while allowing excursions of national or State criteria
to reect site-specic conditions. Tis approach has since been modied
and extended to other non-toxicological constituents such as nutrients and
dissolved oxygen. A critical component of the NCS approach is proving that
the condition being measured is natural. Criteria developed for Alaska as
to whether a given site or waterbody represents a natural condition include
low road density upstream or upgradient, low population density, and no
major hydrological structures such as dams or diversions. A State could
choose to rene these and other criteria to dene what is a natural condition
and demonstrate natural causes in terms of observed physicochemical
conditions. In many cases, biological data are useful in demonstrating a
natural condition exists, however, such data must be of high quality to
ensure appropriate environmental protection. Adequate tools are needed
to distinguish natural processes from those that represent unnatural
disturbances to benecial uses. Resolving this distinction is at the crux of
use attainability evaluations and relates to other types of criteria (nutrient,
bedded sediment, biological), as well as dierent water body situations
(euent-dominated, ephemeral), and climate change.
228 Te Water Research Strategy: Research Needs for Aquatic
Ecosystem and Human Health Protection in the US EPA Water
Program. M. Reiley, Oce of Science and Technology, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Te US EPA Water Program
implements aquatic life, ecosystem protection, human health, and
drinking water legislation to protect and improve the chemical, physical,
and biological integrity of the nations surface waters and protect ground
water and drinking water for human consumption. Te Clean Water
Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Beaches Act, and other statutes require
waters of sucient quality to achieve designated uses. Designated uses
are human uses such as recreational, commercial, or subsistence shing
and drinking water or aquatic life and wildlife uses such as spawning and
feeding. Surface waters in the US have improved signicantly through
technology and water quality toxics control programs. Yet, pressures on
aquatic ecosystems(urbanization, climate change, novel contaminants)
remain and the chemicals of concern, their sources, and their impacts are
changing. Tere are research questions about: bioavailability, mixtures,
mode of action, cause and eect, uncertainties, interspecies extrapolation,
assessment and measurement endpoints, and known and emerging
chemicals and pathogens. Approaches are needed to: evaluate remedial and
protective actions, determine recovery potential, understand aquatic system
interconnectedness and essential habitat, suciently understand aquatic
systems to enable watershed approaches to water quality management,
understand the impact of climate change on water resources, as well as
determine the eectiveness of the management practices that are in place.
Te scientic objective of the presentation is to raise awareness of water
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 55
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quality regulatory program research needs so investigators can develop more
informed proposals, research, academic, and outreach programs. Te goal:
increase the number of collaborative research activities, leverage the universe
of extramural research resources and expertise, and diversify the perspectives
brought to water regulatory science. Te outcome will be: broader interests,
participation, and perspectives brought to water quality and ecosystem
decision making and more accurate levels of aquatic life, human health, and
aquatic ecosystem protection and the science will gain faster acceptance and
application by stakeholders. Disclaimer: Te information presented in this
abstract is the opinion of the author, not of the Oce of Water or EPA, and
does not bind EPA in any way.
229 Evaluation of Time- and Concentration-Dependent Toxic
Eect Models for Use in Aquatic Risk Assessments. R. Erickson, Mid-
Continent Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Duluth, MN. Various models have been proposed for describing the
time- and concentration-dependence of toxic eects to aquatic organisms,
which would improve characterization of risks in natural systems. Selected
models were evaluated using results from a study on the lethality of copper
to juvenile fathead minnows that examined eects under continuous
exposures of various durations and under pulsed exposures. Models were
parameterized based on continuous exposure tests, and model assumptions
were evaluated based on their goodness-of-t to these tests. Predictions
for pulsed exposure tests were made, and used to further evaluate
model assumptions and compare model performance. Tese evaluations
demonstrated good utility of these models, and showed better performance
using models with multiple toxicity processes and with a deterministic,
rather than a stochastic, approach for dierences among individual
organisms. For the types of exposures of interest in typical aquatic risk
assessments, risk prediction dierences among models were small, so that
complex models might not be needed. Tis abstract does not necessarily
reect USEPA policy.
230 Using the Relative Risk Model for Managing Water Quality
with Multiple Types of Stressors and Sources using Lake Whatcom,
Washington as a Case Study. C.M. Maginnis, Bellingham Field Oce,
Department of Ecology, Bellingham, WA; W.G. Landis, Inst. Env. Tox,
Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA. A major element in
understanding water quality is the accounting of multiple stressors from
multiple sources within the watershed that supports the resource. Most
conventional approaches are a stressor by stressor or euent by euent,
not integrating the entire supply system. In the case of Lake Whatcom,
the reservoir for Bellingham WA and part of the surrounding county, the
relative risk model framework was used to evaluate both human health
and ecological water quality endpoints. Te lake is currently listed on the
state impaired waterbodies list for dissolved oxygen and a TMDL process
is underway to reduce phosphorus sources. Te study area included the
Lake Whatcom watershed and the watershed for the Middle Fork of the
Nooksack River, and additional source of water. Results of the analysis
demonstrated that the elimination of risk due to phosphorus would reduce
the risk to the lake and watershed by only twenty percent. Uncertainty
analysis demonstrated that phosphorus and erosion stressors were similar in
mode with a great deal of overlap in distributions. Phosphorus was sixth in
the ranking of stressors for risk to human health that was topped by gasoline
products and erosion. Although the TMDL process has consumed years of
eort and considerable resources, risk reduction can be only a fraction of
the total. Te multiple stressor approach combining ecological and human
health endpoints should be applicable to reservoirs and other freshwater
resources. If the goal is to reduce risks overall for water quality management
of the system, then the approach outlined above IS more eective than a
classic TMDL dominated process, which manages only one source of water
quality impairment
231 Aquatic Ecosystem-Scale Selenium Modeling for Invertebrates,
Fish, and Birds. T.S. Presser, S.N. Luoma, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo
Park, CA; E.E. McNaughton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San
Francisco, CA. Ecosystem-scale selenium modeling is a linked approach
that conceptualizes and then quanties the variables that determine how
selenium is processed from water through diet to predators. Te result is
a biologically-based protocol for site-specic evaluations and predictions
of risk from selenium. Tis approach uses geochemical and physiological
factors from either laboratory or eld studies and independently considers
selenium loading, dissolved concentrations, transformation to particulate
material, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer. Watershed considerations
can be predator-driven to assess the protection of sh and birds vulnerable
to selenium and/or those threatened or endangered. Te model derives
forecasts of dissolved selenium concentrations from bioaccumulated
selenium in chosen predator species (e.g. a tissue criteria value or a tissue
Predicted No-Eect Concentration). Key inputs are: (1) trophic transfer
from invertebrates to sh or birds; (2) bioaccumulation from particulates
into invertebrate prey; and (3) partitioning constants between sediment and
water (i.e., Kd). Protocols were developed to estimate Kd when data are not
available. Invertebrate bioaccumulation is derived from particulate material
through biodynamic modeling using ingestion rate, assimilation eciency,
and uptake and eux rates. Bioaccumulated concentrations in sh and birds
are derived from the relationship of concentrations in diet to concentrations
in egg, liver, or muscle that serve as endpoints for determination of toxicity.
Model forecasts were independently validated from existing data; and can
be site-specically validated by collection of carefully designed matched
datasets across ecosystem media. Although sucient data are presently
available to use the model for estimating outcomes of specic decisions
about regulatory criteria for selenium, uncertainties about predictions
are increasingly narrowed as site-specic data on selenium are developed.
Uncertainties could be further narrowed by more knowledge of (a) factors
that control accumulation of selenium in site-specic food webs; (b) factors
that control selenium transformation and transport; and (c) toxicity testing
that links diet to eects in birds and sh.
232 Local Implementation of Endangered Species Protection
Under Federal Program Mandates: Analysis of Process and Needs. B.D.
McGaughey, Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA; T. Hall,
Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC; S. Wall, Syngenta Crop
Protection, Greensboro, NC. Te Environmental Protection Agencys
Oce of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Registration and Registration Review
processes require a complex series of data evaluations, risk assessments
and potential risk mitigation measures. Tese processes are undertaken to
ensure that OPPs action complies with the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) requirements for the protection of the
environment as well as with the requirements of the Endangered Species
Act (ESA) for the protection of endangered species. OPP is further
challenged by requirements in the ESA stating that their actions on species
protection must be taken in such a way so as to ensure that there is not an
adverse impact on the nations ability to produce food, ber and forests.
Te now-emerging process drives multiple relationships and interactions
at the federal, state and local level in both the public and private sector.
For example, states must implement species protection in a way that is
appropriate to their local conditions, crops and sensitive species. Growers
must follow any restrictions on the label or on county bulletins, which
are considered an extension of the label. Registrants of pesticides must
anticipate possible risks in their data and label development process and
provide appropriate data to aid EPA in its risk assessment and mitigation
process. As EPA works through the rst round of endangered species
assessments in response to litigation and Registration Review, these processes
and interactions are expected to coalesce into clear policy. Tis presentation
will provide an overview of how a registration action may be impacted by
these developments, where each stakeholder has a role and how, ultimately,
the site-specic end use is potentially aected. A ow diagram of the
process as it currently exists will identify participants, decision points and
implementation points, and will also show how this process is aected by
evolving policy, such as (1) ESA consultation between the NOAA-Fisheries
or the US Fish and Wildlife Services (collectively, the Services) and OPP;
(2) Registration Review; (3) implementation of OPPs Endangered Species
Pesticide Program; and (4) response to litigation.
233 Washington States Approach to Reducing Uncertainty in
FIFRA Ecological Risk Assessments for Pesticide Registration Trough
Implementation of a State Initiated Plan for Endangered Species
Protection. J. Cowles, Washington State Department of Agriculture,
Olympia, WA. With the listing of salmon for protection under the
Endangered Species Act, the Washington State Department of Agriculture
(WSDA) determined there were data gaps precluding an accurate assessment
of the potential exposure and subsequent eects of pesticides on salmonids
in Washington State. As part of the pesticide registration process, EPA is
not able to assess the state specic use patterns of pesticides and thus must
rely upon use assumptions based on the maximum labeled application rate.
56 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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While this approach provides a conservative assessment of exposure based
on maximum use of a pesticide it does not take into account regional use
patterns and practices nor the spatial relationship of agriculture to a listed
species habitat. WSDA worked with EPA to develop a State Initiated Plan
(SIP) that formalizes a process for incorporating state-specic pesticide
use data into FIFRA risk assessments for endangered species. Tree data
elements were identied that would reduce uncertainty in the FIFRA risk
assessment process: (1) crop mapping to the eld level; (2) pesticide use
proles based on agricultural practices in Washington State; (3) surface
water monitoring during the typical pesticide use season. Tese data
elements will be presented and discussed in relationship to the FIFRA risk
assessment paradigm.
234 Te States role in performing endangered species assessments
for state emergency exemptions (Section 18) and state special local
need (Section 24c) registration requests examples from Florida.
M. Feken, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Tallahassee, FL. Te Endangered Species Act requires all federal agencies
to ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out, does not
adversely impact any federally listed threatened and endangered species,
or destroy or adversely modify any critical habitat for that species. Under
the new nalized federal Endangered Species Protection Program (ESPP),
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed risk
assessment procedures for determining the potential risks that a pesticide
may pose to a listed species and any designated critical habitat for the
species. Tese eects determinations result in either a no eect or
may aect determination. A species-specic assessment is initiated for
those may aect determinations in order to determine if a pesticide may
aect, but is not likely to adversely aect the species; or may aect and is
likely to adversely aect the species. While the former conclusion requires
written concurrence with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the latter
requires a formal consultation with FWS. However, for states seeking an
emergency exemption (Section 18) or Special Local Need (SLN; Section
24c) registration to address an existing or imminent emergency or local need
pest problem, EPA is initially relying on the states to perform an endangered
species assessment. Considering the disparity of resources available at the
state level, EPA is relying on the states to provide as much information as
possible regarding the proposed use relative to potential implications for
endangered and threatened species. Te Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services presents two example endangered species
assessments they have submitted to EPA. Te rst example assessment
was conducted to support a Section 18 request for seven fungicide active
ingredients to control soybean rust on soybeans. Te second assessment was
conducted to support an SLN request for aerial application of the herbicide,
oryzalin, on caladiums.
235 Protection of imperiled species during mosquito control
operations in South Florida a case study involving complex risk
management challenges. M. Feken, S. Dwinell, Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, FL. South Florida is home
to several well-known federally listed threatened and endangered species
(e.g., Key deer), but also possesses many lesser known species considered
imperiled and in need of federal protection. While some of these species
are state listed, many have no statutory protection. Mosquito control has
been implicated in the decline of several non-target species in South Florida,
particularly imperiled butteries. Florida authorizes the use of mosquito
control under Chapter 388 of the Florida Statues in order to achieve and
maintain such levels of arthropod control as will protect human health and
safety and foster the quality of life of the people, promote the economic
development of the state, and facilitate the enjoyment of its natural
attractions by reducing the number of pestiferous and disease-carrying
arthropods. Mosquito control practices on environmentally sensitive public
lands and adjacent private property can result in disputes between agencies
and environmental groups, particularly when these areas contain imperiled
species. In response, the Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito
Control (the Council) was established to develop and implement
guidelines to assist the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services in resolving conicts arising over the control of arthropods on
publicly owned lands. In 2007, the Subcommittee on Imperiled Species,
was created by the Council to provide recommendations to the Council
regarding conduct of mosquito control that will: 1) allow for management
and recovery of imperiled species by state and federal agencies and 2) allow
the Mosquito Control Districts to continue to provide mosquito control
as required by State Law under Chapter 388 of the Florida Statues. A
brief history of the Council and the current topics of the Subcommittee
on Imperiled Species are presented. Te role of states in protecting non-
federally listed imperiled species is also discussed.
236 Te Importance of Process: A Depiction of the Decision
Points, Data Needs and Stakeholders in the Evolution of a State
Mitigation for Pesticide Use. T. Hall, Bayer CropScience, Research
Triangle Park, NC; S. Wall, Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC;
B.D. McGaughey, Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA. In
taking pesticide registration or Registration Review actions as governed by
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, the Environmental
Protection Agencys Oce of Pesticide Programs (OPP) also must comply
with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by ensuring that its registration
action is adequately protective of listed species. Tis is a multidimensional
process involving many layers of evaluative steps and stakeholder review.
In particular, understanding the role of the federal agency versus that
of the state is critical as the process unfolds. Tis presentation seeks to
identify, from the pesticide registrants viewpoint, the evolution of listed
species protection through the registration process, concentrating on the
roles the states have in the assessment process (data provision) as well as
in the development of protections needed for the species. It will examine
the critical role the states play in species protection under Registration
Review, Section 18 (emergency exemption), and 24(c) (special local needs)
registration actions. Te analysis presented here will examine various stages
of the data development and evaluation process, at what steps aected
parties are (or need to be) enlisted in the process, and where there are needs
for clarity, communication or feedback. In certain circumstances, OPP or a
given state may undertake a rened analysis for endangered species in order
to determine if any presumed risks are actually likely to occur. Where the
presumption of risk cannot be fully refuted, OPP or a state may develop
local mitigations that will be communicated in the form of a county bulletin
or other local instructional program. Upon reaching the point requiring
development of a local mitigation, all local conditions, application practices
and possibly even overlapping local restrictions come into play, and another
dimension of complexity is encountered. Which of the factors in this
complex array are critical not only to species protection but also to reducing
impact on the production of food, ber and forest products (as required by
Section 1010 of the ESA) will be addressed and ideas for how to approach
what are currently unanswered questions about the process will be oered.
237 Species and Land Cover Data Sources and their Usefulness
in Endangered Species Assessments. S. Wall, Sygenta Crop Protection,
Greensboro, NC; T. Hall, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC;
B.D. McGaughey, Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA. Te
FIFRA Endangered Species Task Force (FESTF), composed of pesticide
registrants assembled to meet endangered species data requirements, has
investigated numerous data sources that potentially would be useful in
the evaluation of the relationships between endangered species and the
locations where registered pesticide products might be used. Such data are
needed for Environmental Protection Agencys Oce of Pesticide Programs
(OPPs) risk assessment and risk management activities. However, in order
for the data to be useful for the risk assessment exercise, additional work
on the degree of qualication, quality control and/or data aggregation
needs to be performed. Data can vary from one state to another in quality,
quantity and spatial resolution or coverage and therefore input from state
experts is important and necessary. FESTF has investigated how and where
to access data appropriate for use in the FIFRA regulatory environment,
where stakeholder input is desired and in what manner such data could be
compiled and retrieved. Data management tools such as those developed
by FESTF can then be used to collate dierent data sources for use in the
species evaluation process and document their source for future reference
or updates. FESTF has rectied many types of data, and can import a
wide variety of data from such sources as Nature Serve and GEOSTAC
(GeoSpatial Tools and Access). Data imported into FESTFs Information
Management System (IMS), can easily be retrieved in support of a state
(i.e. Section 18) or federal (i.e. Section 3) assessment and then used to
delineate species protections and exclusions in order to meet local needs.
Tis presentation reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the data sources,
discusses why state-level input is needed and describes the application of
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 57
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the data in pesticide endangered species assessments that are conducted to
support FIFRA registration actions.
238 A Description of the North Dakota Endangered Species
Protection Plan for Pesticides. J. Gray, J. Orr, ND Department of
Agriculture, Bismarck, ND. Te North Dakota Department of Agriculture
has prepared and submitted its Endangered Species Protection Plan for
Pesticides to the U.S. EPA for approval. Under the plan, the Department
commits to supply EPA with data and recommendations as the Agency
develops and implements measures to better mitigate the risk of pesticides
to listed species in North Dakota. Data to be supplied by the state
include state-specic pesticide use information, distribution and biology
information on listed species, cropping data, information on the overlap
between potential pesticide use and listed species habitat, data from
environmental monitoring studies, and soil type information. Te state also
commits to supply EPA with recommendations and feedback on proposed
risk mitigation measures and any proposed pesticide use restrictions. Te
hope is to develop measures that are not only protective of listed species, but
also reasonable to ensure public acceptance of the program and buy-in for
pesticide use restrictions specically intended to protect listed species. Te
plan also includes outreach and education components targeted towards the
general public and specic members of the pesticide user community.
239 BeAware Indiana Pesticide Sensitive Areas Registry and
Geospatial Website. L. Hahn, Oce of Indiana State Chemist, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN; B. Engel, L. Teller, A. Antony, J. Wang,
J. Frankenberger, Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; K. Lim, Department of Agriculture
Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South
Korea. Mutual interests to reduce unintended o-site impacts of pesticides
of producers of specialty crops, stewards of at-risk habitat, pesticide user
groups and the Oce of Indiana State Chemist (OISC) motivated the
formation of BeAware pesticide sensitive areas registry and website. Te
BeAware site is a web-based mapping tool developed to establish eective
communication among these groups.. Te site concept is based upon
voluntary participation by interested parties, with maintenance provided
through OISC. Te geocentric data is submitted online by producers of
pesticide sensitive crops though the familiar GoogleTM Maps interface.
Spatial data submissions are also accepted from stewards of at-risk habitat
and drinking water source water watersheds. Transparent overlays represent
the locations of endangered species habitat, source water drinking water
watersheds, apiaries, and potentially pesticide sensitive crops such as
grapes, melons, and tomatoes. At any scale, the click of the mouse over
the identied area displays the site specic registered concern and related
contact information. During this session, the goals and objectives of
website communication, partner participation, methods of pesticide user
community education and outreach, website eectiveness evaluation and
potential enhancements are discussed. Te BeAware website serves to raise
the awareness of the pesticide applicator community and the public of
potentially pesticide sensitive areas in order to prevent and/or minimize
impacts during routine pesticide use activities.
240 PRESCRIBE:Internet Database Application for Protection
of Federally Listed Species in California. R. Marovich, L.A. Moreno,
Endangered Species Project, California Department of Pesticide
Regulation, Sacramento, CA. Te California Department of Pesticide
Regulation developed an Internet database application to help pesticide
users comply with the federal Endangered Species Act. Te application
is called PRESCRIBE, an acronym for Pesticide Regulation Endangered
Species Custom Real-time Internet Bulletin Engine. PRESCRIBE provides
the equivalent of an endangered species county bulletin (extension of
federal pesticide labeling) that is customized to user-selected locations and
pesticides. PRESCRIBE is a substantial renement over county bulletins
that cover all species and pesticides for a particular county. Although county
bulletins may be practical in certain midwestern and eastern states where
counties are relatively small geographical areas and endangered species are
few, California counties cover relatively large geographical areas and so
many species that traditional county bulletins were too cumbersome for
the typical user. Whereas county bulletins for California typically exceeded
50 pages and required worksheets (similar to tax forms) to comprehend,
reports generated by PRESCRIBE are often limited to one or two pages of
use limitations that pertain to selected pesticides and sections (square mile
areas). PRESCRIBE compares sensitivity of listed species with toxicity of
pesticides to similar taxa to determine if use limitations should apply. Use
limitations are derived from biological opinions issued by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service with site-specic renements that are designed to reduce
probability of exposure.
241 Mercury in Coastal Wetlands of the Bay of Fundy (Minas
Basin, Nova Scotia). N. ODriscoll, Environmental Science, Wolfville,
Nova Scotia, Canada; J. Canrio, INRB/IPIMAR, Lisboa, Portugal.
While much is known about the importance of freshwater wetlands to
the transport and bioaccumulation of mercury species much less is known
about mercury fate in coastal wetlands. In particular, little is known about
background levels of mercury in Bay of Fundy wetlands and the importance
of bioaccumulation at these sites. Recent research suggests that sunlight
exposure may decrease methyl mercury in sediments in the inter-tidal areas
near contaminated sites. Te Bay of Fundy has the highest tides in the
world and as such the importance of solar exposure may be key to mercury
dynamics. Tis research examines the distribution of mercury in coastal
wetland sediments and polycheate worms in the Minas Basin on the Bay of
Fundy, Nova Scotia. Short cores were sampled from four wetland sites on
the Minas Basin and separated into mineral sediment and root vegetation.
In addition, above ground vegetation (primarily Spartina alterniora) was
sampled. At one site core samples and polycheate worms were collected
every 100 meters in a 1000 m transect from the wetland to the low tide line
to examine surface sediment exposure to solar radiation. Te results show
that mercury is relatively low at all sites in both the dried mineral sediment
(1.2 50.1 ng g
-1
; mean = 17.3 ng g
-1
; std. dev. = 10.1; n =96), below-
ground vegetation (0.67 223.4 ng g
-1
; mean = 37.7 ng g
-1
; std. dev. =
41.7; n =96) and above-ground vegetation (0.9 13.8 ng g
-1
; mean = 5.2 ng
g
-1
; std. dev. = 4.2; n =8). Slightly higher concentrations are observed in the
root vegetation dependent upon depth (enrichment factors ranging between
0.06 25.9; mean = 3.6) but low concentrations in surface vegetation
suggests that this mercury is not translocated to above ground vegetation
(enrichment factors of 0.1 0.4; mean = 0.2). Homogenized polycheate
worm samples show a dry weight total mercury concentration ranging
from 19.8 to 234.8 ng g
-1
(mean = 75.2 ng g
-1
; std. dev. = 68.3; n = 8) and
decreasing with increased exposure to direct solar radiation. In contrast,
surface total mercury concentrations were found to decrease with distance
from wetland (from 0.5 to 8.0 ng g
-1
). We hypothesize that sunlight
exposure is degrading methyl mercury in surface sediment but total mercury
is controlled more by proximity to wetlands.
242 Mercury bioaccumulation in a polluted Spanish Reservoir:
are the zebra mussels a key transfer from suspended sediments to sh.
L. Carrasco, S. Dez, J.M. Bayona, Environmental Chemistry Department,
IIQAB-CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; S. Dez, Environmental Geology
Department, ICTJA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain. In 2003, a large industrial
waste dump containing high concentrations of heavy metals (Hg, up to 436
g g
-1
) occurs in a reservoir in front of a chlor-alkali plant located at Flix
(Catalonia, Spain) in the lower Ebro River Basin. In order to assess mercury
spatial redistribution from the point source and bioavailability in the aquatic
food web, aquatic species such as craysh, mussel and sh were collected at
dierent sites. Analysis of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were
performed following methods described previously elsewhere [1, 2]. Both
analytical procedures were validated with CRM DORM-2. Unforeseen
mercury concentrations, the highest ever reported for zebra mussels up to
now, were found (THg, 0.16 to 6.81 g g
-1
dw, and MeHg 25 to 5.00 g
g
-1
dw). Mean values being 20-fold above both local background in the
most polluted site close to the waste dump. Concentrations decrease with
increasing mussel size in all sites. Fish species such as Silurus glanis (SGL),
Rutilus rutilus (RRU), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (SER) and Cyprinus
Carpio (CCA) were collected in the Flixs reservoir. Mercury concentrations
in sh tissues followed the order SGL >> CCA > SER > RRU, ranging from,
0.3 to 6.6 g g
-1
for MeHg. In a 20% of all sh caught there, THg levels
were found to be above the EU/WHO limits (0.5 g g
-1
MeHg). Hence,
zebra mussels play a signicant role because provide a straightforward
connection between mercury waste and benthic food webs, most likely
creating a rapid pathway for Hg transfer from sediments to predators
including sh, waterfowl and, occasionally, humans. Since occasional sh
consumption occurs, the Catalonian Government has been alerted on the
need to provide advisories on sh consumption in the Flixs area, like the
U.S. provides through the EPAs Fish Advisory Program. References: [1] S.
Dez, P. Montuori, X. Querol and J.M Bayona. J. Anal. Toxicol., 31, 144-
58 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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149, 2007. [2] L. Carrasco, S. Dez and J.M Bayona. J. Chromatogr.A,
1174, 2-6, 2007
243 Photochemical alkylation of Hg(II) in aqueous phase: Possible
source of methylmercury and ethylmercury in environment. Y. Yin,
B. Chen, B. He, J. Liu, G. Jiang, Research Center for Ec-Environmental
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Concentration of
mercury has increased considerably since the industrial age. Dierent species
of organo-mercury including methylmercury and ethylmercury have been
found in environmental media due to anthropogenic mercury release or
alkylation in natural processes. It is believed that biological methylation by
sulfate reducing and iron reducing bacteria is the main source of MeHg in
environment. However, chemical methylation is also very important or even
the dominate pathway for MeHg production. In this study, photochemical
alkylation of Hg(II) in aqueous phase was investigated by using ketone,
aldehyde, alcohol, and low molecular weight organic acid as alkylation
donor. Methylmercury and ethylmercury were identied as products by
using HPLC-AFS, HPLC-ICPMS and phenylation-SPME-GC-MS.
Parameters which inuenced alkylation eciency such as pH, concentration
of NaCl, concentration of alkylation donor and chelating ligands were
studied. Molecular structure of alkylation donor has great eect on the
alkylation eciency. Alkylation donors which contain carbonyl group have
higher alkylation eciency. Te mechanism of photochemical alkylation was
studied by using UV spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and electron
spin resonance spin-trapping, which indicated that although methyl radical
was present in the photochemical alkylation procedure, radical reaction
was not the predominating alkylation pathway. A mechanism based on the
inter-molecular alkyl transfer of the Hg(II)- low molecular weight organic
compounds complex was suggested. Tis study suggested that ketone,
aldehyde, and low molecular weight organic acid compounds are potential
aqueous phase methylation donors for MeHg formation in atmosphere and
water body. Also, photochemical ethylation of Hg(II) by propionic acid or
other similar molecules perhaps can partly explain the existence of EtHg in
natural environment such as wetland.
244 Predictive mercury modeling with HERMES. A.L. Ethier,
Environmental Protection Branch, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada; A.L. Ethier, D.R. Lean, Biology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; D. Mackay, L. Toose-
Reid, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; N. ODriscoll,
Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada; T.M. Scheuhammer,
Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. A Mercury (Hg)
Environmental Ratios Multimedia Ecosystem Sources (HERMES) mass
balance model was developed for Big Dam West, Kejimkujik Park, Nova
Scotia to predict Hg ux and fate in lakes (a Microsoft Excel Workbook
with no macros) which HERMES can be used by researchers with little to
no modeling experience. Te HERMES model requires no recalibration
when applied to other lakes and few input variables (i.e., concentration of
Hg in air and inow water, lake and inow water suspended particulate
matter (SPM), lake temperature, mean depth, surface area, volume,
precipitation rate, sedimentation and resuspension rate) need to be changed
for any given location. A comparison between measured and predicted
concentrations and uxes for thirty-six lakes in Ontario revealed no
signicant dierence. To improve model applicability to lakes with limited
datasets, estimation methods were developed or found in the literature to
estimate the most sensitive model input variables (i.e., water inow Hg
concentration, SPM, sediment resuspension rate, water inow rate) when
measured values are missing. Methyl mercury (MeHg) is the bioavailable
form that accumulates through food webs, so estimation methods were
developed or found to estimate the relative amount of methylated Hg in
water inow, water, and sediment as well. Studies conducted so far with the
HERMES model have indicated that small lakes with short water residence
times and larger lakes with longer residence times are dominated by water
inow (stream) Hg concentration and atmospheric Hg concentration,
respectively. For Lake Ontario, these results contrast with the currently held
belief that the Niagara River is the main source of Hg to the lake.
245 Spatial Variation in Mercury Distribution and
Bioaccumulation in the Florida Everglades. G. Liu, Y. Cai, Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami,
FL; G. Liu, Y. Cai, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida
International University, Miami, FL; P. Kalla, Science and Ecosystem
Support Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4,
Athens, GA; D. Scheidt, Water Management Division, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Region 4, Athens, GA. Te Everglades is a complicated
wetland ecosystem with dramatically varying ecological conditions from
north to south. Owing to the spatial variability in ecological conditions,
mercury (Hg) distribution and cycling exhibits distinct spatial patterns in
the Everglades. Te U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 4
Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP)
collected and analyzed surface water, marsh soil, occulent detrital material
(oc), periphyton, and mosquitosh samples for total mercury (THg)
and methylmercury (MeHg) in the entire Everglades freshwater marsh.
Te probability-based, ecosystem-wide sampling design used in R-EMAP
allows us to investigate spatial patterns in Hg cycling and bioaccumulation
at the landscape level in the Everglades. For environmental compartments,
higher Hg concentrations generally occurred in the northern Everglades
(Water Conservation Areas, WCAs). For biological compartment (e.g.
mosquitosh), higher Hg concentrations were observed in the southern
Everglades (Everglades National Park, ENP). Te bioaccumulation
factor (BAF) from water to mosquitosh was also higher in the southern
Everglades. Ecological characteristics, e.g. dissolved organic matter (DOM),
could play important roles in controlling the spatial variations of Hg cycling
and bioaccumulation.
246 Lessons Learned from the South Florida Mercury Science
Program: 1995-2004. L.E. Fink, Waterwise Consulting, LLC, Hollywood,
FL. Te purpose of the South Florida Mercury Science Program (SFMSP)
was to understand and solve the mercury problem in the Everglades and
Eastern Florida Bay. A consortium of federal, state, and local agencies,
universities, and private entities was formed to combine talent and resources
to fulll that purpose. Te study program consisted of monitoring research,
and modeling elements, guided by a common study plan developed at a
kick-o Everglades Mercury Study Workshop in 1995. Potential sources
were sampled, including medical waste incinerators, EAA runo, and
stormwater treatment areas (STAs), constructed wetlands on the scale of
thousands of acres. Stratied random sampling of a grid was carried out
by USEPA Region 4 and Florida International University on the scale of
the Everglades over a two-week period semi-annually in 1994, 1999, and
2006 independently of the deterministic transect sampling caried out by
USGS at 10 sites representing various combinations of hydrology, water
chemistry, and biological habitat in the period 1995-1998. In 1999 a joint
SFWMD and USGS ad hoc study was caried out on the eect of Everlades
peat dryout and burn on methylmercury production and bioaccumulation.
Ambient monitoring was followed by a laboratory microcosm study
of the eect of dryout and rewetting on the potential for a rst-ush
methylmercury anomaly observed in some of the STAS, while mesocosms
dosed with stable mercury isotopes studies were carried out to evaluate the
eect of inorganic mercury, sulfate and DOM dosing on inorganic mercury
bioavailability to sulfate-reducing bacteria and methylation rate. In 2002-
2004, an intensive study was conducted of the third, STA-2 rst ush
methylmercury anomaly. In 2004, TetraTech conducted a screening-level
study of the rst-ush methylmercury anomaly potential of the 50,000-
acre EAA Reservoir Project footprint. Te lessons learned in the ground-
breaking, ultra-trace mercury monitoring, modeling, and research for the
SFMSP are summarized to guide the next generation of mercury studies in
the Everglades, Florida Bay, and elsewhere.
247 Factors inuencing the achievement of steady state in mercury
contamination among lakes and catchments of south-central Ontario.
B. Mills, J.M. Blais, D.R. Lean, Chemical and Environmental Toxicology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; B. Mills, A.M. Paterson,
G. Mierle, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of
the Environment, Dorset, Ontario, Canada; A.M. Paterson, J.P. Smol,
Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Mercury (Hg)
concentrations in recent (0.5-1 cm) and pre-industrial (>30 cm) sediments
were examined across lakes in south-central and eastern Ontario (45.53 N
82.41 W to 44.15 N 76.25 W) to determine whether Hg exported from
watersheds is at steady state with atmospheric deposition. Te ratio of Hg
concentrations within present-day sediment was divided by concentrations
in pre-industrial sediment to obtain a Hg enrichment factor (EF), following
standardization of concentrations to percent organic matter. An examination
of headwater lakes revealed that Hg enrichment was not uniform among
watersheds, but that the EF decreased as a function of drainage ratio (Ad/
Ao; watershedarea/lakearea). Furthermore, the model t was improved
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 59
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after accounting for dierences in sulfate concentrations and pH among
lakes EF = (Ad/Ao)^-15.96-0.07(SO42-)-(3.55(pH)>8.3) (R2 = 0.458, p =
0.0001)]. Hg concentrations in pre-industrial sediments of headwater lakes
showed a positive linear relationship with drainage ratio (partial t =4.83,
p<0.0001, n = 66) that was strengthened following an adjustment for mean
annual runo (MAR) [Hgpre-industrial = 0.011 0.002 (Ad/Ao) + 0.0008
0.0003(MAR) (R2 = 0.108, F1,66 = 8.01, p = 0.006)]. No relationship
was observed between Hg concentration and Ad/Ao in present-day surface
sediments. Our data suggest that Hg discharge from watersheds was in
steady state with atmospheric mercury deposition in the pre-industrial time
period. However, our results suggest that Hg export from watersheds may be
currently lagging behind atmospheric mercury deposition, in which case Hg
export would increase into the future, even as mercury deposition from the
atmosphere stabilizes.
248 Detection of mono ethylmercury in the soil/sediment samples
of the Florida Everglades and a Canadian wetland and investigation
of its origin using stable isotope tracer technique. Y. Mao, G. Liu, Y.
Cai, Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami,
FL; G. Liu, Y. Cai, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida
International University, Miami, FL. Enriched stable isotope tracer
technique, combining with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS), has been proved to be a powerful tool to study
the biogeochemistry of Hg. Using the newly developed aqueous phase
phenylation-purge and trap preconcentration-gas chromatography-ICP-MS
method, mono ethylmercury was detected at ng/g level in all soil/sediment
samples collected from the Florida Everglades and a Canadian wetland. Te
possibility of artifact formation of EtHg during sample pretreatment and
analysis processes was excluded by stable isotope tracer experiments using
enriched
199
Hg. Under laboratory conditions, methylation process was
successfully simulated during the incubation of sediment slurry amended
with enriched
199
Hg, while ethylation of the
199
Hg tracer was not yet
conrmed. Tese results indicate that ethylation of Hg most likely follows
dierent mechanisms in comparison to methylation.
249 Photo-reduction and oxidation kinetics of mercury in ocean
water. A. Qureshi, M. MacLeod, M. Scheringer, K. Hungerbhler, Institute
of Chemical and BioEngineering, ETH Zrich, Zrich, Switzerland; N.
ODriscoll, Earth and Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville,
Nova Scotia, Canada. Oceans are reported to be an important source of
mercury to the atmosphere. As much as 30% of total mercury ux to
the atmosphere has been attributed to evasion from oceans. Tis evading
mercury, which is in elemental, Hg(0), form, is produced in ocean water
as a net result of two competing processes photo-reduction of Hg(II)
to Hg(0) and photo-oxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II). Tus, a knowledge of
rate constants for Hg(II) reduction and Hg(0) oxidation in ocean water is
very important to properly characterize the Hg(0) evasion process. Here,
we present rate constants for gross photo-reduction and photo-oxidation
of mercury determined under controlled laboratory conditions in ocean
water samples collected from the open Atlantic. Both lter-sterilized (0.2
m) and non ltered samples were analyzed to characterize abiotic and
biotic redox reactions. A Luzchem temperature controlled photo-reactor
was used to irradiate 200 mL samples in quartz beakers with either UVA
or UVB radiation. Elemental mercury was continuously sparged from
the sample using mercury free air and analyzed with a Tekran 2537A
continuous mercury analyzer to measure gross photo-reduction rates. Batch
experiments were conducted at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 hour irradiation
times to quantify net photo-reduction rates. Gross photo-oxidation rate was
determined as the dierence of gross and net photo-reduction rates. Our
work builds upon earlier experiments in the literature in that we study the
reaction kinetics in a controlled laboratory environment, and that we report
the gross reaction kinetics of both reduction and oxidation reactions rather
than the net kinetics of a single reaction. We present new information on
the relative importance of mercury reduction and oxidation processes in
ocean water, and the dependence of these processes on intensity of UVA
and UVB radiation. We believe our measurements of reaction kinetics as a
function of light intensity can be combined with solar radiation information
to estimate rate constants at dierent locations in the earths oceans.
Te estimated global-scale rate constants derived from our laboratory
experiments thus allow us to take rst steps in formulating a mechanistic
global-scale model for ocean-air exchange of mercury, and in estimating
changes in mercury dynamics under climate change scenarios.
250 Te eect of soil properties on metal bioavailability to
earthworms: Validation of laboratory models using metal-contaminated
eld soils. S. Yu, R. Lanno, Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH; H. Anderson, N. Basta, School of Environment and Natural
Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Many models have been
developed using laboratory data to predict bioavailability, bioaccumulation,
toxicity, and risk of metal-contaminated soils to earthworms. Tis study
endeavours to predict the bioavailability of a variety of metal-mixture
contaminated soils to earthworms based upon these models using acute
and chronic toxicity and metal bioaccumulation as endpoints. Twelve
metal-mixture contaminated soils were collected from various sites across
the continental United States and Hawaii. Te soils were characterized as
to physical and chemical characteristics (pH, clay content, cation exchange
capacity, organic carbon content, reactive aluminum, iron, and manganese
oxides) and metal content (total, Ca(NO3)2-extractable). Each metal-
contaminated soil was paired with a site reference soil similar in physical
and chemical characteristics for chemical comparison. A standard laboratory
reference soil was also included for toxicity test validation. Statistical models
using soil physical and chemical characteristics and total metal levels were
used to predict the toxicity of metal-mixture contaminated eld soils to
earthworms, potworms (Enchytraeidae), and collembola. Bioassays are
being conducted using these soil invertebrates according to standard toxicity
testing protocols to determine actual metal toxicity and/or bioaccumulation.
By comparing actual toxicity and bioaccumulation data from bioassays
with predicted toxicity and bioaccumulation data from statistical models, it
may be possible to validate these models for predicting metal toxicity and
bioaccumulation. Tis project is funded by the Environmental Security
Technology Certication Program (ESTCP ER-0517).
251 Toxicity of chlorinated benzene mixtures to earthworms:
Application of body residues and solid phase microextraction. C.
Hurdzan, R. Lanno, Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH. Many recent laboratory and eld studies have utilized solid phase
microextraction (SPME) techniques to estimate xenobiotic exposure,
bioavailability, and bioaccumulation in soil, water, and sediment. Previous
studies in our laboratory established baseline toxicity for select chlorinated
benzenes to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in Webster soil. Te current
study incorporates baseline toxicity results in the development of toxic
units (TUs) to examine the applications of SPMEs and body residues in
determining the exposure and toxicity of chlorinated benzene (CB) mixtures
to the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Using a TU approach in three soils of
markedly dierent physical and chemical characteristics, estimates of LD50,
LC50, and TU50 values were derived using a mixture of 1,2,4-, 1,2,3,4-,
and pentachlorobenzene. Measured values ranged from 6.9-9.9 mmol total
CB/kg tissue, 16-37 mol total CB-kg soil/L SPME, 447-783 mol total
CB/kg soil and 0.6-2.4 toxic units for tissue, SPME, soil, and toxic units,
respectively. A fourth soil (Celeryville Muck) is currently being evaluated.
Te results of this evaluation (a preliminary TU50 of 10) are expected to
signicantly improve the relative consistency of SPME and body residue
based estimates of the LC50 and LD50 ranges due to the higher (~20%
Muck vs. ~5% OECD soil) organic carbon content (a primary modifying
factor of toxicity particularly for hydrophobic organic compounds) of Muck
in comparison to the other test soils. Te results of the present study will
further illustrate the susceptibility of toxicity estimates based upon nominal
or total chemical concentration to variations in soil physical/chemical
properties and conversely, support the relative recalcitrance of SPME- and
tissue-based estimates to such modifying factors under identical exposure
conditions.
252 Cytchrome p450 (Cyt p450) response and annetocin
and TCTP gene expression in earthworm on exposure to PAH
contaminated soil. Y. Song,. Zheng, W. Zhang, Lab.of Terrestrial
Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; D. Feestone, .L. Ackland, School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia. Te eco-toxicity of sub-lethal PAHs (polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons) in soils was assessed by testing their impact on metabolism
detoxication and gene expression by mean of Cytchrome P450 (Cyt P450)
activity and expression of annetocin, reproduction regulating gene, and
TCTP (translationally controlled tumor protein), tumorigenic response
gene in earthworm respectively. Earthworms were randomly assigned to
soil supplemented with low dosa of phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr),
60 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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uoranthene (Flu) and benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) for Cytchrome P450 (Cyt
P450) activity, the expression of annetocin, and TCTP respectively. Te
experiment was performed and modied with in accordance with ISO
protocol with during of14d. Te experiment indicated all PAHs tested
caused changes of Cyt P450 activity. Te response for each PAH varied.
For PHE spiked soil Cyt P450 activity showed no change in the rst 1-3d,
partly stimulated in 7d and inhibited in 14d. In all Pyr and Flu treated
soils Cyt P450 activity changed in a part or a majority Pyr soil in the third
and seventh day. Cyt P450 activity was inhibited in majority of Pyr soil
and reached to the initial Cyt P450 in the end of experiment at 14d. In
BaP treated soils, cyt p450 increased with exposure time from 1-14 d,
indicating its enhanced toxicity than other PAHs tested. Data indicated that
Annetocin was up-regulated by 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg BaP signicantly, and the
up-regulation was 58 and 83 times higher than control. Phe, Pyr and Flu
(1.0-10 mg/kg)caused the up regulation of Annetocin. However, the impact
was no statistic signicant.TCTP was up regulated by BaP, 14 times and
106 times in 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. TCTP was down-regulated
by 10.0 mg/kg of Phe signicantly. its up-regulated by Pyr (1.0 mg/kg) and
Flu (1.0 and 10 mg/kg) and down-regulation by Pyr and Flu (10 mg/kg)
was not signicantly. Our study indicated that the sub-lethal PAHs in soil
has caused the changes of metabolism detoxication and gene expression in
earthworm. BaP showed signicant response both to Cyt P450 activity and
Annetocin and TCTP gene expression, BaP has more potential eco-risk than
other PAHs tested.
253 Biological Activity in a Wheat-soybean Double-cropping
System. G.M. Ogendi, V.S. Green, J.L. Bouldin, Arkansas State University,
Jonesboro, AR; E. Trujillo, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
Wheat-soybean double cropping is a popular practice in mid-southern USA
that requires eective and careful time management for adequate production
of soybean. Soybeans are planted immediately following wheat harvest,
thus presenting diculty in handling wheat residue properly while seeding
the crop in a timely matter. In most farms of the region, eld preparation
consists of burning wheat residue followed by conventional tillage. Burning
is a practice that has been adapted as part of the norm in the agricultural
area of the Mid-south. However, burning has negative impacts on air
quality and potentially on the soil quality. Burning wheat stubble not only
destroys valuable organic matter (OM) but also causes air pollution through
the carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere. Te objective of
this study was to evaluate the long term eects of alternative management
practices of a wheat-soybean double crop system on soil biological activity.
We evaluated the biological properties of each wheat-residue management
practice: burn vs. no burn, till vs. no till, irrigated vs. non-irrigated and
high wheat residue vs. low wheat residue to distinguish the treatment that
will provide eective nutrient cycling needed for optimal growth and a
high-yielding harvest. Our results indicated that the practice of tilling and
burning failed to show any signicant dierence in soil enzyme activity and
crop yield. However the study did indicate that the high nitrogen residue
level treatment imposed higher enzyme concentration (b-glucosidase, acid
phosphatase, and arylsulfatase) and the highest yield.
254 Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soil
following the land application of municipal biosolids. E. Topp, A. Al
Rajab, L. Sabourin, T. Gacek, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London,
Ontario, Canada; D. Lapen, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada; A. Beck, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
H. Li, C. Metcalfe, Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Municipal biosolids can contain bioactive
pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) that are incompletely
degraded during the sewage treatment process. Tese chemicals can reach
agricultural land through the common farming practice of crop fertilization
with municipal biosolids. In many cases the fate in soil and potential
impacts on soil biology of PPCPs are unknown. By means of laboratory
and eld experiments with radiolabeled-parent compounds, the dissipation
kinetics and pathways, potential accumulation of transformation products,
formation of non-extractable soil-bound residues, and mineralization of
a variety of PPCPs including ethynylestradiol, naproxen, acetaminophen,
carbamazepine, ibuprofen, caeine, triclosan and triclocarban are
being investigated. Te impact of the biosolids matrix on dissipation
characteristics is being evaluated, as is the suitability of laboratory
dissipation data to predict eld-based dissipation. Te availability of residues
for transport to adjacent water following commercial or eld-plot scale
application of biosolids has been established. In summary, this research
is elucidating the fate in soil of a variety of PPCPs whose environmental
behavior is poorly understood. Results will help inform the expected
exposure of soil organisms to these chemical agents, a crucial component of
assessing soil ecotoxicological risk.
255 Characterizing Potential Risks to Terrestrial Organisms
Exposed to Bisphenol A in Sludge-Amended Soils. C.A. Staples,
Assessment Technologies, Inc., Spotsylvania, VA; L. Ortego, Bayer
CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC; E. Mihaich, ER2 (SABIC
Innovative Plastics), Durham, NC; N. Caspers, Currenta, Leverkusen,
Germany; U. Friederich, G. Klecka, Te Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, MI; S. Hentges, Polycarbonate/BPA Global Group, Arlington,
VA. Consumer and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and industrial
chemicals may enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Trace amounts
may be discharged via permitted outfalls or incorporated in sludge that is
transported osite for further treatment or disposal. An important disposal
practice for WWTP sludge is addition to soil as a nutrient amendment.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume substance primarily used to
produce polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Trough its manufacture
and use, BPA may enter WWTP. During treatment, some BPA may become
adsorbed to solids, which become the sludge. Sludge added to soil as a
nutrient amendment may expose organisms dwelling in soil to BPA. To
support an assessment of potential risks to terrestrial organisms, we report
here the results of studies conducted with the earthworm Enchytraeus
crypticus, a decomposer, the springtail Folsomia candida, a consumer, and six
plant types that are primary producers. No observed eect concentrations
normalized to 3.4% organic matter for Enchytraeus and Folsomia were >34
and >170 mg/kg, dry weight (dw), respectively. Te lowest organic matter
normalized EC25 among the plant tests was 37 mg/kg-dw based on dry
shoot weight of tomatoes. Te lowest NOEC of 37 mg/kg-dw was used to
calculate a predicted no eect concentration (PNECsoil) for BPA of 3.7
mg/kg-dw using an application factor of 10. Based on regulatory guidance
in North America and Europe, BPA concentrations in sludge-amended
soil were calculated using published data on sludge concentrations from
North America and Europe. In North America, the upper 95th percentile
BPA sludge concentration is 14.2 mg/kg-dw and in Europe is 95 mg/
kg-dw. Based on recommended sludge application rates, calculated soil
concentrations of BPA would be 0.021 mg/kg-dw for North America and
0.14 mg/kg-dw for Europe. Soil concentrations and the PNECsoil were
used to calculate hazard quotients (HQ) for BPA and all HQ were 0.04.
Tis suggests that risks to terrestrial organisms exposed to BPA in sludge-
amended soil are low. Tese results will be discussed in the context of
terrestrial risks from the many compounds present in biosolids used as soil
amendments.
256 Soil Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment. S.D. Siciliano, A.N.
Schafer, Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; I. Snape, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Tasmania,
Australia. Human activity in Antarctica is concentrated on the ice free areas
that comprise less than 0.5% of the coastal continental area. Tese research
stations are largely powered by diesel generators. Te transfer, storage and
use of large quantities of diesel fuel results in accidental discharge of diesel
to the Antarctic environment. As part of the Madrid Protocol, operators
of Antarctic stations endeavour to remediate these oil spills. However,
there are no soil ecotoxicological data for Antarctic soils on which to base
remediation guidelines. Furthermore, Antarctic soils are typically free
of higher animal and plant life. Te goal of this project was to develop
ecotoxicity data suitable for use in Antarctic settings. We also wished
to identify site specic parameters that may be need to be incorporated
into toxicity test design to reliably indicate the risk to the Antarctic
terrestrial ecosystem. Potential nitrication, denitrication, nitrous oxide
consumption, substrate induced respiration, soil respiration and community
composition were all assessed during Antarctic spring, summer and fall at 32
locations at a spill site at Casey Station in Eastern Antarctic. Furthermore,
soil temperature and liquid water content were monitored to estimate
the inuence of these two parameters on soil ecosystem sensitivity to
petroleum pollution. Soil respiration, potential nitrication and community
composition were sensitive indicators of petroleum pollution. Liquid water
and temperature did not inuence hydrocarbon toxicity to soil function
but did alter toxicity test variability. Our results provide, for the rst time,
eective concentrations causing 20% eect by petroleum hydrocarbons on
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Antarctic ecosystems. Further, our results can be used to design sampling
and monitoring protocols that insure the Antarctic ecosystem is protected
from human impacts.
257 Aged Soil-Bound Chlordane from Housing Areas on Air Force
Bases Still Aect Plants and Soil Invertebrates. D.R. Johnson, A.D.
Butler, A.B. Morrow, S.A. Waisner, V.F. Medina, Environmental Laboratory,
U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Te Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE) has
indicated that persistent chlorinated pesticides, particularly chlordane,
are troublesome contaminants at decommissioned Air Force sites. Issues
include concerns of potential migration and biological availability of these
contaminants and the possible need for expensive disposal or treatment.
Tis project investigated the biological availability of contaminants through
plant and earthworm toxicity tests. Clean and contaminated soils from
two Air Force Bases (AFB), one from the northeast U.S. (NE-AFB) and
the other from the southwest U.S. (SW-AFB), were analyzed for soil
characteristics, composition, and the presence of chlordane. Toxic eects of
chlordane were evaluated on the germination, growth, and plant appearance
of two grass species Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass) and Lolium
perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) and one sedge Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow
nutsedge). Chlordane was present in measurable amounts (1122-5546 ug/
kg at NE-AFB and 4280-20,106 ug/kg at SW-AFB) 20+ years after its
last application. Germination time for Kentucky bluegrass and perennial
ryegrass were delayed in chlordane soils, but the total percentage was as
high, if not higher, as clean soils by the end of the 26-day test. Yellow
nutsedge germination was not aected by chlordane. Chlordane caused no
signicant dierence in plant growth. Chlordane was bioaccumulated in all
three plants, with most bioaccumulation occurring in roots compared to
shoots. Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) survival, growth, and reproduction were
also evaluated in these soils for 28 days. Chlordane did not aect earthworm
survival, but did cause signicant weight losses and signicant reductions
in earthworm reproduction in both AFB soils. Tese data indicate
that chlordane in AFB soils may cause minor phytotoxicity despite the
bioaccumulation in plant roots, yet cause substantial eects on earthworm
growth and reproduction.
258 Weight of Evidence in Ecological Risk Assessment of
Contaminated Soils: replacing symbols with risk numbers. J. Sousa, J.
Niemeyer, M. Moreira-Santos, R. Ribeiro, Dep. Zoology, IMAR-Coimbra
Interdisciplinary Centre, Coimbra, Portugal; J. Niemeyer, E.M. da Silva,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
Ecological risk assessment (ERA) of contaminated soils is usually based
on tiered approaches with input data from chemical, (eco)toxicological,
and ecological lines of evidence (LoEs). At each tier, the information from
the dierent LoEs is processed based on the weight of evidence criteria
(WoE), as a way to help the interpretation and communication of the
results obtained, and to make a site management decision. However, the
applied criteria is qualitative, usually based on yes or no symbols. So, when
assessing the risks at dierent locations within a site, these WoE criteria can
sometimes originate a rough characterization of the risk, making the overall
interpretation and communication of the results, and the decision making
process rather dicult. In such cases, risk assessment that incorporates a
quantitative way of applying WoE criteria, can be a more eective approach.
Using an ongoing ERA study at a metal contaminated site in Bahia (Brazil),
we demonstrate an example for derivation of the integrated risk values
through establishing individual risk values for each LoE at each assessment
location within that site. Te utility of this approach for investigations
that involve several reference sites or reference soils, as well as the use of
quantitative weights to balance the quality and/or the relevance of each
piece of data from any LoE are considered in this presentation.
259 Inhibition of copper on whole body uptake concentrations of
osmotic ions in Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa): Implications
in mechanisms of toxicity and detoxication. T.C. Hoang, G.M. Rand,
Environmental Studies, Florida International University, North Miami, FL.
Toxicology research on the inhibition of trace metals on osmotic ion uptake
in vertebrate species has been studied widely. Inhibition of trace metals on
osmotic ion uptake results in imbalance osmotic pressure in plasma and
leads to mortality. Tis is attributed to acute toxicity of trace metals in
aquatic organisms. While gastropods play an important role in the aquatic
ecosystem, research on the toxicity of trace metals to gastropods, such as
snails, has not been extensively investigated. Florida apple snail (Pomacea
paludosa) is a key species as an important food source for many upper
trophic organisms in the Everglades. Recent studies revealed that apple snails
are more sensitive to Cu than other aquatic organisms. Tis would relate to
mechanisms of uptake and toxicity. Tis study characterized the inhibition
of Cu on osmotic ions uptake (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-, and PO43-)
and Cu toxicity to various life-stages of Florida apple snails. Whole body
concentrations of Cu and osmotic ions in 3, 7, and 30-d-old apple snails
were quantied after exposing to aqueous Cu for 96 h. Body concentrations
of Na+, K+, and Mg2+ of apple snail at all ages signicantly decreased with
increasing water Cu concentration, indicating an inhibition of Cu on the
uptake of these ions. Body concentrations of SO42- and PO42- of 3-d-old
apple snails signicantly decreased with increasing water Cu concentration.
In contrast, body concentrations of SO42- and PO43- of 7-d-old apple
snails signicantly increased with increasing water Cu concentration. Tis
suggests that the apple snail may uptake SO42- and PO43- to develop a
detoxication mechanism, such as forming P and/or S granules as found
in other pond snails and sh. More research should be conducted to
characterize the inhibition of Cu on the uptake of osmotic ions in specic
organs, such as, gill, gut, etc. and determine whether P and S granules are
formed in apple snails when expose to Cu.
260 Is copper (I) an important species in soil solutions. J.K.
Kirby, M. Biasioli, M.J. McLaughlin, G.M. Hettiarachchi, Centre
for Environmental Contaminant Research, CSIRO Land and Water,
Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia; M. Biasioli, DI.VA.P.R.A., Chimica
Agraria, Universit di Torino, Torino, Italy. Te predominant oxidation
state of copper (Cu) in oxic soil solutions is the divalent cation Cu(II).
Tis divalent Cu species is mainly found associated in soil solutions
with organic matter probably bound to carboxylic and amino functional
groups. Te identication of reduced Cu(I) in oxic fresh, estuarine and
marine waters suggests this species may play a greater role than previously
thought in the bioavailability and hence the toxicity of Cu in aquatic
environments. Te presence of Cu(I) in solutions may occur through
redox process such as photochemical reactions (e.g. photolysis), association
with sulde containing compounds (e.g. glutathione) and/or biologically
produced reductants. Tere has been little research undertaken into the
possible presence of Cu(I) in soil solutions. Te presence of Cu(I) in soil
solutions may have a signicant eect on the bioavailability and hence
the toxicity of Cu in terrestrial environments, especially in reduced anoxic
environments such as paddy elds and wetlands. Several spectrophotometric
based procedures have been developed using complexing agents such
as neocuproine or bathocuproine to determine Cu(I) concentrations in
environmental samples. Tese procedures often do not provide sucient
detection limits for accurate determination of Cu(I) in environmentally
relevant samples, use toxic solvents and/or require masking agents (e.g.
ethylenediamine) to prevent the overestimation of Cu(I) due to the presence
of Cu(II) in samples. In this paper we outline a sensitive and selective
technique to determine Cu(I) concentrations in soil solutions using high
performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass
spectrometry. Tis procedure was applied to determine the possible presence
of Cu(I) in waterlogged soils exposed to Cu contamination from industrial
and biosolid sources. Te speciation results will be discussed in relation to
potential bioavailability and toxicity of Cu in terrestrial environments.
261 Predicting Ecotoxicity of Nickel in Soil. L. Yanqing, H.E.
Allen, D.M. Di Toro, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE. Our previous research has shown
that partitioning of nickel in non-calcareous soils is accurately predicted
by the WHAM chemical equilibrium program. Te organic matter present
in the soil matrix dominates the partitioning. Predicted or measured soil
solution concentrations of nickel can then be related to observed biological
response. Te barley root elongation response, and that of other endpoints,
follows a biotic ligand model (BLM) function relative to the concentration
of nickel and competing ions in soil pore water. Predictions of root length
elongation based on independently derived BLM parameters developed for
plants grown in hydroponic culture have been unable to predict the results
of these soil tests. We have conducted toxicity experiments in sand culture
at controlled concentrations of hydrogen, calcium, and magnesium ions.
Te BLM parameters for barley root elongation were developed from this
data matrix. Te BLM constants for plants grown in sand culture were
able to predict the observed soil test results. We will discuss the chemical
and physiological factors that explain why the results for plants grown in
62 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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sand culture, but not in hydroponic culture, should be used to develop
ecotoxicity models for soil.
262 Are Membrane Vesicles Involved in Metal-Microbe
Interactions. B. Neely, P.M. Bertsch, P.J. Morris, MCBP/MBES, Medical
University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; B. Neely, Hollings Marine
Laboratory and Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular
Research, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Charleston, SC; V.D. Lyles, South Carolina State University, Orangeburg,
SC; W.N. Vreeland, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD; P.M. Bertsch, Department of Plant and Soil Science,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; P.J. Morris, Department of Cell
Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston,
SC. Membrane vesicles (MV) are extracellular formations derived from the
outer-membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, ranging from 50-200 nm in
size. Teir biological roles include transport of virulence factors, protein
and DNA exchange, cell-cell communication and biolm formation.
Because of their high surface area to volume, MVs may play an integral
role in modulating metal ion binding to the cell surface by increasing
the number of potential metal binding sites. To address whether MVs
aect metal toxicity, we used the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia
vietnamiensis PR1
301
(PR1) and ZnCl
2
as a model system. PR1 possesses
an uncharacterized pH-dependent mechanism of Zn
2+
-resistance, and
is 10-fold more resistant to Zn
2+
at pH 5 versus pH 7 (median-eective
concentration to inhibit growth, EC50, of 1071 and 83 mg/L Zn
2+
,
respectively). Interestingly, we have found evidence that MVs may be
playing a role in this pH eect. When PR1 is grown in the presence of 100
mg/L Zn
2+
at pH 7, using SEM/EDX, it was shown that Zn is localized
to MVs but is not associated with cells. Additionally, at pH 5 versus 7 in
the absence of Zn
2+
, PR1 produces approximately half as much MVs (4.1
versus 2.1 mg MV protein/L, respectively). Ongoing studies will further
characterize MVs produced at pH 5 and 7 with and without Zn
2+
using
shotgun proteomics and asymmetric ow eld-ow fractionation with
multi-angle laser light scattering (AF4-MALS). Additionally, changes in
Zn fractionation between cells and MVs at pH 5 and 7 will be determined
using MV fractionation and ICP-MS. Tese data will provide valuable
insight into how MVs are involved in Zn2+-microbe interactions.
Furthermore, because MVs appear to be produced ubiquitously across
Gram-negative bacteria, these results will also highlight the signicance of a
key overlooked aspect of metal-microbe interactions.
263 Ecological impact of lead on Ground Beetle (Coleoptera:
Carabidae) assemblages at a shooting range in Central Ohio. J.
Bryant, R. Lanno, Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Ecological risk assessment is an important tool for evaluating potentially
hazardous contaminants on a site-specic basis. Few methods exist for
evaluating population and community level eects on terrestrial sites using
invertebrates, even though assessing impacts on populations or communities
of organisms may aid in site evaluation and subsequent decision-making
with regard to site remediation. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are
a diverse group of predatory beetles that live in the soil during immature
life stages and on or in the soil as adults. Tese beetles live in all types of
habitats, often with a single habitat type harboring more than 30 species.
Tus, carabids are an ideal family group to use in examining species
diversity and have great potential for evaluating contaminant impacts in
terrestrial sites such as munitions test ranges. In the current study, ground
beetles will be collected weekly over a ve-month period on an active trap
skeet shooting range through the use of pitfall traps, a passive sampling
approach. Pitfall traps consist of a plastic deli cup recessed into the soil
with its top level with the soil surface. Te cup is covered with a rain guard
and lled with preservative that also acts to trap invertebrates. Species
diversity and carabid community composition will be compared between
shotfall and reference areas using diversity indices in order to evaluate
ground beetles as potentially important ecological receptors for monitoring
lead (Pb) contamination. Soil cores will be used to quantify the amount
of solid Pb deposition within the reference and shotfall areas (g/m2).
Lead in soil samples will be quantied as both total Pb and Ca(NO3)2-
extractable Pb. Total Pb content will also be determined in the beetles by
ICP-OES after digestion of the samples in HCl, allowing the estimation
of Pb bioaccumulation factors in the beetles. Data from this study may be
used to develop a framework for using terrestrial invertebrate community
composition in the risk assessment of terrestrial metal-contaminated sites.
264 Environmental Indicators of Metals Toxicity Focus on
Selenium Compounds. J. Heinze, Environmental Health Research
Foundation, Chantilly, VA; K. Hagelstein, TIMES Limited, Sheridan, WY.
Selenium compounds have diverse natural and industrial sources including
sulfur containing minerals, phosphate ores, coal (depending upon variety),
coal y ash, baghouse dust wastes, sh esh, wastewaters, solid wastes,
water supplies, plant materials, feeds, supplements, additives, and other
sources. Recent environmental indicators of selenium toxicity and terrestrial
ecosystem impacts are reviewed. To quantify the major sources of selenium,
the total emissions of selenium and other metals from industrial sources
as reported to the latest EPA Toxic Release Inventory are summarized. Te
electric power industry has provided research addressing the ecosystem
impacts from mercury and selenium resulting from coal combustion and
waste disposal. Te bioavailability and bioaccumulation of selenium and
mercury compounds are often assessed together, as their environmental
concentrations have been found to be dependent upon each other. Health
based criteria for assessing the risks of selenium and other metals include
inhalation limits, EPA risk based concentrations, biological monitoring
standards and results, drinking water standards, wastewater discharge limits,
hazardous solid waste disposal limits, and other hazard ranking systems.
Selenium, an essential trace mineral, will be compared to the recommended
minimum and maximum daily intakes of other trace minerals. Information
regarding selenosis in terrestrial ecosystems, the geographical distribution of
soils with potentially high concentrations of selenium containing minerals,
grain analysis, as well as recent case studies of selenium toxicity in swine
herds in northwest USA will be presented. Te diagnosis of swine selenosis
proved to be dicult, but the process of identifying selenium compounds
in dierent feed sources, mixing and monitoring of metals has reduced
the impacts. Te bioavailability and accumulation of naturally occurring
selenium in plants, selenium additives in feeds, supplements or other
dietary sources has not been thoroughly evaluated with respect to biological
endpoints such as domestic animals and human consumers. Biological
monitoring of indicator metals are recommended for acute and chronic
exposure assessments of populations at risk.
265 Toxicity of Metals, Herbicides, and Piscicides to the
Treatened Chiricahua Leopard Frog. R.D. Calfee, E.E. Little, Columbia
Environmental Research Center, USGS, Columbia, MO. Te Chiricahua
leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis) is in decline throughout the western
United States, and is particularly sensitive to physical, chemical and biotic
changes in their habitat and chemical pollution of their aquatic habitat
is of concern, however little is known of their toxicological sensitivity.
Tadpoles were exposed at stage 25 of development over 96 hours to the
piscicides, antimycin-a, and rotenone, and determined that antimycin-a,
was not toxic at concentrations likely to be applied to control non-native
sh in frog habitats. Similar exposures were conducted with herbicides
potentially used to control invasive plants in their habitats, including
triclopyr, imazopyr, 2,4-D, and picloram. Te herbicides were not toxic to
tadpoles of this species at recommended application concentrations. Metals
from mining and smelting activities pose a problem for Chiricahua leopard
frogs. Metals and other contaminants have been detected in water and in
amphibian tissues. Acute toxicity tests revealed that among the metals that
have been detected in Chiricahua leopard frog habitat, copper was toxic at
concentrations lower than those observed in the environment. Due to the
potential for long term exposure, the objective of this study was to look
at the chronic eects of metals (cadmium, copper, and zinc) individually
and in mixtures to developing tadpoles. Cadmium was toxic, but at
concentrations above observed environmental levels. Copper was especially
toxic to this species at concentrations of about 10% of concentrations
observed in their habitats. We determined the onset of toxicity occurs
with a few days of exposure, thus pulsed exposures from rain events could
potentially be toxic to tadpoles of this species. Information generated from
this project will be of use in selecting chemicals for the control of invasive
plants and sh in Chiricahua leopard frog habitats and to address sources of
metals contamination.
266 Development and Application of the National Amphibian
Mercury Program (NAMP). M.S. Bank, Department of Environmental
Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Mercury (Hg)
contamination in the United States (U.S.) is well-documented and
continues to be a public-health issue of great concern. Fish consumption
advisories have been issued throughout much of the U.S. due to elevated
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 63
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levels of methylmercury (MeHg). Methylmercury contamination in the
developing fetus and in young children is a major public health issue for
certain sectors of the global human population. Moreover, the eects of Hg
pollution on environmental health and biodiversity are also considered a
high priority for land managers, risk assessors, and conservation scientists.
Despite their overall biomass and importance to aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems, Hg and MeHg bioaccumulation dynamics and toxicity in
amphibians are not well studied, especially when compared to other
vertebrate taxa such as birds, mammals, and sh species. Population declines
in amphibians are well documented and likely caused by synergistic and
interacting, multiple stressors such as climate change, exposure to toxic
pollutants, fungal pathogens, and habitat loss and ecosystem degradation.
Protecting quality of terrestrial ecosystems in the U.S. has enormous
ramications for economic and public health of the nations residents
and is fundamental to maintaining the biotic integrity of surface waters,
riparian zones, and environmental health of forested landscapes nationwide.
Determining Hg concentration levels for terrestrial and surface water
ecosystems also has important implications for protecting the nations fauna.
Here I present an overview of the National Amphibian Mercury Program
and evaluate variation in Hg bioaccumulation and distribution in freshwater
and terrestrial habitats across a broad gradient of physical, climatic, biotic,
and ecosystem settings to identify the environmental conditions and
ecosystem types that are most sensitive to mercury pollution. Te role
of geography, disturbance mechanisms, and abiotic and biotic factors
governing Hg distribution and bioaccumulation are also discussed.
267 Estimating Pesticide Associated Risks to Non-Target Species.
J.J. Johnston, National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO. A variety of vertebrate
and invertebrate species pose signicant agricultural, environmental and
public health risks. Te control of these pests in both urban and rural
environments relies primarily on the use of pesticides. Non-target wildlife
can be exposed to these pesticides by feeding on the toxicant baits or
carcasses of poisoned the target pest species. Quantication of rodenticide
residues in target species is essential for estimating the magnitude of
potential non-target exposure. Probabilistic and pharmacokinetic modeling
approaches for estimating pesticide residues in target species will be
presented. By applying these approaches to a variety of pesticide application
scenarios, we are able to identify ecacious pesticide formulation and bating
procedures with minimal non-target risks.
268 Comparative Toxicity Assessments of Urban Pesticides
in Estuarine Biota. M. Fulton, P. Key, M. DeLorenzo, NOAA,NOS.
CCEHBR, Charleston, SC; K.W. Chung, JHT Inc, Orlando, FL. Recent
studies have indicated that more than 90 % of urban streams had detectable
concentrations of pesticides. Signicant amounts of insecticides, herbicides
and fungicides are used in urban settings on lawns, home gardens, and golf
courses. In coastal areas, pesticides have the potential to reach the estuarine
environment through spray drift, nonpoint source runo, misapplication, or
the leaching of antifouling pesticides from boat hulls. In order to holistically
evaluate the potential eects of these compounds in estuarine ecosystems,
the toxicity potential of these compounds must be evaluated in species
representing diverse taxa and trophic levels. In this study, we examined the
comparative toxicity of ve urbanuse pesticides (atrazine, chlorothalonil,
irgarol, permethrin and pronil) in three model estuarine organisms: the
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria),
and a green algae (Dunaliella tertiolecta) using standard 96 h laboratory
bioassay protocols. Results indicated that the green algae was the most
sensitive species for atrazine, chlorothalonil, and irgarol while the grass
shrimp was most sensitive to pronil and permethrin. Irgarol, a triazine
antifoulant, had the widest sensitivity range with the algae being > 9000x
more sensitive than the clams which were least sensitive. Grass shrimp were
~ 500x more sensitive to the insecticides (permethrin and pronil) than the
other test species. Te ndings demonstrate the importance of multi-species
testing in the development of risk assessments for urban-use pesticides in
coastal waters.
269 Toxicity in urban runo and identifying its cause using
a new Toxicity Identication Evaluation approach with pesticide-
specic carboxylesterase enzymes. D. Weston, Dept. Integrative
Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA. An esterase enzyme
developed for hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, methyl parathion and
other organophosphate insecticides has recently become commercially
available in the U.S. Although the product, produced by genetically
engineered E. coli, is intended for treatment of runo, it can be used in
a novel Toxicity Identication Evaluation (TIE) approach to eliminate
toxicity when that toxicity is due to organophosphate insecticides. In
tests with chlorpyrifos, we observed full survival of Hyalella azteca
even at chlorpyrifos concentrations that were 40 times the acutely toxic
chlorpyrifos concentrations in the absence of the enzyme. Enzymes targeting
other pesticide groups are currently in development, and trials were also
conducted with esterase enzymes designed to degrade the pyrethroid
insecticides, permethrin and bifenthrin. Tese enzymes were less eective
than the organophosphate-degrading variant, and resulted in about a 2-fold
reduction in toxicity. However, even this reduced ecacy may be sucient
for TIE application. Both the organophosphate and pyrethroid-degrading
enzymes were tested for their specicity within and between these pesticide
classes, and were evaluated with eld-contaminated samples. Toxicity to
Hyalella azteca was commonly seen in urban runo from several California
cities, and its mitigation by addition of the pyrethroid-degrading enzyme
provides strong evidence that pyrethroids are responsible for much of that
toxicity. Tis new approach shows considerable promise in identifying the
specic pesticide class that is contributing to toxicity, and in addition, is
applicable to TIEs conducted with either water or sediment samples.
270 Te Turf Umbrella Project: Golf Turf Chemical Runo Losses
from Four Regional Sites. M. Carroll, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD; J. Massey, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS; P. Rice,
University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN; G. Bell, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK; M. Nett, Water Quality Consulting, Colorado Springs, CO.
In 2003 a multi state collaborative project was initiated to examine nutrient
and pesticide runo from fairway managed golf turf. Te goals of this
project are to develop a standardize protocol for small scale turfgrass rainfall
runo investigations, to generate site and turf species specic runo data
for the purpose of evaluating early-tier exposure assessment models for turf
pesticide use scenarios, and to investigate the eect of various management
practices and experimental procedures on turf chemical runo. Nutrients
and pesticide runo were examined at four sites in dierent regions of
the country under near worst case soil moisture and simulation rainfall
conditions. Tis paper will review salient aspects of the protocol that was
adapted for use at the four sites and will provide an overview of the pesticide
losses that were observed from these sites.
271 Persistence and Wash-o Potential of Residential Use
Insecticides on Concrete. W. Jiang, K. Lin, S. Qin, G. Ayre, J. Gan,
Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside,
CA. Insecticides are an important class of chemicals extensively used in
urban environments for insect control. Of which, pyrethroids and pronil
are increasingly used as replacements to the organophosphate insecticides.
Widespread residential use has obviously led to the contamination of
urban surface bodies by these chemicals. However, little is known about
the fate and transport of insecticides on urban hard surfaces, though it is
commonly suspected that hard surfaces such as concrete play an important
role in urban non-point source pollution. Tis lack of knowledge hampers
development of eective urban pesticide mitigation practices. In this study, a
simple batch method was developed to understand the persistence and water
wash-o potential of insecticides on concrete. Liquid and solid formulations
of four pyrethroids and pronil, were used to treat small concrete disks
and the disks were then exposed to outdoor conditions. Washable residues
were measured over time by mixing the concrete disks in water for 10 min.
All test compounds exhibited a biphasic dissipation pattern, with an initial
rapid dissipation phase followed by a second much slower phase. Detectable
residues were found in the wash-o water for most of the products even
after 112 d of exposure. In addition, liquid formulations appeared to
dissipate much more rapidly than granular or powder formulations. Te
initial rapid dissipation was likely a result of irreversible adsorption, and
was much more pronounced for pyrethroids than for pronil. After 56 d
of exposure under summer conditions, extraction with acetone still showed
pesticide residues on concrete surfaces. Te long persistence suggests that
insecticides used during the summer may be still available for transport in
storm-induced runo.
272 Residential runo as a source of pyrethroid insecticides to
urban creeks. M. Lydy, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; D.P.
Weston, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Te use of pyrethroid
insecticides in urban areas has grown rapidly over the past several years
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following restrictions on previously widely used insecticides like diazinon
and chlorpyrifos. Monitoring has generally shown an improvement in
surface water quality with respect to these earlier compounds as their
use has diminished, however there has been a concurrent emergence of
pyrethroids as a water quality concern. Recent studies have documented the
presence of pyrethroids in the sediments of urban creeks at concentrations
toxic to sensitive aquatic life, particularly in residential areas, though there
has been little study of potential sources. Two residential storm drains in
suburbs surrounding Sacramento were monitored over the course of a year
to determine if pyrethroids were present at analytically measurable levels.
Pyrethroids were measurable in residential runo, and in fact were present
in every sample collected. Although toxicity was not directly evaluated in
this study, the thresholds of toxicity to sensitive standard monitoring species
were determined, and most samples exceeded these thresholds. Patterns
of runo contamination provided insight on the specic compounds
of greatest concern, appropriate monitoring approaches, the dominant
transport mechanisms (stormwater vs. lawn irrigation runo), and specic
practices that may be leading to o-site movement of these pesticides.
273 Occurrence of Modern Pesticides in Urban Ecosystems. K.M.
Kuivila, US Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA. Pesticides are applied in
urban environments for a variety of uses, including gardens, golf courses,
lawns, roadsides, structures, and vector control. Runo from rainfall and
irrigation transports these pesticides into surface waters in dissolved form
and in association with suspended sediments. Some common patterns of
modern pesticide occurrence are apparent from a number of studies in
watersheds dominated by urban inputs. Of all pesticide types, herbicides are
detected the most frequently and at the highest concentrations. Commonly
detected herbicides are 2,4-D, diuron, pendimethalin, prometon, and
simazine. In contrast, typical concentrations of insecticides are lower, but
at levels more likely to be of concern for aquatic organisms. Te phaseout
of diazinon and chlorpyrifos (organophosphate insecticides) in 2001 has
resulted in a decrease in their concentrations in urban surface waters, but
these two insecticides are still detected frequently. As replacements, the use
of carbaryl, pronil and various pyrethroids has been increasing. Carbaryl is
detected primarily dissolved in water, whereas the pyrethroids are detected
primarily on sediments. Pyrethroids typically detected include bifenthrin,
cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, and resmethrin. Fipronil and its
degradates are detected in both water and sediments. Several fungicides
detected are myclobutanil, propiconazole, and tebuconazole. One of
our studies focused specically on bioaccumulation of insecticides in
embryos of shore crabs (Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes).
Crab embryos collected in a primarily urban salt marsh in northern San
Francisco Bay had detectable concentrations of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos,
pronil, three degradates of pronil (pronil desulnyl, pronil sulde,
and pronil sulfone), and permethrin. In a watershed on the California
coast with a suburban community and golf course, crab embryos had
detectable concentrations of bifenthrin, cyuthrin, and tau-uvalinate
(another pyrethroid), and the organophosphate insecticide malathion. In
urban ecosystems, modern pesticides typically occur in complex mixtures,
so it is critical to consider additive and synergistic eects when determining
potential impacts to aquatic life.
274 Pesticides in urban stormdrain and surface waters in four
metropolitan areas of California. L. He, K. Goh, M. Ensminger,
Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection
Agency, Sacramento, CA. Urban pesticide use includes structural pest
control, landscape maintenance, rights-of-way pest control, public health
protection, and residential applications. Te average annual non-residential
urban pesticide use in California from 1995-2005 was ~14 million pounds
of active ingredients (a.i.). Te non-residential urban use of pesticides in
2006 in California amounted to ~500,000 lbs a.i. for permethrin, ~446,000
lbs a.i. for diuron, and ~220,000 lbs a.i. for oryzalin. Te use of pronil has
increased dramatically from 650 lbs in 2000 to ~100,000 lbs in 2006. Te
average estimated annual urban use of pesticides during 2004 2005 in
California was ~700,000 lbs a.i. for malathion, 200,000 lbs a.i. for carbaryl,
and 740,000 lbs a.i. for pyrethroids. Based on comparison of pesticide use
and sales data, pesticide applications in urban areas account for ~70% of
pesticide sales in California in 2005. When urban use pesticide residues
transport to urban stormdrains and waterways by stormwater runo or
urban baseow, they may cause toxicity to sensitive aquatic species. Urban
monitoring data are therefore needed in order to assess the potential
impacts of urban pesticide use on aquatic systems. We will present at the
conference monitoring information and preliminary results from a total
of 25 monitoring stations located in four metropolitan areas of California:
the San Francisco Bay, Sacramento, Los Angeles, and San Diego. Water
and sediment samples collected from urban stormdrain and/or streams
are analyzed for insecticides (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates,
and pronil & degradates) and herbicides (dinitroanilines, triazines, and
phenoxys). Data will be compared with available water quality benchmarks,
stormdrain water vs. receiving water, and stormwater vs. baseow water.
275 A Critical Review of Golf Course Water Quality Monitoring
Results. R.D. Baris, J. Lam, S.Z. Cohen, N. Barnes, Q. Ma, Environmental
& Turf Services, Inc., Weaton, MD. Most water quality monitoring studies
have focused on agricultural pesticides, often the legacy chemicals. Tere
has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early to mid 1990s
due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the
local permitting process as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the
US EPA under FIFRA. Results from permit-driven studies are frequently
not published nor is there usually widespread knowledge about them. We
previously reported an assessment of data from 17 studies of 36 golf courses
(Cohen et al., 1999). Tis current study is an expansion of the previous
eort in terms of data and types of analyses. Forty-four studies involving
80 courses from a 20 year period passed our quality control and other
review criteria and were incorporated into a detailed data review. A total
of 38,737 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample
equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus,
and nitrate analyses of surface water and ground water were reviewed.
Analytes included 166 pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread
and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred
at the sites studied. None of the authors of the newly added individual
studies concluded that toxicologically signicant impacts were observed,
although HALs, MCLs, or MACs were occasionally exceeded. Te percent
of individual pesticide database entries that exceed HALs/MCLs/MACs
for ground water and surface water are 0.13% and 0.62% respectively.
Te percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of
samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed.Te MCL (10 mg/L) for
nitrate-nitrogen in ground water was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the
samples. Tere were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional
criteria in ve ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries - - 1,083 for rivers
and streams, and 153 for lakes and reservoirs. Tus phosphorus appears to
present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Te inclusion
of phosphorus, the EPAs ecoregional criteria, pesticide use data, additional
studies, and other information provide a more comprehensive analysis
of water quality impacts by golf courses compared with the 1999 meta-
analysis.
276 Accumulation of Fullerenes into Tamnocephalus platyurus:
a Possible Mechanism for Bioaccumulation of Nanoparticles. M.
Patra, K. Rogers, NERL, US EPA, Las Vegas, NV; X. Ma, D. Bouchard,
NERL, US EPA, Athens, GA; H. Poynton, J. Lazorchak, NERL, US
EPA, Cincinnati, OH. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing industrial
enterprise encompassing a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials, that
are developed and applied in elds such as medicine, plastics, energy,
electronics, and cosmetics. Nanomaterials possess unique properties
often dissimilar from macro-scale particles with the same elemental
composition. It is likely that the prevalence of these materials in various
microenvironments will increase, along with the risk of exposure to
humans and ecosystems. Because aquatic invertebrates may provide useful
information with respect to how nanomaterials (specically fullerenes)
interact with the ecosystem, we are investigating the exposure of indicator
species Tamnocephalus platyurus to stable aqueous suspensions of the
fullerenes C60, C70, and PCBM ([6,6]-Phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl
ester). Suspensions were prepared by stirring fullerenes in water for
approximately 100 days. Our results indicate that each of these fullerenes
aggregate in the digestive track of T. platyurus forming dark masses visible
under a stereo microscope. When T. platyurus that hatched from cysts
(30-45 hr, Rapidtoxkit) were exposed to C60, C70, and PCBM, the
accumulated fullerene masses displaced both polystyrene beads (5 m,
observed as red masses and used to assess chemically-induced metabolic
shock) as well as algae (observed as green masses in the digestive track). Te
relative volume and displacement of beads and algae by aggregate fullerenes
was concentration-dependent over initial fullerene concentrations of 0.9
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to 60 ppm. We are further investigating these observations with respect to
bioaccumulation. More specically, we are investigating the structure of
the aggregated fullerenes by thin section transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and chemical analysis, as well as potential long-term detrimental
eects on these organisms.
277 Toxicokinetics of fullerene-C
60
in Daphnia magna. J.V.
Kukkonen, K. Tervonen, G. Waissi, J. Akkanen, Faculty of Biosciences,
University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland; E.J. Petersen, Dept Chem
Engn, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Fullerenes are carbon
nanoparticles, widely investigated for various applications. In spite
of the large research for dierent purposes, their toxicological eects
and environmental fate are still not well known, especially in aquatic
environments. To our knowledge there is no estimate of its accumulation
and depuration kinetics in Daphnia magna. Tere has been also lack of
good method for quantifying fullerene in biological samples. To overcome
current uncertainty and to achieve more knowledge, a method for analysing
the amount of fullerene-C
60
in D. magna was developed. Te method was
used to assess accumulation and depuration rate of nC
60
in D. magna in
controlled exposure. Te accumulation happens rapidly during the rst
hours of the exposure and the apparent steady state is reached within 24
hours. Te depuration is also rapid in the early phase but it becomes slower
after four hours. After 24 hours depuration, there was more than 50% of
C
60
remaining in the animals, and after 48 hours there was still 40% of
fullerene left. Tese results indicate that C
60
-fullerene is taken up from water
by D. magna and it bioconcentrates into their body. Te actual location
of the fullerenes (in the gut or in dierent tissues) is still to be determined
more closely. On this account it is possible that D. magna can have a role as
a carrier of fullerene from one trophic level to another.
278 Organic matter stabilizes nanoparticles in natural water new
results for cerium oxide particles. D. van de Meent, RIVM, Bilthoven,
Netherlands; D. van de Meent, J. Quik, Radboud University, Nijmegen,
Netherlands. Recent reports have shown that presence of organic matter
in natural water helps to keep carbon nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon
nanotubes and fullerenes) in suspension. We have reconrmed the the
stabilizing eect of NOM on suspensions of MWCNT and found the
same for nanoparticles of cerium oxide. Stability of colloidal suspensions of
MWCNT and CeO2 particles was tested by diluting stabilized suspensions
in aqueous media of various ionic strenghths and pH, to which natural
organic matter from various locations was added in various concentrations.
Suspensions were prepared and allowed to settle for 96 hr. Suspension
concentrations were measured by Termal Optical Transmission and
ICP-MS, respectively. Particle size distributions were measured with the
Nanosight method. In absence of organic matter, suspension concentrations
were found to de extremely low (micrograms per liter), whereas in
presence of organic matter, measureable (milligrams per liter) suspension
concentrations were observed: for MWCNT, as well as for CeO2. In the
tests, most of the nanomaterial added was found to settle. Much more so for
the MWCNT than for CeO2. In the test with CeO2 in presence of organic
matter, about half of the CeO2 remained in suspension. In algal medium
with relatively high ionic strength, the supernatant contained CeO2 clusters
of approximately 400 nm. No obvious clustering was observed if the algal
medium also contained organic matter. We hypothize that presence of
organic matter enhances the availability for uptake of nanoparticles by
aquatic organisms from the water column.
279 Nanotechnology: Risks of Environmental Remediation. L.
Gneiding, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Somerset, NJ. A variety of
nanomaterials are commercially available or are undergoing bench scale/
pilot testing for the remediation of such environmental contaminants as
chlorinated hydrocarbons. However, the human health and ecological risks
associated with these nanomaterials has yet to be fully explored. Tis poster
will provide a screening level risk assessment for selected nanomaterials used
for environmental remediation.
280 Integrative Research Strategies to Evaluate Environmental
Health and Safety of Nanomaterials. S.L. Harper, K.S. Saili, L. Duong,
R.L. Tanguay, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR; S.L. Harper, S. Lee, Safer Nanomaterials and
Nanomanufacturing Initiative, Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies
Institute, Corvallis, OR; K.S. Saili, R.L. Tanguay, Environmental Health
Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; S. Lee, iFusion
Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Te rapid rate of
discovery and development in nanotechnology will undoubtedly increase
the potential for both human and environmental exposures to novel
nanomaterials. While numerous applications promise benet to human
health or the environment, the potential health and environmental risks
associated with the unique properties of nanoscale materials are unknown
and may lead to unintended health and safety consequences. Te current
gap in nanomaterial toxicological data dictates the need to develop
rapid, relevant and ecient testing strategies to assess these emerging
materials of concern prior to large-scale exposures. Here we present an
alternative approach that utilizes a dynamic whole animal (in vivo) assay
to reveal whether a nanomaterial is potentially toxic at multiple levels of
biological organization (i.e. molecular, cellular, systems, organismal). Early
developmental life stages are often uniquely sensitive to environmental
insult, due in part to the enormous changes in cellular dierentiation,
proliferation and migration required to form the required cell types, tissues
and organs. Molecular signaling underlies all of these processes. Most toxic
responses result from disruption of proper molecular signaling, thus, early
developmental life stages are perhaps the ideal life stage to determine if
chemicals or nanomaterials are toxic. Terefore, the embryonic zebrash
model was chosen to investigate nanomaterial biological activity and
toxic potential. Investigations using this model system can reveal subtle
interactions so we have developed an EZ (embryonic zebrash) metric for
nanomaterial toxicity (EZMNT) that takes into account the types and
frequency of sublethal eects in addition to overt mortality. Te EZMNT
was used to compare morbidity and mortality elicited from exposure to
over 100 novel engineered nanomaterials using the Nanomaterial-Biological
Interactions knowledgebase at Oregon State University.
281 Ecological Risk Assessment for Nanomaterials: Use of
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Risk Ranking. I. Linkov, J.
Steevens, M. Chappell, US Army Engineer Research and Development
Center, Brookline, MA; T. Tervonen, J. Figueira, Technical University
Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. Tere is rapidly growing interest by regulatory
agencies and stakeholders in the potential ecological risks associated with
nanomaterials throughout the dierent stages of products life cycle (e.g.,
development, production, use and disposal). Risk assessment methods and
tools developed and applied to chemical and biological agents may not be
readily adaptable for nanomaterials because of the current uncertainty in
identifying the relevant physico-chemical and biological properties that
adequately describe the materials. Such uncertainty is further driven by the
substantial variations in the properties of the original material because of
the variable manufacturing processes employed in nanomaterial production.
We propose a decision support system for classifying nanomaterials
into dierent risk categories. Te classication system is based on a set
of performance metrics that measure both the ecotoxicity and physico-
chemical characteristics of the original materials, as well as the expected
environmental impacts through the product life cycle. Te stochastic
multi-criteria acceptability analysis (SMAA-TRI), a formal decision analysis
method, was used as the foundation for this task. Tis method allowed
us to cluster various nanomaterials in dierent risk categories based on
our current knowledge of nanomaterials physico-chemical characteristics,
variation in produced material, and expert estimates. SMAA-TRI used
Monte Carlo simulations to explore all feasible values for weights, criteria
measurements, and other model parameters to assess the robustness of
nanomaterial grouping for ecological risk management purposes.
282 Silver nanotechnologies and the environment: an old problem
with a new face. S.N. Luoma, John Muir Inst of the Environment,
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA. Silver nanoparticles are one of
the fastest growing categories of nanomaterials. Nano silver is incorporated
into medical devices and consumer products because of eective anti-
bacterial properties. Nano silver and new technologies that release silver raise
new challenges for environmental managers. But we need not assume that
because nano is new, we have to start from scratch in understanding and
managing risks. Nearly one-third of nano silver products on the market in
September 2007 had the potential to disperse silver or silver nanoparticles
to the environment. Environmental implications stem from the cumulative
risks posed by the toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulative properties of
silver itself, and by the physical traits of the nanomaterials. Very crude
calculations suggest that the mass of silver dispersed from consumer
products could be substantial if one, or a combination of such products,
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proliferates in the consumer market. Our existing knowledge of silver in the
environment provides a starting point for some assessments of the risks that
silver would pose; and point toward some of the new questions raised by the
unique properties of the nanoparticle. For example, one possibility is that
organic/sulde complexation, in natural waters could reduce bioavailability
of nanoparticles, as it does for the silver ion. On the other hand, the
nanoparticle could act like a Trojan horse, shielding silver ions from such
interactions, and delivering them to the membrane or interior of organisms
where the ion is released in the absence of environmental complexation.
Starting from what we know about silver itself, we identify twelve lessons for
managing environmental risks from nano silver. Tese help set the stage for
both the research strategy and the risk management strategy.
283 Changes in Nanoparticle Properties in Environmentally
Relevant Conditions and the Impact on Transport in Soil. A.M. Neigh,
T. Darlington, S. Oldenburg, nanoComposix, Inc., San Diego, CA. As
nanoparticles are increasingly incorporated into industrial processes,
consumer products, and military applications, it is inevitable that they will
be released into the environment and potentially aect biota. Although
research on the toxicity of nanoparticles is being conducted to address
toxic mechanisms, the available information may not reasonably predict
ecological eects since the data often relates to unweathered source
nanomaterials and does not consider environmental conditions that
may alter their properties. Moreover, there is a lack of information on
environmental transport, which is critical to establishing exposure pathways
for ecological receptors. We chose nano-scale aluminum as a model for the
physical and chemical changes in nanoparticles released to the environment
and to evaluate transport behavior. Aluminum nanoparticles are pertinent
to future environmental risk assessments since they are being used in
combination with metal oxides in propellants and have the potential to be
broadly distributed through aerosol deposition. Aluminum nanoparticles
were suspended in dierent environmentally relevant solutions and eluted
by a forced up-ow column system through soil and sand matrices over
17 hrs at a rate of 3 ml/hr. Te solution used to suspend the nanoparticles
dramatically impacted the characteristics of the nanoparticles prior to
introduction to the columns by altering the surface charge, stability, and
aggregate size of the nanoparticles. Tese changes were important in
transport potential as well as the characteristics of the soil matrix including
pore space, ionic strength, surface charge, and the presence of organic acids.
Suspended aluminum nanoparticles with negatively charged surfaces had
the highest rate of transport of the scenarios evaluated. Transport was also
greater for columns composed primarily of sand compared to columns
which contained greater proportions of ne particulates. However, in all
cases, transport was signicantly impeded by the presence of salts. Tese
studies indicate that in order to predict transport, changes to the physical
and chemical properties of nanoparticles in environmentally relevant media
must be understood.
284 Estrogenic compounds downstream from six small cities
in eastern Nebraska: Occurrence and biological eect. A.S. Kolok,
Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE; A.S. Kolok, M.K.
Sellin, Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; D.D. Snow, Water Sciences
Laboratory, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. Recent
studies have detected estrogenic compounds in surface waters in North
America and Europe. Furthermore, the presence of estrogenic compounds
in surface waters has been attributed, in some cases, to the discharge of
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) euent. Te primary objective of the
current study was to determine if WWTP euent contributes estrogens
to the surface waters of Nebraska. A second objective of this study was to
determine if estrogens were found in concentrations sucient enough to
manifest feminizing eects on sh. During 2006 and 2007, polar organic
chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and caged fathead minnows were
deployed at various locations throughout the state. Deployment sites
included: three reference sites (Pawnee Creek, the Little Blue River and
the Middle Loup River) and three (Grand Island, Columbus, Hastings)
WWTPs during the summer of 2006. An additional two sites (York
and Kearney) were sampled during the summer of 2007, along with
a second sampling conducted at Hastings. Following the seven-day
deployments, POCIS extracts were analyzed for estrone, 17-estradiol,
estriol and 17-ethinylestradiol using liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). 17-estradiol was detected in POCIS from
six of the eight eld sites with the greatest quantities recovered in POCIS
deployed downstream from the York, Grand Island and Hastings WWTPs.
Estrone was only detected in the POCIS deployed downstream from the
York, Grand Island and Hastings WWTPs. Tese results conrm that
WWTP euent contributes signicant levels of estrogens to Nebraska
surface waters. Estrogenic eects were detected in caged minnows analyzed
for the hepatic mRNA expression of two estrogen-responsive genes,
vitellogenin (vg1) and estrogen receptor (ER). Fish deployed at the site
where the greatest quantities of estrogens were recovered (Hastings) had
signicantly higher expression of vg1 and ER than sh deployed at any of
the other sites.
285 Reproductive Eects of Pharmaceuticals Singularly and in
Mixture on Mature Male Fathead Minnows. H.L. Schoenfuss, M.R.
McGee, T.G. Loes II, N.D. Jahns, M.A. Buerkley, J.D. Roos, Aquatic
Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN; S.L.
Werner, E.T. Furlong, National Water Quality Laboratory, U.S. Geological
Survey, Denver, CO; M.M. Schultz, Chemistry, College of Wooster,
Wooster, OH. Several classes of pharmaceuticals have been measured
in treated wastewater euents and the aquatic environment in North
America in ppt and ppb concentrations. Te prevalence of these inherently
biologically active compounds in many anthropogenically altered surface
waters raises concerns for the health of aquatic wildlife. In this study, we
tested the hypotheses that (1) pharmaceutical exposure at environmental
concentrations will adversely aect male fathead minnows; and that (2)
these eects are cumulative across mixtures of compounds. Male fathead
minnows were exposed in a continuous ow systems for 21 days to ppt
to ppb concentrations of either one of four antidepressants (Sertraline,
Fluoxetine, Venlafaxine, Bupropion), the anticonvulsant Carbamazepine,
or the antimicrobial Triclosan. In addition, males were exposed to mixtures
of the four antidepressants alone or in mixture with the anticonvulsant and
antimicrobial drug. Water samples for exposure concentration analysis were
taken weekly. At the end of the exposure, a subset of sh were assessed for
plasma vitellogenin induction, expression of secondary sexual characteristics,
relative size of liver and gonads, and histopathological changes to both
organs. Te remaining exposed male sh were placed in pair-wise
competition to assess their ability to acquire and defend a nest site in direct
competition with control males. Results indicate diverse eect matrices
with antidepressants frequently reducing the expression of secondary sexual
characteristics and relative gonad size (p<0.01) while the antimicrobial
compound Triclosan actually enhanced relative gonad size. Mixture analysis
is ongoing and complete results for all endpoints and treatments will be
presented.
286 Assessment of Endocrine Disruption in Smallmouth Bass
(Micropterus dolomieu) and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
in the Potomac River Watershed. C. Guy, A.E. Pinkney, US Fish and
Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD; L.R. Iwanowicz, V.S. Blazer, USGS,
Kearneysville, WV; D.A. Alvarez, USGS, Columbia, MO; J.E. Mullican,
Maryland DNR, Frederick, MD. In 2005, the USFWS began a two year
study with the USGS and Maryland DNR addressing endocrine disruption
in bass at ve locations in the Potomac River watershed. Te objectives
were to determine if: (1) bass exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds
(EDCs)are exhibiting gonadal abnormalities; (2) male bass exposed to
EDCs had elevated concentrations of vitellogenin; and (3) wastewater
treatment plants were releasing detectable concentrations of EDCs using
passive samplers. Smallmouth bass were collected at two locations each on
the Monocacy River and Conococheague Creek in Maryland. Largemouth
bass were collected near the Blue Plains Wastewater Treatment Plant on
the mainstem in Washington, DC. Te passive samplers were placed
upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plants near where the
sh were collected. A prevalence of intersex (82-100%) was identied
in male smallmouth bass at all sites. Intersex (23%) was identied in
male largemouth bass collected at the Blue Plains site. In spring 2006,
we collected a second season of passive sampler data. Analysis of the
samplers resulted in the detection of 84 out of 138 targeted chemicals. Te
agricultural pesticides, atrazine and metolachlor, had the greatest seasonal
changes in water concentrations with a 3.1 to 91-fold increase in the spring
than in the previous fall. Coinciding with the elevated concentrations
of atrazine in the spring were increasing concentrations of the atrazine
degradation products, desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine, in the
fall following spring and summer application of the parent compound.
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Other targeted chemicals (organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, and organic wastewater chemicals) did not indicate seasonal
changes in occurrence or concentration; however, the overall concentrations
and number of chemicals present were greater at the sites downstream of
wastewater treatment plant discharges. While it appears that euent from
some wastewater treatment plants may impact the reproductive health of
bass in the Potomac watershed, inputs from other sources likely contribute
to the widespread, high incidence of testicular oocytes.
287 Release of active pharmaceutical ingredients from Indian
bulk drug manufacture environmental fate and eects on antibiotic
resistance development, microbial ecosystems and vertebrate physiology.
D. Larsson, L. Gunnarsson, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology,
Te Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg,
Sweden; J. Fick, Dep. of Chemistry, Ume University, Ume, Sweden; Y.S.
Schouche, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University, Pune, INDIA;
G. Carlsson, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public
Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; S.
Brosch, T. Backhaus, Dep. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; L. Frlin, Dep. of Zoology,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; M. Hermansson, Dep.
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg,
Sweden; E. Moore, Dep. of Clinical Bacteriology, the Sahlgrenska Academy
at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Last year, we
published a paper showing extraordinary high levels of several drugs in
treated euent from a plant receiving process water from about 90 bulk
drug manufacturers from the Hyderabad region in India. Particularly,
the levels of various uoroquinolones (up to 31 mg/L) called for more
information on the potential development of antibiotic resistance of exposed
bacteria, as well as potential ecological eects on microbial ecosystems. In
this study we will present the rst characterization of 93 strains of bacteria
sampled inside the treatment facility for their sensitivity/resistance to 39
dierent antibiotics. Furthermore, controlled exposure experiments suggest
that the treated euent aects the functional structure of natural freshwater
microbial communities at a dilution of 1:1000. Short to medium-term
exposure experiments with frogs and sh demonstrate sublethal eects of the
treated euent at similar dilutions, suggesting that expected environmental
eects are not restricted to disturbed microorganism communities. Data
on the fate of dierent pharmaceuticals in a gradient up and downstream
from the treatment facility will be presented, as well as levels in drinking
water wells in seven nearby villages, showing a transport of drugs via
the groundwater. We conclude that the environmental impact of drug
production in the Hyderabad region is of great environmental concern. We
will also present summary data on the origin of active substances present in
pharmaceutical products on the Swedish market, implying an international
responsibility for improving the environmental pollution situation related to
bulk drug production in India.
288 Pharmaceutical fate from urban wastewater inputs to a
Canadian river. S.L. MacLeod, C.S. Wong, Chemistry, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; C.S. Wong, Richardson College
for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada. Time-weighted-average concentrations of common achiral
(e.g., carbamazepine) and chiral (e.g., metoprolol) pharmaceuticals were
determined downstream of urban inputs to the North Saskatchewan River
at Edmonton. Te Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), a
recently developed passive sampling device, was used to determine loadings,
attenuation, and mass balance of several commonly used pharmaceuticals in
the water column of the river. Rates for uptake of these chemicals by POCIS
were previously established in our laboratory, and were used to determine
time-weighted-average concentrations as far as 100 kilometres downstream
from wastewater inputs. Continuous POCIS deployments lasted several
weeks at a time and were carried out in all seasons, including under ice
in winter. Wastewater treatment plant euent was sampled directly to
determine pharmaceutical loadings from the main sources. Loadings ranged
from less than 1 gram per day (e.g., propranolol) to as high as several
hundred grams per day (e.g., diclofenac). In the river, drug concentrations at
20 kilometres downstream were consistent with dilution of the wastewater
plume and were relatively constant over time, indicating consistent
input and/or consistent removal processes in the river. While some
pharmaceuticals on our analyte list were not detectable further downstream,
several were present at low ng/L levels, decreasing in concentration with
distance along the river. Tese measurements further downstream suggest
that attenuation in the river can vary due to a combination of dilution
and removal processes. In addition, biologically-mediated degradation
was investigated by measurement of individual stereoisomers of chiral
pharmaceuticals, as changes in the relative proportion of drug enantiomers
provide strong evidence of biologically-mediated processing. Stereoisomer
measurements were consistent with human metabolism prior to wastewater
treatment, microbial activity through wastewater treatment, and further
processing in receiving river water. To our knowledge, this work represents
the rst continuous measurement of pharmaceutical loading in an urban
river using passive sampling and enantiomer analysis.
289 Endocrine disruption in the Elkhorn River: Girls gone wild.
M.K. Sellin, J. Weigel, A. Kolok, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE;
M. Schwartz, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Island, NE;
D. Snow, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; B. Carter, EcoArray, Inc.,
Gainesville, FL. Cattle feedlot runo has been identied as a potential
source of endocrine-disrupting compounds in the aquatic environment due
to the use of growth-promoting implants in beef production. Te Elkhorn
River watershed is characterized by a high density of beef feedlots making
it an ideal site to investigate the impacts of feedlot runo on sh health.
Te goal of this study was to determine whether caged fathead minnows
deployed in the Elkhorn River experience alterations in endocrine function
relative to minnows deployed at a reference location. Caged minnows and
polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in
the Elkhorn River and at the reference site for seven days. Following the
deployments, the hepatic mRNA expression of estrogen- and androgen-
responsive genes was measured. Females deployed in the Elkhorn River
experienced signicant reductions in the expression of vitellogenin and
estrogen receptor relative to females deployed at the reference locations
indicating a defeminization of females at this site. Te reproductive
consequences of reduced vitellogenin expression, while axiomatic, remain to
be experimentally validated.
290 Predator Avoidance Performance of Larval Fathead Minnows
(Pimephales promelas) Exposed to Estrogen Mixtures. M.R. McGee,
H.L. Schoenfuss, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University,
St. Cloud, MN. Te eects of xenoestrogens on adult fathead minnows
are well established. However, the eects of exposure in early life stages are
less clear even though developmental processes are likely more vulnerable
to disruption by xenoestrogens than adult physiology. Furthermore,
survival to adulthood requires adequate predator avoidance responses
which may be delayed by exposure. Terefore, assessing non-reproductive,
behavioral endpoints may provide a further understanding of the eects
of endocrine disrupting compounds across ontogeny. During a predator-
prey confrontation, larval shes use an innate C-start behavior to rapidly
move away from an approaching threat. We tested the hypotheses that (1)
larval fathead minnows exposed to estrogens singularly or in mixture suer
a reduced ability to perform an innate C-start behavior when faced with a
threat stimulus; (2) additive eects will increase the potency of estrogens
in mixture; and (3) eects will be most severe in a specic developmental
window of sensitivity. In this study, embryos were exposed (postfertilization
until hatching - 5 days) to environmentally relevant concentrations of E1,
E2, and EE2 singularly and in mixture and, after hatching, allowed to
grow in control well water until 12 days old. Similarly, posthatch fathead
minnows were exposed for 12 days to these compounds. High-speed (1,000
frames/second) video recordings of escape behavior were collected and
transferred to NIH Image for frame-by-frame analysis of latency periods
and escape velocities. Exposed embryos experienced no reduction in
C-start performance. However, in all singular compound larval exposure
experiments, a trend showed that exposed larvae suered delayed C-start
responses. Furthermore, in the mixture larval exposure, exposed larvae
suered a severely delayed C-start response compared to control larvae
(p=0.018) which demonstrates the additive eects of estrogens in mixture.
Tis experiment reveals that estrogen mixtures can adversely aect innate
behavioral responses crucial to larval survival, and that the developing
organisms are more sensitive to estrogen exposure after hatching suggesting
that the harmful eects of estrogens during development are physiological
rather then structural.
291 Emerging Contaminants in the Tidal Delaware River. A.R.
MacGillivray, DRBC, West Trenton, NJ. A pilot survey in the mainstem
of the tidal Delaware River sampled and analyzed ambient waters for
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pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP), and peruorinated
compounds (PFC) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
(LC/MSMS); hormones, sterols and nonyl phenols by gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry (GC/MS); and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)
by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/
MS). Twenty-one out of fty-four PPCP analytes were detected in ng/L
concentrations. Aquatic ecotoxicity data, primarily based on individual
compounds and single species tests, are readily available for only sixteen
out of the twenty-one PPCP analytes detected limiting assessment of risk
to aquatic life. PFC were measured in ng/L concentrations that exceed
benchmarks for water quality. Nonyl phenol levels did not exceed current
United States Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria.
PBDE were measured in pg/L to ng/L concentrations with homolog
distributions similar to those observed in other North American locations.
Natural and synthetic hormones were reported in ng/L levels. Concurrent,
short-term chronic toxicity bioassays for survival, growth, and reproduction
in the ambient water samples did not indicate toxicity for species and
endpoints measured. Assessment of ecotoxicity from emerging contaminants
in the tidal Delaware River would be further informed by estrogenicity
screening, biomarker measurements and population (sex ratio) surveys.
292 Ethinyl Estradiol (EE2): Measuring and Exposure Modeling
Synergies. B. Hannah, V.L. Cunningham, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia,
PA; V.J. DAco, Quantum Management Group, Inc., Clifton, NJ; P.D.
Anderson, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Westford, MA; M.E. Buzby,
Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ; D.J. Caldwell, Johnson
& Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ; J.F. Ericson, Pzer Inc.,, Groton, CT;
A.C. Johnson, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon,
United Kingdom; N.J. Parke, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN;
J.H. Samuelian, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Portland, ME; J.P.
Sumpter, Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge,
Middlesex, United Kingdom. EE2 concentrations in various environmental
matrices have been extensively reported in the literature. Tis presentation
summarizes 1,647 measured values in surface waters that were reported in
the peer reviewed literature through 2006. Tese measured concentrations
span several orders of magnitude ranging from non detectable at detection
limits below 0.1 ng/L to concentrations greater than 200 ng/L. Te
supporting analytical methodologies employed were compiled and
reviewed, and the reported concentrations were correlated with a variety
of analytical variables including sample preparation, quantitation method
and instrumental techniques. Exposure modeling was then employed using
sales data and hydrology models to estimate EE2 surface water exposure
concentrations. By utilizing, comparing and incorporating the measured and
predicted surface water concentrations from both approaches it is possible
to identify respective strengths and limitations which will result in higher
quality data, more robust interpretations, better application of resources and
ultimately more accurate risk assessments.
293 Interrogating the interactions of peruorinated carboxylic
acids in human blood using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy. J.C. Deon, A. Baer, R. Kumar, A. Simpson, S.A. Mabury,
Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Peruorinated
sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and peruorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs)
are known to accumulate in proteineous tissues such as the blood, liver
and kidneys. Human PFCA contamination is a relevant concern as
peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is detected in sera from the North American
population at about 5 ng/mL. At concentrations of about 0.6 mM, serum
albumin is the most prevalent protein in blood and the most likely site
for PFCA interaction. Previous studies have characterized interactions
between PFSAs and PFCAs with serum albumin using mass spectrometry
and binding assays. In this study we expand upon this understanding
using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to observe the
interaction PFCAs in human sera without isolation or prior treatment
of the sample. Using saturation transfer dierence NMR (STD-NMR)
we were able to identify serum albumin as the major site of interaction
for peruorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and PFOA in human sera. We were
also able to identify the orientation of PFHxA and PFOA in the serum
albumin binding sites. Both PFCAs were positioned with their uorinated
tails in the binding site and their carboxylate heads pointed towards the
surface. Tis position suggests that PFCAs are interacting with the fatty
acid binding sites on serum albumin, which x-ray crystallography has
shown contain hydrophobic pockets with cationic surface sites. Results
from competition experiments using isolated human serum albumin and
13C-oleic acid will be presented. Tis data along with similar experiments
involving phenylbutazone and ibuprofen will help elucidate the sites of
PFCA interaction with human serum albumin. Te interactions described
here may help understand the pharmacokinetics of PFCA accumulation in
human sera.
294 Peruorinated compounds and dietary patterns in 326
postmenopausal women from Norway. C. Rylander, T.M. Sandanger, H.
Falk, E. Lund, Institute for Community Medicine, University of Trosm,
Troms, Norway; T.M. Sandanger, H. Falk, Norwegian Institute for Air
Research, Troms, Norway. Peruorinated compounds (PFCs) are found in
human plasma from people all over the world. Tis group of compounds
has many dierent properties, and the health eects on humans are not well
understood. Peruorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and Peruorooctanoic
acid (PFOA) are the most common PFCs found in human blood. Studies
indicate that some PFCs bioaccumulate and are toxic in high doses to test
animals. As a result of this, PFOS has voluntarily been withdrawn from
production. However, there are indications of an onset of production by
a new producer in Asia. Exposure routes of PFCs to humans are not well
characterized. In this study we investigated associations between dietary
intake and PFC concentrations in 326 postmenopausal women from
Norway. Te group of women studied is part of the Norwegian Women
and Cancer study. All randomly chosen women were born between 1943
and 1957. Te participants have answered an eight-page questionnaire with
detailed information on diet, lifestyle and use of medication in addition
to donate blood samples. We have analyzed the concentration of PFCs
in plasma from 326 women. Most prominent compounds were PFOS)
PFOA and Peruorohexane sulphonate(PFHxS). We screened for a total
of eight PFCs. Concentration varied between 0.2 and 50 ng/g plasma for
linear PFOS, which was the dominating compound. Geometric mean was
13.3ng/g plasma for linear PFOS. When both the linear and branched
isomer of PFOS was taken into account, geometric mean increased to 19.5
ng/g plasma. Te participants were merged into groups based on dietary
intake using cluster analysis. Dierences in PFC concentration between
dietary groups were evaluated and results will be presented during the
conference.
295 Method Development and Measurements of Peruorinated
Compounds in U.S. Chicken Egg. J.L. Reiner, S.F. Nakayama, A.D.
Delinsky, M.J. Strynar, A.B. Lindstrom, U.S. EPA, Raleigh, NC.
Peruorinated compounds (PFCs) have been manufactured and used in a
variety of applications for over 50 years and are routinely detected in human
blood samples at the ng/mL level. However, there are currently insucient
data to assess which routes and pathways are most signicant for human
exposure to PFCs. Diet may be an important route of exposure, but few
studies have focused on dietary exposure and fewer have demonstrated
adequate methods for the determination of PFCs. Analytical procedures
dealing with composite diet samples are potentially subject to multiple
matrix-specic problems which may bias the results. Te aim of this study
was to establish a reliable and reproducible method for the determination
of PFCs in a specic food item, chicken eggs. A separation technique
using solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with analysis by liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed
for the measurement of ten PFCs in eggs. Te performance of the method
was evaluated with the measurement of PFCs in 33 eggs purchased in North
Carolina and Georgia.
296 LC/MS/MS Determination of Peruorinated Compounds
(PFCs) in Multiple Fish Species from Two North Carolina Rivers. A.
Delinsky, M. Strynar, A. Lindstrom, J. Varns, S. Nakayama, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC; J. Varns, NCBA, Inc.
See Program Research Participant, Durham, NC; S. Nakayama, ORISE
Research Participant, Oak Ridge, TN. Peruorinated compounds (PFCs)
have been used in a wide variety of industrial products and as a result are
found throughout the environment. Laboratory studies show that PFCs are
toxic to animals and their ospring. One potential route of human exposure
to PFCs is through the ingestion of sh. However, most researchers focus
on the analysis of PFCs in sh liver and whole sh. Te current study
includes the analysis of sh llets, which are more relevant to human
exposure. Ten PFCs were measured in 3 matrices (llet, liver, and whole sh
homogenates) from 8 sh species. Te ten PFCs measured included the 4,
6, and 8 carbon peruorinated sulfonates (PFBS, PFHS, PFOS) and the
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C6 C12 peruorinated acids. Fish were collected from two rivers that are
in close geographical proximity and yet have dierent PFC concentrations
and components. Several species of sh were collected from the Haw and
Deep Rivers and included: bluegill sunsh, redear sunsh, largemouth bass,
channel catsh, carp, redhorse sucker, shad, and bown. Fillets and livers
were removed from half of the sh collected, while the remaining sh were
left intact for whole sh analysis. Fillet, whole sh, and liver homogenates
were digested in basic methanol, cleaned by solid phase extraction (SPE),
and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Matrix-matched calibration curves, quality
control (QC) samples, and unknown samples were subjected to the same
sample preparation and analysis. Initial measurements of PFCs in bluegills
from the Haw and Deep River showed that four analytes (PFOS, C10,
C11, and C12) were consistently detected in the liver, whole sh, and llets
in all samples. Concentrations of PFOS were higher in sh from the Deep
River, while C10 C12 acid concentrations were higher on the Haw River
for all 3 matrices. PFC concentrations were about 3 and 10 times higher,
respectively, in whole sh and liver compared to sh llet. Information
about disposition of PFCs in multiple sh species will allow researchers to
use PFC concentrations reported in the literature for a sh matrix, such as
liver or whole sh, to estimate PFC levels in another matrix such as llets.
Tis ability to estimate PFC levels will help researchers to better characterize
human exposure to PFCs.
297 A Reliable Analytical Method for a Wide Range of
Peruorinated Acids (C2-C18) to Enable the Chemodynamics Survey of
Short-Chain PFCs in Precipitation Samples. S. Taniyasu, N. Yamashita,
Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan; K. Kannan, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY;
L. Yeung, K. Kwok, P. Lam, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Te widespread
occurrence of peruoroalkyl acids (PFAs), including peruoroalkylsulfonic
acids (PFASs) and peruorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), in environmental and
biological matrices, is well documented. A new method has been developed
to measure 31 PFAs including short-chain PFCAs such as triuoracetic acid
(TFA; C2) and longer chain PFCAs, peruoroalkylsulfonates, uorotelomer
acids, and two peruorooctylsulfonamides in precipitation samples. Te
method involves solid phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange
(WAX) cartridge, an ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) column separation, and tandem spectrometry (MS/MS) detection.
Te method is selective, simple, and robust, and is capable of measuring
31 PFAs in a single analysis, with overall recoveries of the target analytes
ranging from 76% to 133%. Te method was applied to the analysis of
rain water samples collected from two cities in Japan. TFA and several
short-chain PFAs were the major compounds found in rain water. To our
knowledge, this method is the rst technique to use the ion exchange HPLC
column for PFCs and is the most comprehensive, reliable analytical method
for a wide range of peruorinated acids (C2-C18). Tis technique enables
the chemodynamics survey of short-chain PFCs in precipitation samples.
298 Peruorinated compounds in the Upper Mississippi River
Basin: Method assessment and application. S.F. Nakayama, M.J.
Strynar, J.L. Reiner, A.D. Delinsky, A.B. Lindstrom, US EPA, RTP, NC;
D. Hokanson, UMRBA, St. Paul, MN. An increasing number of studies
have been conducted to investigate the environmental distribution of the
peruorinated compounds (PFCs), many of which are known to be toxic.
Surface water is considered to be a major sink and transportation route
of PFCs in the environment. Surface water is also an important source
of drinking water in many places around the world, suggesting potential
human exposures are possible via this route. Monitoring data are still
very limited in most places around the world, making it dicult to draw
conclusions about environmental transport and human exposure issues.
One of the key reasons these data have not been available is a basic lack of
reliable methods. In this study, a method previously developed for use with
local water systems was re-evaluated and improved for use with samples
collected in remote locations, with potentially long storage times and long
distance transportation issues. In collaboration with 5 Midwestern States
and two US EPA Regional laboratories, a new method for the collection,
storage, and transport of remotely collected surface water samples was
developed and evaluated in 20072008 on the Upper Mississippi River
basin. A total of 146 samples were collected from 74 sites along the upper
portion of the Mississippi River, Missouri River and their tributaries.
Fourteen sites were selected for repeated samplings conducted monthly from
March to May, 2008. Peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA were
commonly detected in the main stream of the Mississippi with range of <
1.0094.1 ng/L and < 1.00134 ng/L, respectively. Other species of PFCs,
especially with shorter chains (< C8), were also found at some locations.
Te median values for each PFC were typically < 5 ng/L, but higher levels
were commonly detected in a few locations. Tis study revealed that in
order to maintain high quality data, special procedures are required for the
collection, transport, storage and analysis of surface water samples collected
from remote areas.
299 Validation and Application of a Rapid Screen LC/MS/MS
Method for Accurate Quantitation of Peruorinated Carboxylates and
Sulfonates in Soil. C.C. Lange, W.K. Reagen, Environmental Laboratory,
3M Company, St. Paul, MN, MN. A simple, rapid and sensitive soil
extraction with 3.5 minute isocratic LC/MS/MS analysis method was
validated to quantify several peruorinated carboxylates (PFCs) and
sulfonates (PFSs) in soil. Tis method was validated for PFCs (C4-C12)
and PFBS, PFHxS and PFOS, then applied to real world soils analysis.
In brief, the method involves measuring an aliquot of soil, extracting
with an acetonitrile:water solution and sonicating for 1 hr, followed by
centrifugation and direct analysis of the claried extracts. Validation of the
method included evaluation of 10 dierent soils. Quantitative accuracy of
QCs was better than 100 + 25% using external standard calibration for all
analytes, and was improved for some analytes using trimethylsilylpropane
sulfonate (TMS-PS) as an internal standard. Te isotope-labeled analyte
13C-1,2- PFOA was evaluated as a surrogate for analyte recovery, but could
not be reliably used due to suppression eects from PFOA, thus establishing
the need for preparation of laboratory matrix spike (LMS) samples during
sample analysis. A nominal quantitative range of 100 ng/g to 250 ug/g
was successfully established for the isocratic LC/MS/MS method using an
Agilent 1100 HPLC system with a Micromass Quattro-II triple quadrupole
instrument. Substantially lower LLOQs were achieved using a Applied
Biosystems 5000 MS/MS detector. Validation data was used to identify
a standardized laboratory soil which could be use to prepare curves for
quantifying the other 10 soils and then was applied to real world soil
analyses. Tis method was successfully employed to rapidly screen multiple
soil borings collected from a waste disposal site known to have received
electrochemical uorination (ECF) waste sludges, as well as other unknown
industrial wastes. Tese data were successfully used for directing soil
remediation eorts at the site. Additionally, matrix eects and poor LMS
recoveries occurred for some samples by the isocratic method, but more
accurate quantitation using an alternative gradient LC/MS/MS method was
attained. Te gradient method could achieve nominal LLOQs as low as 1.0-
2.5 ng/g for PFBA on the Quattro-II instrument conguration.
300 Novel air sampling method for volatile PFCA precursors.
C.J. Young, S.A. Mabury, Department of Chemistry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Peruorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs)
are ubiquitous in the environment, including remote regions where local
contamination is not expected to be signicant. Studies from these regions
suggest that atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursors is an important
source of PFCAs. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and uorosulfamido
alcohols represent two classes of PFCA precursors which have been the
target of many air sampling studies. However, recent studies have identied
several other classes of PFCA precursors for which atmospheric levels
are unknown. Previous air sampling studies have employed methods
similar to those for POPs that are unsuitable for some of the more volatile
compounds, which are known PFCA precursors, such as uorotelomer
olens (FTOs). Tis method utilizes techniques that are typically used
for VOCs to facilitate capture of these volatile uorinated compounds.
Concentrations for volatile PFCA precursor compounds previously
undetected in the atmosphere will be presented. Samples from Southern
Ontario were collected using personal air sampling pumps onto cartridges
containing Carbotrap
TM
. Samples were extracted using thermal desorption
and cryofocusing, with analysis on a GC-MS operating in negative chemical
ionization mode. Method validation will be discussed for FTOs, FTOHs,
uorotelomer iodides (FTIs) and four-carbon sulfamido alcohols, with
emphasis on comparison to previous methods and levels of analytes that
have not before been reported. Tis method shows improvements over
previous methods in that it can capture a larger range of analytes, as well as
increased portability and shorter sampling time.
70 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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301 Integrating results of single species toxicity tests and
stream microcosm experiments to reconcile dierences between
laboratory and eld studies of metal-polluted streams. P.J. Cadmus,
W.H. Clements, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; B.F. Stephen, N.K. Vieira,
Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO. We conducted single
species toxicity tests and community-level microcosm experiments using
indigenous organisms as part of a larger research project designed to
reconcile discrepancies between eld biomonitoring and laboratory data.
Separate experiments were conducted to quantify eects of Cu alone
and an equitoxic mixture of Cu + Zn on mayies (Drunella grandis) and
macroinvertebrate communities from a pristine Colorado mountain stream.
Single species experiments were executed simultaneously in the laboratory
and in stream microcosms. Survival of D. grandis in the laboratory and in
single species microcosm experiments was similar, suggesting that minor
dierences in physicochemical characteristics between these test systems
was relatively unimportant. Mayy survival was signicantly lower in the
Cu only experiments compared to the Cu + Zn experiments, suggesting
that responses to these metals were not additive. Results from community
microcosm experiments were consistent with single species tests and showed
highly signicant reductions in mayy abundance and richness as well as a
decrease in abundance of most dominant taxa. Results from the community
microcosm experiments, the single species tests and previous studies
conducted in these facilities will be compared and the implications for eld
bioassessments in metal-polluted streams will be discussed.
302 A simulation analysis of the eects of food web structure and
bioenergetics on the bioaccumulation of PCBs and methylmercury in
sh. C. Barber, B. Rashleigh, C. Knightes, Ecosystem Research Division,
NERL, USEPA, Athens, GA; E. Sunderland, Oce of the Science
Advisor, USEPA, Washington, DC. Te bioaccumulation of PCBs and
methylmercury in sh occurs primarily via dietary uptake rather than direct
gill uptake from the ambient water. Consequently, accurate prediction of
the concentrations of these contaminants in sh requires reasonably realistic
presentations of a communitys food web and trophic dynamics. Although
many bioaccumulation models characterize sh diets as simple food chains
or as static food webs with constant dietary proportions, real world food
webs and trophic dynamics are much more complex. For example, sh
often feed opportunistically on prey based on their availability. Similarly,
the dietary compositions of sh often exhibit well-dened relationships with
their age or body size. In this work, we use the BASS Bioaccumulation and
Aquatic System Simulator to investigate the eects of dierent food web
structures and assumed bioenergetic demands on PCB and methylmercury
bioaccumulation of sh communities in the Florida Everglades, the
Savannah River basin GA/SC, Lake Waccamaw NC, the Shenandoah
River basin VA, and Pawtuckaway Lake NH. Simulated patterns of
bioaccumulation, that are compared to eld observations, are both
species and community dependent. Key parameters inuencing predicted
bioaccumulation dynamics include: elective versus xed dietary percentages,
predator-prey size relationships, assumed prey switching behavior when
nominal prey is unavailable, species growth rates, and recruitment patterns
of forage sh within the community of interest.
303 Pharmaceuticals, herbicides and microbial biolms; Evidence
for ecosystem level eects from prairie aquatic ecosystem studies.
M. Waiser, J.R. Lawrence, V. Tumber, G. Swerhone, J. Holm, Aquatic
Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; N. Glozier, D. Donald, E. Wallace, Water Quality
Monitoring Division, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. Recently, anthropogenic substances like pharmaceuticals and
herbicides have been detected in Canadian prairie wetlands, creeks, rivers
and drinking water reservoirs. While pharmaceutical entry is mediated
through runo and dumping of treated sewage euent, herbicides enter
through atmospheric deposition, direct overspray or runo events. Although
microbial biolms form the base of the food chain in these ecosystems,
eects of such anthropogenic substances on them remain relatively
unstudied. Current research, however, has utilized both eld mesocosm and
laboratory annular rototorque reactor approaches to address this knowledge
gap. Mesocosm studies investigating eects of herbicides clopyralid,
thifensulfuron, fenoxaprop and MCPA in Saskatchewan wetlands, for
example, have indicated that clopyralid has negative eects on measures
of biolm algal and bacterial production, algal biomass and protein to
carbohydrate ratios. Primary production to bacterial production ratios and
algal protein and carbohydrate content change with herbicide addition
which suggests that herbicides have an impact on ecosystem carbon cycling.
Wascana Creek, SK receives treated sewage euent (TSE) from Regina,
SK (population ~180,000) and in winter TSE makes up 100% of the
streamow. A rotating annular reactor system and confocal laser microscopy
were used to investigate eects of pharmaceuticals on biolm communities
from the creek. Results indicated that microbial biomass, production and
diversity, and exopolysaccharide matrices in biolms grown with addition
of clindamycin, erythromycin and trimethoprim (at 4 g L-1) diered from
control biolms. Evidence presented would suggest that herbicides and
pharmaceuticals may pose a risk to biolm communities in prairie aquatic
ecosystems and that eects could resonate to higher trophic levels.
304 Tracing the bioenergetics of mayies through bioamplication
of persistent organic pollutants and stable nitrogen isotopes. J. Daley,
K.G. Drouillard, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research,
University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada; L. Corkum, Biological
Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Mayies,
Hexagenia spp., live in the sediments for the majority of their life (1-2
years) and achieve steady state contaminant fugacities with the sediments
they inhabit. During mid-June they undergo mass emergence to complete
sexual maturity (sub-imago to imago molt) and engage in reproduction
in large mating swarms. Te post-emergence period lasts approximately 2
d and animals do not feed but rather use up the energy reserves stored in
their bodies from the nymphal stage. Since the adult form does not feed,
this species provides an ideal model to study contaminant and stable isotope
bioamplication as it relates to reproductive bioenergetics. Pre-emergent
male and female nymphs were collected from three locations in the Huron-
Erie corridor. Emergent lifestages were collected on the shoreline of each
location and separated according to life stage (early subimago or adult
imago) and by sex. Replicate, pooled samples were analyzed for neutral
lipids, stable nitrogen isotopes and PCBs. To control for reproductive ight
costs, additional female and male subimagoes were held in cages for 48 h
to allow moulting but not ight. For males, there was a two-fold dierence
in neutral lipid concentration between free living subimago and imago
life stages that was not evident in caged controls. Free living females did
not show signicant depletion in lipids between the life stages, although
a decline in mean lipids was evident. When lipid normalized PCB 153
concentrations were examined, both sexes showed signicant increases in
chemical fugacity between the sub-imago to imago stage. Tis research
demonstrates that PCB bioamplication can be used as a surrogate measure
of lipid utilization and provides higher statistical power for detecting
energetic costs in mayies across life stages. Tis is due to the fact that inter-
individual dierences in chemical fugacities of nymphs at a given location
are lower than individual dierences in accumulated lipid reserves. Life
stage and sex-dierences in the bioamplication of stable nitrogen isotopes,
related to the use of protein, were also evaluated. Bioamplication of both
hydrophobic contaminants and nitrogen isotopes were used to compute an
energy balance for reproductive ight costs in this species and to contrast
estimates between sexes and locations.
305 Consistency of ecosystem- and community-level eects of
pesticides within pesticide classes. J.R. Rohr, T.R. Rael, N. Halstead,
Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; J.T. Hoverman,
Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Te University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN. Many pesticides have similar modes of action, and thus
dierent pesticides within a class of pesticides might have very similar
eects on ecosystems. If so, we might be able to predict the community-
and ecosystem-level eects of new or relatively unstudied pesticides simply
by knowing the class or mode of action to which they belong. Further, by
manipulating food webs in a manner similar to the hypothesized eects
of pesticide types, we might elucidate the indirect eects of pesticides
on communities. We tested these hypotheses by applying 14 pesticide
treatments, all at expected environmental concentrations, to 56 freshwater
mesocosms. Tere were two pesticide types (insecticides and herbicides),
two classes within each pesticide type (triazine herbicide, chloroactenilide
herbicide, carbamate insecticide, organophosphate insecticide), and
three dierent pesticides in each of the four classes, as well as water and
solvent controls. In 16 additional tanks, we attempted to simulate the
eects of insecticides and herbicides by reducing zooplankton abundance
(either removing zooplankton or doubling zooplankton predators) and
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photosynthetic material (tripling the shade cloth or doubling periphytic
herbivores), respectively. In each tank, we recorded several ecosystem-
level variables and the abundance of over 20 species. For ecosystem-level
variables, there was substantial consistency within pesticide types. For
community-level variables, there was consistency within pesticide classes but
variability among classes. Te specic changes in ecosystem and community
properties will be detailed during the talk. Tese results indicate that
ecosystem-level responses might be predictable based strictly on pesticide
type, whereas community-level responses might be predictable based on
pesticide class, suggesting that the daunting task of understanding the
impacts of the thousands of pesticides used worldwide might be simplied
by examining pesticide classes. Our food-web manipulations, however, were
not very successful at simulating the eects of herbicides and insecticides,
attesting to the complexity of pesticide eects on ecosystems and indicating
that the mechanisms underlying the observed shifts in community
composition are not entirely clear.
306 Macrobenthic Responses to Natural and Contaminant
Variables in Mugu Lagoon, a Tidal Wetland. S. Anghera, Weston
Solutions, Carlsbad, CA; R. Ambrose, School of Public Health, UCLA,
Los Angeles, CA. Assessments of contaminant impacts in estuarine
environments often include chemical, toxicological, and biological
evaluations in order to determine contaminant-related impacts by
determining if (1) contaminants are present within the sediment, (2) the
sediment is toxic, and (3) the benthic community has been impacted
by contaminants by examining alterations in the benthic metric that are
correlated to toxicity or contaminant concentrations. Tis study examined
issues involving uncertainties associated with the integration of chemical,
toxicological, and biological data to determine if contaminant-related factors
are impacting organisms in estuarine ecosystems and the ecological relevance
of amphipod sediment toxicity test. Chemical, toxicological, and biological
evaluations are independent measures; therefore, any causal relationships
can only be implied by correlations between the chemical, toxicological, and
biological endpoints. Te lack of causality leads to diculties in interpreting
data in estuarine systems that are already dicult due to the dynamic nature
of estuarine environments where non-contaminant related factors may
confound data interpretation; and therefore, lead to inaccurate assessments.
An evaluation of the ecological relevance of laboratory-based toxicity
tests found laboratory tests underestimate the toxicological signicance
of sediments in situ. In addition, the amphipod toxicity tests were found
to be less sensitive to contaminants than benthic communities based on a
literature review. Amphipod toxicity tests were found to be good indicators
of contaminant-related impacts to the benthos when amphipod toxicity was
detected; however, non-toxic responses of amphipods were not predictive
of a non-chemically altered benthos. Only when contaminant impact
evaluations incorporate multiple lines of evidence that are ecologically
relevant to a variety of organism groups, explore causal relationships, and
incorporate appropriate study designs will the evaluation of contaminant-
related impacts advance to a level that has an opportunity to be protective of
the environment.
307 Increased realism of exposure intensies eects of agricultural
stream water on amphibian larvae. B.K. Williams, R.D. Semlitsch,
Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Y. Huang,
Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology,
Rolla, MO. In aquatic ecotoxicology studies, contaminant exposures
generally occur in an environment far removed from the natural context of
aquatic systems. Tis gap is especially problematic for contaminants that
occur in complex mixtures and are of widespread conservation concern
(e.g., agricultural herbicides). We exposed Hyla versicolor and Pseudacris
triseriata tadpoles to ambient concentrations of agricultural contaminants
in streamwater at two levels of environmental complexity. In a laboratory
experiment, tadpoles were raised for the duration of the larval period in
water transported from streams across a gradient of agricultural intensity.
We subsequently used oating in situ enclosures in the same streams to
expose tadpoles to ambient contaminants under semi-natural conditions.
In the laboratory, survival was near 100% and growth and development did
not dier among streamwater treatments and controls. In the eld, stream
site aected survival for both species, although P. triseriata survival tracked
more closely with agricultural intensity. Hyla versicolor tadpoles showed
dierences among sites in development rate during the experimental period.
In addition, nearly 60% of tadpoles of both species from one stream site
died in a pulse of post-exposure mortality. Overall, the in situ enclosures
were an eective means to explore eects of agriculturally impacted stream
water that might have been missed in the laboratory. Tis technique could
be expanded to address predator-prey interactions, interspecic competition,
and trophic dynamics in contaminated surface water systems.
308 Importance of food variation in assessing individual- and
population-level eects of contaminated sediments. H. Selck, A.
Palmqvist, S. Pedersen, V. Forbes, Environmental Social and Spatial Change,
Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; D. Salvito, Research Institute
for Fragrance Materials Inc., Woodcli Lake, NJ. Generally, assessment
of sediment-associated contaminants is based on results extrapolated from
individual-level responses assessed under constant environmental conditions
(e.g., constant & abundant food). Te infaunal polychaete Capitella capitata
experiences huge variations in food concentration under eld conditions,
and responds to these variations by very rapid population growth during
periods of high food and rapid decline when food levels decrease. Te
overall aim of this study was to compare individual-level eects of the
fragrance material, acetyl cedrene (AC), under constant- and temporally
varying food conditions, and to examine how eects at the individual-
level relate to population dynamics under constant food conditions. We
examined the eect of sediment-associated AC on growth and life-history
traits of individual Capitella sp. I oered clean- or AC-treated sediment
with either high or low organic content. Life-history data were integrated
into a demographic model to calculate population growth rate. Worms were
either allowed to deplete food over time, or were kept under constant food
conditions. Overall, worms exhibited an increase in body size with time as
long as food was abundant, and started to de-grow when sediment organic
matter became scarce. No eects of AC were observed either at individual-
or population levels when food conditions were constant (i.e., in excess).
A reduction in organic content resulted in a decreased population growth
rate, which probably was due to a decrease in juvenile survival and a delay
in time to rst reproduction. In systems with changing food conditions,
worm growth rate was reduced at the highest AC concentration regardless
of the initial sediment organic content. However, neither the maximum
achieved body size nor the eventual de-growth was aected by AC but were
dependent on the initial level of organic matter in the sediment. Our results
indicate that AC toxicity depends on the food conditions such that no AC
eects are observed when food is abundant, toxicity appears when food
becomes scarce, and when food is fully depleted and worms start to de-grow
the initial organic content determines the rate of de-growth.
309 Slow swimmers? Implications of sperm toxicity on the
fertilization ecology of broadcast spawning marine invertebrates. C.
Lewis, T. Galloway, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United
Kingdom; G.S. Caldwell, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United
Kingdom. Te majority of marine macro-invertebrate species reproduce by
releasing their eggs and/or sperm into the water column so that fertilization
takes place externally. Tese broadcast spawning strategists are therefore
particularly susceptible to exposure to water-borne contaminants. Successful
fertilization is a critical step in the life history of a species, but particularly so
for broadcast spawning marine invertebrates where sperm is often limiting
and fertilization success is rarely 100% even under optimal environmental
conditions. We examine the vulnerability of sperm from the polychaete
worm Arenicola marina and the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis to toxicity
from a number of environmental pollutants and relate these impacts to
population fertilization ecology. Exposure to the water soluble fraction
of crude oil (WAF) at concentrations equivalent to 3.8 gL-1 PAHs was
found to reduce sperm motility with the equivalent eect of increasing
sperm dilution by a factor of 10,000. Tis results in signicantly reduced
sperm: egg collision rates which negatively impacts upon fertilization
kinetics and fertilization success, therefore eectively enhancing population
sperm limitation. In contrast, the genotoxic PAH benzo(a)pyrene caused
signicant damage to sperm DNA but did not impact upon sperm
swimming behaviour or reduce fertilization success. Sperm were found to
have reduced capacity for DNA repair and anti-oxidant defence compared
to oocytes and somatic cells. We discuss the signicance of these ndings in
relation to the selective pressure acting on spawning behaviour and larval
competition in broadcast spawners living in contaminated environments.
310 A Multi-Faceted Approach to Assess Sediment Stability for
Jellicoe Cove Peninsula Harbour. J. Biberhofer, B. Krishnappan, M.G.
Skafel, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Te sediment
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quality of Peninsula Harbour has been compromised by historical industrial
discharges contaminated with deleterious substances including mercury.
As a result, the Harbour has been designated as a Great Lakes Area of
Concern. Interim conclusions from initial sediment stability investigations,
which included ex situ shear stress determinations from rotary ume cores
experiments, current meter data and best available literature values for
roughness coecients (Z0), indicated that sediment mobilization events
were infrequent. Te scope of the study was expanded to include in situ
determinations of shear stress by deploying an in situ ume at several sites
within the zone of investigation. In these experiments it was determined
that there was a thin layer of very loose sediment that was eroded at very low
shear stresses (0.025 to 0.10 Pa). Once this loose layer is eroded, underneath
there was a consolidated layer which has a much higher critical shear stress
values (0.26 Pa to 0.54 Pa). During these eld experiments a new prototype
sediment sampler was used to recover a cake of sediment adjacent to one
of the test sites. Te design of the sampler made it possible to transfer an
undisturbed cake directly to a ume to determine the site specic Z0.
Tese new data were integrated with an expanded current meter dataset
and conrmed that the potential events for sediment mobilization of the
consolidated sediments were infrequent and generally limited to major
winter storms. Tere were however frequent excursions above the lower
shear stress threshold ( > 0.025 Pa) indicating that the overlying loose
sediment was subject to mobilization by the currents within the cove.
311 Identication of Historic and Present-Day Sources of
Contaminants of Potential Concern to a Complex, Multi-Chemical
Site. D.P. Farley, Te Intelligence Group, Bedminster, NJ. Te Newark
Bay Estuary, an industrialized waterway subject to discharges of industrial
wastes and hazardous substances dating to the mid-1800s, is currently the
subject of a CERCLA Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study (RI/FS).
A goal of the RI/FS Program is the determination of direct and indirect
historic and continuing sources to the Estuary. Tis eort has included eld
reconnaissance, research, and investigation to better understand the role of
Industrial Waterfront Sources, Tributary Sources and Sewage Collection and
Treatment facilities, including combined sewer systems (CSOs), storm sewer
outfalls (SSOs) and sewage treatment plants. Utilizing a combination of
environmental forensics and classical investigation and research, the source
history of such a complex site can be understood and assessed in light of
observed sediment chemistry. Tis presentation will discuss ndings to date
regarding eorts to identify historic and continuing sources of contaminants
of potential concern (COPCs) to the Newark Bay Estuary, and how this
history reects the observed presence of various COPCs in sediment. Te
spatial variability of various COPCs in sediment will be presented, assessing
the discernable dierences among the various regions of the Newark Bay
Estuary. Te relationship between sediment chemistry and sources will
also be explored in terms of observed COPC trends in sediment sequences
adjacent to historic and present-day source areas and former operating sites.
Observations regarding the role of tributaries and historic high-discharge
sources, such as sewage collection systems, will also be oered.
312 Review of Monitored Natural Recovery at Contaminated
Sediment Sites. J. Conder, ENVIRON International, Irvine, CA;
K.M. Lee, ENVIRON International, Los Angeles, CA; E. Perruchon,
P. Fuchsman, ENVIRON International, Cleveland, OH; V. Magar,
ENVIRON International, Chicago, IL. As part of a larger eort to draft
a US Department of Defense guidance for Monitored Natural Recovery
(MNR) for contaminated sediment sites (ESTCP-funded project ER-
0622), the application of MNR at 13 sites was reviewed to evaluate MNR
in practice. MNR has been applied at large and small sites with a variety of
hydrological conditions, contaminants, ongoing and historical sources, risk
drivers, natural recovery processes, and complementary remedial strategies.
Selection of MNR as a remedial alternative has been based on a variety of
lines of evidence, focusing most commonly on documenting the natural
recovery process of physical isolation (burial of contaminated sediment via
natural sedimentation over time). Lines of evidence used to inform remedy
selection during the feasibility study range from extensive empirical data
collection and modeling to very general qualitative assessments. Among the
sites reviewed, the predicted time required for MNR to achieve sediment
remedial goals ranged from 5 to over 100 years. MNR monitoring programs
have focused primarily on documenting the achievement of remedial goals
by monitoring sediment chemistry and chemical concentrations in biota.
Fewer than half of the sites continue to document performance of natural
recovery processes during the monitoring period. Te most eective MNR
applications engage in the following practices: characterizing and controlling
sources; quantifying natural recovery processes via measurement and
modeling that enables spatially- and temporally-explicit predictions of risk
reduction; and quantitatively documenting both remedial goals attainment
and performance of natural recovery processes. Sites reviewed generally
indicate an achievement of remedy goals, attesting to the overall success of
MNR where it has been applied.
313 Inputs, Fates and Mass Balance of Total DDT in the Southern
California Bight. K. Schi, Southern California Coastal Water Research
Project, Costa Mesa, CA; J. Gulley, Los Angeles County Sanitation
Districts, Whittier, CA; B. Edwards, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park,
CA. Cumulatively, more than 1.5 billion gallons of treated wastewater are
discharged to the coastal southern California Bight (SCB) each year. More
than 10 times this amount is discharged from urban watersheds of the SCB
in a typical wet season. However, fundamental questions exist regarding how
much of the pollutants associated with these discharges remain in the SCB
or are lost through transport to the open sea. To address these questions,
regionwide surveys of sediment, water column, and sh tissues were
conducted to determine: 1) what is the total mass of historically discharged
contaminants that still reside in the SCB? and 2) what is the relative
distribution of these contaminants among the dierent accumulation
compartments in the SCB? As an example, we use the sum of the o,p- and
p,p- isomers of DDT and its degradation products DDE and DDD in this
presentation. Te total mass of DDTs residing in the SCB was estimated
from analysis of more than 450 sediment samples (including radio-dated
core samples), more than 1000 tissue samples (including benthic and
pelagic shes), and more than 100 water column samples (using solid phase
microextraction or SPME). Approximately 200 metric tons of total DDT
was estimated to currently reside in the SCB, roughly 10% of what was
thought to be discharged since 1970 when records were rst kept. Te vast
majority of total DDT mass was found in sediment. Te highest total DDT
concentrations were found near the locations of greatest discharge on the
Palos Verdes Shelf, but the greatest mass occurred in the deep ocean basins
where contaminated sediments are sequestered from advection to the open
ocean. Less than one percent of the total DDT was found in water or tissue
compartments. Although only a small fraction of the total DDT was found
in the biological compartment, nearly every sh contained detectable levels
of total DDT and nearly 100% of some sh populations exceeded wildlife
risk thresholds. Similarly, nearly a third of the water column was estimated
to exceed State water quality criteria.
314 Partition coecients using HPLC techniques to determine
hydrophobicity of peruorinated organic compounds. P. de Voogt, L.
Zurano, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; P.
de Voogt, Chemical Water Quality and Health, KIWA Water Research,
Nieuwegein, Netherlands. Te interest in the environmental fate and
behaviour of peruorinated compounds has increased enormously
throughout last decades. Several studies have demonstrated that
peruorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and peruorinated alkanesulfonic
acids (PFASs) are present in the environment, in animals and in humans.
Te octanol-water partition coecients, Kow is a key equilibrium parameter
for hydrophobic substances in fate models. It is used as a descriptor to
estimate endpoints for such models that are governed by hydrophobic
interactions. For most of the PFCAs and PFASs it is dicult to establish
the Kow parameter experimentally owing to the fact that they may behave
as surfactants that interfere strongly with interfaces. In fact, for only four
of the 14 compounds investigated, log Kow values have been found in the
literature, and the quality of these data is dicult to evaluate. In this work
we investigated the behaviour of 14 peruorinated compounds in C-18
reversed phase chromatographic columns. We obtained a hydrophobicity
parameter for each compound by extrapolating capacity ratios determined
under isocratic conditions at dierent modier contents of the mobile
phase to a value at the hypothetical mobile phase containing 100% water
(log k0). A specic setup of the chromatographic system was used to enable
detection of the compounds in the LC-MS at low modier strengths. Te
compounds investigated showed good linearity over the range of modier
strengths tested. Two dierent chromatographic columns were tested as well
as the inuence of dierent pHs (2.5, 5.5 and 7.5) on the k0 value. Te log
k0 values within a homologue series (PFCAs, PFASs) increase linearly with
increasing carbon chain length. Sulfonic acids have higher log k0 values than
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 73
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their corresponding alkanoic acid (e.g. log k0 PFOS > log k0 PFOA). We
conclude that the log k0 values thus obtained can serve as hydrophobicity
parameters in environmental modeling studies.
315 Use of a Conceptual Site Model to Develop Lower Passaic
River Remedial Alternatives. T. Loor, S. Tompson, C. Zeiner, Malcolm
Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, NY; E. Garvey, B. Fidler, S. Gbondo-Tugbawa, J.
Atmadja, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Fair Lawn, NJ; D. Navon, Malcolm Pirnie,
Inc., Tampa, FL. Te Lower Passaic River is a Superfund site in northern
New Jersey contaminated with multiple contaminants, such as dioxins,
PCBs, PAH, pesticides and metals. An interagency study is being conducted
to restore the complex ecosystem of the 17-mile, tidally inuenced portion
of this river. A comprehensive Conceptual Site Model (CSM) was developed
to integrate multiple lines of evidence on contaminant fate and transport
and evaluate potential remedial alternatives. Te CSM integrated the
results of multiple bathymetric surveys, a side-scan sonar survey, radiodated
sediment cores, surface sediment samples and point source samples. Te
results showed that the sediments of the lower 8 miles of the river serve as
the major source of dioxin and other contaminants to the entire 17-mile
study area and to Newark Bay. Te CSM established a simultaneous mass
balance for a suite of contaminants, including PAHs, PCBs, DDT, Hg
and Pb. Using the results of the CSM, a Focused FS was undertaken to
evaluate a range of alternatives for the lower 8 miles of river that might
be implemented as an early action to control mobile sediment inventory.
Coring data show a high degree of local spatial heterogeneity with little
trend in distance from possible discharge points. Tis observation indicates
that contaminant hot spots do not exist. Several lines of physical and
geochemical evidence indicate that high surface concentrations of dioxin,
among other contaminants, are maintained by resuspension and deposition
of older, more-contaminated sediments. Te dispersed nature of these
processes requires a remedy that addresses the entire surface of the lower
8 miles. To this end, ndings of the CSM were used to develop a capping
alternative that would prevent resuspension. An estimate of contaminated
ne-grained sediment volume provided the basis for a dredging alternative
in which most contaminant inventory would be removed. Finally, the CSM
also provided a basis to estimate future conditions under natural recovery as
well as active remedial options, permitting evaluation of their ecacy.
316 Environmental Assessment of Central ColoradoEects of
hydrothermal alteration on water and sediment quality. S.E. Church,
R.B. Wanty, T.S. Schmidt, D.L. Fey, B.W. Rockwell, C.A. San Juan,
Mineral Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO. Federal land
management agencies are required to manage their lands for protection and
improvement of the aquatic and riparian habitat. Te U.S.G.S. conducted
an assessment of 230 watersheds in an area of 54,000 km2, much of which
is on Federal lands. Water, sediment, and aquatic insects were collected
from watersheds underlain by single lithologic units, or from watersheds
that contained hydrothermally altered rock, i.e., rock modied by hot
acidic, metal-bearing solutions that may form economic mineral deposits.
Historical mining activity was extensive in Colorado Mineral Belt, a
northeast-trending zone containing rock with elevated concentrations of
base metals (primarily Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn). We tested the assumption that
degraded water and sediment quality are restricted to watersheds in which
historical mining has occurred. Geochemical baseline data from watersheds
that do not contain hydrothermal alteration meet water-quality criteria
and sediment-quality guidelines. Te three most important parameters
that control elevated trace-metals concentrations in water and sediment are
lithology, hydrothermal alteration, and historical mining. Hydrothermal
alteration and mineralization are associated with igneous rocks that have
intruded the older bedrock in the watershed. Base-metal concentrations
among unaltered rock types showed small geochemical variations. Base-
metal concentrations in water and sediment from watersheds underlain
by hydrothermally altered rock were elevated. Elevated concentrations of
metals in water and sediment from drainage basins underlain by mineralized
intrusive rocks have geometric means signicantly greater than that for the
unaltered metamorphic and igneous rocks. Elevated metal concentrations
have aected water and sediment quality, riparian function, and shery
productivity. Te assumption that degraded water and sediment quality and
elevated base-metal concentrations are restricted to watersheds in which
historical mining has occurred is false. Only about 5 % of the watersheds in
the study area have been aected by historical mining whereas a much larger
portion of the study area is underlain by weathered hydrothermally altered
rock and has naturally elevated geochemical baselines.
317 Using mineral deposit models to understand the eects
of trace-metals concentrations in streams from mined and unmined
catchments on aquatic communities. T.S. Schmidt, S.E. Church,
R.B. Wanty, D.L. Fey, P.L. Verplanck, C. San Juan, M. Adams, Mineral
Resources Program, USGS, Denver, CO; T.S. Schmidt, W.H. Clements,
K. Mitchell, Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO. Rarely are models of the natural distribution
of metals in the earth utilized in ecological risk assessment. Often, remedial
targets are selected to restore biological communities in streams without
regard to geochemical background concentrations that might inuence
successful remediation. As a result, it is dicult to develop remediation
strategies that are relevant to ecological communities that historically have
been exposed to trace-metals concentrations in unmined catchments. In
order to develop geochemical baselines that are ecologically relevant, we
moved beyond the assumption that historical-mines are the only sources
of trace-metals contamination in streams and utilized geologic models to
better understand the distribution of metals on the earths surface. Streams
in sixty-two catchments (n = 84 samples) underlain by single rock types
where historical mining has occurred and not occurred were sampled for
benthic communities, metal concentrations in water and sediment, and
water-quality parameters that inuence trace-metal bioavailability to aquatic
organisms. Results show that rock type and age are less important variables
than the distribution of hydrothermally altered, pyrite-bearing rock in
determining aqueous and sediment toxicity to aquatic organisms. Unmined
catchments underlain by mineralized rocks had metal concentrations in
water and/or sediment that consistently exceeded federal water-quality
criterion or sediment-quality guidelines. Sediment quality guidelines were
protective of benthic communities, whereas aqueous metal concentrations
previously thought safe cause signicant changes in benthic community
composition. A recent evaluation of streams in the Southern Rocky
Mountain ecoregion concluded that 25% of streams were impaired by
trace-metals. Te current study suggests that much of these impaired stream
miles are the result of natural geologic processes. Te holistic approach
utilized in the present study resulted in the development of geologically
and ecologically relevant baselines that can be used as reasonable remedial
endpoints to successful shery restoration.
318 Empirical formulation of the Conceptual Site Model for
PCBs in a small tidally dominated creek. S. GbondoTugbawa, E.A.
Garvey, J. Cole, B. Fidler, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Fair Lawn, NJ; D. Glass,
Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Newport News, VA. A geochemical conceptual site
model (CSM) describing the nature and extent of PCB contamination,
PCB sources and fate and transport processes was completed for a small
tidally inuenced creek in the mid Atlantic region, USA. Te tidal input
represents the dominant source of water to the creek, as there is very little
sustained freshwater input from its watershed. Because PCBs strongly
adsorb to ne particle in aquatic systems, sediment transport plays a key
role in constructing this CSM. Tis presentation focuses on the use of data
from sediment coring, tidal dynamics, atmospheric deposition, watershed
characteristics, and suspended solids transport in constructing a CSM for
the creek. Sediment coring data provided information on the historical
discharge and current spatial distribution of total PCB in the creek. Highly
resolved radio-dated sediment coring data indicate a historical release of
PCBs to the creek in the 1970s. Tese dated sediment cores indicate a half-
life of total PCB concentrations in surcial sediments in the system of about
11 years. Tis indicates that concentrations in the surface sediments decline
by half every 11 years. Furthermore, surface and subsurface sediment PCBs
show no trend with distance from the original historical discharge point
and no signicant dierence in average PCB concentrations in the dierent
geomorphic areas in the creek including: the channel, marsh and backwater
areas. Te available data on sediment PCB concentrations, atmospheric
deposition, tidal dynamics, suspended solids transport, and PCB
partitioning, were used to estimate the uxes of sediment fate and transport
processes. Empirical estimates of the uxes of sources and sinks of PCBs to
the creek indicate external sources cannot explain the PCB concentrations
observed in recently deposited sediments. Te dominant source of PCB
to the water body is inferred to be resuspension of previously deposited
sediments. Tus, the long-term recovery of PCBs in the creek is dependent
74 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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on the resuspension process and the mixing of the resuspended sediments
with cleaner sediments from the incoming tide.
319 Te extrapolation problem and how population modelling
can help. V. Forbes, P. Calow, R.M. Sibly, Centre for Integrated Population
Ecology, Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change,
Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; R.M. Sibly, School of Biological
Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom. We argue
that population modeling can add value to ecological risk assessment by
reducing uncertainty in extrapolating from ecotoxicological observations
to relevant ecological eects. We review other methods of extrapolation
ranging from application factors to species sensitivity distributions to
suborganismal (biomarker and omics) responses to quantitative structure-
activity relationships (QSARs) and model ecosystems, drawing attention
to the limitations in each. We suggest a simple classication of population
models and critically examine each of these in an extrapolation context.
We conclude that population models have the potential for adding value
to ecological risk assessment by incorporating better understanding of the
links between individual responses and population size and structure and by
incorporating greater levels of ecological complexity. Despite that, there are
a number of issues that need to be addressed before such models are likely
to become more widely used. In a science context these involve challenges
in parameterization, questions about appropriate levels of complexity, issues
concerning how specic or general the models need to be, and the extent
to which interactions through competition and trophic relationships can be
easily incorporated.
320 Beyond the beaker and the quotient: Insights from a
population-level analysis of contaminant eects in an amphibian.
C.J. Salice, EFED, US EPA, OPP, Washington, DC. Tere is ongoing
discussion and research regarding the use of a population-level approach in
ecotoxicology and ecological risk assessment. A population-level approach
is appealing for a number of reasons including ecological relevance,
integration of eects, the tractability of populations and the availability
of tools. Te task of incorporating population-level approaches can seem
daunting, however, when one considers the vast array of species that might
be exposed to a particular chemical and the lack of basic ecological data
that is necessary for robust population-level analyses. Basic research and the
development of heuristic models and systems are benecial in building our
general understanding of the ecological impacts of contaminant exposure.
Experiments and models exploring the interactions of contaminants and
ecological factors such as temperature, density dependence, predation and
habitat availability can be used to direct future research and to highlight
important uncertainties in risk assessment. An example is presented of
a stochastic population model for narrow-mouth toads, Gastrophryne
carolinensis, and the response of this species to both aquatic and terrestrial
stressors. Te model results show that non-chemical factors such as density
dependence and random catastrophic events can be important regulators of
amphibian populations and can impact the conclusions regarding response
to chemical stress. Specically, under some assumptions, contaminant eects
on the aquatic phase may ameliorate density dependent larval survival
resulting in a larger population size. Tis example illustrates how the use
of a population-level approach helps to better dene the system of interest
and how this approach can produce dierent conclusions in comparison to
more traditional, point-estimate methods. Importantly, a population-level
approach oers the opportunity to understand how contaminants might
aect organisms outside the beaker and to place eects in a context that
is more meaningful than a quotient. As our general understanding of the
interaction of ecology and toxicology grows, so will our ability to better
estimate and characterize risks of contaminant exposure to species in the real
world.
321 Population-level risks are complicated by spatial heterogeneity
in exposure and life-history trait elasticities. A. Palmqvist, V.E. Forbes,
Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Roskilde,
Denmark; R.M. Sibly, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, Reading
University, Reading, United Kingdom. Experiments used as the basis for
environmental risk assessments generally test organism-level responses
to homogenously distributed contaminants. However the assumption of
homogeneity lacks ecological realism, and may under- or over-estimate
the actual risk to populations. A meta-population study using data from
previously published life table response experiments on Capitella sp. I and
Capitella sp. S indicated that contaminant hot spots can be important
sinks for meta-populations in heterogeneously contaminated habitats.
Tis could potentially result in an under-estimation of risk when habitat
heterogeneity is ignored. However, the importance of hot spots for meta-
population dynamics may be critically dependent on both the shape of the
concentration-response for the individual-level traits and the elasticities of
the impacted traits. Terefore, we performed a simulation study aiming
to obtain some rules of thumb for which dose-response relationships that
ignore contaminant heterogeneity will under- or over-estimate impacts on
population growth rate. Tis was done both by systematically manipulating
life-history traits to t dierent dose-response patterns, and by exploring
meta-population responses to dierent model contaminant hot spot-eect
scenarios (i.e., combinations of changes in more than one life-history trait at
a time). Te study showed that knowing the dose-response patterns and the
elasticities of the individual life-history traits is important to determine the
degree to which risks to populations is likely to be under- or over-estimated
by ignoring habitat heterogeneity. Tis study stresses the value of population
modelling for bringing more ecological realism into environmental risk
assessment.
322 Harnessing Model Uncertainty to Prioritize Data Needs
in Landscape Ecotoxicology. S.H. Yee, S. Raimondo, M. Russell, M.
Barron, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL. Spatially-
structured models are infrequently used to predict eects of environmental
contaminants on populations, but are essential for site-specic risk
assessments. Target species, habitat availability, and stressor distribution
are often spatially heterogeneous and may only partially overlap. Locally
discharged contaminants may have widespread impacts if they occur in
critical habitats, and uncontaminated sites may serve as a source population
for system-wide recovery. Spatially-explicit models are limited in use
because detailed information on population parameters, such as survival
and movement rates, are often dicult to obtain for target species. As a
result, models are based largely on assumptions. Sensitivity analysis provides
a technique for evaluating which model assumptions have strong impacts
on predictions and identies parameters most critical to model outcome.
We developed a spatially-explicit population model to predict the eects
of copper on sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) populations in
Mobile Bay, Alabama. Our approach incorporates four model layers: 1)
the spatial distribution of suitable sh habitat, 2) a stage-based population
model describing sh reproduction, survival, and migration, 3) the
spatial distribution of contaminants, and 4) dose-response relationships
dening the eects of contaminants on sh. Models were parameterized
using information from primary literature sources, eld observations,
and laboratory data, where available. We incorporated environmental
stochasticity to evaluate uncertainty in model predictions. We also evaluated
which parameters most strongly aected predictions by conducting Monte
Carlo sensitivity analysis. Predicted sh densities were highly sensitive to
the model description of suitable habitat and contaminant distribution.
Other critical parameters included density-dependent survival and rates
of movement between sites. By conducting sensitivity analyses early in the
research process, we can evaluate which model components are most likely
to inuence model outcome. Critical components can then be targeted to
prioritize laboratory and eld studies, which can then be incorporated into
rened models to improve predictive accuracy.
323 Framework for Tiered Population Modeling for Pesticide
Risk Assessment. R. Pastorok, Integral Consulting, Mercer Island, WA; D.
Preziosi, Integral Consulting, Berlin, MD; P. Jensen, Integral Consulting,
Annapolis, MD; J. Stark, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA.
Ecological risk assessments are prepared in support of pesticide registration
to evaluate potential impacts of new products, of changed formulations,
and of changes in use patterns for currently registered products. Current
risk assessment practices in the European Union and the United States
predominantly rely on approaches that compare exposure estimates
with toxicity thresholds in hazard quotients (HQs) or toxicity exposure
ratios (TERs) for organism-level endpoints (e.g., survival, growth, or
reproduction). In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the
potential utility of population modeling for pesticide risk assessment.
Population modeling can be used to further augment traditional, empirical
data (e.g., organism-level toxicity testing, mesocosm experiments) by
forecasting the eects of pesticides on population dynamics over many
generations. We present the initial development of a framework for
population modeling in the context of tiered ecological risk assessment
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 75
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for pesticide registration evaluations. Te framework identies common
data types, recommended model types, and potential applications of
population models at each tier of a pesticide risk evaluation. We present this
framework in the context of current advantages of population modeling
for pesticide risk assessment, including 1) interpretation of toxicity test
data for organism-level endpoints (e.g., survivorship and fecundity) to
forecast eects on endpoints such as population growth rate, 2) estimation
of recovery time for species with long generation times from results of
mesocosm and eld experiments, 3) evaluation of changes in temporal and
spatial patterns in pesticide use, 4) evaluation of extinction risk for local
populations of endangered species due to pesticides, and 5) support for
design of eld studies. Inherent in the framework is the understanding that
the complexity and realism of population modeling should be matched to
the needs dictated by the risk management objectives.
324 Modeling aquatic ecological eects of atrazine using the
comprehensive aquatic systems model - CASM. S.M. Bartell, S. Nair,
E2 Consulting Engineers, Inc, Maryville, TN; D. Volz, D. Campbell,
P. Hendley, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro, NC. Te
comprehensive aquatic systems model (CASM) was implemented to model
potential eects of atrazine exposures to populations of aquatic primary
producers and consumers in a generalized 2nd 3rd order Midwestern
stream. Te CASM represents a bioenergetics-based approach that describes
the daily production dynamics of a user-specied aquatic food web.
Te bioenergetics equations are particularly amenable to characterizing
the ecological eects of atrazine, a herbicide that reversibly inhibits
photosynthesis. Te generic stream producer community in the CASM_
Atrazine consists of 10 taxonomically dened populations of phytoplankton,
10 populations of periphyton, and 6 macrophyte populations. Populations
of zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, decomposers, and sh constitute
the consumer community. Individual population biomass (carbon) values
in the generic stream reference (no atrazine) simulation vary as nonlinear
functions of daily values of light, temperature, nutrients (N, P, Si), current
velocity, water depth, and complex grazing and predator-prey interactions.
Magnitudes and temporal patterns of population biomass produced by the
model are similar to those reported for 2nd and 3rd-order streams. Te
CASM_Atrazine provides piecewise linear, triangular, or probit exposure-
response functions to extrapolate laboratory toxicity data and translate
daily atrazine exposure concentrations to estimates of eects on individual
model populations. Te overall modeling approach considers the combined
implications of varying exposure concentrations, changing environmental
conditions, dierential population sensitivity to atrazine, and grazing/
predator-prey relations in estimating potential direct and indirect eects
of atrazine exposure. Modeled changes in producer population biomass
for varying atrazine exposure scenarios compared favorably with results
measured in corresponding micro- and mesocosm experiments. Te generic
stream version of CASM_Atrazine demonstrates that population-level
responses to atrazine can be usefully characterized using a bioenergetics-
based modeling approach. Te CASM_Atrazine importantly provides a
degree of ecological complexity commensurate with more realistic modeling
of population-level changes not aorded by highly aggregated population
model constructs.
325 Population modelling in pesticide risk assessment: Estimation
of long-term population impacts and population recovery in the
common shrew. M. Wang, RIFCon GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany; V.
Grimm, Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
Ecological population models are gradually being introduced in pesticide
risk assessment. While various population models have been developed,
they mostly address specic scientic questions not directly linked to risk
assessment. It has therefore only rarely been explored which kind of analyses,
scenarios or endpoints are adequate for model-based risk assessment.
Tese questions are important not only for using population models in
pesticide risk assessment, but also for the comparison of simulation results
with results from eld studies. Such a comparison could help risk assessors
to evaluate the quality of model-based risk assessment. Terefore, we took
a published model for the common shrew, which has previously been
evaluated and validated in detail, and analysed eects related to pesticide
application. We applied dierent endpoints and strategies for quantifying
eects. With these, we tested the eects of landscape structure and timing of
application on population recovery. Advantages and disadvantages of using
dierent endpoints are discussed and it is shown how eects may depend on
population density and habitat structure.
326 Toward Guidelines for Population-Level Ecological
Risk Assessment: Results of a U.S. EPA Risk Assessment Forum
Workshop. W.R. Munns, D. Nacci, ORD, U.S. EPA, Narragansett,
RI; J. Chapman, Region 5, U.S. EPA, Chicago, IL; S. Schappelle, Risk
Assessment Forum, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC; J. Cura, Te Science
Collaborative, Winchester, MA; G. Suter, ORD, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
OH; M.T. Sorensen, ENVIRON, Atlanta, GA; T. Forbes, OEI, U.S. EPA,
Washington, DC; S. Newbold, OPEI, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC; R.
Pastorok, Integral Consulting, Seattle, WA. Te choice of levels of biological
organization reected in ecological risk assessment (ERA) is receiving
increasing attention. Most ERAs conducted for chemicals by the U.S. EPA
focus on organism-level attributes (e.g., survival, growth, or reproduction)
as assessment endpoints as opposed to population-level attributes (e.g.,
abundance, age-class structure, or production). Risk to populations has
only occasionally been evaluated directly by the U.S. EPA, yet many
consider populations to be a fundamental ecological unit for protection.
Tis situation results from several factors aecting assessment planning,
including the perceived relationships between assessment endpoints and
environmental management goals, historical precedence, and importantly,
the lack of recognized consensus and guidance about how such assessments
should be performed. In June 2008, the U.S. EPAs Risk Assessment Forum
will convene a technical workshop to consider whether the current state of
the science and practice underlying population-level ERA is sucient to
develop guidance, and if so, to help identify key actions needed to produce
such guidance. In a series of plenary and breakout sessions, the workshop
will ask experts in population ecology, risk assessment and risk management
to identify: 1) the approaches, methods and tools currently available for
performing population-level ERA in support of environmental decision
making; 2) the strengths, current limitations, tradeos and outstanding
research needs associated with specic methods and tools currently available;
and 3) areas of need with respect to development of written guidance for
performing population-level ERA. Individual breakout groups will focus on
modeling, observational and experimental approaches as primary sources of
information supporting ERAs. As described in this presentation, the insights
captured during this workshop will be used to inform the Risk Assessment
Forum about the maturity of population ecology theory, models and tools
cogent to population-level ERA, and will inuence the Forums actions for
developing guidelines supplemental to the 1998 Guidelines for Ecological
Risk Assessment.
327 Ecological Models in Support of Regulatory Risk Assessments
of Pesticides: Developing a Strategy for the Future. P. Torbek,
Environmental Safety, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom;
V.E. Forbes, Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change,
Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; U. Hommen, Fraunhofer IME,
Schmallenberg, Germany; V. Grimm, H. Tulke, Department of Ecological
Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig,
Germany; F. Heimbach, Rifcon GmbH, Leichlingen, Germany; P.J. van
den Brink, Centre for Water Climate, Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands;
P.J. van den Brink, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management
Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; J. Wogram,
Department IV 1.3 Plant protection products, Umweltbundesamt /
Federal Environmental Agency, Dessau, Germany. Here, we report the
ndings from the LEMTOX workshop held from 9-12 September 2007
at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ in Leipzig,
Germany. Te workshop brought together a diverse group of stakeholders
from academia, regulatory authorities, contract research organisations
and industry and representing Europe, USA and Asia, to discuss the
role of ecological modelling in risk assessments of pesticides, particularly
under the European regulatory framework. Te following questions were
addressed: What are the potential benets of using ecological models
in pesticide registration and risk assessment? What obstacles prevent
ecological modelling from being used routinely in regulatory submissions?
What actions are needed to overcome the identied obstacles? What
recommendations should be made to ensure good modelling practice in
this context? Te focus of the workshop was on ecological models such
as unstructured population models, stage structured matrix models, and
individual/agent-based models. Te main benets of ecological modelling
are that it provides ecologically relevant endpoints and enables the
76 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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exploration of the interaction and relative importance of a range of factors
(e.g. life history, exposure patterns, landscape structure). However, there
are a number of challenges that need to be overcome before such models
will receive wide acceptance for pesticide risk assessment. Te need for
guidance on Good Modelling Practice (on model development, analysis,
interpretation, evaluation, documentation and communication), as well
as the need for case studies that can be used to explore the added value of
ecological models for risk assessment, were identied as top priorities.
328 Eectively Selecting Environmentally Preferable Alternatives
in the Face of Uncertainty. J.K. Saxe, EcoSafety Sciences, Natick, MA.
Product and process designers increasingly consider environmental
preferability at the design stage. Tese decision-makers aim to select the
most favorable option from among several choices, considering multiple
factors such as cost and ecacy, as well as environmental sustainability.
Typically, environmental risk assessors or expert systems must provide
decision-makers with a science-based evaluation of environmental
preferability. Often, there is a disparate amount of environmental fate and
eects data available for the alternatives under consideration. At one end
of the spectrum, alternatives can be compared directly, on the basis of the
minimum dataset available for all the least common denominator (LCD)
approach. At the other end of the spectrum, an expert in environmental
risk assessment can consider all information available, accounting for
disparity in the amount or quality of data (e.g., acute toxicity estimates
from QSAR models vs. chronic toxicity measurements from laboratory
studies) the information-rich approach. Te LCD approach allows a
straightforward, head-to-head comparison of alternatives that is easy for
non-expert decision-makers to use, but relevant information is ignored,
potentially leading to sub-optimal decisions. In the information-rich
approach, no available, relevant data are ignored, leading to scientically
robust decisions. However, communicating the result is not straightforward,
because of uncertainties arising from data gaps and estimates used in lieu of
measurements. Complex uncertainty information must be communicated
in a form that decision-makers can use eectively. Five dierent approaches
are presented for conducting and communicating environmental safety
comparisons among alternatives, ranging from the LCD approach to the
information-rich approach, and using a combination of tabular, narrative,
and graphical methods to describe uncertainty. Insights from a survey of
decision-makers in the regulatory and business sectors who reviewed the
ve approaches indicates situations when dierent levels of information
are warranted, and preferences for including graphical results and layered
information (i.e., simplied, expert recommendations supported by a layer
of additional information) when possible. Te example used in the survey
is: selecting from among alternative cleaning agents on the basis of their
potential to cause adverse aquatic eects.
329 Are You Condent that Option A is Better than Option B?
Making Comparative Assessments with Uncertainties. T.E. McKone,
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; T.E.
McKone, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Many
environmental assessments rely on comparisons of one or more impacts to
support decisions in regulation and policy. Comparative risk assessment
and life cycle impact assessment are both heavily populated with such
comparisons. Multiple sources of uncertainty arise in any impact
assessment, but are particularly problematic for comparisons. Tese
sources include lack of knowledge in dening the problem, variation in
measured data, disagreement between alternate sources of information,
natural heterogeneity, the selection of one model form over another,
simplications of model structure, extrapolation errors, and value
judgments. Using air pollution emissions from biodiesel combustion as a
case study, this presentation considers how assessment uncertainty impacts
a comparison of health impacts from soy-oil biodiesel (Option A) relative
to baseline diesel (Option B). We consider three approaches for addressing
comparison uncertainty. First is a single-value comparison with qualitative
characterization of uncertainties. Next is a quantitative assessment using
discrete-probability interval comparisons. Tird is a quantitative comparison
using continuous probability distributions. Te three approaches are
evaluated in terms of the level of eort required and the insight provided.
We learn from all approaches that the uncertainty in a comparison is greater
than the uncertainty in the elements being compared. We also learn that
even a detailed quantitative and fully probabilistic comparison gains insight
from an informative but qualitative narrative on dierences in uncertainty.
Finally, we nd that some level of quantitative comparison but not
necessarily detailed quantitative comparisons provide valuable insight for
and improve condence in policy choices.
330 Uncertainty Propagation in Environmental Assessment: Diesel
versus Biodiesel !. J. Hong, O. Jolliet, Public health school, Universtity
of michigan, Ann arbor, MI. Uncertainty information is essential for the
proper use of LCA and environmental assessments in decision making.
So far, parameter uncertainty propagation has mainly been studied using
Monte-Carlo techniques that are relatively heavy to implement. Te
consequence is that uncertainty estimates have often been limited to
either the inventory part of the analysis or the impact assessment part,
very rarely covering the whole LCA. Also, the consequence is dicult to
assess contributions of individual parameters. Te present study applies
an explicit analytical approach based on Taylor series expansion for
lognormal distribution. Te advantage of this innovative method is to
explicitly provide the contribution from each parameter as well as very
strongly reduce calculation time. Probability distributions obtained with
this approach are compared to classical Monte Carlo distributions for test
scenarios. A biodiesel/diesel case study demonstrates the coecients of
variation on global warming scores amount to a factor 1.11 and 1.07 for
the analytical biodiesel and diesel approach, respectively; which is virtually
equal to the coecient of variation of 1.10 1.11 and 1.06 - 1.07 obtained
by Monte-Carlo techniques. Cumulative distribution generated from the
coecients of variation on global warming scores amount to a factor 1.04
1.13 for the analytical biodiesel/diesel approach, which is virtually equal
to that generated from analytical biodiesel-diesel approach obtained by
Monte-Carlo techniques. the main factors contributing to uncertainty are
bus operation for both scenarios and rape seeds production for biodiesel.
We then determine the level of condence in the assertion that biodiesel
is environmentally friendlier than diesel. Conclusively, this detailed and
modular approach coupled with a LCA is a very relevant and ecient way
to get an accurate overall LCA uncertainty. Te fairly simple procedure can
very strongly reduce calculation time. Accordingly, a rapid estimation of
uncertainties on large sets of LCI results can be carry out in LCA case study
and in environmental assessment. Tis case study will be further developed
within a UNEP-SETAC working group on uncertainties.
331 Consideration of Data Uncertainty and Variability in the
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Forest Resource-based Bio-ethanol.
A.B. Halog, G. Bhander, School of Forest Resources, University of Maine,
Orono, ME. Interest in renewable resources as a source of energy and
materials is increasing due to potential shortages of petroleum and natural
gas, and growing concerns in the accumulation of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. Te worldwide demand for inexpensive fuels can be
satised partly by using renewable energy from forest resources. However,
process related data and other databases which are used in LCA are subject
to variability and uncertainty, which eventually aects the robustness
of environmental assessment results. Various types of uncertainty and
variability are mentioned as crucial factors in the interpretation of LCA
outcomes. Variability stems from inherent variations in the real world while
uncertainty comes from inaccurate measurements, lack of data and model
assumptions. Due to these issues,identication and quantication of these
uncertainties has gained importance in environmental assessments. Tis
current study that takes into account data variability and uncertainty is
being conducted for a novel process for producing ethanol from hardwood,
which is developed by the Forest Bioproducts Research Institute. In this
innovative process, hemicellulosic substance is extracted from wood prior
to pulping and converted into acetic acid and ethanol while using the
extracted wood chips to produce Kraft pulp. For a newly proposed process,
emissions, energy and materials consumptions data are typically uncertain
and subject to variation. Monte Carlo Simulation and/or Latin Hypercube
Sampling of nal LCA outputs will be performed. Tese probabilistic
simulation methods are used for data inaccuracy and variability in objects
and sources. Te main dierence between them is that the latter involves the
segmentation of uncertainty distribution into a number of non-overlapping
intervals of equal probability. Te variations of the chosen parameters
in the inventory of process chain have been characterized in the form of
probability distributions. LCA of ethanol from non-forest sources are also
considered and its inventories are compared. In this way, it is possible to
take into account regional variation and technological variability. Using
these probabilistic approaches, the results of environmental assessments are
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 77
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transformed from a mere single concrete value into probability distributions
of mean value of the output parameters, thus, producing a more robust and
convincing LCA outcomes.
332 Making uncertainty analysis of LCA practical. R. Heijungs,
A. De Koning, J. Guine, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden
University, Leiden, Netherlands. LCA models contain hundreds of input
parameters. Quantifying the uncertainty in all these input parameters
for a reliable quantication of the uncertainty in the output of LCA is
generally speaking not necessary. Tere are two important reasons why
we can disregard uncertainty in most of the input parameters. 1) When
using LCA for product comparisons the LCA models are partly dependent.
2) Only a small fraction of the input parameters contribute signicantly
to the uncertainty in the output of the LCA models. How dependencies
between LCA models inuence the uncertainty in the output of the LCA
models is theoretically analyzed and illustrated with some examples.
How the input parameters of the LCA models that contribute most to
the uncertainty of the output can be determined in a robust and ecient
manner with sensitivity analysis is discussed and illustrated. Te results of
this study imply that using the correct approaches, the determination of the
uncertainty in the output of LCA models can be made practical and more
often used in LCA studies.
333 Probabilistic and spatially-resolved modeling of emissions
from municipal waste incineration in Europe. A.-. Koehler, F. Peyer,
C. Salzman, S. Guthmann, S. Hellweg, Institute of Environmental
Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. A comprehensive
model for the municipal waste incineration activities in Europe was
developed for application in dierent environmental assessments such
as life cycle assessment, sustance ow analysis, and pollutant exposure
assessment. .Te model consists of three parts: (1) a database of all
existing and planned waste incineration plants in Europe, specifying their
location and technological installations, (2) a European waste inventory of
combustable wastes, including information on national waste quantities,
material compositions and elemental composition of various waste
material types, and (3) a waste-input specic, transfer-coecient based
model for dierent waste incineration technologies, allowing to quantify
the emissions to air and the transfer of contaminants into slag, lter ash,
wastewater and slurry. All parameters were modeled with uncertainty ranges.
Uncertainty distributions for input and model parameters, such as waste
composition and transfer coecients, were tted to the data gathered from
various databases and the literature. By applying the inventories and the
incineration technology model described above, we calculated waste-input
dependent and technology-specic emissions to air and water in Europe
with uncertainty information (mean values as well as 2.5% and 97.5%
percentiles) performing a Monte Carlo Simulation. Te emission data is
available per waste incinerator, i.e. per point source, and is thus spatially
dierentiated. Tus, this model can be coupled with existing pollutant fate
and exposure models with spatial dierentiation to quantify the fraction
of exposure concentrations resulting from waste incineration. In the
presentation, the uncertainty modeling approach chosen will be discussed
and the main sources of parameter and model uncertainties elaborated.
A comparison with measured monitoring data from 80 European waste
incineration plants indicates that the elemental compositions of dierent
waste fractions represent a major uncertainty driver in regards to the input
paramters.
334 Te Use of Kriging to Manage Uncertainty in the Remedial
Investigation of the Upper Bualo River. J. Schoeld, R. Downing, K.
Miller, Computer Sciences Corporation, Alexandria, VA; M. Ross, U.S. EPA
Great Lakes National Program Oce, Chicago, IL; K. Dagdelen, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden, CO. Te Bualo River has been designated as
one of 42 Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes and contaminated sediments
continue to be a pressing problem. Several studies have been conducted
to dene the nature and extent of sediment contamination. Geostatistical
analysis of recently generated sediment contaminant data is being
conducted to assist EPAs Great Lakes National Program Oce (GLNPO)
in evaluating the need for remedial action. Te results of these analyses
are being incorporated into the Bualo River Remedial Investigation and
Feasibility Study (RI/FS) being prepared by GLNPO and Bualo Niagara
Riverkeeper, as part of a Great Lakes Legacy Act project. In support of
the Bualo River RI/FS, project planners are interested in identifying
areas of the site that exceed contaminant concentrations of concern and
may require remedial action. Project planners want to ensure that they are
remediating all of the contaminated sediments; however, they also do not
want to spend limited resources on remediating relatively clean sediments.
Geostatistical models are facilitating these decisions while providing an
understanding of the uncertainty associated with the decisions. Several
kriging models were generated to illustrate site conditions for the 3-mile
stretch of the Upper Bualo River. Kriged concentration models provided
estimated concentrations across the site for several contaminants of concern.
Indicator kriging models also were generated for several contaminants
and their associated concentration thresholds of concern. Te resulting
contour maps can be viewed as illustrating the probabilities of exceeding
a threshold across the site. Te results of these analyses are being used to
evaluate the uncertainty in determining exceedance of concentrations of
concern for several contaminants. Portions of the site were shown to have
high probabilities of exceeding the concentrations of concern for several
contaminants and likely require remediation, whereas other portions have
very low probabilities of exceeding and likely do not require remediation.
Te models highlighted areas of the site at which there was increased
uncertainty in determining the need for remedial action. Te models are
being used to generate a design for additional sampling to reduce the
uncertainty associated with this decision.
335 Characterizing the Uncertainty of Final Acute Values Used in
Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria. D. McLaughlin, National Council
for Air and Stream Improvement, Kalamazoo, MI; V. Jain, India Institute of
Technology, Roorkee, INDIA. Many ambient water quality criteria (WQC)
established to protect aquatic life from acute toxicity are calculated using
a procedure published in 1985 often referred to as the 1985 Guidelines
(EPA 1985). Te procedure yields a Final Acute Value (FAV) from
acceptable LC50 or EC50 concentrations that are single point estimates
of the concentration of a chemical substance that will protect 95% of
aquatic species from > 50% mortality or other acute toxic eects. However,
because of variation and uncertainty in toxicity test results, uncertainty in
the estimated FAV exists. Characterizations of this FAV uncertainty are
uncommon, and can provide useful information to water quality managers
and researchers interested in WQC development and implementation. In
this paper, we used Monte Carlo simulation to characterize the uncertainty
of a single point FAV estimate associated with variation in toxicity test
results. Te analysis was done using copper EC50 values adjusted for
dierences in test water chemistry, obtained from EPAs nal freshwater
copper criteria guidance published in 2007. Te 1985 Guidelines procedure
yielded a single point FAV estimate of 4.8 ug/L. By comparison, three
replicate Monte Carlo simulations of 5000 trials each yielded mean and
median FAVs within 0.2 ug/L of the single point estimate (all roughly 4.6
ug/L). Calculated FAVs ranged from 2.19 ug/L to 6.42 ug/L, or from 46%
to 134% of the single point estimate for this data set. Simulations carried
out after modifying this data set quantied the changes in simulated FAV
distributions occurring with changes in the number of sensitive genera
present in the toxicity test data, as well as changes in the range of FAV
estimates occurring as the number of toxicity tests available per species
changed. Tese results will be presented and discussed, supporting a
conclusion that greater use of uncertainty analyses and communication
of their results can yield improvements in the development, revision, and
application of WQC in the future.
336 Overcoming the Technical Challenges of an International
Human and Eological Health Risk Project in Western Africa. Part 2:
Integrating Quality Assurance and Trace Pesticide Analysis Between
Laboratories. W. Hillwalker, G. Sower, A. Ackerman, L. Quarles, J. Jenkins,
K.A. Anderson, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR; N.S. Fall, A. Ndiaye, M. Sarr, CERES/Locustox,
Dakar, SENEGAL. An eort to assess human and ecological health risks
from pesticides in western African agricultural canals has been initiated
through a multi-year, multinational project. Te project aims to transfer
passive sampling technology and expertise from Oregon State University to
several West African laboratories beginning with the CERES/Locustox lab
in Dakar, Senegal. Te rst year of the projects inception exposed challenges
relating to varying equipment and infrastructure capabilities and resulted
in developing strategies and technologies to improve conditions. Ongoing
is the challenge to integrate quality assurance parameters and improve skill
levels between laboratories necessary for the rigors of trace pesticide analysis.
In an eort to help others overcome challenges and promote continued
78 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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international projects, we relate practices and techniques to reduce data
quality uncertainty.
337 Soil mercury fate in a northern deciduous upland forest. J.
Bushey, Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT; J. Bushey, C. Driscoll, P. Selvendiran, E. Mason, C. Fuss, Civil
& Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; B.
Page, Environmental & Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental
Science & Forestry, Syracuse, NY. Understanding mobilization processes
from upland soils is important in assessing the fate of mercury (Hg),
particularly with respect to the relatively large soil pool. We conducted an
extensive research study at the Huntington Forest, NY to assess Hg species
mobilization processes within upland soils and to quantify potential upland
runo contributions. Soil, soil solution and litter degradation samples were
collected over a two-year period with total Hg (THg) soil and soil solution
content generally decreasing with depth. Soil water concentrations decreased
from 8.0 ng/L to 1.9 ng/L between the Oa and Bs
2
horizons, respectively,
were signicantly correlated with DOC ( = 0.05) and exhibited spatial
and temporal variability, increasing during the biologically-active warmer
months. While remaining relatively constant in soil solution, soil Hg:DOC
increased with depth, in agreement with values within degrading litter
and supporting the accumulation of Hg within soil as organic matter is
mineralized. Te constant Hg:OC and signicant THg-DOC correlation
within soil solution suggest soil Hg mobilization with DOC, with potential
implications regarding future decreases in Hg deposition. Conversely,
methyl Hg (MeHg) soil water content remained relatively constant (0.05-
0.06 ng/L) and was not correlated signicantly with DOC, suggesting
that the processes aecting MeHg dier from those for THg. Subsequent
predictions demonstrate that while signicantly less than the soil pool (THg
73 mg/m
2
; MeHg 0.29 mg m
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2
-yr;
MeHg 0.039 g/m
2
-yr) compared well with annual estimates at the Archer
Creek watershed outlet, demonstrating the potential importance of upland
Hg species mobilization within watershed budgets.
338 Te importance of forest canopies to the deposition of
methylmercury to watersheds. L. Mowat, V. St Louis, Biological Sciences,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Methylmercury
(MeHg) is a potent vertebrate neurotoxin and a contaminant of increasing
global concern. Several recent studies, including the whole-ecosystem
METAALICUS project at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern
Ontario, Canada, have demonstrated that increased anthropogenic
emissions of mercury (Hg) to the atmosphere have led to increased
bioaccumulation of MeHg in top predatory organisms such as sh.
Tis is important because consumption of predatory sh represents the
primary exposure pathway of this pollutant to humans. It is commonly
believed that deposition of inorganic Hg(II) and subsequent microbial
methylation in anaerobic lake sediments and wetlands, for example, is
the main source of MeHg to food-webs. However, MeHg is also found in
atmospheric deposition, and some studies suggest it is sucient to account
for the MeHg loads observed in sh. Forest canopies can signicantly
increase the deposition of Hg to watersheds by scavenging particulate and
other reactive species of Hg from the atmosphere. Recent ndings of the
METAALICUS project show that precipitation passing through some
canopies as throughfall contains more MeHg than that which falls in the
open, suggesting that there is also previously undescribed dry deposition
of MeHg occurring. We will present ndings of unique stable isotope
experiments designed to determine the source and fate of MeHg in forest
canopies. Wet and dry loadings of MeHg to the watershed were quantied,
and the retention and photoreduction of MeHg from foliage were measured
to better understand the signicance of forest canopies to the net deposition
of MeHg to watersheds.
339 Atmospheric mercury (Hg) concentrations and sources in
New York State: A comparison between urban and rural areas. H. Choi,
T.M. Holsen, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY. Continuous speciated mercury concentrations were measured
in rural (Huntington Forest in the Adirondacks) and urban (Rochester)
areas of New York starting in December 2008. Average gaseous elemental
Hg (GEM) concentrations and integrated reactive gaseous Hg (RGM), and
particulate Hg (HgP) concentrations in the ambient air were measured every
3 hours using the Tekran speciation system. Te average concentrations
(range) of GEM, RGM, HgP at Huntington forest site were 1.6 0.5 (0.7
to 3.3) ng m-3, 3.1 5.5 (< DL to 63.9) pg m-3, and 11.6 13.1 (< DL
to 79.7) pg m-3, respectively, while the average concentrations (range) of
GEM, RGM, HgP at Rochester site were 1.8 0.6 (1.1 to 16.4) ng m-3,
23.9 184 (< detection limit (DL) to 5900) pg m-3, and 37.1 240 (< DL
to 7800) pg m-3, respectively. To help locate sources of mercury measured at
each site 5-day back-trajectories were calculated for GEM, and 2-day back-
trajectories were used for RGM and HgP (these varying times were based
on the variable atmospheric residence times of the dierent Hg species).
During periods of high concentrations it was found that the air parcels were
transported mostly from the south and west to the sampling site. Tese
trajectories passed over eastern Pennsylvania and West Virginia where there
are several major Hg sources including large coal-red power plants, oil-red
power plants, and waste incinerators. A few of the trajectories passed over
Rochester, NY where the Russell electric generation station and medical and
sludge waste incinerators are located and Toronto where waste incinerators
are located.
340 Using Benthic Flux Chambers to Identify Sources of Inorganic
and Methylmercury in the South River, VA (USA). J.R. Flanders, URS
Corp., Fort Washington, PA; R. Landis, R. Griths, DuPont Engineering,
Wilmington, DE; G. Gill, Battelle Marine Sciences Lab, Sequim, WA.
Benthic ux chambers (BFC) were used in the South River (VA, USA) to
study the release of lter-passing methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic
mercury from dominant substrate types in this sand/gravel/and cobble
dominated stream. Te objectives of the study were to (1) identify which
substrate types had higher uxes, (2) construct IHg and MeHg budgets for
reaches of the river, and (3) identify the physical and chemical characteristics
associated with uxes. Te chambers were deployed in three habitat
types over ve deployments with several dierent experimental designs:
ne-grained sediment deposits, sand/cobble/gravel substrates, and (3)
periphyton colonizing the surface of cobble. Potential diurnal eects were
simulated through the simultaneous deployment of a clear and an opaque
chamber side by side. Samples were collected every hour for three hours
via syringe, ltered (0.45 m), and analyzed for Fe, Mn, total mercury,
and MeHg. Light intensity, which in previous experiments inuenced
DO concentrations and uxes in clear chambers, was monitored over the
course of the deployment. Preliminary analysis of the data reveal that uxes
measured with BFCs are similar to those predicted by surface water loading
rates and that the highest uxes occur in opaque chambers in ne-grained
sediment environments. Te higher MeHg ux rates in opaque chambers
appeared to be related in part to mineral dissolution. Long term monitoring
of DO in the South River reveals that the DO measured in opaque
chambers is similar to DO concentrations measured at night, particularly
in depositional areas, indicating that BFCs are an important and valid
technique for mercury studies in uvial systems.
341 Hg Speciation in the sediments of Hg-contaminated
hotspots along the Israeli Mediterranean coast. E. Shoham-Frider, N.
Kress, Marine Chemistry, Israel Oceanographic and limnological Research,
Haifa, ISRAEL; S. Azran, Ort-Braude College, Karmiel, ISRAEL. Tree
Hg hot spots in the sediments were recognized along the Israeli coast: 1.
Northern Haifa bay (N.HB), 2. Southern Haifa Bay, opposite the polluted
Qishon stream estuary (QSE) and 3. the marine disposal site of excess
sewage sludge (SDS) at the southern coast. Although the areas have similar
Hg concentrations, ca. one order of magnitude higher than background,
Hg accumulated in biota from Haifa Bay but not from the SDS. In order
to test the hypothesis that Hg speciation controlled the bioaccumulation
pattern we measured Hg-Total (HgT), Methyl-Hg (MeHg), and performed
sequential selective extractions (SSE)in surcial sediments from the 3 sites.
HgT concentrations in N.HB, QSE and the SDS were 254.5, 343.2 and
506 ng/g, respectively. MeHg was signicantly higher in the QSE (14.5
ng/g) than in N.HB and the SDS (0.45 and 1.57 ng/g, respectively).
MeHg constituted 4% of HgT in the QSE, 0.41% in the SDS and 0.2%
in N.HB. In the raw activated sewage sludge prior to marine disposal
the MeHg constituted 3% of the HgT, similar to the QSE. SSE of Hg in
the sediments of N.HB separated Hg into the following fractions: 2.3%
in the most bioaccessible, 55% in the organo-chelated, 42% as strongly-
complexed species and 0.7% as mercuric-sulde. In the QSE sediments
the bioaccessible Hg and organo-chelated fractions were signicantly lower
(0.02% and 23.3%, respectively) and the strongly complexed and mercuric
sulde fractions were higher (73.4% and 3.3%, respectively). Analysis of
a sediment sample from HB sampled in 1985, when the pollution was
higher, showed that the relative Hg content was even higher in the most
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 79
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bioaccessible fractions. Te Hg species distribution in the sediments from
N.HB was similar to that of the background station at the SDS while that of
the QSE was comparable to that at the polluted stations at the SDS and at
the raw activated sludge. In the northern part of HB, where the Hg source
was a chlor-alkali plant, most of the Hg was present at the bioavailable
fractions (57%) that can be methylated and penetrate the food web. In
the QSE, most of the Hg was not bioavailable for methylation, although
MeHg is introduced as such into the system, as in the SDS. Terefore, it is
reasonable to assume that the source of the Hg bioaccumulated in the biota
of HB is in situ methylation in the sediments of northern Haifa bay.
342 Biogeochemical Changes beneath an in-situ Sediment Cap
and Mercury Methylation. N.W. Johnson, D.D. Reible, L. Katz, Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Te University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX. In-situ sediment capping has shown promise as a
management strategy for contaminated aquatic sediments, however, little
is known about how mercury methylation in underlying sediments will be
aected. Changes to the location and extent of sulfate reduction and other
biological processes in underlying sediments was studied in laboratory
microcosms. An upward shift in methylmercury concomitant with an
upward shift in biogeochemical redox zones was observed beneath an in-situ
sediment cap. A 1-dimensional, unsteady, reaction transport model was used
to explain upward shifts in biological processes and mercury methylation.
Modeling results also suggest the importance of understanding mercury
bioavailability and partitioning to the solid phase in cap material.
343 Fractionation of Hg stable isotopes in Arctic freshwater
food webs. N. Gantner, D.C. Muir, Department of Environmental
Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; H. Hintelmann,
W. Zhang, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada; N. Gantner, D.C. Muir, Water Science and Technology
Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Biotic
and abiotic fractionation of mercury (Hg) has recently been shown to occur
in aquatic environments. We examine Hg isotope ratios (IRs) in sediments,
biota (Chironomidae, zooplankton, Arctic char) of 10 Arctic lake food
webs from 4 distinct regions and investigate rates of isotope fractionation.
Surface sediment, Chironomidae, zooplankton, and Arctic char muscle
samples were digested using Aqua-Regia, and Hg isotope ratios analysed by
multicollector ICP/MS. Hg mass independent fractionation (MIF; ) MIF
as well as mass dependant fractionation (MDF; ) were calculated and used
to compare samples. Trophic signatures (15N, 13C) were also used to
explain dierences among species and lakes. Mass-independent fractionation
(MIF) of Hg has potential to serve as one measure of environmental
fractionation. Our objectives were to investigate whether MIF is occurring
in these remote lake food webs, and whether MIF varies among site or
region, potentially allowing conclusions of the source by comparison of
regions. Sediment Hg IRs are consistent with data reported in the literature,
indicating low MIF (-0.371 - 0.736 199Hg and -0.524 - 0.381
201Hg). However, MIF was apparent in all biota, most pronounced in
zooplankton (1.484 to 3.401 199Hg and 1.097 - 2.674 201Hg)
and sh (-0.001 to 4.874 199Hg and -0.112 - 3.859 201Hg).
Zooplankton showed a greater degree of MIF than sh, possibly due to a
dierent pathway of Hg accumulation (predominately uptake from water
column?). Arctic char Hg IRs varied among region, while lakes from each
region showed similar degrees of MIF. Arctic char from a meteor impact
crater lake (Pingualuit Lake) had a unique Hg MIF signal which could be
due to unique characteristics, e.g. low lake-to-catchment area, very high
water retention time (~360 years), and could reect a pure atmospheric
Hg signature, while others could reect a mixture of terrestrial and
atmospheric Hg inputs. Our results suggest that MIF occurs in biota during
food web bioaccumulation of methylHg. We will discuss the usefulness of
MIF as a potential measure for source attribution of Hg contamination.
344 Mercury Biosentinels as Tools for Adaptive Management of
Wetland Restoration: the South Baylands Mercury Project. L. Grenier, J.
Collins, A. Robinson, S. Bezalel, J. Hunt, San Francisco Estuary Institute,
Oakland, CA. Te potential to increase net methylmercury production and
bioaccumulation is a concern for wetlands restoration eorts. Te South
Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, one of the largest wetlands restorations
on the continent, is underway in South San Francisco Bay. South Bay
is already impacted by contaminants, and has the largest mercury mine
in North America, the New Almaden Mine, in its watershed. Te South
Baylands Mercury Project is a multifaceted eort to evaluate restoration
and management options for a complex of ponds at the foot of the
New Almaden watershed. Water, sediment, and biota were sampled in a
three-year eort to assess changes in mercury bioaccumulation that may
occur when the ponds are restored to tidal action and, eventually, to tidal
marsh wetlands. Tis presentation will focus on results from the rst two
years of the biota sampling, describing the development of biosentinel
species that indicate mercury bioaccumulation at appropriate spatial and
temporal scales, as well as with appropriate habitat specicity to answer
the management and restoration-design questions. Resident native goby
and brine y sentinels indicated that pre-restoration seasonal pond habitat
had greater mercury bioaccumulation than adjacent tidal marsh habitat,
which is the restoration endpoint. Obligate tidal marsh sparrow sentinels
indicated that variation among tidal marshes in mercury bioaccumulation
was signicant and increased with increasing distance from the mercury
mine source. Tis inverse relationship is hypothesized to be attributable to
a gradient in marsh characteristics, particularly marsh plain elevation and
covariates, such as organic matter.
345 Te development of a reliable biomarker of organophosphate
eect in two earthworm species. H. Henson-Ramsey, A. Schneider, Lewis-
Clark State College, Lewiston, ID; M.K. Stoskopf, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC. Te goal of our current research is to develop a
reliable biomarker of organophosphate exposure in earthworms. Historically,
acetylcholinesterase has been used as a biomarker of OP exposure, however,
activities of this enzyme varies widely from species to species and it does not
correlate well with contaminant body burdens. We have done preliminary
studies demonstrating dierences in basal levels of 2 cholinesterase
enzymes, butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, between our two
test species, Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia foetida. L. terrestris specimens
had higher basal activities of both enzymes when compared to E. foetida.
Acetylcholinesterase was determined to be 0.42 U/ g in L. terrestris and
0.16 U/g in E. foetida. Butyrylcholinesterase was measured at 0.22 U/g and
0.05 U/g in L. terrestris and E. foetida, respectively. Butyrylcholinesterase
has the potential to be a more valuable biomarker of organophosphate
exposure than acetylcholinesterase, as there was less variability as determined
by standard deviation, between individuals within a single species. Both
earthworm species were exposed to 5 g/ cm2 of Malathion by lter paper
contact and activities of three dierent organophosphate metabolizing
enzymes, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase,
will be measured. In an attempt to correlate the enzyme activities with
clinical signs and body burdens, we will also be measuring the resultant
tissue burdens of malathion and two degradation products, malaoxon and
malathion monocarboxylic acid. A GC-MS will be used to determine total
body burdens.
346 Te bait lamina test A possible screening method for
earthworm toxicity testing. S. Jaensch, A. Scheczyk, J. Roembke, ECT
Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Floersheim, Germany. Te bait lamina testing
method has been successfully used in soil monitoring studies to assess the
eect of contaminants on the feeding activity of the soil invertebrate and
microbial community. Additionally, the use in Terrestrial Model Ecosystems
(TME) demonstrated the applicability of this method in semi-eld tests.
Bait lamina are small, pointed plastic strips (length: 12 cm) with 16 drilled
holes lled with a standardized food substrate. Te strips are inserted into
the upper soil layer and the feeding activity is assessed by counting the
number of empty holes after a few days up to a few weeks. In the approach
presented here the bait sticks were used in the laboratory alongside the
earthworm reproduction test according to the ISO standard guideline
11268-2. Te test was performed with the model chemicals zinc nitrate and
tributyltin oxide (TBT-O) in OECD articial and various natural soils. Two
bait sticks were inserted in each test vessel containing ten adult Eisenia fetida
during the rst week of the test. In the majority of the tests the EC50-values
were comparable between the 8-week reproduction test and the 1-week bait
lamina test. In some cases dierences (factor between the EC50s > 2) were
observed, with sometimes the bait lamina test being more sensitive than the
reproduction test and vice versa. Tese dierences were more pronounced
in the tests with TBT-O and may depend on the mode of action of the
chemical. Te results make the bait lamina a promising screening tool
for ecotoxicity testing since it delivers fast results and requires very little
resources and training. Some issue were identied which would need further
research to provide the prerequisites for an international standardization in
ISO or OECD. Tese are the denition of validity criteria (e.g., minimum
80 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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control feeding rate, maximum coecient of variation) including the
identication of a reference substance as a positive control. Tese parameters
as well as repeatability and comparability of the test would nally have
to be validated in an international ring test. Te research was part of the
ERNTE-project funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education
and Research (R&D no. 0330300).
347 Application of the Stressor Identication (SI) Methodology to
a Contaminated Floodplain and Adjacent Irrigated Meadows Upper
Arkansas River, Colorado Case Study. M. Kravitz, Oce of Research and
Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH; D. Eskew, T N & Associates,
Inc., Oak Ridge, TN; W. Warren-Hicks, EcoStat, Inc., Mebane, NC.
During the performance of an ecological risk assessment, it is often unclear
whether observed impairments are due to the contaminants of concern,
to other contaminants or to factors such as habitat disruption. Since
developing the Stressor Identication (SI) methodology for determining
the causes of biological impairments, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has made good progress in improving and demonstrating
its utility in the context of aquatic systems. Te present study applies the
methodology to a terrestrial contaminated site to shed light on its utility in
such an environment. Te site chosen is in a highly mineralized area of the
Colorado Rocky Mountains and consists of the 500-year oodplain and
adjacent irrigated lands of the Upper Arkansas River from the conuence
of California Gulch to approximately 11 miles downstream. Impairments
evaluated were barren areas in the oodplain (reduced vegetation), and
reduced plant growth and plant species diversity in meadows irrigated
with water from the Upper Arkansas River. After a number of candidate
causes were considered, the various lines of evidence both case-specic
and from other situations support the interaction of elevated levels of
extrinsic metal with decreased pH as the cause of the barren areas in the
oodplain. Similar evaluation of reduced plant growth and plant species
diversity in the irrigated meadows leads to the conclusion that elevated levels
of extrinsic metal is the cause. Aspects of the assessment process that may
dier between aquatic and terrestrial systems include the critical variables
that are measured, degree of development of bioassessment criteria, spatial
heterogeneity and linearity of physico-chemical factors, and management
practices. Tis project demonstrates the usefulness of the SI methodology
for terrestrial systems.
348 Assessing the cause of a declining wildlife population on a
contaminated site: kit foxes on the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve.
G.W. Suter, Oce of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Increasingly, observed biological eects
are used as evidence in risk assessments for contaminated sites, but those
eects may not be due to the contaminants. Te U.S. EPA developed the
Stressor Identication methodology and the Causal Analysis/Diagnosis
Decision Information System (CADDIS) for determining the cause of
biological impairments. In this case, CADDIS was applied to a decline in
the abundance of a population of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox on
the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve, California, between 1981 and 1986.
Tis precipitous decline was a cause for concern because of its magnitude
and because it was associated with an increase in oil production on the
site. Although multiple potential causes were investigated at the time, the
cause of the decline was not determined. In a reevaluation of the 1981-86
data, six candidate causes were proposed and analyzed: prey abundance,
habitat quality, predation, toxicants, accidents and diseases. Evidence
for each was analyzed using CADDISs scoring system and 15 types of
evidence. Te conclusion is that predation by coyotes was the proximate
cause of the decline. Road kills contributed to the high mortality of foxes,
but were much less common. Te decline in prey probably contributed to
mortality by making the foxes more susceptible to predation. Contaminants
were eliminated as the cause and an alternative was strongly supported
by the evidence. In addition, this study demonstrated the great utility of
some types of evidence that had not previously been used in CADDIS:
mathematical modeling (a kit fox demographic model) and the analysis
of tissues (i.e., fur and blood analyses to eliminate toxicants and diseases,
respectively). Tis study illustrated that the U.S. EPAs process for causal
assessment is useful for reinvestigation of ambiguous cases and that the
process is applicable for causal analysis at contaminated sites.
349 Te Eects of Nanoscale Particle Exposure on Alfalfa A
Terrestrial Case Study. S.K. Chan Remillard, S. Goudey, HydroQual/
Golder Associates Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; L. Kapustka, LK
Consultancy, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Many optimistic projections predict
that nanotechnology will be used in applications that span virtually every
facet of science and touch all aspects of human life. Tere are already over
600 products of nanotechnology available on the consumer marketplace
featuring everything from wrinkle resistant textiles to a large array of
antibacterial products. Although nanotechnology holds the promise of
many benecial applications there still remains the obligation to characterize
any unintended consequences of exposure. Several laboratory studies have
reported on the eects of nanoscale particle exposure on aquatic organisms,
however, very there is very little data on the impact of exposure to terrestrial
organisms. In a previous study, we found that 12 nanoscale particles up to
1000 mg/kg dry weight soil had no eect on nematode mortality after 96
hr. In this study we exposed rhizobium-inoculated alfalfa to six nanoscale
particle types at nominal concentrations of 100 and 1000 mg/kg dry weight
soil following procedures of the early seedling growth method (ASTM
E1963). Measurement endpoints include root growth, shoot elongation,
and nodule formation. Results of the nanoscale particles will be examined as
both nominal concentrations and with measured concentrations, numbers
of particles per unit volume of soil, as well as other physical characteristics of
the nanoscale particles.
350 Soil ecotoxicity of a veterinary pharmaceutical used in
the poultry industry. A. Soares, V. Oliveira, M. Amorim, S. Loureiro,
CESAM & Dpt Biology, Univ Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; V. Furtula, A.
Colodey, F. Wrona, Environment Canada, Pacic Environmental Science
Centre, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Nowadays veterinary
pharmaceuticals are widely used as food additives in the poultry industry
and the unknown consequences of releasing these compounds into the
environment are a matter of concern. Te purpose of this study was to
study the direct impact of nicarbazin and monensin on non-target plants
and animal species. For that, ecotoxicological tests were used to evaluate
the acute and chronic toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia andrei), collembolans
(Folsomia candida) and two species of plants (Brassica rapa and Triticum
aestivum). Te results obtained showed that toxicity was chemical related
and a concentration-eect pattern for nicarbazin, stressing that such studies
are relevant and needed for the assessment of the potential risk of veterinary
pharmaceuticals in the terrestrial environment.
351 Terrestrial Model Ecosystems (TME) - An ecotoxicological
higher tier semi-eld test system to investigate eects of chemicals on
the soil meso-fauna. A. Nikolakis, T. Leicher, Development-Ecotoxicology,
Bayer CropScience AG, D-40789 Monheim, Germany; B. Scholz-Starke,
M. Ross-Nickoll, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen
University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany. Structural semi-eld test systems
allow for the investigation of soil communities at dierent trophic levels
and their interactions as well as the evaluation of direct and indirect eects.
Our approach considers sampling of large intact soil cores on undisturbed
grassland (=TME; diameter 47 cm, depth 40 cm, mass 100 kg),
followed by maintenance in an outdoor test facility under representative
environmental conditions. Each TME is kept isolated to prevent direct
immigration and emigration of species, however, with ground connection
to assure drainage and to avoid water-logging. After general technical
and ecological investigations, we investigated the capability of our TME
approach to support soil communities over several months. In order to
detect and follow-up eects of contaminants on the soil meso-fauna over
longer periods, lindane (gamma-HCH) has been selected as a model
compound due to its adequate persistence and because it has proofed its
toxicity to a range of soil invertebrates under laboratory conditions. More
than 40 TME are used per study. During the course of our investigations
(limit tests, dose-response studies) we evaluate potential impacts throughout
the year on the most abundant representatives of the soil meso-fauna, i.e.
Collembola, Acari, Enchytraeidae and Nematoda. Via a soil corer, various
undisturbed replicate sub-samples per treatment level were taken from
dierent TME. In the laboratory, Collembola and Acari were extracted
from the samples by high-gradient MacFadyen extraction, wet extraction
was used to sample Enchytraeidae and Nematoda. Results are subject to
multivariate statistics (Principal Response Curves) to generate community
based NOECs and recovery based endpoints (NOEAEC). In addition, also
monovariate statistical evaluations are conducted for more dominant species.
By accounting for the strengths and weaknesses of also other structural
higher tier testing options (e.g. SSD, higher tier lab studies, eld studies)
and by considering our experience gained in over 5 years of experimental
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TME-testing, we also attempt to critically evaluate the possibilities provided
by semi-eld tests to decrease uncertainty within structural risk assessments
in soil ecotoxicology.
352 Expanding the applicability of boreal forest plants for
assessment of soil contaminants using the wetland plants, cattail and
bulrush. M. Moody, Sask. Research Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; R. Scroggins, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Development of a standardized soil toxicity test method using boreal
forest species has focused on upland plants. However, wetland regions
comprise approximately 16% of the land area of Canada, including the
peatland belt that stretches from Northern Ontario, across the prairie
provinces and through the Northwest Territories. Terefore, inclusion
of ecologically relevant wetland species to the existing test battery will
widen the applicability of the plant growth inhibition test, providing
useful information to support location, description and reclamation of
contaminated wetland sites. Five species of bulrush and two species of cattail
were investigated with the intention of using these species in the method for
upland plants. Since seed of bulrush is dormant when purchased, methods
of stratication and in some instances scarication, were tailored to each
species to achieve acceptable germination of at least 50%. Tis allows
planting of young seedlings in test soils. Te most successful bulrush species
in terms of seed germination were Scirpus cyperinus and S. microcarpus,
achieving >90% germination. Cattail seed was found to require freezing,
either naturally outdoors or in a laboratory freezer. Growth of week-old
seedlings of ve species was assessed in articial soil and in three natural
reference soils in tests of 4 weeks duration. Survival to test end was >80%
for seedlings of all species, even though soils were maintained at lower
moisture levels derived for maintaining soil structure in testing with upland
boreal plants. Vigorous growth of shoots and roots was observed in three of
four control soils, the exception being a podsol from Ontario that was low
in pH. Tese studies indicate that wetland plants may be incorporated into
existing soil test protocols with the use of week-old seedlings.
353 Not the sum of its parts: why invertebrate testing with
boreal forest soil horizons doesnt always add up. L. Van der Vliet, J.
Princz, R. Scroggins, Biological Methods Division, Environment Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In Canada, the boreal forest and taiga eco-zones
account for over 50% of land mass, yet there are currently no standardized
soil toxicity test methods that use species representative of these regions.
Over the last few years, Environment Canada has made progress with the
collection, culturing and testing of boreal forest invertebrates; our goal is
to develop standardized test methods for use with boreal forest soils. One
critical phase of method development involves measuring the performance
of test organisms in reference (uncontaminated) soils. Reference soils
assessed under this program need to represent a diverse cross-section of soil
properties (e.g., texture, pH, among others) found across these eco-zones.
Moreover, reference testing with forest soil presents some unique challenges;
unlike agricultural (tilled) soil, forest soil exists in distinct horizons, and
these soil layers are vital to understanding and dierentiating invertebrate
biological activity. To preserve the dierent soil habitats, these horizons need
to be maintained separatelyboth in eld collection, and in the lab test
units. In the lab, two dierent test designs were used maintain the distinct
soil horizons (re-layering of bulk-collected horizons and intact soil cores)
to determine which can produce results that are most easily-interpreted,
and most practical. Using a representative boreal forest organisms (e.g.,
earthworm: Dendrodrilus rubidus, mite: Oppia nitens), we experimented
with re-layering the horizons in the lab test units, inverting these horizons,
using horizons in an avoidance set-up (earthworms only) and testing the
horizons individually. Do the results from the individual horizons add
up to what we observed in the layered test unit? Not necessarilywith
earthworms in particular, interpretation of earthworm health and
reproduction was dicult. Did invertebrates perform well in all reference
soils? Nothere could be a large dierence in performance, likely related
to the diversity of soil characteristics that are found in the eld. It is critical
that this information be used in developing: (i) appropriate soil-organism
matches, (ii) good test design features, and (iii) reasonable baseline
performance data.
354 Environmental risk assessment of zinc for chemical safety
management: a European perspective. P. Van Sprang, F. Verdonck,
Arcadis-Euras, Gent, Belgium; F. Van Assche, L. Regoli, International
Zinc Association, Brussels, Belgium; K. De Schamphelaere, Laboratory
for Environmental Toxicology, University of Ghent, Gent, Belgium. Te
Dutch authorities have prepared a risk assessment report for chemical safety
evaluation related to the production and use of zinc and zinc compounds
in the European Union and concluded for a regional risk associated with
the presence of zinc in EU surface waters. Te main objective of the
present study was to present an alternative, more rened approach based
on methodologies and concepts that represent the state-of-the-art about the
Zn specic aspects such as natural background concentrations, essentiality,
bioavailability and large dataset handling. Te chronic ecotoxicological
eects data were thoroughly screened for quality and BLM normalized
species sensitivity distributions for dierent selected EU water basin
in Germany, France and Belgium were calculated using a probabilistic
approach which integrates probability distributions of both the main
abiotic factors of the EU water basins and the chronic eects concentrations
using Monte Carlo analysis. Te study aimed at assessing the potential
environmental risks to EU water basins associated with the current
production and use patterns of zinc and zinc compounds on a regional scale,
therefore using measured exposure data but excluding locations inuenced
by point sources and historical contamination. Subsequently, a probabilistic
approach integrating both environmental exposure concentrations and BLM
normalized species sensitivity distributions into a probabilistic risk quotient
distribution using Monte Carlo analysis was explored. Finally, toxicity
results from eld/mesocosm studies were compared with the single species
eects data at a similar level of bioavailability.
355 Inuence of Aquatic Chemistry on Fate and Toxicity Estimates
of Metals in Hazard Assessment. N. Gandhi, M.L. Diamond, Chemical
Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; M.L. Diamond, Geography, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; D. van de Meent, M. Huijbregts, Environmental
Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; W. Peijnenburg,
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),
Bilthoven, Netherlands. Current practice of assessing chemical hazard is
based on persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and toxicity (T), which
works well for organic chemicals. Tis method, however, is inappropriate for
estimating hazard of metals due to several reasons. One main reason is the
lack of considering metals as multiple interconverting species that change
its forms/distribution at dierent environmental chemistry. We developed
a generic method to estimate metal hazard for the process of relative
ranking of chemicals. Te new method is compatible with the current
method for organic chemicals and addresses key issues of environmental
fate and ecotoxicological eects of metals. We achieved this by linking the
results from three models: (1) WHAM 6.0 that calculated Kd and metal
speciation-complexation in aquatic systems, (2) USETox that calculated
metal species-specic fate estimates, and (3) Biotic Ligand Model (BLM)
along with Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs) that estimated toxicity
of metals to aquatic organisms. We applied the method to Cu, Ni and Zn
to estimate their hazard and relative ranking within 16 dierent freshwater
systems that varied in chemistry. Our results show that the environmental
variability in chemistry can change fate (persistence) estimates within two
times but can change toxicity estimates by about four orders-of-magnitude.
Tese results clearly indicate the need for consensually selecting a freshwater
chemistry for metal hazard assessment.
356 Validation of the Unit World Model for Metals in Lakes.
K.J. Farley, A.N. Miglino, R.F. Carbonaro, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY; K.J. Farley, K.J. Rader,
R.F. Carbonaro, D.M. Di Toro, HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ; K.J.
Rader, D.M. Di Toro, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, DE. A Unit World Model (UWM) has been
developed to assess risks posed by the release of metals to lake environments.
Te model includes simultaneous consideration of dissolved and particulate
phase transport; metal complexation to dissolved and particulate organic
matter and inorganic ligands (WHAM V); metal sulde precipitation
(SEM-AVS); competitive interactions of metals and major cations to
the biological site of action (Biotic Ligand Model); and a simplied
description of biogeochemical cycling of carbon and sulfur in the lake. Te
computational framework for our Unit World model is based on the
TICKET model (Farley et al., 2008). Initial testing of TICKET-UWM has
been performed using metals data from lake enclosure studies (Diamond et
al., 1990; Gatcher and Mares, 1979). Additional testing of TICKET-UWM
has been performed for Cd, Pb and Zn data for Lake Coeur dAlene in
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Idaho based on loading estimates of Clark (2003) and in-lake measurements
from the USGS. Based on these results, TICKET-UWM provides a good
description for average-annual behavior of metals in lakes. Additional work
however should be directed toward re-evaluating metal-NOM binding
constants, establishing estimation methods for average-annual water quality
parameters and metal loading rates, and evaluating eects of seasonal
cycling on metal fate and bioavailability. Information on TICKET-UWM,
including a downloadable, user-friendly version of model, is available at
http://www.mciwpc.org/uwm.
357 A Probabilistic Unit World Model for Metal Fate and Toxicity
in Rivers. K.J. Rader, D.M. Di Toro, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE; R.F. Carbonaro, K.J. Farley, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY;
K.J. Rader, R.F. Carbonaro, K.J. Farley, D.M. Di Toro, HydroQual, Inc.,
Mahwah, NJ. Traditional modeling frameworks used to assess the fate
and biological eects of organic chemicals in the environment are not
appropriate for metals because of the unique aspects of metal speciation and
biological regulation. Terefore, to assess metal impacts in riverine systems,
we developed a metal fate and toxicity model using a modied Unit
World approach. Hazard assessments in riverine systems are complicated
by non-steady state conditions, sampling incongruities, and/or sparse data
sets. Terefore, the framework for the unit world model for metal fate
and toxicity in rivers (UWM-R) is probabilistic rather than deterministic.
Probabilistic mass balance frameworks have been used previously to
characterize the concentration variation of conventional pollutants
associated with wastewater euents in models known as probabilistic
dilution models (PDMs). For the UWM-R, a PDM is coupled to speciation
and eects models to quantify the distribution of metal between the
particulate phase, soluble phase, and the biological receptor site (biotic
ligand). Physical processes such as settling and other chemical processes
can be simulated by coupling additional modules to the UWM-R. Model
application to Clear Creek in Colorado, the Arkansas River/California
Gulch system in Colorado, and the Coeur dAlene River in Idaho are
presented. Te results demonstrate the need to incorporate metal removal
processes into the framework, indicate the signicance of cross-correlation
between input variables, and provide insight into the load reductions
required to meet copper water quality criteria in the Clear Creek system.
358 Copper Saltwater Criteria: A Progress Report. R. Arnold,
Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment L.L.C., Tyler, TX; R. Santore, A.
Ryan, HydroQual Inc., East Syracuse, NY; G. Rosen, I. Rivera-Duarte,
B. Chadwick, SPAWAR System Center, U.S. Navy, San Diego, CA; C.
Delos, L. Cruz, U.S. EPA, Oce of Water, Washington, DC. In 2003, the
copper industry, HydroQual Inc., the U.S. Navy, and the USEPA began a
collaborative eort to develop new saltwater copper criteria (last modied
in 1995). Signicant advances have been made over the last ve years to
understand environmental factors that modify the toxicity of copper in
saltwater environments. Tis knowledge is helping in the challenge to
develop new saltwater copper criteria, guidelines on how to account for
factors that modify copper toxicity, and methods to adjust copper criteria on
a site-specic basis. Tere is overwhelming evidence that water chemistry,
especially dissolved organic carbon, has a strong inuence on coppers acute
toxicity in waters at high salinities. Studies have also been conducted to
better predict the eects of abiotic factors, incorporate the important aspects
of organism physiology, and predict changes in sensitivity under conditions
of variable salinity. While the progress to date supports the development of
site specic criteria for high salinity waters, the eventual goal is to develop
copper criteria that are applicable across the salinity gradient spanning
from fresh to true marine waters. Several examples of the eects of water
chemistry on copper speciation and toxicity in saltwater and subsequent
implications on water quality criteria development and its application are
discussed. Te views expressed are the authors personal interpretation.
359 Site-specic copper criteria: Use of the BLM, WER and
copper translator for updating euent limits for a WWTP. S. Tobiason,
Brown & Caldwell, Seattle, WA; P. Heck, Brown & Caldwell, Salt Lake
City, UT; H. Bailey, K. Tobiason, Nautilus Environmental, Tacoma, WA;
S. Hess, L. Wood, Central Weber Sewer Improvement District, Ogden,
UT. A site-specic copper study will update euent limits for copper for a
large wastewater treatment plan near Ogden, UT. Euent discharges to the
Weber River near the Great Salt Lake. Te WWTP serves a population of
approximately 175,000 and provides secondary treatment using trickling
lters with a rated capacity of 44.5 mgd. Trickling lters are well known
to provide limited metals removal; consequently euent copper from this
plant has often exceeded NPDES euent limits. As a result, violation
penalties could amount to nearly $0.75M. As an opportunity to reduce
these penalties, the copper study will update limits using EPA guidance
including a copper translator, biotic ligand model (BLM) and water eect
ratio (WER). In addition, in-plant and source (potable) water controls are
being reviewed to minimize euent copper. Te current euent limits
were developed using the national/state acute and chronic copper criteria,
default translator of 0.96, an assumed hardness of 300 mg/l, a 66% dilution
factor (the receiving waters are euent dominated much of the year),
and a background copper level of the detection limit of 12 g/l. Te
background copper will be revised using a lower detection level of 0.4g/l
for a new data set of 15 samples. Sampling locations include upstream (for
background), simulated mixed euent and receiving water (at the 7Q10
mixing ratio of 66%), and downstream completely mixed conditions, with
samples collected weekly for ve weeks in each of three seasons). Concurrent
sampling is also being conducted to generate 15 BLM copper criteria, and
acute C. dubia LC50s for copper. Te LC50 data will be used to check BLM
results and for potential use in a WER if BLM ndings are problematic.
Preliminary sample data (March-April 2008 geomeans) indicate lower
background copper levels of 3g/l, hardness of 297 mg/l, and for the
mixed euent conditions a copper translator of 0.5, and DOC of 50 mg/l.
Preliminary copper LC50 data suggest possible WERs of 1.8, 2.8 and 6.1
for the upstream (no euent), downstream (complete mix) and critical
condition simulated mix locations, respectively. Tese ndings suggest
revising the euent limits upward is possible while maintaining the level of
protection intended in the water quality standards.
360 Fish Community Metrics and Attributes at Selenium-
Contaminated Sites: An Analysis Across Varying Exposure Settings.
R. Reash, Environmental Services, American Electric Power, Columbus,
OH; K. Cummings, M. Sneed, M. Kacinski, EA Engineering, Science,
and Technology, Deereld, IL. Elevated levels of selenium (Se) in
biological receptors have been documented within a wide range of
waterbody and ecoregion settings. Tough some individual species are
considered to be particulary sensitive to Se bioaccumulation (e.g., bluegill
sunsh, largemouth bass, rainbow trout), the integrated response of sh
communities to Se contamination gradients has received far less attention.
In this study, we relate sh community measures (metrics and community
indices) to Se exposure magnitude (water column and sh tissue Se) at four
midwestern sites ranging from a large river to euent-dominated headwater
streams. All sites were inuenced by power plant y ash treatment pond
discharges. Te sh community was sampled using standardized Ohio EPA
methodology, and whole body Se levels were measured in nine dierent
species (including six sunsh species). Total species richness among the four
sites ranged from 42 to 6. Highly contaminated sites tended to have fewer
species, a higher proportion of tolerant species, and fewer sunsh, sport,
and piscivore species. Lowered diversity-based community index scores
(Modied Index of Well-being; Miwb) were not evident for three of the four
sites, suggesting that sh community balance may be maintained at sites
despite whole body sh tissue concentrations being as high as 60.4 mg/kg
(dry wt) and water column Se levels exceeding 200 g/L at times. At a site
with moderate Se contamination, several pollution-intolerant species (along
with high species richness and sh community scores) were found despite
average whole body Se concentrations exceeding U.S. EPAs draft sh tissue
criterion of 7.91 mg/kg (dry wt). Our results provide evidence that sh
community structure and balance, as well as the abundance of Se-sensitive
sunsh species, can persist despite relatively elevated sh tissue Se levels in
indicator species.
361 Metals in Channel Catsh from the Allegheny, Monongahela
and Ohio Rivers near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Potential sh
consumption issues. T.M. Biksey, WSP Environment & Energy,
Pittsburgh, PA; T.M. Biksey, C. Volz, Environmental and Occupational
Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA. Te Community Based Participatory Research Project
(CBPRP) conducted sampling in several legacy metals industry and sewer
outow areas in the Tree Rivers Area (TRA) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
and an upstream angler-dened cleaner water proximal to power plants at
Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Our current study is a follow-up to a previously
published study that examined concentrations of mercury, arsenic, and
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selenium in llet samples from channel catsh, which were compared
between the sampling locations, and to store-bought channel catsh. In that
study, signicantly higher concentrations of mercury and selenium were
found in Kittanning-caught catsh compared to those in the TRA, and
the store-bought catsh were signicantly lower in mercury and selenium
than those caught in the TRA. Te arsenic concentrations from the TRA
and Kittanning catsh were signicantly lower than the store-bought
catsh. Te metal concentrations in catsh from Pittsburgh rivers varied
signicantly by location, and could be used as a tool in identifying sources
of pollution, particularly deposition of emissions from coal-red power
plants. In addition, based on exceedance of U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency consumption criteria, sh consumption advisories were developed
and it was concluded that sh consumption advisories should be based
on location-specic sh concentrations and actual consumption rates. In
this current study, we examined several other metals analyzed from the
llet samples of the channel catsh caught in the same sampling locations.
Concentrations of several metals, such as barium and chromium, exhibited
the same spatial variation as did arsenic, mercury, and selenium from the
previous study. Te relationship of metals found in the CBPRP to both
historical sh tissue studies from regional biomonitoring programs, and to
source and release areas in the TRA, was examined. In addition, potential
risks to local shers and their families that are exposed to metals in channel
catsh llets through the consumption of river-caught sh were calculated,
and the results used to determine the applicability of sh consumption
advisories based on a multi-metal sampling data base.
362 Temporal Characteristics Of Fish Tissue Mercury
Concentration Responses To Changing Mercury Inputs To Te
Environment. M.S. Hutcheson, C.M. Smith, J. Rose, C. Rowan
West, Oce of Research and Standards, Massachusetts Department
of Environmental Protection, Boston, MA; O. Pancorbo, J. Sullivan,
C. Batdorf, Sen. W.X. Wall Expt. Station, Massachusetts Department
of Environmental Protection, Lawrence, MA. Edible tissue mercury
concentrations in largemouth bass (LMB; Micropterus salmoides) and
yellow perch (YP; Perca avescens) from 18 Massachusetts lakes were
monitored annually during a period encompassing major changes in
atmospheric mercury loading to lakes from 1999-2006. Eleven of the
lakes were located in the northeastern Massachusetts: a mercury hotspot.
During this period, total mercury emissions to the hotspot area decreased by
87%, due primarily to new stringent mercury emissions controls required
for municipal waste incinerators and the closure of several medical waste
incinerators. Troughout the remainder of the state, total mercury emissions
decreased by 70% over the same time period. In 8 of the 9 lakes in the
northeast, mean YP mercury concentrations decreased signicantly from
one year prior to the imposition of stringent mercury emissions controls
through 6 years thereafter. Two of the remaining 7 lakes around the rest of
the state also had signicant decreases. Decreases also occurred in LMB:
11 of the 18 lakes were in the hotspot and 6 of those had signicant sh
Hg decreases. Four of the remaining 6 statewide lakes had non-signicant
decreases. Te time scales over which changes occurred will be discussed
and projections of times for mercury concentrations to fall below sh
consumption advisory levels will also be presented.
363 Utilizing science based approach in development of urban best
management practices and outreach through coalitions for improved
environmental safety; a template for eective outreach. P. Klassen,
Coalition for Urban Rural Environmental Stewardship, Sacramento, CA.
Pesticide handling (applications and disposal) when accomplished by
following Best Management Practices (BMPs), can greatly minimize risk to
neighbors, waterways and the environment. Pesticide registrants generate
extensive scientic data to demonstrate how their products should be
handled, and communicate this information on product labels containing
specic use directions. However, additional evolving information on best
practices for improved application safety and product disposal are not
included on these labels. Te Coalition for Urban Rural Environmental
Stewardship (CURES) has facilitated formation of coalitions to improve
communication on BMPs in urban and agricultural settings that enhance
pesticide label directions. CURES is a non-prot organization founded in
1997 to support educational eorts focusing on proper and judicious use of
pest control and crop protection products. CURES goals are to develop and
implement educational projects that advance stewardship practices for the
safe and environmentaly sound use of ag and urban pest control products.
Education, research coordination and professional expertise are the tools
used by CURES to assist users and applicators of pest control products
with practical cost eective methods to protect the environment as well as
public and worker health and safety. Tese coalitions have been eective
in modifying applicator behaviour and improving safe use of pesticides.
Examples of their work include BMP technical bulletins assembled in
binders containing information on various practices; some translated
to Spanish and Punjabi. Two BMP publications for urban professional
applicators have been published and distributed in California. Cures sta
provides dozens of presentations each year in continuing education courses
for pesticide applicators. CURES current focus is assisting development
of a stewardship program for urban uses of pyrethroid insecticides.
Understanding product fate in the environment following application is
critical to developing eective BMPs for communication. Previous coalition
experience provides a successful template for processess. Broader awareness
is needed to cover wider geography and the many products currently in-use.
CURES successful track record of science-based outreach serves as a credible
source of information to inform the general public on these practices in a
broader geography.
364 New Challenges for Fumigants in Urban Environments.
R.M. Bennett, JRF America, King of Prussia, PA. Te use of fumigants is
critical for the production of certain agricultural commodities, especially
in commercial strawberry production. Te encroachment of housing
into historically agricultural areas has created a signicant decrease in the
buer zones between strawberry elds and housing, especially in some
high production areas in Florida and California. During the current
review process of the fumigants, signicant eorts were made to determine
bystander exposure during and after fumigation of these elds. Eorts
to reduce potential bystander exposure include the use of less permeable
tarpaulins, specic modications to the soil (increased organic matter,
specic fertilizer incorporation, soil moisture modication before and after
application, etc.) Tis presentation looks at the multiple issues surrounding
the use of fumigants and some potential solutions that can reduce potential
exposure.
365 Evaluation of Management Practices to Mitigate Pesticide
Loss with Runo from Fairway Turf. P.J. Rice, J.L. Rittenhouse, K.E.
Kramer, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Saint Paul, MN; B.P.
Horgan, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul,
MN; P.J. Rice, J.L. Rittenhouse, K.E. Kramer, Department of Soil, Water
and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN. Pesticides have been
detected in surface waters of urban areas raising questions concerning their
source and potential environmental and health eects. An estimated 25% of
pesticides used in the United States result from nonagricultural pest control.
Use of pesticides on golf course turf, often at rates that exceed agricultural
or home environments, has raised questions concerning the contribution
of runo from managed turf. Experiments were designed to measure the
quantity of pesticides transported with runo from turf plots maintained
as a golf course fairway, and to evaluate the ability of management practices
to reduce the transport of pesticides with runo. Plots were managed
with solid tine or hollow tine aerication, initiated 2 and 63 days prior
to pesticide application and simulated precipitation. Runo volumes and
quantities of pesticides transported with runo were reduced in fairway
turf plots managed with hollow tines relative to solid tines. Trends in
reduced runo volume and pesticide loss remained despite the increased
time duration between management practice and precipitation. Te
addition of vertical mowing to manage thatch was evaluated the following
season. Inltration measurements, quantication of runo volumes and
examination of hydrographs revealed the addition of vertical mowing to
hollow tine aerication doubled precipitation inltrations rates, reduced
runo volumes, and lessened loads of pesticides transported o-site with
runo water. Understanding pesticide transport with runo and identifying
strategies that reduce o-site transport of applied chemicals will increase
their eectiveness at intended sites of application and will minimize
undesirable impacts to surrounding areas.
366 Risk Management at Golf Courses; Common Sense Coupled
with Modern Technology. T. Hiers, Golf Course Maintenance, Te Old
Collier Golf Club, Naples, FL. Te philosophy of holistic maintenance
practices for golf courses is being employed all across the USA on a
signicant number of properties. Tese practices include proper siting,
design, construction and ongoing maintenance of the golf course, with
84 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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the goal of protecting its watershed. Te use of EMS (Environmental
Management Systems) and BMPs have also been instrumental in
minimizing the potential negative impact of pesticides on water and the
surrounding ora and fauna. Te benets of such practices are being
realized o-site or downstream from the golf course property. Most of
these practices are based on common sense and experience. Te results are
encouraging, with test results that demonstrate the eectiveness of these
practices. Healthier turf has been achieved through the use of current
technology, modication of some agronomic procedures, and employment
of successful methods of anticipation while using fewer inputs and
pesticides. Understanding soil chemistry, the needs of specic cultivars, and
the many micro-environments within any particular golf course watershed
is germane to maintaining a wildlife sanctuary atmosphere with a holistic
approach. Tere are no silver bullets, just the right attitude, knowledge, and
desire to maintain the property using a variety of measures and tools that
minimize negative results. One example is the use of covered booms on
spray equipment to reduce the likelihood of drift. Another is considering
worst case weather scenarios when making a pesticide application. Tere is
a trend to reduce the amount of irrigated turf without slowing play while
increasing habitat. State-of-the-art irrigation systems, along with GPS, soil
amendments, and other technologies have enhanced the ability to manage
golf courses in concert with the surrounding environment.
367 Domestic Pesticide Use in Ontario: Te Science Behind the
Ban. K.R. Solomon, Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada. Te Government of Ontario has proposed a ban on the
use of domestic pesticides by home-owners. Tis ban was announced by
the Premier of Ontario during an election campaign in 2008 and was based
on the precautionary principle as well as a report by the Ontario College
of Family Physicians (OCFP) on linkages between pesticides and diseases,
including cancer, in humans. Te proposed ban is specic to homeowners
and professional applicators who apply pesticides on domestic and public
areas. Golf-courses are exempt from the ban. All pesticides in Canada are
registered through the Pest Management Regulatory Agency, a division
of Health Canada. Tis process involves the submission of extensive
toxicological data for eects in mammals and the environment, proof of
ecacy, and consideration of other data, such as epidemiological evidence.
Tese data are subjected to regular re-review and updating. Pesticides
registered for domestic use must have certain toxicological properties; acute
oral LD50 > 500 mg/kg and acute dermal LD50 > 1,000 mg/kg, both
values in the most sensitive species. In addition to this, current Ontario
legislation requires that all pesticides be classied. Tis classication process
is based on toxicity and environmental properties. Under this system, all
domestic products sold through normal consumer outlets (unrestricted)
must have an acute oral LD50 > 5,000, an acute dermal LD50 > 10,000,
be non-persistent in the environment (soil T < 2 weeks), not mobile in
the environment, and sold in containers < 1 kg or 1 L. Te OCFP study
was based on a survey of recent epidemiological literature, did not consider
toxicological or exposure data, or the results of recent reviews of the
primary products used in this sector. Exposure studies on homeowner and
professional applicators and bystanders have revealed that daily body doses
do not exceed the guideline values for the commonly used product in this
sector, 2,4-D. Te science behind the ban will be discussed and critically
evaluated.
368 Neurotoxicological eects of a primary and ozonated treated
wastewater on freshwater mussels exposed to a real-time ow-through
system. F. Gagn, C. Andr, C. Blaise, Environment Canada, Montral,
Quebec, Canada; C. Patrick, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Montral,
Quebec, Canada; R. Hausler, STEPPE-cole de Technologie Suprieure,
Montral, Quebec, Canada. Te neurotoxic potential of a primary-treated
and ozonated municipal euent was examined using feral freshwater
Elliptio complanata mussels. Specimens were exposed to increasing
concentrations (0, 1, 3, 10 and 20% v/v) of a primary-treated euent before
and after treatment with 10 mg/L of ozone in a mesocosm-type experiment
for seven weeks. A suite of biomarkers was used to assess the potential
neurotoxic stress of the wastewaters on these benthic invertebrates: opiate
binding sites, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), metabolism, monoamine
(serotonin, dopamine, monoamine oxidase), acetylcholinesterase and lipid
peroxidation. Gamete activity was also determined by the gonado-somatic
index and by vitellogenin-like proteins. Te results show that the number
of opiate binding sites increased slightly, especially after ozonation. GABA
metabolism was generally reduced, suggesting higher glutamate stimulation
than GABA dampening eects in mussel ganglia. Tis excitatory state was
further conrmed by decreased acetylcholinesterase activity in gonadal
tissues. Te turnover of dopamine was enhanced with increased serotonin
levels, but accompanied by reduced catabolism, as evidenced by decreased
monoamine oxidase activity. Moreover, oxidative stress was increased, as
determined by lipid peroxidation in the gonad (containing ganglia), which
was signicantly correlated with acetylcholinesterase activity and dopamine
metabolism. Te gonado-somatic index was signicantly reduced with
increased levels of vitellogenin-like proteins, again conrming the estrogenic
action of these wastewaters. Te data suggest that exposure to a primary-
treated municipal euent before and after ozonation leads to an excitotoxic
syndrome implicating perturbations in GABA, dopamine and acetylcholine
signaling. Te increase in dopamine metabolism may be associated with
the occurrence of opiate-like compounds (i.e. morphine) in the euent. In
general, ozonation reduced the severity of the responses, indicating that this
disinfection strategy does not increase neurotoxicity to mussels.
369 Evaluating the Aquatic Toxicity of Tire Wear and Roadway
Particles to Algae, Daphnids, and Fish. L. Sweet, B. McAtee, M. Kreider,
J. Panko, ChemRisk, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA; B. Finley, ChemRisk, Inc., San
Francisco, CA; S. Ogle, Pacic EcoRisk, Faireld, CA. Tire wear particles
(TWP) can be released from tires during their use on road surfaces, and
consist of a complex mixture of rubber, asphalt, road dust, gravel, and
other materials. Although questions have been raised about the potential
environmental toxicity of TWP, very few data are available on the potential
acute eects of real world tire wear particles (versus road particles or
tire tread shreds/leachates) on aquatic organisms. In the present study,
OECD guidelines were used to evaluate the relative acute toxicity of TWP
and roadway particles (RP) in a sediment-surface water elutriate using
unicellular green algae, daphnids, and sh. Te results of these tests indicate
that for all three test species the IC50, EC50, and LC50 values were greater
than the highest concentration tested of 10,000 ppm TWP and RP in the
sediment elutriates. For the daphnids and sh, the estimated EC25 response
values were also greater than 10,000 ppm TWP and RP. Te 10,000 ppm
concentration is expected to far exceed TWP and RP levels that might exist
in the environment. In view of the absence of any dose response and absence
of toxicity to all of the test species, these test results indicate TWP should
be considered a low acute toxicity risk to aquatic ecosystems. Te potential
impact of TWP on aquatic ecosystems is also expected to be signicantly
mitigated based on its environmental fate and transport prole (e.g., solid,
not a persistent bioaccumulative toxicant) and minimal leachability of
constituents. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the eects
of TWP and RP in longer term chronic scenarios, and should include
additional endpoints of ecological importance.
370 Use of the Zebrash Embryo in Studies of Harmful Algal
Blooms and Surface Water Toxicity. M.D. Meyer, R. Patio, Biological
Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; R. Patio, USGS, Lubbock,
TX. Lubbocks Canyon Lakes System (CLS) consists of a series of lakes
along the North Fork of the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River
(Lubbock, TX, USA). Water owing through the CLS is secondary-treated
wastewater that is reclaimed after being irrigated over a land application site
and released at its head. Tertiary euent is discharged downstream of the
CLS. Little is known about the aquatic habitat quality in the North Fork.
Tis study used zebrash (Danio rerio) embryos to assess the toxic eects
of water sampled from ve sites in the North Fork: 1 to 5 in downstream
order. Site 1 is at the head of the CLS; Sites 2 and 3 are within the CLS;
Site 4 is where tertiary euent is discharged; and Site 5 is about 5 km
downstream of Site 4. Two water samples were collected from each site on
03/09/08. Embryos where exposed in 24-well culture plates (1 embryo/well)
to 1-ml sample water from a single sample replicate (n = 20 per replicate per
site, plus 4 internal controls) at 28.5C and 12h D:12h L. Average embryo
survival at 72 hours postfertilization (hpf ) was 100, 53, 0, 0, 93 and 80%
for control water, Site 1, Site 2, Site 3, Site 4, and Site 5, respectively. All
embryos exposed to water from Site 2 were dead within 12 h. An additional
sample collected from Site 2 on 03/13/08 was used to assess toxicity after
dilution with dechlorinated tap water. At 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 0% of
the samples original concentration, embryo survival at 72 hpf was 0, 0, 0,
0, 30 and 85%, respectively. On 03/29/08, a major sh-kill occurred in the
CLS that was attributed to golden alga toxin (prymnesin). Te Site 2 sample
collected on 03/13/08, which had been stored frozen, was used to estimate
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 85
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prymnesin concentration (LC-MS) and reassess its toxicity after serial
dilution in the presence or absence of DADPA, a cofactor known to increase
prymnesin toxicity. Te estimated concentration of prymnesin was 2 ppm,
and embryo survival at 72 hpf after exposure to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25,
3.125 and 0% sample water was 0, 0, 96, 96, 100 and 96% in the absence;
and 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33 and 96% in the presence of cofactor. In conclusion,
(1) reclaimed water in the CLS collected on 03/08 was extremely toxic to
sh embryos, whereas river water near the tertiary euent discharge was
moderately toxic, and (2) prymnesin is the probable cause of CLS water
toxicity to sh embryos.
371 Response of Daphnia magna to episodic exposures of several
types of suspended clay. S. Robinson, S.J. Klaine, Clemson University,
Clemson, SC. Rain events cause sediments to be washed into aquatic
systems resulting in signicant increases in total suspended solids. It has
been shown that constant exposure to suspended clays eects the growth
and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Previous work has also demonstrated
a dierence in toxicity between clay types (kaolinite, montmorillonite, and
natural clay particles) when D. magna were continuously exposed. In the
environment suspended clay exposures tend to be episodic in nature due
to stormwater runo. Te major mechanism of suspended clay toxicity to
daphnia is a clogging of the gut tract which decreases feeding eciency. D.
magna can purge clay from the gut when they are placed in clean water. Tis
research looked at the response of survival, reproduction and growth of D.
magna exposed episodically to three clay types: kaolinite, montmorillonite,
and natural clay particles (Lost Creek clay). During experiments organisms
were exposed to either a single or double pulse of suspended clay and
monitored for a total of 21 days. For single pulse exposure, organisms were
exposed to varying concentration of the clay for either 12 or 24 hours.
With the double pulse exposure, organisms were exposed for the rst 12
hours of the test then exposed again, after a given recovery time, for another
12 hours. During all experiments, organism length, mortality, days until
becoming gravid, and total number of neonates were noted daily. Data
demonstrate a signicant increase in the number of days to gravidity and
some dierences in growth for the higher exposure concentrations used. Te
data suggest that the exposure duration is more important than exposure
concentration. Data also demonstrate a dierence in toxicity between clay
types as seen with the continuous exposures.
372 Evaluation of the Hazard of Microcystis Blooms for Human
Health through Fish Consumption. D. Gossiaux, J. Dyble, GLERL,
Ann Arbor, MI; A. DeHudy, S. Robinson, CILER, Ann Arbor, MI. Fish
consumption has just recently been investigated as a potential mode
of human exposure to algal toxins. Previous research has focused on
measuring toxin concentrations in muscle and liver tissue of sh collected
from lakes with algal blooms but a link to human health risk has not yet
been established. An inherent diculty in trying to correlate microcystin
concentrations in sh tissue to exposure is that the mobility of sh
allows them to spend time in and out of Microcystis blooms. Tus, while
measurements of microcystin concentrations in eld-collected sh are
useful in identifying whether this is a potential route for human exposure,
it reveals less about the mechanism of accumulation. Understanding
the rates of microcystin uptake, transfer eciency into the tissues and
depuration rates are essential to predicting potential human health impacts
through sh consumption following a Microcystis bloom. Yellow perch
(Perca avescens) were dosed with a known amount of microcystin and the
uptake into the liver and muscle tissues was monitored at regular intervals
in both short term (24h) and long term (12 d) laboratory experiments.
Microcystin concentrations in the perch liver and muscle were measured
both by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) as well as by the
protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA). Tis second assay measures
phosphatase enzyme depletion, which will be aected by both bound and
unbound microcystin, thus providing some measure of this non-extractable
form. Concentrations of soluble microcystin in the tissues, measured by
ELISA, peaked at 8 hours and decreased to near-initial values by 24 hours in
both liver and muscle tissue. Microcystin concentrations in the liver tissue
were generally two fold greater than in the muscle tissue. Minor variation
occurred in the tissues over the remaining 11 days. Comparisons of ELISA
and PPIA measurements will also be presented based on the 24 hour studies.
373 Tiocyanate, calcium and sulfate as causes of toxicity to
Ceriodaphnia dubia in a mining euent. K. Brix, R. Gerdes, M. Grosell,
RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Te Red Dog Mine in Alaska
has conducted a series of Toxicity Identication Evaluations (TIEs) to
identify the cause(s) of observed toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia over the
past 15 years. Characteristic of hard rock mining discharges, the euent has
elevated (~3000 mg/l) total dissolved solids (TDS) composed primarily of
calcium and sulfate. Te euence typically exhibits ~11 toxic units (TUs)
when tested with C. dubia. Treatment of the euent with barium carbonate
to precipitate calcium and sulfate reveals these ions contribute 3-5 TUs
of the observed toxicity, but the remaining source(s) of toxicity remain
unidentied. We recently conducted an additional series of experiments
to investigate whether the missing toxicant is an artifact of the barium
carbonate treatment. Tis procedure involves addition of barium carbonate
to precipitate the calcium and sulfate, but then requires acidication with
HCl to neutralize the now alkaline water, resulting in an order of magnitude
increase in chloride. Results from these studies indicated that artifactual
toxicity from the barium carbonate treatment does account for some of
the observed toxicity in the post-treatment euent, but that an additional
source of toxicity is still present. Ion chromatography performed during the
barium carbonate studies revealed the presence of thiocyanate in the euent
and subsequent measurements showed it to be present at concentrations
up to 150 M. Toxicity tests reveal C. dubia are surprisingly sensitive to
SCN with an estimated IC25 of 8.3 M for reproduction in moderately
hard water (approximately 20-fold more sensitive than sh). Additional
experiments demonstrated that SCN toxicity is dependent on the TDS
concentration of the test water. Testing of a mock euent simulating the
major ion and SCN concentrations resulted in 10.4 TUs, suggesting that
calcium, sulfate and thiocyanate are the three toxicants present in the Red
Dog Mine euent.
374 A Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Identifying Bacterial Chronic
Toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia from a POTW Euent. C. Irvine,
B. Sample, CH2M HILL, Sacramento, CA; M. Maidrand, Operations
Support, Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, Sacramento, CA;
J. Miller, M. Miller, AQUA-Science, Davis, CA; R. Parales, Microbiology
Department, UC Davis, Davis, CA. Te Sacramento Regional Wastewater
Treatment Plant (SRWTP), located in Sacramento, CA (USA), experienced
intermittent chronic reproduction impairment to Ceriodaphnia dubia
from April, 2004, through December, 2007. During this period, chronic
C. dubia whole euent toxicity (WET) ranged from 1.6 to 38 toxic units
(TUc; 100/IC25), while neither algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) nor
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) showed chronic eects. Te Toxicity
Reduction Evaluation (TRE) triggered by C. dubia toxicity incorporated
statistical analysis of euent chemistry, treatment process evaluation, 23
toxicity identication evaluations (TIEs), and source control investigations.
Standard Phase I TIE treatments (e.g., zeolite, SPE columns, EDTA,
aeration, and pH manipulation) accounted for only a small background
portion of toxicity (~1-3 TUc) associated with ammonia, non-polar
organics, and metals. Surfactants and polymers were also ruled out as
sources of toxicity, but ltration TIEs implicated particle-associated toxicity.
Daily variability in toxicity, loss of toxicity over time, and a complex euent
matrix obfuscated identication of a specic toxicant; whereas, the high
variability between replicates suggested a biological or pathogen toxicant.
Non-standard TIE treatments such as sterilization (e.g., heating with
autoclave or microwave, UV exposure, centrifugation, and chlorination/
dechlorination) successfully removed up to 95% of toxicity. A compelling
weight of evidence implicated bacterial growth in nal euent composite
samples as the principle source of elevated toxicity. Conrmation studies
successfully isolated and re-introduced several toxicity causing bacteria
from the euent matrix at concentrations relevant to euent samples,
but at greater concentrations than in euent discharged to the receiving
environment. Controls implemented in January, 2007, eectively reduced
toxicity to background levels and eliminated this sampling artifact. To our
knowledge this is the rst known case of bacteria causing chronic toxicity
to C. dubia from treated wastewater euent. TRE managers could benet
from considering this possibility in other investigations.
375 Total Suspended Sediment, Turbidity and Deposited Sediment
Standards to Prevent Excessive Sediment Eects in Canadian Streams.
J. Culp, G. Benoy, A. Sutherland, Environment Canada, Fredericton,
New Brunswick, Canada; J. Culp, A. Sutherland, Canadian Rivers
Institute, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; G. Benoy, Agriculture
and Agri-Foods Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; R. Brua,
Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; P. Chambers,
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Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Sediment inputs
derived from land-disturbing activities are a pervasive threat to stream
ecosystems in North America and elsewhere. Of the many land-disturbing
activities contributing to increased sedimentation to aquatic ecosystems,
agriculture is the most common source. Across all regions of the country,
the abundance of pollution tolerant taxa increased as habitat was degraded
by sediments. Tis caused a signicant reduction in several metrics of
ecological quality, including measures of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity
(total invertebrate and EPT richness) and EPT relative abundance. We
report on physical and biological standards that specify total suspended
sediments, turbidity and deposited sediment thresholds predicted to be
protective of good ecological condition. Tis was accomplished by applying
ve approaches used for water quality standards development in Australia
and New Zealand, Canada and the US to historical and contemporary
regional data sets to compare their performance and to produce potential
sediment standards. Future methods development for setting standards in
agricultural watersheds should continue along several investigative paths
including the use of biological endpoints to establish standards. In addition,
development eorts should attempt to link catchment topography, land use
and hydrological response to in-channel sediment transport, deposition and
biological condition.
376 Validation of a Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay. J.C.
Meiller, C. Grim, R. Hall, L.W. Touart, Oce of Science Coordination &
Policy/ OPPTS, US EPA, Washington, DC; G.T. Ankley, K. Jensen, Oce
of Research & Development/NHEERL, US EPA, Duluth, MN; A.O.
Cheek, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of
Public Health, Houston, TX; I. Schultz, Battelle PNNL-Marine Sciences
Lab, Sequim, WA. Te Fish Short-term Reproduction Assay is an in vivo
assay conducted with fathead minnows and is designed to detect changes
in spawning, gross morphology, histopathology, and specic biochemical
endpoints that reect disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
(HPG) axis. Tis assay has undergone a rigorous validation process in
order to be proposed as one of the assays in the Tier 1 screening battery of
the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program at the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Tier 1 assays are intended to provide evidence that
suggests certain endocrine-regulated processes may be suciently perturbed
to warrant more denitive testing. Te validation process used was
based on the principles developed by the U.S. Interagency Coordinating
Committee for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) and the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Te core endpoints in the assay include survival, behavior, fecundity and
fertilization success, appearance and secondary sex characteristics, gonad
histology, and biochemical endpoints measuring sex steroids (estradiol
and testosterone) and the egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin. Some
endpoints are highly diagnostic (e.g., vitellogenin induction in males, male
nuptial tubercle formation in females), and may assist in identifying specic
cellular mechanisms of action; others are less diagnostic of direct endocrine
mechanisms of action, but collectively this suite of endpoints allows
inferences to be made with regard to possible endocrine disturbances and
thus provides guidance for further testing. Te reproducibility of this assay
has been broadly demonstrated using a number of representative endocrine-
active chemicals across geographically diverse laboratories. In the nal stages
of the validation process for this assay, a peer review panel was asked to
comment on the clarity of the assays purpose and the assay test protocol
with regard to the objective, measured endpoints, strengths and limitations,
reproducibility, and performance criteria. Te outcome of peer review and
recommendations regarding the assay will also be discussed.
377 Optimization and Uncertainty in Using Municipal Wastewater
to Estimate Temporal and Spatial Trends in Illicit Drug. A. Chiaia, D.
Sudakin, L. Power, J.A. Field, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; C. Banta-Green, Drug and
Alcohol Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; P. Friel,
Forensic Laboratory Services Bureau, Washington State Police, Seattle, WA.
Worldwide interest in the use of illicit drug concentrations in municipal
inuent wastewater as an alternative means for estimating community drug
use is increasing. Te approach has the potential for decreasing bias relative
to more conventional methods of drug surveillance such as surveys based on
self reporting. Wastewater analyses can also provide real-time information
on drug use compared to conventional sources of drug use/abuse data such
as poison control center calls, emergency room admissions, and mortality
data that often are available only after substantial time delays (months to
years). With locations in small, rural municipalities, wastewater data will
increase our understanding of the geographic distributions of drug use.
Te data and its advantages are of potential value to the public health, law
enforcement, and drug intervention and treatment communities. To date,
the focus is on feasibility demonstrations that center around the analytical
detection of drug residues. Fewer studies embrace the complexities of
sampling and the attendant uncertainties around estimates of load or
directly address the assumptions inherent in the calculations of loads.
Discussion will also include the optimization of the sampling approach,
storage and transport of samples, and the uncertainty associated with
the resulting estimates of community drug use. Temporal trends within
communities and between communities will be discussed. Te advantages
and limitations of using human urinary biomarkers as a potentially dynamic
indicator of population will be discussed for use within a single municipality
and between municipalities.
378 Fully automated on line analysis and occurrence of illicit
drugs and their metabolites at the Barcelona wastewater treatment
plant and Ebro river basin and study of their degradation. D. Barcelo,
M. Lopez de Alda, C. Postigo, Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC,
Barcelona, Spain; T. Pizzolato, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Te present work describes the rst
fully automated on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-
tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for analysis of
drugs of abuse in waste and surface water. Compounds measured belong to
amphetamines and methamphetamines, cannabinoids, cocainics, opiates,
LSD, and their metabolites. Te main advantages are (i) full automation,
(ii) fairly high throughput (analysis time per sample is 235 min.), (iii) low
sample volumes (10 mL) (iv) minimum sample manipulation, limited to
ltration and addition of surrogate standards, (v) high sensitivity (limits
of determination between 0.69 and 5.97 ng/L), (vi) good repeatability
(relative standard deviations usually below 14%), and (vii) high selectivity
and reliability of results (4 identication points). Tis method was used
to estimate the patterns of consumption of drugs of abuse in the city of
Barcelona (Spain) during one year period (from July 2007 to July 2008)
and in seven of the most populated riverine cities along the Ebro river
basin (Miranda de Ebro, Logroo, Pamplona, Tudela, Zaragoza, Lleida
and Tortosa) in October 2007. Consumption estimation is based on
the concentrations detected in the waste water inuents of the sewage
treatment plants (STP) giving service to these cities, and on data about the
population served by each STP, STPs inlet ow rate, and the drugs excretion
rates. Te results obtained indicate that cocaine and ecstasy are the most
consumed drugs of abuse. Doses/day/1000 inhabitants have varied from
1.6 (Logroo) to 30 (Barcelona) for cocaine and from 0.01 (Tortosa) to
0.61 (Tudela) for ecstasy. Cocainics and amphetamine-like compounds
show slightly increasing levels along the week. STPs show variable removal
eciencies from occasionally negative values for ecstasy to 95% renoval for
cocainics (average ~ 70 %). Concentrations in the receiving river waters are
much lower than in inuent waste water (by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude,
maximum detected concentration 295 ng/L of benzoilecgonine (BE), the
main cociine metabolite, in the Llobregat river, Barcelona). Te degradation
of cocaine under conditions simulating those existing in the rivers was
performed indicating that BE is also the major degradation product of
cocaine and that degradation takes place quite rapidly (in about 5 hours).
379 Evaluation of cocaine consumption in Belgium by analysis
of waste water. A.L. van Nuijs, H. Neels, A. Covaci, Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen-Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium;
B. Pecceu, L. Bervoets, R. Blust, A. Covaci, Biology, University of Antwerp,
Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium; L. Teunis, C. Charlier, Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Lige, Lige, Lige, Belgium; P.G. Jorens, Clinical
Pharmacology/Clinical Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen-
Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium. Cocaine abuse is currently estimated from
consumer interviews, medical records and crime statistics, but these do
not accurately estimate the local use. A more realistic approach based
on the measurements of urinary excreted cocaine (COC) and major
metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methylester (EME) in
waste water has recently been described. Hydrophilic interaction liquid
chromatography (HILIC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) was
applied for the determination of COC, BE and EME in inuent water
samples from 39 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) across Belgium.
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Four 24h-composite WWTP samples (on Sundays and Wednesdays, in
summer and winter) were collected for each WWTP. COC was present in
a range of 9 - 753 ng/L and BE in a range of 33 - 2258 ng/L, while EME
was undetectable (< 20 ng/L). Total cocaine equivalents (expressed in g/
day per 1000 inhabitants) for a region were calculated considering the ow
rate and the number of people connected to a WWTP. Maximum cocaine
abuse was observed in the region of WWTP Antwerpen-Zuid: 1.8 g/day
per 1000 inhabitants, the highest value ever reported in the literature. Clear
spatial (large drug abuse in cities vs. countryside) and temporal (weekend
vs. week) dierences were observed. Higher COC/BE ratios were observed
in the winter compared to the summer, due to the higher stability of COC
at lower temperatures. Te total amount of cocaine used in Belgium was
estimated to be 1.7 tons/year. Our data conrm the feasibility of this
objective and rapid approach to evaluate cocaine abuse at local level and to
contribute to a better drug policy.
380 Antidepressants and their Metabolites in Municipal
Wastewater and an Urban Watershed. C.D. Metcalfe, H. Li,
Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada; M. Servos, K. Oakes, Department of Biology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; D. Andrews, Regional
Municpality of Halton, Oakville, Ontario, Canada. Anti-depressants are
a widely prescribed group of pharmaceuticals that include drugs from
the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class, as well as serotonin-
noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors and noradrenergic-dopaminergic
reuptake inhibitors. Tese anti-depressants are biotransformed in humans
to products that may retain biological activity. In this study, we evaluated
the distribution of 6 anti-depressants (venlafaxine, bupropion, uoxetine,
sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine) and 5 of their metabolites in
municipal wastewater and in receiving waters downstream of wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Grand River watershed in southern
Ontario, Canada. We also evaluated whether fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) caged in the Grand River below a WWTP accumulated anti-
depressants. In municipal wastewater and in river water immediately
below WWTP discharges, the target compounds present in the highest
concentrations (i.e. >0.5 g/L) were venlafaxine and its two demethylated
products, O- and N-desmethylvenlafaxine. Also detected at relatively high
concentrations were citalopram and its metabolite, desmethyl citalopram,
as well as bupropion. Removal rates of the target analytes in a WWTP were
approximately 40%. Tese compounds persisted in river water samples
collected at sites up to several km downstream of discharges from WWTPs.
Several of the anti-depressants were detected in fathead minnows caged 10
m below the discharge from a WWTP, but concentrations were all <7 g/kg
wet weight. Tis study illustrates that data are needed on the distribution in
the aquatic environment of both the parent compound and the biologically
active metabolites of pharmaceuticals.
381 Assaying Complex Contaminant Distributions at Surface
Water Sites by Using Polar Organic Compound Integrating Samplers
and Advanced Mass Spectrometric Methods. E.T. Furlong, S.L. Werner,
National Water Quality Laboratory, US Geological Survey, Denver, CO;
I. Ferrer, E. Turman, Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry,
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; D. Alvarez, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO. Complex
mixtures of organic contaminants at trace concentrations are normative in
surface-water samples that receive substantial contributions of wastewater,
stormwater, and runo from other anthropogenic sources. One or more
individual contaminants or contaminant classes typically are determined
in targeted monitoring programs, but these determinations address a
small fraction of the contaminants present, and may not assess all of the
contaminants that could result in ecotoxicological eects. Tis study
describes an alternative approach that utilizes polar organic compound
integrating samplers (POCIS) to capture a substantial fraction of the total
contaminant signature present in surface waters, followed by time-of-ight
mass spectrometric analysis to categorize the range of potential elemental
compositions of contaminants in POCIS extracts. Multiple samples from
within a study area are analyzed using dierential analysis to identify new
contaminant inputs between sites. Tis requires the use of computational
tools initially developed for metabolomics studies. Individual contaminants
and contaminant classes are subsequently conrmed by compound specic-
mass spectrometric analysis with authentic standards, if available. Initial
results from this study suggest that this approach can identify contaminants
not initially determined by compound or class-specic methods, and it
provides the ability to extract useful new contaminant identications from
the complex chemical signature that is typical of POCIS samples.
382 Triclosan Monitoring of Wastewater and River Water Samples
from the Northeast of Spain and the Midwest USA by ELISA and GC/
MS. F. Rubio, L. Kamp, Abraxis LLC, Warminster, PA; M. Farre, D.
Barcelo, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; W. Shelver, ARS, USDA, Fargo, ND.
Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is a broad spectrum
antibacterial that is incorporated into numerous household products such
as soaps, deodorants, toothpastes, toys, bedding, socks, and trash bags
to decrease bacterial contamination. Triclosan is structurally similar to
environmental contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and
polychlorinated biphenyls; therefore, numerous reports of triclosan in
sewage and wastewater treatment euents have raised concerns. Because
of its lipophilicity and slow degradability, triclosan has been demonstrated
to bioaccumulate in the environment. Breakdown products produced in
river water by the action of sunlight include dioxins. Methyl triclosan,
presumably formed from bacterial metabolism in sewage plants, has also
been reported in environmental samples. Studies have also shown triclosan
is an endocrine disruptor which can block thyroid hormone metabolism.
Enzyme immunoassays (ELISAs) have proven to be rapid, sensitive,
accurate, and cost-eective. Magnetic particle-based ELISAs have previously
been described and widely applied to the detection of pesticides and other
environmental contaminants in various sample matrices, including water,
soil, produce, and sh tissue. Te uniform dispersion of the particles
throughout the reaction mixture allows for rapid reaction kinetics, precise
addition of antibody and superior analytical sensitivity. In this work we
investigated the occurrence of triclosan and methyl-triclosan along the
inuents and euents of eleven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
in the northeast of Spain and in the mid-west USA, the WWTP used
dierent types of secondary treatment. Concentration of triclosan and
methyl-triclosan was also determined in the Ebro and Llobregat rivers and
in the drinking water supply of Barcelona. Over 100 samples were evaluated
using immunoassay (ELISA) as a screening method and positive samples
were conrmed by SPE-GC-MS. Te concentration of triclosan and
methyl-triclosan measured and the percentage of removal due to the waste
treatment plant processing will be presented.
383 Forensic Ecotoxicology: In Search for Endocrine Disrupting
Compounds in Municipal Wastewater. D.A. Birkholz, P. Kulmatycki, ALS
Laboratory Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; L. Chiasson, S. Goudey,
HydroQual Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; G. Nowak, City of
Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. We present a bioassay directed
forensic approach to isolate and identify endocrine disrupting compounds
(EDCs) present in treated municipal euent. Biological screening for
EDCs was performed using yeast cells (yeast estrogen screen, YES; and yeast
androgen screen, YAS) as well as Fathead minnow. Endpoints following
exposure to male Fathead minnow were vitellogenin induction. Municipal
euent samples were collected from the Goldbar Wastewater Treatment
Plant, Edmonton, Alberta, on two occasions and were found to illicit a
estrogenic response using the YES and Fathead minnow assay. In order to
identify the causative agents for such responses a forensic approach was
applied. Tis involved passage of municipal euent through solid phase
extraction cartridges (C18). Following extraction of 2 - 100L of treated
euent, the cartridges were stripped with water alcohol mixtures. Tese
mixtures were subjected to bioassay testing for EDCs. An estrogenic
response was observed following extraction of treated wastewater using
C18 extraction and elution of the cartridges with 50% methanol in water.
Tis fraction was subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry following solvent exchange (chlorform) and alkylation
with diazomethane. A unique series of homologues typied by m/z
207 and 251 were observed. Interpretation of the mass spectra using
rst principles identied these compounds to be carboxyalkylphenol
monoethoxycarboxylates (CAP1ECs) and carboxyalkylphenol
diethoxycarboxylates (CAP2ECs). Te major metabolites found in the
50% methanol extract were CA8P1EC, CA6P2EC and CA8P2EC. Tese
compounds are dicarboxylates formed by carboxylation of the alkyl side
chain and terminal ethoxy group of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP1EO and
NP2EO). Te dicarboxylates have been reported in treatment plant euents
and rivers but their endocrine disrupting properties have not been assessed.
88 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Our nding suggests that these compounds may be responsible for observed
endocrine responses in treated munipal euent.
384 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Fish.
Results of a National Pilot Study in the U.S. A. Ramirez, S. Usenko,
M. Mottaleb, P. Perez-Hurtado, L. Dobbins, B. Brooks, K. Chambliss,
Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University,
Waco, TX; J. ODonnell, J. Pitt, B. Snyder, Center for Ecological Sciences,
Tetra Tech, Inc., Owings Mills, MD; L. Stahl, J. Wathen, OW/OST, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Increasing evidence
indicates the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
(PPCPs) in surface waters, sediments, and municipal euents. Te purpose
of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of PPCP chemicals
in sh tissues. Six study sites, 5 euent-dominated streams and 1 reference
stream, were selected in various locations across the United States. Fish
were sampled from each site, and composite llet and liver specimens (6
per site) were screened for 24 pharmaceutical compounds using liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fillet specimens from each site
were also screened for 12 personal care products using gas chromatography-
tandem mass spectrometry. No compounds were detected in tissues
collected from the reference site. In contrast, 7 pharmaceuticals and 3
personal care products were detected in tissues collected from one or more
euent-dominated streams at concentrations exceeding statistically-derived
method detection limits (MDLs) for employed analytical methodologies.
All seven pharmaceuticals occurred in liver specimens while only ve were
detected in llets.
385 Accelerated LC/MS/MS for the Quantitation and
Conrmation of Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care
Products in Food and Water Samples. A. Schreiber, Applied Biosystems,
Concord, Ontario, Canada. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) and
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCP) are environmental
contaminants of growing concern. In order to properly assess the eects
of such compounds on our environment, especially their disruption of
endocrine function in mammals and sh, it is necessary to accurately
monitor their presence in the environment. Te diversity of chemical
properties of these compounds makes method development challenging.
Presented in this work is a method which enables the quantitation of
these compounds using Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) and
their conrmation using Enhanced Product Ion (EPI) scanning with
mass spectral library searching using a hybrid triple quadrupole linear
ion trap LC/MS/MS system. Automatic software tools were used to
generate the library. Extracts of water samples were analyzed and analytical
data, including quantitative and conrmatory results, were reported
automatically. In one single experiment up to 600 MRM transitions were
monitored without cross talk using traditional MRM and scheduled MRM
(sMRM) functionality. Te use of sMRM greatly enhances accuracy and
reproducibility of LC/MS/MS detection of a large set of targeted analytes
at low concentration levels. In the same experiment fast conrmatory
Enhnaced Product Ion (EPI) scans were triggered by intelligent software
using Collision Energy Spread (CES) settings. In comparison to dedeicated
and xed Collision Energies CES was found to give more reproducible and
richer MS/MS spectra and thus greatly enhancing the quality of library
searching. Library searchable EPI spectra were generated at low nanogram
per liter concentrations. Water samples collected in the upstream and
downstream of water treatment plants were prepared using Solid phase
extraction (SPE) and then analyzed in a single injection into an LC/MS/MS
system.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 89
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386 Tolerance of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to the non-
steroidal anti-inammatory drug diclofenac. B.A. Rattner, W.A. Link,
O.H. Pattee, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, USGS, Beltsville, MD;
M.A. Whitehead, G. Gasper, Te Center for Birds of Prey, Charleston,
SC; C.U. Meteyer, National Wildlife Health Center, USGS, Madison,
WI; M.A. Taggart, A.A. Meharg, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
United Kingdom; M.A. Taggart, Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos
Cinegeticos, Ciudad Real, Spain; D.J. Pain, Royal Society for the Protection
of Birds, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. Diclofenac is extremely toxic to
Old World vultures (Gyps species). Unintentional secondary poisoning of
vultures that fed upon carcasses of diclofenac-treated livestock decimated
populations in the Indian subcontinent. Because of the widespread use of
diclofenac and other cyclooxygenase-2 inhibiting drugs, a toxicological
study was undertaken in turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) as an initial step in
examining sensitivity of New World scavenging birds. Following collection
of a pre-exposure blood sample, birds were fasted overnight and then
diclofenac was orally administered at doses ranging from 0.08-25 mg/kg
body weight. Birds were observed for 7 days, blood samples were collected
at 12, 24 and 48 hours, and 7 days post-dosing, and vultures were then
euthanized and necropsied. Diclofenac failed to evoke overt signs of toxicity,
visceral gout, renal necrosis, or elevate plasma uric acid at concentrations
greater than 100-times the estimated median lethal dose reported for Gyps
vultures (~0.1-0.2 mg/kg). For turkey vultures receiving 8 or 25 mg/kg,
the plasma half-life of diclofenac was estimated to be 6 hours, and was
apparently cleared after several days as no residues were detectable in liver
or kidney 7 days post-exposure. Turkey vultures seem to be remarkably
tolerant to diclofenac compared to Gyps species, presumably due to basic
physiological dierences owing to taxonomic distinctions between New
and Old World vultures. Dierential sensitivity among avian species is a
hallmark of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and despite the tolerance observed
in turkey vultures to diclofenac, additional studies in related scavenging
species seem warranted.
387 Is Amphibian Survival Probable in Agricultural Landscapes?
How we continue to stress amphibian populations in Beautiful
British Columbia and the rest of the World. C.A. Bishop, J.E. Elliott,
Science and Technology, Environment Canada, Delta, British Columbia,
Canada; A.L. Sara, Dept. Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada; G. VanAggelen, Pacic Environmental Science Centre,
Environment Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; M.
Edwards, Academic Services, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada; A. De Jong Westman, K. Cheng, Agri-ecology, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; R. McKibbin,
Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Delta, British Columbia,
Canada; K. McNeil, Conservation, Seabird Island Band, Agassiz, British
Columbia, Canada. In Canada, the percentage of amphibians that are
listed as species at risk relative to the number of species in Canada is higher
than for birds, mammals and sh and is only topped by the percentage of
reptiles at risk. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, in the lower Fraser valley
and the South okanagan and Similkameen valleys there are endangered
and threatened species of amphibians that, despite numerous threats,
currently persist in agricultural landscapes. At present, multiple pesticide
exposures, Bacillus thuringensis isrealiensis spraying for west nile virus,
nutrient and coliform run o, and water extraction for irrigation threaten
the survival of amphibians in these locations of BC. To address these
problems, we have actually built new ponds on conservation lands in the
south Okanagan valley in the hope that these sites will allow amphibians
to survive in a mostly agricultural landscape. While these sites are being
readily colonized by amphibians, they are subject to some unexpected
stressors and will require long-term management to be successful. We have
also found that testing of amphibian survival using individual pesticides or
collection of water samples from the eld and exposure in the lab often
does not replicate eects seen in the wild. We present two such cases of
amphibian populations in Canada and note similar cases in other parts
of North America. As Environmental Stewardship: Integrating Science
and Management is the theme of SETAC NA this year, we address this
ongoing dilemma regarding the inability of current regulatory systems (not
exclusive to pesticide regulation) to address the combined eects of multiple
stressors on amphibians and suggest alternative approaches that may benet
amphibian survival in North America.
388 Altered thyroid hormone homeostasis in ranch mink (Mustela
vison) and their ospring exposed to a polybrominated diphenyl
ether mixture (DE-71) and preliminary hazard assessment. F. Zhang, J.
Martin, Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; S.J. Bursian, Department of Animal
Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; G. Tomy, V.P. Palace,
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada; G.J. Mayne, P.A. Martin, Environment Canada,
Canadian Wildlife Service, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are endocrine disruptors in rodents and can
alter thyroid hormone homeostasis. It is hypothesized that PBDE
biotransformation products are responsible for this eect, thus dierences
in species-specic metabolic capacity may result in some wildlife species
being more sensitive than rodents. As part of a larger study examining the
disposition and reproductive and development eects of PBDEs in pregnant
mink (Mustela vison), we examined the eect of the technical penta-BDE
mixture, DE-71, on circulating thyroid hormones, thyroid hormone
metabolizing enzymes, thyroid histology, and hepatic enzyme activity
(EROD) in farmed mink and their ospring. Adult female mink were fed
one of four concentrations of DE-71 (02.5 ppm) in the diet from breeding
throughout gestation and until weaning at 6 weeks postparturition. Plasma
total thyroxine (tT4) and triiodothyronine (tT3), hepatic EROD activity,
and hepatic T4-outer ring deiodinase (T4-ORD) activity were measured
for adult females, kits, and juveniles. Increased plasma tT4 was observed in
mink exposed to environmentally relevant doses, but was decreased at higher
doses. Tis was unexpected based on previous observations in rodents at
even higher doses, indicating either a species dierence or the importance of
using low doses in toxicology studies. A dose-dependent decrease in plasma
tT3, despite increasing tT4 at low dose, was also observed. Activity of the
enzyme responsible for conversion of T4 to T3 (T4-ORD) was not aected.
Alternatively, increased activity of hepatic EROD was observed, which may
explain the eects on thyroid hormones. Comparison of wild mink liver
concentrations from around the Great Lakes, to liver concentrations at
the NOAEL and LOAEL in this study indicated some overlap, and thus a
potential hazard to specic wild populations.
389 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Toxicity Tresholds in Avian
Embryos. M.A. McKernan, B.A. Rattner, U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD; R.C. Hale, Virginia Institutue
of Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point, VA; M.A. McKernan, M. Ottinger,
Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD. Te concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) in eggs of some wild avian species have increased dramatically
over the past 25 years, yet remarkably few toxicological data are available
for birds. Embryonic penta-BDE treatment (air cell administered doses
ranging from 0.01-20 g/g egg) was conducted in chickens (Gallus gallus),
mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
Survival was monitored during embryonic development and hatchlings
were sacriced to evaluate biochemical, endocrine, histological eects and
growth. Environmentally realistic concentrations of penta-BDE induced
EROD activity and reduced bursa of Fabricius follicle size and number in
chicken hatchlings. Pipping and hatching success were reduced in kestrels
at 10 and 20 g penta-BDE/g egg. In experiment 2, absorption of air cell
administered penta-BDE (11.1 g/g egg on day 4 of incubation) into the
contents of chicken eggs (albumen + yolk + embryo) was determined during
embryonic development. Of the dose administered, 0.64% was absorbed
after 24 hr, 7.71% was absorbed by day 10 of incubation, and 29.6 % had
been absorbed by the time of pipping (17 d after administration). Based
on this uptake rate in chicken eggs, and assuming that absorption of air
cell administered penta-BDE is comparable for kestrel eggs, the lowest
observable eect level on kestrel pipping and hatching success may be as
low as 3 g total PBDE/g egg on a wet weight basis. Tis is within the range
of concentrations detected in eggs of free-ranging birds. As some PBDE
congeners are still increasing in the environment, the toxic eects observed
in this study are cause for concern in wildlife.
390 Patterns of mercury accumulation in Common Loons in
the Canadian Rocky Mountains. S.I. Lord, D.W. Schindler, Biological
Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Common
Loons (Gavia immer) are long-lived obligate piscivores that have been
extensively used as a sentinel species for mercury contamination in the
northeastern USA and Canada. Field research has demonstrated adverse
90 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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eects from environmental mercury on breeding common loons at the
individual and population level. Loons breeding on lakes near industrial
centers are typically at highest risk for mercury toxicity and eects;
however, the whole-body mercury concentrations in shes in some lakes
in the Canadian Rocky Mountain national parks all remote, protected
wilderness areas in western Alberta surpass wildlife eects thresholds, and
in some cases are above human consumption guidelines. Loons breeding
on those lakes are projected to have blood mercury levels that would reduce
reproductive success. In 2007 we took blood and feather samples from 42
adult and juvenile common loons from 23 lakes in the Rockies. In 2008
we expanded the study area over a larger elevation gradient to investigate
elevation-dependent patterns in mercury arising from cold-condensation.
Data for total mercury concentrations in blood and feathers of adult and
juvenile loons in the Rockies and reference areas will be presented, and
the relationships between contaminant concentration, trophic position,
elevation, other geographic variables, and biological factors such as sex and
body mass will be examined.
391 Maternal transfer and reproductive eects of mercury in
an amphibian, Bufo americanus. C.M. Bergeron, C.M. Bodinof, S.A.
Budischak, H. Wada, W.A. Hopkins, Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA; J.M.
Unrine, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY. Amphibian population declines have been documented
worldwide and environmental contaminants have been proposed as an
important contributing factor. While the transfer of contaminants from
a female to her ospring has been studied in many sh and wildlife
species, this process is grossly understudied in amphibians and may be an
overlooked mechanism of impaired reproductive success. One contaminant
of particular concern is mercury (Hg) due to its ubiquity in the
environment, known toxicity to other wildlife, and ability to biomagnify in
food webs. To determine if amphibians maternally transfer Hg, 83 breeding
pairs of Bufo americanus were collected in the spring of 2007 and 2008
from reference and contaminated ponds along the South River (VA, USA).
Tis historically contaminated river has a Hg gradient spanning a 26-fold
range (90 to 2,350 ng/g) of female whole body total Hg concentrations
([THg]). Eggs masses obtained from the breeding pairs were used to assess
hatching success and [THg] was determined in eggs, carcasses from a subset
of females, and female blood. Female B. americanus maternally transferred
Hg to their eggs in a tissue residue-dependent manner as [THg] in female
body was positively correlated with egg [THg] (egg range 9 to 360 ng/g
at the contaminated site). Blood [THg] was strongly correlated with both
body and egg [THg], indicating blood may be useful as a nondestructive
method for predicting [THg] in both female body and her eggs. In both
years, there was a signicant negative relationship between the percent of
eggs successfully hatched with both [THg] in eggs and in female body, but
the magnitude of this eect diered between years. Hatching success was
reduced in clutches with egg [THg] >100 ng/g by 45 and 26% in 2007 and
2008, respectively. We are currently quantifying the eect of maternally
derived Hg on hatchling malformation rates and viability. Our results
suggest that female amphibians can maternally transfer contaminants to
their eggs and this transfer may inuence reproductive success.
392 Characterization of mixed function monooxygenase genes
CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 of Mink (Mustela vison) to facilitate study on
dioxin-like compounds. X. Zhang, M. Hecker, S. Wiseman, P.D. Jones,
J.P. Giesy, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; X. Zhang, Dept. Zoology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI; J.N. Moore, S.J. Bursian, M.J. Zwiernik,
Dept. Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; M.
Hecker, ENTRIX, Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; J. Newsted,
ENTRIX, Inc., Okemos, MI; J.P. Giesy, Dept. Biomedical Veterinary
Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
As part of an ongoing eort to understand aryl hydrocarbon receptor
(AhR) mediated toxicity in mink, cDNAs encoding for CYP1A1 and the
CYP1A2 mixed function monooxygenases were cloned and characterized.
In addition, the eects of selected dibenzofurans on the expression of
these genes and the presence of their respective proteins (P4501A) were
investigated, and then correlated with the catalytic activities of these
proteins as measured by ethoxyresorun O-deethylase (EROD) and
methoxyresorun O-deethylase (MROD) activities. Te predicted protein
sequences for CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 comprise 517 and 512 amino acid
residues, respectively. Te phylogenetic analysis of the mink CYP1As with
protein sequences of other mammals revealed high sequence homology
with the sea otter, seal, and dog, with amino acid identities ranging from
89 to 95% for CYP1A1 and 81 to 93% for CYP1A2. Tree doses each of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) (0.98, 3.8, or 20 ng TEQTCDF/
kg bw/d) or 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) (0.62, 2.2, or 9.5
ng TEQPeCDF/kg bw/d) or one dose of a mixture of TCDF and PeCDF
(4.1 ng TEQTCDF/kg bw/d and 2.8 ng TEQPeCDF/kg bw/d, respectively)
were administered in feed to adult female ranch mink for 90d or 180 d.
Since exposure to both TCDF and PeCDF resulted in dose-dependent
increases of CYP1A1 mRNA, CYP1A2 mRNA and CYP1A protein
concentrations, an underlying AhR-mediated mechanism is suggested.
Mink from higher dosing groups had smaller 180d/90d TEQ ratio in
either liver or adipose tissue, which suggests that mink actively metabolized
PeCDF or TCDF in a time and concentration dependent manner. However,
mink selectively sequestered PeCDF in liver tissue following the increase
of concentration. Te up-regulation of CYP1A mRNA and proteins in
liver was more consistent with the sum adipose TEQ concentration than
to hepatic TEQ concentration in mink treated with TCDF or PeCDF.
Tese results suggested that the hepatic-sequestered fraction of PeCDF was
biologically inactive in AhR-mediated pathways.
393 Role of soil and sediment ingestion by wildlife in
ecotoxicology. N. Beyer, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center - USGS,
Beltsville, MD. Wild animals commonly ingest soil or sediment, either
inadvertently while feeding or deliberately. Because environmental
contaminants may be present at much higher concentrations in soil or
sediment than in the rest of the diet, the rate of soil or sediment ingestion
is the key driver in some ecological risk assessments. Soil and sediment
ingestion have explained the high exposure of waterfowl to lead in the
Coeur dAlene River Basin and the high exposure of deer to lead near
an abandoned mine in Idaho. A survey of sediment ingestion by sea
ducks demonstrated that ingestion rates are highest at sites where slow
moving water has deposited ne-grained sediments that are ingested with
plants or animal prey. Tere are few data estimating the bioavailability of
environmental contaminants in soil and sediment, but bioavailability should
be considered in ecological risk assessments. When sediment ingestion
seems a critical variable in an ecological risk assessment, it is best to collect
site-specic data on ingestion rates. In the absence of such data, the tundra
swan is recommended as a general model when the intent is to protect most
waterfowl in an area. Tundra swans, on average, ingest about 8% sediment
in their diets (dry weight).
394 Resource needs and environmental conditions determine
contaminant burdens in congeneric river birds. C. Morrissey, S.
Ormerod, Catchment Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardi
University, Cardi, United Kingdom; J. Elliott, Pacic Wildlife Research
Centre, Environment Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada.
Understanding resource requirements in birds during egg formation is a
key component in assessing how eggs accumulate contaminants. Here,
our objective was to combine stable isotope tracers and faecal analysis to
determine nutrient and contaminant sources during egg production in
two species of dipper, Cinclus cinclus and C. mexicanus under contrasting
conditions in western Europe (Wales) and western Canada (British
Columbia). We sampled aquatic invertebrates, juvenile sh, dipper eggs
and dipper blood during egg-laying on Canadian rivers that contrasted
in the presence of marine derived nutrients from migrating salmon, and
Welsh sites of contrasting acid sensitivity. In both species, enriched plasma
15N relative to red blood cells during egg-laying indicated a shift in diet
towards higher trophic levels, but European dipper eggs (n = 26) contained
consistently higher loads of PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides
than American dippers (n = 17) sampled in 2006 and 2007. Organochlorine
and PCBs concentrations were greater in Welsh eggs at circumneutral sites
than lower pH sites, where stable isotope signatures were more variable and
prey taxa more diverse. British Columbia streams with migrating salmon
contained marine-derived nutrients as evidenced by enriched delta 13C in
all biota, and dipper eggs were enriched in proportion to salmon density
in the watershed. However, egg pollutant concentrations (total PCBs,
organochlorine pesticides, and Hg) did not dier signicantly between
salmon and non-salmon rivers, and were unrelated to delta 13C. Te
results demonstrate how river birds can indicate contaminant sources under
contrasting conditions at scales ranging from local to inter-continental. Te
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data also illustrate the value of detailed feeding ecology in understanding
exposure pathways.
395 Te Importance of Volatile Precursors for Arctic
Contamination with Peruorooctanoate. U. Schenker, M. Scheringer, M.
MacLeod, K. Hungerbhler, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering,
ETH Zurich, Switzerland, Zrich, Switzerland; J.W. Martin, Division
Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
I.T. Cousins, Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM),
Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Peruorooctanoate (PFO)
can reach the Arctic by two transport processes: either PFO is directly
emitted into surface water, and transported in oceans into the Arctic, or
volatile precursors of PFO (for instance uorotelomer alcohols, FTOHs)
are emitted, followed by atmospheric transport, degradation into PFO,
and deposition of PFO to the Arctic. Recently, a previously unrecognized
group of volatile precursors of PFO has been identied: peruorooctyl
sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) have been shown to degrade into PFO with
yields similar to those of FTOHs. Given that emission estimates for FOSEs
are similar or higher than for FTOHs, FOSEs might also play an important
role for the Arctic contamination with PFO. Here, we apply a multimedia
mass balance model that tracks multiple inter-converting chemical species
to model the global mass budget of PFO, FTOHs, FOSEs, and selected
intermediate degradation products. Based on realistic emission inventories
for FTOHs, FOSEs, and PFO, we simultaneously model the global
concentrations of all these chemical species in air and oceans, and calculate
atmospheric PFO deposition uxes in the Arctic. Modeled atmospheric
concentrations of FTOHs, and deposition uxes and oceanic concentrations
of PFO compare well with eld data. Concentrations of FOSEs in Arctic
air in recent years, however, are underestimated by the model, possibly
indicating that there are unrecognized ongoing sources of these precursor
compounds. Consistent with earlier modeling studies, we nd that oceanic
transport is the dominant pathway for PFO to reach the Arctic in terms
of total mass ux. Using sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, we identify
key processes that govern the behavior of PFO and its precursors, and the
most important areas for future research to reduce uncertainty in the overall
global budget of PFO. We conclude that the importance of FOSE and
FTOH for atmospheric deposition of PFO into the Arctic is comparable.
396 Te Gas/Particle Partitioning Behavior of Peruorocarboxylic
Acids in Terrestrial Atmospheres. H.H. Arp, Department of
Environmental Engineering, NGI, Oslo, Norway; H.H. Arp, K. Goss,
IBP, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland; K. Goss, UFZ Helmholtz Center for
Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany. Te global distribution of
peruorocarboxylic acids (PFAs) is largely considered to be inuenced by
atmospheric transport. Currently there is some uncertainty whether PFAs
in the atmosphere are predominately present in a gaseous state or sorbed
to particles (i.e. aerosols). Tis presentation has two parts on this topic.
First, several researchers have been able to extract PFAs from particle lters
after sampling ambient air, which may be interpreted to indicate that
PFAs are mainly particle bound. However, as we will show, trace amounts
of gas phase PFAs irreversibly sorb to the particle lters themselves, and
thus extracts from these lters correlate to the combined gas and particle
concentrations. Tis problem can be overcome if silylated or surface-
deactivated lters are used. In the second part, measurements of gas/particle
partitioning coecients of PFAs will be presented. Tese measurements
were obtained using a novel approach involving inverse gas chromatography.
Te study looked at various ambient terrestrial aerosols and the inuence
of relative humidity (RH). Tis data, along with quantum-mechanical
modelling, indicate collectively that PFAs with 6 to 8 carbon units are
predominately present in a gaseous state in the atmosphere (> 99%).
Regarding the small fraction that is particle bound, due to their strong
acidity, PFAs can partition substantially into the aerosols aqueous phase in
addition to the aerosols organic phase. As a result, their sorption behaviour
depends on the aerosols hygroscopicity, pH and organic matter content, in
addition to ambient factors like RH and temperature.
397 Enhancement of PFOS and PFOA Activity on Acoustic
Cavitation Bubble Interfaces. C.D. Vecitis, H. Park, J. Cheng, M.R.
Homann, Environmental Science & Engineering, CalTech, Pasadena,
CA; B.T. Mader, 3M Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company, St. Paul,
MN. Acoustic cavitation driven by ultrasonic irradiation decomposes
and mineralizes the recalcitrant aqueous, peruorinated surfactants,
peruorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and peruorooctanoate (PFOA). We
examine the sonochemical adsorption of PFOX, where X = S for PFOS and
A for PFOA, under lightly populated conditions by determining kinetic
order and absolute rates over an initial PFOX concentration range of 20
nM to 200 M. Sonochemical PFOX kinetics transition from pseudo-rst
order at low initial concentrations, [PFOX]i < 20 M to zero order kinetics
at high initial concentrations, [PFOX]i > 40 M as the bubble interface
sites are saturated. Empirically determined rate maximums, Vmax,PFOA =
2230 560 nM min-1 and Vmax,PFOS = 230 60 nM min-1, were used
in the LH model and sonochemical surface activities were estimated to be,
Ksono,PFOS = 120,000 M-1 and Ksono,PFOA = 28,500 M-1, 60 and 80
times greater than equilibrium surface activities, and. Tese results suggest
enhanced sonochemical adsorption and thus degradation rates for PFOX
when the bubble interface is under-saturated.
398 Photolytic Degradation of an Acrylate Polymer Functionalized
with 2-(N-Methyl-peruorobutanesulfonamido) Ethyl Alcohol on
Soil Surfaces. T. Hateld, 3M Environmental Laboratory, St Paul,
MN; D. Hakes, 3M Chemcial Product Stewardship, St Paul, MN. To
better understand environmental fate of polymers functionalized with
peruorobutane sulfonamide based materials, an articial light source
was used to study the photodegradation rates and mechanisms of a an
acrylate polymer containing 2-(N-Methyl-peruorobutanesulfonamido)
ethyl alcohol (N-MeFBSE alcohol) on soil surfaces. Tis study was
based on guideline requirements listed in OECD Draft Document
Phototransformation of Chemicals on Soil Surfaces, January 2002. Tree
soils types representing the general classes of loam, clay and a sandy loam
were studied. Light from the articial light source was correlated to the
actinic solar intensity at 37 degrees south latitude. Soil thin-layers were
prepared as proscribed and were placed into an FTIR cell modied with a
quartz window to allow light to pass into the cell. Te cell was then lled
with a simulated atmosphere of water saturated laboratory air. For selected
samples, 1.8 ppm ozone was added to the cell, giving a nal simulated
atmospheric concentration of approximately 100 ppb ozone. During the
course of the 96-hour exposure period, FTIR was used to measure the
appearance of volatile degradation products with spectra collected every
hour. Once the exposure was complete, a sample of the atmosphere
in the cell was removed for GC/MS analysis and approximately of the
soil sample by weight was removed for LC/MS analysis of non-volatile
degradation products. Te study established that the polymer will degrade
by a photolytic decomposition mechanism in all soil matrices studied.
Degradation products, rates of decomposition and mechanisms will be
presented. Half-lives of the polymer at 37 degrees South Latitude Solar
Spectral Direct Irradiance in each matrix under experimental laboratory
conditions will be presented.
399 Eects of Ionic Headgroup and Chain Length on the
Reductive Deuorination of Aqueous Peruorinated Alkyl Surfactants.
H. Park, C.D. Vecitis, J. Cheng, M.R. Homann, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA; B.T. Mader, 3M Environmental Laboratory,
Maplewood, MN. Peruorinated chemicals (PFCs) are distributed
throughout the environment. In the case of peruorinated alkyl carboxylates
and sulfonates, they can be classied as persistent organic pollutants
since they have relatively high water solubilities and are resistant to
oxidation. With this in mind, we report on the reductive deuorination
of peruorobutanoate, PFBA (C3F7CO2-), peruorohexanoate, PFHA
(C5F11CO2-), peruorooctanoate, PFOA (C7F15CO2-), peruorobutane
sulfonate, PFBS (C4F9SO3-), peruorohexane sulfonate, PFHS
(C6F13SO3-), peruorooctane sulfonate, PFOS (C8F17SO3-) by hydrated
electrons, eaq-, that are generated from the UV photolysis ( = 254 nm)
of iodide. Te ionic headgroup (-SO3- vs. -CO2-) has a signicant eect
on the reduction kinetics and extent of deuorination (F-Index; -[F-]
produced/[PFC]degraded). Peruoroalkylsulfonate reduction kinetics and
the F-Index increase linearly with increasing chain length. In contrast,
peruoroalkylcarboxylate chain length appears to have a negligible eect
on the observed kinetics and the F-Index. H/F ratios in the gaseous
uoroorganic products are consistent with measured F-indexes. Incomplete
deuorination of the gaseous products suggests a reductive cleavage of
the ionic headgroup occurs before complete deuorination. Detailed
mechanisms involving initiation by aquated electrons are proposed.
400 Te Interaction of Fluorochemicals with Liver Fatty Acid-
Binding Protein: Potential Mechanisms for Bioaccumulation and
92 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Toxicity. D.A. Ellis, M. Woodcroft, R.E. March, S. Raery, J. Yee, D.
Burns, Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada;
D.A. Ellis, CEMC, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Peruorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are industrial surfactants used
as processing aids for manufacturing a plethora of products. PFCAs have
been shown to be persistent, bioaccumulative and are susceptible to long
range transport in the environment. Te bioaccumulation has been shown
to occur via protein binding mechanisms and therefore traditional KOW
experiments are not applicable. Since PFOA is similar in structure to an
endogenous fatty acid, an intracellular lipid binding protein was selected to
test for an interaction. Murine liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) was
cloned, expressed and puried to homogeneity. Te interaction of PFOA
and L-FABP was then examined by uorescence-displacement, ESI-MS,
NMR and ITC techniques. PFOA was shown to bind to L-FABP at both
the high and low anity binding sites with anity approximately an order
of magnitude lower than oleic acid. Tis interaction may have important
implications with respect to mechanisms of bioaccumulation and toxicity.
401 A First Global Production, Emission and Environmental
Inventory for Peruorooctane Sulfonate. A.G. Paul, K.C. Jones, A.J.
Sweetman, Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
LANCS, United Kingdom. Tis paper produces a rst estimate of the global
production for peruorooctane sulfonyl uoride (POSF), and then focuses
on estimating the environmental releases of peruorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS). Te total historical worldwide production of POSF was estimated
to be 96,000 t (or 122,500 t including unusable wastes) between 1970
2002, with an estimated global release of 42,000 t to air and water between
1970 2012 from direct (manufacture, use and consumer products)
and indirect (PFOS precursors and/or impurities) sources. Estimates
indicate that direct emissions from POSF-derived products are the major
source to the environment resulting in releases of 45 4,900 t PFOS into
wastewater streams, primarily through losses from stain repellent treated
carpets, waterproof apparel and aqueous re ghting foams (AFFFs). Large
uncertainties surround indirect sources and have not yet been estimated
due to limited information on environmental degradation, although it
can be assumed that some POSF-derived chemicals will degrade to PFOS
over time. Te properties of PFOS (high water solubility, negligible vapour
pressure and limited sorption to particles) imply it will reside in surface
waters, predominantly in oceans. Measured oceanic data suggests ca 235
1,770 t of PFOS currently reside in ocean surface waters, similar to
the estimated PFOS releases. Environmental monitoring from the 1970s
onwards shows strong upward trends in biota, in broad agreement with
the estimates of use and emissions made here. Since cessation of POSF
production by 3M in 2002, a reduction in some compartments has been
observed, although current and future exposure is dependent on emission
routes, subsequent transport and degradation.
402 Findings of the Workshop on Research and Development
Needs for Understanding and Assessing the Bioavailability of
Contaminants in Soils and Sediments. T. Tompson, Science and
Engineering for the Environment, LLC, Seattle, WA; A. Leeson, Strategic
Environmental Research and Development Program/ Environmental
Security Technology Certication Program, Alexandria, VA; H. Stroo,
M. Unger, D. Rider, HydroGeologic, Inc, Reston, VA. Te Department
of Defense is responsible for the management of thousands of sites with
organic compounds and metals contamination in soils and sediments. To
assist in the management of those sites, the DoDs Strategic Environmental
Research and Development Program and Environmental Security
Technology Certication Program hosted a two-day workshop in August
2008 in Annapolis MD. Te workshop attendees included nationally
and internationally recognized experts from federal and state regulatory
agencies, the Army, Navy and Air Force, academia, and industry. Te
members examined the current state of the science and technology for
understanding and assessing bioavailability processes in soils and sediments,
how bioavailability impacts risk-based remedial action decisions, the current
and potential future applications of bioavailability concepts, barriers to
implementation, and identied and prioritized research and demonstration
opportunities that, if addressed, could facilitate regulatory acceptance
and eld implementation of bioavailability concepts. Tis talk presents
the ndings of the workshop, the state of the science of bioavailability in
soils and sediments, and articulates the critical research needs to increase
condence in bioavailability measures and applications.
403 Mercury Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer in Resident
Estuarine Food Webs. C.Y. Chen, Department of Biological Sciences,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; J. Williams, Department of Biological
Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; V.F. Taylor, Earth Sciences
Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; B.P. Jackson, Earth
Sciences Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; J.R. Shaw, School
of Public and Environmental Aairs, Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN. Estuaries are major repositories of pollutants derived from adjacent
watersheds. Tey are also important nursery grounds for many coastal and
open ocean species. Estuarine food webs provide important links between
sediment contaminants such as Hg and coastal sh and shellsh species
consumed by humans and wildlife. Mercury concentrations in estuarine
biota depend in part on bioaccumulation and trophic transfer patterns
within estuarine food webs. In this study, we analyzed food web structure
and mercury burdens (Hg, MeHg) in six resident estuarine food webs (4
in the Gulf of Maine, 2 in Narragansett Bay) comprising a gradient of
sediment metal contamination. Our goal was to identify sediment and food
web attributes that predict mercury concentrations in biota. We collected
sediment samples across all sites and analyzed total mercury concentrations,
Hg speciation, SEM-AVS, and total organic carbon (TOC). We also
collected common benthic and pelagic taxa across the six sites and analyzed
metal concentrations and stable isotope signatures (13C and 15N) in all
organisms. Across sites, sediment % TOC showed a negative relationship
with sediment bioaccumulation factors, suggesting organic carbon regulates
the bioavailability of mercury. Although food web structures diered
between sites, both 13C and 15N signatures were related to mercury in
biota across sites. Taxa mean 13C values showed a signicant negative
relationship with taxa mean Hg and MeHg burdens, indicating that these
metal burdens were higher for taxa with more pelagic 13C signatures. In
addition, mean taxa %MeHg had a signicant positive relationship with
mean taxa 15N signature (adjusted for site dierences), indicating %MeHg
increases with trophic level across sites. Potential reasons for dierences in
bioaccumulation and trophic transfer between food webs in dierent sites
will be discussed.
404 An assessment of the bioavailable fraction of metals in
sediment in relation to benthic community eects. C. Burnett, K. Liber,
Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. Many methods have been investigated to isolate and quantify
the potentially bioavailable fraction of metals in sediment (e.g., porewater
or solid-phase extractions). Te objective of this study was to determine
whether metal concentrations in sediment porewater, isolated using an in-
situ dialysis sampler (mini-peeper) or by centrifugation, or whole-sediment
extractions, using single chemical extraction methods, better correlated with
benthic community eects than whole-sediment total metal concentrations.
In preliminary experiments, porewater sampling and single extractions of
eld-collected sediment from a site near uranium operations in northern
Saskatchewan were completed to select the sampling or extraction methods
which appeared to best identify the bioavailable metal fraction. Te initial
reference point for the bioavailable metal fraction was assumed to be
metals in sediment porewater collected using mini-peepers. Te extractants
evaluated in the preliminary experiment were puried water, 1M MgCl2,
0.11M AcOH, 0.5M EDTA, and 3M HCl. Extraction methods that
yielded metal concentrations slightly higher (~2x) and substantially higher
(~10x) than porewater metal concentrations, for the majority of the metals
evaluated, were chosen to further investigate how these metal concentrations
correlate with benthic community eects in-situ. For this part of the study,
a gradient of exposure sites near uranium operations were used. Extractions
followed the same methods used in the preliminary experiment. Results
from this study provide further evidence that bioavailable metal fractions,
rather than total metal concentrations, in sediment are more accurate
for correlating metal exposure with benthic community eects in metal
contaminated sediment. Te relatively simple extraction methods evaluated
here for measuring bioavailable metal fractions associated with benthic
community eects could easily be implemented into risk assessments or
used in potential sediment quality guideline development.
405 Linkage of exposure with biological eects using in situ-
based monitoring tools in marine and estuarine systems. G. Rosen,
D. Chadwick, Environmental Sciences Division, Code 7175, SPAWAR
Systems Center San Diego, San Diego, CA; M.S. Greenberg, U.S. EPA
Environmental Response Team, US EPA, Edison, NJ; G. Burton, Institute
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 93
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for Environmental Quality, Wright State University, Dayton, OH. Two in
situ-based monitoring tools are described for improving the assessment of
ecological risk and recovery at contaminated sediment sites. Both combine
measures of chemical exposure with biological eects for more accurate,
multiple-line-of-evidence-based assessments. Te Trident probe is a multi-
sensor sediment probe device that samples pore water in situ and has been
eld tested at multiple Superfund sites. Its application has been modied to
provide samples for both chemical and toxicological analyses, with several
short-term, small volume standard and novel bioassays for cost eective,
rapid mapping of multiple stations. For in situ toxicity and bioaccumulation
testing, a platform was developed and deployed in San Diego Bay, CA
alongside in situ devices used for chemical exposure assessment (e.g.
UltraSeep seepage meters). Te platform houses in situ exposure chamber
designs, allowing for simple deployment in shallow environments and diver-
supported deployments at depth. Dierent compartments of exposure (i.e.,
water column, sediment-water interface, surcial sediment) were assessed
over 48 hrs using multi-parameter sensors and a variety of estuarine/
marine amphipods, polychaetes, mussel embryos, and mysid shrimp. Te
platform has also been modied to include biomimetics such as solid phase
microextraction (SPME) bers and diusion gradient in thin-lms (DGTs).
Initial results have identied an optimal suite of assays and exposure designs
comparing sensitivity to toxicants, temperature, salinity, currents and eld
deployments. Tese suites closely linked stressor exposure and eects, and
allowed for detection and ranking of hot spots.
406 Black Carbon-dominated PCDD/Fs sorption to wood
impregnation soils and open sea sediments. G. Cornelissen, G. Breedveld,
H. Arp, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway; G. Cornelissen,
D. Broman, ITM, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; K. Wiberg,
Ume University, Ume, Sweden. Te inuence of Black Carbon (BC) on
the sorption of 17 native polychlorinated-p-dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was studied in ve soil samples
from a sawmill site where wood used to be impregnated with chlorophenol
preservatives. Te presence of BC caused measured Total Organic Carbon
(TOC)-water distribution ratios (KTOC) to be a median factor of 51 higher
than modeled amorphous organic carbon (AOC)-water distribution ratios
(KAOC). More than 90% of the PCDD/Fs in the soil was calculated to
be BC-sorbed. Aqueous concentrations of PCDD/Fs in the open sea have
heretofore been measured by ltering and extracting large amounts of water.
In this study we used a novel, more economic technique using equilibrium
passive samplers consisting of 17-m thin polyoxymethylene (POM-17),
capable of measuring freely dissolved aqueous concentrations (CW) in
pristine (i.e. background) locations. POM-17 was employed in an extensive
eld campaign at six stations in the open Baltic sea. Also freely dissolved
concentrations of native compounds in the surface sediment porewater
(CPW) were determined in laboratory batch experiments. Te data were
used to derive sediment-water-activity ratios, which indicate the diusive
ux direction. It was found that the PCDD/Fs were in close equilibrium
between the sediment porewater and the overlying water. Comparison of
CPW with total concentrations in the sediment indicated that also here >
90% of the PCDD/Fs was sorbed to sedimentary black carbon.
407 Lab and Field Experience with SPME for the Assessment
of Bioavailability. D.D. Reible, X. Lu, A. Skwarski, D. Lampert, Civil,
Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas,
Austin, TX. Recent research has shown interstitial water concentrations
of PAHs and PCBs indicate bioaccumulation in benthic organisms.
Tis research has provided an increasingly strong basis for the use
of interstitial water concentrations as an indicator of bioavailability,
bioaccumulation and ultimately exposure and risk of these contaminants
to the benthic community. Building on this basis, eld deployable solid
phase microextraction (SPME)devices were developed and used to
evaluate bioavailabilty and mobility of organic contaminants in sediments.
Laboratory work to support the use of these samplers, including kinetics
and extent of uptake will be reviewed. Te samplers were also deployed
at sites in California, Texas and Washington DC and the results used to
assess contaminant fate and transport mechanisms and bioavailability at
theses sites. In some cases, bioaccummulation in caged benthic organisms
were colocated with the eld deployed SPME. Typically strong correlations
between bioaccumulation and ber estimated porewater concentrations were
observed. Te projected use of these devices to assess, in-situ, mechanisms
and rates of chemical transport and the eectiveness of permeable
containment or sorptive barriers (sediment caps) will be summarized.
408 Applying pore water measurements to decision-making
for PAH-impacted sediments. S.C. Geiger, ENSR, Arlington, VA; N.
Azzolina, J. Kreitinger, ENSR, Ithaca, NY; K. McDonough, D. Nakles,
ENSR, Pittsburgh, PA; E. Neuhauser, National Grid, Syracuse, NY. Te
Sediment Contaminant Bioavailability Alliance (SCBA) is an industry
consortia established to develop and evaluate the use of site-specic
measures of contaminant bioavailability for sediment management.
Te SCBA has developed a method to directly measure porewater PAH
concentrations using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Te current
SCBA database consists of 238 sediment samples collected from 12
manufactured gas plants (MGP), 3 aluminum smelters, and 1 U.S. Navy
site. Tese data show that the use of SPME to directly measure porewater
PAH concentrations provides a better prediction of both toxicity and non-
toxicity to benthic organisms than that obtained from generic total PAH
screening levels (TEC or PEC) or the use of equilibrium partitioning to
estimate dissolved concentrations from bulk sediment measurements. An
overview of the SCBA methodology with highlights from a case study
will be presented. Activities that have been pursued to develop regulatory
acceptance of this method within a decision-making framework will be
discussed, including SCBA interactions with the Interstate Technology
Regulatory Council (ITRC) and method acceptance by the U.S. EPA and
ASTM.
409 Partitioning of contaminants from oiled soils and sediments:
Impact of petroleum weathering and implications for risk. W. Torsen,
K. OReilly, Exponent, Bellevue, WA. Aromatic hydrocarbons are important
contaminants of concern in soils and sediments impacted by oil. Risk
assessment typically includes consideration of the partitioning of these
compounds between the soil or sediment and the aqueous phase. Raoults
law is used to predict the risk of oily soil to impact groundwater, while
partitioning coecients are used in assessing the ecological risk associated
with impacted sediment. Te aqueous concentration of an individual
hydrocarbon depends on its partitioning characteristics and its mass relative
to the mass of the sorptive organic phase. Organic carbon is typically
assumed to be the controlling sorptive phase. With petroleum hydrocarbons,
the total hydrocarbon concentration should also be considered a sorptive
phase. By measuring this relationship, the maximum or eective solubility
of each compound can be calculated. Te eective solubility can be
compared to both drinking water criteria (i.e., human health) and ecological
screening values. Tis can serve as a screening method to distinguish low-
risk sites from sites that may require more immediate attention. While the
concentration of individual compounds in a given petroleum is a constant
at the time of its release, it will change with time as the oil weathers. Te
mass of individual compound per mass of oil will decrease for compounds
that are lost at a quicker rate than the bulk oil, while the relative mass will
increase for compounds that are more resistant to weathering. Tis change
in relative mass (mg compound / mg oil) is called the Concentrating
Factor. In this study, we calculated the eective solubility of 20 aromatic
hydrocarbons (BTEX and 16 priority pollutant PAHs) in fresh oils and 150
oiled soil samples with varying degrees of weathering. Concentrating factors
were calculated for the aromatic hydrocarbons by comparing the individual
concentrations in weathered soil samples versus those in fresh oil. Te mean
concentrating factors ranged from less than 1, indicating that the compound
is readily degraded (i.e., benzene) to approximately 12, indicating that
the compound is not readily degraded (e.g., benz[a]anthracene). Te
implication of these results on the risk of oily soils and sediments will be
discussed.
410 Guidelines on Detection Limits, Quantitation Limits and
Reporting Limits for Environmental Data. A. Rosecrance, Conestoga
Rovers & Associates, Emeryville, CA. Environmental analysis involves
the identication and quantitation of target analytes in environmental
samples. Te identication part of the process (quantitative analysis)
determines whether a target analyte is present or not present in a sample.
Te quantitative part of the process (quantitative analysis) determines
the concentration of target analyte if it is detected in the sample or the
concentration below which the analyte is not detected. Much confusion
exists about detection, quantitation and reporting limits. Typical method
detection limits (MDLs) are based on the procedure found in 40CFR Part
136 Appendix B which includes criteria for evaluating the calculated MDL
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in relation to the spike concentration. Quantitation limits are generally a
multiplier of the MDL or standard deviation and the sample dilution factor.
Reporting limits should be at or above the lowest calibration standard, near
or equal the quantitation limit, and less than the applicable action level. Tis
paper provides guidelines for generating detection limits, quantitation limits
and reporting limits that yield consistent, relevant and usable environmental
data.
411 Data Quality Objectives: Achieving detection limits in
support of the development of a Total Daily Maximum Load (TMDL)
for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Delaware Estuary utilizing
EPA Method 1668A. G.J. Cavallo, Delaware River Basin Commission,
West Trenton, NJ; R. Sankarmanchi, CDM, Lancaster, PA. Te Delaware
River Basin Commission is currently developing the Stage 2 Total
Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for PCBs for the Delaware Estuary.
Te objective of the Stage 2 TMDL is to develop and allocate revised
TMDLs, which require a more precise quantication of the concentrations
and loadings from PCB sources. In support of this eort, data quality
objectives (DQOs) were specied to provide a consistent approach to
sample collection, analysis and data reporting. DQOs include achievement
of detection limits in the single pg/L range, reduced blank concentrations,
and comparability of analytical results. U.S. EPA Method 1668A was
selected for use in all analyses. Te method is capable of measuring all
209 PCB congeners. Te Data Quality Subcommittee invited a select
group of laboratories to participate in discussions regarding analytical
approaches needed to meet the analytical data quality objectives, specically
achieving EDLs in the single pg/L range and reduction of associated lab
blank contamination. Project specic modications to method 1668A are
provided at http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/PCB-Modications020305.pdf A
Minimum Level of Quantitation (ML) of 5 pg/L was calculated. Te ML is
equivalent to the concentration of the lowest calibration standard. A review
of the discharger data (n>400) indicates that EDLs between one and three
pg/L per congener were achieved. Method Blank (MB) acceptance criteria
were specied. Analytical results for all Method Blank samples (n>125) have
been evaluated. Tis evaluation found that contamination associated with
the Method Blank exceeding the acceptance criteria indicates that individual
congener exceedances occurred less than 1% of the time Te advantages
of a consistent approach to sample collection, analysis and data reporting
are comparability of analytical results between samples, reduced analytical
uncertainty, resulting in greater accuracy in estimating loadings and the
ability to more accurately monitor long-term loading trends. Additional
advantages include transparency of approach, readily understandable
objectives and the ease of data transferability. Tis approach provides
a critical link for an open dialogue between regulated community and
regulatory agencies for evaluating eectiveness of remedial eorts in support
of the TMDL process.
412 Summing Nondetects: Estimating total mass of low-level
contaminants. D. Helsel, Practical Stats, Highlands Ranch, CO. Low-level
contaminants such as PCBs and pesticides often occur in concentrations
below laboratory reporting limits. Methods for incorporating these
nondetect data into hypothesis tests and regression have previously
been addressed by Helsel (2005), who adapted methods for survival and
reliability analysis to incorporate low-level censored data. However, the
problem of summing several components to obtain a total mass, as for PCB
congeners, has not been addressed when some components are nondetects.
Substituting zero and the detection limit provides a boundary on possible
values for the total, but can this be improved upon? Tis study compares
several methods for computing totals, reporting simulation results of
which performed well. Candidate methods include maximum likelihood
estimation (MLE), Kaplan-Meier, and Regression on Order Statistics
(ROS). With only one detection limit, Kaplan-Meier results are identical
to substitution of the detection limit, a major drawback. With multiple
detection limits, Kaplan-Meier estimates are always between the boundaries
of substitution results, a major advantage over MLE and ROS, which are
not so constrained. Recommendations are presented for the usual situation
where a small number of components (12 or fewer) are being summed.
413 Sampling and Analytical Strategies for PAH Risk Assessment.
M.P. Bartee, ARCADIS, Cranbury, NJ; T. Iannuzzi, ARCADIS, Annapolis,
MD; D. Capria, ARCADIS, Syracuse, NY; J. Kennedy, ARCADIS, New
Orleans, LA. A common challenge for risk assessors is obtaining site
investigation data that are usable for risk assessment. For analytical data
to be usable for risk assessment, sample quantitation limits should be
less than or equal to risk assessment screening criteria, because reporting
limits greater than screening criteria do not inform the risk assessor as to
whether chemical concentrations are present at a site at concentrations
that may cause risk. In the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), ecological screening criteria for soils and sediments are generally
lower than technically achievable detection limits provided by standard
analytical methods, such as EPA Method 8270. As a result, risk assessors
often request analysis of soil and/or sediment samples using a modied EPA
Method 8270 with selected ion monitoring (SIM) for PAHs at sites where
PAH concentrations in soils/sediments are similar to ecological screening
criteria. However, risk assessors face a signicant challenge at sites with
heterogeneous impacts or at sites lacking a priori knowledge of contaminant
concentrations. Conducting multiple laboratory analyses (i.e., standard
method as well as SIM) on each sample produces multiple, potentially
valid results that must be consolidated into a single representative value for
the sample in order to estimate exposure point concentrations for use in
risk assessment. While conducting multiple analytical techniques may be
considered cost-prohibitive at large sites, selecting one method over another
may generate data that would be considered unusable for risk assessment.
Tis presentation will discuss sampling and analytical strategies to evaluate
complex data sets with multiple analyses per chemical as well as strategies
to minimize duplicative analyses, while obtaining usable data for risk
assessment.
414 A comparison of active and passive air samplers for measuring
some currently-used pesticides. D. Waite, J. Slobodian, Environment
Canada, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada; C. Yang, D. Chau, Environment
Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Passive air samplers using
polyurethane foam have been successfully deployed around the world to
collect legacy pesticides. Tey are inexpensive, simple to construct and
do not require electrical power so they can be used in remote areas. Te
purpose of this study was to determine if they could be used to sample some
currently-used pesticides, primarily herbicides. During the summer of 2007
passive samplers were co-located with PS-1, high-volume air samplers at
Bratts L., Saskatchewan, on the Canadian prairies. Te passive samplers
were spiked with deuterated surrogates of the target pesticides. Te amounts
of pesticides collected on the passive samplers will be compared with the
quantities collected by the active, high-volume air samplers to determine
actual sampling rates. Te rate of loss of the deuterated surrogate depuration
pesticides will be compared with the actual, measured sampling rates to
determine if surrogate loss is a good indicator of the sampling rate of the
samplers in remote areas, where high-volume samplers are not available.
Accurate measurement of the sampling rates of the passive samplers would
permit calculation of the atmospheric concentration of measured pesticides
from the quantities trapped by the samplers.
415 Te Fate of 1-hydroxypryrene in the Marine Whelk Neptunia
decomcostata. D. Beach, J. Hellou, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada;
D. Beach, J. Hellou, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Oxygenated phase I metabolites of PAH are
accepted as being the most harmful forms of these ubiquitous contaminants.
Conjugated forms of these chemicals, also known as phase II metabolites,
are generally readily excreted by organisms. In sewage treatment plants,
the hydrolysis of phase II metabolites will take place and produce hydroxyl
derivatives representing an initial synthetic chemical or a new compound
of environmental concern. In the case of PAH, these compounds would
be more water soluble than the parent and therefore could potentially
become more widely transported than PAH and available for uptake by
various organisms. Te marine whelk, Neptunia decomcostata, was exposed
to the model compound 1-hydroxypyrene for ve weeks in food spiked at
2600 ng, per animal, per week. A sensitive and selective method using high
pressure liquid chromatography with uorescence detection was developed
to measure 1-hydroxypyrene, pyrene sulphate and pyrene glucuronide. Te
visceral mass of the animals was extracted and analyzed. Although variability
was high due to dierential feeding, the sum of 1-hydroxypyrene related
compounds reached a near steady state of 900 ng per animal on week 4.
Biotransformation did not vary signicantly throughout the exposure and
represented close to half the tissue burden of the animals.
416 Toxicity Identication Evaluation of Sublethal Whole Euent
Toxicity in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Euent using the
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Ceriodaphnia dubia 3-brood test. C. Pasch, Alan Plummer Associates,
Inc., Austin, TX. Many publicly owned wastewater treatment (POTW)
euents are routinely tested with cladocerans and fathead minnows using
standardized whole euent toxicity (WET) tests to determine lethal and
sublethal eects. In contrast to chemical analyses for specic pollutants, the
WET test provides for toxicity assessment of the aggregate toxic eect of
all chemical constituents in the euent. However, there is no established
detection limit in WET testing as there are in chemical analyses. EPA
has developed protocols for a toxicity identication evaluation (TIE) to
identify the source of toxicity to be employed in cases of persistent WET
test failures. Published reports describe TIEs of euents exhibiting lethal
WET test failures and identifying organic or inorganic pollutants as the
cause of the failure. In contrast, only a limited number of published reports
are available on the completion of TIEs on euent exhibiting only sublethal
eects. Data will be discussed demonstrating the diculties of completing
TIEs with euents exhibiting sublethal eects to Ceriodaphnia dubia.
Consequences of the lack of a detection limit for the WET test will also be
discussed.
417 Microcystins Round Robin Results: Te First Step Toward
Comparable Microcystins Data. L. Wolfe, D.D. Whiting, Bureau of
Laboratories, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee,
FL. Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a
number of cyanobacteria genera. Te sources of variability in microcystins
analytical results are primarily attributed to dierences in sampling and
analysis methods. In order to control for sampling eects, the State
of Florida established a statewide standard operating procedure for
cyanobacteria bloom sampling. Analytical variability was assessed in July,
2007 by enlisting twelve laboratories from throughout the United States
of America to participate in a microcystins round robin. Each laboratory
was provided with ten blind samples that they were instructed to hold at 4
degrees Celcius for no more than one week before analyzing. Te samples
included one MC-LR standard and two Microcystis aeruginosa culture
samples. No attempts were made in the rst round of testing to standardize
the sample preparation, extraction, or analysis methods. Nine laboratories
performed microcystin analyses using polyclonal Enzyme-Linked
ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) kits from two vendors. Four laboratories
performed analyses using high performance liquid chromatography methods
(LC/MS or LC/MS/MS triple quadrupole). Two laboratories used protein
phosphatase inhibition assays (PPIA). Sample preparation methods included
lyophilization, sonication, freeze/thaw cycling, and autoclaving. For the
most part, the variability within a laboratory/method/sample was smaller
than that between laboratories using the same method; however, this
variability was confounded by the dierences in preparation method and
dilution. Te LC methods tended to give the lowest values. A partial reason
for this eect may be that there were standards for only a limited number of
the microcystins. Cross-reactivity of ELISA kits to other non-microcystin,
biologically-derived substances may provide another explanation.
Furthermore, ELISA kits are typically calibrated for their response to LR.
Since the sensitivity of their response to dierent toxins (and cross-reacting
substances) may vary, ELISA results may be subject to greater quantitative
uncertainty when toxins other than LR are present. Te laboratories using
the PPIA method tended to show the smallest deviation from the consensus
mean.
418 A New Detection and Quantitation Limit Procedure -
Designing Something that Works!. R. Burrows, TestAmerica Inc., Arvada,
CO. Tis presentation will discuss the development of a new procedure for
determination of detection and quantitation limits by an EPA sponsored
Federal Advisory Committee. Te new procedure is intended to replace
the current MDL procedure found in 40CFR Part 136, Appendix B. Te
general concepts incorporated into the new procedure will be explored and
the reasons for several dicult decisions that went into the development of
the procedure will be discussed. Tese decisions include: Use of denitions
for Detection and Quantitation that are dierent from those in ISO and
IUPAC standards Use of a two level detection / quantitation scheme rather
than the three level scheme rst proposed by Currie Use of method blanks
(rather than the spiked samples used in the current MDL) to determine
detection limits wherever possible Use of ongoing verication rather than
starting a new study every year as it the case with the current MDL Items
incorporated into the verication process How much data should be
required for detection and quantitation limit determinations Use of new
concepts such as the Lowest Expected Result (LER)
419 Environmental Footprinting at the Product Level in the
Beverage Industry. D.J. Walker, Operations, PepsiCo, Purchase, NY; S.
Kaufman, Environmental Engineering, Earth Institute at Columbia, New
York, NY. Many consumer facing companies are facing pressure to report
the carbon and water footprint of their products. PepsiCo and the Beverage
Industry Environmental Roundtable (BIER) have worked with partners
at the Columbia Earth Institute and the Carbon Trust to develop Sector
Guidelines for their Industry. Although it is vital to insure consistency
with published protocols (WRI, PAS 2050), it is also important that each
industry understand the boundaries, inclusions and exclusions unique
to its footprint. Methods to insure that products of a similar design use
similar source data, data standards and references and communicate a
consistent message to customers and consumers have been researched
and documented. Te process, results and recommendations of PepsiCo
and its partners in establishing a common methodology for product level
footprinting will be presented.
420 A multidisciplinary approach to sub-national sustainability.
M.E. Hopton, H. Cabezas, A.S. Garmestani, M.T. Heberling, A.T.
Karunanithi, Oce of Research and Development, National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH; D. Campbell,
Oce of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental
Eects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Narragansett, RI; D. White, Oce
of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Eects,
US EPA, Corvallis, OR; M. Zanowick, Region 8, US EPA, Denver, CO;
B. Frakes, Rocky Mountain I & M Network, National Park Service, Fort
Collins, CO. Te USEPA is investigating sustainability metrics from an
economic and environmental perspective to determine their applicability at
a sub-national level. Metrics are derived from Ecological Footprint, Emergy
Analysis, Net Regional Product, and Fisher Information. We chose several
metrics because we suspect that no single metric will provide sucient
information for planners. Our goal is to devise a methodology that can
be used to monitor the overall stability of the state of a system through
time and can be applied to systems of various sizes. Moreover, we want the
methodology to be available to any group interested in monitoring the state
of their particular system. Tus, we selected data that are readily available
and often at little or no cost. Data were collected from existing data sources
for a twenty-year period and each of the metrics was calculated for the San
Luis Valley in southern Colorado, USA. When possible, data were collected
at the county level for this seven county region or scaled to the region
using state or national level datasets. We will present preliminary results for
each metric and demonstrate the importance of using multiple metrics to
examine the sustainability of a system and to identify aspects of the system
that are not sustainable. Such information will enable planners to move
towards more sustainable states for their regions.
421 Consideration of carbon footprinting issues within US EPA
programs. E. Lavoie, EPA, Washington DC, DC. Projects and issues
that relate to carbon footprinting are being addressed through several
programs at the US Environmental Protection Agency. With a focus on
energy eciency, carbon release is a major factor for consideration by
the Energy Star Program. Since 2001, the Climate Leaders Program has
been committed to setting aggressive green house gas reduction goals by
working with corporations on long term climate change strategies using
World Resources Institute (WRI) corporate accounting and reporting
standard for carbon. An issue to address is how reduction of carbon
release or improvements in energy eciency in one aspect of a products
life cycle might impact sustainability goals in other areas of life cycle. For
example, attempts to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint
by concentrating liquid products can also lead to changes in chemical
formulations, an issue that the Design for the Environment Program is
addressing.
422 Overview, Uncertainty, and Examples of Carbon Footprints
for Consumer Products. A. Weisbrod, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati,
OH; D. Schowanek, J. Dewaele, Procter & Gamble, Strombeeck-Bever,
Belgium; A. de Koning, J. Guinee, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
Te emission of greenhouse gases, which correlates with global warming, is
a surrogate measure of climate change and called a Carbon Footprint (CF).
CFs are derived from a life cycle-based method, preferably accounting for
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the cumulative amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a product/service
throughout raw material extraction and manufacture, product production,
packaging, transportation, consumer use, and disposal. A review of several
approaches to calculating and reporting CFs will touch on the UK PAS
2050, PERF, PECG, WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Reporting Standard, Te
Carbon Disclosure Project, US and EU policies. Te CF calculation comes
with an associated uncertainty, as any measured or modeled data do. Tree
types of uncertainty in footprints or Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be
distinguished, and any can aect nal results: Parameter uncertainty, Model
uncertainty, and Scenario uncertainty. We discovered through developing
CFs for several products that a) the availability and quality of input data was
highly variable, especially if supplier-specic inventory data were requested
in place of using averages from data inventories, and b) CFs are best used
to prioritize improvement areas for products or operations, rather than for
consumer product labeling. For European detergents, there is an uncertainty
band of about 10%, or 40g CO2-equivalents, when comparing detergents
under product category rules. Te uncertainty range was relatively small
because LCA data have been collected for detergents for more than 10 years,
and some key parameters that aect the CF have been well investigated.
Product categories that lacked previous LCAs and data inventories had
much larger uncertainty bands. Te actual CF for toothpaste sold in North
America lies between a fraction of X and more than 50X kg CO2e. For bar
soap, the actual CF was estimated to be between X and 250X kg CO2e.
In the former case, 46% of the raw material production inputs had to
be neglected in the model since they were unavailable and could not be
estimated.
423 Carbon Footprinting - European approach to product supply
chain involvement and current standard development in the UK. A.G.
Parker, D.H. Whittaker, Linden Consulting, Saron Walden, Essex, United
Kingdom; A.G. Parker, D.H. Whittaker, Tox Services, Washington, DC.
Carbon footprinting for organisations has received much publicity over
the past three years. Te industrial community and public bodies are now
examining the comparability of footprint calculations, assumptions and
boundaries. Demands for transparency from producers, retailers and trade
bodies are increasing as public awareness grows. Footprinting using a limited
boundary, at the factory fence for example, is relatively straightforward, but
footprinting for products requires standardisation of the approach in order
to ensure credibility. Te time period boundary for a life cycle assessment
of a consumer product, particularly a product that consumes energy in use,
is a complex issue in itself. Te supply chain issues that a footprint exposes
are often the most fruitful area for carbon saving decisions. However,
the exercise must be undertaken eciently to ensure that company time
constraints do not act as a barrier. Tis paper seeks to - Examine the key
parameters which need to be addressed in any robust footprinting exercise
- Identify and discuss common anomalies encountered in practice - Discuss
the PAS 2050 approach currently under development in the UK - Present
several European case studies of footprinting experience
424 Te Importance of Assessment Boundaries in Corporate
Carbon Management Eorts. H. Matthews, C.T. Hendrickson, C.L.
Weber, Civil/Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University,
Pittsburgh, PA; H. Matthews, Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Many companies and organizations are
pursuing carbon footprint projects to estimate their own contributions
to global climate change. Many of these activities rely on denitions from
carbon registries and/or greenhouse gas emission estimation protocols
that help these organizations analyze their footprints. Te scopes of
these protocols vary, but they generally estimate: (1) direct emissions,
(2) emissions from direct energy use, and (3) other indirect emissions,
with a focus on the rst and second categories. Few organizations are
pursuing the broadest scope boundaries including a full range of their
supply chain emissions. In contrast, environmental input-output based
life cycle assessment (IO-LCA) methods have long been available to track
total emissions across the entire supply chain. Our prior LCA experience
suggests that narrowly dened estimation protocols will lead to large
underestimates of carbon emissions. If baseline carbon footprints are done
with narrow boundaries and the carbon emissions inventory boundaries
are later expanded to reect more indirect emissions, then rms may feel
that the protocols are a moving target, undermining the momentum of
carbon management (and mitigation) eorts. Also, without a full knowledge
of their footprints, rms will be unable to pursue cost-eective carbon
mitigation strategies. We oer several case studies to show the importance
of setting the right boundaries in advance. In general, we nd that adopting
the boundaries prescribed by the scopes listed above will signicantly
underestimate carbon emissions of a rms activities, such that two-thirds of
rms would be ignoring 75% of their carbon dioxide emissions.
425 LCA for Sustainable Product Development. S.R. Veith,
C.A. Barton, C.M. Alles, M.W. Chen, D.G. Rittenhouse, K.A. Shelton,
DuPont, Wilmington, DE. Tis presentation provides an overview on how
DuPont integrates life cycle thinking and life cycle assessment into business
decision and management processes. As a science company, DuPont has the
experience and expertise to put our science to work in ways that can design
in attributes that help protect or enhance human health, safety and the
environment. Trough our science, we will design products and processes
that pass rigorous criteria for the use of renewable resources, energy, water
and materials. DuPonts 2015 Sustainability Goals are the expression of a
life cycle thinking business concept integrating all of our operations from
R&D to manufacturing to marketing. Tey go beyond traditional footprint
reduction to include goals that tie our business growth even more directly
to the development of safer and environmentally improved new products
for the many global markets we serve. Tis presentation presents several
examples how product stewardship and LCA tools are applied throughout
the company to foster sustainable product development.
426 Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Global Trade: monetary
and impact disparities in developing vs. developed regions. D. Friot,
Laboratory of Applied Economics, University of Geneva, Geneva,
Switzerland; S. Shaked, C. Wannaz, O. Jolliet, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI; M. Margni, CIRAIG, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; S.
Humbert, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; S. Schwarzer,
United Nations Environmental Program, Geneva, Switzerland. Increasing
globalization results in developed regions eectively exporting their
manufacturing and associated emissions to developing regions. We
combine a global production chain model, input-output analyses, and
a global impact model to estimate the global disparities between goods
consumption, monetary output and health impacts associated with this
production delocalization. A global Input-output model combining GTAP
v6 data for 90 countries was used to relate household consumption to
production worldwide and then to related emissions. Te health impacts
are estimated based on the fate, exposure and intake of these emissions. In
order to determine the health impacts of current consumption patterns,
we developed a multi-continental multimedia model adapted from the
spatialized version of IMPACT2002 to link emissions resulting from
production to the subsequent health impacts on both the producing and
consuming countries. Using the global production chain model, we nd
that Germany domestically emits only 75% of the CO2 emissions globally
needed to meet German total household demand. China, on the other
hand, emits twice as much CO2 emissions domestically as needed by
Chinese household consumption. Tus Germany is eectively exporting
25% of its CO2 emissions to developing regions such as China. Along with
greenhouse gas emissions, developed regions are exporting the damaging
chemical emissions associated with manufacturing, such as particulate
matter (PM), which have more localized health impacts. A given emission
in India or China can result in 2-8 times more health damage than if the
emission where in US or Europe, due to dierences in population density.
Tis model is applied to German textile consumption to show that China
and India receive only 13% of the money spent on production, but suer
61% of the impacts. We have now expanded it to look at global textile
consumption and regionally-allocated impacts associated with PM and
CO2 emissions,. We nd a large discrepancy between regions of high
consumtpion in developed countries and regions of high impacts in
developing countries. Tis work is being done in collaboration with UNEP
and other decision-makers in order to best provide guidance
427 Emerging Issues in the Application of LCA in Sustainable
Site Development. B. Kirk, Ecological Design Collaborative, SEEDS,
Pittsburgh, PA. Tere is a growing interest in the application of life cycle
assessment (LCA) in the evaluation of building materials and building
performance, as well as building construction, yet LCA has been largely
absent from the evaluation of site development and community planning.
Site development and the infrastructural context for buildings may have a
profound eect on the life-cycle performance of each building, activities
of the users, and opportunities for the buildings and users to integrate
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functions with the surrounding natural and built community. Linking
the LCA of buildings with the LCA of site design and site infrastructure
could be a critical approach in collectively shaping building design and
community planning to achieve increasingly sustainable community
development. A recent collaborative study conducted by the University
of Vermonts Redesigning the American Neighborhood Program and
University of New Hampshires Stormwater Center evaluated conventional
and low-impact development best management practices utilizing LCA.
Tis study provided data, methods, and insight toward the use of LCA in
making the case for more sustainable site development. Additionally, the
study identied several methodological issues that may stand as barriers to
practical use of LCA in site development decision making. Tis paper will
present a summary of eorts to apply life-cycle tools to site development
evaluations and discuss the potential for more holistic application of LCA
within the built environment.
428 USEPAs New Ecological Research Program: Ecosystem
Services. J.K. Summers, ORD/NHEERL/GED, US EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL;
I. Goodman, Ecological Research Program, US EPA, Washington, DC; R.
Linthurst, Ecological Research Program, US EPA, Research TRiangle Park,
NC. Over the past year, EPAs Oce of Research and Development (ORD)
has been redirecting research within the Ecological Research Program (ERP)
to focus on ecosystem services and their associated benets to human well
being. By 2009, all of EPA/ORDs Ecological Research Program will be
devoted to an understanding of ecosystem systems, their relationship to
human well being, and the development of a decision support platform
that will house tools that will permit decision-makers to examine the
impacts of alternative futures on ecosystem services and their human
constituency. While this new direction may appear very anthropocentric,
it is simply treating humans as part of the ecosystem rather than a stressor
on it. Te new research program focuses on the roles of landscape ecology,
monitoring and modeling on the assessment of ecosystem services from
whole ecosystems on a national/regional basis and place-based eco-services
from regional, watershed and local scales. Te program seeks to ascertain the
relationships among environmental stressors, ecological condition/function
and eco-services targeting the development of decision tools (models,
mapping analyses, indices of well being, valuation approaches) for managers
at all scales.
429 Ecological Services Research Approach for Tampa Bay
Demonstration Project. M.J. Russell, D. Dantin, R. Devereux, F.
Genthner, J. Harvey, M. Lewis, J. Nestlerode, S. Raimondo, Gulf Ecology
Division, Gulf Breeze, FL; S. Hayes, Gulf of Mexico Program, New
Orleans, LA; D. Yoskowitz, Texas A&M Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi,
TX. Measurement of ecological services such as the provision of clean air,
clean water, productive soils, and opportunities for recreation in vibrant
natural places is the new strategic focus for EPAs Ecological Research
Program (ERP). ERPs mission is to conduct innovative ecological research
that provides the information and methods needed by decision makers to
assess the benets of ecosystem services to human well-being, and, in turn,
to shape policy and management actions at multiple spatial and temporal
scales. To eectively meet the goals of the ERP, we used the following
approach to prioritize our proposed research projects: 1) Five sub-groups,
each selecting a specic ecosystem in the Tampa Bay Region, completed
extensive literature searches on research involving the production of
ecological services (Water Quality Regulation, Water Quantity Regulation,
Flood Protection, Habitat/Refugia Support, CO2 Sequestration, Food
and Fiber Production, Recreation and other Cultural services) under
dierent environmental conditions. 2) We generated conceptual maps
that dened the pathways from each driver or stressor (Increased Nitrogen
Loading, Increased Phosphorus Loading, Increased Atmospheric CO2,
Increased Temperatures, Changes in Precipitation, Sea Level Rise),
through intermediate steps, to the generation of ecological services. Tis
conceptual framework was then expanded to show the general functional
relationships (ecological response functions) at each node along each
pathway, the scientic literature assessed for each node, and the estimated
relative importance of each node to the production of each service. 3) We
developed an initial valuation of the ecological services currently produced
in the Tampa Bay Region. Economists, using primarily benet transfer
methods, placed values on the per area annual production of services for
those ecosystems on which we could currently place a dollar value. We then
applied these values to a landscape characterization map for the Tampa
Region. We were able to make an initial prioritization of our research from
the information in place for each pathway, its importance to generation of
each ecological service, and its monetary value.
430 Developing ecosystem services science for policy needs
in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, USA a Place-Based Study. D.H.
Landers, R. McKane, J. Compton, R. Brooks, P. Rygiewicz, J. Bolte, C.
Burdick, Western Ecology Division, USEPA, Corvallis, OR. Willamette
River Basin is one of four trans-disciplinary place-based studies that are
being implemented throughout the US to develop and demonstrate how
ecosystem services can be inventoried, mapped, quantitatively related to
one another, and valued. Te Willamette River Basin has a surface area
of 29,727 km2; a cold Mediterranean climate and a human population
expected to double by the year 2050. Te western boundary of the basin is
dened by the Coast Mountain Range and the east boundary is marked by
the higher Cascade Mountains. Our approach targets approximately 99%
of the basin area for which land cover is forest, agriculture, riparian wetland
and urban. Key ecosystem services of interest are carbon sequestration,
N retention, water quantity and quality. Te primary forcing variables of
interest are climate change, nitrogen regulation, and land-use change. We
seek to develop an understanding of individual ecosystem services as well
as bundles of ecosystem services and their responses to forcing variables.
Tese quantitative relationships represent the key scientic information
required to parameterize quantitative models. Models will be incorporated
into a decision support platform that will allow decision makers to project
the results of a suite of possible decisions aecting the ecosystem services
into the future and then to observe how these decisions are likely to be
expressed from an ecosystem service perspective. An eventual goal of the
Ecological Research Program is to provide defensible, nation-wide, scientic
information regarding the status and projected changes in ecosystem services
in response to human mediated impacts.
431 Tidal Creek Ecosystems: Sentinel Habitats for Assessing
the Consequences of Rapid Development on Ecological and Human
Well-being. D.M. Sanger, SC Sea Grant Consortium, Charleston, SC; A.
Holland, G. DiDonato, S. Lovelace, S. White, NOAAs Hollings Marine
Laboratory, Charleston, SC. Meandering shallow tidal creeks are a dominant
feature of Southeastern estuaries and provide nursery grounds for many
sh and crustaceans. Te shores of these creeks are also preferred sites for
human development. Research throughout the Southeast has found linkages
between surrounding watershed land use (e.g., impervious cover) and the
ecological condition (i.e., physical-chemical and biological conditions) of
headwater tidal creeks. Tis habitat has served as a platform for testing new
technologies and methods, such as genomic and pathogenic measures, being
developed to assess the relationship between oceans and human health.
In addition, assessments of risk from ooding and contamination, and a
quality of place index are being explored as ways to assess the impact on
human well-being. A conceptual model has been developed to identify the
stressors, exposures, ecological responses, and human responses for a wide
range of parameters. Te model provides scientists, planners, and decision-
makers a tool for understanding how alternative management actions
may aect the goods and services society wants to preserve and sustain in
tidal creeks. Tis research has shown that these headwater creeks have the
potential to serve as sentinel habitats and are a reliable testing platform for
assessing the impact of watershed development on ecosystem and human
well-being; however, most estuarine monitoring programs do not sample
these habitats. Headwater tidal creeks are the appropriate scale to assess
the impacts of land use change in the watershed on the ecological and
human well-being as well as providing appropriate scale for making land use
decisions.
432 A New Probabilistic Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty
in Ecological Injuries. P. Goodrum, ARCADIS, Syracuse, NY; K. Jenkins,
ARCADIS, Petaluma, CA; B. Anthony, ARCADIS, Lakewood, CO. A
potentially important source of uncertainty in estimates of ecological
injuries based on published toxicity data is the approach used to quantify
exposure-response relationships for the broad range of taxonomic groups
and eects endpoints that may serve as multiple indicators of habitat
quality. Often, variability in exposure-response is represented by selecting
a range of toxicity values that represent points on the dose-response curve
(e.g., EC
10
or EC
50
), or by a species sensitivity distribution that is derived
from the cumulative distribution of such point estimates. A new approach
is proposed that incorporates the full exposure-response data from each
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study and denes separate exposure-response models that represent highly
sensitive, average, and insensitive species. We present a realistic case study
involving estimated service losses for a soil invertebrate community exposed
to a mixture of PAHs. Consistent with USEPAs Equilibrium Partitioning
Sediment Benchmark procedures for PAHs, individual PAH concentrations
were rst normalized to sample-specic fraction organic carbon and
converted to units of micromoles per gram soil (mol/g). Toxicity of PAHs
was assumed to be additive and proportional to the molar concentration of
total PAHs. A Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate the variability
in responses among a hypothetical population of soil invertebrates. Toxicity
data reported in the literature were pooled by species to generate species
mean acute values (SMAV) and genus mean acute values (GMAV) for the
parameters of standard exposure-response models (e.g., probit and logit).
Te inputs to the Monte Carlo model included the exposure-response
functions for mortality, reproduction, and growth, and a series of logic
statements to ensure that the endpoint that yields the maximum service loss
is recorded for each hypothetical individual. Tis new approach provides
information previously unavailable for quantifying uncertainty in a habitat
equivalency analysis which includes: 1) estimates of the distribution
of service losses as a function of total PAH concentration; 2) relative
contributions of each endpoint (mortality, reproduction, growth) to the
injury at each sub-area of a site; and 3) sensitivity analysis that includes
model and parameter uncertainty associated with the exposure-response
models t to toxicity study data.
433 Quantifying Injuries to Natural Resources Tat Provide Both
Ecological and Human Use Services. R.W. Dunford, Environmental
Economics Services, Raleigh, NC. Many natural resources provide both
ecological and human-use services. For example, a lake can provide services
to a wide variety of aquatic resources (e.g., benthic organisms), as well
as recreational opportunities (e.g., boating). If a hazardous substance is
released into the lake, losses of both ecological services and human-use
services may be estimated as part of a natural resource damage assessment.
However, estimating ecological losses to sh using Resource Equivalency
Analysis (for example) and estimating recreational shing losses using the
Travel Cost Method (for example) may result in some double counting of
losses. Te proposed paper builds on the August 2007 article by Boyd &
Banzhaf in Ecological Economics on ecosystem services. In that article the
authors provide a framework that focuses on nal ecosystem services,
which represent an aggregation of ecological and human-use services. Te
proposed paper will demonstrate that quantifying losses of nal ecosystem
services will completely capture all service losses incurred by the public
while avoiding double counting.
434 Use of Population Modeling for Quantifying Injuries and
Compensatory Restoration for Fish Kills Example Application
for Freshwater Species Present in Missouri. D. French-McCay, M.
Schroeder, Applied Science Associates, Inc, Narragansett, RI; A. van Geel,
T. Chamoy, Industrial Economics, Inc., Cambridge, MA. Fish kills are
a common occurrence in many aquatic systems as the result of pollutant
events (spills, discharges, etc.), thermal shock, or other impact causes.
In freshwater environments of Missouri, small scale kills may occur up
to several dozen times a year. A model was developed for the Missouri
Department of Conservation (MDEC) to provide a cost-eective and
quantitative method to assess injuries and compensatory damages based on
readily-available information (i.e., the number, size, and species of killed
sh). Te model estimates production foregone, i.e., the net somatic growth
normally to be expected of killed organisms over the remainder of their
life spans, as well as catch (yield) foregone in the wake of a small-scale sh
kill event. A compensatory restoration project would provide equivalent
production, with the size of the project inated to compensate for the delay
before implementation and the production is realized. If the restoration is
assumed a restocking project, the model calculates the age-equivalents of
the killed individuals in a user-selected age class, where production over the
remaining lifespan of sh in this class would equal the injury quantied
as production foregone. Te number of sh of the selected age class is
the magnitude of the restocking project required to oset kill-associated
losses, and the estimated costs of the project are the damages. Alternatively,
production gained via habitat restoration or other enhancement activities
could be scaled to the injury. Te model employs species-specic life history
parameters (natural and shing mortality rates, coecients of growth rate
equations) to estimate the foregone production and catch of the killed sh
throughout their natural lifespan. For the implementation for MDEC,
we have assembled a library of life history parameter data for Midwest
freshwater systems. Te model may be applied to other regions, as well as
estuarine and marine species, using species-specic life history parameters
characteristic of the system where injury occurred.
435 Framework for service loss quantication: A GIS-based
approach integrating service loss across multiple contaminants and
multiple resources. J. Peers, J. Holmes, D. Beltman, Stratus Consulting
Inc., Boulder, CO; B. Whetsell, T. Heavisides, T. Rettig, Illinois
Department of Natural Resources, Springeld, IL. Cooperative damage
assessments provide unique opportunities for developing innovative
approaches to ecological service loss quantication. When both responsible
parties and trustees have unrestricted access to existing site data, useful
analytical tools in a relatively data-rich environment can be developed
eciently. In a cooperative assessment setting, we utilized an existing site
environmental database containing samples from hundreds of locations,
with multiple contaminants per sample and multiple samples per location,
to quantify service loss from contaminant releases. Injury thresholds were
based on regulatory thresholds (e.g., Clean Water Act) and toxicological
data (e.g., U.S. EPA ecological soil screening levels). Service loss calculations
were scaled based on known or estimated dose-response relationships,
and response additivity was used to address mixtures of contaminants. We
developed an interface in Microsoft Access that allowed for easy editing
of key assumptions and rapid recalculation of per-sample service loss.
Calculated per-sample service losses were linked to a geographic information
system (GIS) that displayed the results on aerial imagery of the site. Output
from this model, combined with qualitative data such as site historical
operations, visual observations, and habitat type and quality, was used to
cooperatively arrive at nal service loss estimates. Tis approach provides
a useful and transparent method of evaluating service loss that balances
quantitative service loss calculations based on site chemistry data and dose-
response functions with qualitative information such as site history and
habitat.
436 Quantifying ecological service losses in urban systems:
decision-making tools, approaches and case studies. T. Iannuzzi, D.
Ludwig, ARCADIS, Annapolis, MD. Te process of quantifying ecological
services losses is often reliant on the application of value judgments and
broad assumptions regarding what is a normally functioning ecosystem
relative to a set of baseline conditions. Tis is particularly true in urban
ecosystems where: 1) only anecdotal information is available regarding
the historical ecology of the system; 2) the habitats have been fragmented,
changed, and impacted by multiple stressors for centuries; and, 3)
biodiversity and sustainable ecological function are the restoration targets,
as opposed to restoration to an often unknown or unattainable historical
baseline. For this reason, a set of analytical tools and objective data
collection and assessment techniques are needed in order to select some
combination of restoration projects that will be successful in achieving a
functional urban ecosystem. In this presentation we will discuss a range
of such tools, both eld and analytical, for quantifying ecological service
losses and evaluating the net benet of restoration options. Tese include
ecological benchmarking to determine the habitats that a system can
support, or may have supported in the past, and an Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP) that was developed to help compare and contrast specic
restoration projects in terms of their relative value to the primary ecological
functions and communities in an ecosystem. Tese tools will be discussed in
the context of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process,
as well as other regulatory paradigms. Example case studies and applications
will be presented.
437 Comparing Land Use Stressors in Developing and Urban
Watersheds: What stressors are most important. K.L. Sciera, S.J. Klaine,
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences,
Clemson University, Pendleton, SC. Urban land use results in physical
stressors, such as changes in ow regime, suspended solids, and habitat,
as the risk drivers that aect the ecological integrity of the stream. Urban
streams have been shown to have degraded biotic integrity in relation to
rural and reference streams. Gradients of urban land use and biotic integrity
have been established in the literature. Recent research from Clemson
University that examined the eects of active land use change in watersheds
identied quantitative relationships between land use change and physical
stressors to streams. In addition, predictive relationships were established to
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predict biotic integrity using the Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI)
and the North Carolina Biotic Index (NCBI). Tese relationships are used
in an ecological risk assessment framework to establish benchmarks of
eect for physical stressors in an urban stream ecosystem. Using a portion
of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Eects of Urbanization on Stream
Ecosystems (EUSE) dataset for Atlanta, GA, the similarities and dierences
between urbanizing watersheds and historically urban watersheds were
identied. A portion of the Atlanta, GA, USA database was used to test the
consistency of relationships within the same ecoregion. Te USGS-EUSE
dataset was analyzed using regression methods to quantify relationships
between land use and physical stressors. In addition, it was used to
validate predictive relationships of biotic integrity developed by Clemson
University data. As a methods comparison, the USGS-EUSE dataset
was also examined using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
Causal Analysis Diagnosis/Decision Information System (CADDIS) to
provide a comparison into dierent methods for identifying stressors. Tis
information can further guide the regulation of development practices,
sustainable development, and stream restoration objectives.
438 Comparison of Aroclor and Congener Approaches for
Assessing Ecological and Human Health Risks from Exposures to PCBs
in Sediment and Fish. T. Gendusa, Arkansas, CDM, Hot Springs, AR;
J. LaVelle, Tucson, CDM, Tucson, AZ; D. Skaar, Montana Fish Wildlife
and Parks, Helena, MT; T. Marcum, Denver, CDM, Denver, CO. Tis
study compared risks to ecological and human receptors from exposures to
PCBs in sediment and trout in Big Spring Creek, Lewistown, Montana. A
Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment (BERA) and a Human Health Risk
Assessment (HHRA) were completed using the Aroclor approach where
concentrations of Aroclor 1254 were compared to Aroclor 1254 ecotoxicity
values and human health criteria. Tese assessments were supplemented
by additional sediment and sh data using the congener-specic approach
based on toxicity equivalents (TEQs) for dioxin-like PCB congeners. Te
congener assessment of ecological risks focused on receptors at greatest
risktrout and mink. Whole body trout PCB concentrations were used
to assess risks to mink and adult trout, while PCB concentrations in trout
eggs were used to assess risks to early life stage (ELS) trout. Resulting risks
to trout are insignicant to very low (highest hazard quotient (HQ) =
2.3) using the Aroclor 1254 approach and insignicant (HQ<1) using the
TEQ approach. For mink, risks are elevated, but only for the most highly
contaminated reach of the creek. Te risks using the Aroclor 1254 approach
(HQ=31) were much higher than with the TEQ approach (HQ=5.6), but
the dierence in the magnitude of risk estimates can be attributed mostly
to dierences in the TRVs underlying the risk estimates. Te congener
assessment of human health risks focused on cancer risks from exposure via
consumption of PCB-containing skin-o trout llets. For a sport angler,
excess cancer risks associated with consuming sh taken from the creek,
particularly in the reaches just below the source, may be up to an order of
magnitude higher than USEPAs acceptable range. Cancer risk estimates
using the TEQ approach (range from 2 x 10-4 to 1 x 10-3) were higher than
those based on the Aroclor 1254 approach (range from 1 x 10-4 to 4 x 10-
4). For non-cancer eects (Aroclor 1254 approach only), the consumption
of sh by the sport angler could result in a level of exposure to PCBs that
could be as great as 25 times higher than USEPAs reference level of one.
Both cancer and noncancer risks are conservative in the sense that they
assume the angler consumes 24 meals per year from the most contaminated
area of Big Spring Creek for 30 years.
439 Toxic Contaminants as a Risk Factor for the Recovery
of Endangered Columbia River Salmon. L. Johnson, G. Ylitalo, J.
Spromberg, P. Moran, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,
Seattle, WA; J. Dietrich, Hateld Marine Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,
Newport, OR; J. Morace, Oregon Water Science Center, USGS, Portland,
OR; J. Leary, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR. As part
of the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnerships Ecosystem Monitoring
Program, we measured concentrations of contaminants in the Lower
Columbia River and Estuary (LCR&E) environment and in outmigrant
juvenile salmon to evaluate the potential risks of toxics to the productivity
of ESA-listed Columbia River salmon stocks. Contaminant levels were
determined in juvenile Chinook salmon, water, and sediment samples from
six sites in the LCR&E, from Bonneville to the estuary mouth. Salmon
from upper, middle, and lower Columbia stocks were feeding and rearing
in the LCR&E, and were exposed to PCBs, DDTs, PBDEs and PAHs via
their diet, with especially high concentrations of contaminants in stomach
contents of sh from the Portland/Vancouver area. Contaminant levels in
bodies and stomach contents of some sh were above thresholds for eects
on salmon health, such as delayed mortality, poor growth, and reduced
disease resistance. Salmon from the Portland sites also showed signs of
exposure to estrogenic compounds. Moreover, concentrations of copper and
organophosphate pesticides in the water column were at levels that could
interfere with olfaction in salmon at some sites. Field data are being used in
bioaccumulation and population models to better understand pathways of
exposure for salmon, and potential impacts on stock recovery.
440 Factors aecting the toxicity of crude and rened oil to
early life stages of sh. P.V. Hodson, School of Environmental Studies,
Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Te Exxon Valdez oil spill
highlighted the toxicity of petroleum to early developmental stages of sh
and the potential impacts of impaired recruitment. However, the extent of
impacts is dicult to predict. Depending on the source of oil and the nature
of rening, there are wide ranges in the relative proportions of components
that aect embryonic and larval development (e.g., PAH). Environmental
factors such as salinity and temperature modify exposure by aecting
whether oils sink or disperse, the extent to which PAH are solubilized
in water, and the dispersion and dilution of dissolved oil or oil droplets.
Exposure may also be modied by chemical dispersants whose eectiveness
varies with temperature and salinity. Te biological receptor is also a
major factor, with signicant dierences among species of sh in relative
sensitivity, and varying sensitivity throughout egg and larval development.
Tis paper will review our recent studies with early life stages of freshwater
and marine species of sh to demonstrate: which components of oil cause
chronic toxicity; how the toxicity of dierent oils varies with their physical
and chemical properties; how salinity and dispersants modify exposure and
toxicity; and how sensitivity varies with species, developmental stage, and
duration of exposure.
441 Use of Biophysical Habitat Mapping in Landscape-scale
Ecological Risk Assessment. K.A. Enns, Delphinium Holdings Inc.,
Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada; R.N. Hull, Intrinsik Environmental
Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Landscape-scale ecological risk
assessments (ERAs) are required under most jurisdictions to evaluate risks
to plant communities via a comparison of chemical concentrations in soil
to soil criteria or standards. Around industries such as smelters, this simple
comparison may not adequately evaluate risks to plant communities, due to
previous releases of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Terefore, biophysical habitat
mapping was used to supplement the standard ERA methodologies used
in the wide-area, landscape-scale ERA for the Teck Cominco Metals Ltd.
smelter in Trail, British Columbia. Biophysical habitat mapping and other
map hybrid methodologies are commonly used in forestry applications
where wildlife habitat management is of interest to land managers. Tese
methods also should be considered in landscape-scale ERAs as they provide
a means of assessing the development of vegetation in relation to soils,
parent materials, topography, wildlife use patterns and time. Te mapping
employed methods and eld interpretation that are very similar to Terrestrial
Ecosystem Mapping but were based primarily on soils, terrain and current
vegetation features and secondarily on the existing forest classication for
the region. Te biophysical habitat mapping style is based on the premise
that understanding patterns in vegetation, soils and terrain features can
be used to guide vegetation management and habitat enhancement. Te
information contained within the biophysical habitat map was the most
comprehensive and denitive for evaluating risks to plant communities
around the smelter. Te map also will be useful for remediation planning.
442 Ranking Wildlife Risks from Multiple Anthropogenic
Stressors. E.J. Zillioux, Zillioux Environmental, LLC, Fort Pierce, FL;
E.J. Zillioux, J.R. Newman, Environmental Bioindicators Foundation,
Inc., Fort Pierce, FL; J.R. Newman, C.M. Newman, Pandion Systems,
Inc., Gainesville, FL; W. Warren-Hicks, EcoStat, Inc., Mebane, NC.
Comparative evaluation of major wildlife stressors derived from complex
life cycles of competing industrial processes or product development is
critical to informed selection of least ecologically-harmful alternatives, as
well as the identication of areas to focus mitigation eorts. A wildlife
risk index was developed to qualitatively rank the relative occurrence/
severity of adverse eects to wildlife resulting from dierent life cycle stages
of various industrial processes. Te ranking process separates individual
from population eects as a rst step to identify ecologically-signicant
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stressors. High and Very High Risks are associated with populations. Very
Low to Medium risks are associated with individuals but are unlikely to
aect populations. While the ranking process is carried out at a high level,
focusing on ecologically-signicant population-level risks, two examples
of individual risk are considered that relate directly or by inference to
population-level impacts. First, endangered and threatened species often
cannot aord to lose even small numbers of individuals without imperiling
the whole population or even the whole species. Second, individuals become
important ecologically when they are a proven indicator of a population-
level eect. Life cycle wildlife stressors of six dierent forms of electricity
generation are briey presented as an example to show how the ranking
process can be applied to complex analyses and to demonstrate output
value in the context of providing input to a comparative ecological risk
assessment.
443 An Analysis of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
Pesticide Wildlife Incident Database [Ecological Incident Information
System (EIIS v. 2.0)]. M. Panger, USEPA, Washington, DC. One line of
evidence the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the Agency) uses
in its pesticide ecological risk assessments is data on ecological incidents
(information on incidents related to adverse eects to the environment from
pesticide use). Incident data are used in risk assessments to provide evidence
that the risk predictions from screening level assessments are supported
by actual eects in the eld. To explore wildlife incidents associated with
specic pesticides, the Agency primarily relies on the Ecological Incident
Information System (EIIS v. 2.0) database. Te number of documented
kills in EIIS is believed to be a small fraction of the total mortality caused
by pesticides. Terefore, while the existence of incident reports may conrm
risk to non-target organisms, the absence of reports cannot be used as
evidence of absence of risk. To better interpret the implications of incident
reports in the EIIS associated with specic chemicals, an analysis was
conducted to explore potential trends in the database related to the number
of incident reports, overall and per aected taxa, received through time.
Te analysis indicates that the number of reported incidents received by the
Agency has decreased over the last 5 to 10 years. Potential reasons for this
decrease, including changes in use patterns, decreases in actual incidents,
reporting/monitoring eorts, and reporting requirements for registrants,
are discussed. Additionally, the implications of the trends in the Agencys
interpretation of incident reports are explored.
444 Development of Species Sensitivity Distributions for
Wildlife using Interspecies Toxicity Correlation Models. J. Awkerman,
S. Raimondo, M. Barron, Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL. Species sensitivity distributions (SSD)
are probability distributions of chemical toxicity of multiple species and
have had limited application in wildlife risk assessment because of relatively
small data sets of wildlife toxicity values. Interspecies correlation estimation
(ICE) models predict the acute toxicity to untested taxa from known
toxicity of a single surrogate species. ICE models were used to predict
toxicity values to wildlife species and generate SSDs for 23 chemicals using
four avian surrogates. Te hazard levels associated with the fth percentile
of the distribution (HD5) were compared for ICE SSDs and independent
SSDs created with measured data. SSDs were composed of either avian
only or avian and mammalian taxa. ICE HD5s were within 5-fold of 90%
of measured HD5s and were generally higher than measured HD5s. Te
rst percentile of the distribution (HD1) and the fth percentile of the
lower condence limit (HDL) of ICE SSDs produced values that were
not signicantly dierent from measured HD5s. Using a bird surrogate to
predict toxicity to birds and the Norway rat to predict toxicity to mammals
improved some estimates of ICE HD5s compared with those generated
using only bird surrogates. Tese results indicate that ICE models can be
used to generate SSDs comparable to those derived from measured wildlife
toxicity data and provide robust estimates of the HD5.
445 Can metal uptake be fully predicted by free ion based models?
A case study for Cd, Cs, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in a fresh- and saltwater
sh species. N. Celis, I. Komjarova, J. Hattink, G. De Boeck, R. Blust,
Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium. Nowadays,
free ion based uptake models such as the Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM)
and the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) are accepted in toxicology and are
getting integrated in regulations. Tese free ion models state that the
primary metal form available for uptake is the free ionic form. Apart
from some exceptions, this appears to be true for a range of freshwater
compositions and freshwater organisms. However for marine and estuarine
organisms not so straightforward observations were noted and physiology
mentioned as interacting force. Te aim of this study was to determine
whether free ion models are applicable for the uptake of 7 dierent trace
metals in a wide range of freshwater and saltwater media. Here we report
an uptake experiment using the freshwater species Danio rerio and the
euryhaline marine teleost Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), which was acclimated
to 6 dierent salinities including 1 ppt (hyposmotic), 12 ppt (iso-osmotic)
and 35 ppt (hyperosmotic) seawater. Te uptake of Cd, Cs, Cu, Ni, Mn,
Pb and Zn was determined simultaneously by either using a radiotracer
or stable isotope technique. Tis approach allows one to separate the
newly accumulated metal from the metal already present in the organisms,
even at low (< 0.1 M) metal concentrations. In a separate experimental
setup possible competitive eects of major ions such as Ca
2+
, Na
+
and K
+

were studied. Te results showed that at low metal concentrations uptake
patterns could not be fully predicted by free ion activity and competition
alone and other physiological factors have to be considered. In the sea bass
experiments, for example, two signicantly distinct groups of relatively
high and low salinity populations could be distinguished based on their
metal uptake rates. Furthermore this separation in a high and low salinity
group was also reected in several other physiological processes such as Na
and K inux, which were traced with Na-22 and K-42, respectively. Te
consequences of these results for the environmental risk assessment of metals
are further discussed.
446 Eects of chronic episodic copper exposures on population
tness. H. Zahner, S.J. Klaine, Institute of Environmental Toxicology,
Clemson University, Pendleton, SC. Te success of a population is
dependent upon the tness of its individuals. Previous work has shown that
acute pulsed exposures to copper results in a loss of sodium in larval sh,
which may lead to mortality. Further, these organisms have demonstrated
an ability to regain sodium homeostasis when given an adequate period of
recovery in copper free water (~96-h). However, these organisms may be
allocating energy to recovery rather than growth and reproduction. Tus,
chronic episodic exposures to copper over an organisms life-span may have
signicant consequences on organism growth and reproduction. Te goal
of this research is to characterize population responses to episodic copper
exposures throughout the life-span of the fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas). Standard continuous-exposure bioassay methods do not
adequately reect in-situ exposures. Episodic exposures to copper were
used to allow a greater realism of environmental conditions, facilitating
the evaluation of eects at higher levels of organization. Fathead minnows
were exposed for 24-h to 50g Cu/L every 4 or 9-d over their entire life-
span. Lethal and sublethal (whole-body sodium, growth, reproduction)
endpoints were recorded throughout the organisms life-span and for 28-d
following the hatch of the F2 generation. Tere was a signicant eect on
whole-body sodium and mortality following episodic exposures during the
early life-stages. Tis eect was diluted as the sh developed from larval
organisms to juveniles. Organisms were able to physiologically recover their
whole-body sodium following the episodic copper exposures, in both the 4
and 9-d recovery periods. Tere were also signicant eects on growth and
time to reproduction. Tis study suggests chronic episodic exposures over an
organisms life-span may signicantly eect population tness.
447 Development of a mayy model (Centroptilum triangulifer)
for ecotoxicology and toxicogenomic studies. D. Buchwalter, Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC; B. Sweeney, D. Funk, Stroud Water Research
Center, Avondale, PA. Te parthenogenic mayy Centroptilum triangulifer
is a potential model organism for ecotoxicology studies. We present a
life cycle dietary cadmium study as an example of its potential utility.
We exposed natural diatom dominated biolms to Cd in solution, and
then transferred these labeled biolms to clean water. First instar mayy
larvae were grown on dierentially contaminated diets for their entire
larval developmental period. Biolms exposed to 2.5 and 10 g/L were
lethal to 100% of the mayy larvae that fed on them. Biolms exposed
to 0.1 and 0.5 g/L reduced mayy survivorship signicantly relative to
controls. Surviving mothers grown on these diets did not transfer Cd to
eggs. Emergence success was >90% in mayies fed uncontaminated food.
Tis organism is easy to culture and has a relatively short, temperature-
dependent life cycle, and eggs that can be stored indenitely. We have
recently sequenced cDNA from whole larvae treated with a variety of
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agents: a mixture of Hg, Cd and Cu, hydrogen peroxide, phenobarbitol,
20-OH ecdysone, and a mixture of chlorpyrifos and atrazine. We have
identied several genes representing a wide variety of genes including
cytochrome p450s, antioxidant enzymes, metal transporters, hormones,
neurotransmitters and others. Te potential for this organism to be used in
ecotoxicology and toxicogenomics studies is tremendous.
448 Responses to copper challenges by brown trout fry acclimated,
de-acclimated, and nave to waterborne copper. M. Carney, J. Lipton,
D. Cacela, S. Humphries, Stratus Consulting Inc., Boulder, CO; S.
Brinkman, Wildlife Research Center, Colorado Division of Wildlife,
Fort Collins, CO; J. Oris, Zoology, Miami University of Ohio, Oxford,
OH. We performed a series of copper lethality challenges on brown trout
fry to evaluate the inuence of Cu acclimation and de-acclimation. Fry
were separated into three treatments; a nave group, an early acclimation
group, and a late acclimation group. Repeated lethality challenges were
conducted simultaneously on samples of fry from treatment groups at
approximately two-week intervals. Mortality, growth, Cu residues in gill
tissues, metallothionein (RNA and protein), and whole body ions (K+/Na+)
were measured. Our experimental design allowed us to observe and account
for both age-related changes in Cu tolerance, and changes in the induction,
timing, and degree of acclimation and de-acclimation. Fry tolerance to Cu
increased with age and acclimation, but decreased following de-acclimation.
Acclimated fry were smaller than unacclimated sh; this growth reduction
was manifested as a pronounced bimodal size distribution that was not
observed in the nave treatment group. Gill metallothionein induction
increased with exposure and continued through de-acclimation. Preliminary
analysis suggest that whole body ions were not markedly inuenced by
acclimation status. Our results indicate that acclimation can enhance
tolerance to lethal Cu concentrations but is associated with sublethal growth
reductions. Indeed, the growth reductions we observed were sucient to
lead to reduced survival of smaller sh through cannibalism. Moreover, we
found that acclimation-related tolerance can be lost following a brief period
of de-acclimation.
449 Natural dissolved organic matter inuence on acute copper
toxicity and accumulation in dierent compartments of the euryhaline
copepod Acartia tonsa. S.C. Rodrigues, G.L. Pinho, A. Bianchini,
Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Tere are few information on how natural
organic matter (NOM), measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), from
dierent sources inuences acute copper toxicity in marine invertebrates.
In addition, whole body copper accumulation in aquatic organisms is
generally higher than its toxic fraction accumulated at the biotic ligand.
Terefore, our goal was to analyze possible NOM protective eects against
copper toxicity (48-h LC50) and accumulation in dierent compartments
of the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa. Five sources of NOM were
used: Suwannee river commercial fulvic acid (SRFA), freshwater-derived
NOM collected before (BSTP) or after (ASTP) a treatment plant sewage
discharge (Vieira Stream, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil), and marine NOM
collected in subtropical (MSN) and tropical (MTN) waters. Freshwater-
and marine-derived NOMs were extracted by reverse osmosis and solid
phase, respectively. Spectroscopic characterization revealed small dierences
between BSTP and ASTP, as well as between AFRS and MSN. MTN
presented terrestrial and marine characteristics. Dierent combinations
of DOC and copper concentrations were tested at salinities 5, 15 and 30
ppt. Te respective control treatments were also run. Salinity by itself was
protective against copper toxicity. In all salinities tested, copper toxicity
was lower in the presence of NOM, and this protective eect was directly
proportional to DOC concentration. Copper accumulation was measured in
the exoskeleton and internal tissues of copepods by chemical fractionation.
Copper accumulation in the exoskeleton did not show any pattern as a
function of dierent treatments. Nevertheless, copper accumulation in the
internal tissues was similar through all experimental conditions, indicating
that the lethal copper accumulation level inducing 50% mortality (AL50
= 55.4 nmol Cu/g ww) did not change as a function of salinity and
DOC (concentration and source). Tis nding is in complete agreement
with the Biotic Ligand Model premise, i.e., mortality occurs when metal
associated to the biotic ligand exceeds a limiar concentration. Tese results
clearly indicate that salinity and DOC concentration should be taken into
account for regulatory purposes. Financial support: International Copper
Association.
450 Determination of Reproductive Success of Brown Trout
(Salmo trutta) Collected from Streams Containing Dierent Levels of
Selenium Adjacent to Active Mining Areas in Eastern Idaho. R.B. Naddy,
ENSR, Fort Collins, CO; S. Covington, Newelds, LLC., Liberty Hill,
TX; A. Prouty, JR Simplot Corporation, Boise, ID; S. Werner, Newelds,
LLC., Boulder, CO; K. Bestgen, Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. A study was performed to
understand whether the parental transfer of selenium from eld-collected
female brown trout to their ospring negatively impacts their tness.
Adult female and male brown trout (Salmo trutta) were collected near an
active mining area with the intent of encompassing a range of dierent
total selenium exposures (aqueous and dietary). Gametes from adult male
and female brown trout were collected and combined to assess whether
accumulated selenium in adult female brown trout negatively aected
various endpoints such as: egg production, fertilization rates, hatchability,
survival, growth, and / or development of the larval brown trout including
deformities via parental transfer. Studies were initiated in the laboratory
with gametes collected from trout collected from three dierent primary
selenium exposure areas: background, low, and high; as well as control
organisms. Te organisms were allowed to go until they reached 15-
days post swim-up. Results so far indicate that 1) egg Se concentration
ranged from 6.2 40.3 g/g dwt in eld sites 2) female whole-body Se
concentration ranged from 4.7 22.6 g/g dwt in eld sites, 3)survival
rates, dry weight and length measurements in swim-up larvae, as well as
deformities indices will be reported. Data gathered from this project will
be used to support development of a site specic water quality criterion for
selenium in area streams.
451 Physiological and Toxicological Mechanisms of Lead plus
Cadmium Exposure on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Soft
Acidic Water. Y. Kara, M.P. Wilkie, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Traditionally, the majority of metals toxicity
research has focused on individual metals rather than metal mixtures which
are more likely to occur in contaminated waters. Moreover, little is known
about the eects of metals on shes living in the soft (< 100M Ca), slightly
acidic waters typical of the Canadian Shield. Our goal was to determine
how mixtures of Pb plus Cd interact to exert their toxic eects at the sh
gill. In shes, both Pb and Cd disrupt Ca
2+
homeostasis by inhibiting gill
mediated Ca
2+
uptake leading to hypocalcaemia and eventually death.
Based on the biotic ligand model, earlier studies predicted that Pb plus Cd
mixtures should act in an additive manner to further exacerbate disturbances
to internal Ca
2+
balance. Previously, we tested this hypothesis by measuring
metal-gill binding and ion uptake (Na
+
, Ca
2+
) across the gills of rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using radio-labeled Na+ and Ca2+ during
acute (3h) Pb plus Cd mixture exposures. However, we noted that there was
inhibition of both gill Na
+
and Ca
2+
uptake, and these disturbances were
more than additive (synergistic). To further assess the toxicological eects of
Pb and Cd mixtures over longer periods (5 days), whole body ion balance
was measured in sh exposed to a matrix of Pb plus Cd concentrations (10-
50nM Cd and 125-250nM Pb). Tere was no signicant ionic (Ca
2+
, Na
+
,
K
+
, Cl
-
) disruption after 5 days in whole body digests, despite sh mortality
throughout the experiment. Tese results suggest an alternate mechanism of
toxicity during longer-term Pb plus Cd exposure. Because ionic disturbances
in the whole body might be masked by uid shifts between the intracellular
and extracellular spaces, we are also conducting repetitive blood sampling
measurements in trout tted with dorsal aortic catheters. Tis will allow
us to examine how plasma ion concentration, and gas exchange might be
compromised during longer term Pb plus Cd exposure. Our whole body
ion results indicate that the synergistic eects of Pb plus Cd mixtures on gill
ion uptake may not result in lethal ionic disturbances over longer periods.
Tus, other modes of toxicity may be involved in the toxic responses of
trout to longer term Pb plus Cd mixture exposure. Tis research is funded
by NSERC MITHE-SN.
452 Synergistic Eects of Pb plus Cd Mixtures on Gill Function
in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). M.P. Wilkie, O. Birceanu,
J.C. McGeer, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada; P.L. Gillis, M. Chowdhury, C.M. Wood, Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Te Biotic Ligand Model (BLM)
predicts how metal binding to the sh gill (or similar epithelia in other
organisms) is inuenced by the metal concentration, cationic competition
and complexation by waterborne ligands such as natural organic matter.
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Te BLM approach has been successfully applied to single metal exposure
scenarios but few studies have addressed the eects of metal mixtures on
metal-gill binding and toxicity in shes. Two contaminant metals that can
be co-released into aquatic ecosystems as a result of mining and industrial
activities are Cd and Pb. Our goal was to understand the uptake and toxicity
of Cd and Pb mixtures in the context of developing predictive models
such as the BLM. We exposed rainbow trout to mixtures of Cd (<100
nmolL
-1
) plus Pb (<500 nmolL
-1
) and measured metal-gill binding and ion
(Na
+
, Ca
2+
) uptake in soft ([Ca
2+
]~100 molL
-1
), acidic water (pH 6.0)
characteristic of waters in the Canadian Shield. Because both metals were
thought to target a single population of gill Ca
2+
-channels, we predicted that
Pb plus Cd exposure would result in additive metal-gill binding (i.e. they
would compete for uptake sites). However, multiple metal-gill binding site
populations were identied for both metals, which included high anity,
low capacity binding sites, and lower anity, higher capacity populations.
At low concentrations, Cd plus Pb accumulation was less than additive
because Cd out-competed Pb for the common uptake site, presumed to be
a Ca
2+
-channel. Our observation that Cd alone, but not Pb alone, inhibited
Ca
2+
-inux supported this interpretation. Co-exposure to Pb, however,
exacerbated the Cd-induced inhibition of Ca
2+
-inux in a more than
additive manner (synergistic). Unlike Cd, Pb alone inhibited Na
+
-inux,
possibly via inhibition of intracellular carbonic anhydrase, which generates
H
+
for the gill Na
+
-H
+
transport system. However, Cd exacerbated this
Pb-induced inhibition of Na
+
-inux in a more than additive fashion. We
conclude that exposure to Pb plus Cd mixtures results in less than additive
metal-gill binding in soft, moderately acid waters, but that the subsequent
disturbances to ion uptake are more than additive. Such synergistic eects
may ultimately lead to greater toxicity in shes exposed to metal mixtures.
Te authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSERC MITHE-
Strategic Network.
453 Development and comparison of Acute Cadmium Toxicity
Prediction Models in Soft Water for Daphnia pulex and Hydra
Attenuata. M.S. Cliord, J. McGeer, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Te primary objective of this study was to
compare the eects of Cd toxicity to two freshwater invertebrate species.
Tis was accomplished by applying the biotic ligand model (BLM) approach
to develop Cd toxicity prediction models in soft waters for Daphnia pulex
and Hydra attenuata. Te acute eects of Cd on both D. pulex and H.
attenuata were assessed with standardized toxicity tests: for D. pulex the
immobility of neonates over 48-hour and for adult H. attenuata organism
degradation over a 96-hour period. For both species water chemistry
parameters of Ca
2+
, Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Cl
-
, pH, and dissolved organic matter
(DOM) were all varied in a controlled manner to determine the eects,
if any, on the Cd EC50. For both D. pulex and H. attenuata, increases in
Ca
2+
showed a protective eect, indicating a competition between Ca
2+

and Cd
2+
for the biological ligand. Mg
2+
proved to have similar protective
eects in D. pulex, although less pronounced, however this was not observed
with H. attenuata. Altering the concentrations of Na
+
, K
+
, and Cl
+
did not
have any eects on Cd toxicity to either organism. Solution pH had no
signicant eects on Cd toxicity to D. pulex, but did increase the sensitivity
of H. attenuata as pH increased. In both species, DOM complexation
decrease the bioavailability of Cd. Tese data sets were used to calculate
binding constants and produce BLMs for both species. Te application
of the BLM approach including the binding characteristics of Cd to the
organism, the signicance of organic and inorganic complexation as well as
the characteristics of cationic competition facilitated a better understanding
of the toxicological dierences between the two test species in their response
to Cd. Funding for this project provided by NSERC via a CRD grant
in association with ICA, ILZRO, NiPERA, CDA, IZA, Xstrata, Teck
Cominco, Golder Associates and Vale Inco.
454 Bioaccumulation Assessment for PBT assessment: Findings of
the Pellston PBT Workshop. A. Weisbrod, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati,
OH; W. deWolf, DuPont, Mechelen, Belgium; B. Escher, Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science & Technol, Dbendorf, Switzerland; F. Gobas,
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; J. Nichols,
U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN; K.B. Woodburn, Dow Corning Corporation,
Midland, MI. Tis talk summarizes the ndings of the bioaccumulation
working groups at the 2008 POPs Pellston Workshop, organized to
develop guidance on how nations can integrate state-of-the-art methods
and concepts in their search for persistent, bioaccumulative toxicants
(PBT). New and standard methods and their utility will be described in the
context of a tiered approach, recently developed by members of the SETAC
Bioaccumulation Scientic Advisory Group. In less than a decade, great
strides have been made in developing in silico and in vitro models to study
physiological and physico-chemical factors that inuence bioaccumulation.
When in vivo data are lacking, in vitro and in silico approaches are essential
for the prioritization and assessment of potentially bioaccumulative
chemicals. In vitro systems for estimating membrane permeability and
metabolism have been used in combination with in silico models to estimate
bioaccumulation for a number of model compounds. Te results of these
studies are highly encouraging, although additional work is required to
understand and expand the applicability domains of these methods so that
results are appropriately applied in assessments. Direct measurement of
bioaccumulation can be conducted in organisms collected from the eld or
exposed via water, diet, or soil/sediment in the laboratory. Te advantages
and disadvantages of such standard methods, non-standard tests, and data
from tests conducted for other purposes (e.g. avian toxicity) are described
in terms of how the results might be used to build a weight-of-evidence.
Data normalization and uncertainty aect data credibility and should be
called out in screening and risk proles. Finally, the groups recommended
that the criteria currently used to identify a bioaccumulative substance
should be revised to focus on biomagnication in a food-web, with the
most relevant criteria being the Trophic Magnication Factor (TMF) and
Biomagnication Factor (BMF). Te current metric, Bioconcentration
Factor (BCF), is a poor surrogate to indicate substances that biomagnify.
455 Bioaccumulation Assessment Research Activities and Role of
SETAC. C.E. Cowan-Ellsberry, Te Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati,
OH. Bioaccumulation data are used for hazard identication of chemicals,
PBT screening and risk assessment. Te cost of bioaccumulation testing
(e.g., OECD 305 guidelines), practicality issues (e.g. screening of large
chemical inventories) and animal welfare considerations have driven the
need for reliable in-vitro methods and bioaccumulation modeling as a
vital component of a bioaccumulation Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS)
for regulatory purposes. Te main focus of this presentation is to review
the history of bioaccumulation assessment - the past and current state of
science. Among the activities that will be described are the formation of the
HESI/ILSI Bioaccumulation project committee and its projects including a
series of workshops in 2006 to 2008, the ECVAM and CEFIC S9 method
development and pre-validation exercise and the role of the SETAC
Advisory Group on Advances in Bioaccumulation Assessment (BSAG) in
providing a platform for discussion and collaboration among researchers,
industry and government scientists. Te presentation will also include a
description of the recent advances in bioaccumulation assessment and plans
for obtaining acceptance of these improved approaches in the regulatory
evaluation of bioaccumulation.
456 In-vitro models for bioaccumulation assessment: uptake
and elimination. B. Escher, J. Kwon, Environmental Toxicology,
EAWAG, Dbendorf, Switzerland; J. Kwon, Ajou University, Wonchun-
dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea. Needs for low cost in vitro
methods are increasing because the number of new and existing chemical
substances highly exceeds the capacity of in vivo bioconcentration tests.
Because bioaccumulation/bioconcentration is a comprehensive process
including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME),
a linear combination of relevant rate constants can be used to determine
bioaccumulation potential. Passive diusion through aqueous boundary
layer is one of the most important processes determining bioconcentration
of hydrophobic chemicals. Tere are a variety of in-vitro systems available
for estimating ADME properties. Here we explore the applicability of these
in-vitro assays for estimating ADME input parameters for bioaccumulation
models in PBT assessmemt (P=persistence, B= bioaccumulation, T=
toxicity). Caco2 cell lines, the parallel articial membrane permeability
assay and related assays can only be applied for rather hydrophilic
chemicals and need adaptation for hydrophobic bioaccumulative chemicals.
Passive absorption and elimination through sh gills can be described
by a modied parallel articial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)
that is tuned to hydrophobic chemicals, for which resistance of overall
permeability is aqueous boundary layer controlled. In order to overcome
diculties associated with low aqueous solubility, polymeric passive dosing/
sampling phases were introduced. Te rate of permeation from the donor
poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) disk to the acceptor PDMS disk through
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aqueous and PDMS membrane boundary layers was measured. Te assay
time was short enough because we measured the increase in concentration in
the acceptor polymer phase with respect to time. Te measured permeability
values were very close to those predicted by literature in vivo elimination
rate and a theoretical bioconcentration model. Tus, permeability obtained
from PAMPA can be used to predict minimum in vivo elimination rate
when the metabolic rate is close to zero. Combination of the assay with in
vitro metabolic clearance rates would enhance the applicability of the assay
in the screening stage.
457 A review of in vitro techniques for the assessment of
metabolism in sh. S. Erhardt, Toxicology and Environmental Consulting
and Research, Te Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI. In order to
appropriately assess the diverse chemicals that require assessment under
current and new legislation (such as REACH), there is a need to develop
appropriate techniques to examine metabolism in sh. For example, current
methods for estimating bioconcentration factor (BCF) values are limited
to in silico assessments that use physical and chemical properties of the
compound such as water solubility and log Kow data for calculations, and
do not take into account ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion) processes within the sh. Tis presentation will provide a
tutorial on the current status of in vitro techniques currently in use for
the assessment of sh metabolism, such as the use of sh derived liver
subcellular fractions (S9, microsomes and cytosol), hepatocytes and whole
perfused organs such as liver, gut or gill. Te advantages and challenges of
each of these techniques will be discussed, and a review of ongoing research
to standardize and validate the use of subcellular fractions and hepatocytes
for the assessment of metabolism in sh will also be presented.
458 Ecological Factors Aecting Carotenoids in Alpine Lakes:
Implications for Ecotoxicology. A. Roberts, M. Kovach, B. Venables,
W. Waller, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas,
Denton, TX. Carotenoids are a family of pigments synthesized by plants,
algae, bacteria, and fungi. Carotenoids play an important role as powerful
antioxidants in aquatic animal physiology and have been implicated in
immune function, liver function, and reproduction as well as responses
to ultraviolet radiation. However, aquatic animals are unable to carry out
de novo synthesis of carotenoids and thus rely on other biota as dietary
sources. High levels of carotenoids in zooplankton and sh are found at
increasing elevations and their role in photoprotection as pigments has been
well documented. Our studies have focused on the antioxidant properties
of these compounds, and we have shown that a carotenoid-supplemented
diet and pigmentation can ameliorate the toxic eects of exposure to metals
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Populations of organisms containing
high levels of carotenoids in their diet, such as biota found in high elevation
lakes, may be less sensitive to stressors which result in oxidative damage
(including toxicants) than populations consuming low-carotenoid diets.
However, ecological factors such as predation pressure, temperature, and
source material can inuence the levels of carotenoids found in aquatic
organisms and, thus, stressors such as species introduction and climate
change may alter a populations sensitivity to anthropogenic chemicals.
Tis presentation will focus on the results of laboratory studies using
zooplankton fed carotenoid-enriched diets and eld studies carried out at
high elevation lakes in the Rocky (CO, USA) and Sierra Nevada (CA/NV,
USA) Mountain Ranges.
459 Multiple stressors and ecological surprises: interactions
among climate change, ultraviolet radiation and heavy metals in Rocky
Mountain streams. W.H. Clements, Department of Fish, Wildlife, and
Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; M.
Brooks, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, WY; D. Kashian, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; R. Zuellig, Colorado Water
Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO. Decreased discharge
and reduced stream depth associated with climate change in the Rocky
Mountain region will likely increase photooxidation of dissolved organic
materials (DOM), thereby increasing exposure of benthic communities to
ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Communities in many of these streams are also
exposed to metals from abandoned mines, the toxicity and bioavailability
of which are determined by DOM. We integrated surveys of 19 streams
with microcosm and eld experiments to investigate the inuence of DOM
on bioavailability of heavy metals and exposure of benthic communities
to UVR. We estimated that relatively modest (e.g., 25%) reductions in
stream depth and DOM concentration in early summer would increase
UVR penetration to the streambed by >2 X. Spatial and seasonal variation
in DOM was also related to stream discharge and signicantly inuenced
heavy metal uptake in benthic organisms. Qualitative and quantitative
changes in DOM resulting from exposure to sunlight increased UVR
penetration and toxicity of heavy metals. Results of microcosm experiments
showed that benthic communities from a metal-polluted stream were
tolerant of metals, but were more sensitive to UVR than communities from
a reference stream. Tese ndings support the hypothesis that responses
to multiple perturbations are often not additive, and that superimposing
stressors such as enhanced UVR on disturbed communities may result
in ecological surprises. Exclusion of natural UVR in the eld and from
outdoor stream mesocosms increased total abundance of mayies, stoneies
and caddisies by 18% -54%. Our ndings demonstrate the importance of
considering changes in regional climate and UVR exposure when assessing
the eects of local anthropogenic stressors.
460 Photo-enhanced Toxicity of Metallocyanide Compounds to
Aquatic Life. E.E. Little, R.D. Calfee, CERC, USGS, Columbia, MO.
Cobalt-bound cyanide is a possible product resulting from the cyanide-
treatment of ore for the extraction of gold. Tis strong metallocyanide
complex is thought to be stable in the environment and of low hazard
to aquatic life. However, the potential exists for the complex to photo-
dissociate in sunlight to give o free cyanide, which is the most toxic form
of the cyanide species that occur in ore processing wastes. We found that
cyanocobalt is more than 250 times more toxic to juvenile rainbow trout
with the amount lethal to 50% of the test population (LC50) of 0.4 mg/L
at the low ultraviolet irradiance levels common in shallow aquatic habitats
(4 W/cm2 as UVB) compared to an LC50 of 113 mg/L in the absence
of light. Te toxicity was immediately apparent, occurring within hours of
the onset of exposure, and was associated with increased concentrations of
weak-acid dissociable cyanide. Te organisms were unaected by exposure
to UV alone. Te presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aqueous
solutions signicantly diminished the toxicity of cobalt-bound cyanide.
Test organisms that vary in their tolerance to UV were aected similarly,
an indication that mortality was a result of photo-enhanced toxicity of the
metallocyanide complex itself rather than photosensitization to tissue-bound
cyanide.
461 Te Impact of Dissolved C60 Nanoparticles on the Photo-
induced Toxicity of Fluoranthene to Daphnia magna. J.T. Oris, X. Yang,
Zoology, Miami University at Oxford, Oxford, OH. Te rapid development
of nanotechnology is an emerging source of nano-sized particles (NSPs) in
aquatic ecosystems. Meanwhile, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
in the presence of ecologically relevant levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV),
can be acutely toxic to aquatic species including sh and invertebrates.
Considering that dissolved carbon-based NSPs (e.g., C60 fullerenes) may
act in similar ways as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by decreasing UV
and bioavailability of PAHs, the objective of this research was to determine
the eect of dissolved C60 on the photo-induced toxicity of uoranthene.
In our study we utilized a series of laboratory acute toxicity assays with
Daphnia magna to test the hypothesis that dissolved C60 acts in the same
was as DOC to reduce UV-induced toxicity of uoranthene in aquatic
ecosystems. Dissolved C60 solutions formed by overnight sonication were
mixed with uoranthene 5 days prior to testing. Median lethal times (LT50)
for uroanthene photo-induced toxicity to D. magna were determined
with and without dissolved C60 in test solutions. In these tests, dissolved
C60 was protective of photo-induced toxicity (up to 2-fold increase
in LT50) within a 48 hr period. We also utilized transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) to study the ultrastructure of the alimentary canal of
D. magna and explore toxicological mechanisms of the multiple stressors
C60, uoranthene, and UV. TEM micrographs indicated that the presence
of C60 protected cellular components (e.g., mitochondria, microvilli,
fenestration) in organisms exposed to UV. In conclusion, similar to DOC,
dissolved C60 plays an important role in the photo-protective process
against UV and the photo-induced toxicity of uoranthene.
462 Natural stressors and their inuence on PAH phototoxicity
in estuarine habitats: Lessons from shrimp and worms. J. Weinstein,
Biology, Te Citadel, Charleston, SC. Te shallow salt marshes and
associated tidal creeks of the southeastern U.S. are dynamic habitats that
experience cyclical uctuations in water quality, especially salinity and
dissolved oxygen. Organisms inhabiting these habitats must be able to
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physiologically and/or behaviorally adapt to these potentially stressful
conditions. In a series of laboratory-based studies, we examined the
inuence of these natural stressors on PAH bioaccumulation and toxicity
to several dierent species. In waterborne uoranthene exposures, salinity
(7.0, 13.9, 20.8, 28.1) had no eect on either bioaccumulation or
photoinduced toxicity in larvae of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio).
However, in oligochaetes (Monopylephorus rubroniveus), the highest
tested salinity resulted in decreased PAH bioaccumulation and increased
phototoxicity. Tese responses can be explained in terms of dierences
in the internal osmotic volume between these two species in response
to salinity uctuations. In sediment-associated uoranthene exposures,
dissolved oxygen (normoxic versus moderately hypoxic conditions) had
no eect on PAH bioaccumulation or mortality in the oligochaete (M.
rubrovieus). However, in the polychaete, Streblospio benedicti, moderate
hypoxia increased both PAH bioaccumulation and mortality, suggesting that
behavioral adaptations to compensate for lower dissolved oxygen resulted
in an increased uoranthene bioaccumulation. Collectively, the results from
these studies demonstrate that (1) both salinity and dissolved oxygen can
inuence PAH bioaccumulation and toxicity in some estuarine species and
(2) the responses of estuarine organisms to these combined natural and
anthropogenic stressors are largely species and taxa-dependent.
463 Male growing pains: Multiple stressor eects of methoprene,
permethrin and salinity on limb regeneration and molting in the mud
ddler crab, Uca pugnax. T.A. Stueckle, B. Shock, C.M. Foran, Biology,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. As human populations in
coastal areas enlarge, the number, type and frequency of pesticide inputs
into coastal marine habitats increase. Exposure to multiple stressors from
natural and anthropogenic sources poses a risk to sensitive crustacean
growth and developmental processes. Synthetic pyrethroid residues and
insect growth regulator application at low concentrations may result in
harmful mixture eects of these 2 pesticides depending on salinity regime.
We evaluated the potential for non-additive eects of a salinity, methoprene
and permethrin multiple stressor exposure on male and female U. pugnax
limb regeneration and molting processes by employing a central composite
rotatable design with multi-factorial regression. Male and female crabs
underwent single limb autonomy followed by a molting challenge under
one of 16 dierent mixture treatments plus controls. During the exposure
we monitored individual limb growth, major molt stage duration, abnormal
limb regeneration, and respiration. At 6 days post-molt we evaluated
changes in body mass, carapace width and body condition factor. Dorsal
carapace tissue was collected and underwent protein and chitin content
extraction to determine newly synthesized exoskeleton makeup. Our study
suggests chronic, low dose exposures to multiple pesticide stressors result in
less than additive eects on decapod growth processes with males displaying
increased sensitivity. At high permethrin concentrations and stressful
salinity regimes, males had a greater frequency of abnormal limbs. Under
increasing concentrations of methoprene and permethrin, males had more
protein in their exoskeletons and less gain in body mass, carapace width and
body condition compared to females. Female crabs displayed less gain in
carapace width than controls in response to methoprene and permethrin.
Male crabs had higher water-soluble exoskeleton protein content in response
to increasing methoprene and permethrin concentrations while females
exhibited an opposite trend. Females displayed elevated respiration rates at
all stages of molt suggesting a high metabolic rate. Sex dierences in growth
and tness could impact crustacean persistence and ecosystem function in
estuarine environments.
464 Hypoxia alters gene expression in the gonads of zebrash
(Danio rerio). D. Martinovic, D.L. Villeneuve, M. Kahl, L. Blake, J.
Brodin, G. Ankley, US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth,
MN. Te objectives of this study were to characterize gene expression
responses to hypoxia in gonads of mature zebrash (Danio rerio), and to
start characterizing modes of action by which hypoxia could potentially
alter reproduction. Adult male and female zebrash were maintained under
normoxia (7 mg O2/L), moderate hypoxia (3 mg O2/L), and severe hypoxia
(1 mg O2/L) for 4 and 14 days (n = 5 per sex per treatment) and changes in
gene expression in gonadal tissues were evaluated using a commercial 21,000
gene zebrash oligonucleotide microarray. Dierentially expressed genes
were determined using ANOVA (p < 0.05), and enriched gene ontology
(GO) categories (p < 0.01) identied using GeneSpring GX software. Short-
term (4 d) exposure to hypoxia aected expression of genes associated with
the initial adaptive responses such as: metabolism of carbohydrates and
proteins, nucleotide metabolism, haemoglobin synthesis, reactive oxygen
species metabolism, and locomotion. Prolonged (14 d) hypoxia aected
a suite of genes belonging to dierent GO categories: lipid metabolism,
reproduction (e.g., steroid hormone synthesis), and immune responses. Te
results of the present study demonstrate that reproduction likely would be
aected by hypoxia via multiple modes of action. Tese include previously
hypothesized mechanisms such as modulation of expression of steroidogenic
genes, and downregulation of serotonergic pathway. But, in addition to
these, we propose that there are multiple other points of disruption of
reproductive system function linked, for example, to reorganization of lipid
transport and other mechanisms involved in responding to hypoxia (e.g.,
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase alterations, downregulation of contractile
elements, etc.).
465 Interactions between hypoxia and endocrine disruptors
on gene expression in sh embryos. B. Cheng, A. McElroy, School of
Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY; L. White, K. Cooper, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Contaminated environments
often present multiple stressors to wildlife. In coastal systems receiving
both urban runo and sewage euents, aquatic species may be faced
with sewage-derived chemical contaminants as well as hypoxic conditions
due to excess nutrients and organic carbon loads. Estrogen and estrogen
mimics, hypoxia, and other organic contaminants can potentially act as
endocrine disruptors, making it important to understand their interactive
eects. At particular risk to the eects of these stressors are immature
organisms undergoing rapid development and sexual dierentiation in
shallow coastal ecosystems. We chose to evaluate the interactive eects of
hypoxia and endocrine disrupters in embryos of the zebrash Danio rerio.
We are examining expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER), aromatase
B, cytochrome P4501A, and hypoxia inducible factor 1 under normoxic
and hypoxic conditions with or without model agonists and antagonists
using Q-RT-PCR techniques. Zebrash specic primers for these four
genes as well as two housekeeping genes, -Actin and elongation factor 1
have been developed and characterized, and testing with model compounds
under varying environmental conditions is underway. As both hypoxia and
estrogen mimics can function on receptor-mediated pathways (ER gene
expression), enzyme-regulated pathways (P450Arom gene expression), or
require common response elements (Arnt), by examining co-expression of
these genes, we hope to reveal discernable patterns indicative of combined
and individual exposure to these common environmental stressors.
466 Transients in the north: interactions of migratory sh,
climate change, and contaminant accumulation in coastal Arctic lakes.
H. Swanson, K. Kidd, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New
Brunswick, Canada. Freshwater lakes on the coast of Nunavut, Canada,
are subject to a variety of stressors including climate change, deposition
of airborne contaminants from remote sources, and, increasingly, local
inputs of contaminants from resource extraction. Te unprecedented
pace of mineral development in the Arctic has created an urgent need to
understand and predict changes in contaminant concentrations in lakes
that will receive mining euents. Before this can be achieved, however,
we must rst understand how multiple stressors such as climate change
and species additions/deletions may interact to aect contaminant
transport and accumulation in these lakes. We studied food web structure
and concentrations of bioaccumulating metals (e.g., mercury, selenium,
rubidium) in a series of 6 lakes on the mainland coast of the Canadian
Arctic, some of which will be subject to metal mining euents. Tree
lakes contained populations of sea-run shes (sh that migrate between
marine and freshwater environments) whereas the remainder contained
only landlocked sh species. We found that the presence of a sea-run
sh species, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), altered food web structure
and contaminant accumulation such that the top predator sh, lake
trout (Salvelinus namaycush), had relatively lower trophic positions and
contaminant concentrations. Sea-run Arctic charr are extremely susceptible
to climate induced changes in temperature and stream ow and may be
extirpated from lakes as this region warms; considerable sh stranding in
migration corridors has already been noted in warm, dry years. Our results
indicate that climate-induced extirpation of charr from a lake may alter food
web structure and contaminant concentrations in top predators and increase
the risk to humans and sh-eating wildlife. We therefore suggest that species
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assemblage, and the eects of climate change on species assemblage, need to
be considered when creating discharge plans and models for contaminant
point-sources in coastal Arctic lakes.
467 Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Land-Applied biosolids.
N. Lozano, A. Torrents, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University
of Maryland, College Park, MD; N. Lozano, C.P. Rice, Environmental
Management and Byproducts Utilization Laboratory, ANRI, ARS-USDA,
Beltsville, MD; M. Ramirez, DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington
DC, WA. Antibacterial agents, such as triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban
(TCC), are common ingredients in many household and personal care
products and are known endocrine disruptors. Tere is a growing concern
about the emergence of such compounds in the environment and it has
been postulated that land application of biosolids could be a possible source.
Once discharged into a wastewater stream, these compounds are highly
persistent and have a high octanol-water partitioning coecients(log10
Kow 4.9 for TCC and for 4.8 TCS), therefore are known to accumulate
onto the sludge. Once released into the environment, these compounds
may undergo degradations and can be transformed into other potentially
toxic compounds including methyl triclosan, dioxins, chloroform, and other
chlorinated compounds. While it has been established that TCS and TCC
are present in the biosolids, to date, little information is available on their
concentrations in biosolids and their fate upon land application. In this
study the presence of both compounds (TCS and TCC) in the biosolids
from a waste-water treatment plant (WWTP-A henceforth) was studied
over a two year period by collecting samples every two months. Similar
concentrations for both compounds were found at mg/Kg levels. Te fate
of these compounds was studied by applying limed biosolids from the plant
to a small eld, 0.242 ha. Te application rate was 72.3 ton/ha and surface
samples were collected periodically over two years. Surface and deep core
samples were collected twelve moths after application. TCS and TCC were
found at approximately g/Kg concentrations one year after application.
Results suggest that the TCC is more persistent in the soils than TCS.
While initial concentrations were similar, twelve months after application
the TCC concentrations were approximately six times higher than the TCS
concentrations. Furthermore, signicant levels of Me-TCS were detected
one year after application, again suggesting a biodegradation of TCS. Te
results obtained in deep core samples suggest that there was no migration of
TCS and TCC from the surface to the lower soil layers, at least during the
rst year of application.
468 Fate and Transport of Biosolids-borne Triclocarban. E.H.
Snyder, G.A. OConnor, Soil and Water Science, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL; D.C. McAvoy, Environmental Science, Procter &
Gamble, Cincinnati, OH. Triclocarban (TCC) is an active ingredient in
antimicrobial bar soaps, a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical, and
a common constituent of domestic wastewater. Activated sludge treatment
readily removes TCC from the liquid waste stream and concentrates the
antimicrobial in the solid fraction (i.e. sludge). Te sludge is often processed
to produce biosolids intended for land-application. In a collaborative
project funded by USEPA, the Soil and Water Science Department at the
University of Florida and the Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) are
working to characterize the fate and transport of TCC in land-applied
biosolids. We rst quantied TCC concentrations (5-43 ppm) in 22
biosolids representing various treatment processes, and measured TCC
solubility (0.045 mg L
-1
) and log Kow (3.50.06) by HPLC/MS. In 2007,
we initiated a biosolids-amended soil biodegradation study using
14
C-
TCC. During the eight-month study, 2-4% of the spiked
14
C-TCC was
mineralized and RAD-TLC detected no intermediate degradation products.
In 2008, we initiated the rst of two earthworm TCC toxicity studies,
assessed indigenous biosolids-borne TCC partitioning in 14 biosolids (log
Kd: 3.1-3.9; log Koc: 3.6-4.6), and analyzed biosolids-amended soil column
leachates (0-3.3 ng TCC mL
-1
). Biosolids of known initial TCC content
leached <0.18% of applied TCC. We are currently utilizing HPLC/MS/
MS to analyze TCC concentrations in plant tissue collected from biosolids-
amended soil columns. Study data will ultimately contribute to a biosolids-
borne TCC environmental and human health risk assessment.
469 Evaluation of Mixtures of Triclosan and Triclocarban on
Simulated Estuarine Ecosystems. W.H. Palefsky, A.M. Peck, Skidaway
Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, GA. A combination of microcosm
and mesocosm experiments have been performed to evaluate the ecosystem
impacts of the antibacterial compounds triclosan and triclocarban
in estuaries. Te eects of these compounds on the abundance and
composition of bacterial, phytoplankton, and zooplankton communities
were studied in simulated microcosm (10 L) and mesocosm (300 L)
estuarine systems. Sevral funcitional endpoints were evaluated. Protein
synthesis activity measured as 14C-labelled leucine incorporation was used
to monitor bacterial community functional response. Primary production,
estimated by H14CO3 incorporation was used to assess the functional
response of the phytoplankton community. To estimate the functional
response of the zooplankton community a 14C-labelled prey uptake method
was utilized. Te results of these controlled experiments will be presented in
light of ongoing measurements of these antibacterial compounds in Georgia
coastal and estuarine waters.
470 No Eect of Triclosan on Tyroid-Mediated Metamorphosis
in X. laevis. D.J. Fort, Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, OK;
J.W. Gorsuch, GEMS, Webster, NY; L.T. Navarro, Ciba, Corp., High Point,
NC; R. Peter, J.R. Plautz, Ciba, Inc., Basel, Switzerland. Te anti-bacterial
agent, triclosan (TCS), was reported to modulate thyroid axis activity and
with supplemental hormone status accelerate development in precocious
premetamorphic Rana catesbeiana larvae. Our initial studies used a standard
metamorphosis anuran model to assess potential eect of TCS on normal
prometamorphic Xenopus laevis. Standard NF stage 51 X. laevis larvae
were exposed for 21 d via ow-through to four dierent concentrations of
TCS: <0.2 [control], 0.8, 3.1, 12.5, or 50.0 g TCS/L. Results indicated
that environmentally-relevant TCS concentrations did not alter the
normal course of thyroid-mediated metamorphosis in this standard anuran
model. However, to examine potential eects of TCS exposure during
premetamorphosis, and to examine eects of TCS exposure on thyroid
hormone (TH) metabolism via peripheral deiodinases on the metamorphic
process, a longer-term TCS exposure study was conducted. Standard NF
stage 47 X. laevis larvae were exposed for 32 d (ca. NF stage 59-60) via
ow-through to four dierent concentrations of TCS: <0.2 [control], 0.8,
3.1, 12.5, or 50.0 g TCS/L. Primary endpoints were survival, hind limb
length, body length (whole; snout-to-vent), developmental stage, wet whole
body weight, thyroid histology, thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations, TR
and type II and III deiodinase expression. Increased larval growth based
on whole body length (0.78, 12.5, and 50 g TCS/L), snout-vent length
(3.1 and 12.5 g TCS/L), and whole body weight (0.8, 12.5, and 50.0 g
TCS/L) was observed following 32 d TCS exposure. Reduced hind limb
length was found in larvae exposed to 50.0 g TCS/L for 32 d. In terms of
thyroid axis-mediated development, larval developmental stage at exposure
d 21 was not signicantly dierent from controls based on observed
parameters, and thyroid histology, TR expression, and deiodinase type II
and III expression were not aected by TCS exposure. Tyroid gland T4
and serum T3 levels in each of the TCS treatments were not dierent from
controls. Slightly decreased serum T4 levels were noted in larvae exposed
to 0.8 and 3.1 g TCS/L for 32 d. Although TCS exposure increased
larval growth which is generally consistent with reduced bacterial stressors,
the present study conrms that TCS does not alter the normal course of
metamorphosis in X. laevis.
471 Consequences of tetracycline exposure to stream periphyton
in an experimental mesocosm study. E.L. Quinlan, ORD/NERL/EERD/
ERB, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH; C.T. Nietch, ORD/NRMRL/WSWRD/
WQMB, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH; J.M. Lazorchak, ORD/NERL/
EERD/MIRB, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH; R. Griths, ORD/NRMRL/
LRPCD, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH. A signicant amount of ingested,
injected, and applied antibiotics are not metabolized but are excreted;
entering the environment via point and non-point sources. Tetracycline
and its derivatives are among the most extensively used human and animal
antibiotics. We examined the consequences of tetracycline exposure within
a stream periphyton community across a logarithmically dosed-series of
experimental mesocosms receiving water from the East Fork of the Little
Miami River in Milford, OH. Target in-stream tetracycline exposures
were based upon previously reported concentrations in streams and rivers
throughout the United States (<1 100 g L
-1
), and included a control.
Our results indicated signicant changes in the periphyton community
with in-stream tetracycline concentration as low as 0.5 g L
-1
, and eects
magnied in proportion with increased dosing rate, including decreases
in abundance of bacteria and algae, decreased bacteria productivity, and
compositional shifts in the algal community. An increase in bacteria
resistance to tetracycline was also observed at all doses. Recovery of the
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periphyton community ranged from days to several weeks depending on the
organism and dosing concentration. Although this work was reviewed by EPA
and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reect ocial Agency policy.
472 A Sensitive Method for the Analysis of
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in Fish. A. Kierkegaard, M.
Adolfsson-Erici, M. McLachlan, ITM, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
Sweden. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a high volume production
chemical that is widely used in personal care products. It has come under
recent regulatory scrutiny due to its environmental persistence and
susceptibility to bioaccumulation. To date the assessments have been based
on almost no environmental data due to the lack of analytical methods
with sucient sensitivity. Trace analysis of D5 has proven to be dicult, in
particular due to method blank problems caused by the ubiquitous presence
of D5 in high concentrations in air. Here we present a novel analytical
method for the determination of D5 in sh. Te method characteristics
include: large sample volumes; minimal exposure of the sample to air during
analysis; simultaneous homogenisation, extraction and clean-up; and clean
extracts. It exploits the hydrophobicity and volatility of D5, employing a
purge and trap extraction. After testing a wide range of materials, a closed
system was designed that minimized D5 carryover and blanks. Te choice
of sorbent allows the sample to be eluted in a small volume of solvent,
which, together with large volume injection, provides a high sample
concentration. Te method detection limit achieved was ~0.3 ng/g wet
weight, approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those reported
in the literature to date. With this method it should now be possible to
measure whether D5 bioaccumulates in the environment.
473 Environmental loadings of common antibiotics in surface
water environment of the Pearl River Delta Region, South China.
X. Li, W. Xu, Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, Te Hong
Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; W. Xu, G. Zhang,
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of
Geochemistry, Guangzhou 510640, China; S. Zou, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510250,
China. Pharmaceuticals in the environment are increasingly a matter
of global concern, with potential consequences for humans and the
environment. As the most populous country in the world, China has the
highest values of the production and consumption of many pharmaceutical
compounds, especially antibiotics. Recent studies have shown that the
antibiotic contamination in the aquatic environments of China is rather
serious. Te current study reports an investigation of the occurrences and
environmental loadings of common antibiotics in one of the fast developing
regions the Pearl River Delta in south China. Many antibiotics were
detected in the Pearl River near Guangzhou during the high (summer) and
low (early spring) water seasons with the concentrations up to 886 ng/l.
Some of antibiotic concentrations in the Shenzhen River, especially the
macrolides (range from 184 to 1340 ng/L) were much higher than other
locations. Te elimination of antibiotics in the typical sewage treatment
plants (STPs) was generally incomplete. Te total amount of antibiotics
being discharged into the receiving waters from the STPs reached up to
1820 g per day. Te antibiotics residues in the environment with ng/L level
may contribute to the widespread resistance of bacterial pathogens and post-
therapeutic eects.
474 Traditional and Alternative Endpoints of Paraben Toxicity to
Select Aquatic Organisms Utilizing Chemical Toxicity Distributions.
L.L. Dobbins, S. Usenko, B.W. Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor
University, Waco, TX. Parabens are widely used antimicrobial agents
found in many pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Parabens
are commonly employed as preservatives because of their low toxicity in
mammals. However, toxicity of parabens has not been established in aquatic
organisms that could potentially be exposed to parabens released into
aquatic systems even though in vitro screens have demonstrated parabens
as estrogen agonists. Standard acute and chronic toxicity responses were
evaluated in vivo with juvenile Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and
Daphnia magna. Acute toxicity was determined for seven dierent parabens
(methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, isobutyl, butyl and benzylparaben). LC50
concentrations ranged from 4.0 to 24.4 mg L-1 in D. magna and 3.3 to
102 mg L-1 in fathead minnow. Acute toxicity and chronic growth of these
parabens was inversely related to their Kow value in both the vertebrate
and invertebrate model; subsequently, in vivo toxicity using standardized
endpoints was attributed to narcosis. Additionally, to derive an alternative
endpoint of eects, adult, male fathead minnows were exposed to each
paraben separately for seven days. Vitellogenin induction and circulating
steroid levels in the plasma were analyzed as indicators of endocrine
function. Chemical toxicity distributions, a probabilistic hazard assessment
technique, were developed utilizing toxicity benchmark concentrations, to
assess the probabilities of nding parabens or other compounds with similar
modes of action that elicit a response (for both traditional and alternative
responses) at or below a given concentration. Distributions of traditional
responses demonstrated that at environmentally relevant concentrations
there is limited hazard of parabens to crustaceans and sh.
475 Reproductive disruption of shes by endocrine-active
wastewater euent. A.M. Vajda, E.M. Lopez, J.D. Woodling, D.O.
Norris, Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; J.L.
Gray, L.B. Barber, U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO. Surface waters
are increasingly dominated by municipal wastewater returns. Because
populations and water demands are rapidly increasing, many municipalities
must re-use wastewater or wastewater-dominated surface waters for
domestic purposes, including drinking. Te city of Boulder discharges its
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) euent into Boulder Creek. Tis
euent contains detectable levels of biogenic steroidal estrogens, synthetic
steroidal estrogens, and synthetic non-steroidal estrogens. White suckers
(Catostomus commersoni) were collected from the WWTP outfall and from
upstream reference sites. Gonadal intersex was identied in downstream
white suckers but not in reference white suckers. Te sex ratio was skewed
in favor of females at downstream sites, with males half as abundant
than at reference sites. Downstream male white suckers had decreased
testicular sperm abundance and signicantly elevated plasma vitellogenin;
downstream females had a smaller GSI and an asynchronous pattern of
ovarian follicular development. To determine whether this reproductive
disruption was attributable to endocrine-active wastewater contaminants,
we exposed adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to either
Boulder Creek water (Reference), 100% Euent, or a 50/50 mixture
of Reference and 100% Euent (50% Euent). Fish were maintained
under stimulatory environmental conditions for up to 28 days on-site
within a mobile ow-through exposure laboratory. Primary and secondary
sex characters were rapidly demasculinized upon exposure to 50%- and
100%-euent. Within 14-days of exposure, males exposed to 50%- and
100%-euent had signicantly fewer and less prominent nuptial tubercles,
signicantly less prominent dorsal fat pads, and decreased abundance of
sperm within the testes. Vitellogenin was maximally elevated in both 50%-
and 100%-euent treatments within 7 days, consistent with the hypothesis
that the reproductive disruption observed is likely due to endocrine-active
wastewater contaminants. Subsequent experiments demonstrate signicant
feminization of males exposed to as little as 25%-euent. Ongoing
investigations are examining impacts of exposure on the neuroendocrine
(catecholaminergic) regulation of reproduction.
476 Toxic Eects of 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene in the Western
Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis). C. McFarland, M. Bazar, M.
Quinn, M. Johnson, US Army / CHPPM, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD; L. Talent, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. Trinitrotoluene
(TNT) has been the most commonly used explosive since WWII. Te
primary reduction products (amino-dinitrotoluenes; A-DNT) often exceed
TNT concentrations in wet soils. Tese areas are often habitat for reptile
species. To understand whether environmental exposures of A-DNT
are toxic to reptiles, oral exposures of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene were
tested under controlled laboratory conditions in the western fence lizard
(Sceloporus occidentalis). Oral LD50 values (95% CI) in the Western
fence lizard for 2A-DNT in corn oil were 1406 (947, 2087) and 1867
(1076, 3237) mg/kg for male and female lizards. A 14-day subacute study
followed in which male lizards were orally dosed at 0, 15, 24, 38, 60, 95,
and 150 mg/kg-d. Mortality was 100% in the two highest dose groups, with
a non-dose response relationship and 0 to 17% mortality in the 0 to 60
mg/kg-d groups. Major clinical signs in the subacute study included light
to moderate yellow discoloration around the vent, depression / lethargy
and partial / complete anorexia, particularly in the high-dosed individuals.
Within 5-7 days many lizards in the 95 and 150 mg/kg-d groups became
moribund necessitating euthanasia. A dose-response relationship in loss
of body mass was found in the 15 to 60 mg/kg-d groups. Based on results
from the subacute study, a subchronic 60-day experiment followed with the
dose groups 0, 5, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg/kg-d. At day 60 survival was 42%,
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with loss of all lizards in the two highest dose groups. Days of survival, food
consumption, and change in body weight were all inversely related to dose.
Signs of toxicity, though very similar to the subacute study, were more subtle
in the subchronic study and are best characterized clinically by anorexia
and generalized, progressive cachexia. Kidney and splenic enlargement
were noted at gross necropsy in many moribund kill lizards. Additional
information relevant to the subchronic study will also be presented.
477 Heavy metal accumulation and its eect on blood parameters
and immunity of turtles. S. Yu, R. Halbrook, D. Sparling, T. Trimble,
Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Te Paducah Gaseous
Diusion Plant (PGDP) is owned by the Department of Energy (DOE)
and began operations in 1952 to produce enriched uranium for commercial
power reactors. Previous research and biological monitoring programs at
the PGDP have reported environmental contamination associated with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals. Tere is potential for
these contaminants to accumulate in wild species inhabiting the PGDP
and surrounding areas. Aquatic turtles inhabiting ponds near the PGDP
may be good biomonitors of environmental contaminants. Te objective
of this study is to measure concentrations of chromium (Cr), cadmium
(Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) in turtles collected from ponds
located near the PGDP, as well as evaluating the relationship between
contaminant burdens and blood proles and T-cell mediated immunity.
Hoop traps were set in six ponds near the PGDP during June to August,
2007. Blood was collected from red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)
and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina), the turtles
were necropsied, and concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Cr were measured in
liver, kidney, and muscle tissue. Blood hematocrit, heterophil:lymphocyte
ratios, and index of immune response (PHA test) were measured. Te
mean concentration of Cu was greatest in kidney (15.918 g/g dw), and
was 7.943 g/g and 5.501 g/g in liver and muscle, respectively. Te mean
concentrations of Cr (36.63 g/g) and Pb (1.45 g/g) were greater in muscle
than in liver (Cr = 4.46 g/g, Pb = 0.1 g/g) or kidney (Cr = 3.533 g/g, Pb
= 0.067 g/g). Te mean (range) blood hematocrit, heterophil:lymphocyte
ratios, and PHA test, was 25.6 (20 to 28.4), 0.641 (0.208 to 0.987), and
0.077 mm (-0.36 to 0.42 mm), respectively. Te concentrations of Cr
and Pb were negatively correlated with hematocrit. However, neither the
heterophil:lymphocyte ratios or PHA test appeared to be correlated with
heavy metal concentrations.
478 Toxicity of Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Pesticides to Snapping
Turtles Eggs (Chelydra Serpentina). S. deSolla, P. Martin, Environment
Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Many
reptiles oviposit in soil, including agricultural landscapes. We evaluated
the toxicity of nitrogenous fertilizers,atrazine, and a complex mixture of
pesticides and fertilizers simulating those associated with corn production
in Ontario,to snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) eggs. Eggs were also
exposed in vegetable gardens to simulate realistic exposures,and in the
laboratory in covered bins so as to minimize loss of volatile compounds.
Compounds or mixtures were applied at typical eld application rates,
and at 10 times these rates. Hatching success, deformities and body size
were evaluated for all exposures, whereas for the atrazine exposure gonadal
development was also evaluated. Neither urea nor ammonium nitrate had
any impact upon hatching success or development in the exposed vegetable
garden, despite overt toxicity of ammonium nitrate to endogenous plants.
Both laboratory exposures resulted in reduced hatching success, lower body
mass at hatching, and reduced post-hatching survival compared to controls
at the highest concentrations. A complex mixture of pesticides(atrazine,
glyphosate, dimethamid, teuthrin) and ammonia did not aect turtle
development at typical application rates, although at higher rates caused
100% mortality in both laboratory and eld exposures. For the atrazine
only exposure, some males with testicular oocytes and females were
produced in the atrazine-treated groups (3.33.7%) but not in the control
group, although no statistical dierences were found among treatments.
Future work may focus on the accumulation of pesticides in eggs from soil
exposures.
479 Conservation Genetics and Evolutionary Toxicology of
Gopher Tortoises on an Army Base. C. Teodorakis, N. Villotti,
Environmental Science Program, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville,
Edwardsville, IL; C. Teodorakis, J. Rotter, A. Hay, C. Smith, Biological
sciences, Southern Illinois University Ewdardswille, Edwardsville, IL;
S. Adams, Envrionmental Science Disvision, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Treatened and endangered species often
exist as scattered metapopulations because of habitat fragmentation.
Metapopulations often exhibit extinction-recolonization and source-
sink dynamics. Genetic analyses could not only be used to identify
potential source and sink populations, but, when combined with GIS and
landscape analyses, could identify potential dispersal corridors necessary
for sustaining metapopulations, as well as habitats that are critical foci of
genetic biodiversity and are a priority for conservation. Te objective of
this study is to assess of genetic diversity and gene ow of gopher tortoises
(Gopherus polyphemus) on Camp Shelby, MS. Analyses were carried out
using mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphics and microsatellite size
polymorphisms. Spatially explicit population genetic and phylogeographic
analyses were used to determine relative levels of genetic diversity (within
and between populations) and gene ow in the context of geographical
position within Camp Shelby. Gopher tortoises were captured from twenty
colonies in and around Camp Shelby in various habitat types with various
levels of military activity. Te analyses indicated that level of military
activity and habitat can aect the amount of genetic diversity within, and
gene ow between in gopher tortoise populations on Camp Shelby. Tere
were also complex interactions between habitat type and military activity
in terms of gene ow and genetic diversity. Tese patterns could be due to
alterations in patterns of dispersal, population dynamics & demographics,
mutation rates, or extinction/recolonization. Dierent genetic patterns were
found using the nuclear microsatellites, a mitochondrial microsatellite, and
mitochondrial coding genes. Tese dierences could be attributable on the
basis of dierential rates of evolution, mutation, and dispersal among loci
and between sexes.
480 Grizzly bears provide insight into the fate of POPs in food
webs. J. Christensen, P. Ross, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British
Columbia, Canada; J. Christensen, P. Ross, University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada; M. MacDuee, Raincoast Conservation Society,
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; R. Letcher, National Wildlife Research
Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Pacic salmon deliver environmental
contaminants that are persistent and bioaccumulative to British Columbia
grizzly bears, while terrestrial foods provide the bears with contaminants
that are considered less bioaccumulative in aquatic food webs.. Pattern
changes for persistent contaminants (e.g. PCBs) from prey to predator is
often used to infer metabolic biotransformation by the predator, and is
used to characterize food web-associated biomagnication. Because of their
closed loop hibernation (i.e. no eating, drinking or defecation), grizzly
bears may oer important insight into the mechanisms underlying the
accumulation (and loss) of persistent contaminants in biota and in food
webs. We estimate that grizzlies readily depurate as much as 90% of PCBs
through processes that can either be attributed to metabolism (governed
by cytochrome P450 enzymes) or to other forms of excretion (governed
by the octanol-water partitioning coecient or Log ko/w). Metabolic
biotransformation explained 40% of PCB depuration, while excretion
was responsible for 60%. Tese results have important implications
for the interpretation of metabolic processes in biota and contaminant
biomagnication in aquatic food webs.
481 Combining noninvasive techniques to investigate the
exposure of individual river otters to environmental contaminants. D.
Guertin, A. Harestad, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada; M. Ben-David, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY; J. Elliott,
Environment Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada. Degradation of
aquatic ecosystems by anthropogenic contaminants is a signicant threat to
North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations. Nonetheless,
monitoring the exposure of wild otters to environmental contaminants
is dicult due to their elusiveness and the intrusive nature of traditional
sampling techniques. To examine contaminant threats to marine-foraging
river otters in southwestern British Columbia, we measured chlorinated
hydrocarbon residues in river otter feces (scat) collected from marking sites
(latrines) located along industrial regions of the coast in 1998 and 2004.
In both years, geometric mean concentrations for total polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) measured in scats collected from inside Victoria
Harbor, BC exceeded 9 mg/kg lipid weight (lw); a published criterion
for reproductive eects in mustelids. In addition, levels measured in scats
collected from adjacent Esquimalt Harbor, BC exceeded the no observable
eects level of 4 mg/kg lw. Such levels, however, would be detrimental
only for those individuals that inhabit the harbors exclusively. In this study,
108 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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we investigated the potential of combining fecal DNA ngerprinting with
fecal contaminant analysis in order to examine the eect of spatial and
temporal landscape use on contaminant exposure of individual otters. Of
893 scats collected, 110 were successfully genotyped representing 68 unique
individuals with a probability of identity of 1 in 357,143. Of those, 23
individuals were captured multiple times. All scat samples from recaptured
animals (n = 61) will be analyzed for contaminants and concentrations
compared for individuals in and around the harbors. Our goal is to combine
noninvasive fecal DNA and contaminant analyses to assess contaminant
exposure of individual river otters, thus improving inference to local
populations.
482 Integrating EMS and biocontrol with pesticide-sensitive
Australian marsupials in the management decisions for locust control.
P. Story, Australian Plague Locust Commission, Australian Commonwealth
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian
Capital Territory, Australia; P. Story, W.A. Buttemer, K. Fildes, Biological
Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales,
Australia; M.J. Hooper, Institute of Environmental and Human Health,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; L.B. Astheimer, School of Health
Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales,
Australia. Te Australian Plague Locust Commission (APLC) manages
locust populations across 2 million square kilometres of eastern Australia
using the aerial application of chemical and biological agents to protect
agricultural production. Unfortunately the environmental impacts resulting
from the exposure of native grassland agro-ecosystems to pesticides have not
been quantied and this scarcity of information on the eects of pesticides
on Australian native vertebrates constrains the development of biologically
relevant risk assessments. Te question of whether endemically old and
unique Australian vertebrate fauna display high sensitivity to pesticides
provoked examination of the acute oral toxicity of the organophosphorus
pesticide, fenitrothion, for the fat-tailed dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata
(Gould 1844) and the stripe-faced dunnart, S. macroura (Gould 1845).
Tese species were found to be 10-14 times more sensitive to fenitrothion
than any other mammal (unpublished data). Tis higher than expected
sensitivity of Australian marsupials to pesticides emphasises the importance
of adequately evaluating the risks of pesticides on non-target species likely
to be exposed, particularly when these species are phylogenetically distinct
from those used in studies of pesticide sensitivity originating in North
America or Europe. Birds and mammals are routinely exposed to pesticides
during locust control and it is important to extrapolate these laboratory
experiments to the eld. To meet legislated due diligence obligations the
APLC is engaged in targeted collaborative environmental research and has
developed an ISO-aligned environmental management system to ensure
research results can be incorporated into its operational environment.
Te use of the bio-pesticide, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Green
Guard) is now critical for Australian locust control where spray operations
overlap with environmentally sensitive areas. Green Guard is being
incorporated into threatened species recovery plans and is an important tool
for locust control going forward
483 Lethality of PCB mixtures on avian embryo development.
M. Ottinger, T. Carro, M. Bohannon, A. Schlappal, K. Duy, A. Schafer,
K. Davani, M. Strauss, N. Tompson, E. Lavoie, K. Dean, Animal and
Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. In ovo exposure
of the developing avian embryo to PCBs is linked to lethality at higher
level exposures and species specic toxicity and sublethal eects. Tere are
potential dierences in the sensitivity of avian species to the toxicological
impacts of the PCBs. Several avian species were studied for their response
to selected PCBs early in embryonic development. Developing tree swallow,
eastern bluebird, and American kestrel embryos were treated with PCBs
at approximately 15% of embryo development; all eggs were checked for
viability thereafter. Injections were made into a small hole was drilled into
the shell at the air cell; treatment was applied using a Hamilton Pipet with
a total injection volume of less than 1l/egg. Treatment groups/species
included untreated control, vehicle control, and a range of PCB doses. Birds
were hatched in the laboratory and sacriced at day 0. Tree swallow and
eastern bluebird eggs from free-living adults were collected at several sites for
use in this study. American kestrel eggs were obtained from a captive colony
of adult birds. Lethality was recorded at intervals during development by
regular candling of eggs, which were monitored through to pipping and
hatching. Tere were dierences between species in lethality for the PCBs
tested. Further analyses are underway to understand these dierences and
to characterize possible mechanisms. Acknowledgements: Supported by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife and the Hudson River Natural Resource Trustees.
484 Declining PCB Exposures Continue to Have Sublethal Eects
on Black Guillemot Chicks at Saglek, Labrador. N.M. Burgess, Canadian
Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland,
Canada; T.A. Sheldon, T.M. Brown, Environmental Sciences Group, Royal
Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. PCBs contaminated marine
sediments in Saglek Bay, Labrador, adjacent to a military radar site several
decades ago. In 1999, studies at Saglek documented sublethal PCB impacts
on organ development as well as the endocrine and immune systems of
black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) nestlings. Since then, the source of PCB
contamination has been remediated and PCB levels in marine sediments
have declined rapidly. We returned in 2007 to assess any changes in PCB
exposure in guillemot chicks and explore related changes in sublethal
eects. Geometric mean PCB concentrations in the livers of black guillemot
chicks were signicantly lower in 2007 than in 1999, and showed the same
spatial pattern: highest PCB levels in chicks close to the contaminated
Beach, moderate levels in chicks from Islands 6 km from the Beach, and
the lowest levels in chicks from the Reference area 18 km from the Beach.
Despite these declines in PCB levels, chicks from the Beach and Island
groups continued to show immune suppression in 2007, as indicated by the
PHA skin test. Male guillemot chicks had decreasing thyroid hormone T4
concentrations in plasma with increasing liver PCB levels in 2007, as they
did in 1999. However, liver retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations
were unrelated to PCB concentrations in 2007, in contrast to a negative
correlation found in 1999. Forthcoming results from other biomarkers will
also be discussed. Te signicant declines in PCB concentrations in the
guillemot chicks since 1999 are encouraging, but current PCB levels are still
causing sublethal eects in chicks up to 6 km away from the contaminated
Beach.
485 Te Inuence of Environmental Variables on Peruorinated
Chemicals found in Riverine Systems. R.J. Fauver, N. Nibbelink, J.T.
Peterson, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of
Georgia, Athens, GA; A.T. Fisk, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental
Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada; G. Tomy, K.
Pleskach, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Peruorinated chemicals (PFCs) are a
unique group of chemicals, repelling both oil and water, which makes them
attractive for both industrial and municipal uses, such as industrial cleaning
uids, re ghting foams, and stain guard for carpets and fabrics. As a
result of their widespread applications, PFCs have been detected in biotic
and abiotic samples around the globe. We aim to determine predictable
environmental variables that inuence the concentration of PFCs in riverine
systems. Water samples were collected from 12 locations in southeast
Georgia during high (spring) and low (fall) ow seasons and analyzed for
nine peruorinated compounds including peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
and peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) two commonly detected chemicals.
Te relationship between PFCs and urban land-use, municipal point
source discharges in the watershed, and seasonal variables (e.g., water
temperature and conductivity) were assessed using hierarchical models.
Concentrations of PFCs in the water column ranged from 0-65 ng/L, which
was below the chronic toxicity level of the most sensitive aquatic organisms
(1200 ng/L). However, these concentrations were near, and sometimes
exceeded, the chronic toxicity level for resident piscivorous birds (50 ng/L).
Te concentrations varied substantially between seasons indicating that
concentrations to which wildlife were exposed uctuated through time.
PFC concentrations were strongly and positively related to urban land-use
in the watershed. Our predictive model can be used by managers to protect
wildlife and preserve water quality.
486 Spatial Distribution of Peruorinated Compounds in the
Aquatic Environment. C. Kwadijk, P. Korytr, B. Koelmans, Wageningen
IMARES Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, IJmuiden,
Netherlands; B. Koelmans, Wageningen University, Aquatic Ecology and
Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen, Netherlands. Te spatial
distribution of peruorinated organic compounds (PFCs) in the fresh-
water environment has been studied in water, sediment and eel from 20
locations that cover major rivers, lakes and canals in the Netherlands. PFCs
were detected using HPLC-MS/MS. Lipids are known to interfere with the
analysis. A modied procedure was followed in order to deal with high lipid
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content of the eel samples. Peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected
in all samples and was the dominant PFC in all eel and most sediment
samples. While peruorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) was only detected in 16
of the 20 water samples, it was the dominant PFC found in 13 of those
samples. PFOS, peruorononanoic acid (PFNA) and peruorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) were the only PFCs to be detected in all sediment samples. For
the water, only PFOA and PFOS were detected in all samples while PFOS,
peruorodecanoic acid (PFDcA), and peruorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS)
were the only PFCs to be detected in all eel samples. With the levels found
in sediment, water and biota, it appears that concentrations in surface
waters in the Netherlands are among the average levels reported for other
regions. Chemical proles and sedimentwater as well as eelwater ratios
are calculated and interpreted in order to derive hypotheses on underlying
processes that govern PFC distribution and fate.
487 Persistent Peruorinated Compounds in the Ganges River
Basin and Some Other Regions of India. L.W. Yeung, P.K. Lam,
Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
Afghanistan; L.W. Yeung, N. Yamashita, S. Taniyasu, National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan;
R.K. Sinha, Environmental Biology Laboratory, Deaprtment of Zoology,
Patna University, Patna, INDIA; D.V. Borole, Geological Oceanography
Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, INDIA;
K. Kannan, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and
Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University
of New York, Albany, NY. Persistent peruorinated compounds (PFCs),
have received worldwide attention in recent years. Despite studies reporting
global occurrence of PFCs, there has been no study on PFCs in Indian
environment. Te Ganges River is one of the longest rivers (2500 km) in
the world and has very wide watershed (840000 km2) which is densely
populated. Comprehensive environmental samples including river waters
and biota were collected from India in 2008. Samples were collected
from Goa, a city with only primary production (agricultural and shing);
Coimbatore, a cosmopolitan city with textile and agricultural industries; and
Chennai, a typical modern urban city with a wide range of industries. Water
samples from dierent sources (rivers, lakes, sea water, tap water, and waste
water) were analyzed using solid phase extraction method, and the target
analytes were separated and quantied by HPLC-MS/MS. Among 21 PFCs
determined, only 11 of them could be detected in some of the samples. No
PFDS, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFBS could be detected in any water samples
from Goa (<0.083-<0.167 ng/L), and only one sample (Ooty lake) from
Coimbatore contained 0.692 ng/L PFOS. For Chennai, one coastal water
did not contain either PFOS or PFHxS, whereas all the other water samples
contained both PFOS (Cooum River: 3.13 ng/L; Tap: 8.29 ng/L) and
PFHxS (Cooum River: 0.776 ng/L; Tap: 81.2 ng/L). No long chain PFCs
(C11-18) could be detected in any of the water samples (<0.083-<0.167
ng/L). Seawater sample from Chennai contained trace amount of PFOA
(0.691 ng/L), whereas Goas water did not contain any PFCAs. Wastewater
from Goa and Chennai only contained a trace amount of PFHpA (0.74-
2.52 ng/L). PFOA was the most abundant PFCA and it was found in 88%
of the river water/lake water samples (<0.0833-23.1 ng/L), 75% of the
tap water/ground water samples (0.0833-2.36 ng/L), 33% of the seawater
samples (<0.083-0.691 ng/L).
488 Exploring Peruorochemical Bioaccumulation: Noncovalent
interactions of long-chain peruorocarboxylates with bovine serum
albumin. H. Bischel, R.G. Luthy, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA; L.A. MacManus-Spencer, Chemistry,
Union College, Schenectady, NY. Peruorochemicals (PFCs) are
persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds that have emerged
as environmentally signicant anthropogenic chemicals due to their
detection globally in water, air, sediment, and biota samples. Accumulation
of peruorocarboxylates (PFCAs) with greater than seven uorinated
carbons occurs in liver and blood of aquatic organisms. Te dierences in
bioaccumulation patterns between PFCAs and lipophilic persistent organic
pollutants have brought into question the appropriateness of using octanol-
water partition coecients (K
ow
) for PFCA bioaccumulation modeling.
Recent studies propose that PFCA-protein interactions likely contribute
to PFCA bioaccumulation. Binding interactions between PFCAs with
seven and eight peruoroalkyl carbons and the model protein, bovine
serum albumin (BSA), were studied via equilibrium dialysis over a range
of substrate concentrations. Selective diusion of free PFCAs through a
dialysis membrane allowed for the quantitation of the free and bound PFCA
concentrations by LC-MS/MS. Tese experiments were used to determine
dissociation constants (K
d
) for PFCA-BSA complexes, which were in
the low micromolar range. Further analysis of noncovalent PFCA-BSA
interactions by automated nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry
(nanoESI-MS) demonstrated intact protein-ligand complexes. A serum
protein dissociation constant is useful to more accurately characterize the
bioaccumulative potential of long-chain PFCAs and as a tool for estimating
the in vivo bioavailability of PFCAs.
489 A novel method for the analysis of uorinated alkyl
compounds in sh llets and sh whole body tissues. C. Jacoby,
K.R. Lindstrom, M.E. Ellefson, M.D. Malinsky, W.K. Reagen, 3M
Environmental Labs, St. Paul, MN. New methodology, employing the
elements of cryogenic precipitation of matrix components and solid phase
extraction, was assessed for accuracy and precision using solvent calibration
versus matrix-matched calibration for the quantitation of uorinated alkyl
compounds in sh llets and sh whole body tissues. Several dierent
species of sh were tested, including Catsh, Largemouth Bass, Bluegill, and
Carp. Peruorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs; ranging from C4-C12), the C4,
C6, and C8 peruorosulfonates (PFSAs) and peruorooctancesulfonamide
(FOSA) were quantied using this method. Data accuracy and precision
of 100 () 25% was demonstrated for most compounds over the 0.100
10,000 ng/g range in sh llet and sh whole body tissues. Eective
removal of matrix interference was demonstrated by this analytical
technique when measuring trace levels of target analytes in the presence
of ppm levels of other more prevalent target analytes, in sh and other
aquatic biota tissues, using either solvent calibration or matrix matched
calibration curves for quantitation. Method validation elements, including
range of linearity, determination of LLOQ, intra- and inter-day accuracy
and precision, and method robustness will be reported. In addition, data
generated from real-world samples will be presented.
490 Meeting the need for human and environmental Standard
Reference Materials (SRMs) certied for peruorinated contaminants.
J.M. Keller, S. OConnell, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC; W.K. Reagen, 3M Company,
Maplewood, MN; C.M. Butt, S. Mabury, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; D. Muir, Water Science and Technology Directorate,
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; M.M. Schantz,
Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, MD; A.M. Calafat, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are
homogeneous, well-characterized materials that may be used to validate
measurement methods. SRMs certied for peruorinated compounds
(PFCs) will be extremely valuable to the analytical community, as
inter-laboratory comparisons focused on PFCs have shown substantial
disagreements among laboratories, indicating that some methods need
improvement. NIST, in collaboration with other laboratories, are measuring
background concentrations of several peruorinated compounds (PFCs)
in a variety of existing environmental and biological reference materials,
including human serum (SRMs 1957, 1958), human milk (SRMs 1953,
1954), sh tissue (SRMs 1946, 1947), mussel tissue (SRMs 1974b,
2977), sediments and sludge (SRMs 1941b, 1944, 2781), house dust
(SRM 2585), bovine liver (SRM 1577c), and marine mammal liver
materials. Measurements are made in at least two dierent laboratories with
divergent extraction and liquid chromatography separation methods. All
methods employ tandem mass spectrometry for quantication. Reference
concentrations and analytical methods employed will be presented for
selected SRMs. Preliminary results are currently available for some SRMs
from one laboratory, with average PFOS concentrations (consisting of only
the PFOS ion, excluding the mass of any salts received in the original neat
standard) at 21 ng/g (SRM 1957), 17 ng/g (SRM 1958), and 0.15 ng/g
(SRMs 1953 and 1954). Te second most abundant PFC in the serum
SRMs was PFOA, while most other compounds were below detection limits
in the milk SRMs. Trough the development and use of these SRMs, we
anticipate that analytical measurements and methods for PFCs will improve
for a variety of matrices.
491 Temporal Concentration Variations of volatile and semi
volatile polyuorinated Compounds at two Sites in northern Germany.
A. Dreyer, C. Temme, R. Ebinghaus, Institute for Coastal Research,
Department of Environmental Chemistry, GKSS Research Centre,
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Geesthacht, Germany. Volatile and semi volatile polyuorinated substances
such as uortelomer alcohols (FTOH), uorotelomer acrylates (FTA),
peruorinated alkylated sulfonamides (FASA), or peruoroalkylsulfonamido
ethanols (FASE) are precursors of persistent peruorinated compounds such
as PFOS or PFOA and might contribute to the contamination of remote
regions due to their transport over long distances. Here we report gaseous
and particle concentrations of polyuorinated precursor compounds in
air samples taken twice a week at two sites near Hamburg, Germany over
a period of 14 months. Analyte concentrations were determined with an
optimized method using GC-MS and mass labelled internal standards.
Temporal concentration variations of (semi-)volatile polyuorinated
compounds were observed. Meteorological parameters as well as air mass
back trajectories were used to explain the obtained results.
492 Peruorinated Acids in Lake Ontario Trout: 1997 2007.
A. De Silva, J. Small, M. Williamson, S. Backus, D. Muir, Water Science
and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada. Since 2000, PFOSF(C8F17SO2F) based products have been
phased out while uorotelomer (FT) based production has increased.
We hypothesize that these production changes would result in declining
PFOSFs and increasing FT degradation products, the peruorinated acids
(PFAs), in Lake Ontario trout. Previous temporal trend studies (Martin et
al 2004; Furdui et al 2008) had insucient samples post 2001 to address
this issue. Annual (1997 2007) samples of lake trout from Lake Ontario,
collected as part of the National Fish Contaminants Monitoring and
Surveillance Program (NFCMSP) of Environment Canada, were analyzed
for PFAs including the carboxylate PFAs: (F(CF2)xC(O)O-), PFOA
(x = 7), PFNA (x = 8), PFDA (x = 9), PFUnA (x=10), PFDoA (x=11),
sulfonate PFAs: (F(CF2)ySO3-), PFHxS (y= 6), PFOS (y = 8), PFDS (y
=10) and PFOSA (F(CF2)8SO2NH2). Te sample set comprised of 8
sh/y from Port Hope-Coburg (PHC), Port Credit (PC) and Niagara-
on-the-Lake (NOTL). PFOA was detected in 18% of the samples (mean
0.4 ng/g), evidence of its low bioaccumulation potential in sh. PFNA,
PFDA, PFDoA, and PFOS were statistically higher in PHC compared to
PC (ANOVA with Tukey test). Linear regress. indicated signicant PFDA-
PFUnA correlation (p<0.001, r2 0.878, slope = 0.647) and a weaker but
statistically signicant (p<0.001, r2 0.54 - 0.77) correlation between other
carboxylates. Consistent with Furdui et al., 2008, PFOS correlated with
PFDS (p<0.0001), but not PFOSA. PFAs were not associated with sex
(p>0.5, t-test) nor age (p>0.4) except for PFDS and age (p = 0.01, r2 0.28).
Te PIA statistical tool (Bignert, 2007) was used to study temporal trends
of log transformed concen. PFUnA had a 10 y doubling time (p<0.03)
with means in 97 and 07 of 2.6 and 5.3 ng/g in trout. No signicant
trends were observed in other carboxylates (means: 2.1 ng/g PFNA, 2.3
ng/g PFDA, 0.72 ng/g PFDoA). PFOSA decreased over time (T1/2 4 y,
p<0.02) with mean 97 and 07 concen. of 7.2 and 1.1 ng/g. From 00
07 both PFDS (p<0.03) and PFHxS (p<0.05) had T1/2s of <3 y and 6 y,
respectively. Despite a major 2000 PFOSF production phaseout, a PFOS
doubling time of 10 y in trout was noted with means of 75 and 151 ng/g in
97 and 07.
493 Analysis of the Homologous Series of Peruorocarboxylates
Peruorobutanoate (C4) through Peruorododecanoate (C12) from
American Red Cross Adult Blood Donors, 2006. G. Olsen, Medical
Department, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN; D. Mair, North Central
Region, American Red Cross, St. Paul, MN; M. Ellefson, W. Reagen,
Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN. In a recent
study of American Red Cross adult blood donors (Olsen et al. ES&T
2008), peruorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and peruorooctanoate (PFOA)
concentrations declined approximately 60% and 25%, respectively, in the
plasma of 600 male and female subjects, collected in 2006, compared to
the serum concentrations reported in 645 non-paired adult blood donors
whose samples were collected in 2000-2001. Tese percentage declines
were consistent across age (20 69), sex, and the six blood donor centers
of Boston, MA; Hagerstown, MD., Charlotte, NC., Mpls-St. Paul, MN.,
Los Angeles, CA., and Portland, OR. Analysis of serum samples collected
from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) (Calafat et al., Environ Health Perspect 2007) has
suggested that, unlike PFOS and PFOA, peruorononanoate (PFNA)
had higher (100%) serum concentrations in the U.S. general population
in 2003-2004 than 1999-2000. Te second phase of the American Red
Cross research study protocol was designed to analyze the 2006 plasma
samples for the homologous series of peruorocarboyxlates from the
C4 (peruorobutanoate, PFBA) through C12 (peruorodoecanoate,
PFDoA). Sample extraction was accomplished using protein-precipitation
with solid phase-extraction columns. Te nal eluates were analyzed using
high-pressure liquid chromatography interfaced with a triple-quadrupole
mass spectrometer. Plasma concentrations will be presented by age,
sex, and location, and also compared to a sub-sample from the 2000-
2001 American Red Cross serum data that were analyzed concurrently
with the 2006 samples. Study results will be discussed in context with
the known pharmacokinetic properties of this homologous series of
peruorocarboxylates.
494 Grasse River Activated Carbon Pilot Study: An Overview.
C. Patmont, P. LaRosa, Anchor Environmental, LLC, Seattle, WA; L.
McShea, Alcoa Inc., Pittsburgh, PA; U. Ghosh, University of Maryland
Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD. Te lower Grasse River is currently
under a sh consumption advisory due to elevated PCB concentrations in
sh. As part of the investigation of potential remedial options to reduce
PCB levels in sh, Alcoa with support from the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the Department of Defense, is currently
conducting the Grasse River Activated Carbon Pilot Study (ACPS). Initial
laboratory studies demonstrated that mixing activated carbon into surface
sediments successfully sequesters PCBs, and is eective in reducing PCB
bioaccumulation in benthic organisms and reducing release of bioavailable
PCBs into the water column. Te ACPS is being conducted to verify both
that activated carbon can be successfully placed into the targeted treatment
zone (surface sediments) and that the bioavailability of PCBs within lower
Grasse River sediments can be eectively reduced at the eld scale. Te
study protocol included both application and mixing of activated carbon
into the surface sediments and direct application (no mixing) of activated
carbon. Te ACPS began with land-based equipment and laboratory
testing, continued with eld-scale testing of alternative placement methods,
and culminated in fall 2006 with a eld demonstration of the more
promising activated carbon application and mixing methods to a 0.5-acre
pilot area within the lower Grasse River. Te ACPS includes a detailed
2-year post-implementation physicochemical and biological monitoring
program to evaluate the longer-term eectiveness of the treatment and
potential applicability to the Grasse River and other sediment cleanup
applications. Tis paper presents an overview of ndings from the ACPS
eld demonstration. Te project successfully applied activated carbon to
surface (top 15 cm) sediments in the pilot area. Delivery resulted in small-
scale variability of activated carbon distribution within the sediments, which
appears to be declining over time as a result of bioturbation processes.
No construction water quality impacts were observed. Te study includes
an assessment of potential impacts to the benthic community which
is currently underway. A companion paper (Beckingham et al. 2008)
discusses promising bioavailability reductions observed to date. Additional
monitoring of the ACPS area will be conducted in 2008.
495 Modelling the fate and bioaccumulation of PCBs in sediment
before and after activated carbon amendment. D. Werner, School of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom;
X. Sun, U. Ghosh, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD. A mass
transfer model is presented that couples sediment geochemistry with PCB
bioaccumulation by the benthic invertebrate, Lumbriculus variegatus.
Tis model accounts for PCB intraparticle mass transfer, desorption
and adsorption by dierent particle types, and uptake by the benthic
invertebrates through two pathways, dermal absorption, and sediment
ingestion. Te model was evaluated by laboratory experiments using eld-
contaminated sediments that were characterized for PCB concentration,
PCB desorption rate, and equilibrium partitioning behavior. Te biological
parameters: dermal uptake coecients, depuration rates, sediment ingestion
rates, and uptake eciencies, were measured independently. Te model
was tested for its ability to predict changes in PCB aqueous concentrations,
PCB uptake by semipermeable membranes and PCB bioaccumulation by
lumbriculus variegatus from eld-contaminated sediments before and after
amendment with activated carbon to reduce PCB availability. For most PCB
congeners, the modeled results and measured values agree within a factor of
three. Tis model broadly agrees with the experiment data and can be used
to predict changes in the geochemistry and bioaccumulation of hydrophobic
organic compounds by the benthic organisms in sediments with known
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geochemical characteristics and under dierent sorbent amendment
scenarios.
496 Predicting the Behavior of PCBs in Activated Carbon-
Amended Sediments. C. Chang, B.E. Joel, Center for Urban Waters,
University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA; U. Ghosh, Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore
County, Baltimore, MD. Traditional in situ contaminated sediment clean-
up methods are often complex and demonstrate a poor understanding of
the relationship between sediment geochemistry and bio-availability. As an
alternative to traditional methods of cleaning up sites with contaminated
sediments, several investigators have proposed adding granular activated
carbon (AC) in situ. AC has a stronger sorption capacity for hydrophobic
organic contaminants (HOCs) than do ocs of the same size and organic
carbon content. However, organic contaminants sorb more slowly to
AC (i.e., have smaller mass transfer coecients) due to the relatively low
porosity and higher partitioning coecient (K
AC
). Over long time scales,
a majority of HOCs will be sequestered in the activated carbon. However,
in the absence of coagulation in a dynamic erosional and depositional
environment, the initial HOC distribution in the sediment and the
relatively slower sorption rate for activated carbon are the dominant factors
controlling the distribution of HOCs in the water column. Te interaction
time becomes a very important issue under conditions when activated
carbon does not have enough time to adsorb or compete with other organic
particles. Te above analysis considers the case where amended activated
carbon does not interact with natural sediments or other aquatic particles to
form ocs. We found that the lower porosity and higher settling velocities
of activated carbon relative to natural organic carbon result in lower steady-
state activated carbon concentrations in the water column and longer
times to sorptive. In AC-amended sediment, the total water column HOC
concentration signicantly decreases than the AC absent run. Further,
when AC aggregates with sediment particles, this occulated AC has the
same physical properties as the oc, resulting in a slower settling velocity,
longer residence time, and higher AC-associated HOC concentration in
the water column. Comparing scenarios in which activated carbon and
natural sediment particles do or do not coagulate with rate-limited HOC
partitioning, the steady state total suspension solid concentration decreases
by 34%, total PCB 52 concentration in the water column increases by
nearly 4 fold, and the water column HOC residence time increases by 37%.
497 Bioaccumulation of PCBs in sediment by the polychaete
Neanthes arenaceodentata and eects of activated carbon amendment.
E.M. Janssen, R.G. Luthy, Civil & Environ. Eng., Stanford University,
Stanford, CA; M. Croteau, S.N. Luoma, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo
Park, CA. Previous studies of activated carbon amendment to sediment have
shown reduction in PCB bioavailability to aquatic invertebrates. Reduced
bioavailability is benecial for ecological recovery. Among the invertebrates,
sediment-dwelling organisms are especially at risk to accumulate persistent
hydrophobic organic contaminants. Tis study presents results of PCB-
bioaccumulation by Neanthes arenaceodentata, a deposit-feeding polychaete
with contaminated sediment before and after activated carbon amendment.
A biodynamic model describes the accumulation of PCBs as a mass
balance of the rates of PCB-uptake from sediment, elimination and the
organisms growth. A previous study showed one-month activated carbon
amendment contact with sediment reduced PCB bioaccumulation by N.
arenaceodentata by 82 %. In order to apply a biodynamic model we need
to identify the species-specic physiological parameters. In this study, we
determined these physiological parameters for N. arenaceodentata. Long-
term exposure studies were performed with contaminated sediment before
and after activated carbon (AC) treatment. Te sediment was collected
at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Parcel F (San Francisco Bay, CA). Te
AC treatment was performed in the laboratory with a contact time of 30
days. After the exposure to sediment, worms were transferred to PCB-
free silica sand to monitor changes in PCB body burden without further
PCB uptake. Stable isotope analyses were performed in collaboration
with the USGS (Menlo Park, CA) to estimate the ingestion rate (IR) and
assimilation eciency (AE) of PCBs from ingested sediment. We found that
N. arenaceodentata has a rapid PCB bioaccumulation rate, not reaching
equilibrium after 28 days of exposure. Our results reveal that it is essential
to account for the growth rate of N. arenaceodentata to establish valid
uptake and elimination rates. Te growth rate is signicant because it has a
dilution eect on the worms tissue PCB concentrations. Te physiological
parameters established for N. arenaceodentata will allow the modeling
of bioaccumulation and the estimation of ecosystem recovery after AC
treatment. Te modeling framework can ultimately be used to evaluate
contaminant uptake for the assessment of various site conditions.
498 Attenuation of the Surface Activity of Chars by Natural
Substances in Soil. J.J. Pignatello, S. Kwon, Y. Lu, Soil and Water,
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT. Pyrolyzed
organic materials (activated carbon, charcoal) have been considered for
reducing the bioavailability of hazardous chemicals in soil and sediment.
Freshly-formed, such materials are highly microporous, which renders them
strongly adsorptive. Natural soil substances, however, may attenuate their
surface activity over time by competing for adsorption sites or blocking
pores. We examined the eects of weathering of a wood charcoal in soil
on its surface/pore characteristics and adsorption of selected compounds.
Bioavailability models assuming either thermodynamic control (biotic
response rate limiting) or kinetic control (desorption rate limiting) will be
introduced to illustrate the impact of char amendment on bioavailability.
We nd that the strong adsorptive properties of char are attenuated over
time by interaction with soil substances especially humic substances.
Weathering in a soil-water suspension or treatment with humic acid
or triglycerides representing soil humic lipids dramatically reduced the
N2 total surface area of char, but had a much weaker eect on CO2
cumulative (0 1.4 nm) surface area. Sorption of aromatic compounds was
suppressed in proportion to molecular size, the opposite trend predicted
by thermodynamic competition models. Te strongest suppression (up
to 100) is for large molecules (e.g., phenanthrene) when char particles are
coated with humic acid or humic-metal ion ocs. Te results are explained
by assuming humic substances are restricted due to their size mainly to
external surfaces (as opposed to internal pore surfaces), where they compete
for sites ordepending on temperatureblock pores. N2 molecules are
blocked at pore throats due to the inexibility of humic strands at 77 K. At
higher temperatures (273 K for CO2, 293 K for organics), humic strands
are exible, allowing adsorbates better access to pore networks. Te counter-
intuitive molecular size dependence is due to a molecular sieving eect: as
the adsorbate increases in size, it is more and more restricted to external sites
where competition from humics is strongest. Overall the results suggest that
surface activity attenuation over time must be considered when evaluating
the utility of carbonaceous amendments in soil/sediment. Te dramatic
reduction of TSA by weathering means that N2 is a poor probe gas for
weathered char particles.
499 Activated Carbon Amendment for In Situ Remediation
of PAH, PCB and Dioxin: Field Trials in Soils and Sediments. G.D.
Breedveld, E. Eek, A. Oen, G. Cornelissen, Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute, Oslo, Norway; G. Cornelissen, ITM, Stockholm University,
Stockholm, Sweden. A novel and innovative remediation technique is
used in pilot trials in the eld, for the rst time in Europe. Tis technique
is amendment with activated carbon that binds organic contaminants so
strongly that they cannot be taken up in organisms or transported to other
environmental compartments. Earlier, we showed the eectiveness of AC
amendment in the laboratory. In the laboratory it was shown that AC
amendments of 2 wt-% reduced freely dissolved porewater concentrations
by a factor of 10-50; reductions of uptake in organisms were around a factor
of 5. Tis presentation will describe the results of eld trials in Trondheim
Harbour (sediment, 2007-2008) and Drammen (soil, 2007-2008). In 50 x
50 m pilot eld plots, AC was applied on a harbor sediment in Trondheim
and an urban soil in Drammen. Both granular and powdered AC were
tested. On the sediment, two additional placement methods were tested:
AC:bentonite slurry as well as powdered AC capped with 5 mm sand to
protect against erosion. Methods were developed/applied for placement
of the AC, physical monitoring (distribution of AC in the sediment/
soil), chemical monitoring (porewater concentrations and diusion
from the sediment/soil) and biological monitoring (biodiversity and
bioaccumulation). Te developed methods will be presented, as will be the
results of the pilot studies.
500 Role of Apatite in Manipulation of Metal Bioavailability in
Soils and Sediments. A.S. Knox, Savannah River National Laboratory,
Aiken, SC. Researchers have reported that apatite, a calcium-phosphate
mineral, immobilizes Pb and other ions such as Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, Ba,
U, and T in contaminated media. Immobilization of these elements occurs
due to precipitation, adsorption and isomorphic substitution. Commercially
112 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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available phosphate materials, representing >95% of the phosphate
production in the country, were evaluated for suitability in the remediation
of contaminated soils and sediments. Biogenic apatite (sh bone) contained
signicantly lower metal impurities than processed and mined rock
phosphate and was appreciably more soluble (logKsp of -45.2 for biogenic
apatite compared to -57.0 for the mined rock phosphate samples). Rock
phosphate and biological apatite eectively removed metals from both fresh
and salt water and exhibited high retention (80% or more) of most metals
indicating reduced potential for metal remobilization. Modeling studies
showed that active caps composed of rock phosphate have the potential
to delay contaminant breakthrough due to diusion by hundreds of years
or more compared with passive caps composed of sand. A sequential
extraction was conducted on the solid phase from soils and sediments
amended with rock phosphate (apatite) to evaluate metal retention and
bioavailability. Addition of apatite (from 2.5% to 10%) signicantly
reduced the Potentially Mobile (Bioavailable) Fraction (PMF) but increased
the Recalcitrant Factor (RF) for several elements, especially Pb, Zn, Co,
Cd, Cr, Ni, and U with the highest shifts in metal mobility observed with
the highest dose of amendments. Addition of 10% apatite to the sediment
resulted in about a 40% reduction in the PMF values of Co, Cd, Pb, and
Zn. Tese results indicate that rock phosphate is suitable for remediation of
metal contaminated soils and for inclusion in active caps designed for the
remediation of sediments contaminated with metals.
501 Reduction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Cucumber fruits
by Activated Charcoal Amendment in Soil and a Phytoavailability
Assessment. I. Hilber, G. Wyss, P. Mader, Research Inst. of Organic
Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland; L. Vogt, I. Meier, R. Schulin,
Environmental Sciences, Inst. of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich, Switzerland;
T. Bucheli, Agroscope Reckenholz Tanikon (ART), Zurich, Switzerland.
Although organochlorine pesticides (OCP) are banned nowadays, residues
can still be present in soils and taken up by crop plants, especially by
Cucurbitaceae. One intervention approach would be to enhance the
binding capacity of aected soils to immobilize OCP residues in order to
prevent their uptake by the crops. As a strong sorbent material, we tested
powdered activated charcoal (AC) and mixed it at concentrations of 0, 200,
400, and 800 mg/kg into a soil that had been contaminated with OCP in
past eld applications. We also wanted to assess OCP sorption by Tenax
beads in soil as a predictor for the phyto-availability of these compounds to
cucumbers. We performed two pot experiments, one in 2006 and a replicate
under improved temperature and soil wetness in 2007. In these experiments
cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was grown in a eld soil with residues mainly
consisting of dieldrin (70 g/kg). To measure the uptake of dieldrin,
cucumbers were harvested once they were ripe. OCP extractions with Tenax
were performed at various times during growth and after harvest to elucidate
i) a possible correlation between the OCP in soil and cucumber fruits, ii)
the alteration of the binding of OCP in an AC-soil, and iii) the possible
increase of the phyto-available fraction of OCP as a result of cucumber root
exudates and plant growth. Dieldrin concentrations in the cucumbers were
signicantly reduced in the treatments with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg AC
soil in 2006. In 2007, dieldrin uptake was generally much lower than in
2006, and no reduction in dieldrin uptake by cucumbers was observed in
AC amended soil. Te Tenax-extractable dieldrin was reduced by the AC in
both years whereas there was no (2007) or no signicant correlation (2006)
between Tenax-sorbed dieldrin and its accumulation in the cucumbers. Tis
means that Tenax extractability reected a dieldrin fraction reacting with
AC but did not adequately indicate the phyto-availability of dieldrin. It
appears that cucumbers can take up a rather immobile dieldrin fraction that
does not readily react with AC and is not available to sorption by Tenax.
We suggest that this is a bound residue fraction of dieldrin that is released
by reaction with specic cucumber root exudates and taken up by the roots
immediately after being released.
502 Combining Engineering and Biology in a low-impact In-Situ
Treatment System for Sediments. C. Menzie, B. Henry, Exponent Inc.,
Severna Park, MD; U. Ghosh, University of Maryland at Baltimore County,
Baltimore, MD; C. Gilmour, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center,
Edgewater, MD. Tis paper describes a low-impact delivery system (referred
to as SediMite) for introducing treatment agents such as activated carbon
to sediments. Te work is the result of a Small Business Innovative Research
(SBIR) grant from USEPA and has been further supported by grants from
NIH and ESTCP. SediMite is a granular material that can be delivered
from the water surface, sinks to the sediments, and becomes incorporated
into the sediments in a manner that targets the biologically mixed layer.
Te treatment materials are therefore delivered to the zone that is most
important. And, the delivery system does not require extensive mechanical
mixing or injection of materials into the sediments. Te laboratory
results from bench-scale treatment will be presented. Tese include an
evaluating of the dierent agglomerate mixtures, measuring the settling
and breakdown characteristics of the agglomerates, evaluating agglomerate
toxicity to benthic organisms, measuring bioturbation-driven mixing of
the agglomerates into surcial sediments with natural benthic invertebrate
communities, and treatment for PCBs and methyl mercury. Te plan for
several demonstration projects will be presented.
503 Development of Cellulosic Biofuels. C. Somerville, Energy
Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA; C. Somerville,
Plant & Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley,
CA. Tere is growing attention on the transition from a fossil-fuel-based
energy economy to a balanced portfolio relying more upon renewables
and cellulosic or algal biofuels. Tis talk will summarize the methods
and technologies to produce environmentally benign transportation fuels
from non-food biomass (cellulosic biofuels). Research is being pursued in
four categories related to exploring the opportunities for production of
cellulosic biofuels feedstock development, biomass depolymerization,
biofuels production, and the socio-economic impacts of cellulosic biofuels
development. Tis involves identifying the most suitable species of plants
for use as energy crops, and improving methods of breeding, propagation,
harvesting, storage and processing of biomass to next-generation fuels. A
central objective is to ensure that this is done in a sustainable way without
negative impacts on food production or the environment.
504 Ecological Dimensions of Biofuels Production. C.S. Duke,
Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC; R. Pouyat, USDA Forest
Service, Baltimore, MD; W. Parton, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins,
CO. Biofuels production is expanding rapidly in the United States and
elsewhere, but the environmental benets and costs of various sources
have not been fully explored. For example, planting of corn, currently the
largest source of ethanol in the U.S., can lead to increased fertilizer use,
return of land in conservation programs to production, and conversion
of marginal lands to high-intensity cropping. Tese bring with them
environmental problems including persistent pest insects and weeds,
pollution of groundwater, greater irrigation demands, less wildlife diversity,
and the release of more carbon dioxide. Responding to such concerns
requires an assessment of the sustainability of alternative biofuel production
systems to develop systems that can meet demand with the least amount
of environmental damage. Te Ecological Society of America (ESAs)
Position Statement on Biofuel Sustainability, see http://www.esa.org/
pao/policyStatements/Statements/biofuel.php), articulates three ecological
principles for sustainability of biofuels production: systems thinking (the
complete picture of energy production and consumption), conservation
of ecosystem services, and scale alignment of agricultural management
at the individual farm, regional, and global level. To explore this issue
in more detail, ESA convened a conference on Ecological Dimensions
of Biofuels on March 10, 2008 in Washington, DC. Te conference
addressed the potential sources of biofuelsagriculture and grasslands,
rangelands, forests, and municipal wastesand encompassed private sector
and socioeconomic perspectives. Speakers discussed the development of
sustainable bioreneries, eects of biofuels development on land use and
biodiversity, and environmental consequences of a global-scale biofuels
program. A concluding presentation addressed the links between ecological
perspectives and public policy on biofuels. Following the conference, a
workshop explored these issues further and developed recommendations for
future research. Workshop participants are preparing reports for scientic
journals and the public, which will be made available on the conference web
site as they are completed. Tis paper will discuss the position statements
principles for sustainability and will summarize the conclusions and
recommendations of the workshop to date.
505 Infrastructure and Life Cycle Implications of Biofuels. H.
Matthews, C.T. Hendrickson, Civil/Environmental Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; W. Grin, Engineering and Public
Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Te combination of
current and planned 2007 US ethanol production capacity is 13 billion
gal/yr, one third of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
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(EISA) target of 36 billion gal of biofuels by 2022. Tese levels of biofuel
production present a problem that the US has not had to consider for
many years the prospect of building a new fuel delivery infrastructure
to ensure cheap and secure transportation fuel. Te petroleum delivery
infrastructure, including a pipeline system, developed over the past
100 years is not generally compatible with ethanol. Tus pursuing the
cheapest infrastructure system for ethanol would require constructing new
pipelines. In this paper, we summarize several ongoing studies to evaluate
transportation and infrastructure requirements for use of various ethanol
blends in light-duty vehicles using a combination of corn and cellulosic
ethanol. Ethanol distribution is modeled using a linear optimization model.
Estimated average delivered ethanol costs, in 2005 dollars, range from $0.53
to $0.70 per liter ($2.0 - $2.6 per gallon), depending on transportation
distance and mode. Emissions from ethanol transport estimated in this work
are up to an order of magnitude greater than those in previous ethanol LCA
studies and thus lead to larger total life cycle eects. Long-distance transport
of ethanol can negate potential economic and environmental benets
relative to gasoline. To reduce costs, we recommend regional production and
delivery concentration of E85 blends for future ethanol production and use.
506 Economic and Social Impacts of Biofuels. D. Zilberman,
Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA. Te impact of biofuels on greenhouse gas emissions, the
environment, consumers, and producers varies by feedstock, production
location, method of processing, and energy use in production. Because of
the heterogeneity of biofuel impacts, they need to be evaluated according
to a coherent methodology. Life cycle analysis has become the canonical
method for judging biofuels. By this measure, sugar ethanol in Brazil is
far superior to corn ethanol in the US. But this measure is incomplete. It
ignores the environmental impacts of biofuels, including polluting inputs,
increased demand for scarce water resources, the conversion of land, and the
loss of biodiversity. When viewed from the standpoint of the environment,
diversion of US corn crop to energy production seems far better than
destruction of rainforest in Brazil to make room for sugar ethanol. Likewise,
impacts on consumersand not just energy consumersare relevant in
assessment of biofuels. So too are impacts on producers. Life cycle analysis
is also limited in that it inputs parameters into an equation that produces
a given level of carbon emissions based on the assumptions imposed by the
parameters. It is well suited to study of industrial processes, but may need to
be adapted for modeling agricultural systems characterized by heterogeneity,
non-point source pollution and uncertainty. Traditional LCA says nothing
about future performance or scale eects, ignores economic forces, and
cannot address changes in market conditions. Changes in the prices of
various sources of energy, for instance, could induce ethanol producers
to shift to cleaner natural gas or solar energy or to relatively dirty coal. A
carbon tax, for instance, could improve the carbon benets of ethanol by
18% by shifting production to cleaner fuels that become relatively cheaper
with the imposition of a tax. Policies that regulate carbon emissions will
increase demand for biofuels and shift to cleaner biofuels. But these policies
must not ignore the wide-ranging impacts of biofuels, including impacts
on food supplies and food prices, as well as biodiversity. Te development
of a viable biofuel industry requires more than carbon benets and
environmental benets. Tere must also be benets for consumers and
producers to encourage adoption. Te coordinated adoption needed to
establish biofuels may warrant policy intervention.
507 Using LCA to set fuel taxes can it work. E. Johnson, Atlantic
Consulting, Gattikon, Switzerland. Four European countries (Germany,
the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK) are planning to tax biofuels
according to their carbon footprints. Te EU has picked up the idea as well,
and so has the US federal government. To qualify for tax relief or subsidy,
a biofuel must have carbon footprint 20-40% lower than the reference
petrofuel it putatively substitutes. Great idea, perhaps, except in practice,
the governments disagree as to which fuels qualify. North American ethanol
from corn (maize), for instance, clearly qualies under one system, barely
qualies under another and fails to qualify under yet another. Palm methyl
ester, sugar beet ethanol and wheat ethanol, too, are both clear winners
and clear losers under various systems. Te disagreements appear to stem
mostly from the use of conicting LCA methods. Can these methodological
conicts be resolved? If not, the implications are: confusion in biofuels
markets, cynicism among consumers plus an upswing in lobbying and
lawsuits. Tis issue is important, not only because the developed worlds tax
relief and subsidies to biofuels reached $15 billion in 2007, but also because
precedents set here surely will apply to carbon certication schemes for
other products and services.
508 Biofuels and Lessons Learned from MTBE: Comprehensive
Environmental Assessment. J. Davis, A.A. Rooney, A.S. Howard, ORD/
NCEA-RTP, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment (CEA) grew out
of experience with the fuel additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),
which was intended to improve air quality but had negative impacts on
water quality. CEA combines a life cycle framework with the risk assessment
paradigm to provide a more holistic perspective for evaluating emerging
issues such as potential environmental impacts related to biofuels. Starting
with the product life cycle, CEA examines the potential for releases of
contaminants to dierent environmental media at various stages of the life
cycle. Transport and fate processes are also considered, particularly with
regard to the formation of secondary by-products and the movement of
both primary and secondary pollutants through the environment. All such
pollutants are pertinent in CEA exposure characterization, which aims
to encompass net increases and decreases in exposure proles for biota as
well as human populations. Ultimately, possible eects on ecosystems and
human health need to be considered based on exposure potential. CEA may
incorporate life cycle assessments (LCAs) but is more qualitative and less
constrained to quantitative analyses than conventional LCAs; it also relies
on formal methods to obtain expert and stakeholder collective judgments
in the face of complex and uncertain information. Furthermore, CEA lends
itself to comparative evaluations of alternatives. Examples of environmental
issues related to biofuels that would be evaluated through the CEA approach
are illustrated here, along with some discussion of how CEA can provide
input to regulatory and policy decision-making. Disclaimer: Tis abstract
does not necessarily represent U.S. EPA policy
509 Building a Life-Cycle Impact Framework to Support
Decision-Making for Alternative Biofuels. T.E. McKone, School of
Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; T.E. McKone,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; A. Horvath, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Successful deployment of biofuels requires research to overcome technical
barriers in the path from sunlight to fuels through both biological systems
and industrial infrastructure. However, there are other barriers that can
often impose constraints more challenging than those related to technical
feasibility. Addressing the worlds need for near-term, cost-eective, and
reliable technologies for biofuels requires research to address in parallel
the technical, social, economic, and environmental barriers. Te specic
aims of this presentation are to describe a framework to study and
characterize the life-cycle health, environmental, resource and economic
impacts and performance of the various pathways from biomass to fuel
use. Te particular focus is on cellulosic biofuels. Tis eort includes
methods development, data collection, information management, and
decision-support tools. Here we consider (a) components of the biofuel
infrastructure and assess compatibility of biofuels with existing pipeline,
storage tank, dispensing equipment, materials, etc.; (b) how to carry out an
overall life-cycle assessment (LCA) of human health and ecosystem impacts
for chemical emissions from the agricultural, processing, transportation,
storage, distribution, and use stages of biofuels; (c) data needed to estimate
life-cycle impacts of transportation fuels; and d) how to develop and apply
methods for identifying, characterizing, and reducing key uncertainties in
both impact factors and cost factors used in the overall LCA.
510 Comparative Environmental Impact of Biofuel Feedstocks. V.
Tomas, D. Choi, D. Luo, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. A number of feedstocks for
cellulosic biofuels could have the potential for large-scale production in
the United States, including wood waste and forest residues, switchgrass,
miscanthus, eucalyptus, hybrid poplar, loblolly pine, and energy sorghum.
Focusing primarily on the feedstock from growth up to the processing gate,
we compare the fossil fuel, greenhouse gas, fertilizer, and land use impacts
for these feedstocks, as well as for corn and sugarcane. Te analysis will
include scenarios of biofuel land use, including cropland and forestland, and
the rst-order land use changes associated with alternative feedstock choices.
511 Mercury in birds and mammals. R.F. Shore, Centre for Ecology
& Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom; D.R. Tompson, National
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Institute of Water & Atmosphere Research NIWA Ltd, Wellington, New
Zealand. Mercury is a biologically non-essential heavy metal that occurs
naturally in the environment and as a result of anthropogenic emissions.
It occurs in various forms in the environment, of which methyl-mercury
is the most stable and bioavailable toxic form to which higher vertebrates
are widely exposed. We review published studies and relate data that
report dietary intake and/or tissue and egg residues of total mercury (or
specically methyl mercury) to adverse eects in laboratory and wild birds
and mammals. Using this information, we dene dietary intakes and tissue
and egg concentrations that are indicative of lethal and sub-lethal eects and
explore the extent to which we can calculate species-sensitivity curves for
dierent endpoints. Tis review augments the earlier edition of this work
(Tompson, 1995) by incorporating new data and understanding gathered
over the last 12 years.
512 Methylmercury in Fish: Advances in Assessing Toxicity of
Environmentally Relevant Exposures. M. Sandheinrich, Biology &
River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI;
J. Wiener, River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La
Crosse, WI. We examine recent advances in the state of scientic knowledge
regarding the toxicity of methylmercury in freshwater sh, with emphasis on
assessing the organismal and population level signicance of methylmercury
concentrations in sh tissues. In the last decade, sublethal and reproductive
eects have been documented at environmentally relevant exposure levels in
both eld and laboratory studies. Moreover, the sh tissue concentrations
associated with adverse eects in these recent studies are much lower than
those summarized in the synthesis by Wiener and Spry (1996). Tere is
strong evidence that adverse eects of methylmercury exposure in sh is
due to oxidative stress through the formation of radical oxygen species
and lipid peroxidation that cause biochemical and structural changes in
tissues. Alterations in gene transcription and glutathione metabolism as
well as increases in macrophage aggregates have been reported. Subsequent
eects on sh are not limited to neurotoxicity, but also include histological
changes in spleen, kidney, liver and gonads. Tese changes have been
linked to reduced growth, altered production of sex hormones, and
reduced reproduction in various species of sh with whole body or llet
concentrations of methylmercury less than 1.0 g/g fresh weight. Fish
can bioaccumulate methylmercury to concentrations exceeding those
associated with sublethal and reproductive eects, particularly in industrially
contaminated surface waters, in newly ooded impoundments, and in low-
pH and highly organic waters receiving mercury in atmospheric deposition.
We conclude that the principal eects of methylmercury on sh populations
at existing exposure levels would be altered growth and condition of
individuals and depressed reproduction. Te eects of methylmercury on
sh population size, structure, and recruitment and the indirect or cascading
eects of methylmercury on aquatic communities have not been critically
examined.
513 Selenium in Birds. H. Ohlendorf, CH2M HILL, Sacramento,
CA; G. Heinz, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, USGS, Laurel, MD.
Bird embryos are especially sensitive to the toxic eects of selenium, and
selenium concentrations in eggs provide the best measure for predicting
potential adverse eects of exposure. Adverse eects on reproduction include
embryo mortality and characteristic developmental abnormalities in a wide
range of species when dietary exposure and consequent egg selenium levels
are only slightly elevated above background conditions. Other adverse eects
of selenium include greater susceptibility to stress such as that induced by
low ambient temperatures during winter. Selenium concentrations in birds
or their eggs are useful in diagnosing levels of exposure and in evaluating
potential eects on survival, growth, or reproduction, which are endpoints
that are frequently of concern in ecological risk assessments. Selenium
concentrations in eggs, blood, and liver reect recent dietary exposure levels,
whereas selenium levels in feathers reect exposure at the time the feathers
were grown. Background selenium concentrations in tissues (such as eggs,
blood, livers, and feathers) have been determined under eld conditions
for birds representing diverse ecological systems (terrestrial, freshwater,
and marine), and concentrations associated with adverse eects have been
determined under eld and laboratory conditions for a number of species.
In addition, correlations have been determined so that it is possible to
estimate concentrations in one tissue from those found in another tissue.
Selenium exposure of birds above background conditions results from
mobilization of selenium through mining, smelting and other industrial
activities as well as the discharge of wastewaters (such as subsurface
agricultural drainage) into wetland habitats, and tissue concentrations are
useful in assessing the signicance of exposure under those conditions.
514 Assessment of Laboratory Derived Tissue Residue-based
Toxicity Data for Cadmium in Aquatic Biota. D.K. DeForest, Parametrix,
Bellevue, WA; W.J. Adams, Rio Tinto, Magna, UT. We conducted an
assessment of the critical body residue (CBR) concept for cadmium (Cd)
in aquatic biota. Based on a scientic literature review, a database of
chronic toxicity studies was developed in which Cd concentrations were
measured in whole body or individual tissues. Only laboratory toxicity
studies in which Cd was the only toxicant tested were included in the
database. Overall, studies in which chronic Cd toxicity and whole body
Cd residues could be linked were identied for more than 30 species
of aquatic biota. Te majority of the data compiled were for sh and
arthropods and the following trend in sensitivities, as a function of whole
body Cd, was observed: sh > arthropods amphibians > molluscs >
annelids. Given that Cd is a non-essential metal and not well regulated via
mechanisms of active uptake and excretion it appears that whole body Cd
concentrations in aquatic biota are generally reective of concentrations
in abiotic media, which perhaps increases the feasibility of linking whole
body tissue residues to adverse eects in the eld. However, use of the term
critical in the CBR concept implies that there is a Cd tissue concentration
above which it is toxic to a broad range of species. Tis is not applicable
to Cd because species-specic dierences in detoxication strategies result
in highly variable Cd levels that are tolerated on a whole body basis and
even within a species varying Cd exposure conditions in the laboratory
imparts uncertainty when attempting to extrapolate the results into a
eld-based assessment. It is clear that more studies, at environmentally
relevant concentrations, are needed to better understand (1) the inuence
of combined waterborne and dietary exposures on Cd bioaccumulation and
toxicity; (2) the relationship between Cd bioaccumulation rate (uptake,
detoxication, and excretion rates) and Cd toxicity; (3) the inuence
of water quality characteristics on the relationship between internal
Cd concentrations and toxicity; and (4) species specic dierences in
accumulation. In order to assess whether the available tissue residue-based
toxicity data for Cd appear to be a useful tool for weight-of-evidence
evaluations, Cd concentration data in water, sediment, and a variety of
diverse taxa from locations with varying levels of Cd contamination were
compiled for comparison.
515 Assessment of Risks to Riparian Songbirds from Lead in the
Coeur dAlene Basin, Idaho. B. Sample, CH2M HILL, Sacramento, CA.
Previous assessment of ecological risks within the Coeur dAlene Basin,
Idaho predicted risks to riparian songbirds from lead, but the strength of
this conclusion was minimal due to the lack of site-specic data. Site-specic
eld data subsequently collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
plus data from the previous ecological risk assessment, were integrated to
reevaluate risks to riparian songbirds. New data included lead concentrations
in blood, liver, and ingesta from three songbird species (American robin,
song sparrow, and Swainsons thrush) plus soil data associated with the
tissue sampling locations. Semi-log regression models developed to describe
the association between soil and tissue lead concentrations were applied
to soil lead data from the earlier risk assessment to estimate lead exposures
in riparian habitats throughout the Coeur dAlene Basin. Measured and
modeled exposure estimates were then compared to literature-derived tissue
and dietary eect levels to determine the magnitude and frequency of
exceedances. As many as six lines of evidence were available for assessing risk
at any one location. Te weight-of-evidence conclusion is that lead presents
a risk to at least one riparian songbird species throughout much of the
Coeur dAlene Basin (17 of 25 locations). Because multiple lines of evidence
were available and the available information consists of site-specic models
and site-specic measured data, the strength of this conclusion is high. Te
lowest preliminary remedial goal (PRG) calculated for any species exposure-
eect measure combination was 490 mg/kg dw soil for subclinical eects
due to lead in the blood of American robins. If riparian songbirds are to be
protected at the individual level, this value could be used as an ecological
PRG. If songbirds are to be protected at the population level, then a level
associated with a higher, observable eect level (i.e., clinical eects or lowest
observed adverse eects levels [LOAELs]) would be more appropriate. Te
lowest PRG obtained for any species based on comparisons against clinical
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eects was 1,571 mg/kg dw soil for dietary lead exposure versus the LOAEL
for song sparrows.
516 Aquatic Toxicology of Peruorinated Chemicals. J. Naile,
J. Khim, P.D. Jones, J.P. Giesy, Department of Biomedical Veterinary
Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; J.L. Newsted, Entrix, Inc., Okemos, MI; J.P. Giesy,
Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State
University, Lansing, MI. Peruorinated compounds are released into the
environment via their use in wetting agents, lubricants, stain resistant
treatments, and foam re extinguishers. Peruorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is
the terminal breakdown product of many commercially used peruorinated
compounds. PFOS is resistant to chemical and biological changes and does
not signicantly degrade under environmental conditions. PFOS has little
mobility in the environment due to low volatility and strong soil adsorption.
In laboratory and eld tests, PFOS has been shown to bioconcentrate in
shes. Toxicity studies involving plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates from
both terrestrial and aquatic habitats have been conducted with PFOS. Based
on these toxicity studies, concentrations of PFOS were calculated for surface
waters that are protective of aquatic plants and organisms. In addition, a
critical body residue of PFOS was calculated for sh. Additional toxicity
testing is needed to develop safe PFOS concentrations for terrestrial wildlife.
517 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxins and
Dibenzofurans in Wild Birds. J. Elliott, Environment Canada, Delta,
British Columbia, Canada; M. Harris, Lorax Environmental, Bonshaw,
Prince Edward Island, Canada. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were
manufactured from the 1930s to the 1980s for a variety of commercial
applications. Te similarly structured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were not produced for commercial
purposes, but appeared in environmental media as by-products of industrial
processes. Teir hydrophobic and lipophilic natures lead to sequestration
and persistence in sediments, and accumulation in fatty tissues of animals.
Uses and releases of these chemicals have been strictly regulated in most
jurisdictions. Monitoring studies have documented generally decreasing
temporal trends in residue concentrations; however, contamination
continues to be pervasive, and there are many remaining hotspots and
releases. Scientic interest also continues regarding the relative contribution
of the various dioxin-like Ah-receptor agonists to the toxicity of mixture
exposures in the eld. In the past, particularly for birds, interpretation
of eld results was also confounded by their high inter-correlation with
persistent organochlorine pesticides, particularly DDE, which confounded
determination of cause and eect linkage between PCBs and eects such
as poor reproductive success in populations of wild birds. Te toxicity of
PCBs and related compounds to birds has been reviewed a number of times
and some criteria suggested for interpretation of tissue residues. However,
recent investigations including: retrospective analyses of historical data
using current statistical approaches, new laboratory studies of comparative
toxicity, broader eld studies encompassing altricial passerine species as
well as precocial water-birds, and molecular investigation of the basis for
variation in sensitivity to dioxin-like contaminants have contributed to
a better understanding of PCB, PCDD and PCDF eects in wild birds.
In this review we collate the more recent ndings of laboratory and eld
toxicity, and attempt to identify high risk species groups and propose
updated criteria for interpreting tissue residues.
518 Predicting toxic eects based on tissue residues of
contaminants in amphibians and reptiles: Are we there yet. G. Linder,
HeronWorks Field Oce, USGS/BRD/CERC, Brooks, OR. Te current
focus on tissue residues of environmental contaminants in amphibians
and reptiles presents a mosaic of existing data and information, although
the data resolution varies widely across chemicals and across taxonomic
boundaries characteristic of the herpetofauna. Te data and information
available reects the collective eorts of many workers over the past 25 to
30 years, but the eorts of the past 10 to 15 years are linked to the increased
interest in the herpetofauna within the ecological risk assessment process.
As suggested by history, if we consider chemical categoriesmetals and
metalloids, halogenated organics, cyclic and polycyclic organics, heterocyclic
organics, non-substituted linear or branched-chain organics, and various
emerging contaminantswe can see that amphibians and reptiles may
be characterized by ecotoxicological data that range from being relatively
numerous to scant to non-existent. For example, the data spectrum
for tissue residues is relatively rich for metals and metalloids, less so for
halogenated organics, and sparse to absent for emerging contaminants. If
we consider taxonomic orders within the classes of amphibians and reptiles,
we observe a range of data available for tissue residues in frogs, toads, and
salamanders, and in alligators and crocodiles, turtles, lizards, and snakes.
For example, some orders occur more frequently in studies focused on tissue
residues, e.g., turtles historically were valued for their role in tissue residue
studies. And, some life history stages, e.g., eggs of turtles, alligators, and
crocodiles, were highly valued because their relatively high lipid content
served as a partitioning medium for lipophilic environmental chemicals.
Anticipating the forthcoming Environmental Contaminants in Biota:
Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, Second Edition edited by Nelson
Beyer and Jim Meador, this presentation will briey summarize ndings
focused on bioaccumulation and tissue residues of environmental chemicals
in the herpetofauna from a chemical perspective and from a taxonomic
perspective.
519 Implicit Versus Explicit Applications of the Tissue Residue
Approach. R. Erickson, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Toxic eect models
based on the relationship of toxic eects to chemical concentrations
within receptor organism tissues can often be reformulated to describe
the relationship of toxic eects to exposure concentrations without actual
specication of the tissue concentrations. Such implicit versus explicit
versions of models were compared using results from a study on the lethality
of pentachloroethane to juvenile fathead minnows that examined eects
under continuous and time-varying exposures, assessed chemical uptake and
elimination rates, and monitored chemical residues in dead and surviving
organisms. Comparisons were also made between toxic eects models
with dierent assumptions regarding toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic
processes. Implicit and explict versions of each model were parameterized
based on continuous exposure tests, and evaluated regarding their t to
these tests and their predictions for time-varying exposure tests. Advantages
and disadvantages regarding model parameterization, assumptions, and
performance were identied for the various models and versions. Tis
abstract does not necessarily reect USEPA policy.
520 How the application of metrics from reference sites and
landscape history has challenged the perception of plant distribution,
performance standards and the process of wetland restoration in north
Florida. J. Tobe, R.A. Davis, A. Rountree, Ecological Resource Consultants,
Inc, Panama City Beach, FL. As quantitative monitoring becomes a
requirement in both state and federal wetland resource permitting and
mitigation banking in Florida as a means to measure ecological restoration
and create realistic performance standards, sampling appropriate reference
sites becomes more important. Completion of mitigation requirements is
based on successful restoration of the landscape and achievement of agency
reviewed performance standards. Te objective of this study was to sample
a range of archetype reference wetland landscapes in north Florida and
compare the summary data to the typical performance standards for similar
landscapes described in compensatory mitigation and mitigation bank
instruments/permits. Historic condition of the reference and mitigation
landscape was determined; plant communities were identied and
delineated, and relev plant sampling was used to set transects. Proportional
distribution of life forms (e.g. cover, frequency and density) within 50,
1-m squared subplots were quantitatively measured along a 100 m transect
at each sample site. In addition trees per acre, average shrub height and
bareground/leaf litter/open water were also measured. Data analysis
supports the creation of performance standards that combine relative
cover of life forms, density of trees per acre and a range of total coverage of
bareground/leaf litter/open water. Reference site data will be summarized
and used to create performance standards, compared to baseline conditions,
restoration trajectories and contrasted to the prevailing expectations of nal
performance standards.
521 Oyster restoration in Chesapeake Bay: an assement of
ecological risks of introducing a new species and for alternatives. C.
Menzie, T. Wickwire, Exponent Inc., Severna Park, MD; B. Richkus,
L. Methratta, Versar Inc., Columbia, MD. Virginia and Maryland have
engaged in a ve-year program to address how to best restore oysters
to Chesapeake Bay. Several alternatives are being evaluated including
restoration eorts for the native oyster Crassostrea virginica, aquaculture,
and the introduction of a new oyster species Crassostrea ariakensis. We were
charged with developing and implementing an approach for evaluating the
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ecological risks associated with these options. Recent research on the biology
of C. ariakensis was used to evaluate the potential for competition with
C. virginica, the possibility of introducing new diseases, the potential for
escapement from the Bay, and the potential for becoming a nuisance species.
Demographic modeling was used to project changes in oyster abundance
over a ten-year period for each alternative. A mechanistic model was used to
translate these changes into inuences on other ecological components. Te
Relative Risk Model (RRM) was used to compare the positive and negative
inuences of each alternative on the various ecological receptors. A separate
invasive species methodology was used to evaluate the probability that
sterile triploid C.ariakensis in aquaculture might result in a reproductive
population.
522 Coral Reef Restoration: Evaluating Articial Reef Structures
in the Caribbean. D.E. Wehner, NOAA, Highlands, NJ; W.F. Precht,
NOAA, Key West, FL; S. Dial, M.L. Robbart, Dial Cordy and Assoc. Inc,
Jacksonville Beach, FL. Vieques Island is located seven miles southeast
of mainland Puerto Rico. Te US Navy began using a large portion of
the island in the early 1940s for naval gunre support and air-to-ground
ordnance training. Beginning in 2001, the Navy began turning over land on
the western end of Vieques to the Municipality of Vieques, the Department
of the Interior (DOI) and the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust. In early
2003, the Navy ceased all military operations on the island and nalized
transfer of property on the eastern end to DOI for use as a wildlife refuge.
Te Navy is now investigating areas it previously utilized to determine
the extent of any potential contamination and to remove any unexploded
ordnance (UXO) and ordnance related debris. To date, these activities have
focused primarily on land but future eorts will investigate the magnitude
and extent of ordnance and debris underwater, the risks posed to human
and ecological receptors from these items and the potential impact removal
or detonation of these items may have on coral reefs. Te National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) developed a coral reef restoration
demonstration project for Vieques Island to evaluate the success of various
types of articial reef structures to restore coral reefs. Te project design
addresses many aspects of reef function, not just charismatic species such
as hard corals, and involves the integration of both natural and articial
materials into the natural reef ecosystem. Twelve articial reef structures
were placed o the south coast of Vieques during August 2007. Te
settlement of corals, survival of coral transplants and use of the structures by
other sessile and mobile reef organisms are being monitored quarterly for a
period of two years. A description of the methodology as well as the results
of the quarterly monitoring completed to date will be presented.
523 Recovery dynamics of a PCB-contaminated creek sh
community. B. Rashleigh, C. Barber, US EPA, Athens, GA; D. Walters,
US EPA, Cincinnati, OH. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from the
Sangamo-Weston Superfund Site near Clemson, South Carolina, USA,
were released into the Twelvemile Creek until the early 1990s. PCB
concentrations in sh in this creek have remained elevated: levels in six
target sh species are still above the wildlife limits for kingsher and mink.
We used the AQUATOX model to represent the concentrations and
dynamics of total PCB in a system of six connected creek segments. Studies
in this system that classied gut contents of six sh species into eight food
item categories were used to parameterize the food web. Te model was
calibrated to measured data then used to estimate recovery for the dierent
species, sites, and system as a whole. Te model can be used to predict
future PCB concentrations in sh under dierent model assumptions (sh
movement between segments, varying habitat conditions) and dierent
management scenarios (proposed dam removal).
524 North Cape Scallop Restoration Project- Lessons learned
from the restoration eorts in Rhode Islands South County salt ponds.
B.M. DeAngelis, J. Turek, Restoration Center, NOAA, Narragansett, RI; B.
Hancock, Global Marine Team, Te Nature Conservancy, Narragansett, RI;
J. Catena, Restoration Center, NOAA, Gloucester, MA; N. Lazar, Marine
Fisheries, Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management,
Jamestown, RI. In January 1996 the tug barge North Cape ran aground on
the south coast of Rhode Island, releasing 828,000 gallons of No. 2 heating
oil. Te North Cape Restoration Program addresses multiple shellsh species
including bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), along with a number of other
natural resources injured by the oil spill. Te Shellsh Restoration Program
is a 5+ year, $1.5 million eort to restore and enhance bivalve populations
in Rhode Islands South County salt ponds and Narragansett Bay, involving
federal and state agency sta and local community volunteers. In 2002
the North Cape Shellsh Restoration Program, a federal-state trustee oil
spill mitigation partnership performed direct seeding of nearly 2.2 million
scallops released to ve ponds, including performance monitoring, but
results were disappointing. Since 2004, caged spawner-sanctuaries have
been successful at establishing self sustaining scallop populations in Ninigret
and Quonochontaug Ponds along the south coast of Rhode Island. Ten
to twenty thousand broodstock were placed in cages annually for 2004
and 2005 in Ninigret and 2006 and 2007 in Quonochontaug Ponds. Te
relative abundance of larval settlement was monitored using spat bags,
and mature scallop abundance using random transect dive surveys. Te
Ninigret settlement rose rapidly to 2005 resulting in approximately 190,000
scallops in 2006. Poor larval survival in 2006 reduced the population in
2007 but larval settlement again increased in 2007. Settlement results in
Quonochontaug Pond have reected broodstock abundance since 2006.
In 2008 the project will be moved to Pt. Judith Pond, Rhode Island, where
20,000 broodstock will be housed. Preliminary results from Pt. Judith Pond,
and continued monitoring of Ninigret and Quonochontaug Pond will be
discussed to comment on the longer-term results of the restoration eorts.
525 Te Atlas Tack Corporation Superfund Site: Linking Site
Restoration and Ecological Enhancement with Waste Site Remediation.
K. Finkelstein, NOAA, Boston, MA; E. Stanley, EPA, Boston, MA.
Adjacent fresh and salt water wetlands were heavily contaminated by
discharge and ll of metal plating and enameling waste from the Atlas
Tack Superfund site. Te site is situated approximately 500 m northwest
of Buzzards Bay, designated as an Estuary of National Signicance. Te
remedy included the removal of nearly 5.5 acres of wetlands; the subsequent
mitigation includes vital ecological enhancements that will eliminate
much invasive Phragmites vegetation, develop a new fresh water marsh,
reintroduce salt marsh to those areas disturbed, and provide a means to
eliminate storm water ooding. Te integration of remedial and restoration
investigations, planning, and activities is a successful paradigm for
inexpensively achieving an enhanced mitigation project. EPA and NOAA
rst determined the area for wetland remediation based on correlating
toxicity with sediment chemistry and developing an eects range-median
quotient sediment cleanup goal. At this site, the specic enhancements
include the removal of contaminated ll and the construction of a dike
in the northern wetland that will create new fresh and salt water marshes.
Te EPA contractor (Weston Solutions), the Army Corps of Engineers
and NOAA jointly designed both salt and fresh water marshes that will
out-compete the Phragmites, and provide a means to allow storm water to
promptly discharge into the estuary. In the southern salt marsh area, the
team recommended and is providing oversight for the backlling and salt
marsh planting. Tis Superfund site has used normal remedial funding
to create a remedy that enhances the previous ecology while working
cooperatively with three Federal agencies. Tis site provides a complete story
of risk and injury determination leading to site remediation and ultimately
mitigation and ecological restoration/enhancement.
526 Designing and Scaling Habitat Enhancement of a Ditched
Mid-Atlantic Salt Marsh. C. Pfeifer, N. Saunders, ENTRIX, Inc., New
Castle, DE; P. Reilly, ENTRIX, Inc., Seal Harbor, ME; C. Hess, Conectiv
Energy, Newark, DE. As part of a natural resource damage assessment, a 24-
acre parcel of historically ditched salt marsh in Delawares Inland Bays will
be enhanced to compensate for injuries to estuarine resources resulting from
a subsurface fuel oil release at a nearby facility. Te enhancement project
will replace linear ditches with a network of meandering tidal creeks and
create pools, pannes and tidal mud ats on the uniformly vegetated marsh
plain. Tese actions will increase micro-habitat diversity, expand foraging
opportunities for sh, birds and invertebrates, restore natural hydrologic
patterns and stimulate plant growth. Noteworthy aspects of project
planning include designing the plan-form and cross-sectional characteristics
of the tidal creek network, and quantifying benets to ensure the project
scale is sucient to osets the injuries. Tidal creek plan-form design was
guided by various morphometric parameters such as channel order, length,
bifurcation ratio, sinuosity, and tidal edge density among others. Values for
these parameters for three relatively undisturbed reference marshes located
along Delaware Bay were computed using geographic information systems
(GIS). A dendritic channel network was overlain onto the project area
using GIS and manipulated until key morphometric parameters fell within
or near the range of reference values. Design of tidal creek cross-sections
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utilized empirical hydraulic geometry relationships that predict channel
width, depth and cross-sectional area as a function of tidal prism within the
contributing drainage area. Tis approach was modeled after similar work
performed in California. However, site-specic empirical relationships were
developed using information from on-site ditches. Contributing drainage
areas for pre- and post-project channel congurations were determined
using GIS. Scaling the amount of compensation utilized habitat equivalency
analysis to calculate the minimum percent increase in services within
the project area over its lifespan needed to functionally replace the lost
services. Project benets were quantied using an Army Corps of Engineers
functional assessment model for tidal fringe wetlands modied to increase
its sensitivity. A net service gain exceeding the minimum requirement was
predicted based on comparison of functional scores for the project area
before and after enhancement.
527 Ecological land reuse at contaminated sitesplanning at the
landscape scale. D. Preziosi, J. Sullivan, Integral Consulting Inc., Berlin,
MD. Stakeholders are increasingly recognizing the value of incorporating
ecological enhancements as a component of remediating and restoring
contaminated sites. Ecological enhancements can include the use of cost-
eective natural or green remediation technologies (e.g., phytoremediation,
enhanced bioremediation) in place or alongside of traditional technologies.
Tey can also involve the creation or restoration of ecological habitat.
Habitat creation or restoration can be an eective means of meeting
regulatory objectives under Superfund, the National Contingency Plan,
and the Oil Pollution Act to protect human health and the environment
or to manage environmental liabilities under a Natural Resource Damage
Assessment. Even when a habitat project meets established site-specic
ecological, economic, regulatory, or aesthetic goals, it is important for the
ecological value of a project to be considered in the context of the larger
landscape. By planning habitat projects in view of the broader landscape,
ecological value can be enhanced by ensuring the project sites connectivity
with other neighboring habitat areas. Using frameworks from the elds of
conservation biology and metapopulation theory, we show how landscape
connectivity models can be used to guide the planning of habitat projects at
contaminated sites. Use of such approaches early in the planning process can
ensure that habitat projects simultaneously meet stakeholder needs while
maximizing ecological value at the landscape scale.
528 Can Ecological Engineering be Used to Restore Oil
Contaminated Salt Marshes on Saudi Arabias Arabian Gulf Coast? L.L.
Weishar, Woods Hole Group, East Falmouth, MA. Te 1991 Gulf War
resulted in the deliberate release of unprecedented quantities of oil into the
Arabian Gulf. During the war between 11 and 20 million barrels of oil were
deliberately released into the environment. Although some of the spilled
oil was cleaned up, much remains in the environment, and various chronic,
long-term eects on the ecological systems persist. Te oil release resulted in
degradation of over 750 km of shoreline and adjacent wetlands within the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Te beaches, tide ats, lagoons, rocky shores, and
salt marshes along the Kingdoms Gulf shoreline remain severely degraded
17 years after the oil release. Te arid salt marshes were heavily impacted
and large sections of salt marsh remain covered with a thick oil impregnated
algal mat. Tis algal mat has formed over the years from layers of weathered
oil, algae, and dessert aeolian sand. Te algal mat has formed a hard
impermeable layer over much of the salt marsh. During the initial oil spill
the Nasima crab burrows lled with oil and during the ensuing years, the
burrows have become lined with Tarcreate and remain uninhabited. Surface
and near surface TPH contaminations ranged from 200 to 14,000 mg/kg.
Arid marshes are not as robust as temperate marshes and once damaged
take much longer to restore. Early investigations using rapid shoreline
assessment techniques suggested that much of the degraded marshes
had been restored through natural processes. However, detailed benthic
sampling showed that these marshes were still heavily impacted by the oil.
Initially, there was speculation that any remediation within the marshes
would have devastating eects on the marsh plain. In order to address these
concerns, a marsh restoration demonstration project using the principals
of ecological engineering was completed. Te restoration demonstration
project comprised of locating an appropriate site, removing surface
tarcrete, constructing new tidal channels, and transplanting native species.
Additional challenges were faced through the constraint of using indigenous
equipment to complete the restoration project. Tis project demonstrated
that ecological engineering could successfully be used to remediate the
degraded marshes using a minimalist approach and that native ora would
naturally re-colonize the marsh plain and shes and invertebrates would
rapidly re-colonize marsh channels once the channels were restored.
529 Te Mass-Transport Coecient-Ugly Stepchild of Chemical
Exposure Modeling. L. Tibodeaux, Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge, LA;
D. Mackay, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Chemical
ux prediction from primary and secondary contaminant sources is the
key factor to linking exposure concentrations and targeted biota recipients.
Unlike the forced-ow discharges which are emitted into the media
compartments ux-based emissions depend on measured concentrations
in the mobile phase or proxy parameters (i.e., partition coecients) for
estimating its concentration availability and the associated mass transport
parameter. Tis presentation will make the case for needed future research
on this parameter by assessing the state-of-the-art of current estimation
theories, methods and data. Transport related factors such as physical scale
and proximity of source and receptor will be covered. For short pathways
from source to receptors the uncertainties in the mass-transfer coecients
(MTCs) drive the uncertainties in exposure levels. Other factors to be
covered include: the specic characteristics of the emission locales, the
primacy of process certainty, the missing piece in transport science
theories, scarcity of eld-based MTC data, the promise of remote and
robotic environmental sensors and nally a phase-by-phase, interface-by-
interface assessment and numerical comparison of what we do know about
MTCs estimation and extrapolation. For example, the water-side MTC for
streams at air interface has received intense study for a half century or more.
Transport theories describing it are highly developed; laboratory verications
abound, numerous eld-measured MTCs exist and a wide choice of
estimating correlations is available. Contrast this with the water-side
MTC at the sediment bed. A few theoretical approaches based on classical
boundary layer theory exist for guidance, three laboratory conrmation
experiments exist and at most less than two dozen in situ eld-measured
MTCs have been reported. On a scale of ten the air interface MTC rates
a 9.5/10 while the sediment one a sickly 1.0/10, in our opinion. Tese
topics and insights are derived in large part by the authors in the ongoing
and challenging eort of writing and editing a handbook on the subject.
One interesting nding that speaks to the general underdevelopment
of the subject is the ongoing task identifying qualied MTC experts as
contributors. SETAC abstract submission key words omit transport! Ugly
stepchild it is.
530 Quantication of Urban Sources of PCBs To Air Using a
Combined Measurement/Modeling Approach. B. Gasic, M. MacLeod,
M. Scheringer, K. Hungerbhler, Chemical- and Bioengineering, ETH
Zrich, Zrich, Switzerland; C. Moeckel, K.C. Jones, Centre for Chemicals
Management and Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster
University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; J. Brunner, Umwelt- und
Gesundheitsschutz Stadt Zrich, Zrich, Switzerland. Concentrations of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air at two sampling sites in Zrich,
Switzerland, measured over a period of 3 days in August 2007 are reported.
Te rst sampling site is near the center of the city of Zrich on the roof
of a 10 m high building, 446 m above sea level, which is entirely exposed
to the city air. Te second site is near the summit of Uetliberg, a hill in the
immediate vicinity of Zrich city, 857 m above sea level. Air samples were
collected at both sites in four-hour time periods under stable meteorological
conditions during a high pressure system. PCB concentrations at both
sampling sites show a clear diel 24-hour pattern with an opposite phase;
concentrations in city air are at a minimum during the day and a maximum
at night, while at Uetliberg concentrations are highest during the day and
lowest at night. We demonstrate with a multimedia mass balance model that
these observations can be explained by a stable nighttime inversion layer
that was formed over the city of Zrich but below the Uetliberg site. Te
observed diel PCB concentration pattern in the city air is attributable to an
urban source of PCBs, while at Uetliberg the PCBs represent background
levels and the concentration pattern can be explained mainly by temperature
mediated air-surface exchange. Using our model scenarios for the two
sampling sites, we estimate the strength of the urban source of PCBs to
the atmosphere in Zrich, and nd highly signicant correlation with
emission estimates based on production volumes of PCBs. Te modeled
PCB emission rate for lower chlorinated compounds (i.e. PCB 28+32 and
52) is higher than the production-based emission estimates. Tis is likely
118 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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to be attributable to relatively high concentrations of lower and medium
chlorinated PCBs in joint sealants used in building materials in Switzerland.
531 Transport and Fate Model for PCBs in the Potomac River
Estuary. V. Bierman, LimnoTech, Oak Ridge, NC; S. Hinz, LimnoTech,
Austin, TX; D. Rucinski, LimnoTech, Ann Arbor, MI; C. Haywood, C.
Buchanan, A. Nagel, Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin,
Rockville, MD. Te Potomac River estuary is listed as impaired under
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act due to the levels of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in resident sh species, thus requiring development
of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). Tere are 28 PCB-impaired
waterbody segments in the Potomac that represent three dierent
jurisdictions (DC, Maryland and Virginia), each with dierent water quality
standards. To determine the TMDL an integrated mass balance model for
hydrodynamics, organic carbon dynamics, and PCB transport and fate was
developed. External loading sources included tributaries, direct drainage,
wastewater treatment plants, combined sewer overows, contaminated
sites, and atmospheric wet and dry deposition. Autochthonous organic
carbon loadings were specied using output from the Chesapeake Bay Water
Quality Model. Te PCB model was applied to a 257-segment spatial grid
representing the Potomac and Anacostia rivers, and calibrated to available
data for 2002-2005. Evaluation of model skill was a weight-of-evidence
approach that used multiple quantitative metrics and best professional
judgment. Te metrics included cumulative frequency distributions,
bivariate plots, regression statistics, time series plots at xed locations, spatial
proles at xed points in time, comparisons of seasonal median values,
and comparisons of computed rst-order PCB loss rates with those from
available historical data for PCB body burdens in benthic feeding sh.
Te primary drivers for contemporary PCB concentrations in the water
column are mass loads from the Potomac at the upstream boundary, legacy
contamination in the sediments, and sediment-water mass transfer rates.
Most of the PCB mass enters the system from the upstream boundary and is
either transported downstream to Chesapeake Bay or lost to gas phase ux
(volatilization). Tere is attenuation of surface sediment PCB concentrations
due to solids cycling and bio-enhanced diusion across the sediment-water
interface, and net solids burial to deeper sediment layers. Approximately 50
years will be required for the system to reach quasi-steady state, dynamic
equilibrium conditions.
532 Development of a Multi-media Screening Model for
Chemicals of Emerging Concern in the Great Lakes Basin (GLMOD).
J.V. DePinto, T. Redder, W. Larson, LimnoTech, Ann Arbor, MI; D.L.
Swackhamer, D. Carlson, Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Physically-based, multi-media models have
great potential to support the assessment and management of chemicals
of emerging concern, as well as guiding the development of research and
monitoring programs for emerging contaminants. We have undertaken
the development of a screening level, multi-media model (GLMOD)
that will help to establish a quantitative relationship between the sources,
cycling, ultimate fate, and eects of emerging chemicals. To eld test and
demonstrate the utility of the model it has been congured to a physically-
based representation of the Great Lakes basin, including the lakes, their
bottom sediments, their watersheds and the atmosphere above the basin.
Te land compartments are segmented into 121 separate watersheds within
the basin, and the water/sediment compartments are segmented into
major lake basin and embayments that comprise the Great Lakes. Tese
land and water segments are overlain by a 50 km, two layer grid for the air
compartment. Te model traces all of the potential exposure pathways for
chemicals from source (air, land, or water discharge) to top predator sh.
Te model eld tested against an extensive data base of six PCB congeners,
spanning a range of Kocs. Tis process has allowed us to constrain the
transport and fate processes in the model. Several diagnostic predictions
have been run to demonstrate the utility of the model for screening and
prioritizing emerging chemicals. Among these are: the use of GLMOD to
assess the relative risk of exposure to various emerging chemicals based on
their known or estimated (through the use of QSARs) chemical properties;
determination of the impact of emerging chemicals released from large
source areas such as Chicago on distant locations within the basin; and
assessment of the relative contributions of sources inside and outside of
a given Great Lake watershed (including atmospheric sources outside the
entire basin) to a specic exposure location within the basin. Combined
with the use of population-weighted emissions, the model has also been
used to assess the maximum allowable emissions of chemicals with dened
properties in order to remain below a critical threshold of exposure.
533 Global scale modeling of contaminant transport: the role
of the Distant Residence Time concept. D. Mackay, L. Reid, J. Arnot,
CEMC, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Tere are well
developed and accepted models for predicting the potential of contaminants
to be subject to long range global scale transport in the atmosphere and
in oceans. Less developed is the capability to predict quantitatively the
extent to which chemical emissions from a specic source region such as
Europe will reach a target or receptor region such as the Arctic and how
long this will take. It is suggested that the application of the Distant
Residence Time concept to the results of global scale mass balance
modeling can capture and convey this information and present it in a
readily understandable format as a source-receptor matrix. It can thus
assign responsibility for source and dates of emission to in-place regional
contaminants, it can reveal the likely destinations of local discharges and
in conjunction with food web models it can be used to assign sources and
dates to concentrations in monitored organisms such as sh and marine
mammals. It can also be used to suggest likely recovery times as a result
of emission reductions, thus assisting in the interpretation of data from
time trend monitoring programs. Te concept is explained, illustrated
and discussed as a possible contributor to international negotiations to
regulate global emissions and long range transport of persistent organic
contaminants.
534 Te inuence of biomagnication and biotransformation
on exposure assessments in a regional environment. J.A. Arnot, D.
Mackay, CEMC, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; T.F.
Parkerton, R.T. Zaleski, C.S. Warren, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences
Inc., Annandale, NJ. Biomagnication processes in the food web can
increase exposure while metabolic biotransformation can reduce exposure of
chemical substances to higher trophic level species including humans. Te
Risk Assessment IDentication And Ranking (RAIDAR) model provides a
coherent mass balance framework for assessing chemical exposures, hazards
and risks to humans and ecological receptors. Te mechanistic RAIDAR
food web models are utilized to illustrate the inuence of biomagnication
and biotransformation processes on regional exposures to humans. Human
intake fractions and total body burdens are calculated for selected chemicals
with dierent properties and susceptibilities for biotransformation. Te
human total body burdens are compared with intake fractions illustrating
the inuence of absorption and elimination processes in human exposure
estimates. Regional scale human intake fractions for several chemicals
calculated by RAIDAR are compared with estimates calculated using the
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) model,
which does not include mechanistic food web models. Tis case study
highlights the need to include biomagnication and biotransformation
processes in risk assessment models and the need for reliable estimates
of metabolic biotransformation rates. Strategies for testing and rening
exposure model predictions are illustrated.
535 Overall bioaccumulation from a multimedia perspective
What is the relative importance of partitioning properties and
metabolic biotransformation. M. McLachlan, G. Czub, ITM, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden; M. MacLeod, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland; J. Arnot, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Bioaccumulation has been and continues to be assessed from a single
media perspective, whereby contaminant concentration in an organism is
related to the contaminant concentration in the environmental medium
in which it lives. Tis approach has been very useful in developing a
mechanistic understanding of bioaccumulation phenomena. However,
in risk assessment one is frequently interested in relating emission rates
to levels in organisms, which are in turn related to the total quantity of
chemical in the environment. In this work we dene the overall multimedia
bioaccumulation factor (BOV) as the quotient of contaminant body
burden in an organism and its inventory in the whole environment. We
believe this metric of bioaccumulation potential is a powerful conceptual
tool for understanding, interpreting and communicating bioaccumulation
information. We illustrate the concept by using a linked multimedia fate
and bioaccumulation model to calculate BOV of hypothetical chemicals in
humans. A sensitivity analysis reveals that over a broad range of chemical
partitioning properties typical of semi-volatile organic chemicals (log
KOA > 6, 3 < log KOW < 11), BOV varies by less than a factor of 10.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 119
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Tis indicates that chemical hydrophobicity has a very small inuence
on contaminant bioaccumulation in humans when it is viewed from a
broad, multimedia perspective, and stands in contradiction to current
perceptions and regulatory criteria that are based on a single-media
perspective on bioaccumulation. In contrast to partitioning, our modelled
overall multimedia bioaccumulation factor is very sensitive to the metabolic
biotransformation rate in humans ranging over 8 orders of magnitude for
rate constants ranging from 1 h-1 to 10-7 h-1. Analysis using our model
and the BOV concept makes it clear that metabolic biotransformation
plays an extraordinarily important role in determining the accumulation of
contaminants from the environment in humans; for semivolatile chemicals
it is much more important than partitioning properties.
536 External exposure and bioaccumulation of PCBs in humans
living in a contaminated urban environment. K. Norstrm, G. Czub, M.
McLachlan, Dept. of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden; K. Norstrm, P. Torne, K.C. Hornbuckle,
Dept. Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
IA; P. Torne, K.C. Hornbuckle, Dept of Occupational and Environmental
Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Humans are exposed to dierent
mixtures of PCBs depending on the route of exposure. In this study, the
fugacity based and non-steady state bioaccumulation model ACC-HUMAN
was applied and parameterized to predict the PCB body burden in a
person living in the midwestern United States who eats a typical North
American diet and inhales air contaminated with PCBs. Dietary exposure
was estimated using measured data for a selected number of PCB congeners
in dierent food groups (sh, meat, dairy products). Two scenarios for
inhalation exposure were evaluated: one using air concentrations measured
in Chicago, and a second using measurements in a remote area, Sleeping
Bear Dunes. Te model predicted that the PCBs that accumulate are the
higher chlorinated PCB congeners due to their persistence in humans and
presence in the diet. It was also predicted that PCB accumulation from
exposure to Chicago air does not contribute notably to the total mass of
PCBs in the human body. However, even if not accumulated, the airborne
PCBs are passing through the body. Tese rapidly metabolized PCBs may
form species that are toxic. Hence it is pertinent to assess external exposure
to PCBs in addition to the tissue levels of the native congeners.
537 Mass balance models for linking human tissue residues
to household emissions based on indoor environmental chemistry,
pharmacokinetics, and biomonitoring. R.L. Maddalena, M.D. Sohn, T.E.
McKone, Indoor Environment, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA; T.E. McKone, School of Public Health, University of
California, Berkeley, CA. Te exposure assessment community has seen
rapid and signicant advances in how to assess human and ecosystem
exposures to environmental contaminants. Unfortunately, these advances
have not transferred readily to the indoor environment. As we better
understand exposure pathways, we are seeing that the indoor environment
is important for a number of persistent and bioavailable chemicals but
our basic understanding of indoor fate and exposure remains limited.
Recent advances in three unrelated elds provide an opportunity to
extend multi-media fate and exposure modeling principles to the indoor
environment. Tese advances include 1) new insights on how building
materials and surfaces act as sources, reservoirs, and reaction sites, for
indoor contaminants, 2) a rapidly expanding national and state database
of measured tissue residues, and 3) exposure surveys that provide useful
but incomplete data on links between tissue levels and indoor chemical
loads. Drawing from these advances, we developed a chemical mass-balance
modeling approach for the indoor environment that treats the individual
as another eective compartment in the overall indoor modeling
scheme. Te approach makes use of well-established modeling principles,
physiochemical properties, and fugacity to balance the chemical distribution
among key reservoirs in both the indoor environment and in human tissues.
Te environmental component of the model includes surface reactions
and reservoir eects while the occupant component is based on established
pharmacokinetic concepts, dermal mass transport, saliva chemistry and
kinetics, and lung surface kinetics. Te approach is used to characterize
long-term relationships between household chemical levels and critical tissue
levels in occupants. Results using organophosphate pesticides show that
contaminant levels in human tissues attributable to the indoor environment
can be estimated based on solution thermodynamics and on the persistence
of the substance in the person and their household environment. We review
this work and consider the relevance of our nding to other chemical
classes.
538 Inuence of water chemistry on gill accumulation and
acute toxicity of cadmium in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss):
development of an acute cadmium biotic ligand model (BLM). S.
Niyogi, Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; R. Kent, C.M. Wood, Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada. We investigated the short-term (3h) cadmium binding
properties of the gill, and the inuence of various water chemistry variables
[calcium, magnesium, sodium, pH, alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon
(DOC)] on short-term (3h) gill accumulation and acute toxicity (96h
LC
50
) of cadmium in juvenile freshwater rainbow trout. Te cadmium
binding pattern exhibited two types of cadmium binding sites in the gill:
(i) saturable high anity sites operating at a low range of waterborne
cadmium concentration, and (ii) non-saturable low anity sites operating
at a higher range of cadmium concentration. Among the water chemistry
variables examined, only calcium and DOC signicantly reduced both
gill accumulation and toxicity of cadmium. Interestingly, alkalinity did
not inuence the gill cadmium accumulation but a signicant increase
in toxicity was recorded at the highest alkalinity level tested (90 mg/L as
CaCO
3
). Te anity constants (log K) for binding of competing cations
(Cd
2+
and Ca
2+
) to the biotic ligand (gill) and for binding of Cd
2+
to
DOC were derived separately from the ndings of 3h gill binding assays
and the 96h acute toxicity assays. In general, the corresponding log K
values obtained from two dierent types of assays were in good agreement,
indicating that both assays targeted the same population of high anity
cadmium binding sites. Tese parameters were then incorporated into
a geochemical speciation model (MINEQL+) to develop a biotic ligand
model for predicting acute toxicity of cadmium in trout across a range of
water chemistry conditions. Te model predictions exhibited a good t with
the measured toxicity data except at higher alkalinity and pH levels.
539 Water quality parameters and binding constants for the
development of a chronic biotic ligand model for copper toxicity to
rainbow trout. M.J. Chowdhury, T. Ng, C.M. Wood, Biology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; S. Smith, Chemistry, Wilfrid
Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Te biotic ligand model
(BLM) is currently well-regarded in the world as an environmental
risk assessment tool. Excess copper (Cu) in the environment is an
ecotoxicological concern and a BLM has been developed to understand its
acute eects on aquatic animals. However, information on chronic eects
of Cu is limited and a BLM-type model for chronic Cu toxicity to sh does
not exist. Terefore, we are examining the eects of water quality parameters
(Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, DOM, and pH) on Cu toxicity to juvenile rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus. mykiss; ~10 g) under softwater conditions (Na+ = 70
mM, Ca+2 = 150 mM, Mg2+ = 50 mM, DOM = 0.25 mg C/L, pH = 7) in
30-d chronic tests. After pre-acclimation to softwater, sh are exposed to a
wide range of Cu concentrations (2 250 mg/L) in a ow-through system
and eects on chronic endpoints (growth, survival, tissue burden, whole-
body sodium status, expression of ion transport genes) are determined.
Mortality appears to be the most sensitive endpoint and reective of the Cu
dose and changing water chemistry. Calcium and DOM (prepared in the
laboratory from maple leaves) exhibited a strong protective eect against
Cu toxicity. Compared with baseline Ca2+ (0.15 mM) and DOM (0.25 mg
C/L), the increases of 96h-LC50, 30d-LC50, and 30d-LC10 for Cu were
8-10 fold at 3 mM Ca2+ and 24-36 fold at 10 mg/L DOC. Te increases
were linear with Ca2+ and DOC. Mg showed mild protection (2-3 fold
increase of LCs at 3 mM Mg2+) but Na+ did not show any protection.
Chronic exposure to Cu (5-10 mg/L) altered Cu gill binding characteristics
with changes of binding anity (Log Kcu-gill) and site density (Bmax).
We are currently examining the eects of pH on chronic Cu toxicity.
(Supported by NSERC CRD, ICA, CDA, ILZRO/IZA, NiPERA, Xstrata,
Teck-Cominco, Vale Inco).
540 Metal availability and toxicity to aquatic organisms across
freshwater saltwater gradients. R.J. Blust, N. Celis, L. Bervoets, G. De
Boeck, Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Te biological
availability and toxicity of metals depends on the chemistry of the
environment and the physiology of the organisms. Te eects of chemical
complexation on metal availability and toxicity to aquatic organisms is well
established, generally showing a decrease with increasing complex formation
although exceptions exist. In addition other important water characteristics
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such as the proton, sodium or calcium concentration also alter metal
availability by interacting with the sites of metal binding on or in the
organism. Tese eects are generally described as competitive interactions
but this is only part of the story. Aquatic organisms regulate their internal
ion balances and osmotic status and dierent strategies have been developed
showing very important dierences, among for example freshwater and
marine invertebrates or freshwater and marine teleost shes. Freshwater
and saltwater mixing zones such as estuaries are especially challenging
environments since organisms have to adapt to or tolerate the daily and
seasonal changes in salt concentrations. Tese adaptations also have a direct
inuence on the uptake and handling of metals by aquatic organisms. Tus,
understanding metal uptake and toxicity requires an understanding of the
chemistry and physiology of the organisms exposed. In this work we aim
to determine the relative importance of both processes in determining the
availability and toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms across freshwater and
saltwater gradients and across species with dierent evolutionary ancestries.
We also assessed whether the principles of complexation and competition
which have been applied to explain dierences in metal availability and
toxicity in freshwater systems can be applied to estuarine and marine
systems.
541 Making sense of acute copper toxicity at intermediate
salinities. M. Grosell, R. Gerdes, J. Blanchard, K.V. Brix, C.M. Wood,
RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL; C.M. Wood, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; G.K. Bielmyer, Valdosta State
University, Valdosta, GA; K.V. Brix, EcoTox, Miami, FL. As salinity
increases, cation competition can be expected to oer increasing protection
against copper (Cu) toxicity. Furthermore, since HCO
3
-
and pH generally
increase with increasing salinity, a shift in Cu speciation from ionic Cu
2+

to CuCO
3
and CuOH complexes can be expected as salinity increases.
However, a recent study using juvenile killish demonstrated relatively
high sensitivity in full strength seawater and in freshwater compared
to low sensitivity at intermediate salinities (Grosell et al 2007). Te
clear discrepancy between toxicity predictions based on speciation
and competition and observed toxicity was partially accounted for by
osmoregulatory physiology, or more specically, relative Na
+
gradients
between the sh and the environment. Te interpretation of these
observations was that higher Na
+
gradients require higher rates of active Na
+

transport (=higher Na
+
turnover rates). Active Na
+
transport is one of the
targets for acute Cu toxicity and high sensitivity to Cu at extreme salinities
is thus likely accounted for by the requirements for Na
+
transport rather
than simply by water chemistry. However, in addition to Na
+
gradients, the
electrical potential across the gill epithelium is important for Na
+
diusion
and thus the need for compensatory active transport. Information about
electrical potentials across sh gills at intermediate salinities is scarce but a
recent report provides transepithelial potential measurements for killish
at a range of salinities (Grosell & Wood 2008). With both chemical
and electrical gradients across the gill epithelium now available, the true
electrochemical driving force (ECp) for Na
+
movement was calculated and
compared to acute bioassay results for juvenile killish. Results revealed
greatest Cu tolerance at ECp=0 and greater Cu sensitivity as ECp becomes
positive (freshwater) or negative (seawater). Interestingly, a modest negative
ECp appears to inuence acute Cu toxicity to a greater extent than an
equivalent positive ECp. Te relatively strong inuence of a negative ECp
is likely associated with the generally higher gill permeability seen in high
salinity, compared to freshwater environments. Grosell, M., et al.,(2007):
Aquat.Tox. 84(2), 162-172. Wood, C.M. & Grosell, M. (2008): J.Comp.
Phys. DOI 10.1007/s00360-008-0260-1
542 Prediction of Toxicity due to Metals- Chemistry, or
Physiology, or Both. P.R. Paquin, R. Mathew, K. Wu, HydroQual Inc.,
Mahwah, NJ; R. Santore, HydroQual Inc., East Syracuse, NY. Te biotic
ligand model (BLM) is a predictive tool that is used to assess the eects
of water quality characteristics on metal bioavailability and toxicity. Te
BLM is formulated in the context of a chemical equilibrium modeling
framework. Tis framework provides a basis for evaluating the speciation
of metals in water, including complexation by inorganic and organic
ligands. Te interactions of metals and other competing cations at the site
of action of toxicity are also represented within this framework. While
these latter chemical interactions are implicitly related to the physiological
response of an organism to a particular metal, not all interactions are
equally well represented. Tat is, there may be constituents in water (both
cations and anions) that impact the toxicological response of the organism,
without necessarily having a marked eect on either complexation or
cation competition. Data related to the eects of Na+, K+ and Cl-, on the
physiology and toxicity of Ag or Cu to aquatic organisms, will be used to
illustrate these ideas. Possible implications to the future development of the
BLM will also be discussed.
543 Te eects of salinity on acute zinc accumulation and toxicity
to the euryhaline sh, Fundulus heteroclitus. G.K. Bielmyer, Biology,
Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA; A. Shyn, J.B. Bullington, S.J.
Chalk, K. Smith, Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
Zinc is an essential element for most aquatic organisms; however, it may
be toxic at elevated concentrations, particularly when exposed through the
water. Presumably the ionic zinc (Zn2+) form is the most toxic. It is well
known that the toxicity of Zn2+ varies with water chemistry and that its
bioavailability is controlled by ligand interactions and competing ions. A
biotic ligand model (BLM) has been developed to predict the toxicity of
zinc to aquatic organisms in freshwater. Although this model works well,
minimal research has been directed toward development of a zinc BLM
for use in marine and estuarine waters. We conducted a study using the
euryhaline sh, Fundulus heteroclitus, to investigate the eects of changing
salinity on acute zinc accumulation and toxicity. F. heteroclitus (7-d old)
were exposed to a range of zinc concentrations in varying salinities for 96 h
and survival was monitored. Additionally, adult F. heteroclitus were exposed
to zinc in freshwater and saltwater for 7 d and zinc tissue accumulation
was measured. As salinity increased zinc toxicity decreased in larvae F.
heteroclitus. Zinc concentrations causing lethality in 50% of the larvae
(LC50s) ranged from 0.40 mg/L in freshwater to 34.5 mg/L in 36 ppt
saltwater. Te LC50 values increased linearly with increasing salinity up
to 10 ppt. At higher salinities, LC50s dramatically increased suggesting
a dierent mechanism of zinc toxicity above the iso-osmotic point. Zinc
accumulation patterns in the tissues of adult F. heteroclitus diered in
freshwater and saltwater. Zinc accumulated in a time and dose dependent
manner in the gill, intestine and liver of saltwater-acclimated F. heteroclitus.
Exposure of freshwater-acclimated F. heteroclitus to 15 and 75 g/L resulted
in similar gill and liver zinc concentrations as in saltwater-acclimated
F. heteroclitus exposed to 115 and 1100 g/L zinc. Surprisingly, given
the osmoregulatory mechanism of freshwater-acclimated F. heteroclitus,
signicant intestinal Zn accumulated in the highest Zn treatment at 7 d.
Te overall goal of this study was to better understand zinc accumulation
and toxicity in dierent salinity waters and to generate acute zinc toxicity
data in a range of salinities, which may be used in development of estuarine
and marine BLMs.
544 Rethinking DOC. C.M. Wood, Biology, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; S.D. Smith, Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier
University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; A. Donini, Biology, York University,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; R.C. Playle, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; M.J. ODonnell, Biology, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; C. Glover, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand; F. Galvez, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, New Zealand. It is now well established that DOC, through its
ability to complex metals and thereby reduce their bioavailability, plays a
major role in ameliorating metal toxicity in natural waters. Indeed DOC
is a key variable in most Biotic Ligand Models (BLM) for predicting metal
toxicity on a site-specic basis. We will review the abundant evidence which
has emerged in recent years indicating that all DOCs are not alike, but
rather heterogeneous in their ability to protect organisms against metal
toxicity, both in freshwater and seawater. Te degree of protection appears to
correlate with optical properties, such that dark, aromatic-rich compounds
are more eective in this regard. However, what has been largely missing in
the toxicological realm is any appreciation that DOCs may also aect the
physiology of target organisms, particularly the ionoregulatory properties of
their exchange surfaces (gills). We will review recently published evidence
in sh and crustaceans that such eects occur, and present new data based
on rainbow trout in vivo, as well as cultured trout gill epithelia in vitro,
indicating that dierent DOCs are heterogeneous in their eects on the
electrical properties of the gills. Again such actions appear to correlate with
the optical properties of the DOC. Both eects on metal toxicity and eects
on organisms may be greater than the factor 2 variation commonly accepted
in BLM predictions.[Funded by ICA, CDA, ILZRO, NiPERA, Teck
Cominco, Vale Inco, Xstrata, Kodak Canada, NSERC CRD program]
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 121
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545 A Marine Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) for Copper. A.C. Ryan,
S.D. Hafner, R.C. Santore, HydroQual, Inc., East Syracuse, NY; P.R.
Paquin, HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ; W. Arnold, Aquatic Ecological Risk
Assessment L.L.C., Tyler, TX; G. Rosen, I. Rivera-Duarte, D. Chadwick, P.
Wang, SSC-San Diego, San Diego, CA. A marine BLM was developed for
Mytilus galloprovincialis, M. edulis, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Dendraster
excentricus, Crassostrea virginica, and C. gigas. Tis model was developed
from data collected in San Diego Bay, rened with data from Pearl Harbor
and San Francisco Bay, and then applied to data from Sinclair Inlet. Salinity
in these datasets was reasonably constant (93% of observations were within
28 to 35 psu), resulting in a model that is applicable to full-strength
seawater. In the San Diego Bay dataset, where dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) concentration ranged from 0.76 to 3.8 mg/L, DOC inuenced
copper median eect concentrations (EC50s), which agrees with previously
published results. Te interaction between copper and dissolved organic
matter (DOM; which is quantied by DOC), was described by a 3 ligand
binding model. Te parameters for the Cu-DOM sub-model were derived
from more than 80 individual copper titrations and ambient cupric ion
measurements. Te resulting speciation model captured the general trend
in the titration data, with 82% of the predicted values within 5-fold of the
reported values. Independent accumulation and toxicity datasets were used
to estimate the parameters responsible for predicting copper accumulation
and to establish the relative sensitivity of the various organisms tested.
Copper accumulation data for both embryonic M. galloprovincialis and
S. purpuratus were adequately t by an accumulation sub-model with
two biotic ligands. Te same accumulation model was then applied to M.
edulis, D. excentricus, C. virginica, and C. gigas. Species-specic sensitivity
parameters were then determined, resulting in a fully calibrated marine
BLM. When the calibrated model was applied to all available data (275
observations, encompassing a DOC range of 0.4 to 12 mg/L), 89% of
EC50 predictions were within 2-fold of reported EC50s. Tese results
support the application of the marine BLM as a tool for the derivation
of site-specic saltwater copper criteria. Future research needs related to
extending the BLM to estuarine conditions, and possible saltwater copper
criteria implementation issues, will be discussed.
546 In-silico models for bioaccumulation assessment. F. Gobas,
Y. Lee, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
As part of international initiatives under the Stockholm Convention for
Persistent Organic Pollutants and national legislation in the United States,
Canada, the European Union, Japan and several other countries, many
thousands of current-use commercial chemicals are being evaluated for
bioaccumulation as well as toxicity, persistence and risk. Te information
used for the bioaccumulation evaluation includes empirical measurements
of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF)
as well as the octanol-water partition coecient (Kow). Because empirical
BCF and BAF are available for only a very small fraction (approximately
4%) of the thousands of commercial to be evaluated, most chemicals
can be expected to be screened for bioaccumulation based on their Kow.
Kow is relatively easy to measure, can be reliably calculated based on
molecular structure and large data bases are available for many chemicals.
However, the Kow is a crude measure that is unable to represent many of
the biological and environmental phenomena that control the degree to
which chemicals bioaccumulate. Chemical screening based on Kow will
therefore overestimate the bioaccumulative nature of many chemicals in
aquatic ecosystems and fail to correctly identify the bioaccumulative nature
of chemicals in terrestrial ecosystems. Bioaccumulation models can play a
useful role by including biological and environmental reality in chemical
screening methodologies based on Kow. In this presentation we discuss
existing and new bioaccumulation models for chemical screening and
illustrate their application in chemical screening. We will discuss the role of
metabolic transformation and the use of metabolic transformation rate data
in bioaccumulation chemical screening. We will further discuss alternative
chemical property and biological data that can be used for bioaccumulation
assessment in wildlife other than sh. We conclude that bioaccumulation
models with appropriate input parameters for biological and environmental
conditions, chemical properties and metabolic transformation rates can
provide better, faster and cheaper evaluation of commercial chemicals than
currently used BCF and Kow descriptors.
547 In vivo metabolic biotransformation rate estimation and in
silico prediction for organic chemicals in sh. J.A. Arnot, D. Mackay,
CEMC, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; B. Meylan, P.
Howard, J. Tunkel, Environmental Sciences Center, Syracuse Research
Corporation, Syracuse, NY; T.F. Parkerton, ExxonMobil Biomedical
Sciences Inc., Annandale, NJ; M. Bonnell, Science & Technology Division,
Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada; B. Boethling, Oce of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Bioaccumulation in sh is the net result of competing
rates of chemical uptake and elimination. Methods exist to estimate gill
uptake and elimination rates, dietary uptake and fecal egestion rates, and
growth rates; however, there are no models currently available to predict
chemical specic metabolic biotransformation rates in sh. To address this
need a series of methods were developed and evaluated culminating in a
predictive model for chemical specic metabolic biotransformation rates
for organic chemicals in sh. First a method was developed and evaluated
to calculate in vivo primary biotransformation rate constants (kM) from
measured laboratory data. Tis method includes an analysis to address the
inherent uncertainty associated with the estimation of biotransformation
rates. Second the estimation method was applied to a large database of
critically reviewed bioaccumulation measurements providing a consistent
kM database of 702 chemicals. Dierences in kM values between species
and routes of exposure were explored. Finally, the database was used to
develop and test a model to predict kM values from chemical structure. Te
estimated database values were converted to half-lives and divided into a
training set (n=421) for model development and an external validation set
(n=211) to test the model. Te model uses molecular substructures derived
from the BIOWIN biodegradation models. Te biotransformation half-life
predictions were calculated based on multiple linear regressions of training
set data against counts of 57 molecular substructures, the Kow and molar
mass. Te coecient of determination (r2) for the development set is 0.82,
the cross validation (q2) is 0.75, and the mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.38
log units. Te external validation of the model with the independent test set
(r2) is 0.73 (MAE is 0.45 log units, a factor of 2.8). Tis model can predict
biotransformation rate constants from chemical structure for screening
level hazard, exposure and risk assessments, for comparisons with other in-
vivo and in-vitro kM estimates, and as a contribution to intelligent testing
strategies.
548 In vivo laboratory bioaccumulation, eld monitoring and
tissue residues. K. Borga, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo,
Norway; A. Weisbrod, Te Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH;
K. Woodburn, Dow Corning, Midland, MI; A. Koelmans, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, Netherlands; A. McElroy, Stony Brook University,
Stony Brook, NY; T. Parkerton, Exxon Mobil Biomedical, Annandale,
NJ. Bioaccumulation (i.e, the increase of a contaminant in an organism
relative to water and food) is a broad term that includes contaminant
increase both from uptake solely from water (bioconcentration) and from
dietary uptake of contaminants (biomagnication). Bioaccumulation
therefore describes the net result of chemical accumulation in an organism,
including all uptake and elimination routes of which bioconcentration
and biomagnication are special cases. A myriad of methods are used
to determine bioaccumulation using in vivo laboratory studies and eld
studies of whole organisms or tissue/organ specic studies. Tese data
provide valuable information for national and international programs
that are screening large numbers of chemicals for bioaccumulation
potential. However, the methods used for bioaccumulation assessment are
challenging and often associated with signicant experimental diculties
and uncertainties. Further, simple models are often used in decision-making
that may not be valid. For example, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are
often predicted simply from the chemicals physicochemical properties and
often lack a realistic appreciation of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and elimination (ADME) processes present in wildlife species. Te
advantages and disadvantages of dierent methods will be discussed, along
with recommendations for normalization of the processes, and collection
and evaluation of data from tests of whole organisms in both lab and eld
settings.
549 Trophic magnication factor - the best metric for
bioaccumulation assessment? D. Muir, Environment Canada, Burlington,
Ontario, Canada; K. Kidd, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New
Brunswick, Canada; K. Borga, Norwegian Institute for Water Research,
Oslo, Norway; A. Fisk, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
Trophic magnication factors (TMFs) describe the change in chemical
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concentration from one trophic level to the other. TMFs are derived from
the slope of the regression of log lipid-normalized concentrations of the
chemical in organisms from a food web versus their trophic level (TL),
as determined by stable nitrogen isotope ratios. Te TMF concept was
rst introduced by Broman et al (ET&C 1992) for dioxins and furans
and it is now being used increasingly to assess new potential persistent
and bioaccumulative chemicals as well as legacy POPs. TMFs have also
been applied to metals/organometals (e.g. methyl Hg, Cs, Rb) and other
chemicals that biomagnify in non-lipid compartments (e.g. PFOS), using
wet weight concentration or whole body burden in the regression. TMFs
are particularly useful for comparing biomagnication of individual
chemicals within a well dened food web of a single lake or marine
sampling site, typically including zooplankton, forage sh and top predator
sh. A comparison among 17 lakes in Canada showed that TMFs were
relatively consistent (RSD 35-45%) for p,p-DDE, trans-nonachlor and
PCB153 in lake trout food webs. Te calculation of a single TMF from the
chemical concentration vs TL relationship assumes biomass transfer and
biotransformation eciencies are similar for all the organisms. Tis is not
the case when both poikilotherms and homeotherms are included, such as
in marine food web studies with seabirds and marine mammals. Ideally,
separate TMFs for each thermal group should be calculated. Te TMF
approach also assumes that diet is the primary uptake route of contaminants
for all species in the regression. Most recalcitrant organochlorines such as
PCBs show highly signicant linear trends of concentration vs TL. However,
many compounds e.g. chlorinated parans, hexachlorocyclohexanes,
PBDEs, phthalates show more complex relationships in the same food
webs due to biotransformation by top predators. At present TMFs are
empirically derived from eld studies. For use in screening new and
existing chemicals more work needs to be done to derive TMFs from food
web biomagnication models. Tis presentation will review the current
understanding and applications of TMFs in aquatic systems and identify
areas for further research.
550 Water Environment Research Foundations Plan for
Determining the Relationship Between Exposure of Trace Organics
and Adverse Impacts to Aquatic Populations and Communities.
S.D. Dyer, D. McAvoy, Central Product Safety, Te Procter & Gamble
Company, Cincinnati, OH; D. Lester, Natural Resources, King County,
Seattle, WA; L. Olabode, D. Woltering, Water Environment Research
Foundation, Alexandria, VA. Te analytical detection of trace organic
compounds (TOrCs) emanating from point and non-point sources is
increasing every year. Te presence of these TOrCs or also referred to as
emerging contaminants, often provokes questions of potential risk to
aquatic communities and human health. Often, organizations involved with
determining occurrence do not have the facilities, capabilities or manpower
to address the relationships between trace organic exposure and measures
of ecological status. To address this increasing need, WERF sponsored a
workshop that brought together chemists, engineers and biologists from
industry, local, state, regional and federal agencies for the purpose of
developing a consensus on the key questions that address the overarching
question: What is the relationship between exposure to trace organic
compounds and adverse impacts to aquatic populations and communities?
Te questions were identied by breaking the participants into three groups:
Chemistry, Biological/Physical and Synthesis. Te myriad of questions
from each group were then prioritized and nally condensed into the
following potential projects: 1) Identify, and if necessary develop new
protocols for assessing exposure pathways of TOrCs in aquatic environment
that can be used on a site-specic basis; 2) develop and contribute to a
central database of TOrCs chemical monitoring data that has undergone
uniform data quality assurance; 3) prioritization of TOrCs for focused
work based on their potential exposure and biological eects; 4) develop a
diagnostic tool to identify TOrCs by source type at impacted sites based on
measured impacts; and 5) determine the relative risk of TOrCs in aquatic
communities. WERF has committed $1 million over the next 4 years to
initiate and facilitate cross-sector collaboration research that addresses
questions involved in each of the 5 projects. With the participation of other
funding partners and in-kind contributions it is expected that the total
investment in the eort will be double that of the WERF commitment.
Detailed descriptions of the questions and rationale for developing the 5
projects will be discussed.
551 Evaluation of water quality threats to the endangered
Okaloosa darter, Etheostoma okaloosae, in East Turkey Creek on Eglin
Air Force Base. J.M. Hemming, M.L. Tongue, W.B. Tate, Ecological
Services and Fisheries Resources, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama
City, FL; I. Knoebl, R. Weil, K. Kroll, N. Denslow, Biochemistry &
Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; N. Szabo,
Analytical Toxicology Core Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL. Te federally endangered Okaloosa darter (Etheostoma okaloosae) is
found almost exclusively on the Eglin Air Force Base in the Choctawhatchee
Bay watershed of Florida. Portions of this limited habitat are threatened
by smothering with erosional soils, altered hydrology, and impaired water
quality. Taken together, these factors have contributed to the endangered
status of this sh. Te U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been working
to remove impediments to the recovery of the darter through threat
identication and stream segment restoration. One stream reach in
particular, East Turkey Creek, has demonstrated potential water quality
problems. Preliminary data indicating possible problems have included
poor invertebrate bioassessment scores (IBI), uncharacteristically high
conductivity values, and low numbers of Okaloosa darters. For these
reasons, the inuence of adjacent land uses, including a wastewater spray
eld, was assessed. General water quality (dissolved oxygen, specic
conductance, pH, temperature, and relative turbidity and primary
productivity) was characterized in both the potentially impacted East
Turkey Creek and a reference stream (Long Creek). Municipal wastewater
inuences were assessed during a 30 day exposure using passive samplers
for both non-polar (SPMD) and polar (POCIS) euent parameters.
Metal loading in the system was assessed via sh tissue burdens in resident
Pteronotropis hypseleotris. Additionally, microarray analysis was performed
on gonad and liver tissue from fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, after
48-h exposures. Results of these analyses are expected to provide insight into
contributing factors to water quality degradation in East Turkey Creek. Data
will be used to adapt management strategies to address water quality issues
to further recovery of the Okaloosa darter.
552 Ecological Impacts of Toxics in Stormwater on Salmonids in
Restored Urban Streams. J.W. Davis, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife
Oce, U.S. FWS, Lacey, WA; J. Labenia, J. Spromberg, J. Incardona, T.
Collier, N. Scholz, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,
Seattle, WA; J. McIntyre, School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA; S. McCarthy, L. Reed, K. Lynch, Seattle
Public Utilities, City of Seattle, Seattle, WA. Human population growth
and urbanization are increasingly concentrated in lowland areas of Puget
Sound. Te ongoing conversion of forested and agricultural lands for
commercial and residential uses is increasing the runo of pollutants from
roads, parking lots, and other impervious surfaces. As a consequence,
non-point source pollution via stormwater runo has become one of the
most signicant emerging threats to the biological integrity of freshwater,
estuarine, and nearshore habitats in Puget Sound. For salmonids and other
at-risk species, the current conservation challenges associated with toxic
runo are geographically widespread, complex, expanding, and poorly
understood. In recent years, research has shown that degraded stormwater
quality can signicantly impact the health of sh and the biological
communities that support productive aquatic ecosystems. Major ndings
include the documentation of recurrent and widespread coho pre-spawn
mortality (PSM) in restored urban streams. Surveys in restored urban
creeks detected a surprisingly high rate of mortality among migratory coho
females that were in good physical condition, but had not yet spawned.
Adult coho from several dierent urban streams also exhibited a similar
progression of symptoms (disorientation, lethargy, loss of equilibrium,
gaping, n splaying) that rapidly led to the death of the aected sh. In
recent years, pre-spawn mortality has been observed in many lowland urban
streams, with overall rates ranging from ~ 25% to 90% of the fall runs.
Surveys of wild coho spawners in a forested reference stream in northwest
Washington revealed < 1% PSM. Although the precise cause of PSM in
urban streams is not yet known, conventional water quality parameters (i.e.,
temperature and dissolved oxygen) and disease do not appear to be causal.
Rather, the weight of evidence suggests that adult coho, which enter small
urban streams following fall storm events, are acutely sensitive to non-point
source stormwater runo containing pollutants that originate from highly
developed landscapes. Tese ndings have important implications for
restoration and conservation eorts in urban and urbanizing watersheds,
respectively.
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553 Striped Bass a Sentinel of San Francisco Estuary Ecosystem
Health: How Much Stress Can Young Stripers Endure. D.J. Ostrach,
J.M. Gro, E.D. Durieux, K.J. Eder, J.L. Spearow, L.C. Prak, P.S.
Fitzgerald, C.C. Chin, G.E. Whitman, John Muir Institute of the
Environment, Center for Watershed Sciences & Department of Civil
& Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, School
of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA; J.H. Walsh, Icthyology Laboratory,
Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing, CA. Te Interagency
Ecological Program (IEP) reported a sharp decline in populations of
pelagic sh in the San Francisco Estuary in 2001. IEP abundance indices
calculated for pelagic sh over the past ve years suggest that signicant
declines in these populations are continuing. Here we report on potential
factors contributing to the decline of this striped bass population. Current
investigations focused on determining the health and condition of striped
bass collected during the summers of 2005 - 2007 and developmental
studies related to the maternal transfer of xenobiotics. Findings indicate
that the striped bass collected in 2005 surveys were severely compromised
as a result of infective disease processes. In 2006 & 2007 ndings were
similar although not as severe. Results from 2005 -2007 indicate the vast
majority of these juvenile sh were under sub-lethal contaminant exposure
as measured by P4501A1 induction and vitellogenin expression. Induction
of P4501A1 indicates that these sh may be immuno-compromised
which provides a possible explanation of the high incidence of disease
and parasitism observed. Results from the 2006 maternal transfer study
corroborate earlier ndings from 1999 & 2001. Signicant levels of PCB,
PBDE and pesticides were found in eggs from river collected striped bass.
Tis complex xenobiotic mixture caused developmental abnormalities and
signicant lesions associated with contaminant exposure. Extremely low
abundance indices during all three years coupled with the histopathological
and positive P450 ndings infers that this population of striped bass is
compromised and that the sh collected in the fall may be the robust
survivors of an epizootic and/or contaminant exposure. Tese results suggest
that multiple stressors are adversely aecting this population of striped bass.
Tis investigation presents new information that can help understand the
role of contaminants and manage their eects on pelagic sh populations in
the San Francisco Estuary.
554 Multiple Stressors and Current-Use Pesticides: A Comparison
of Field Measurements vs. Traditional Risk Assessment Models in
a Tropical Watershed. B. Polidoro, Dept. of Biology, Old Dominion
University, Hampton, VA; B. Polidoro, M.J. Morra, Soil and Land
Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; C. Ruepert, L.E. Castillo,
IRET, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. Among the most
important research priorities identied in tropical ecotoxicology is the
need for risk assessment models specic to pesticide fate and toxicity in
tropical watersheds. In southeastern Costa Rica, a number of pesticides are
intensively applied to produce export-quality plantains and bananas. Based
on an ecological risk assessment framework, principal exposure pathways,
environmental concentration, and toxicity datasets for three current-use
pesticides (chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and difenoconazole) are integrated into
a risk assessment using deterministic methods. Comparison of modeled
and observed pesticide concentration and biological eect highlight major
discrepancies in estimating pesticide environmental concentration and
toxicity in tropical environments from temperate-based fugacity models
and available toxicity data. Observations of sh kill events and measured
pesticide concentrations in the eld, indicate that current species toxicity
datasets may not be applicable for estimating toxicological eects in
tropical areas with multiple stressors, high biodiversity and complex species
interactions. Similarly, environmental fate models developed for use in
temperate zones must be modied to account for dierent application
technologies as well as tropical climatic eects on pesticide dissipation
and degradation. Several alternatives to traditional deterministic methods
and single-species toxicity datasets, such as the use of biodiversity indices
and relative hazard zones, are suggested for their suitability and potential
adaptability in tropical regions for estimating the eect of multiple stressors
for site-specic or landscape level risk assessments.
555 Population characteristics of pleurocerid snails as indicators
of environmental stressors in the watershed of a large river experiencing
sh kills. S. Ciparis, J. Voshell, Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA. Repeated occurrences of widespread sh kills in the Shenandoah
River (Virginia, USA) are an indication of stress within the ecosystem.
Measured concentrations of metals in sh tissue and a high level of intersex
in smallmouth bass suggest that arsenic and estrogenic compounds may
be stressors of interest in the watershed. High nutrient concentrations
may also be indirectly reducing sh health by increasing food resources
for intermediate hosts of sh parasites. Two potential sources of metals,
estrogenic chemicals, and nutrients are present throughout the watershed:
land application of manure from animal feeding operations (AFOs)
and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges. Te freshwater
prosobranch snail, Leptoxis carinata (family Pleuroceridae) is widely
distributed in the Shenandoah River watershed, and unlike sh aected by
the kills, this species is sessile and occurs in small tributaries. Field studies
were conducted to determine if L. carinata populations show measurable
responses downstream of suspected sources of environmental stressors.
Replicate quadrat samples were taken at 19 sites in 15 Shenandoah River
tributaries and snail population densities, sex ratios, trematode infection
rates, and pooled tissue concentrations of metals were measured. Land use
in tributary subwatersheds was quantied and sampling sites represented
a gradient of inuence from AFOs and WWTP discharges. Arsenic
concentrations in snail tissue ranged from <0.05-11 g/g dry wt., and
bioaccumulation appeared to be positively correlated with agricultural land
use. Population sex ratios (F:M) ranged from 0.64:1-6.38:1, suggesting
an environmental inuence on sex determination, but the relationship to
land use was complex. Population density ranged from 32-2,242 snails/
m2 and did not appear to be the primary driving factor behind trematode
infection rates, which ranged from 0-64%. Relationships of snail population
characteristics with measured environmental variables will be discussed,
as well as the broader implications of using gastropod mollusks, a widely
distributed yet understudied class of organisms, to measure biological eects
of multiple environmental stressors in freshwater ecosystems.
556 Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining
amphibian species. J.R. Rohr, T.R. Rael, N. Halstead, Biology, University
of South Florida, Tampa, FL; J.T. Hoverman, Department of Forestry,
Wildlife and Fisheries, Te University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; A.M.
Schotthoefer, V.R. Beasley, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. Global amphibian declines have
often been attributed to disease, but ignorance of the relative importance
and mode of action of potential drivers of infection has made it dicult to
develop eective remediation. In our eld study, the widely used herbicide,
atrazine, was the best of over 240 plausible predictors of the abundance
of larval trematodes (parasitic atworms) in the declining northern
leopard frog, Rana pipiens, and the eects of atrazine were consistent
across trematode taxa. Te combination of atrazine and phosphate, major
agrochemicals in global corn and sorghum production, accounted for
74% of the variation in the abundance of these often debilitating larval
trematodes (atrazine alone accounted for 51%). Analysis of eld data
supported a causal mechanism whereby both of these agrochemicals increase
exposure and susceptibility to larval trematodes by augmenting snail
intermediate hosts and suppressing amphibian immunity. A community-
level mesocosm experiment demonstrated that, relative to control tanks,
atrazine tanks had immuno-suppressed tadpoles, signicantly more
periphyton and snails, and tadpoles with elevated trematode loads, further
supporting a causal relationship between atrazine and elevated trematode
infections in amphibians. Tese results raise concerns about the role of
atrazine and phosphate in amphibian declines. Further, they illustrate the
value of quantifying the relative importance of, and interaction among,
multiple stressors (here pollution and parasites) and the mechanisms by
which stressors enhance or mitigate risk for wildlife species.
557 Residential lawn chemicals in suburban streams: Mesocosm
and eld studies to determine relative risks to eco-structure and
function. C.T. Nietch, J. Allen, D. Brown, J. Lazorchak, D. Macke,
V. Namboodiri, E. Quinlan, Oce of Research and Development,
Experimental Stream Facility, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH; A. Lehmann,
B. Ramakirshnan, M. Tompkins, Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure,
Milford, OH. Stream mesocosm and eld data were used to represent
habitat conditions characteristic of small channels draining suburban
developments where forested corridors are often replaced by chemically-
treated lawns. Light availability, background water quality, channel
hydraulic properties, and dosing regimes were controlled in meso-scale
stream channels or were projected to dier among selected eld sites to
better understand the relative risks of lawn chemical runo to small stream
124 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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structure and function. In separate studies, mesocosms were naturally
colonized under dierent water quality and light conditions and dosed
continuously or coincident with real rain events. Lawn chemical dosing
solutions were prepared directly from commonly applied, commercial
products. Product constituents measured simultaneously with in-stream
variables included ammonium, nitrate-nitrite, urea, reactive phosphorus,
and the pesticides, 2,4 D and mecoprop-p. In-stream variables in both
mesocosm and eld streams were tracked on a continuous (temperature,
D.O., pH, conductivity, turbidity and bivalve behavior); daily (nutrients);
or weekly (pesticides, periphyton and invertebrates) basis. A 48 hr sh
exposure for estrogenicity occurred during a rain-triggered dosing event.
Te results have allowed for ranking factors deemed important to stream
productivity and invertebrate integrity. Integrating experimental and
eld observations to research the relative importance of natural and
anthropogenic-derived stress in real aquatic matrixes can help to guide risk
management methods and models in watersheds impacted by suburban
growth.
558 Eects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Competitive
Interactions in North American Pond-Breeding Anurans. C. Distel,
M.D. Boone, Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH. We sought
to determine whether pesticides can detrimentally aect amphibian
communities by changing competitive interactions. In the face of rapid
worldwide declines, understanding mechanisms to slow amphibian loss
is crucial. Insecticides can aect tadpole survival and competition where
more than one species exists. We addressed the eects of sublethal levels of
carbaryl, a short-lived insecticide, on competition among larval American
toads (Bufo americanus) and Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) using
mesocosms. Carbaryl exacerbated the eects of interspecic competition
on larval period as well as survival to, and mass at metamorphosis. Te
eect was stronger on toads than leopard frogs. Tese changes could lead to
competitive exclusion over time, thereby promoting amphibian species loss.
559 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Products(PPCPs) and pesticides in the wastewaters, surface waters and
source and nished drinking waters in Montreal region. A. Daneshvar
Mahvelat, M. Prvost, Dpartement des gnies civil, gologiques et des
mines, cole Polytechnique de Montral, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
K. Aboulfadl, L. Viglino, S. Sauv, Dpartement de chimie, Universit
de Montral, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Te occurrence of atrazine,
simazine, cyanazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA),
carbamazepine, naproxen, caeine, gembrozil and trimethorpim were
determined in April to November 2007 in four rivers (St Lawrence, des
Prairies, Mille-Iles and Assomption Rivers) in the Montreal region. Grab
samples were collected from upstream low-impacted sites, raw sewage
and nal euents from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and
the source and nished waters of four drinking water treatment plants
(DWTPs). A multi-residue method of on-line solid-phase extraction
combined with liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass
spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to conduct the experiments.
Two approaches were taken: (1) Documenting the seasonal occurrence
and overall removals in full-scale wastewater and drinking water treatment
plants; (2) Conducting selected bench scale ozonation studies to measure
removal eciency in pure and natural waters. Caeine, carbamazepine,
naproxen and trimethoprim were detected in all raw wastewater while
gembrozil and atrazine were only identied in 66% of inuent samples.
Te average removal eciencies within two WWTPs were 72% for caeine,
2% for carbamazepine, 48% for naproxen and 43% for trimethoprim.
Caeine was the most frequently detected compound in the surface waters
with the highest average concentration of 211 ng/L in Mille-Iles River.
Te highest mean concentrations of atrazine+DEA+DIA (53 ng/L) and
carbamazepine (20 ng/L) were detected in St Lawrence River. Te peak for
atrazine in all surface waters occurred in the beginning of June, just after
its anticipated application period. Among all the substances considered,
caeine had the highest reduction (77%) while passing through the DWTP
located in Mille-Iles River; whereas carbamazepine had lower removal
rate (32%). Te overall results prove that caeine and carbamazepine are
promising tracers of anthropogenic and pharmaceutical contaminants in the
source waters because of their ubiquitous occurrence and relative persistence
during treatment processes. Tey also conrm that available kinetic constant
rates provide a good estimate of potential removals if a reliable estimate of
plant CT is available.
560 Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Products to Terrestrial Plants, Benecial Symbionts and Microbial
Processes. D.G. Hillis, A. Wojtyniak, K.R. Solomon, P.K. Sibley,
Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPPs) may enter the
terrestrial environment through the amendment of agricultural soils with
manure or biosolids as well as the irrigation of crops, public areas and golf
courses with reclaimed WWTP euent. A series of tiered experiments
were completed to assess the risk of 16 common PCPPs on the health of
plants, their benecial symbionts and soil microbial processes. Phytotoxicity
was evaluated using germination and root elongation experiments, root
organ cultures and soil column experiments. Te eects of the PCPPs
on the benecial plant symbiont, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF),
were evaluated while grown on root organ cultures and plants in soil. Soil
column experiments evaluated changes to bacterial communities exposed to
monensin and triclosan. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs)
of ve pharmaceutical compounds in manure or biosolids, and seven in
soil, were absent from the peer-reviewed literature. Te majority of PCPPs
tested exceeded a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of 1 in culture for the EC10 of
at least one measured endpoint compared to manure and biosolid MECs.
In general, the HQ of a given endpoint was reduced by at least an order of
magnitude between that calculated for biosolids or manure compared to the
soil HQ. Exposure distributions were then compared to the eect measures
to further evaluate the probability of negative impacts to plants, AMF and
microbial processes. Te results indicate that further characterization of
the risk of PCPPs to plants and microbial function in soils is warranted
and that a paucity of data still exists in terms of measured environmental
concentrations for the majority of PCPPs in soils following biosolid/manure
amendment or irrigation with euent.
561 Environmental Risk Assessment of Veterinary
Pharmaceuticals. C.E. Eirkson, A. McCarthy, E. Silberhorn,
Environmental Safety Team, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville,
MD. As part of the veterinary drug approval process, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), reviews
the potential environmental impacts of the introduction of veterinary
drugs into the environment. Te primary law governing CVMs review
and approval process is the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act but the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) plays a pivotal role. Following
NEPA, CVM analyzes for environmental impacts through categorical
exclusions and/or Environmental Assessments (EA). A categorical exclusion
results from a regulatory process for moving an approval forward which
will not likely impact the environment. An EA is a summary of a science
based risk process for determining whether an action may have a signicant
environmental impact. Te environmental assessment process is a phased
and tiered process that was developed by the CVM in cooperation with
regulatory bodies for veterinary medicines in the European Union,
Australia, Canada and Japan. An assessment can include the generation
of environmental introduction, fate, exposure and toxicity (terrestrial and
aquatic) data following OECD or other accepted test guidelines. Te data
needs are determined, in part, by the use of the drug and how it will be
introduced to the environment (i.e., aquaculture, feedlot, pasture). During
the assessment, predicted environmental concentrations are compared with
a predicted no eect concentrations to determine risk to the environment.
Depending on any risk identied during the assessment, no further action
may be appropriate or risk mitigation can be necessary. Mitigation may
include limitations or specic directions on use of a product which would
be included in the drug labeling. Once an animal drug is approved for
commercial use, the EA becomes publicly available and may be viewed at
www.fda/gov/cvm/ea.htm.
562 Beyond the Medicine Cabinet: An Analysis of Where and Why
Medications Accumulate. I. Ruhoy, Touro University School of Medicine,
Henderson, NV. Abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from
medications can enter the environment as trace contaminants, at individual
concentrations generally below a part per billion (g/L). APIs enter the
environment primarily via the discharge of raw and treated sewage. Residues
of unmetabolized APIs from parenteral and enteral drugs are excreted in
feces and urine, and topically applied medications are washed from skin
during bathing. Tese trace residues may pose risks for aquatic life and cause
concern with regard to subsequent human exposure. APIs also enter the
environment from the disposal of unwanted medications directly to sewers
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and trash. Te relative signicance of this route compared with excretion
and bathing is poorly understood and has been subject to much speculation.
Two major aspects of uncertainty exist: the percentage of any particular API
in the environment originating from disposal is unknown, and disposal
undoubtedly occurs from a variety of dispersed sources. Sources of disposal,
along with the types and quantities of APIs resulting from each source, are
important to understand so that eective pollution prevention approaches
can be designed and implemented. Accumulation of leftover, unwanted
drugs poses three major concerns: (i) APIs disposed to sewage or trash
compose a diverse source of potential chemical stressors in the environment.
(ii) Accumulated drugs represent increased potential for drug diversion, with
its attendant risks of unintentional poisonings and abuse. (iii) Leftover drugs
represent wasted healthcare resources and lost opportunities for medical
treatment. Tis presentation has four major purposes: (1) Dene the
processes, actions, and behaviors that control and drive the consumption,
accumulation, and need for disposal of pharmaceuticals. (2) Provide an
overview of the diverse locations where drugs are used and accumulate.
(3) Present a summary of the rst cataloging of APIs disposed by a dened
subpopulation. (4) Identify opportunities for pollution prevention and
source reduction.
563 Behavioral and biochemical changes in hybrid striped
bass as a result of 27 day, low concentration exposures to uoxetine.
J.H. Bisesi, K.M. Gaworecki, S.J. Klaine, Institute of Environmental
Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC; J.H. Bisesi, Graduate
Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC;
K.M. Gaworecki, S.J. Klaine, Biological Sciences, Clemson University,
Clemson, SC. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are being found
in increasing concentrations in wastewater euent, surface waters and even
drinking water. Many of these drugs are psychoactive chemicals designed to
alter behavior in humans. Te biochemical pathways aected by these drugs
are also found in aquatic animals. Terefore, it is reasonable to believe that
these drugs may exert their eects on the aquatic species in the receiving
streams, altering behaviors such as predator avoidance, prey capture and
reproduction. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an antidepressant that is commonly
prescribed to humans for the treatment of chronic depression. Many
studies have shown that uoxetine can be found in the wastewater euent.
Yet very little research has been conducted to determine the behavioral
eects this chemical can have aquatic species. Previous research in our lab
has shown that short term exposures to uoxetine can alter the ability of
hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops) to capture live
prey (Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas). Tese behavioral changes
can also be correlated with changes in brain biochemistry. Te current
research focuses on longer term exposures at concentrations closer to
environmentally relevant levels. Preliminary results have shown that longer
duration, lower concentration exposures produce variable results that will
be examined further to determine if behavioral eects can be seen at more
environmentally relevant concentrations.
564 Risk Mitigation for Aquaculture Drugs: FDA/EPA
Collaboration on Water Quality Benchmarks. E.M. Silberhorn, C.E.
Eirkson, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration,
Rockville, MD. As part of the veterinary drug approval process in the U.S.
and in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),
most drugs used in aquaculture require the preparation of an Environmental
Assessment to determine if the proposed drug use could result in signicant
impacts on the environment. Te environmental assessment process is a
phased and tiered risk assessment process which often requires generation of
acute aquatic toxicity and environmental fate data. In many cases, chronic
toxicity data is also generated on one or more aquatic species. Depending
upon the risk to the environment identied during the assessment, risk
mitigation (e.g., labeling, use restrictions), may be needed. One form of
risk mitigation is a water quality benchmark. Water quality benchmarks
are similar to the existing numerical ambient water quality criteria for
the protection of aquatic life that U.S. EPA has developed under the
Clean Water Act. Te process for deriving a benchmark was created in
collaboration with U.S. EPA. It varies depending on the amount of available
toxicity data, but follows standard U.S. EPA procedures. Depending on the
risk identied during the assessment, an acute and/or chronic benchmark(s)
may be derived. As part of the risk mitigation, labeling for the aquaculture
drug identies the benchmark value(s) and requires the drug user to report
this information to the appropriate authority of the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Labeling also identies an
FDA website (www.fda.gov/cvm/ea.htm) where additional environmental
information on the drug may be found, including how the benchmark(s)
was derived. Te benchmark value(s), in conjunction with the supplement
environmental information and site-specic factors (e.g., extent of dilution
in receiving water, designated use(s) of the waterbody), may be used by
the NPDES authority to determine if an euent discharge limit or whole
euent toxicity testing is needed at individual aquaculture facilities where
the drug will be used.
565 Fathead Minnow Lifecycle Exposure to Environmentally-
Relevant concentrations of Venlafaxine (Eexor) or a Mixture of Five
Antidepressants. J. Parrott, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada; C. Metcalfe, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Fathead minnows were exposed for a lifecycle to environmentally-relevant
concentrations of venlafaxine (Eexor) or to a mixture of the top ve
detected selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants
at concentrations similar to Canadian municipal wastewater euent
(MWWE). Exposure concentrations (nominal) were: venlafaxine 1000,
10,000 or 100,000 ng/L, SSRI mixture: venlafaxine 2700 ng/L, citalopram
300 ng/L, bupropion 100 ng/L, uoxetine 130 ng/L and sertraline 20 ng/L,
or ten times the SSRI mixture concentrations. Exposures (8 replicates of
controls, 4 replicates of SSRI treatments) began with 30 fertilized fathead
minnow eggs and sh were examined during their growth development and
reproduction until 160 days post-hatch (dph). F1 were raised to 16 dph to
assess changes in growth. Fish exposed for a lifecycle showed increased egg
production in the highest venlafaxine concentration, and males appeared to
be more aggressive as measured by decreased time to physically contact (hit
or push) a dummy intruder sh held near the nest. Male fathead minnows
exposed to 10 x SSRI mixture were larger than control males. Tese changes
in growth, egg production and aggression, as well as percent hatch and F1
deformities will be discussed.
566 Identication, distribution and fate of synthetic surfactants
and their metabolites in marine sediments. P. Lara-Martn, X. Li, B.J.
Brownawell, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, NY. Synthetic surfactants are among the main
ingredients in the formulation of personal care products. In addition to their
high volume use in cleaners and fabric softeners, a wide array of surfactants
are used in a large fraction of all care products as well as pharmaceutical
preparations. Given their high volume use (worldwide production is greater
than 10 million tons per year), environmental exposures to surfactant
residues exceed that of other organic contaminants of concern; yet with
the notable exception of NPEO metabolites, there is little data on chronic
toxicity of such chemicals and many are yet to be identied. In this paper
we provide an overview of our recent work on the identication of a range
of anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants and persistent residues in
sewage impacted sediments in marine environments in the south of Spain
and the NY/NJ metropolitan harbor complex. Using a combination of
LC-MS approaches, we have found surcial sediment concentrations of
cationic surfactants (including a number of disinfectants) at concentrations
above 100 ppm; nonionic surfactants in excess of 50 ppm; and anionic
surfactants approaching 10 ppm (in depositional cores concentrations are
often found to be even higher at deeper depths). Relative concentrations of
dierent surfactants and metabolites are seldom related to their usage, but
rather to their persistence during and after sewage treatment, their tendency
to sorb to sediments, and the biogeochemical characteristics of sediment
environments they are deposited in. Important metabolites of several classes
of targeted anionic (LAS and AES) and nonionic surfactants (AEO and
APEO) are persistent and have been measured at signicant levels as well.
Our work and those of others suggest that more attention should be paid to
understanding the exposure and toxicological signicance of this broad class
of high production volume chemicals.
567 SMAR
X
T DISPOSAL : A National Public Awareness and
Partnership Campaign Promoting Responsible Consumer Medication
Disposal to Ensure Healthy Aquatic Ecosystems. T. Parson, G. Masson,
K. Geer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA. In March 2008,
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the American Pharmacists Association,
and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America signed
a memorandum of understanding creating a unique public-private
partnership. Te three organizations launched the SMAR
X
T DISPOSAL
campaign which targets medication consumers to raise their awareness
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about the potential negative environmental impacts improperly disposed
medications may have on aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, the campaign
provides guidance on proper disposal alternatives, including the following
steps: 1) Do not ush unused medications and do not pour them down
a sink or drain; 2) Be proactive and dispose of unused medication in
household trash; 3) Check for approved state and local collection programs;
4) Consult your local pharmacist concerning medications recommended
by the Food and Drug Administration for ushing. Tis simple campaign
is catching on nation-wide, and we hope to change medication disposal
practices so we can further protect aquatic ecosystems.
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568 HACCP: Integrating Science and Management through
ASTM Standards. G. Linder, HeronWorks Field Oce, USGS/BRD/
CERC, Brooks, OR; L. Kapustka, Golder Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta,
Canada. From a technical perspective, hazard analysis-critical control point
(HACCP) evaluations may be considered risk management tools suited to
a wide range of applications. As one outcome of a symposium convened by
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in August, 2005, the
recently published ASTM Standard Guide for Conducting Hazard Analysis-
Critical Control Point (HACCP) Evaluations (E2590) describes a stepwise
procedure for using existing information, and if available, supporting eld
and laboratory data concerning a process, materials, or products potentially
linked to adverse eects likely to occur in the environment as a result of
an event associated with a process such as the dispersal of a potentially
invasive species or the release of material (for example, a chemical) or its
derivative products to the environment. HACCP evaluation is a simple
linear process or a network of linear processes that represents the structure
of any event; the hazard analysis (HA) depends on the data quality and
data quantity available for the evaluation process, especially as that relates
to critical control points (CCPs) characterized in completing HACCP.
Control measures target CCPs and serve as limiting factors or control steps
in a process that reduce or eliminate the hazards that initiated the HACCP
evaluation. Te main reason for implementing HACCP is to prevent
problems associated with a specic process, practice, material, or product.
Together with existing ASTM standards such as Guide for Assessing the
Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Teir Uses (E1023), Guide
for Development and Implementation of a Pollution Prevention Program
(E 1609), and Guide for Framework for a Consensus-based Environmental
Decision-making Process (E 2348), and others available from ASTM
subcommittees, many tools are readily available for technical analysts
working with stakeholders who may be characterized by a wide range of
technical backgrounds and oftentimes conicting perspectives of shared
problems.
569 Managing potential risks of biological invasions associated
with proposed interbasin water diversions in North Dakota. G.
Hiemenz, R. Nelson, Bureau of Reclamation, Bismarck, ND. Te Garrison
Diversion Unit, a multi-purpose water development plan, was authorized
by Congress in 1965. Because the Garrison Diversion Unit would divert
Missouri River water to the Hudson Bay Basin, the Province of Manitoba
and the Canadian Federal Government expressed concern that the project
would adversely impact waters in Canada, in violation of the Boundary
Waters Treaty of 1909. Specic concerns included degradation of water
quality from irrigation return ows, increased ooding, and introduction
of foreign sh, sh eggs, sh parasites, sh diseases, and other potentially
invasive species into Manitoba waters. Issues related to irrigation return ow
impacts to Canada were largely resolved when GDU was reformulated in
1986, and all project irrigation in the Hudson Bay Basin was deauthorized.
Te potential for transferring invasive species, however, remained a
signicant issue. Te 1986 GDU Reformulation Act authorized diversion
of water from the Missouri River to the Hudson Bay Basin for Municipal,
Rural, and Industrial Water Supply, if the Secretary of the Interior, in
consultation with the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency, determined that adequate treatment
was provided to meet the requirements of the Boundary Waters Treaty of
1909. In 2000, GDU was again reformulated with passage of the Dakota
Water Resources Act. Tat Act included two proposed projects that would
potentially transfer Missouri River water to the Hudson Bay Basin for
municipal, rural, and industrial uses. As part of the evaluation of these
projects, Reclamation contracted with USGS to evaluate the risks and
consequences of biological invasions related to the potential diversions. Te
risk analyses will be considered by decision makers in determining the level
of treatment necessary for each project to comply with the Boundary Waters
Treaty.
570 HACCP: Applications to Water Resource Projects Involving
Interbasin Water Transfers, Conicting Uses, and Multiple Stressors. G.
Linder, E. Little, HeronWorks Field Oce, USGS/BRD/CERC, Brooks,
OR. Hazard analysis-critical control point (HACCP) evaluation, in practice
if not by name, has variously served to inform natural resource management
decisions, especially when uncertainty far outdistances data sucient for
a quantitative risk analysis. A long standing water resources issuethe
Red River Valley water supply (RRVWS) project of the northern Great
Plainsillustrates our recent implementation of HACCP. RRVWS project
involved a technical and sociopolitical setting not unlike those commonly
encountered by scientists and engineers working with a wide range of
resource managers and stakeholder groups faced with issues of conicting
uses of shared resources. We implemented ASTM E2590 (Standard
Guide for Conducting Hazard Analysis-Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Evaluations) over a 5-year period during the standards development
within the ASTM consensus-building process. HACCP was deployed as
a stepwise procedure reliant on existing information and supporting eld
and laboratory data pertinent to the issues related to the transfer of surface
waters from Missouri River to the Red River Valley of North Dakota and
Minnesota. Resource managers and stakeholders identied a number of
concerns regarding potential outcomes associated with water transfers from
the Missouri River basin to the Red River basin, including dispersal of biota
originating from the Missouri River basin and transferred to Red River basin
consequent to the water diversion. In conducting HACCP, we followed the
familiar ecological risk framework wherein biota of concern and multiple
stressors were identied, with the latter primarily intended to characterize
confounding elements that could mistakenly be considered as speculative
causes for biota transfers and erroneously assigned to management
practices linked to water diversions. Te initial implementation of HACCP
generated a network of linear processes represented as a map of competing
pathways for dispersal events and countermeasures proposed to oset these
unfavorable events. Countermeasures identied in the hazard analysis (HA)
were characterized by critical control points (CCPs) that served as limiting
steps in an engineering process that reduced or eliminated the hazards
associated with interbasin biota transfers that had originally initiated the
HACCP evaluation.
571 Managing Pathways to Reduce Invasive Species Risks. B.
Pitman, Fisheries & Habitat Conservation, US Fish & Wildlife Service,
Albuquerque, NM; D. Britton, Biological Sciences, University of
Texas,Arlington, Arlington, TX. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points (HACCP) planning was developed by NASA during the Apollo
program of the 1960s. Tis was driven by their need to ensure that
processed food for the moon missions was free of contaminating bacteria
and toxins. Phillsbury Foods used HACCP to systematically guide planners
in developing suites of interlocking actions, or best management practices,
which when used from beginning to end would ensure that the nished
product was contaminant free. In a similar manner, invasive species often
contaminate pathways as undetected hitchhikers. Slight modications have
been made to NASAs HACCP adapting the planning model as a pathway
management tool minimizing risks of hitchhiker contamination. HACCP
plans help connect pathway elements which are often separated by time
and distance into a desktop view for closer examination. Strategic focus on
hitchhikers and best management practices at critical control points reduces
risk of spreading invasive species through the pathway being addressed.
Documented risks and preventions identied in plans are readily reviewed
and modied in an adaptive management manner whenever improvements
are necessary. Eective bio-security barriers to contain or prevent invasions
are created through straightforward pathway planning. Te internationally
common language of HACCP could be used uniformly across landscapes
and borders as a management strategy to prevent the spread of invasive
hitchhikers which are all too often entrained within pathways.
572 Standard Guides for a Consensus Based Environmental
Decision (CBED) Framework and Process. R.D. Stenner, Biological
Monitoring & Modeling, Pacic Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,
WA. Te ASTM International E47 committee has develop a standard guide
(E2348) that presents a framework for a stakeholder focused consensus
based environmental decision making (CBED) process to evaluate, select,
and prioritize potential environmental restoration actions. Tis guide
focuses on environmentally contaminated sites and associated clean-
up decisions. However, the framework and process are also applicable
to the restoration of contaminated facilities and sites in the homeland
security arena, which has led to the ASTM International E54 committee
developing a similar disaster restoration focused standard guide (E2541).
Te presentation will primarily focus on the CBED framework and process.
However, it will also include brief discussions on both the environmentally
contaminated and disaster restoration applications, as well a new standards
development eort that has spun o the homeland security cross over
application. Te spin-o standards development activity involves developing
128 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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a standard guide for bio-sentinel monitoring of essential water supply and
disposal systems. Risk assessments performed to predict and understand the
consequence and probability of occurrence of potential restoration actions,
whether the contamination resulted from intentional or unintentional
circumstances, require the application of both the science and art of risk
assessment. Te art of risk assessment is often called risk management. Too
often these risk assessments have ignored the art, which has led to results
that were very acurate but totally unaceptable to the impacted stakeholders.
Te CBED framework and process attempts to integrate the science and
the art of risk assessment into a risk-based decision making process that will
result in both scientically accurate and acceptable results.
573 Can HACCP-types of Analysis be Applied to Managing
Cherry Point, WA and the Marine Reserve. W.G. Landis, A.J. Markiewicz,
Inst. Env. Tox, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA. Te
coastal region of Cherry Point, WA has been the site of intense management
discussions and a variety of actions. Two reneries and an aluminum smelter
use the deep-water port facilities in the region. Seabirds, Dungeness crab
and other species use the area as habitat. Recreational shing and other
activities occur in or around the region. Once the largest Pacic herring
stock in Puget Sound, the decline of the herring population initiated the
formation of a Marine Reserve area in part of the study site. Prior risk
assessments have identied a variety of potential stressors to the endpoints
of this region. Invasive species such as Sargassum already exist along the
shoreline and others such as the European Green crab are likely invaders.
Euents from the industrial facilities are present, but there are also
numerous non-point sources of contaminants, long-range transport, and
persistent organic pollutants to be considered. Shoreline modication occurs
in the forms of bulkheads to holes from clam digging. Climate change is a
factor whose eects at this scale are dicult to compute. Tis presentation
will discuss how the tools developed under the ASTM HACCP process
can be applied to the long-term planning and decision-making process
at this site. Critical points are identied and the approach may prove an
ecient approach when faced by a large number of biological, physical, and
management uncertainties.
574 Assessment and development of environmental criteria in new
compound development: A phased approach towards an environmental
data requirement. M.S. Johnson, Health Eects Research Program, U.S.
Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD. Investigating the potential for adverse biological
eects in the environment require the utilization of various tools. Te
consistent use of these tools is particularly valuable in a risk assessment
framework. Within the ASTM E-47 (Committee on Biological Fate
and Eects), the Subcommittee on Terrestrial Toxicology has various
guidelines and standards that are useful in toxicity testing for environmental
applications. Additional guidelines are available that integrate results of
these tests that can be used in a risk assessment and management paradigm.
Methods that provide data requirements coincident with the relative level of
eort are cost ecient, logical and eective and can be used proactively in a
tiered design. As an example, a relatively new guideline is presented that uses
a phased approach in making decisions in system planning. Required data
are described, at each developmental stage, starting with conceptualization
and proceeding through manufacturing and use. Other ASTM guidelines
and standards are integrated to help fulll the data requirement at each
developmental stage. Trough this example, standardized methods are used
to provide a holistic view and approach to environmental decision making
in the early stages of compound development.
575 ASTM International Aquatic and Sediment Toxicity
Subcommittees, E47.01 and E47.03. A. Samel, Environmental Sciences,
DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences,
Newark, DE; C. Ingersoll, United States Geological Survey, Columbia,
MO; E. Van Genderen, International Zinc Association, Durham, NC. Te
scope of the Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology (E47.01) and Sediment
Assessment and Toxicology (E47.03) subcommittees is to develop standards
for assessing the eects of materials and other stressors to phytoplankton,
aquatic plants, algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Te standards provide
guidance for collecting and testing organisms and assessing the hazard
of material of interest to aquatic- and sediment-dwelling organisms. Te
standards developed and maintained by the subcommittees are designed
to be used by scientists in academia, industry, and regulatory agencies.
Subcommittee E47.01 has developed 45 standards and Subcommittee
E47.03 has developed 8 standards. Tese standards are used by these
groups to assess the risks and injuries associated with contaminants in
water, sediment, or the diet of aquatic organisms. Te standards are also
used to evaluate factors controlling the bioavailability of contaminants
and are used to help establish environmental criteria and standards (e.g.,
USEPA ambient water quality criteria, sediment quality guidelines). Te
subcommittees maintain these existing standards and identify new areas
of potential standard development through interactions within ASTM
membership and with industry, academic, and regulatory counterparts.
We also identify and monitor new or emerging issues that may result in
development of standards. Emerging areas of interest include, but are not
limited to methods for evaluating: (1) bioaccumulation and bioavailability,
(2) nanotechnology, (3) rapid screening assays (e.g., embryonic zebrash
model), and (4) water and sediment testing with freshwater mussels.
576 Overview of ASTM International and Committee E47
on Biological Eects and Environmental Fate. S. Orthey, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA. Tis presentation will take you
inside the dynamic world of ASTM International, one of the worlds
largest standards development organizations. Youll learn how ASTM
standards are developed and used; how they impact both our global
economy and environment, as well as our day-to-day lives; who develops
ASTM standards; and how you can get involved in the ASTM standards
development process.
577 Mitigating Risks of Campus Parking Lot Stormwater:
Use of Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems. A.D. McQueen,
J.H. Rodgers, W.R. English, Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson
University, Clemson, SC. Campus parking lot stormwater (CPLSW)
runo mobilizes a variety of constituents from vehicular and atmospheric
deposition that may pose risks to receiving aquatic systems. Due to the
inherent variability of stormwater, robust, site specic approaches such as
constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTS) will be required to mitigate
risks associated with CPLSW. Te primary objectives of this study were to
comprehensively characterize CPLSW to discern potential constituents of
concern that may aect receiving system aquatic biota, and to specically
design a pilot-scale CWTS for remediation of simulated CPLSW.
Comprehensive characterization of CPLSW included physicochemical
characterization, toxicity testing, and toxicity identication evaluations
(TIEs). Physicochemical measures of general water chemistry, metals, and
oil and grease preceded toxicity tests. Toxicity tests and TIEs were performed
using two sentinel species, Pimephales promelas Ranesque and Ceriodaphnia
dubia Richard in 7-day static/renewal tests using USEPA testing protocols
as guidelines. Maximum concentrations of inorganics measured in samples
of CPLSW were: 4,756 g Al/L, 5 g Cd/L, 53 g Cu/L, and 908 g
Zn/L. Fish (P. promelas) were more sensitive to CPLSW than C. dubia with
decreased survival in 92% and 15% of the samples (n=13), respectively.
Using USEPA TIE methodology, aeration and solid phase extraction were
successful for decreasing mortality of P. promelas. Aerating the CPLSW
samples for 14 days decreased mortality and increased reproduction of C.
dubia. Te decrease in toxicity due to aeration and solid phase extraction
suggests volatile or readily oxidizable compounds and non-polar organics are
primary causes of toxicity. Although CPLSW varied widely in composition
and toxicity, constituents of concern included: pH, alkalinity, total
suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand,
metals, and oil and grease. Pilot-scale CWTS experiments were conducted
using simulated CPLSW. Over a 5-day hydraulic retention time, percent
removal averaged 99.2% for Al, 25.3% for Cu, 63.3% for Zn, pH was
increased from 5.3 to 6.5 SU, and oil and grease decreased from 11 mg/L to
non-detect in the CWTS. Consequently, toxicity to P. promelas and C. dubia
decreased from inow to outow, indicating the potential for remediation
through removal of primary constituents of concern.
578 Understanding the interaction between water quality,
pollutant removal and storm characteristics in stormwater wetlands. A.
Watts, R. Roseen, T. Ballestero, J. Houle, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH. Te University of New Hampshires Stormwater Center
(UNHSC) has been collecting detailed water quality and performance
data on stormwater treatment systems since 2004. A nine-acre parking lot
drains to a distribution system that allows side-by-side testing of a variety
of stormwater devices. Pollutant concentrations and removal eciencies
are measured in 10-16 storms per year, and water quality data, including
dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and conductivity are recorded every
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ve minutes at each treatment unit. Te site has ve wetland systems; a
horizontal ow gravel wetland, a surface sand lter, a bioretention system,
a retention pond and a vegetated swale. Te eect of stormwater treatment
systems on water quality parameters is coming under increasing scrutiny as
a means to control non-chemical pollutants such as temperature. Surface
ow from the UNHSC parking lots is up to 20F higher than base ow in
the summer. Conversely, the paved surface cools the runo in the winter,
and cold weather stormwater runo can be 10F cooler than base ow. Te
detention pond magnies this eect; outow is hotter than the initial runo
in the summer, and colder in the winter, while subsurface wetland systems,
such as the gravel wetland, reduce thermal impact. Te detention pond,
however, is more eective than the gravel wetland at mitigating low pH:
Acid rain conditions in the northeast lead to stormwater runo with a pH
of less than 4 several times a year. Te minimum euent pH recorded from
the detention pond is 5.6, while the minimum from the gravel wetland is
3.9. Water quality and pollutant removal data for each of the systems will be
discussed, and impact of water quality parameters on pollutant removal will
be explored
579 Utilization of four wetland species in the reduction of
pyrethroid (permethrin) and phenyl-pyrazole (pronil) insecticides. R.
Kroger, University of Mississippi Field Station and Center for Water and
Wetland Resources, Abbeville, MS; R. Kroger, M.T. Moore, C.M. Cooper,
S. Smith, USDA-ARS, National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS.
Fipronil, a phenyl-pyrazole and permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide are
two potential nonpoint source contaminants from treated agricultural
production. Contaminated surface runo and drainage contribute
signicantly to the degradation of downstream aquatic ecosystems.
Vegetated primary intercept drainage ditches have the potential to reduce
pollutant concentrations and loads. Tis study used ditch mesocosms
planted with monospecic stands of four common emergent wetland
species to determine if certain plant species were more procient in pronil
or permethrin mitigation. Tree replicates of four plant species were
compared against a non-vegetated control to determine any dierences in
water column outow concentrations and loads. Tere were no signicant
dierences between vegetated and control treatments in trans-permethrin
(F = 0.9113, p = 0.493) and cis-permethrin (F = 1.0088; p = 0.4519). Te
range of cis-permethrin and trans-permethrin load reduction was 69-71%
and 76-82% respectively. Tere were no signicant dierences between
vegetated and control treatments in outow concentrations (F = 0.35, p
= 0.836) and loads (F = 0.35, p = 0.836). Te range of pronil reduction
was 28 45% for both concentration and load. Te type or presence of
vegetation had no eect on the reduction of concentration and load of
pronil and permethrin. Future work needs to examine residence times
and hydrologic conditions to determine potential changes in reduction
capacities.
580 Development of Salt Assessment and Remediation Approaches
for Releases to Boreal Peatland Environments. D.A. Bright, C. Harris,
M. Meier, UMA Engineering, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; S.
Willetts, Peatland Salinity Working Group, Canadian Assoc. of Petroleum
Producers, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Many of the North American oil
and gas production elds are located within the northern boreal forest,
which contain signicant areas of peat accumulating wetlands (peatlands).
Peatlands have ecological features that have similarities and dierences
from both terrestrial and open aquatic habitats. Produced water, which
can be highly saline, is commonly released in upstream oil and gas areas,
especially as a result of breaks in emulsion pipelines, disposal in sumps,
and blow-outs. Te overall objective of this multi-year study is address
important knowledge gaps by (i) establishing of a clear set of important
ecological receptors and associated toxicological endpoints that should
be considered; and (ii) elucidating threshold values of salinity that can
be used to manage ecological risks and support ecological restoration.
We report on the initial results of a eld-based study that examines salt
concentration - ecotoxicological response relationships for peatland biota.
Tese concentration - response relationships are highly dependent on the
fate of the salt brine. In particular, the potential for adverse eects is highly
dependent on the relative depth of contamination versus the rooting and
biologically active zone. In turn, salt vertical distribution is driven by
wetland type, site hydrology and site hydrogeology. Vegetation plots and
mesofauna soil samples collected within the upper peatland horizon, and
along salinity gradients in surcial media, were used to dene the relative
and absolute sensitivities of vascular plants, bryophytes, and mesofaunal
invertebrates. Remediation of contaminant releases to peatlands may
require a dierent approach than for terrestrial contaminated sites in
general. In peatland settings, the intent is to engender ecological restoration
through removal of barriers to secondary succession. In particular, peatland
restoration is highly dependent on maintaining an adequately supportive
hydrodynamic regime, and the bulk soil or sediment disturbance,
excavation or capping will almost invariable retard timelines for peatland
succession.
581 Constructed wetland treatment of select pharmaceuticals
in a municipal euent. P. Perez Hurtado, K. Chambliss, Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX; P. Perez Hurtado, S.
Usenko, K. Chambliss, B.W. Brooks, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic
Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX; S. Usenko, B.W. Brooks,
Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX; L. Mokry, Alan
Plummer and Associates, College Station, TX; M. Lim, D. Sedlak, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
A number of microconstituents (or emerging contaminants), including
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, are introduced to aquatic
systems from water reclamation plant discharges. Although much research
is needed to identify aquatic hazards associated with the various classes of
these substances, recent studies have evaluated the performance of various
treatment technologies (e.g., reverse osmosis, ultra- and microltration,
ultraviolet light, ozonation) to reduce these constituents in euents.
Previously demonstrated to reduce various contaminants and whole euent
toxicity, constructed wetlands represent another treatment option for
emerging euent contaminants. However, an understanding of the utility
of constructed wetlands to reduce pharmaceuticals and the various factors
potentially inuencing therapeutic fate (e.g, biotransformation, adsorption,
photolysis) in these systems remains understudied. We performed a spiking
experiment with select human pharmaceuticals in a pilot scale constructed
wetland at the City of Denton, Texas water reclamation plant during winter
2008 to evaluate treatment eciency of this surface ow, mixed macrophyte
system. In addition, we performed a microcosm study adjacent to the
pilot wetland to examine the eects of microorganisms and adsorption on
pharmaceutical fate. Specically, plant and bacteria treatment levels were
manipulated in a 2 x 2 replicated factorial design for an eight day study
period. Samples from each experimental unit were collected on study days 1,
2, 4, 6 and 8, extracted with solid phase extraction and analyzed with LC-
MSMS. Signicant treatment eects were observed for select compounds.
For example, acetaminophen and codeine signicantly decreased across the
treatment structure, but the benzodiazepine diazepam was not decreased
by any treatment level. Our ndings suggest that the relative importance of
dierent environmental fate pathways vary among target analytes, which can
inuence design considerations to optimize constructed wetland treatment
of specic pharmaceuticals.
582 Partitioning of chlorpyrifos to soil and plants in vegetated
agricultural drainage ditches. M.R. Rogers, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; M.R.
Rogers, W.T. Stringfellow, Environmental Engineering Research Program,
University of the Pacic, Stockton, CA. Constructed wetlands and
vegetated agricultural drainage ditches have been proposed as structural
best management practices (BMPs) for the control of non-point source
chlorpyrifos in agriculturally dominated watersheds. Many pilot projects
are examining the applicability of natural treatment systems as agricultural
pesticide BMPs, but research is needed to enhance removal. Te short-
term fate of chlorpyrifos in aquatic ecosystems is dominated by partitoning
processes. Sorption to soil and aquatic plants has been measured as an
important sink for chlorpyrifos, however, sorption to soils of the San
Joaquin River Valley, and area of signicant chlorpyrifos use, and to plants
used in structural BMPs has not been characterized. Sorption isotherms to
three soils and ve plants were determined by batch equilibrium technique.
Linear partitioning coecients of whole plant stems (Kd = 571.1 to
1303.4 L kg-1) was more than 10 times higher than for soil (Kd = 40.0
to 71.4 L kg-1). Wetland plants with high internal surface area due to
porous tissues had greater linear partitioning coecients than terrestrial
plants with a hollow tubular structure. Chopping plant materials to expose
internal surface area increased Kd values 7.6 to 96.2 percent. Chlorpyrifos
sorption reached a pseudo-equilibrium in less than 8 hours, more rapidly
than the reaction rates for biotic or abiotic degradation reactions. While
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sediment-associated chlorpyrifos is a small portion of total chlorpyrifos in
the water column, plant biomass provides greatly increased surface area for
enhanced adsorptive removal. Plants with higher adsorptive capacity and
growth density should be chosen to optimize chlorpyrifos removal in BMPs.
Partitioning to plant surfaces in natural treatment systems is an important
mechanism in vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for mitigating peak
concentrations of chlorpyrifos in irrigation or stormwater, allowing time for
attenuation by slower degradation reactions.
583 Eectiveness of Pesticide Removal Using On-Farm Vegetated
Treatment Systems and Landguard-OP-A. B. Anderson, B. Phillips, J.
Hunt, S. Clark, C. Siegler, J. Voorhees, R. Tjeerdema, ETOX, UC Davis,
Monterey, CA; B. Largay, Largay Hydrologic Sciences, Felton, CA; M.
Beretti, R. Shihadeh, Monterey County RCD, Salinas, CA; R. Antinetti,
C. Clarke, Orica Watercare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Numerous
stakeholders along the California Central Coast are implementing
agricultural conservation practices to reduce the impacts of contaminated
runo. Tese practices include vegetated treatment systems (VTS) designed
to reduce pesticide concentrations and toxicity through retention, dilution,
sorption, and breakdown in water, sediment, and on plant surfaces. We
evaluated the eectiveness of two VTS systems built by a cooperating
grower on a working farm. Te rst system was a V-shaped ditch planted
with native grasses and Pennywort in the upstream section, and equipped
with a Landguard-OP-A enzyme dosing unit in the downstream section.
Trials of this system showed incomplete (e.g., 10%) reduction of diazinon
in the vegetated section of the ditch, and 100% removal of residual diazinon
in the Landguard-treated section. Concentrations of diazinon were toxic
to Ceriodaphnia dubia in all sections of the ditch except those treated
with Landguard. Te second VTS system consisted of sequential tailwater
retention ponds planted with Pennywort. Monitoring of this system showed
that inuent samples caused complete mortality to C. dubia in four of ve
surveys due to diazinon, which occurred at concentrations up to 9.6 ug/L.
TIEs of sediment samples indicated that the pyrethroid pesticides lambda-
cyhalothrin and cypermethrin caused mortality of the amphipod Hyalella
azteca. Average diazinon concentrations did not decrease between inow
and outow in the second VTS, though pulses were dampened by dilution
and retention in the ponds. Concentrations of most other pesticide classes
were lower at the outlet than at the inlet, indicating overall eectiveness of
this VTS system.
584 Contrasting Aboveground and Belowground Nutrient
Allocation in Leersia oryzoides (Rice cutgrass) Subjected to Flood-
induced Soil Reduction and Implications for Water Remediation in
Agricultural Ditches. S.C. Pierce, S.R. Pezeshki, Biology, University
of Memphis, Memphis, TN; D. Larsen, Earth Sciences, University
of Memphis, Memphis, TN; M.T. Moore, USDA-ARS National
Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS. Research has demonstrated that
management of agricultural ditches is an eective means for mitigation
of various non-point surface water pollutants associated with farming,
including fertilizer and pesticides. One major factor inuencing the ecacy
of ditches as a means for pollutant removal is the presence and condition
of ditch vegetation. While a number of potential factors aect species
composition and ecosystem functioning of ditch vegetation, hydroperiod is
a dominating inuence. Soil reduction resulting from increased hydraulic
retention not only decreases oxygen availability in the rhizosphere, but
also changes the availability and uptake of various mineral nutrients. In
an eight week greenhouse experiment Leersia oryzoides, a dominant ditch
plant, was subjected to four ood regimes ranging from drained to near-
permanent saturation. Soil Eh and leaf gas-exchange (net photosynthesis
and stomatal conductance) were measured periodically. Aboveground and
belowground plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe, and Mn were measured
at experiment termination. Final measures of soil Eh indicated moderately
reduced soils in all ooded treatments. Plant leaf-gas exchange parameters
were decreased along with the aboveground tissue K concentration in
ooded treatments. Conversely, belowground Fe concentration and both
belowground and aboveground Mn concentrations were progressively higher
under more intensive ooding. Tese results are discussed in the context
of plant metabolic limitations and rhizosphere oxygen gradients, wherein
oxygen availability increases in wetland plant roots relative to bulk soil.
Tis gradient, in addition to the benecial eects on rhizosphere bacterial
communities, leads to increased uptake of Fe, and potentially P, in the roots.
Tese alterations in rhizosphere chemistry may have signicant impacts on
seasonal uctuations in nutrient concentrations in agricultural drainages.
Management practices for mitigation of eutrophication should, thus,
include seasonal and phenological models of plant-soil interactions.
585 Wetland Removal of Nutrients and Pollution from a Mixed
Sewer and Karst Spring System in Nashville, Tennessee. C. Cobb, B.
Cobb, J. Johnson, L. Sharpe, T. Byl, Engineering, Tennessee State Univ,
nashville, TN; P. Armstrong, Biology, Tennessee State Univ, Nashville,
TN; J. Stewart-Wright, Research & Sponsored Programs, Tennessee State
University, Nashville, TN; T. Byl, Water Science Center, U.S. Geological
Survey, Nashville, TN. Wetlands have been shown to attenuate suspended
sediments and agricultural pollution in rural areas but little work has been
conducted regarding the benets of the wetlands in mitigating urban non-
point source pollution (NPS). Te objective of this project was to determine
if an 80 acre natural wetland located down gradient of bedrock springs,
parking lots, city streets and leaky sewer systems in Nashville, Tennessee
helped to mitigate urban NPS runo. Sampling points were selected by
reconnaissance during rainfall events to determine general ow paths. Water
samples were collected at these sampling points during base-ow and rain
runo events. Water-quality monitors were also placed in the springs and
along the ow path during the 12 month period of study. Water samples
were analyzed within 48 hours for turbidity, specic conductance, pH, and
volatile organic compounds (VOC). Additional analyses were performed
for sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3) ammonia (NH3) and chemical oxygen
demand (COD). It was found that runo from parking lots and roads
during winter storms had relatively high VOC levels (62 g/L benzene, 132
g/L toluene, 106 g/L xylenes, and a number of unidentied compounds).
Water samples collected downstream of the wetland, however, had VOC
concentrations below detection levels. Water samples collected at the
most downstream site also had signicantly lower levels of turbidity (90%
lower), NH3 (99% lower), COD (95% lower), NO3 (90% lower), and
SO4 (63% lower) on average for the year. Te results indicated that routing
water through the urban wetland resulted in signicant water-quality
improvements during the study period.
586 Bioavailability of Contaminants in Winter Quarters Bay,
McMurdo Station. T.L. Wade, S.T. Sweet, J.L. Sericano, GERG, Texas
A&M University, College Station, TX; A. Klein, Geography, Texas
A&M University, College Station, TX; T.L. Wade, M.C. Kennicutt,
Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Te U.S.
Antarctic Program (USAP) initiated a long-term monitoring program in
response to Antarctic Treaty obligations to monitor the impact of science
and logistics at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Objectives for the program
are to establish the status of and trends of station-associated impacts.
Transects located in Winter Quarters Bay (WQB), in the vicinity of the
sewage outfall, and at a control sites near Cape Armitage were sampled at
three discrete depths by station divers. PCBs, PAH, and metals are bio-
available to the biota in Winter Quarters Bay. Te total PAH concentration
from these marine samples ranged from 6 to 718 ng/g. Te PAH tissue
concentration decreased with distance from WQB. Te total PAH
concentration for urchins at two stations in WQB (569 ng/g at 25 m; 718
ng/g at 35 m) have a PAH distribution indicating a mixture of petrogenic
and pyrogenic sourced material. Te concentration of total PCB in biota
ranged from 76 to 17,923 ng/g with a PCB pattern matching Aroclor 1260
in most samples. An Antarctic bivalve, L. elliptica, had PCB concentrations
that ranged from 145 to 2,497 ng/g; decreasing in concentration with
distance from WQB. Two starsh species (Psilaster charcoti and Perknaster
fuscus antarcticus) had similar total PCB concentrations and PCB patterns
at WQB and the sewage outfall with a decreasing trend with distance from
WQB. However, it should be noted that concentrations at the control
sites were all elevated (greater than 250 ng/g) compared to anticipated
background levels. Tese non-background concentrations at a distance
from Winter Quarters Bay could indicate a spatial spreading of the PCB
contamination sourced in the vicinity of WQB or related to movement of
the starsh or prey. Fish samples (12) were collected and analyzed from the
2004 and 2005 samplings. PCB sh concentrations are the highest of any
of the organisms analyzed; the geographic pattern is similar found in other
biota.
587 Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons, and
the Forensic Implications. R. Prince, C. Lee, T.F. Parkerton, ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc, Annandale, NJ; C. Coyle Lee, Chemistry, College
of St. Elizabeth, Morristown, NJ; J.M. Suita, Botany and Microbiology,
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 131
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University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. Hydrocarbons are biodegradable
under appropriate conditions, but the rate of this process can be retarded,
especially if concentrations are relatively high. Under such circumstances
it is not unusual to nd partially degraded samples at contaminated sites.
Since most hydrocarbons enter the environment as complex mixtures, the
relative concentrations of dierent components change as biodegradation
and other weathering processes proceed. Hopanes are well-known relatively-
persistent markers in crude oils, while in gasoline the trimethylpentanes are
amongst the last to be degraded. n-Alkanes, on the other hand, are amongst
the most rapidly degraded hydrocarbons, as are the fatty acid methyl
esters of biodiesel. Biodegradation can occur with a variety of terminal
electron acceptors; oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, etc. Do the
dierent types of microbes that catalyze biodegradation under various redox
conditions exhibit dierent preferences? Do such biodegradation processes
provide ngerprints that allow the inference of both initial composition
and likely nal fate? We will present data from a range of studies suggesting
that clear insights for environmental and forensic assessment can be
provided.
588 Innovative Approaches to Challenging Age-dating Scenarios.
L.S. Bingler, Marine Chemistry, Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory,
Sequim, WA. Age-dating is an integral component of environmental
forensics to dene the timeframe that contaminants entered the sediments.
Traditional radiochemical tools for age-dating include 210Pb, 137Cs and
7Be. Tese tools work best when the sedimentation rate is constant, Pb
decreases with depth solely due to natural radioactive decay and there is a
relatively uniform grain size with depth. Unfortunately, sediments in urban
or disturbed areas often do not exhibit all of these features. Common sites
where these features do no occur include riverbeds, dammed aquatic systems
and dredged sites. Age-dating disturbed sediments benets from innovative
approaches. An example of a simple but innovative method approach where
210Pb activity is low, but 137Cs activity shows a clear peak is to back into
the sedimentation rate calculation using 137Cs results. Te rate is then
applied to the depth intervals to determine the age of each section analyzed.
Recently developed tools are also helpful. A micro grain size analyzer is a fast
test and can be used to determine the uniformity of grain size with depth
at the site prior to core extraction. Tis information is extremely useful to
the investigator for the determination of promising core sites without the
expense of multiple coring and radiochemical analyses.
589 Spectral Properties and Analysis of Laser-Induced
Fluorescence Screening Tool Data. R.W. St. Germain, Dakota
Technologies, Inc., Fargo, ND. Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs)
containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common
contaminant of soils, sediments and water. Once released into the
subsurface, NAPLs such as petroleum, coal tars, and creosotes tend to
disperse themselves heterogeneously as they move through the geologic
formation, following the path of least resistance (and/or the path of
highest anity). In order to develop accurate conceptual site models of
the NAPL source term distribution it is therefore benecial, sometimes
critical, to obtain very large numbers of samples from many locations and
depths. Tis statistically counters the poor representativeness of discretely
obtained samples. PAHs in NAPLs uoresce readily and laser-induced
uorescence (LIF) screening tools have been developed for direct rapid eld
screening of PAH NAPLs without preparation and can serve as a viable
alternative to discrete sampling and lab analysis. Most notable are the
sapphire-windowed direct push probes that are delivered directly into the
subsurface while logging any uorescent response. Tese tools typically
generate many hundreds of feet of LIF data each day, eectively mapping
NAPL presence and relative concentration more eciently/accurately than
discrete sampling/analysis. Since LIF is a direct measurement and lacks
the benet of matrix isolation, it is necessary to take full advantage of any/
all spectroscopic signatures to potentially identify the analyte NAPL of
interest, to dierentiate the target NAPL(s) from false positives (naturally
occuring uorescent materials), to separate co-mingled NAPL plumes or to
isolate PAH NAPL signatures from those produced by natural interferents.
Both the excitation and emission wavelengths used have a tremendous
impact on specicity/performance. Successful capture of both spectral and
temporal properties of any emitted uorescence yields data which contains
many clues to a NAPLs existence, identity, or general properties. A variety
of lab and eld data examples will be reviewed, along with a description of
the methods used, the phenomenon being exploited, and the limitations of
advanced spectral analysis of LIF NAPL screening data.
590 Disentangling Oil Weathering at a Marine Seep using
GCGC: Applications for Environmental Forensics. C. Reddy, R.
Nelson, G. Ventura, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
Hole, MA; J. Arey, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne,
Switzerland; G. Wardlaw, D. Valentine, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA.
Natural seeps contribute nearly half of the oil entering the coastal ocean.
However, environmental fate studies generally monitor fewer than 5% of
these petroleum compounds. Hence, the rates and relevance of physical,
chemical, and biological weathering processes are unknown for the large
majority of hydrocarbon, both released from natural seeps but also human
activities. To investigate the specic compositional changes occurring
in petroleum during subsurface degradation and submarine seepage, we
studied the natural oil seeps oshore Coal Oil Point, California with
comprehensive, two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCGC). With
this technique, we quantied changes in the molecular diversity and
abundance of hydrocarbons between subsurface reservoirs, a proximal
sea oor seep, and the sea surface overlying the seep. We also developed
methods to apportion hydrocarbon mass losses due to biodegradation,
dissolution, and evaporation, for hundreds of tracked compounds that
ascended from the subsurface to sea oor to sea surface. Te results provide
the rst quantitative evidence of broad metabolic specicity for anaerobic
hydrocarbon degradation in the subsurface and reveal new trends of
rapid hydrocarbon evaporation at the sea surface. Tis study establishes
GCGC as a powerful technique for dierentiating biological and physical
weathering processes of complex mixtures at a molecular level. Tis
approach is easily transferred to other studies on anthropogenically derived
oil spills.
591 Analysis of PAH Concentrations Detected in Austin Texas
Stream Sediments Following a Ban on the Use of Coal Tar Sealers.
T.D. Gauthier, R.P. DeMott, ENVIRON, Tampa, FL. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were measured in stream sediments
collected before and after a municipal ban on the use of coal-tar based
pavement sealers in Austin, Texas. Stream sediments were collected from
diverse areas across metropolitan Austin, capturing the progression of
population and trac density from the suburban fringe through increasingly
urbanized areas to downtown. Tese samples are expected to reect PAHs
from vehicular sources, atmospheric deposition and runo from parking lots
coated with pavement sealer products. Samples were collected in October
2005, prior to the municipal ban instituted in 2006, and again in April,
2008 two years following the ban. Samples were analyzed for PAHs
(parent compounds and alkyl homologues) using gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GS/MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Dierences
in total PAH concentrations between samples collected before and after
the ban show no net change in PAH levels in Austin stream sediments and
advanced hydrocarbon ngerprinting results reect no observable dierences
in source inputs. Tese data indicate that there has not been any substantial
overall decrease in PAH levels nor changes in PAH variability observed
across the metropolitan area since the ban.
592 Te Advantages of Quantitative versus Qualitative Oil
Fingerprinting Methods For Complex Oil Spill Investigations. G.S.
Mauseth, G. Challenger, Polaris Applied Sciences, Kirkland, WA; G.
Douglas, K. McCarthy, NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice,
Rockland, MA. GC ngerprinting of spilled oils, candidate sources,
and potentially-impacted samples can be conducted qualitatively or
quantitatively. In turn, any correlations between a spilled oil and its
potential sources or potentially-impacted samples also can be made
qualitatively or quantitatively. One particular advantage of quantitative
data is the ability to address the issue of spilled petroleum that is comprised
of mixtures, such as: (1) mixtures from the commingling of multiple
spilled oils from the same or dierent sources or (2) mixtures of a spilled
oil and any pre-existing oil (or other hydrocarbons) in the environment. If
unrecognized, these complications can confound spill oil-to-source oil or
spill oil-to-impacted sample correlations using some correlation statistical
methods, such as the revised Nordtest approach. Mixing of this sort is not
uncommon. For example, large marine vessels carry hundreds of thousands
of gallons of fuels (diesel marine oil [DMO], intermediate fuel oil [IFO],
heavy fuel oil [HFO]), which may be mixed internally within bilges or
during fuel blending, or externally after a release due to physical mixing in
132 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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coastal waters, ports and harbors. Also, hydrocarbons from anthropogenic
and natural sources are ubiquitous in the environment, and therefore, will
be available to mix with any spilled oil. Te development of a quantitative
chemical ngerprinting mixing model approach that utilizes the Nordtest
approach will be presented. Validation of this quantitative approach on
eld samples from the M/V Selendang oil spill demonstrates measureable
improvements in source ngerprinting resolution and accuracy relative to
qualitative interpretive methods.
593 Probabilistic Determination of Background Concentrations.
S. Rouhani, J. Henderson, NewFields Companies, LLC, Atlanta, HI. A
common forensic problem in environmental investigations is to distinguish
site-related contamination from those associated with background
occurrences. Guidance documents often recommend statistical solutions
involving collecting background or reference datasets to be compared
to site sample results. Although mathematically sound, background
datasets usually suer from a number of deciencies, including censored
data, limited number of samples, and dissimilarity to site conditions
due to a combination of varying soil, geology and historical land uses.
Tese deciencies become even more problematic when dealing with
anthropogenic background chemicals. Alternatives to comparative methods
are probabilistic approaches that rely solely on site data. Two case studies
are presented: (a) determination of natural and anthropogenic background
soil arsenic concentrations at a former industrial facility; (b) attribution
analysis of site-related and background dioxins at a former wood treatment
facility. Te presented case studies demonstrate a number of advantages of
probabilistic approaches, including full utilization of site data, and avoiding
the need to distinguish separate background datasets.
594 Integrated Statistical Approach for Source Apportionment
of PCDD/PCDF in Soil at a Former Sawmill. P. Goodrum, ARCADIS,
Syracuse, NY; E. Osborn, ARCADIS, San Francisco, CA; S. Huntley, B.
DeShields, ARCADIS, Petaluma, CA; L. Harrington, ARCADIS, Cranbury,
NJ; S. Holm, Georgia-Pacic Corporation, Atlanta, GA. It is widely
recognized that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
(PCDD/PCDF) are ubiquitous in the environment due to releases from
both natural and anthropogenic sources. Combustion is considered the
most important ongoing source of PCDD/PCDF to the environment,
resulting in atmospheric deposition in soil and surface waters throughout
the world. Because each source can produce a distinct signature of the 17
toxic congeners on a proportional basis, it is possible to distinguish the
relative contributions of sources across a wide range of PCDD/PCDF
concentrations in soil. To discern site-related sources from background
sources in soil at a former sawmill site, a weight-of-evidence source
classication scheme was developed that integrates exploratory data analysis
techniques with robust multivariate statistical methods. Te methods
utilized include polytopic vector analysis (PVA), principal components
analysis (PCA), distribution analysis with probability plots, and outlier
analysis. Results provided multiple lines of evidence to identify samples with
a clear signature of a primary source: background, wood combustion, or
municipal waste combustion. A sensitivity analysis was performed to explore
the eect of alternative weighting schemes on the nal classications.
Sample classications were also veried based on knowledge of site-specic
practices. For samples representing the background source, the nal
distributions of individual congener concentrations and mammalian toxicity
equivalent (TEQ) concentrations were consistent with PCDD/PCDF
background distributions as previously reported for North America. Te
analysis supports estimates of 95
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concentrations from a background source of 30 and 50 pg/g, respectively.
595 Green Friedel-Crafts reactions. A study of catalytic methods
with high atom economy combined with target to eliminate HCl waste.
N. Gathergood, E. Kowalska, H. Xie, Chemical Sciences, Dublin City
University, Dublin, Ireland. Friedel-Craft alkylations and acylations are
important reactions for the synthesis of a wide range of bulk chemicals
and pharmaceuticals. Te reaction of an aromatic substrate with an acid
chloride or alkyl halide is a fundamental reaction and we have examined
several approaches to reduce the environmental impact of the protocol.
Many Friedel-Crafts reactions form HCl as the by-product which requires
neutralisation before disposal. General methods for the preparation of
acid chlorides use corrosive and toxic reagents. Te acid chlorides also
require great care in their handling. Presented will be our investigations
to use alternative substrates to produce Friedel-Craft products without
the generation of HCl waste. Te synthesis of the substrates is also more
environmentally friendly compared to the acid chloride route. Lastly, a
100% atom ecient Friedel-Craft reaction to prepare products of value to
the pharmaceutical industry will be presented.
596 Development of green chemistry - lessons learnt and
future aspirations. S.L. Dixon, S. Ruthven, Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, United Kingdom. Green chemistry encourages the design of
products and processes to reduce their environmental impact. In 1998 Paul
Anastas and John Warner developed the 12 principles of green chemistry
which explain what this denition means in practice. Since then, there
has been a dramatic increase in the number of publications on the subject
and in response to this, several journals dedicated to the eld have been
launched. Te rst of these being the journal Green Chemistry which was
launched 10 years ago. Here we consider how the drive for sustainable
development has led to major changes in the way that chemistry is practised,
how the range of research in the eld has broadened and how green
chemistry may develop in the future.
597 Green Chelating Agents the Next Generation. N. Dixon,
Innospec Active Chemicals, Ellesmere Port, United Kingdom. Poorly
biodegradable chelating agents like EDTA have continued to be widely
used despite concerns about their environmental impact. Biodegradable
chelating agents like EDDS have been around for a number of years, but
most research to date has focused on replacing EDTA on a like for like
basis without looking at the wider aspects of metal ion control. Tis paper
will present our recent work on designing new products based on chelating
agents to solve customer problems and reduce or eliminate the amount of
poorly biodegradable chelating agents used.
598 US National Toxicology Program Approaches to Evaluating
the Toxicity of Chemical and Physical Agents. M. Hooth, National
Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Te US National Toxicology Program (NTP)
provides unique and critical information needed by health and regulatory
agencies to evaluate potential human health eects from chemical and
physical exposures. As new materials and technologies are created, the
potential exists for unanticipated human exposures for which the impact on
human health is unknown. In some cases, compounds with valuable and
widespread commercial applications were later found to have undesirable
environmental and toxicological characteristics that raised public health
concern. In an eort to prevent the occurrence of similar situations, the
NTP has initiated toxicological testing programs to address potential
health hazards associated with several emerging technologies, including
nanotechnology and ionic liquids. Tese programs include studies that
apply existing toxicology testing methods and that also explore the
development of novel toxicological methods. NTP short-term toxicology
studies usually involve exposures of rats and mice to chemicals for periods
of 14 to 90 days to identify potential target organs and provide dose-setting
information for long-term toxicology/carcinogenicity studies. A number of
toxicologic parameters are evaluated in these studies. Te NTP long-term
toxicology and carcinogenesis studies generally employ both sexes of rats
and mice with three exposure concentrations plus untreated controls in
groups of 50 animals for two years. Two-year studies in laboratory rodents
remain the primary method by which chemicals or physical agents are
identied as having the potential to be carcinogenic to humans. Te NTP
also continues to develop and validate alternative testing methods that will
help identify environmental hazards in a shorter time frame using fewer test
animals. Strategies include the use of in vitro cell systems, non-mammalian
test species, transgenic animals, toxicogenomics, and other medium and
high-throughput assays. Te NTP hopes these strategies will provide
mechanistic information for assessing human risk, predict how substances
react in biological systems, and aid in the prioritization of substances for
more extensive toxicological evaluation. Tese data are critical for the Green
Chemistry community to make informed decisions for the development of
chemicals and methods with minimal environmental impact and toxicity.
599 Rapidly biodegradable ionic liquids - are they green
solvents at last. A. Walker, Head Oce, Bioniqs Limited, York, North
Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely touted
as green solvents on the basis of their generally low volatility and lack
of ammability; however, recent research has highlighted signicant
environmental recalcitrance and toxicity associated with many better-known
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 133
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ILs. One of the major strengths of ILs as a class is their ability to be designed
to meet the requirements of specic applications. Using this approach, we
have developed a large range of simple, low-cost protic ionic liquids, suitable
for large-scale use as industrial solvents. Key design criteria involved in
this process have included complete biodegradability and low toxicity. In
excess of 200 of these ionic liquids are now commercially available at scale.
N,N-Dimethylethanolammonium acetate is a typical example of the class,
being completely biodegradable within 48 hours by mixed communities of
natural river water or soil organisms. Tis solvent is also simple and cheap to
manufacture using readily available, sustainable precursors; it demonstrates
minimal toxicity and is completely non-mutagenic by the Ames test. Similar
results have been obtained for a number of additional protic ionic liquids,
demonstrating a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Tese
materials thus represent the rst commercially available suite of truly green
ionic liquids appropriate for industrial application.
600 Green Organocatalysis: An (eco)-toxicity and biodegradation
study of organocatalysts. T. Hayes, N. Gathergood, School of chemical
science and national institute for cellular biotechnology, Dublin City
University, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; S. Connon, School of Chemistry,
Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; B. Quilty, School
of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Organocatalysis as an alternative synthetic methodology for the asymmetric
synthesis of chiral compounds has gained prominence in recent years.
Organocatalysis has many advantages over other methodology used in
asymmetric synthesis. Compared to transition metal catalysts, many
organocatalysts do not require anhydrous solvents, nitrogen atmosphere
and avoid the usage of toxic metals. Reactions catalyzed by organocatalysts
can meet the performance of established organic reactions while combined
with green chemistry concept can oer signicant benets. Generally,
organocatalysts are classied as non-toxic in the literature mainly due to
the absence of the toxic metal. However, a study regarding their toxicity
has not been reported. For organocatalysts to be classied as truly green
reagents a detailed toxicity study is necessary. We will present preliminary
results of our investigation. A library of proline-derived organocatalysts was
screened against strains of bacteria including B.Subtilus, E.coli and P.Putida
CP1 to establish possible toxicity. A further screen using other classes of
organocatalysts will be presented to establish the aect stereochemistry
has on toxicity. Te design and synthesis of non-toxic biodegradable
organocatalysts will be discussed and highlighted based on the results so far.
601 Biodegradable solvents for the pharmaceutical industry. D.
Coleman, S. Morrissey, B. Pgot, N. Gathergood, School of Chemical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; D. Ferguson, O. Cahill,
B. Quilty, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin,
Ireland; M. Garcia, Department of Surfactant Technology, IIQAB-CSIC,
Jordi Girona, Spain. Te search for greener, more environmentally friendly
alternatives to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has become a popular
area of research in recent years. Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been studied as
possible replacements for these VOCs. Ionic Liquids are non-volatile in
nature; these salts have relatively low vapour pressures, are liquids at ambient
temperatures and do not evaporate to cause air pollution. Hence they
have been classed as Green solvents. However, in order to be condently
classied as Green, there are other factors which must be considered. Most
ionic liquids are water soluble, and therefore may enter the environment
via wastewater euents. Te ILs should not persist in the environment
and should be non-toxic or display limited toxicity to the environment.
Over the last decade a wide range of synthetic methodologies have been
investigated where the solvent has been replaced by an ionic liquid. Tis
intense research eort has been a priority area of green chemistry A number
of Ionic Liquids which have been designed and synthesized with a focus on
reducing their impact on the environment, will be presented. Toxicity and
biodegradation studies have been carried out on the prepared Ionic Liquids,
to investigate their potential as Green Solvents. In the toxicity screening, the
ILs were tested against seven strains of bacteria. Tese were a range of gram
negative and gram positive bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella,
Klebsiella, Bacillus Subtilus, Staphylococcus aerueis, Enterococcus, and
Micrococcus. An activated sludge assay was also employed to investigate the
biodegradability of the ionic liquids. HPLC-MS analysis was also used to
determine the possible metabolites or degradation products formed during
biodegradation. Te results obtained from these tests proved to be very
promising and were in accordance with results previously reported.
602 Imidazolium based Environmentally Friendly Ionic Liquids:
Synthesis, Biological Testing and Applications. S. Morrissey, B. Pegot,
D. Coleman, N. Gathergood, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City
University, Dublin, Ireland; D. Ferguson, O. Cahill, B. Quilty, School
of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; M. Garcia,
Department of Surfactant Technology, IIQAB-CSIC, Girona, Spain.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), due to their high vapour pressure,
contribute to the destruction of our atmosphere. Teir widespread
use in the synthesis of pharmaceutical products leads to the search for
less harmful alternatives. In recent years, Ionic Liquids (IL) have been
considered and successfully utilized as alternatives to VOCs. Although
ILs are classed as green solvents, mainly due to their negligible vapour
pressure, consideration for their end of life factors should be of equivalent
importance in this classication. To satisfy the requirements of being green
solvents, ILs must not persist in the environment and should be non-toxic
or of limited toxicity to the environment and all life within. A library of ILs
has been designed and synthesized. Te ILs were synthesized from readily
available starting materials, in two steps followed by ion exchange. A range
of dierent anions were incorporated into the ILs in order to facilitate the
modulation of properties. Te presence of the ester functionality in these
ILs is shown to increase the biodegradability of our ILs. Te ILs have been
tested against seven strains of bacteria and in general display low toxicity
and improved biodegradative properties. Tese promising results facilitate
the use of these ILs in environmentally friendly organic synthesis. Tese
novel ILs have been successfully employed in hydrogenation reactions
and results to demonstrate their advantages in synthetic chemistry will be
presented.
603 EPI Suite and Green Chemistry: a New Face for 2008. R.S.
Boethling, Oce of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US EPA, Washington,
DC; W. Meylan, P. Howard, Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse,
NY; K. Drewes, Versar, Incorporated, Springeld, VA. Optimization and
redesign of chemicals and synthetic methods to reduce environmental
impact are well established facets of green chemistry. Implementation of
the benign by design concept, as well as the ability to predict behavior
of a chemical substance in biological or environmental systems, depend
on knowledge of the chemicals properties and reactivity. Te Estimation
Programs Interface (EPI) Suite is a Windows-based suite of physical/
chemical property and environmental fate estimation models developed
by the EPAs Oce of Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research
Corporation. It is widely used in chemical screening, where experimental
data often are not available. EPAs Science Advisory Board (SAB) reviewed
the software in 2006 and made many recommendations, which EPA has
now implemented. As will be summarized in this presentation, these fall
into two general categories: 1) enhancements/updates of existing models;
2) enhancements in program functionality and appearance. Among the
former are major upgrades to the KOCWIN, HYDROWIN and BCFBAF
(formerly, BCFWIN) programs, and enhancement of Help les to provide
more information on model domain, accuracy and validation. Examples
of functionality improvements include redesign of the user interface, and
numerous features such as ability to launch programs from the main screen;
automatic creation of Microsoft Word documents that contain the results;
and full citations for PHYSPROP references. Tis new version of EPI
Suite (v4.00) is compatible with Windows Vista and will be publicly
available for free download by late summer 2008.
604 South Florida Ambient Pesticide Monitoring. R. Pfeuer,
South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL. Te
South Florida Water Management District (District) is an agency of the
state created to manage surface and ground water quantity and quality in 16
counties in South Florida. Surface water and sediment have been sampled
for pesticides at various frequencies and locations in the Districts 1400-mile
system of canals since 1984. Te program has expanded to 37 sites with
the surface water sampled quarterly and the sediment semi-annually for
over 67 pesticides and degradation products. Selected sites have sediment
monitoring semi-annually. Te most common pesticides detected in surface
water are herbicide compounds, especially ametryn and atrazine, while DDE
and DDD predominate in sediment samples. Other pesticides detected were
related to the agricultural activities within that basin. Some exceedances of
state surface water quality standards have occurred in certain basins. Te
temporal magnitude of the number of detections was determined for both
the water and sediment.
134 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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605 Distribution and persistence of mosquito control pesticides
in the Key Deer National Refuge on Big Pine Key, Florida. R. Pierce, M.
Henry, P. Blum, S. Osborn, E. Bartels, C. Walter, Mote Marine Laboratory,
Sarasota, FL; R. Frakes, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Vero Beach, FL; G.
Rand, Fl International University, Miami, FL. Tis study was undertaken
to assess the possible impact of mosquito control insecticides on non-target
buttery species of concern in the DOI-managed Key Deer National Refuge
on Big Pine Key, FL. Tis presentation focuses on the eld (exposure)
component of an ecological risk assessment to determine the distribution,
concentration and persistence of mosquito control adulticides following
routine applications in and near the Refuge. Te insecticides of concern
include permethrin, applied as the technical formulation, Biomist 30-30,
and naled, applied as the technical formulation, Trumpet. Insecticide
deposition from ground (truck) applications of permethrin and aerial
applications of naled was determined by collection on glass-ber lters
placed at strategic locations within the Refuge. Insecticide distribution
and persistence was determined for two years by collecting a composite
(10 leaves) of foliage samples from various locations through out the
Refuge, before and at specic time intervals after applications. Insecticides
were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Foliage samples collected from 12 to 13
hours after the evening permethrin application, and 2 to 3 hours after the
subsequent morning naled application, contained from 9.6 to 437.4 ng/g
(wet weight) of permethrin and 1.4 to 658.8 ng/g (wet weight) of naled.
Subsequent foliage collections showed rapid degradation of naled to its
metabolite (dichlorvos), within hours to days after application, whereas
permethrin exhibited persistence for days to weeks following application.
Te eld exposure values for naled, dichlorvos and permethrin will be
applied to laboratory toxicity results for larval and adult butteries to
conduct a probabilistic risk assessment to quantify the likelihood and
signicance of potential ecological eects from exposure to these substances
following application near the Key Deer National Refuge.
606 Acute Toxicity of Mosquito Control Insecticides to Native
Florida Butteries. T.C. Hoang, G.M. Rand, Environmental Studies,
Florida International University, North Miami, FL; R.A. Frakes, South
Florida Ecological Service Oce, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vero
Beach, FL; R.H. Pierce, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL. Application
of mosquito control insecticides in the Florida Keys has raised ecological
concern because of potential exposure and risk to larval and adult non-
target buttery species. With dierent behaviors during dierent life stages,
butteries may be directly and/or indirectly exposed to mosquito control
insecticides. However, there is limited toxicity data for butteries as a
result of adult mosquito insecticide exposure. Tis study characterizes the
relative acute toxicity of permethrin, naled, and dichlorvos to two native
Florida butteries: Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia) and Painted Lady
(Vanessa cardui). Fifth instar caterpillars and adult butteries were topically
exposed on the thorax to ve single-doses of one of the three compounds.
Wing exposure with single dose was also conducted. Survival was measured
at 24-h post exposure. For both species, permethrin was the most toxic
adult mosquito control insecticide. Te toxicity decreased in order of
permethrin > naled > dichlorvos and permethrin > dichlorvos > naled for
Common Buckeye and Painted Lady, respectively. Fifth instar Common
Buckeye caterpillars were more sensitive to permethrin and dichlorvos than
butteries. However, for Painted Lady, fth instar caterpillars were more
sensitive to permethrin and naled. Tere was no dierence in toxicity due
to thoracic and wing exposures. Tis indicates that adult butteries in the
natural environment would receive a high exposure dose because the wing
surface area is signicantly larger than the thorax alone. Hence, wing surface
area must be considered in the ecological risk assessment approach.
607 Aquatic Risk Assessment of Herbicides in Freshwater
Ecosystems of South Florida. L. Schuler, G. Rand, Florida International
University, North Miami, FL; L. Schuler, Louisiana Tech University,
Ruston, LA. Widespread, high-volume use and subsequent o-site transport
of herbicides, specically photosystem II inhibitors (PSII), on agricultural
and noncultivated lands in south Florida has resulted in frequent detections
in freshwater systems. In light of the current restoration eorts as part of
the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), increased water
ows containing detectable herbicide levels into the Everglades ecosystem
and adjacent areas may have adverse consequences to the unique plant
communities present in the region. Te potential impact of individual
herbicides to aquatic plant and algae species was examined using a
probabilistic risk assessment approach. Risk was characterized for nine PSII
herbicides (four triazines: ametryn, atrazine, simazine, and prometryn; two
triazinones: hexazinone and metribuzin; two substituted ureas: diuron and
linuron; and a uracil: bromacil) and a pyridazinone herbicide (norurazon)
by comparing the overlap of the 90th percentile surface water concentration
(exposure benchmark) from the exposure distributions to the 10th
percentile of eects (eects benchmark) determined from species sensitivity
distributions of acute laboratory toxicity data. Overall, the risk of the
individual herbicides was generally low. A Multiple Substance Potentially
Aected Fraction (msPAF) risk approach also was utilized to examine the
joint toxicity of the herbicide mixtures based on a concentration addition
model. Te risk associated with the herbicide mixture (mainly bromacil,
diuron, and norurazon) was determined to be high for Lee (site S79 on the
Caloosahatchee River), Martin (site S80 on St. Lucie Canal), and St. Lucie
(site S99 on C25 emptying into Indian River Lagoon) counties in south
Florida. Tis study highlights the need to consider joint action of chemical
mixtures as part of an ecological risk assessment.
608 Distribution and risk implications of copper on former
agricultural lands acquired for Everglades restoration. R.A. Frakes,
E.A. Bauer, B. Wood, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Vero Beach, FL.
Approximately 150,000 acres of former or current agricultural lands,
most of which have a long history of pesticide use, have been acquired
for the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). During the
environmental assessments of these properties, soils were systematically
sampled for pesticides, producing a large database of pesticide residue
concentrations throughout the CERP project areas. Former citrus
groves, which make up a large percentage of these lands, were found to
be contaminated with elevated levels of copper, due to the use of copper
compounds as fungicides. In this paper, soil copper data throughout
Everglades restoration sites in south Florida are discussed. Copper
concentrations and their distribution over 41,790 acres of former
agricultural land that has been purchased for CERP projects are presented
using arcGISTM. Levels of copper are compared to ecological benchmarks
and discussed with regard to regional risk to ecological receptors. Potential
risk to the endangered Everglade snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus)
upon exposure to these ooded agricultural soils and the high cost of
remediation present a challenge for agencies implementing the CERP.
609 Te Eects of Sub-lethal Chronic Copper Exposure on the
Growth and Reproductive Success of the Florida Apple Snail (Pomacea
paludosa). E.C. Rogevich, T.C. Hoang, G.M. Rand, SERC, Florida
International University, North Miami, FL; E.C. Rogevich, Biological
Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL; G.M. Rand,
Department of Environmental Studies, Florida International University,
North Miami, FL. Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) were exposed to
three sublethal concentrations of copper (Cu), in water (8 g/L, 16 g/L,
24 g/L), for one generation to examine uptake and the eects on survival,
growth, and reproduction of the F0 generation and survival, growth and
whole body Cu of the F1 generation. During a 9-month Cu exposure, apple
snails exposed to 8-16 g/L Cu had high Cu accumulation (whole body,
tissue, viscera and shell) and signicantly reduced clutch production (8-16
g/L) and egg hatching (16 g/L). Concentrations of minerals (Na+, K+,
Mg2+, Ca2+) in tissues were maintained regardless of Cu exposure, but the
distribution of Cu in the body of snails diered, depending on exposure
concentrations. Higher exposure concentrations resulted in a greater
percentage of Cu accumulated in the viscera of the snail. Copper exposure
to the F0 generation did not aect the survival, growth or whole body Cu
concentrations in the F1 generation. Tese nding are signicant, given the
importance of the Florida apple snail in the Everglades food chain. Changes
in the abundance of apple snail populations, as a result of Cu exposure, may
ultimately aect foraging success of predators.
610 Eects of salinity, heavy metals and pesticides on health and
physiology of oysters in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. A.K.
Volety, Marine and Ecological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort
Myers, FL; G. Romeis, Florida Department of Environmental Protection,
Fort Myers, FL. Te Caloosahatchee Estuary has been exhibiting signs of
impaired ecological health due to the extensive hydrological alteration,
agricultural land use, and increasing watershed development. Tis project
investigated the responses of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica at
ve locations in the Caloosahatchee River in relation to salinity changes,
levels of heavy metals, pesticides, and PCBs in the water as well as in
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 135
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the oyster tissue. Individual heavy metal and organochlorine pesticide
concentrations in oysters varied signicantly between sampling locations
and sampling months. PCB concentrations in oyster tissues were below
detection limits as were the metal, pesticide and PCB concentrations
in water at all the sampling locations. Both heavy metal and pesticide
concentrations decreased with increasing distance downstream indicating
upstream source of contaminants. Te highly pathogenic oyster parasite
Perkinsus marinus infection intensity (level) and prevalence (% infected
oysters), condition index, spat recruitment, and gonadal index showed a
seasonal trend varying with spawning activity and increased downstream.
However, juvenile oyster growth was higher at upstream estuarine locations.
Oyster responses varied more with seasonal programming (salinity), rather
than due to contaminant levels. While signicant correlations were noted
between some oyster responses and metal concentrations in oyster tissues,
overall metal concentrations were low compared to national averages. It
appears that oyster health in the Caloosahatchee River is inuenced more by
freshwater inow and resulting salinity uctuations, rather than due to the
measured contaminants.
611 Behavioral Eects of Salinity Change on Estuarine Fish
in South Florida. P.M. Bachman, G.M. Rand, Ecotoxicology & Risk
Assessment Laboratory, Florida International University, North Miami,
FL; E.P. Smith, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
Salinity is a limiting factor in the distribution of estuarine animals. Te rst
responses to adverse salinity changes are often behavioral. Tese responses
include changes in swimming and locomotor behavior which may be
indicated by avoidance, changes in swimming speed and aberrant locomotor
patterns. Historical water management practices in South Florida have
altered the natural estuarine system of Florida Bay creating current salinity
proles which span from hypo- to hypersaline. As a result, many resident
and Bay-dependant species have suered adverse eects. Te Comprehensive
Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) includes water redistribution projects
that seek to restore a more natural salinity pattern to northeastern Florida
Bay. Understanding the behavioral response of sh to a changing salinity
environment can provide an additional tool to make management decisions
for this area. Trough use of a computerized behavioral analysis system we
provide a quantitative description of the eects of rapid and gradual salinity
change on the swimming performance and locomotor behaviors of native,
estuarine sh. Endpoints include swimming velocity, angular velocity, turn
angle, heading, and zone (salinity) preference.
612 An Investigation of Total Mercury Levels in the Hillsborough
River, Tampa, FL. J. Howard, R. Michael, K. Tomas, E. Omisca,
A. Stuart, M. Trotz, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University
of South Florida, Tampa, FL; T. Halfhide, F. Akiwumi, Geography,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; R. Michael, E. Omisca, A. Stuart,
Environmental & Occupational Health, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL. Florida, the fourth largest state in the U.S. with a population of
approximately 16 million
1
, attracts more than 70 million tourists per year
and is the leader in commercial shing in terms of sh catches per day (e.g.
shrimp, lobster, scallops, etc.)
2
. However, in the last two decades, mercury
has become a pollutant of increasing concern for Floridas sh and wildlife
3
.
Te maximum acceptable level of contamination is 2 g/L, 12 ng/L, and 0.5
g/g for drinking water, surface water, and sh, respectively. Te presence
of extremely high levels have been reported in fresh water sources (>12
ng/L)
4,5
, game sh (>1.5 g/g)
4,5
, American alligators (>41.03 mg/L, liver),
as well as in large mouth bass within the Hillsborough River(>1.8 g/g)
6

In addition, currently more than two million acres of freshwater sources,
mainly in the Everglades, have advisories recommending limited to no
consumption of the large predatory sh
7
. In this study, 19 parks along the
Middle and Lower Hillsborough River were investigated for total mercury
concentrations in water, sediment, and sh. Fish samples containing large
mouth bass (target species), bluegill, and red sunsh were collected as a part
of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commissions (FFWC) annual mercury
monitoring program of the Hillsborough River.
613 Are cold-water sh less sensitive to selenium than warm-
water sh. W.N. Beckon, T. Maurer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Sacramento, CA. Recently it has been asserted that cold-water sh are more
tolerant to selenium than warm-water sh, contrary to general patterns
of sensitivity. However, a review and reanalysis of toxicity data since the
1980s indicates that at least some cold-water sh (certain salmonids) are
extremely sensitive to selenium and are not protected by national criteria
(current or proposed) that are intended to protect aquatic life from the toxic
eects of selenium. Young salmon suer 10% mortality due to selenium
at a sh tissue concentration of about 1.8 g/g (whole body dry wt.), far
below the 7.9 g/g tissue criterion proposed by EPA, based on warm-water
sh. Site- and species-specic bioaccumulation data indicate that this LC10
(1.8 g/g) in young salmon corresponds to about 3.3 g/L selenium in
water, well below EPAs current national criterion of 5 g/L. Tese ndings
accord with studies of the toxicity of selenium to rainbow trout, and have
broad implications for evaluating risk to salmonids in streams and rivers
contaminated by selenium from agricultural drainage, reneries, coal y ash,
and mines throughout North America.
614 Are tropical cladocerans an eective surrogate to the
traditional water ea tests in tropical waters. E.M. da Silva, C.B.
Chastinet, S.J. Cohin-de-Pinho, Botany, Federal University of Bahia,
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Tropical ecotoxicology still employs the traditional
water-ea tests, as those tests have been accepted worldwide and present
high results reproducibility. On the other hand, toxicity results from
cladoceran traditional ecotoxicity tests in tropical waters using a myriad
of single substances may be similar to those from temperate cladocerans,
under similar conditions. However, such results are carried out under
certain conditions that do not allow predictions about how the toxicants
might alter species densities, community structure and ecosystem function
in the tropics. We have studied the potential of tropical cladocerans as
a viable surrogate to the water-ea traditional test and also searched the
literature to compare results from other authors on the subject. Te results
for ecotoxicity tests using tropical cladocerans are still much variable as
laboratories do not use the same cultivation protocol and the same test
procedures, and dierent clones are used in dierent laboratories. In spite
of those dierences our results together with data from other authors
conrm that for acidied waters, some metals, industrial and domestic
euents and some pesticides, tropical cladocerans such as Latonopsis
australis, Macrothrix elegans, Ceriodaphnia cornuta rigaudi, C. silvestri,
Daphnia gessneri have demonstrated to be potential organisms to be used
as a test organism in tropical waters and more eort should be directed to
standardize these tests.
615 Overview of the aquatic evaluation of disposal alternatives
for dredged material from the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, New
Orleans, LA. G.R. Lotufo, J. Steevens, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; J. Corbino, E. Glisch, US Army
Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, LA; D. Moore, Weston Solutions,
Carlsbad, CA. Te Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (IHNC) Lock provides
a vital connection between the Mississippi River and the Gulf Intracoastal
Waterway. Replacement of the existing lock, built in 1921, is expected
to generate over 3 million cubic yards of dredged and excavated soils
and sediments. Evaluation of the suitability of dredged material for open
water placement at a designated site at the Mississippi River (freshwater
evaluation) or for salt marsh creation benecial use (estuarine evaluation)
were performed using dierent species and in accordance with Clean
Water Act regulations. Sediment contamination with heavy metals, PAHs,
organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and other contaminants, as well as toxicity
and potential for bioaccumulation, was highest in channel surface sediment
relative to native subsurface sediment or soil from adjacent banks. More
channels samples were identied as toxic by the estuarine solid-phase test
with amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus than by the freshwater evaluation
using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Dredged materials determined as non-
toxic to benthic amphipods were evaluated for potential adverse eects
associated with bioaccumulation. Heavy metals and hydrophobic organics
accumulated in Macoma nasuta and Corbicula uminea tissues well below
invertebrate and sh critical body residues. Dredged material elutriates were
evaluated using Cyprinodon variegatus and Pimephales promelas. While C.
variegatus tolerated exposure to all samples, many elutriates were toxic to
P. promelas, with ammonia being a likely stressor. Dierences in response
between estuarine and freshwater species to exposure to IHNC dredged
material will be discussed.
616 Sturgeon and Surrogates: A Comparison of Toxicological
Sensitivity. E.E. Little, R.D. Calfee, Biological Resources, US Geological
Survey, Columbia, MO; T. Davidson, J. Campbell, J. Hansen, Upper
Columbia Fish and Wildlife Oce, USFWS, Spokane, WA. Te Kootenai
River white sturgeon (KRWS) is one of 18 land-locked populations of
sturgeon in the western North America that are in decline. Research to
136 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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date has determined many potential physical, chemical and biotic causes of
population decline, with no single factor shown to be outstanding. Among
potential stressors, chemical contamination is thought to be a factor in the
endangered status of these populations potentially contributing to larval
recruitment failure. Information is lacking about the toxicological sensitivity
of these populations, or how they compare to potential surrogate species
such as rainbow trout (RBT). We conducted 96 hour exposures of KRWS
and RBT at about 30 and 160 days post swim-up to chlorine and to copper
under ow-through conditions, and under static conditions to herbicides,
uridone, triclopyr, and 2,4-D, potentially used for European water milfoil
control. Test waters were analyzed to conrm exposure concentrations.
KRWS were sensitive to chlorine at concentrations below existing water
quality criteria and they were considerably less tolerant of chlorine than
RBT. KRWS were highly sensitive to copper over an observed LC50
concentration range of about 3 to 6 g/L, in contrast to the RBT sensitivity
range of about 59 to 84 g/L. Older sturgeon (160 dps) were considerably
more tolerant of copper at concentrations as high as 245 g/L, however
they remained sensitive to chlorine over an observed range of about 28 to
40 g/L chlorine, in contrast to the RBT sensitivity range of about 73 to
178 g/L chlorine. Young KRWS were more sensitive than older sturgeon
to the herbicides, and sturgeon were generally more sensitive than RBT.
Te sh were least sensitive to triclopyr. Tese results indicate that RBT
data on chemical sensitivity may not be protective of white sturgeon, and
that the extreme sensitivity of white sturgeon to copper warrants further
investigation as this metal may be of concern in white sturgeon habitat.
617 Comparative Ecotoxicology of Vertebrate and Invertebrate
Endocrine Disruptors. T. Verslycke, Gradient Corporation, Cambridge,
MA; T. Verslycke, A. Tarrant, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole, MA. Comparative studies on the toxic eects of chemicals
between species are not only imperative for inter-species extrapolation
in risk assessment, they also provide crucial information for detecting
unwanted eects in non-target species. With ever-increasing identication
of the molecular targets for many chemicals, these comparative studies
can now be done at the lowest levels of biological organization, including
steroid receptors. Two groups of compounds that are purposefully designed
to target known steroid receptors in humans and insect pest species, are
pharmaceuticals called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
and pesticides called insect growth regulators (IGRs), respectively. Our
talk will present studies that demonstrate the ability of these compounds
to bind to the respective steroid receptor in non-target species. Tis raises
concerns on the potential impact of these compounds when released into
the environment, and whether such impacts can be predicted based on
comparative molecular studies. Tis talk will provide an overview of studies
on the estrogen receptors of humans and sh and their anity for SERMs,
and the ecdysteroid (molting) receptors of mosquito and crustaceans and
their anity for IGRs. Observed dierences in chemical anity at the
receptor level will be discussed in relation to laboratory and eld exposure
studies that were performed by our group or published in literature.
Our ndings stress the need for incorporating ecologically-relevant
endpoints and species when evaluating the ecotoxicity of pesticides and
pharmaceuticals with a known endocrine disruptive mode-of-action.
618 Comparative Response of Selected Amphipod Species to
Sediment-Associated Contaminants and Non-contaminant Factors
Such as Grain Size. D.W. Moore, S. Anghera, W. Rose-Hovel, C. Osuch,
Weston Solutions, Inc., Carlsbad, CA. Te amphipods R. abronius, A.
abdita, E. estuarius, and L. plumulosus are routinely used in the assessment
of sediment toxicity. Guidance for selection of appropriate species for
testing of sediments is relatively general (e.g., R. abronius and A. abdita are
fully marine while E. estuarius and L. plumulosus are euryhaline) and/or
anecdotal (e.g., R. abronius is more tolerant of coarse grain material while
A. abdita is better suited for ner grain material). Tis presentation will
focus on a combination of case studies where the dierent amphipod species
have been evaluated concurrently and in special studies assessing responses
to non-contaminant factors such as grain size and ammonia. Conclusions
will be structured to provide recommendations for selection of appropriate
test species in sediment evaluations.
619 Te eect of organism density on the bioaccumulation
of contaminants from sediment in 3 aquatic organisms: Should
we standardize to sediment total organic carbon. J.L. Van Geest, K.
Solomon, P. Sibley, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; D.
Poirier, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Standard sediment toxicity test methods are widely used but there is a
need to standardize methods that measure bioaccumulation from sediment
into aquatic organisms. From a review of published methods we noted
an inconsistency in organism loading density. Even with the USEPA/
ASTM recommended species Lumbriculus variegatus, some researchers
standardized density to sediment volume and others relative to sediment
total organic carbon (TOC). Ratios of TOC to organism dry weight (dw)
ranged from 10:1-100:1. Te rationale for standardizing to TOC was to
minimize depletion of sediment contaminants. In this study we examined
the eect of organism density on the bioaccumulation of contaminants in 3
freshwater organisms in 28 day tests. An oligocheate (L. variegatus), mayy
nymph (Hexagenia spp.), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were
selected due to their sediment interaction and to represent dierent taxa and
trophic levels. Densities tested were 50:1 and 27:1 TOC:organism dw, and
140 ml sediment/g biomass (based on sediment to water ratio, analytical
requirements for tissue, and test vessel size). Te latter density resulted in
a low TOC:organism dw ratio. Organisms were exposed to eld-collected
control and PCB-contaminated sediments. One test sediment had high
TOC (12%) and high levels of total PCBs (1300 ng/g) while the second had
low TOC (1.1%) and lower levels of total PCBs (340 ng/g). Te experiment
was repeated 3 times and organisms were analyzed for PCBs and lipid.
Density did not aect total PCB accumulation in any of the species exposed
to high TOC sediment. Hexagenia spp. and L. variegatus accumulated
similar levels of total PCBs. P. promelas appeared to accumulate higher
levels, but when tissue concentrations were normalized for lipid their
levels were slightly lower. In low TOC sediment, total PCB accumulation
increased with increasing TOC/decreasing density in both Hexagenia spp.
and P. promelas, but slightly decreased in L. variegatus. Greater dierences
in total PCB uptake were observed between species, with P. promelas
accumulating lower levels on a lipid basis. Based on this study, a density
of 27:1 TOC:organism dw was selected as a standard for the Ontario
Ministry of the Environment bioaccumulation method. Denitive testing
of eld-collected sediments will assess the eectiveness of the 3 species for
accumulating a variety of contaminants.
620 Response of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to pulp mill euent in adult
reproductive tests. S.D. Melvin, D.L. MacLatchy, Biology, University of
New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; D.L. MacLatchy,
Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Although
multiple reproductive tests have been developed in small-bodied sh to
determine the eects of endocrine disrupting substances (EDSs), few
direct comparisons have been made among the dierent available tests.
Side-by-side reproductive tests with mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)
and fathead minnow (FHM) (Pimephales promelas) were applied to 0,
3, 10 and 30% euent from a bleached kraft pulp mill in Saint John,
New Brunswick, Canada. Egg production was signicantly increased in
mummichog exposed to 3% euent, but no dierence was observed in
FHM. Tere were no dierences in whole-body testosterone or estradiol
levels in mummichog, and whole-body 11-ketotestosterone levels in males
were increased at low, and decreased at high, euent concentrations. Male
FHM exposed to 30% euent had increased whole-body testosterone levels
and female FHM in 30% euent had decreased testosterone. No dierences
in estradiol or 11-ketotestosterone were observed in FHM. Larval length
was increased at low and decreased at high euent concentrations in
FHM and unchanged in mummichog. Exposure did no aect the somatic
indices (GSI, LSI, K) in either species. Comparison of the present results
to published studies suggests that dierences in sh sensitivities exist, and
that current reproductive bioassays are sensitive for detecting a magnitude
of change of no less than 50%. Future research should address methods of
reducing variability within test populations and focus on understanding the
comparative responses among species commonly used for EDS testing.
621 Comparative aspects of selected pesticide in vitro
biotransformation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): interspecic dierences in phase I
metabolism. R. Lavado, D. Schlenk, Department Environmental Sciences,
University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA. Tree organophosphorus
insecticides used in agriculture are the phosphorothionates, chlorpyrifos,
parathion and fenthion. Each compound requires bioactivation to
oxon metabolites to induce toxicity. In order to determine the role of
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biotransformation in this process, the metabolism of each pesticide was
evaluated in microsomes from gills, liver and olfactory tissues in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
Higher chlorpyrifos biotransformation was found in liver of rainbow trout
(up to 2-fold) when compared with salmon. Extrahepatic metabolism in
gills or olfactory tissues of this pesticide was not detected. Chlorpyrifos
dearylation to 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (detoxication) was 2-fold higher
in both species when compared to desulfuration (bioactivation). However,
bioactivation of parathion to paraoxon was higher than detoxication
to 4-nitrophenol. In both species, biotransformation of parathion was
observed in liver, gills and olfactory tissues, with rainbow trout metabolite
production 2-fold higher than coho salmon. Te production of fenoxon and
fenthion sulfoxides were detected in liver and gill microsomes incubated
with fenthion. A novel NADPH-dependent hydrolysis of this pesticide was
observed in all tissues and was the only metabolism detected in olfactory
tissues. Again, rainbow trout possessed higher biotransformation rates than
coho salmon for fenthion. Tese results indicate that both species from the
same genus Oncorhynchus can dier in phase I metabolism, suggesting that
dierent pesticide concentrations in natural environments can aect them
in a species-specic manner due to dierent biotransformation rates.
622 Persistent Organic Pollutants in Northeastern U.S. Peregrine
Falcon Eggs: Temporal Trends (1996 2006) and Comparison between
Urban and Rural Populations. D. Chen, M.J. La Guardia, E. Harvey,
R.C. Hale, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA;
M. Amaral, New England Field Oce, US Fish and Wildlife Service,
Concord, NH; K. Wohlfort, Northeast Natural Resource Center, National
Wildlife Federation, Montpelier, VT. Pesticides, PCBs and brominated
ame retardants (PBDEs and PBBs) were examined in over 100 peregrine
falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from thirty-ve nesting sites. Fourteen
eyries were located on high rise buildings or bridges in metropolitan areas,
whereas others were mostly located on natural clis. PCBs exhibited
the highest concentrations (3300 330 ng/g wet weight) among all
examined chemicals, followed by DDE (2400 200), PBDEs (594
66), Chlordanes (210 20), Mirex (120 21) and PBBs (90 20).
Temporal studies indicated signicant decreases in DDE and chlordane
concentrations and an increase in BDE-209 (the predominant congener in
Deca-BDE) concentrations during the last decade. Similar contamination of
major chemicals (i.e., DDE, PBDEs and PCBs) were observed between
urban and rural eggs. However, the urban eggs contained greater percentages
of the more brominated PBDE congeners and the less chlorinated PCB
congeners. Te ratios of PCBs with 6 chlorines to the more chlorinated
congeners in peregrine eggs exhibited a signicant positive correlation
with the population of towns where the nests were located. BDE-209
concentrations also positively correlated with town populations. Tis may
indicate an abundance of Deca-contained products in urban environments.
Humans can be exposed to PBDEs via inhalation, dietary ingestion, and
direct contact with ame retardant treated products (i.e., foams, textiles,
computers and other electrical products). Terefore, human populations in
the metropolitan areas may be subjected to greater exposure to Deca-BDE,
which is the predominant PBDE formulation still in use and has increasing
environmental levels.
623 Room by room sampling for the identication of indoor
sources of chlorinated solvents. W.J. Doucette, A. Hall, Utah Water
Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT; K. Gorder,
Environmental Restoration Branch, Hill Air Force Base, Hill Air Force
Base, UT. Elevated levels of volatile chlorinated solvents have been found in
the indoor air of houses located above shallow contaminated groundwater
around Hill Air Force Base (HAFB), Utah. However, even after the
installation of vapor intrusion mitigation systems (VIMS) measurable
levels of chlorinated solvents were still detected in a small number of
homes suggesting possible indoor sources. Te focus of the room by room
sorbent tube sampling was to identify the potential indoor source(s) of the
chlorinated solvents. Air samples were collected on Tenax sorbent tubes
at various locations within the homes and analyzed for chlorinated solvents
by thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/
MS) following the general recommendations in EPA Method TO-17. If a
specic area within the house showed elevated concentrations, follow up
air or consumer product sampling was conducted in an attempt to further
isolate the source. Samples of consumer products (e.g. cleaning solutions,
solvents) located within the area(s) of elevated air concentrations were
collected in headspace vials and analyzed by GC/MS. Items that could not
be destructively sampled and analyzed by headspace GC/MS (e.g. dry-
cleaned clothes) were introduced into a ow-through chamber to determine
the potential emissions of chlorinated solvents. Indoor sources (a furniture
cleaning product and dry cleaned wedding dress) were identied in two
homes of the four houses investigated to date. Additional sampling is being
conducted in the remaining homes in an attempt to isolate the potential
source(s). Overall, the results of the sampling conducted to date indicate
that room-by-room indoor air sampling is a useful approach in identifying
indoor air sources of chlorinate solvents.
624 Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in
Ambient Air dispersion, seasonal variations and assessment of risk
in Yokohama, Japan. V. Tiwari, S. Masunaga, Y. Hanai, Graduate School
of Environment & Information Sciences, Yokohama National University,
Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Exposure of hazardous chemicals to human
beings occurs through dierent routes (such as oral, dermal and nasal etc).
Te respiratory route is one of the signicant gateways of exposure as the
inhaled contaminants can directly reach to dierent physiological systems
through blood and cause abnormalities in bodily functions. Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) are a group of air pollutants found in the ambient air
of urban areas as gases. In this study, ambient air samples were collected at
six dierent locations in Yokohama and part of the Kawasaki city for the
analysis of VOCs which includes a rural location and ve other locations
which are nearer to the petrochemical facilities. Monitoring at rural area
helps to know the background ground concentrations of VOCs where as
monitoring carried out at locations near petrochemical facilities helps to
know the impact of these facilities on local ambient air quality and on the
health of people living near by. As part of the study, ambient air samples
were collected with the use of a pump (active sampling) and poly bags
(10L) and were analyzed by using GC-FID and GC-MS techniques to
know the concentrations of aromatic and aliphatic fractions of various
VOCs. Relatively high concentrations were observed at sampling areas near
storage facilities. VOCs are monitored with an aim to know the variation of
concentrations among dierent areas; the speciation and spatial distribution
of VOCs; how the pollutants behave seasonally; to know the impact of
presence of petrochemical facilities on local air quality; and to estimate
how much risk is involved for the populations living near by petrochemical
Industries/facilities. As a part of the study, we have also simulated the
distribution of the VOCs using Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
(PRTR) data and with the help of the Low rise industrial source dispersion
model (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) - METILIS and
made a comparison of these simulated results with that of the monitored
concentrations.
625 Estimating human intake fraction in urban and rural areas:
averaging of wind speed and mixing height matters greatly!. S. Shaked,
Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; J. Marshall, E.
Bombrun, Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;
S. Humbert, Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA; O. Jolliet, School of Public Health, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI. Toxic emissions in urban areas can be 30 times higher than
in less densely populated rural areas, therefore spatialized models are needed
in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) to account for the dierences in
impacts between these regions. Te goal of LCIA is to properly estimate the
population exposure and impacts associated with toxic industrial emissions,
therefore it must characterize atmospheric pollutant transport in a simple
reliable way. We nd that to best characterize this transport, distinctions
must be made for emissions and intakes in urban vs. rural areas. Chemical
concentrations in the region of emission and its surroundings depend
strongly on wind speeds, particularly in the lower part of the troposphere
called the mixing height. In order to estimate an average intake fraction
(iF, the fraction of emitted pollutant ingested by the population), the
wind speeds and mixing heights must be averaged. Teir large spatial and
temporal variations are often correlated, resulting in non-linear eects that
make the averaging method used a crucial factor. Te dierent averaging
methods yield large variations in estimated iFs. Wind speeds are often
Weibull-distributed, where the harmonic mean is within a factor 2 of the
arithmetic mean. Mixing heights however, are very low at night, so the
mixing height harmonic means are 3-5 times lower than the arithmetic
means. And since the wind speeds and mixing heights are correlated, the
dilution rate (the product of the two) has arithmetic means 14-17 times
138 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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greater than the harmonic means, which can also change estimated iF by
a factor ~15! Te optimal averaging method depends on the location of
emissions (urban vs. rural), the region of intake (urban vs. continental),
and chemical tropospheric lifetime. For short-lived chemicals (half-life ~4
hrs), the averaging method isnt important as most of the intake is in the
box of emission (iF ~ 2x10-6). For urban emission of longer-lived chemicals
(16 days), the harmonically averaged dilution rate predicts the iF closest to
the actual value of 7x10-6. For continental intake, the optimal averaging
method is more complex and depends on the relationship between wind
speeds, mixing heights and degradation rates.
626 Validation of dietary intake of
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites in two populations
from Beijing and Shenyang, China based on the residuals in human
milk, placenta and umbilical cord blood. S. Tao, Y. Yu, College of
Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;
M.H. Wong, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University,
Hong Kong, China. Despite the levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
and metabolites (DDT, DDD and DDE, DDTs as a total) in the global
environment have declined considerably, their residuals in various media
including biota remain to be a matter of great concern in many places
because of their high persistence and possible toxic eects. China was a
major producer and consumer of DDT in the past) Over half century, more
than four hundreds thousand tonnes of DDT were produced in China. So
far, the information on food contamination and human dietary exposure to
DDT in China is scarce. In this study, samples of human tissues including
human milk, placenta and umbilical cord blood from 76 women and 287
composite food samples covering major food categories were collected
in Beijing and Shenyang, China in 2006 and 2007. Te samples were
measured for concentrations of DDTs. Te association between dietary
intakes and human milk concentrations of DDTs of two populations were
investigated. Information on consumptions of various foods was gathered
and the dietary intakes of DDTs of the participants were calculated on
individual basis. Te median values of the measured DDTs in human
milk were 125 ng/g lipid and 132 ng/g lipid for the samples from Beijing
and Shenyang, respectively. Te median daily dietary intakes of DDTs by
the two groups were 41.7 ng/day.kg and 30.8 ng/day.kg, respectively. Te
temporal trends of decreasing in DDTs and increasing in DDE/DDT ratio
suggested that the residuals were primarily from historical application. Tere
was a signicant correlation between daily dietary intake and human milk
concentration of DDTs and the dietary intake could explain 30% of the
variation in the DDTs in human milk among individuals. In addition to
dietary exposure, maternal body mass index, body weight and height also
contributed signicantly to the variation of DDTs in human milk. Based
on the result of a probabilistic risk assessment, it was calculated that over
70% of the breastfed infants in the studied population exceed the US EPAs
Reference Dose (RfD) for non-cancer toxicity of individual chemicals. Te
exposure of infants to DDTs through breast feeding would be a public
health concern for years to come.
627 Platinum Group Element Concentrations in Urban Surface
Deposits in Hong Kong. N.S. Duzgoren-Aydin, NCNPR/ School of
Pharmacy, Te University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS; N.S. Duzgoren-
Aydin, Environmental Toxicology Research Program, Te University of
Mississippi, Oxford, MS; S.J. Edwards, Hazard Research Center, University
of London, London, United Kingdom; K.A. Hudson-Edwards, School of
Earth Sciences, University of London, London, United Kingdom; E. de
Vos, School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardi University,
Cardi, United Kingdom; J.G. Malpas, Earth Sciences, Te University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Platinum group elements (PGE)-bearing
catalytic converters are essential to reduce vehicular emission of particulates
and the harmful HC, NOx and CO gases. Teir increasing accumulation
and widespread dispersion in dierent environmental components, however,
are growing concern due to their potentially adverse environmental and
human health eects. Although Hong Kong was one of the rst cities to
adopt the catalytic converter technology in Asia, almost no attention has
been paid to level of PGE contents in its surface environment. Tis study
documents the distribution and concentrations of PGE in urban surface
deposits represented by road dusts, gully sediments and dusts from car
park setting. Te samples were analyzed for Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt and Ir by ICP-
MS after NiS re assay pre-concentration. Excessive concentrations of
anthropogenic Pt, Rh and Pd were evident: Pt concentrations in the road
dusts varied from 12 to 187 ng/g (76 60 ng/g), while those of Pd and Rh
changed from 17 to 160 ng/g (75 55 ng/g) and 2 to 17 ng/g (8 5 ng/g),
respectively. Among the PGE, however, Pd was the most enriched compared
to background concentrations, followed by Rh ~ Pt > Ir > Ru. Sample
residence time, nature of trac ow and type of vehicular-engine were
the main site-specic conditions that controlled the level and distribution
of PGE in the surface environment of Hong Kong. As the city continues
to grow and develop, its trac demands will increase, and thus the level
of PGE contamination is also expected to increase in the near future.
Supported by Dr. S. Hui Trust Fund, HKU
628 Metal concentrations in rural soils: Is there potential for
human health impact. C. Aelion, H.T. Davis, Environmental Health
Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; S. McDermott,
Family and Preventive Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia,
SC; A. Lawson, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC. Soils from low population areas are often assumed to have
limited contamination; however, the potential for exposure and negative
health outcomes may exist. We identied two areas with elevated prevalence
of metal retardation and developmental delay (MR/DD) in children (Strips
2 and 3) and one with a MR/DD prevalence rate similar to the state rate
(Strip 1). Soil samples were collected from 0-5 cm depths from nodes of a
uniform grid laid out across the three sampling areas. Samples were analyzed
for As, barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Pb,
manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and Hg, many of which have documented
negative neurological eects on humans. Inverse distance weighting
(IDW) was used to estimate concentrations throughout each strip. Metal
concentrations were correlated, and a principal component analysis (PCA)
was used to identify potential common sources. All metal concentrations
in Strip 2, a MR/DD cluster area, were signicantly greater than those
measured in Strips 1 and 3, and were similar to those found in urban or
high density agricultural areas. IDW identied hot spots in each strip. All
strips had a high number of signicant correlations between metals (33
for Strip 1, 24 for Strip 2, and 24 for Strip 3), suggesting possible similar
sources. For Strips 1 and 2, PCA identied two groups of metals: one
containing Ba, Be, Cu and Mn which may be predominantly natural, and
one containing Hg and Pb which may be predominantly anthropogenic.
However for Strip 3, PCA showed two dierent groups: one with As, Ba,
Mn, and Hg and one with Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb. Direct causation between
soil metal concentrations and MR/DD cannot be concluded from this
study. Exposures were not assessed and samples were not collected at
individual residences. However, metal concentrations in rural areas with
an elevated prevalence of MR/DD warrants further consideration for their
potential impact on human health.
629 Recipe for mercury bioaccumulation: one cup of coal-red
facilities, a dash of lifestyle factors, and a pinch of ngernails. J.L.
Ripley, J.W. Likens, Department of Biology, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV. Coal-red power plants and industrial facilities in
the United States emitted 48 tons of mercury in 2006, accounting for
the largest anthropogenic source of atmospheric mercury pollution and a
signicant risk for local residents. Our study assessed how proximity to these
facilities and exposure to other potential sources inuenced overall mercury
bioaccumulation. Mercury body burdens were quantied from ngernail
samples of 357 randomly selected West Virginia University (Morgantown,
WV) students and faculty. Participants completed questionnaires that
evaluated their hometown and current addresses, travel, and lifestyle,
including sh consumption, amalgam dental llings, vaccinations, and
tobacco use. Digested samples were analyzed by cold-vapor atomic
absorption spectroscopy (standard curve = 0-20 g Hg/L; detection limit =
0.18 g Hg/L). Wind speed, wind direction, and nameplate capacity of each
generator were considered independently and in combination to calculate
cost-weighted distances from coal-red facilities (ArcGIS9). Signicant
dierences in mean mercury body burdens of West Virginia, New Jersey,
and Maryland residents were detected. Fish consumption, considering
type of sh and frequency of consumption, was positively correlated with
mercury concentration. Smokeless tobacco use also signicantly related
to higher mean mercury body burdens. Our results will be compared
to control populations in the literature as the large number of coal-red
facilities in our study area may obscure dierences in mean mercury body
burdens. Overall, lifestyle factors appear to be a greater determinant for
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mercury body burdens than exposure to atmospheric mercury from coal-
red facilities for West Virginia University students and faculty.
630 Incidence of Birth Defects in Relation to Maternal Residential
Proximity to Cornelds in Rural Indiana. H. Ochoa-Acua, C. Carbajo,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Tere is evidence that mothers home
proximity to crops may be associated with increased risk of birth defects.
Also, studies have documented an association between proximity to crops
and agricultural pesticide residues inside homes. Although there is evidence
that occupational exposures to agricultural pesticides may be related to
increased prevalence of birth defects, there is still debate about the role that
environmental exposures may play on inducing them. We evaluated whether
risk of birth defects was associated to residential proximity to cornelds.
We extracted birth defects data from the Indiana Births Records database,
which is the repository for data from all births occurring in Indiana. We
selected for this study all singleton births conceived during the spring-
summer months, during the years 2000-2004 and whose mothers lived in
rural areas of Indiana. By combining the digitized address of the mother
and agricultural census crop distribution data, we determined the area of
land within 500-m around the home planted with corn for each selected
birth record. We found that mothers living within 500 m of cornelds had
a signicantly increased risk of having a baby with a birth defect (odds ratio,
OR = 1.28, 95% condence interval: CI, 1.09, 1.50). Specic birth defects
that were signicantly increased included musculoskeletal and respiratory.
More signicantly, risk of these birth defects increased as more land around
the home was planted with corn. Tese results suggest that risk factors
spatially-correlated with cornelds, such as environmental exposure to
agrochemicals, may be associated with the risk of birth defects.
631 Fish Alternatives in Environmental Risk Assessment: Overview
of the Current Landscape. M. Embry, ILSI-HESI, Washington, DC; S.
Belanger, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH; T. Braunbeck, University of
Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; M. Galay-Burgos, ECETOC, Brussels,
Belgium; M. Halder, JRC/IHCP/ECVAM, Ispra, Italy; D. Hinton, Duke
University, Durham, NC; M. Lonard, LOreal Research, Aulnay-sous-
Bois, France; A. Lillicrap, AstraZeneca, Brixham, United Kingdom; T.
Norberg-King, USEPA, Duluth, MN; G. Whale, Shell Chemicals, Chester,
United Kingdom. Te need for alternative testing strategies has recently
expanded into the realm of environmental risk assessment leading to the
development of new alternatives to standard aquatic vertebrate testing such
as the OECD 203 acute sh toxicity test. Te sh embryo test (FET) is
one such alternative. Te FET examines four lethality endpoints during
exposure from fertilization through the eleutheroembryo stage. HESI and
ECETOC held an international workshop in March, 2008 concerning
the FET as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment
and scientic research with the goal of reviewing the state of the science
regarding the investigation of sh embryonic tests, pain and distress in sh,
emerging approaches utilizing sh embryos, and the use of sh embryo test
data in hazard and risk assessment, euent assessment, and international
classication and labeling of chemicals. Several themes emerged as a result of
the workshop including expansion of the current FET to include additional
species, broadening the current applicability of the FET by adding
additional endpoints and extending exposure, investigating the utility of this
assay for chronic testing, and exploring the possibilty of integrating the FET
into an intelligent, tiered testing strategy or weight of evidence approach.
Although the workshop focused on the FET specically, future activities
of this group include collaborating with ongoing eorts and groups in the
broader arena of sh alternatives in environmental risk assessment, such
as CEFIC-LRI, support of OECDs work on the draft FET Technical
Guideline, a newly formed SETAC Global Advisory Group on Animal
Alternatives in Environmental Science, and ECVAM. Tis presentation
will provide an overview of the landscape of interactions ongoing in
sh alternatives, with the goal of highlighting areas for future globally
coordinated scientic eorts.
632 Development of a list of reference chemicals for testing
experimental alternatives to whole sh toxicity tests. L.E. Lee, Biology,
Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; K. Schirmer, K.
Tanneberger, Environmental Toxicology, EAWAG, Dbendorf, Switzerland;
N. Kramer, J. Hermens, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
IRAS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; D. Vlker, S. Scholz,
Cell Toxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research,
Leipzig, Germany; C. Hafner, Hydrotox GmBH, Freiburg, Germany;
N.C. Bols, Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Tis presentation focuses on the development of a list of 60 organic
chemicals which we propose as a common reference for the development
of alternatives to animal tests in ecotoxicology with particular focus on
sh. Te chemicals were selected as a prerequisite to gather mechanistic
information on the performance of alternative testing systems, namely
vertebrate cell lines and sh embryos, in comparison to the sh acute
lethality test. To avoid the need for additional experiments with sh, the
U.S. EPA fathead minnow data base was consulted as reference for whole
organism responses. Tis data base was compared to the Halle registry of
cytotoxicity and a collation of data by the German EPA (UBA) on acute
toxicity data derived from zebrash embryos. Chemicals that were present
in the fathead minnow data base and at least one of the other two data bases
were subject to selection. Criteria included the coverage of a wide range
of toxicity and physico-chemical parameters as well as the determination
of outliers of the in vivo/in vitro correlations. While the reference list of
chemicals now guides our research for improving the alternative methods
to make them widely applicable, the list could be of benet to search for
alternatives in ecotoxicology in general. One example would be the use of
this list to validate structure-activity prediction models, which in turn would
benet from a continuous extension of this list with regard to physico-
chemical and toxicological data.
633 Optimizing the dosing and exposure of sh cell cultures
to environmental chemicals and extracts for evaluating toxicity. W.
Elsweisi, V.R. Dayeh, A. Kawano, M.E. Power, N.C. Bols, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; K. Schirmer, Eawag, Dubendorf,
Switzerland; L.E. Lee, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada; P.V. Hodson, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
As sh cell cultures continue to be explored as alternatives to sh for
evaluating the toxicity of environmental chemicals and extracts, technical
issues have emerged that inuence results and that need to be understood
and standardized. Tese include carrier solvents, dosing protocols, exposure
vessels, exposure media, viability endpoints, and cell lines. We have explored
some of these for several dierent classes of chemicals. Tis has been done
primarily with rainbow trout cell lines, especially RTgill-W1, and to a less
extent with an American eel cell line. Cell viability was evaluated with
alamar Blue, carboxyuoroscein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester and neutral
red as measures respectively of metabolic activity, plasma membrane
integrity, and lysosomal function. Tissue culture plates of 24 and 96-well
formats were examined. Two examples of chemicals whose toxicity depended
very much on technical issues were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
naphthalene, and the environmental pharmaceutical ibuprofen. For both the
dosing protocol was critical. When stock solutions were dosed directly into
culture wells, toxicity was observed. However, when stock solutions were
mixed in exposure media prior to being added to wells (indirect dosing),
little or no toxicity was observed with naphthalene and toxicity of ibuprofen
depended on the presence or absence of serum and the concentration of
the carrier solvent dimethyl sulfoxide, and under some conditions was not
toxic at all. Overall the results to date suggest that the impact of dierent
technical approaches for the in vitro evaluation of basal toxicity depends
very much on the chemical being investigated. Further investigation should
reveal whether these dierences can be explained by the physio-chemical
properties of the chemicals and lead to toxicity testing protocols of greater
reliability and sensitivity.
634 Comparison of Relative Binding Anities for Trout and
Human Estrogen Receptor Based upon Dierent Competitive Binding
Assays. J. Denny, M. Hornung, M. Tapper, P. Schmieder, US EPA, Duluth,
MN; J. Pregenzer, D. Blakeman, J. McKim, CeeTox, Kalamazoo, MI. Te
US EPA evaluates the potential toxic risk of a large number of chemicals on
a continuing basis; either as chemicals in current use are re-evaluated or new
chemicals are proposed for manufacture. For many of these chemicals there
is little or no information regarding their potential to produce estrogenic
eects. One approach using rainbow trout-based in vitro and ex vivo assays
for assessing the estrogen receptor (ER) binding activity and activation
of estrogen-responsive genes is currently being used for development of
predictive models based upon quantitative structure activity relationships.
Te development of a predictive model based upon a single aquatic species
inevitably raises the question of whether this information is valid for
other species. To partially address this question, relative binding anities
(RBA) for six alkylphenols (para-substituted, n- and branched-alkyl), seven
140 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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alkylanilines (para-substituted n-alkyl), and three mono-hydroxy parabens
were compared among three separate competitive ER binding assays.
Te ERs used for these assays were from a rainbow trout hepatic cytosol
preparation, a recombinant rainbow trout ER, and a recombinant human
ER. Te two trout-based assays used displacement of 3H-estradiol from
the ER, and the human ER-based assay used displacement of a ourescent
ligand as the measure of ER binding. For all chemicals tested, the RBA
determined using the trout hepatic cytosol was lower than that determined
using the recombinant trout or recombinant human ER. In all cases but
one, RBAs determined using the trout recombinant ER and the human
recombinant ER were more similar to each other, than either was to
RBAs determined with the trout cytosolic ER preparation. Tis suggests
that interspecies dierences in receptors may contribute less to dierences
in RBAs than the dierences between other parameters of the competitive
binding assays. Matrix dierences such as higher protein concentration in
the cytosolic preparation in comparison to that in puried recombinant
receptor assays, may lead to dierences in the bioavailability of a test
chemical to interact with the receptor. Tus, knowledge of not only the
biological variables involved, but also chemical parameters such as the free
fraction of test chemical, may be critical for accurately comparing the same
endpoint among dierent assays. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect
EPA policy.
635 In Vitro Assessment of Metabolic Enzyme Activities Utilizing
Dierent Euthanasia Techniques in Rainbow Trout. K. Johanning,
L. Dungan, R. Johnson, M. Palmer, J. Hill, CellzDirect, Inc, Austin,
TX; S. Dyer, C. Cowan-Ellsberry, M. Bernhard, Procter and Gamble,
Cincinnatti, OH; M. Embry, ILSI HESI, Washington DC, DC; S. Erhardt,
Te Dow Chemical, Midland, MI. MS-222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate,
Finquel) has been commonly used for several decades as a sh anesthetic.
Fish are anesthetized to lessen stress during handling for surgeries
such as liver perfusions for hepatocyte isolations, preparation of liver
fractions (microsomes, S9) or other tissue sampling techniques. Tere are
contradicting reports as to whether or not this compound exerts an eect
on Phase I and II metabolic enzyme activities. Tese enzyme systems are
known to facilitate the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Tus, the impact
of anesthesia on biotransformation processes is critical to the development
of in vitro techniques of metabolism in sh. Currently, as a result of new
regulations, there is an increased interest by government agencies in in vitro
techniques for the assessment of bioaccumulation. Metabolic enzyme rates
are of importance in biotransformation determinations. Tis study was
designed to utilize liver S9 fractions from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) to assess the eect of dierent euthanasia techniques on Phase I
and II metabolic enzymatic activities in vitro. Five euthanasia techniques
were tested, 1) 200 mg/L MS-222 2) 500 mg/L MS-222 3) spinal chord
severance or dislocation, 4) asphyxiation by CO2, and 5) combination of
MS-222, spinal chord severance, and pithing. Livers from each treatment
group were isolated and S9 fractions were generated. Metabolic enzyme
activities were determined for each test sh to measure any eects due to
euthanasia techniques on enzymatic turnover. Rainbow trout (1+) used in
this study were o cultured under appropriate conditions (temperature and
photoperiod). Te following metabolic enzyme activities for the trout were
evaluated using standard mammalian substrates: CYP1A (EROD), CYP3A
(testosterone hydroxylation), UGT (7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronidation)
and SULT (7- hydroxycoumarin sulfation). Te results indicated that there
were no signicant dierences in the enzyme activities between the four
euthanasia techniques. We conclude that the use of MS-222, followed by
spinal chord dislocation and pithing does not aect metabolic enzyme
activities and is an appropriate method to euthanize rainbow trout.
636 Te application of non-Stokesian permeability in predicting
bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. C. Mackay, AMEC, Portalnd,
ME. Bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds, for the most part,
follows the kinetics of passive diusion and partition thus permitting
predictions based upon a compounds partition coecient. Validations
of such quantitative structure-activity relations hold to a point. As the
molecular size of a potential bioaccumulating agent increases, the relation
between hydrophobicity and bioaccumulation diminishes to the point
where very large structures will not bioaccumulate regardless of kow. Te
mechanism for this can be found in the thermodynamics of diusion
and bioaccumulation. Hydrophobic chemicals at the boundary between
an aqueous and organic phase will partition along a free energy gradient.
Likewise in diusion, the energy gradient established by the solublization
of a lipophilic chemical in an aqueous medium is countered by the free
energy necessary to open a hole in the membrane sucient in size to
accommodate the molecule: the larger the molecule, the larger the counter-
energy gradient, the lower the probability of such a hole existing, thus and
the slower the diusion rate. To improve the prediction of bioaccumulation
for large lipophilic chemicals, we have developed a QSAR that attempts to
balance these two energy gradients using partition and molecular volume.
Presented is the model development and validation. By negating the need
for assumptions of instantaneous equilibrium, this approach has improved
the precision of high molecular weight cutos.
637 Te Treshold Approach A Strategy to Reduce the Number
of Fish for Acute Aquatic Toxicity Testing. M. Halder, J. Riego Sintes,
Institue for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission
Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese, Italy. Te threshold approach oers
a possibility to signicantly reduce the number of sh to be used in acute
aquatic toxicity testing. It takes into consideration that only the lowest value
of the acute toxicity in species of three trophic levels is considered for most
regulatory purposes and sh is often not the most sensitive species. It was
originally described as threshold/step-down approach by Hutchinson et al.
(2003) for pharmaceuticals. Several authors retrospectively evaluated acute
aquatic toxicity data of chemical substances and plant protection products
(Jeram et al, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 42, 218-224, 2005;
Hoekzema et al, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 1322-1325, 2006; Hoeger
et al, Poster presentation at 16th Annual Meeting SETAC Europe, 2006;
Sewell, Poster presentation at 18th Annual Meeting SETAC Europe, 2008)
by applying this approach. Te Joint Research Centre further developed the
threshold approach taking into account existing guidelines and reecting
the requirements for the limit test of OECD TG 203. Method: With the
lowest of the two EC50 concentrations (= the Treshold Concentration),
obtained for algae (OECD TG 201) and Daphnia (OECD TG 202), a limit
test according to OECD TG 203, using 7-10 test and 7-10 control sh,
is carried out. In case that no mortality is observed, no further testing is
needed and the acute sh toxicity result (LC50) is reported as greater than
(>) the Treshold Concentration value. In case that mortality is observed,
a full LC50 test according to OECD TG 203 should be performed. Te
approach is currently part of the rolling workplan for the OECD test
guidelines program 2006/2008 (Project 2.23: New Guidance Document
on Application of the Treshold Approach as a Limit Test for Acute Fish
Toxicity Testing). It has been included into the Technical Guidance
Document for Industry on fullling the Information Requirements for
REACH. Te role of this approach in the context of the REACH guidance
will be presented.
638 Chemical toxicity of embryo, larva and adult in Japanese
medaka Developmental and reproductive toxicity for the development
of animal alternatives in environmental risk assessment. N. Hirai, M.
Koshio, N. Tatarazako, National Institute for Environmental Studies,
Tsukuba, Japan; K. Nasu, Y. Takao, Faculty of Environmental Studies,
Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. Sensitivity to chemicals in several
developmental stages is an important factor to develop the animal
alternatives in environmental risk assessment. We examined the short-
term sh reproduction test and sh embryo and larva toxicity test using
Japanese medaka exposed to several chemicals, and we compared the
sensitivity to chemicals of embryo and larva from exposed and non-
exposed adults. Embryo from non-exposed adults were exposed to 2,4-
dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 4-t-octylphenol, 4-t-pentylphenol,
simazine, triclosan(TRS), crotamiton(CRT), and neomysin sulfate(NMS)
during embryo and larva period (17days: 10days for embryo and 7days for
larva). LC50s of each chemical at the end of exposure was relatively lower
or similar than those of adult except crotamiton, suggesting that embryo
and larva was relatively more sensitive than adult. Reproduction test was
conducted in TRS, CRT, and NMS for a week. TRS was not aected to
reproduction in less than 0.36mg/L and the toxic level of its embryos was
not dierent to the sensitivity of embryos from non-exposed adults. CRT
was more eective in adults exposed to 60mg/L for 24hours compared
to that of embryo from non-exposed adult. Fecundity and the mortality
of delivered embryo at 24hours exposure was aected in 20mg/L, which
value is similar of LC50(19mg/L) at the end of exposure of larva from non-
exposed adults. Te results suggest that CRT is more eective in mortality
of adult than that of embryo from non-exposed adult, and embryo from
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 141
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exposed adult is more eective than embryo from non-exposed adult. NMS
was not aected in adult exposed to less than 72mg/L, but the embryos
died in 72mg/L within 24 hours after spawning, and LC50 at the end of
exposure was 8mg/L, which the value was only 12% concentration of LC50
of embryo and larva from non-exposed adults. From these results, this study
suggests that sensitivity to chemicals is dierent by developmental stages and
by chemicals, and the comprehensive testing including reproduction test,
adult acute toxicity test and sh embryo toxicity test is eective to avoid the
overlook of chemical responses rather than the specic stage toxicity test.
639 Predictivity Relationships of the Fish Embryo Test (FET)
to the Acute Fish Toxicity Test (OECD 203). S.E. Belanger, G.J. Carr,
Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH; E. Lammer,
T.W. Braunbeck, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg,
Heidelberg, Germany. Te Fish Embryo Test (FET) is advocated as an
animal alternative method to the standard 96-hr acute sh toxicity test (or
OECD 203 method). Over the past two decades evidence has gathered that
the FET can be reliably used as an acute toxicity surrogate to estimate sh
toxicity to a wide range of chemicals. In this talk we will summarize and
explore a comprehensive database to demonstrate the predictive potential
of the FET. Te data base covers nearly 100 chemicals with FET and
OECD 203 paired data. Nearly 250 individual FET studies and over 2200
sh acute toxicity studies are included and cover most modes of action.
Species coverage for the FET is heavily skewed towards Zebrash although
Japanese Medaka and fathead minnow are also represented. Comparisons
are made with the ve most prevalent OECD 203 test species: Zebrash,
rainbow trout, fathead minnow, bluegill sunsh, and Medaka. Interspecies
regressions for OECD 203 were fully examined using LC50 estimates
with exposure type, analytical verication, and water quality as additional
variables. Acute toxicity to the chemicals in the database spanned 9 orders
of magnitude. Least squares and orthogonal regression were used to assess
relationships. Interspecies regressions for standard tests and species set the
standard for how good should we expect FET-OECD 203 relationships
to be? Typical interspecies slopes for nearly 4 dozen regressions were
0.851.10 with intercepts consistently 0.5 or less. Nearly all 95%
condence intervals for slope estimates include 1 suggesting strong internal
relationships. FETOECD 203 relationships were typically 0.901.05
indicating equally strong relationships and could not be distinguished
for established and well accepted interspecies relationships (for example,
rainbow trout versus bluegill sunsh). Based on this analysis we conclude
that the Fish Embryo Test can be used to asses acute toxicity of diverse
chemicals to sh as a component of an overall Intelligent Testing Strategy to
reduce the use of vertebrates in environmental risk assessment.
640 Human and Ecological Exposure Science: Divergence and
Rapprochement. R. Araujo, F. Fulk, Oce of Research and Development,
U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. To the extent that they had their
common origins in concerns with adverse impacts of contaminants on
the individual, human and ecological exposure sciences have elements and
approaches in common; source, exposure, dose, eect is a joint paradigm.
Divergences between the elds occurred as ecosystem exposures began
to address the impacts of non-contaminant stressors, the interactions
among stressor and nonstressor components of environments, and stressor
eects that manifest themselves at the levels of ecological populations
and communities, including the consideration of cascading exposures.
Tose requirements drove the ecological exposure eld to develop spatially
explicit methods for exposure assessment whereby both stressors and the
organisms of interest are distributed on and impacted by landscapes, as well
as population monitoring and modeling tools to assess the implications of
multiple stressors. In the meantime, the eld of human exposure assessment
focused on improved understanding of relationships between stressor
sources, individual behaviors, and exposure; biochemical and genetic
markers of exposure, and the metabolic and physiologic pathways that
determine internal dose. Recent years, however, have seen each eld expand
its treatment of scale and context for exposures and eects. Ecologists
increasingly look to molecular indicators of exposures that correspond to
population-level eects; human exposure researchers increasingly examine
people and their behaviors and their uneven distribution over the landscape,
creating disparities in both exposure intensities and in susceptibilities. Tis
presentation takes stock of the histories, present states and futures of the
elds of human and ecological exposure assessment and begins to frame a
comparison of the elds, the similarities, dierences, and the potential for
cross-eld synergies at scales ranging from the sub-cellular to the geographic.
Developing an understanding of how methods developed in one area can be
translated to another will increase our knowledge of how to combine human
and ecosystem models to achieve benecial results.
641 Te Relationship between Forest Degradation and Lyme
Disease. L.E. Jackson, E.D. Hilborn, Oce of Research and Development,
U.S. EPA, Durham, NC. Tere is increasing recognition that many
aspects of human well-being are linked to functions of healthy ecosystems
and the services they provide to society at local to global scales. Societal
pressures can contaminate habitats, reduce their area, alter community
composition, and otherwise degrade ecosystems in ways that may ultimately
result in adverse human impacts. Tis research explored the role of forest
fragmentation in Lyme disease. Previous studies have shown that highly
fragmented forests are unable to support native predators and competitors
of disturbance-tolerant species that are the most competent reservoirs for
the bacterial agent of Lyme disease. Terefore, fragmentation may degrade
the natural pest regulation service of intact forest ecosystems. We sought to
quantify landscape design parameters that may reduce forest degradation
and associated human risk of environmental exposure to arthropod-
borne disease. We modeled disease incidence rate from landcover pattern
metrics across 12 Maryland counties. Observed rates derived from passive
surveillance data on 2137 cases during 1996-2000. We used major roads
to delineate 514 landscape analysis units from 0.002 to 580 km2. We
quantied fragmentation metrics using 30-meter resolution satellite imagery
and a geographic information system. Te parameter that explained the
most variation in incidence rate was the percent of habitat edge represented
by forest adjoining lawn and other herbaceous cover (R2 = 0.75; rate ratio
= 1.34 [1.26, 1.43], p < 0.0001). Also highly signicant was percent of
the landscape in forest cover (cumulative R2 = 0.82), which exhibited a
quadratic relationship with incidence rate. Modeled relationships applied
throughout the range of landscape sizes. Our model suggests that contact
between humans, the vector tick, and its wild hosts is facilitated in
landscapes with high forest-herbaceous interspersion as opposed to those
with clustered forest and herbaceous cover. Landscapes with sucient high-
density development to preclude a large percentage of forest-herbaceous
edge would also limit exposure. Results indicate that risk reduction may be
most eective at the community, rather than the individual, level. Model
validation is currently underway in Pennsylvania, New York, and Wisconsin
to determine the models predictive utility across endemic landscapes under
alternative development scenarios.
642 Critical factors and conceptual model for establishing
remediation goals for riparian and upland soils at contaminated
sites. N.D. Wilson, M.J. Erickson, ARCADIS, Brighton, MI; K.D.
Jenkins, ARCADIS, Petaluma, CA. At riverine sites where sediments
are contaminated with bioaccumulative chemicals, sh consumption is
typically the critical sediment exposure pathway for both human and
ecological receptors. Risk-based remedial goals for sediment are calculated
based on exposure scenarios and acceptable risk levels for anglers and for
pisciverous mammals. Spatial application of these sediment remedial goals
is complicated in river systems when adjacent riparian and upland zones
are occasionally or regularly inundated. In some instances, soils in these
zones might be appropriately grouped with sediments in terms of the
sediment-to-sh-to-consumer exposure scenarios underlying the remedial
goals, and thus potentially subject to inclusion within the sediment
remedial action footprint. In other instances it may not be appropriate to
consider intermittently inundated areas as sediments, and thus alternative
remedial goals are required. Our work identies and prioritizes the factors
that inuence the contribution of riparian wetland and upland zones
to the aquatic food chain with a focus on whether, when, and how that
contribution is similar or dissimilar to adjacent sediments. We consider
habitat characteristics, potential for establishment of an aquatic food web,
feeding and spawning behavior of both pelagic and benthic sh species,
and the timing, duration, and periodicity of inundation. Te result of our
work is a broadly applicable conceptual model framework for establishing
remediation goals for riparian and upland soils adjacent to contaminated
sediments. Applications to warm-water river systems within the United
States are discussed.
643 Te Pet Connection. Use of pets as sentinels to better
integrate data on endocrine health eects of persistent environmental
contaminants. J. Dye, NHEERL, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, NC;
142 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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M. Venier, R.A. Hites, School of Public and Environmental Aairs,
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; L.S. Birnbaum, NCEA, USEPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Many pets, cats in particular, spend virtually
all their lives within the family domicile, thus paralleling their owners
low-level but chronic exposure to a variety of indoor contaminants.
Owing to their shorter life-spans and shorter latency periods, associations
between contaminant exposure (i.e., lead, mercury, ETS, pesticides, and
asbestos) and adverse health outcome (i.e., chronic disease states or cancer)
can be identied in less time than is possible with strictly human-based
epidemiologic studies. Accordingly, we recently evaluated serum levels of
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pet cats to explore possible
links between exposure to these ame-retardant materials and development
of feline hyperthyroidism (FH). PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors,
and FH, a condition analogous to toxic nodular goiter in humans, was
virtually unknown three decades ago. It is currently the most common
endocrinopathy in cats. Importantly, increases in FH coincided with the
advent and global use of PBDEs. Our data indicated that all cats were
signicantly exposed to PBDEs with young healthy cats having PBDE
levels that were ~20-times greater than median values reported for U.S.
adults; while several older cats with FH had levels that were 100-times
greater. Based on PBDE congener proles, it was apparent that diet (mainly
sh and seafood canned products) and house dust (presumably via ingestion
when grooming) were the primary sources of exposure. House cats have
direct and prolonged contact with PBDE-containing materials in the indoor
environment (i.e., upholstery, carpeting, mattresses, electronic equipment).
We conclude that use of pets as sentinels can improve integration of
human and ecological research on persistent environmental contaminants,
leading to improving understanding of the relative risk related to low-level
chronic exposure which may lead to a cumulative body burden, and adverse
endocrine health outcome. (Although this work was reviewed by EPA and
approved for publication, it may not necessarily reect ocial Agency
policy.)
644 Development and Integration of Bioindicators for Human
and Ecological Health J. Burger and M. Gochfeld. J. Burger, Biology,
Rutgers, Piscataway, NJ. Increasingly managers, risk assessors, public
policy managers and the general public are recognizing that human health
is dependent upon environmental health, and that indicators provide
valuable spatial and temporal information on the health of both humans
and ecological receptors. An emerging challenge is to develop indicators
that can be used to assess exposure both of humans and ecological receptors,
and that this information can be used to screen for eects, conduct risk
assessments, and manage both human exposure and ecosystems. Using
examples from exposure to mercury in the Savannah River (South Carolina/
Georgia), to radionuclides and mercury at Amchitka Island (Alaska), and
to several contaminants in the Columbia River (Washington), we show
how collaborations between human health professionals and ecologists
can identify indicators for assessing ecological food chain exposure (thus
encompassing ecosystem assessment) and human exposure, including
subsistence exposure. Consultation and collaboration with Native
Americans and stakeholders early in the process can increase the usefulness
and acceptance of indicators for assessing ecological and human health,
assuring their long-term use.
645 Whats good for the sh is good for the people sentinel
monitoring of emerging contaminants. J.M. Lazorchak, D. Lattier, M.
Kostich, Oce of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
OH. Most of us have heard the axiom, canary in the coal mine. Tese
melodious exposure indicators - a necessity in U.K. mines well into the
20th century - were especially sensitive to methane and carbon monoxide
gases, and would cease singing (and oftentimes die) at levels far below
those deleterious to humans. Te fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas
(FHM)) plays a similar role as an aquatic vertebrate toxicological model for
the regulatory communities in the US and abroad. Tis sexually dimorphic
teleost has been used for decades as a sentinel for aquatic monitoring and
remains a standard model for aquatic toxicity testing for risk assessment.
FHM are also used extensively in a broad range of environmental analyses,
from euent monitoring to pesticide registration to evaluation of endocrine
disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Using this widely dispersed teleost and other
sentinel invertebrates, aquatic ecosystems can oer a paradigm similar to
the coal mine, in which human exposure to contaminants such as EDCs
and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can be detected in
advance of an inadvertent episode. Te general public as well as legislators
have for years been made aware of numerous ecological and wildlife
anomalies such as the accumulation of re retardants and chemicals like
PFOS, the key ingredient in Scotchgard, in tissues of Arctic polar bears,
dolphins in Florida, seals and otters in California, and albatross in the
mid Pacic. Tis exposure at a distance, in addition to recently observed
intersex sh found in the Potomac River, has prompted concerned citizens
to ask, What does this mean for our children? Tis presentation will
explore the potential of genomic tools for use in early exposure assessments
for protection of ecological and human health.
646 Using zebrash as a platform to integrate and advance
human and ecological research. R.L. Tanguay, Environmental and
Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; R.L.
Tanguay, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR; F. Tilton, Department of Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA. As toxicology is approached from a mechanistic perspective,
we will be in a stronger position to unravel the complex environmental,
genetic and biological interactions that dene toxicity in humans and
the environment. With the advances in comparative genomics we now
understand that remarkable similarities exist at the molecular level across
taxa. Zebrash share a number of similarities with established laboratory
and environmentally relevant models at the genomic, cellular, physiologic
and behavioral levels, but they also possess unique characteristics such as,
external development, embryonic transparency, and amenability to genetic
manipulations. With the current tools in hand there is a tremendous
opportunity to exploit the advantages of zebrash to simultaneously protect
and improve human and environmental health. Early life stages represent
the most complex period of an organisms life span because of the required
delity of the events that must occur to build the body. Tis complexity
also makes development the most susceptible period to environmental
stressors. Over the years our group has exploited embryonic susceptible
to environmental stressors as a tool to discover the mechanisms by which
the environment interacts with and perturbs biology. As an example, the
dithiocarbamate (DTC) chemical class has many important uses as chemical
precursors, euent additives, and agricultural pesticides and in experimental
and clinical medicine. Zebrash exposures to DTCs during somitogenesis
(10-18 hours post fertilization (hpf )) results in distortions of the notochord
by 24 hpf. We hypothesized that DTC-induced transcriptional changes
during somitogenesis precede the functional decit. Using the Aymetrix
zebrash gene arrays relatively few mRNAs were dierentially regulated at
each time point. Te transcriptional proles revealed neurodevelopment and
myogenesis as the two primary targets of dithiocarbamate (DTC). Using
transgenic reporter sh and neuronal-specic antibodies neurodevelopment
was interrogated, and the role of individual genes in the toxic responses is
under investigation.
647 Atrazine has Been Used Safely for Over 47 Years. T.B. Hayes,
Dept. Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Despite
the manufacturers claim that the herbicide atrazine has been used safely for
over 47 years a preponderance of evidence shows that atrazine is a potent
endocrine disruptor that disrupts hormonally regulated development and
physiology in wildlife, laboratory animals and humans. Atrazine decreases
testosterone levels in amphibians, sh, and rodents. Recent studies in my
laboratory showed that exposure to atrazine at levels as low as 0.01 ppb
results in a near-complete depletion of testosterone in African clawed frogs
(Xenopus laevis). Exposed males are incapable of attracting and successfully
mating with females in the presence of unexposed males. When copulation
occurs (in the absence of competition) fertility is severely reduced.
Similarly, atrazine reduces testosterone in male salmon, prevents males from
responding to females, and signicantly reduces milt. Studies in laboratory
rodents also show a decline in testosterone and a signicant reduction in
sperm number and at least one study has correlated low fertility and sperm
count with atrazine exposure in humans. In addition to its demasculinizing
eects, atrazine also feminizes animals. Atrazine induces hermaphroditism in
frogs in the laboratory, is associated with hermaphroditism in the eld, and
recent studies show a 10% loss in males for every 10 ppb atrazine in a dose
response study. Related studies in zebrash showed that atrazine induces
complete sex reversal in sh associated with an induction of aromatase, the
enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens. In addition atrazine induces
aromatase in turtles, alligators, chickens, raises estrogen levels in laboratory
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 143
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rodents, and induces expression of the aromatase gene in multiple human
cell lines. Finally atrazine induces prostate and estrogen-dependent
mammary cancer in laboratory rodents and is associated with these same
cancers in humans. Tus, the eects and mechanisms of action identied for
atrazine in wildlife and laboratory animals are predictive of the eects that
this ubiquitous pesticide likely has on exposed humans.
648 Terrestrial Ecotoxicogenomics: Past, Present, and Future.
P. Gong, SpecPro Inc., Vicksburg, MS; E.J. Perkins, Environmental
Laboratory, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS.
Ecotoxicogenomics has shown great potential in revealing insights into
the molecular mechanisms of environmental toxicants, which may
further lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers. Although this topic has
been previously highlighted in several SETAC annual meetings, focus
has been placed on aquatic environments. Contamination of terrestrial
ecosystems has only been intensively studied in the context of traditional
ecotoxicology. However, recent years have witnessed an increasing amount
of ecotoxicogenomic studies using terrestrial species including both genomic
model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans and
non-model species like oligochaete worms (Eisenia spp., Lumbricus spp., and
Enchytraeus spp.). In this presentation, we intend to provide an overview
of the history, recent developments and future challenges for this relatively
young discipline. We will use an ecotoxicology model organism Eisenia
fetida as an example to show the success as well as lessons we have learnt in
the course of unveiling toxicological mechanisms through developing new
genomic tools and applying modern molecular biology techniques. We will
conclude with our perspective views on the future challenges and research
needs in terrestrial ecotoxicogenomics.
649 Towards a gene-expression based invertebrate soil quality
assay: the Normal Operating Range of the Folsomia candida
transcriptome. T. de Boer, B. Nota, M. de Boer, M. Timmermans, N.
van Straalen, D. Roelofs, Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,
Netherlands. Soil pollution is a worldwide problem that threatens ecosystem
health and the public in general. Based on chemical analyses, it is estimated
that 400,000 to 600,000 sites are potentially polluted in the Netherlands.
Many of these sites contain pollutants that are probably not biologically
active. Tis can be estimated/quantied by bioassays, which are important
tools to prioritize potentially contaminated sites for remediation. A standard
ISO certied bioassay, based on survival and fecundity of the springtail
Folsomia candida, is currently used to determine pollutant bioavailability;
however, this test is both not pollutant specic and time-consuming.
We have developed a bioassay based on gene-expression proling of F.
candida, in which specic expression patterns are linked to soil pollutants.
In order to distinguish the eects on gene expression caused by natural
soil characteristics (soil type, pH, particle size distribution, etc) from the
eects caused by soil pollutants, we need to determine the baseline gene
expression variation due to natural soil characteristics designated as the
Normal Operating Range (NOR). For this study twenty-six reference sites
were sampled from the two most common Dutch soil types (sandy- and
clay soil), with a variety in soil characteristics, land use and vegetation
types. RNA of 2-day exposed animals was hybridised on the Agilent-based
invertebrate soil quality chip. Using ANOVA we estimated the baseline
variance in the F. candida transcriptome in natural reference soils. As a
case study we exposed animals to metal-contaminated eld derived soils
and obtained metal-specic expression proles deviating from the baseline
transcriptional variation. Subsequently we developed a set of predictor
genes that can classify soils as metal polluted or as a reference soil. Our data
suggest that transcriptional proling is a fast and pollutant specic approach
to evaluate the quality of eld-derived soils.
650 Establishing a Prole of Gene Expression in Avian Species
Exposed to PCBs. M.E. Bohannon, E.T. Lavoie, T.E. Porter, M. Ottinger,
Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Genotoxic
eects are a hazard of environmental pollution. Issues of concern include
changes in expression of genes associated with detoxication and endocrine
systems, among others. We are endeavoring to establish a gene expression
prole in birds in response to PCBs using microarray technology. With
the power to measure the expression levels of an entire genome at once,
microarray technology presents itself as an excellent candidate for detecting
patterns of gene expression. Using Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix)
as a lab model, we injected eggs on the third day of incubation with a
vehicle control or a PCB mixture (6, 12, and 49 g/g egg) and sampled
organs at hatch. RNA was extracted from hatchling livers and applied to
the Del_Mar Chicken Integrated Systems Microarray. Validation showed
roughly a 90% correspondence between quail liver samples and the chicken
microarray, 75% correspondence in quail hypothalamus, as well as 60-85%
correspondence in turkey and duck livers and hypothalami, and tree swallow
and American kestrel livers. Further application of quail samples to the
microarray revealed a number of candidate genes, including cytochrome
P450 1A5 (CYP1A5), which was expressed greater than control in 6 g/g
and 49 g/g-injected eggs; and mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16, which
was expressed 3-fold under control in 6 g/g injected eggs, but only 1.24-
fold under control in 12 g/g-injected eggs. Other genes that have shown
dierential expression in the microarray experiments include ornithine
decarboxylase antizyme, signal transducer and activator of transcription
(STAT) 6, and NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) Flavoprotein 1. Tese
genes may be good toxicogenomic biomarkers for hatchling birds exposed
to PCBs, however further studies are needed to evaluate the function of
these genes and therefore develop eective and versatile means of detecting
specic genotoxic eects in avian species that have been detected in the
microarray experiements.
651 Analysis of Dierentially Expressed Genes in Eisenia fetida
Exposed to Benzo(a)pyrene Using Subtractive cDNA Libraries. S. Zheng,
B. Chen, Tird institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration,
China, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Y. Song, Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academic of Science, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; X. Qiu, School
of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. To gain insight
into the toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) to terrestrial invertebrates, we
used subtractive cDNA libraries to analyze the variation of transcription
proles in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to 1.0 mg/kg BaP as
compared to non-exposed controls. Te results indicated that BaP exposure
not only activated genes involved in anti-oxidation, detoxication, and
heat shock responses, but also disrupted the expression of genes involved
in respiratory chain, peptide synthesis, lipid and protein metabolism, iron
and calcium regulation, coelomic uid innate immunity, Notch and G
protein dependent signaling pathways and some genes putatively related to
carcinogenesis or other diseases. Tese results suggest that the transcriptional
response in earthworms following BaP exposure is complex but most of the
responding genes could be connected into a potential network.
652 Analysis and functional annotation of expressed sequence tags
from the earthworm Eisenia fetida. M. Pirooznia, Y. Deng, University of
Southern Mississippi, Vicksburg, MS; P. Gong, X. Guan, Y. Deng, SpecPro
Inc, Vicksburg, MS; L.S. Inouye, E.J. Perkines, ERDC, Vicksburg, MS.
Eisenia fetida, commonly known as red wiggler or compost worm, belongs
to the Lumbricidae family of the Annelida phylum. Little is known about its
genome sequence although it has been extensively used as a test organism in
terrestrial ecotoxicology. In order to understand its gene expression response
to environmental contaminants, we cloned 4032 cDNAs or expressed
sequence tags (ESTs) from two E. fetida libraries enriched with genes
responsive to ten ordnance related compounds using suppressive subtractive
hybridization-PCR. A total of 3144 good quality ESTs (GenBank dbEST
accession number EH669363-EH672369 and EL515444-EL515580) were
obtained from the raw clone sequences after cleaning. Clustering analysis
yielded 2231 unique sequences including 448 contigs (from 1361 ESTs)
and 1783 singletons. Comparative genomic analysis showed that 743 or
33% of the unique sequences shared high similarity with existing genes in
the GenBank nr database. Provisional function annotation assigned 830
Gene Ontology terms to 517 unique sequences based on their homology
with the annotated genomes of four model organisms Drosophila
melanogaster, Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Caenorhabditis
elegans. Seven percent of the unique sequences were further mapped to
99 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways based on their
matching Enzyme Commission numbers. All the information is stored and
retrievable at a highly performed, web-based and user-friendly relational
database called EST model database or ESTMD version 2. Te ESTMD
containing the sequence and annotation information of 4032 E. fetida ESTs
is publicly accessible at http://mcbc.usm.edu/estmd/.
653 Identication of proteins induced by toxic metals in
Helianthus annuus. I.E. Atkinson, C. Hasintha, R. Wei, Chemistry,
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH; H. VanKeulen, Biology,
Geology and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University,
Cleveland, OH; T. Cutright, Environmental Engineering, University of
144 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Akron, Akron, OH. Te aim of this study was to identify the proteins that
are regulated in two strains of Dwarf Sunower (Helianthus annuus) leaves
after treatment with toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb). H. annuus is capable
of hyperaccumulation of toxic metal ions, but little is known about the
molecular basis for rendering the plant to hyperaccumulate these toxic
metals. Te induction of certain proteins is hypothesized to be one major
mechanism for the ability of the plant to be tolerant of toxic metals. In
order to gain insight into possible relationships between the regulation of
protein synthesis and metal hyperaccumulation, H. annuus, was exposed
to the toxic metals and dierentially expressed protein spots were identied
from a series of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D) and MS analysis.
Te resolution of the soluble proteins in 2-D showed appearance of a
minimum of ve protein spots under the metal stress when compared
with the control plant grown under the same conditions but without
the metal exposure. Te only protein that was identied by a database
sequence derived from sunower was chitinase. A light-induced protein,
chloroplast precursor, was also identied. Tis protein appears to be a minor
component of the band based on the overall lower abundance of these
peptides compared to the chitinase derived peptides in the sample. A third
protein contained peptide sequence homologous to the database sequence
for thaumatin-like protein. Two additional proteins were identied as heat
shock cognate 70-1 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
large subunit. Tis protein appears to be slightly more abundant than
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) large subunit,
which is a substantial contributor to the spot. Additional l peptides were
also identied but none of these peptides were matched to any sequence in
the NCBI database. Manual interpretation followed by blast searches did
not result in protein identication. Tese proteins might be involved in the
ability of H. annuus to be tolerant of toxic metals.
654 Earthworm Genomic Database: A New Comprehensive
Tool for Toxicogenomic Research. M. Pirooznia, Y. Deng, University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS; P. Gong, X. Guan, Y. Deng,
Specpro, Vicksburg, MS; E.J. Perkins, ERDC, Vicksburg, MS; C. Liang,
Miami University, Oxford, FL. Genomic databases constitute an important
bioinformatics facility in earthworm toxicogenomics research. Recently,
the genomic or transcriptomic sequence information of earthworms has
expanded, largely owing to the availability and aordability of ultra high-
throughput sequencing technologies such as 454 sequencing. We have
obtained 562,327 quality ltered non-directional sequence reads with an
average length of 104 bases, which was generated from two 454 sequencing
runs of an Eisenia fetida cDNA library. To build the earthworm genomic
database, we have analyzed, assembled and annotated our 454 sequences
and also incorporated Sanger sequence and annotation data of E. fetida as
well as three other earthworm species (E. andrei, Lumbricus rubellus, and
L. terrestris). Automated and manual Gene Ontology (GO) information
to characterize gene function annotation, Pathway analysis based on Kyoto
Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classication, Medline and
GenBank links can be queried for each sequence. In addition, microarray
data and computationally predicted transcription factors and microRNAs
are also included. Te database is a curated and integrated web-based
relational database and searchable by a variety of means, including gene
name, position, keyword, and sequence similarity. Users can not only
browse and query the database but also compare their sequences with
annotated earthworm sequences via a dedicated sequence similarity server
running either the BLAST or FASTA algorithm. Tis new earthworm
genomic database is now publicly accessible at http://mcbc.usm.edu/ewdb/.
It provides a comprehensive and centralized source of information for
earthworm toxicogenomic studies.
655 Inferring gene regulatory networks from time series gene
expression data using dynamic Bayesian network analysis. P. Li,
C. Zhang, School of Computing, University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS; E.J. Perkins, Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army
Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; Y. Deng,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi,
Hattiesburg, MS; Y. Deng, P. Gong, SpecPro Inc., Vicksburg, MS. Te
modeling and inference of gene regulatory networks from gene expression
data is becoming one of the most challenging topics in molecular biology
and computational biology. Several computational methods have been
developed for reconstructing gene regulatory networks (GRNs) based on
large-scale microarray data obtained from biological experiments, such
as probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) and dynamic Bayesian network
(DBN). Previously, we compared PBN and DBN and demonstrated
that DBN outperformed PBN in most tested cases using a Drosophila
melanogaster dataset. In the current work, we focused on the DBN
approach and the development of Bayesian learning techniques to improve
performance. Te structural expectation maximization (SEM) method was
used to handle missing values caused by discretizing the gene expression
data. Te DBN approach has been applied to inferring GRNs from a
benchmark dataset of yeast cell-cycle and compared with established gene
regulatory relationships. Based on extensive validation of the approach,
GRNs were then constructed from a time series rat gene expression dataset.
From the analysis of GRNs inferred from the time series datasets using
the DBN approach, we have found that both specicity and sensitivity of
GRNs increase when known transcriptional factors are incorporated. Te
time delayed DBN can infer GRNs with higher specicity and sensitivity,
compared to Bayesian network (BN) approach. In conclusion, DBN
analysis is a promising approach to predict GRNs from time series gene
expression data. SEM methods and incorporation of transcriptional factors
can improve the performance of GRN inference.
656 Gene Networks Inferred Using Time-Series Microarray Data
from Rat Brain. Y. Deng, T. Habib, V. Todima, C. Zhang, University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS; Y. Deng, Specpro, Vicksburg,
MS; E. Perkins, EDRC, Vicksburg, MS. Te central nervous system is
remarkably plastic in its ability to recover from trauma. We examined
recovery from 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) induced
seizures in Rattus norvegicus through changes in transcriptional networks.
Transcriptional networks from time series experiments provide a good basis
for organizing and studying the dynamic behavior of biological processes.
Te goal of this work was to identify networks aected by chemical exposure
and track changes in these networks as animals recover. We examined brain
microarray data from R. norvegicus treated with 0, 1.2, 12, 24, and 47
mgRDX/kg body weight at dierent time points after exposure (24hr, 48hr,
7d, 14d, 28d and 90d). Seventy-four out of 228 genes from 24hr, 33 out of
434 genes from 48hr, 64 out of 286 genes from 7 day, 34 out of 60 genes
from 14day, 51 out of 172 genes from 28 day, and 32 out of 168 genes
from 90 day time exposures were taken for network modeling. A correlation
network was derived from a DE gene list and was then transformed to
compute partial variances and correlations. Te undirected model was
converted into a partially directed graph by estimating a pair-wise ordering
of the nodes from the data using multiple testing of the log-ratios of partial
variances and then subsequent projection onto the model. All edges in
the correlation graph with signicance are directed, the direction of the
arrow points from the node with the larger standardized partial variance
to the node with the smaller standardized partial variance. Te other edges
with regression coecient 0 remain undirected. Te resulting partially
causal network exhibited a clear hub (central in terms of connections
and direction) connectivity structure. Genes such as Ania-7, Hnrpdl,
Alad, Gapdh, etc. (all CNS related), GAT-2 (GABA, neurotransmitter
transporter), SLC2A1 (glucose transporter), NCX3 (Na-Ca exchanger),
Gnal (Olfactory related), skn-la were showed up in our network as the hub
genes while some of the known transcription factors Msx3, Cacng1, Brs3,
NGF1 etc. were also matched with our network model.
657 Conazole Fungicides as Chiral Environmental Contaminants:
Enantiomer Analysis and Enantioselectivity in Soil Slurries. A.W.
Garrison, J. Jones, ERD/NERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Athens, GA; J. Avants, Senior Service America, U.S. EPA,
Athens, GA. Conazoles are triazole compounds, many of which are in
wide use as agricultural and medicinal fungicides. Opportunities exist
for them to contaminate the environment and, since they are all chiral
molecules, they are apt to be degraded enantioselectively by indigenous
microbes. To characterize such enantioselectivity, it is necessary to
analyze environmental samples for the separate conazole enantiomers.
In most of the present study, enantiomer analysis was accomplished
using a BGB-172 chiral GC column; detection was by GC-MS. For
occasional conrmation, enantiomer analyses was performed by capillary
electrophoresis (CE) in the micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode
using various cyclodextrin chiral selectors. Research reported here involved
the conazoles triadimefon, triadimenol, and propiconazole. Complete
enantiomeric separation was achieved using either GC or CE for the
enantiomers of all 3 fungicides. Biotic and abiotic transformation of
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 145
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triadimefon and propiconazole (50ug/mL) in 3 dierent aerobic soil types
using 1:5 soil-water slurries was followed over several months to observe
rates and products of transformation as well as enantiomeric ratios (ER)
of parents and products. Te reductive transformation of triadimefon to
triadimenol over the rst 4 weeks occurred at dierent rates for each soil
type; the process was rst observed at the 24 hour time point in one soil
and, by day 5, the triadimefon in each soil sample was being reduced.
Te process was stereoselective, and in each case the S-(+) enantiomer of
triadimefon was transformed faster than the R-(-). Te 2 enantiomers of
triadimefon produced ratios of the 4 enantiomers of triadimenol that were
somewhat similar for each soil. Commercial triadimenol is composed of
2 diastereomers of unequal concentration, each having 2 enantiomers of
equal concentration. Te soil transformation products, however, show no
such pattern; instead, varying production rates were observed for each of
the 4 enantiomers, indicating enantioselectivity in the transformation of
triadimefon to triadimenol. During this 4 weeks initial time, propiconazole
was not transformed at all in these same soil types. Tis abstract has been
reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
peer and administrative review policies and approved for presentation and
publication.
658 Spatial and Temporal Trends of Legacy Pollutants and
Brominated Flame Retardants in Beluga Whales from Alaska. J.
Kucklick, J.M. Keller, R.S. Pugh, P.R. Becker, A.J. Moors, M.D. Ellisor,
Analytical Chemistry, NIST, Charleston, SC; B.J. Porter, Analytical
Chemistry, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD; T.K. Rowles, Protected Resources,
NOAA/NMFS, Silver Spring, MD. Several studies document recent
declines in legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in biological samples
collected from the eastern Arctic. Tere are relatively little data on temporal
trends of legacy POPs or brominated ame retardants in biota to conrm
these trends in the western Arctic which is closer to Asian POP sources. To
provide information from this area, beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)
samples were analyzed for POPs and brominated ame retardants. Te
beluga whale is a small (<5.5 m), gregarious toothed whale that generally
inhabits shallow coastal waters in the Arctic and sub-Arctic. In Alaska,
there are ve recognized beluga whale stocks: Cook Inlet, Bristol Bay, the
Eastern Bering Sea, the Eastern Chukchi Sea, and the Eastern Beaufort Sea
stocks. Te ve stocks are exploited by native subsistence hunters in Alaska
for food. Tis practice provides an opportunity for collecting and archiving
tissues for the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB) which is
maintained by the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST).
Te NMMTB currently contains samples from 79 beluga whales collected
from 1989 though 2006 with additional sample collections planned for
2008. Of the 79 samples in the specimen bank, 72 blubber samples will be
analyzed for POPs including PCB congeners, organochlorine pesticides and
brominated ame retardants. Samples collected from the eastern Chukchi
Sea stock and the Cook Inlet stock will be analyzed to determine temporal
trends in legacy POPs, such as PCBs and DDTs, and in brominated ame
retardants. Initial results from males indicate a signicant increase in
brominated ame retardants from 1990 forward. Hexabromocyclododecane
concentrations were signicantly higher in Cook Inlet beluga whales relative
to those collected from the Eastern Chukchi Sea stock. Analysis of the
additional juvenile and female samples will provide for a longer time range
in order to examine time trends of pollutants in beluga whales and a better
examination of the inuence of age, gender, and location on contaminant
concentrations.
659 Vertical Proling Using the Color-Tec Method to Identify
Source Releases and Delineate CVOC Soil and Groundwater Plumes at
the Former Naval Construction Battalion Center Davisville in North
Kingstown, Rhode Island. L. Sinagoga, S. Anderson, J. Wright, Tetra Tech
NUS, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA; D. Barney, U.S. Navy, Philadelphia, PA; C.
Frye, U.S. Navy, South Weymouth, MA. Installation and multiple rounds
of sampling of approximately 200 wells and other traditional investigative
procedures (soil sampling, synoptic groundwater events, Membrane
Interface Probe sampling, seismic refraction surveys, etc.) performed over
nearly 10 years of investigations have not completely identied the sources
or adequately delineated the nature and extent of soil and groundwater
CVOC impacts at Site 16 at the Former Naval Construction Battalion
Center Davisville. In order to address signicant data gaps, a comprehensive
vertical proling study employing the Color-Tec method screening of
soils from Direct Push Technology soil borings was performed across the
site beginning with an initial variably spaced coarse grid (biased based
on previous investigations) with renements made based on real-time
data collection. Over 1250 discrete soil samples were collected from
approximately 150 soil borings. Discrete soil samples were collected from
continuous soil cores every 5 feet at most locations with more frequent
soil samples collected based on observed lithologies and PID responses.
Te Color-Tec results provided semi-quantitative results for immediate
decisions for the subsequent placement of soil borings and the delineation
of impacted/non-impacted areas. Approximately 400 soil samples spanning
the full range of Color-Tec results were sent to a xed-base laboratory.
Comparison of these results to the Color-Tec results demonstrated a
signicant site-specic correlation allowing for identication of source
areas not previously identied and signicant renement to the lateral and
vertical extent of the soil and groundwater plumes. Based on the relatively
low-cost ($10 per sample), a comprehensive vertical proling study was able
to be performed in real-time whereby signicantly more soil samples were
able to be analyzed compared to traditional xed-base laboratory analyses,
resulting in a better dened understanding of the nature and extent of the
CVOC plumes.
660 Relationships between organic matter, black carbon
and persistent organic pollutants in European background soils:
implications for sources and environmental fate. J. Nam, Environment
and Ecology Division, NIAST, RDA, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea;
J. Nam, P. Kurt-Karakus, K.C. Jones, Centre for Chemicals Management
and Environmental Science Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
United Kingdom; O. Gustafsson, Department of Applied Environmental
Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; K. Breivik, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; E. Steinnes, Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway. Black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) contents
of UK and Norwegian background soils were determined and their
relationships with persistent organic pollutants (HCB, PAHs, PCBs,
co-planar PCBs, PBDEs and PCDD/Fs) investigated by correlation
and regression analyses, to assess their roles in inuencing compound
partitioning/retention in soils. Te 52 soils used were high in TOC (range
54-460 mg/g (mean 256)), while BC only constituted 0.24-1.8% (mean
0.88%) of the TOC. TOC was strongly correlated (p<0.001) with HCB,
PCBs, co-PCBs and PBDEs, but less so with PCDD/Fs (p<0.05) and
PAHs. TOC explained variability in soil content, as follows: HCB, 80%;
PCBs, 44%; co-PCBs, 40%; PBDEs, 27%. BC also gave statistically
signicant correlations with PBDEs (p<0.001), co-PCBs (p<0.01) and
PCBs, HCB, PCDD/F (p<0.05); TOC and BC were correlated with each
other (p<0.01). Inferences are made about possible combustion-derived
sources, atmospheric transport and air-surface exchange processes for these
compounds.
661 Concentrations, Proles and Human Exposure Assessment of
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Soil, Dust,
Leaves, and Electronic Shredder Waste from Electronic Waste Recycling
Facilities and in Soil from a Chemical Industrial Complex in Eastern
China. J. Ma, K. Kannan, Y. Horii, Q. Wu, Wadsworth Center, Albany,
NY; J. Ma, J. Cheng, W. Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China. Environmental pollution arising from electronic waste (e-waste)
disposal and recycling has received considerable attention in recent years.
Treatment of e-wastes, at low temperatures, that contain polyvinylchloride
and related polymers can release polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Although several studies have reported trace
metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) released from e-waste
recycling operations, environmental contamination and human exposure
to PCDD/Fs from e-waste recycling operations are less known. In this
study, electronic shredder waste and dust from e-waste facilities, leaves and
surface soil in the vicinity of of an intensive large scale e-waste recycling
facility in Taizhou, Eastern China, were analyzed for total PCDD/Fs
including 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners. We also determined PCDD/Fs in
surface agricultural soils from several provinces in China for comparison
with industrial soils. Concentrations of total PCDD/Fs were high in all
of the matrices analyzed and ranged from 31 to 11400 pg/g for shredder
waste, 3460 to 9820 pg/g dry weight for leaves, 2560 to 148000 pg/g
dry weight for dust, and 853 to 10200 pg/g dry weight for soils. We also
analyzed surface soils from a chemical industry complex (comprised of
coke-oven plant, coal-red power plant, chlor-alkali plant) in Shanghai.
146 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Concentrations of total PCDD/Fs in surface soil (44-530 pg/g dry wt) from
the chemical industry complex were lower than the concentrations found
in soils from e-waste recycling plants, but higher than the concentrations
found in agricultural soils. Agriculture soils in seven cities in China
contained low levels (3.44-42.1 pg/g dry wt) of total PCDD/Fs. Proles
of TEQs of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in soils from e-waste facilities in Taizhou
diered from the proles in agricultural soils. Te estimated daily intakes
of TEQs of PCDD/Fs via soil/dust ingestion (2.25 and 0.222 pg TEQ/kg
bw/day for children and adults, respectively) and dermal exposure (0.048
and 0.141 pg TEQ/kg bw/day for children and adults, respectively) were
much higher in people working at e-waste recycling facilities than in people
working at chemical industrial site (0.003-0.018 pg TEQ/kg bw/day),
implying greater health risk for humans from dioxin exposures at e-waste
recycling facilities.
662 Hydroxyl radical-specic oxidation of phenylalanine by
pyrite in model biological and marine environments. S.C. Fisher, B.J.
Brownawell, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook
University, Stony Brook, NY. Pyrite is the most common form of the iron
sulde minerals on Earth. In aquatic environments, pyrite can be abundant
in marine sediments, aquifers, and may be important in transformation of
xenobiotic compounds. Trough Fenton-like reactions, hydroxyl radicals
are formed when the mineral is in contact with oxygenated water; and
where solutions of water are initially pure, the pyrite mediated-formation
of hydroxyl radical can be important for days to weeks. Tis formation is
also relevant in humans as pyrite exposure can occur through inhalation of
coal dust. Oxidation of nucleobases and RNA depolymerization has been
observed in solutions of pyrite in prior studies and attributed to reactions
with the pyrite. Another biologically relevant hydroxyl radical-specic
probe has been developed in our current study of hydroxylation of the
aromatic ring of phenylalanine. Te goal is to determine the production,
fate, and signicance of pyrite-induced hydroxyl radical in more complex
solutions similar to those encountered in biological uids, marine waters,
and sediments. Research has involved determining kinetics and reaction
products that include near equimolar concentrations, othro-, meta-, and
para-tyrosine, which in turn are degraded at rates similar to phenylalanine.
Te degradation of phenylalanine tends to follow zero-order kinetics with
respect to the phenylalanine concentration and rst-order with respect
to pyrite concentration, suggesting that the ux of hydroxyl radical
from reaction of pyrite in solution is the rate limiting step. Experiments
conducted in seawater and waters rich in humic acid salts (up to 400 mg/L)
showed hindered but still rapid degradation of phenylalanine along with
formation and decays of the tyrosine isomers. Pyrite was also introduced
to solutions of phenylalanine containing salts and redox active organic
compounds that make up simulated lung uid. Initial results indicate
measurable, although much slower, rates of tyrosine production, as well as
isomer specic degradation of tyrosine isomers. Future work will investigate
the eects of pH, free and citrate bound iron, and the surface of the pyrite
and how they aect the changes in chemistry observed.
663 HCHs in Lake Superior: Air-Water Gas Exchange in 2005
vs. 1996-97. L. Jantunen, S. Wrigglesworth, T.F. Bidleman, Environment
Canada, Egbert, Ontario, Canada. Parallel air and water samples were
collected in Lake Superior during August 2005. Concentrations of -
and -HCH in surface water averaged 1.45 and 0.42 ng/L, respectively.
Compared to levels measured in 1996-1997, there was a factor of two
decline in -HCH and ~30% decline in -HCH. HCHs in the air ranged
from 34-70 pg/m3 for -HCH and 9.9-15 pg/m3 for -HCH, and were
about a factor of two below air concentrations in August 1996. Te
enantiomeric fractions, EF = (+)/[(+)+(-)], of -HCH in surface water and
air averaged 0.431 and 0.450 respectively, both showing depletion of the (+)
enantiomer. Te EF of -HCH in water was signicantly lower than the EF
in 1996-97 (0.450), suggesting an increase in enantioselective degradation
over time. Water/air fugacity ratios ranged from 2.7-7.1 for -HCH and
3.4-9.2 for -HCH, indicating net volatilization from the lake for both
HCHs. In 1996-1997, fugacity ratios indicated close to equilibrium
conditions for -HCH and net deposition for -HCH. EFs in water and air
allowed estimation of the fraction of -HCH in the air boundary layer due
to volatilization.
664 Atmospheric delivery of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
to southern British Columbia, Canada. M. Noel, N. Dangereld, R.
Hourston, R. Tomson, P.S. Ross, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute
of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada; M. Noel, School
of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada; W. Belzer, P. Shaw, Environment Canada, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada; M.B. Yunker, Wallace drive, Brentwood
Bay, British Columbia, Canada. Atmospheric transport is an important
pathway for the delivery of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into
aquatic environments. Te goal of the study was to characterize the relative
importance of global versus local sources of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination on the west
coast of Canada. We thus collected air (gas and particulate) and rain samples
from one remote site (Ucluelet) on the west coast of Vancouver Island,
British Columbia (BC), and from one near-urban site (Saturna Island) in
the Strait of Georgia, BC, during a one year period (24 hours/day). A total
of 202 PCB and 43 PBDE congeners were quantied using high resolution
gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS).
Both sites had similar PCB concentrations, suggesting a relatively uniform
/ global atmospheric dispersion of this banned chemical, even though a
lighter signature was evident at Ucluelet. In contrast, higher PBDE levels
at Saturna Island reected the proximity to urban centres. Te inuence
of local sources was also evidenced by a heavier PBDE pattern at Saturna
Island. For example, BDE-209 contributed to 78 6% of PBDEs in rain
at Saturna Island compared to 61 4% at the remote Ucluelet. While PCB
deposition at both sites appeared to reect background contamination,
we estimated that up to 44 % of the PBDE deposition at Saturna Island
originated from trans-Pacic atmospheric transport. Tis was supported by
the results of our ~12000 ten-day back trajectories, which revealed that 40%
of the air masses arriving in southern BC originated in Asia. In the Strait of
Georgia, total atmospheric inputs of PCBs and PBDEs were 3.5 0.7 kg/
year and 20.1 7.5 kg/year, respectively. While PCBs remain the number
one contaminant of concern in aquatic biota from southern BC, our present
results highlight the emerging threat posed by PBDEs to this marine
environment.
665 Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries Program (CBBEP):
Atmospheric Deposition. T.L. Wade, S.T. Sweet, GERG, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX; T.L. Wade, Oceanography, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX. Long term atmospheric deposition
monitoring was established by Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries Program
(CBBEP) from April 22, 1997 to August 31, 1999 at Texas A&M
University Corpus Christi (TAMUCC) and from June 3, 1997 to
August 31, 1999 at Whites Point (Phase I). Wet only rain samples were
collected every week on Tuesday from January 2, 2002 until December
26, 2006 at TAMUCC as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition
Program (NADP). Samples were collected once a week and represented
an integration of all the individual rain events that occurred during
the sampling period. Te results indicate that atmospheric deposition
is an important source of nutrient nitrogen, trace element and organic
contaminants to the Coastal Bend Bays. Te yearly average pH of the rain
from 2002 through 2006 ranged from 5.09 to 5.21 (average of 5.14) which
is slightly acidic but comparable to pre-industrial revolution natural pH
(5.0). Some of the major ions detected in the wet and dry deposition (Cl,
Na, Mg) are derived from sea salts as anticipated for a site located on the
coast. Te majority of sulfate in rain and dry deposition is of anthropogenic
origin. Potassium and calcium can have marine and anthropogenic
sources. Forty-six percent (46%) of the nutrient nitrogen entering the
Bays is from atmospheric deposition to the Bay and watershed. While
contaminant inputs have signicant seasonal variability, the long term
inputs are consistent when integrated over longer temporal intervals (e.g.,
years). Trace elements Zn, Pb, As, Cu and Cd have anthropogenic sources.
Organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
pesticides, and PCB are deposited and removed from the Coastal Bend Bays
by atmospheric deposition and gas exchange. Tese data provide a robust
estimate of atmospheric deposition that can be applied to the Coastal Bend
Bays ecosystem. Further research is required to determine how the timing
of nutrient inputs to the Coastal Bend Bays system from atmospheric
deposition aects phytoplankton species and abundance and their role in
harmful alga blooms, hypoxia and sea grass abundance.
666 Improving the Life Cycle Human Toxicity Assessment of
Aluminium and Metal-based Products. J. Hong, O. Jolliet, Public health
school, Universtity of michigan, Ann arbor, MI. Studies in Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) often attribute most of the environmental impacts on
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ecosystems and human health to total metal emissions. Tere are however
major weakness of applying existing LCIA-characterization models to
metals,since such model (1) do not properly model fate processes such
as speciation, precipitation and complexation, and (2) overlook the
importance of the dierent metal forms on the dose-response. To address
these weaknesses, we analyze a detailed aluminium-based window frame
case study, comparing aluminium with PVC frames. Te study reviews the
current LCIA-characterization modeling practices and identies method
weaknesses and improvement potentials. Results show that both materials
lead to human health score of comparable order of magnitude and that
recycling options enable a signicant reduction in human health impacts.
Several conclusion can be drawn for metals: 1) With the present treatment
of long-term emissions, the direct aluminium emissions generated from
landll can dominate the non-cancer impacts on human health of an
aluminium-based product; thus the importance 2) Aluminium window
frame production primarily contributes to the carcinogenic score (PAH,
incl. Benzo(a)pyrene), and the respiratory inorganics (PM, NOx, SOx);
3) Various impact assessment methods (IMPACT2002+, CML, TRACI)
lead to similar results though the contribution of individual substances
may considerably vary, in particular due to missing characterization
factors (e.g. no factor for Aluminium direct intake in CML and TRACI).
Recommendations are presented to improve the way metal emissions are
considered in LCA, outlining corresponding methods: when evaluating
the long term emissions of landlls, metal speciation, precipitation and
bioavailability are to be considered as a function of local conditions (pH,
DOC) and of toxicokinetic properties. It is important to consider and
compare both indoor (worker exposure) and outdoor emission of e.g. PAHs
and particulate matter, dierentiating the impact between various PAHs and
particulate sizes. Tese improvements are crucial for the future development
of impact assessment methods that lead to comparable results between
organic and inorganic substances.
667 LCA under Conditions of High Uncertainty: Single-wall
Carbon Nanotubes for Li-ion Auto Batteries. T.P. Seager, Golisano
Institute for Sustsinability, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester,
NY; I. Linkov, Research and Development Center, US Army Corp of
Engineers, Boston, MA. Nanomaterials present at least three signicant
challenges to existing LCA techniques: material variability, uncertainty in
toxicity and risk, and uncertainty in performance. As a result, decision-
makers and designers considering use of nanomaterials are often forced
to make choices without the aid of reliable life cycle information. Tis
presentation makes several recommendations for handling uncertainty in the
LCA of single wall carbon nanotubes for use in Li-ion batteries in hybrid
automobiles, including the careful material characterization, selection of
an appropriate functional unit, Monte Carlo and scenario modeling and
the use of multi-criteria decision aids for completing normalization and
weighting steps in impact assessment.
668 Nanotechnology: integrating risk assessment and risk
management. K. Sellers, ARCADIS, Lowell, MA; M. Bartee, ARCADIS,
Cranbury, NJ. Two recent articles oer the point and counterpoint: one
calls for more regulations due to the potential for nano silver to poison
wastewater treatment plants; the other models the possible distribution
of nano silver in the environment and concludes that it presents no
signicant ecological risk. Such contradictory conclusions regarding the
risks of nanotechnology can confuse even a technically-trained reader. Tis
presentation will use case studies to explore our ability to assess the risks
from nanotechnology, the assumptions necessary to do so as the science
develops, and the implications for risk management decisions. While we
routinely integrate risk assessment and risk management for conventional
substances, the mystique surrounding nanotechnology and the relative
paucity of data make that integration more challenging for nanomaterials.
Consider, for example, the use of nano silver as an antimicrobial component
of clothing or emitted during operation of a washing machine designed
to do so. Te user has made a risk management decision that eectively
balances: (1) risks, if any, from wearing unsterilized clothes; (2) risks, if
any, from contacting nano silver; (3) Eects on the biological component
of the septic system or sewage treatment plant that receives washwater
discharges; and (4) Risks, if any, to the organisms in the water body that
receives treated sewage. In this presentation the authors will discuss a life
cycle approach to estimating exposures and evaluating risks. In addition to
the nano silver example described above, we will explore the use of nano
titanium dioxide in personal care products. While the primary goal is to
explore the integration of science and management, the authors hope to
stimulate a spirited discussion with the audience.
669 Life Cycle Impact Declarations- Quantifying the
Environmental Performance of Consumer Products, Buildings, and
Building Systems. K. Gabor, SCS, Emeryville, CA. SCS has developed the
metrics for the advanced Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) known as
Life Cycle Stressor Eect Assessment (LCSEA) that currently serves as the
basis for the pre-draft standard for trial use ANSI BSR/SCS-002, Annex
A. Tis standard provides the framework allowing life cycle assessment to
be used for comparative assertions. Tis breakthrough in LCIA metrics
allows the user to establish a measurement of quantitative environmental
performance based strictly on LCIA impact indicator results, eliminating the
need of weighting factors or other interpretation modes that are not allowed
under ISO 14044 protocols. Life Cycle Impact Declarations, a visual tool
based on the output of LCSEA, can be applied at the product, building or
building system level, to demonstrate environmental performance against a
baseline to consumers, architects and building managers.
670 Indirect and rebound eects can change the picture: the case
of y ash concrete. A. Horvath, S. Humbert, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Environmental burdens and benets are quantied
and key parameters and trade-os are identied when using y ash
as a substitute for a fraction of Portland cement in concrete using a
geographically dierentiated (regionalized) impact assessment approach to
capture the dierential impacts on human health throughout the western
United States. Secondly, we evaluate how the LCA results of y ash concrete
change when considering indirect and rebound eects associated with an
increase in use of y ash from the coal industry. Fly ash, which is generally
considered a waste product of coal power plants, can replace part of the
Portland cement, and thus reduce the environmental impacts associated
with concrete production. However, CO2 emissions are a poor indicator
when looking at overall environmental impacts of concrete. Indeed, damage
to climate change is the least limiting factor when evaluating break-even
points between potential alternatives. Human health is the limiting factor,
and thus geographically dierentiation increases the reliability of the results.
With regionalization, the absolute damage of scenarios changes, but the
ranking remains the same. Fly ash is a good example of demonstrating
why indicators other than CO2 should be considered when evaluating
break-even points. Fly ash can also be considered a co-product instead of a
waste, generating income for coal-red electricity producers, in which case
the environmental benets of using it depend on the consequences of that
additional income on the electricity market. Economic allocation shows that
an allocation of even 1% of the impacts from the coal-red power plant to
the y ash production causes its negative impacts to outweigh the potential
benets provided by the displaced Portland cement. Furthermore, if the
valorization of y ash permits the overall coal-based electricity generation
to increase by 3%, the additional damage outweighs the potential benets
provided by the displaced Portland cement. Tus y ash substitution will
not reduce impacts if its use acts as an economic incentive in coal-red
electricity generation. It is important for y ash to be considered a waste and
not a co-product. Indeed, to stay environmentally sound, the valorization
of y ash should be made in a way that does not increase the competitive
advantage of coal-based electricity generation on the electricity market.
671 A Life Cycle Assessment of Institutional Cleaners Containing
Bio-Based and Petroleum-Based Surfactants. S. Ren, S. Willems, D.
Daggett, JohnsonDiversey Inc., Sturtevant, WI; L. Woods, M. Baitz, PE
Americas, Boston, MA. Institutional cleaners are used by professional
workers to clean a variety of surfaces. Surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates
are important ingredients in institutional cleaners and are traditionally
derived from petroleum. As more bio-based surfactants become available in
the market, an evaluation of bio-based versus petroleum-based surfactants
is necessary for environmentally-responsible formulators of institutional
cleaners to understand the overall environmental impacts of these
surfactants. In this study, a general-purpose institutional cleaner containing
a bio-based alcohol ethoxylate surfactant and one containing a petroleum-
based alcohol ethoxylate surfactant are compared with regard to their overall
environmental impacts. To this end, a life cycle assessment (LCA) for
internal use is conducted following the ISO 14040/44 standards. Te GaBi
4 Life Cycle Engineering Software is used to model the life cycles of the two
cleaners, which include the manufacturing, use, and disposal of the cleaners.
148 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Raw material extraction and processing are considered, and transportation
and packaging are taken into account as well. Environmental impacts of
the two cleaners are assessed using the CML2001 and TRACI impact
methodologies and include global warming potential, acidication potential,
eutrophication potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential.
Other impacts such as primary energy demand, water consumption, and
waste generation are also examined. Results of this study suggest that
multi-criteria decision analysis is necessary when evaluating bio-based and
petroleum-based surfactants from an environmental perspective. Tese
results provide valuable information to help formulators optimize product
formulations and make responsible sourcing decisions.
672 Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Magnesium and Steel
Autopart Based on Consequential Approach. A. Dubreuil, Natural
Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; L. Bushi, GHGm, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. More then 95% of LCI databases are modeled according
to the conventional attributional approach. Tese databases are largely
focused on manufacturing stages and generally do not address end-of-
life (EOL) activities in detail; therefore the modelling of recycling is not
readily supported by these databases. Environmental labelling, including
environmental product declarations, often addresses recycled content of
the material rather than the recycling aspects of the product at the end of
it use phase. Te current study uses a consequential approach (or end-
of-life approach) in order to promote material stewardship and supporting
solutions where high amounts of metal are available in the future. Tis
includes characterisation of EOL recycling. Te physical properties of
magnesium alloys can be exploited for substituting carbon steel components
in cars for a subsequent reduction in fuel consumption and tailpipe
emissions, while maintaining the same safety performance. A collaborative
life cycle assessment (LCA) between Canada-USA in partnership with
Australia is being undertaken for the Magnesium Front End Research and
Development project. Energy use and potential environmental impacts
of using magnesium alloys are assessed in relation to conventional carbon
steel front-end parts used in a North America built luxury vehicle driven
for 200,000 km in North America. Te scope of this cradle-to-cradle LCA
study is limited to North America with the exception of the production
of magnesium ingots that is occurring in China. LCA results indicate the
importance of a wider availability of magnesium life cycle inventory data
and demonstrate the fundamental importance of the end-of-life recycling
of magnesium in order to realise the full benets of lightweight materials.
673 A Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Canadian
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Products to Encourage the Sustainable
Production in the Wood Industry. L. Bushi, J. Meil, W. Trusty, Athena
Sustainable Materials Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J. OConnor,
FPInnovations-Forintek Division, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Sustainable development should be the ultimate goal of application of all
life cycle approaches. Based on this philosophy, Athena Institute conducted
a Life Cycle Assessment of Canadian Oriented Strand Board (OSB) for
product related decision support. Te goals of this LCA study are: (1)
provide a Canadian weighted average environmental prole of 1,000
square feet (MSF) of OSB; (2) integrate the updated OSB LCI prole in
ATHENA Impact Estimator Software to help architects, engineers and
other interested parties to better evaluate the environmental impacts of
new and existing building projects; (3) provide participating Canadian
OSB mills with a complete LCA prole of their respective OSB products
benchmarked against the developed Canadian average prole, to encourage
and support the sustainable development of their products; and (4) support
industry policy and information requirements as deemed appropriate by
FPInnovations-Forintek Division (Canadas Wood Products Research
Institute, LCA study commissioner). Te LCA study methodology follows
ISO 14040 set of standards. Te study provides both a geographic and
technology representative cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of OSB
produced in Canada. Te system boundaries include three system processes
in the production of OSB: resource harvesting, resource and material
transportation from suppliers to facilities, and the OSB manufacturing
process. Te functional unit is the production of 1 MSF of OSB on 3/8-
inch basis, the typical product reporting convention used by the industry.
Tis study draws on both primary mill and their suppliers data collected
during the period 2005-2006, as well as secondary LCI data. A hybrid
(combination of horizontal and vertical) averaging data approach is
applied using weighting factors, based on annual mill production data. Both
Canadian LUCAS and US TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment
of Chemical and other environmental Impacts) impact categories, category
indicators and characterization models are applied to enable better coverage
of all environmental aspects associated with the production of OSB. As part
of the interpretation phase, substance contribution and sensitivity analyses
were undertaken in the course of the study.
674 Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel compared to other biomass
use. O. Jolliet, H. Jinglan, J. Kaenzig, Department of Environmental
Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, School of
Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI; S. Shaked, Hocschuhle St-Gallen, St-Gallen,
Switzerland; G. Houillon, B&G, Bonnard et Gardel, Sion, Switzerland. In
a rst step this presentation aims to determine the Life Cycle Impacts of
biodiesel and compare it with those of conventional diesel. Special focus
is set on testing the robustness of the comparison using both Monte Carlo
techniques and Taylor series expansion with lognormal distribution. Te
biodiesel case study is built on the ecoinvent database comparing diesel
and rape methyl esther, and calculating impact for operating a bus for a
1 liter diesel equivalent drive. Global warming impact are reduced from
3.1 kg CO2 equivalent with diesel down to 1.6 kg CO2 equivalent with
biodiesel, thus a 48% reduction of 1.5 kg CO2 per liter diesel. Similar
trends are observed for non renewable primary energy consumption,
whereas human health impact may vary considerably depending on the
bus technology (e.g. particle lter). Since scenarios are not independent,
the Monte Carlo analysis is run looking at the dierence between biodiesel
and diesel. It conrms the signicance of the reduction in climate impact
due to biodiesel, the 95% condence on the reduction in greenhouse gas
still amounting to a 0.9 kg CO2 reduction. In a second step, biodiesel
is compared to biomass production for heating that is susceptible to also
substitute a liter oil used for heating purposes. Te LCA demonstrates
that the heating substitution is twice more ecient than the biodiesel
application, with a 97% reduction down to only 0.1 kg CO2 per liter diesel
equivalent. Tis dierence in substitution eciency is highly signicant,
the 95% condence limit on the improvement compared to biodiesel
still amounting to 0.9 kg CO2 equivalent. A method is developed to also
compare the substitution potential per ha cultivated area. Depending on
the biomass application the substituted CO2 equivalent and non renewable
primary energy may be 3 to 40 times more ecient than biodiesel. Te
statistical analysis conrms the robustness of the advantage of the heating
use of biomass compared to biodiesel. Results are nally generalized
to dierent impact categories, types of biofuels (bioethanol, etc.) and
compared to dierent uses of biomass (biomaterials, agricultural biomass for
heating, biopolymers, surfactants, hydraulic uids and lubricants, solvents
and other chemicals).
675 Biofuels or PV? Trade-os when considering farm land for
energy production. R. Pster, D. Carrillo, S. Humbert, Praxis Energia
SA, Le Vaud, Switzerland; S. Humbert, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA. Farm land has been increasingly considered as a means to
produce energy. However, energy crops displace food crops, which may
result in two major negative consequences: 1) an increase in the price of
food, which reduces access to food for the poorest people, and 2) increasing
deforestation in order to compensate for the displaced food production, thus
reducing biodiversity. As an alternative to energy crops, a less common way
exists to produce energy with farm land: photovoltaic panels (PV). If energy
crops are used, one hectare can produce 10-500 GJ of net renewable energy
per year. To produce the same amount of energy, only 10-500 m2 of PV are
required, leaving at least 9500 m2 for other uses. Tis remaining land could
be used for food crops or as natural ecosystems. However, there are some
issues associated with PV, such as high capital costs and changes in rural
habits. Tis study uses a full life cycle perspective to explore the trade-os
between these two alternatives in terms of costs, greenhouse gases, as well as
biodiversity & pressure on natural ecosystem. Furthermore, opportunities in
which when electricity from PV could replace liquid fuels are identied.
676 Approaches to modeling the greenhouse gas emissions from
biofuels-induced land use conversion. A. Jones, R. Plevin, M. Torn, D.M.
Kammen, Energy and Resources Group, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; M.
OHare, D.M. Kammen, Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA; M. Torn, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Several US states, Canadian provinces,
and European countries are currently developing or exploring regulations
on the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of transportation fuels.
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Perhaps the most vexing issue faced by these regulators is estimating reliably
the GHG emissions due to land use conversion (LUC) induced by the
expansion of biofuels production and attributing these emissions to a unit
of fuel. Tis eect has been neglected in most life cycle analyses of biofuels,
and is only recently receiving attention. Preliminary estimates indicate that
the loss of carbon stocks from o-site land conversion is a large contributor
to greenhouse emissions associated with crop-based biofuels, potentially
negating the potential GHG benets of displacing petroleum with biofuels.
Te economic models and bio-physical data needed to estimate market-
mediated land use change eects are fraught with methodological challenges
and data uncertainties. Our study compares two approaches to modeling
market-mediated LUC, highlighting the methodological dierences and
data uncertainties they contain, using Monte Carlo simulation to explore
the range of plausible outcomes.
677 Not All Biofuels Are Created Equal: A Comparison of
Bioenergy Feedstocks. S. Miller, Environmental Engineering and Earth
Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Tis research compares
the environmental impacts of twelve feedstocks proposed for bioenergy
production. Numerous studies have shown that the major environmental
impacts of biofuels are consumption of land and fertilizer; however, these
metrics are often overlooked in Life Cycle Assessments. Since greenhouse
gases and net energy balances have been extensively examined in the
literature, this paper will focus on the impacts on nutrient and land use
requirements. Tis study discusses which crops should be promoted in order
to minimize the two greatest impacts of modern agriculture. Bioenergy,
like most industries, has developed opportunistically, using readily available
and often heavily subsidized feedstocks. Bioenergy has been promoted
without thorough analysis of the most eective use of agricultural resources.
Recently, bioenergy has come under attack due to a range of social and
environmental issues associated with bioenergy crop production, including
competition with food sources, destruction of rainforest ecosystems,
increased nutrient runo contributing to hypoxic zones, and increased
monoculture cropping. While there is a growing body of evidence indicating
that corn ethanol is not an economically or environmentally preferable
alternative to petroleum, other biofuels may achieve signicantly better
results. Te feedstocks analyzed in this study are: algae, corn, miscanthus,
oil palm, poplar, rapeseed, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugarcane,
switchgrass, and willow. Systematic examination of energy yields, land use,
and nutrient requirements are needed to select appropriate bioenergy crops
for the future. A more sustainable agricultural system may be achieved by
considering the most eective use of our agronomic resources.
678 Global environmental consequences of increased biodiesel
production in Switzerland: Consequential Life Cycle Assessment. J.
Reinhard, R. Zah, Technology and Society Lab, Life Cycle Assessment and
Modelling (LCAM), EMPA, Material Science and Technology, Dbendorf,
Zurich, Switzerland. Te direct environmental impacts of biodiesel have
been investigated extensively in various attributional Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) studies on a local and on a global scale. However, the production
of biodiesel is strongly intertwined with other uses of land like nature
conservation, supply of food and production of biomaterials. Moreover, the
increased production of biodiesel causes additional co-products such as oil
meal and glycerine, which aect the production of alternative products on
the world market. For a sound assessment of total environmental impacts of
producing biodiesel, it is therefore necessary to address also indirect impacts,
which take place outside the biodiesel value chain. A consequential life
cycle assessment (CLCA) was applied in order to account for the indirect
consequences if Switzerland should substitute one percent of its current
diesel consumption by domestically produced rape methyl ester (RME). In
contrast to attributional LCA, the consequential approach enlarges the study
system to include the marginal products aected by a change of the physical
ows in the main life cycle. Tis study shows that the environmental
impacts of an increased RME production in Switzerland rather depends
on the environmental scores of the marginal replacement products on the
world market, than on local production factors. Tus, it does not only
matter how the biodiesel is produced. Futhermore, one also has to consider
at whose expense the increase in biodiesel production can be achieved, e.g.
by expansion into natural areas, by displacement of other crops, by increased
energetic utilization of edible oils or by intensiction of current farm
land. If, for example, barley instead of wheat is displaced by increased rape
cultivation in Switzerland, the environmental scores of RME production
decrease. Otherwise, if the possible marginal replacement product for
rape meal would switch from soybean meal Brazil to soybean meal USA,
the environmental impacts of all analyzed scenarios would remarkably
increase. In sum, most of the analyzed scenarios display a trade-o between
minimizing GHG-emissions and having a positive environmental LCA.
From a long-term environmental perspective it would therefore seem wise,
to focus the production of biofuels on feedstock decoupled from the global
food and feed markets.
679 Biofuel production in Argentina: Including impacts from
freshwater use in an LCA study on rapeseed in arid and humid climatic
zones. S. Pster, L. De Giovanetti, A. Koehler, S. Hellweg, IfU, ETH
Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; L. De Giovanetti, M. Faist, R. Zah, LCAM,
EMPA, Zurich, Switzerland; A.P. Arena, UTN, Mendoza, Argentina. Te
demand for biofuels is increasing worldwide. In Argentina, high amounts
of biofuels are needed in the near future due to mandatory blending (5%
till 2010). Te additional feedstock requires to be produced on currently
unused land in order to avoid negative eects on food security. As humid
areas are already fully occupied by food production, cultivation of energy-
crops will mainly grow in arid areas. Rapeseed has been identied as
favorable crop for Argentina because of its relatively low water demand,
allowing for cultivation in arid regions. Furthermore, it is grown during
winter avoiding land competition with other cultivations. We collected
inventory data on potential cultivation areas for rapeseed in various regions
of Argentina. Dierences occur mainly in water use due to irrigation in
arid zones but also to some extent in fertilizer application. Extension of
agricultural production in arid areas increases the water stress signicantly.
Since quantitative standard methods for assessing water-use related
environmental impacts are hardly available, we developed a comprehensive
method allowing for the integration of water-use impacts in methods such
as EI99 or Impact 2002+, based on both midpoint and endpoint level. Te
results show that arid regions require enormous amounts of water which
contribute signicantly to the overall impact of feedstock production
and also the nal biofuels. Especially impacts on ecosystem quality are of
major concern. Additionally, we tested dierent levels of regionalization,
comparing the application of impact-assessment factors on both the country
and watershed level. Te outcome underlines the relevance of regionalized
impact assessment on the watershed level for the case of biofuels and shows
that LCA in any arid region should include also impacts from water use.
680 Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Cogeneration from
Bagasse in South Africa. L. Mashoko, C. Mbohwa, Department of Quality
and Operations Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
South Africa; V. Tomas, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. In South Africa as a result
of the current electricity crisis eorts are now being channelled towards
renewable energy sources for electricity generation. Te current generating
capacity of 38 736 MW against a peak demand of 37 000 MW presents a
very small reserve margin which can easily be used up in case of an upsurge
in demand or due to planned maintenances. Te South African government
is now encouraging the use of alternative renewable sources for generating
electricity. Te South African sugar industry has a great potential for
electricity cogeneration using bagasse.Te sugar industry has the potential
to generate about 343 MW per year from bagasse. Renewable energy
sources like bagasse are generally regarded as cleaner energy. However, the
environmental benets of power production from bagasse must be veried
using a systematic scientic methodology. Terefore life cycle assessment
is chosen as the appropriate tool for the evaluation of the environmental
impacts of the cogeneration throughout the life cycle. Tis will result in
informed decisions being made with regard to the environmental impacts
of cogeneration in the sugar industry. Te data for the inventory stage of
the research was supplied by the sugar industry, and the analysis mostly uses
South African data in the inventory stage. Te adoption of new technologies
like integrated gasication combined cycle can also help improve the
environmental performance of cogeneration by reducing carbon monoxide
emission while at the same time increasing the generated power to about
1000 MW. Electricity cogeneration in the sugar industry should be adopted
to alleviate the electricity shortages that are coming up.
681 Getting to Remediation Goals Using Bioaccumulation
Models. J. Toll, M. Johns, L. Saban, K. Godtfredsen, Windward
Environmental LLC, Seattle, WA. Tis presentation will elucidate eight
major pieces of the puzzle of calculating risk-based remediation goals for
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bioaccumulative chemicals... a process that is essentially a black box for most
project managers, and many technical experts working on contaminated
sediment sites. Understanding the major pieces of the puzzle and how they
t together provides insight and clarity for planning complex sediment
remediation projects.
682 Geostatistical Modeling for a Sediment Investigation in a
Complex Riverine Environment. J. Schoeld, R. Downing, K. Miller,
Computer Sciences Corporation, Alexandria, VA; M. Tuchman, L.
Blume, U.S. EPA Great Lakes National Program Oce, Chicago, IL; M.
Alexander, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Lansing, MI;
D. Wethington, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago, IL. Te Detroit
River has been identied as one of 42 areas of concern (AOCs) in the
Great Lakes. Within the Detroit River AOC, the Upper Trenton Channel
is contaminated with heavy metals and PCBs. EPAs Great Lakes National
Program Oce (GLNPO) and the Michigan Department of Environmental
Quality (MDEQ) are evaluating the extent of sediment contamination at
the Upper Trenton Channel of the Detroit River in support of a potential
Great Lakes Legacy Act cleanup project. In 2007, GLNPO and MDEQ
initiated a remedial investigation and focused feasibility study (RI/FFS)
of the site. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for several
contaminants of concern. Based on review of the 2007 data (Phase I of the
RI/FFS), EPA and MDEQ developed a series of questions. Te questions
involved identication of a trend in mercury concentrations, resolution
of a potential hot spot of Total PCBs, and determination of whether
the contaminant concentrations in a specic area of the site were below
concentrations of concern. A second series of sampling and analysis (Phase
II) was planned to try and answer these questions. Geostatistical tools,
including kriging, were used to describe the nature of contamination and
facilitate development of the Phase II sampling plan. A series of kriged
concentration maps were used to develop a sampling design in accordance
with EPAs data quality objective process, to answer the questions with
specied power and condence. Geostatistical analyses of the Phase I and
II data are being conducted to answer the Phase II study questions and
further describe the extent and nature of contamination. Te geostatistical
models will assist in identifying sediments with contaminant concentrations
above thresholds of concern, and calculating sediment volumes and mass of
contaminants for the areas that may require remedial action. Geostatistical
tools, developed in the mining industry, can be practically applied in
environmental assessment and remediation. Tese techniques can be utilized
to describe the extent and nature of contamination, develop sampling
designs, reduce uncertainty in decision making, and facilitate remedial
investigations.
683 Evaluation of risk in a northern marine ecosystem - a model
study for site-specic decision-making in risk assessment. T.A. Sheldon,
T.M. Brown, K.J. Reimer, Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military
College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; N.M. Burgess, Canadian
Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland,
Canada; Z. Kuzyk, Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; J.P. Stow, Northern Contaminants Program,
Department of Indian Aairs and Northern Development, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada. For twenty years, the southern headland shore of Saglek
Bay, Labrador was the home of a large United States Air Force (USAF)
communication station. Although the USAF vacated the site in 1971, an
assessment in the mid-1990s found that there had been local inputs of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to the adjacent marine environment due
to a local source of PCB contamination near the beach. PCB levels were
measured in sediments, shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius; benthic
feeding sh) and black guillemots (Cepphus grylle; diving seabird) and were
found to be orders of magnitude above background. Using the Saglek Bay
marine system as a case study, we describe the critical steps and rationale
that are necessary to evaluate ecological risks from contaminated sediments
in northern environments that have unique characteristics. Rather than
relying on generic models, this study illustrates the importance of generating
site-specic data for decision-making in risk assessment. Tis ecological risk
assessment represents one of the rst site-specic marine investigations of a
local source of contamination in the north, with both direct measurements
of body burdens and eect studies of relevant indicator species, including
those at higher trophic levels. Using PRIMER 6.0, biomarker and eects-
based measurements are evaluated in a holistic fashion to quantify site-
specic risk. Te results demonstrate the value of measuring body burdens
and evaluating associated eects of site-specic receptors holistically to
provide an accurate assessment of ecological risk when evaluating sediment
contamination.
684 Newark Bay Remedial Investigation: Complexity of a
Multi-Chemical, Multi-Source Site. R. Romagnoli, C. Barnes, J. Bryz-
Gornia, J. Melwiki, D. Profusek, ARCADIS, Syracuse, NY; L. Lefkovitz,
ARCADIS, Duxbury, MA; J. Osso, Jr., ARCADIS, Rochester, NY; J.
Schiller, ARCADIS, Annapolis, MD; P. Bluestein, Tierra Solutions, Inc.,
East Brunswick, NJ. Newark Bay, which is located at the center of one
of the most industrialized regions in the United States, currently is the
subject of a CERCLA Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS).
Contaminant sources date back to post-Civil War times, and included
such manufacturing operations as metals rening, dye manufacturing,
petroleum processing, chemical manufacturing, pesticide and herbicide
production and coke making. Based on monitoring and research that has
been ongoing since the mid-1970s, several consumption advisories, closures
and bans on sh sales have been eected to limit the publics exposure to
toxic chemicals (e.g., PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs) in the Bay. A goal of the
RI/FS program is to study the nature and extent (and associated risks) of
contaminants in sediments; the data from which will be used to evaluate the
need for remedial action and develop and implement an acceptable remedy,
should such steps be appropriate. Tis presentation focuses specically on
characterization of the distribution and concentration of PCDDs, PCDFs,
PCBs, PAHs, pesticides, and metals in Newark Bay as part of the RI
Program; the rst phase (Phase I) was conducted in 2005, and the second
phase (Phase II) was conducted in 2007. Deep sediment cores (of up to
30-foot depths) from Phase II expound the chemical and radiochemical
trends observed in Phase I cores, while collectively building upon historical
data to elucidate the nature and extent of contaminants in Bay sediments.
Data quality objectives include sediment dating and developing long-term
deposition rates; understanding broad constituent patterns in sediments;
characterizing the biologically active zone; identifying historical and
continuing contaminant sources; and conrming the presence and extent
of geomorphic areas of the Bay. Results for this complex and dynamic
environment enable the development of a more comprehensive conceptual
site model and a greater understanding of associated risks all together
promoting a discussion that will help to answer not only what and where,
but will also begin to address why.
685 Dening the biologically active zone (BAZ) in sediments: a
case study and review of approaches. T. Iannuzzi, D. Ludwig, ARCADIS,
Annapolis, MD; R. Diaz, R.J. Diaz & Daughters, Ware Neck, VA; R.
Romagnoli, ARCADIS, Syracuse, NY; P. Bluestein, Tierra Solutions, Inc.,
East Brunswick, NJ. Most ecological risk assessments for contaminated
sediments focus on a surface layer of sediment where bioturbation and
mixing occur, and the exposure potential is highest for invertebrates and
sh. Tis layer is often referred to as the biologically active zone or BAZ.
Despite the fact that dening the BAZ is a critical path in the risk-based
sampling process, there have been very few studies published to date, and no
national regulatory guidance, that have focused on developing a common
process for its characterization and quantication. In this presentation we
summarize the results of a recent study focused on estimating the BAZ
for Newark Bay, a sub-area of the NY/NJ Harbor Estuary. A combination
of sediment prole imaging and benthic invertebrate sampling were used
to characterize and quantify the BAZ in intertidal and subtidal areas of
the Bay. In addition, we have reviewed a number of case studies from the
literature and regulatory reports, and synthesized data and information
regarding the strategic approaches and sampling methods that have been
applied to dening the BAZ. Tese ndings will be summarized and placed
into context relative to our Newark Bay investigation.
686 A Decision Process to prioritize the Need for Bioavailability
Testing at Contaminated Sediment Sites. F.S. Dillon, CH@M HILL,
Okemos, MI. Te bioavailability of contaminants in sediment is known to
be controlled by various partitioning dynamics and geochemical processes.
However, the chemical form that the contaminant entered the aquatic
environment can also play a signicant role, aecting the utility of the
commonly applied bioavailability models and measurements. In many
cases the application of standard bioavailability models and measures may
overestimate risk or may not adequately explain observed eects at sediment
sites. A decision process was developed to help prioritize the need for and
the selection of standard and/or non-standard approaches for addressing
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bioavailability at contaminated sediment sites. Te process addresses
the contaminant source and subsequent fate as it enters the aquatic
environment. Te application of the decision process will be illustrated
using a variety of site examples covering a range of potential sediment
contaminants and source conditions.
687 Can we make better decisions to manage contaminated
sediments. T.S. Bridges, J. Kim, I. Linkov, EM-D, US Army ERDC,
Vicksburg, MS; G. Kiker, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; R.
Wenning, ENVIRON Corp., Emeryville, CA. Risk management principles
are increasingly used to support decision-making to manage contaminated
sediments. Decisions made by project managers must balance the risks
posed by action/inaction against the benets and costs resulting from their
action/inaction. In seeking to manage risks associated with their projects,
project managers must be able to justify, using all relevant information,
the selection of specic risk management actions in terms of risk reduction
benets. In addition to direct reduction of risks, related objectives
may include reducing controversy, conict, and project delays while
simultaneously increasing the credibility of the decision-making process.
Eective management of risk requires methods for integrating technical
(science, engineering, economics) and social information relevant to a
decision in a structured, transparent, and quantitative manner. Quantitative
methods used to perform decision and optimization analysis can provide
the means for distinguishing alternative management strategies in terms of
overall benet. Decision analysis methods such as multi-attribute utility
theory, outranking, and others provide the means to consider multiple,
competing objectives and to use empirical data and expert judgment to
quantitatively rank competing decision alternatives. Operations research
has been used across a broad range of problems to optimize the allocation
of limiting resources (e.g., time, money, etc.) to achieve a specic outcome.
Two case studies will be used to illustrate the value and constraints
associated with using formal decision analysis approaches to guide the
assessment and management of contaminated sediments: a navigation
dredging project and a remedy selection project.
688 Integrating Spatially Explicit Weighted Lines-of-Evidence for
Benthic Risk Evaluation. B. Shorr, J. Field, M. Baker, R. Neely, Oce of
Response and Restoration, NOAA, Seattle, WA. As part of the Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) for the Portland Harbor Superfund
Site, NOAA developed a scaled and spatially explicit framework for
evaluating risk to benthic organisms based on sediment bioassay testing and
two independently derived predictive models. To assess potential benthic
risk, these multiple lines of evidence were integrated using a weighting
methodology and a decision criteria matrix. Tis analysis provides support
for evaluating data gaps and guidance for sample design for further data
collection and decision-making. Te three benthic risk lines of evidence
include sediment bioassay data (Hyallela azteca 28 day growth and survival
and Chironomous tentans 10 day growth and survival) from 233 stations
and two models that predict toxicity from surface sediment chemistry
(based on logistic regression models and Floating Percentile Models) at
over 2000 stations. Te two predictive models were scaled to represent the
potential toxicity based on the surface sediment chemistry suite analyzed at
a station location. A spatially discrete gridded cell representation covering
11 miles of the Lower Willamette River was used to combine these lines of
evidence. Each cell covers approximately equal areas of 0.4 acres (17,424
ft
2
) and integrates the 3 lines of evidence into a weighted overall potential
benthic risk. Tese cells were aggregated and the combined results were used
for cooperative decision making and planning the third round (in the RI/
FS) of bioassay and sediment sampling. NOAA is additionally using this
spatially explicit weighted lines-of-evidence approach to begin evaluation
and discussion of injury in the Lower Willamette River.
689 A Review of the Application of Foodweb Bioaccumulation
Models at Superfund Megasites. K. Gustavson, I. Linkov, T. Bridges, J.
Steevens, Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg,
MS; K. von Stackelberg, NEK Associates, Holton, MA. Contaminant
bioaccumulation modeling in aquatic foodwebs plays a critical role in
decision making at contaminated sediment sites. Tese models typically
estimate contaminant concentrations in biota on the basis of sediment
and water contaminant concentrations. Tey can then be used to predict
contaminant concentrations in sediment that correspond to specied
sh tissue contaminant concentrations and resulting risk to human
populations. Model predictions are often the basis for estimating the
eectiveness of remedial options at reducing risk and for comparing and
selecting remedial operations at sites. Uncertainty in bioaccumulation
models has long been recognized as a major impediment in their use for risk
management. Probabilistic modeling as well as increasing model complexity
(e.g., adding bioenergetic requirements or detailed description of specic
transfer mechanisms) has been attempted for improving predictive power
of such models. Tis presentation provides a comprehensive review of
the application of food web models at selected Superfund megasites with
PCB contaminated sediments and focuses on understanding limitations
of practical applications of such models. Aspects that are being examined
include site-specic selection of model parameters reecting chemical,
physical, and biologic processes; model calibration and validation;
uncertainty analysis procedures; and model use in decision making. Te
compilation of site experiences is expected to facilitate an understanding of
useful and detrimental practices in the development and application of these
models. Te project seeks to make statements about the predictive value of
models with varying degree of complexity and specicity and avenues for
their future improvement.
690 Tissue Is the Issue: Using Site-specic Bioaccumulation
Data to Evaluate Corrective Action Footprints. A. Francisco, C.
Rosenfeld, S. Selden, K. Walsh, ARCADIS US, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA.
Bioaccumulation of metals into food items can be a substantial source of
uncertainty in ecological exposure models. Depending on numerous factors
such as soil chemistry and matrix, and chemical form and valence state,
bioaccumulation in the eld can vary considerably from that predicted
by standard bioaccumulation factors in published literature. To reduce
this source of uncertainty, site-specic plant and invertebrate tissues were
analyzed to develop site-specic bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for use
in an ecological risk assessment (ERA) process to support closure of a
waste management unit (WMU). Metal concentrations in above ground
plant tissues of annual grasses and pickleweed (Salicornia virginica) were
analyzed. When possible, plant tissue sample locations were collocated with
historical surface soil sample locations that represented a range of metal
concentrations and were spatially distributed across the study area. Due to
the low mass of invertebrate tissue available, a single composite sample was
collected from the study area to represent site-specic bioaccumulation of
metal into invertebrates. Te 95% upper condence level (UCL) on the
mean concentration was calculated for plant tissue metal concentrations and
site-specic BAFs were calculated when sucient data were available. Site-
specic metals data were used to rene exposure estimates for the WMU
and estimate potential risks following implementation of the proposed
corrective action. Metal concentrations predicted by published BAFs for
plant tissue were approximately equal to metal concentrations found in site
specic plant tissue. However, concentrations predicted by published BAFs
for invertebrate tissue were substantially greater than metal concentrations
found in site-specic tissue. Site-specic tissue analysis resulted in a
reduction in Hazard Quotient values for mammalian receptors by up to a
factor of 5, which resulted in a reduction in the size of the corrective action
footprint that was protective of ecological receptors.
691 Development of a Guide for Site-specic Assessment of
Selenium in Aquatic Systems. H. Ohlendorf, E. Byron, C. Arenal, CH2M
HILL, Sacramento, CA; S. Covington, NewFields, Boulder, CO; B. Adams,
Rio Tinto, Magna, UT; R. Reash, American Electric Power, Columbus,
OH. It has become increasingly clear that site-specic conditions are
important considerations when evaluating bioaccumulation and eects of
selenium (Se) in aquatic ecosystems. Draft chronic water quality criteria
published by USEPA are based on selenium concentrations in whole-body
sh. However, implementation guidance is not available from USEPA for
the tissue-based criteria. Various assessment methods have been applied
for Se assessment under dierent settings, but no concise description is
available for what works and what does not work under dierent conditions.
Tus, we developed a guidance document to provide a framework for
eld and laboratory assessments of Se bioaccumulation and eects that
can be applied in dierent environmental settings relative to developing
and interpreting a site-specic tissue-based Se value. Te guide describes
a phased approach toward assessing tissue concentrations and ecological
eects. Te recommended approach relies on three primary lines of
evidence (comparison of tissue concentrations to tissue residue guidelines,
reproductive toxicity testing, and population-level or community-level
surveys). Application of the approach must be exible, depending on what
152 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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is appropriate for the situation. Te guidance is based on the Ecological
Risk Assessment paradigm, complemented with use of conceptual models,
the USEPA Data Quality Objectives process, and decision trees to guide
application. Risk management/remediation decisions should be based
on integration of biology and chemistry data using a weight-of-evidence
framework, with emphasis on the biological data.
692 Applying Iterative Risk Assessment to Identify a Protective
Remedy at a Petroleum Renery Waste Impoundment. S. Selden, C.
Rosenfeld, A. Francisco, K. Walsh, ARCADIS U.S., Inc., Walnut Creek,
CA. An iterative risk-based process was used to design a protective remedy
for a waste management unit (WMU) regulated under U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and California
Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) Waste Discharge
Requirements. For this WMU, the following factors were considered in a
weight-of-evidence approach to establish a preliminary corrective action
footprint: 1) the extent of industrial waste dened by visual observation;
2) geographic and topographic features dening physical boundaries of
the impoundment, and 3) results of chemical analyses compared with
RWQCB Tier 2 Environmental Screening Levels. Residual human health
and ecological risks were estimated for the area outside of the preliminary
corrective action footprint. To reduce the uncertainty in the risk estimates,
site-specic biota tissue were collected and analyzed for antimony, arsenic
and lead to estimate residual risks for ecological receptors. An iterative
process was used to adjust the footprint of the remedy to achieve multiple
objectives. Te process resulted in a nal corrective action plan that will
achieve residual cancer and non-cancer risks protective of human health,
and residual concentrations protective of ecological receptors, while
optimizing cost-eectiveness and protection of sensitive habitat. Te
proposed remedy achieves acceptable residual cumulative risks and hazards
to human health and hazards to ecological receptors without setting hard
numerical cleanup standards, which, if applied without judgment on a
point-by-point basis, would result in unnecessary habitat destruction and/
or excessive capital cost. Tis approach allows risk managers to assess
the conservatism and uncertainty inherent to the risk assessment process
and evaluate if the proposed remedial action meets risk management and
regulatory objectives.
693 Demonstrating the Net Benet of Site Cleanup: An Evaluation
of Ecological and Economic Metrics at Two Superfund Sites. J.A.
Weier, J. Nicolette, CH2M HILL, Woodstock, GA; D. Nicholas, US EPA
OSWER, Washington, DC. In response to Agency-wide eorts to improve
techniques for ecological benet assessment, the EPA Oce of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response (OSWER), Policy Analysis and Regulatory
Management Sta (PARMS), is exploring alternative approaches for valuing
and quantifying the net environmental impacts from OSWER programs.
In this PARMS-sponsored study, the ability of alternative ecological and
economic valuation metrics to demonstrate the net benet associated
with site cleanup was explored at two sites, Homestead Air Reserve Base
(HARB), FL, and Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), CO. Te four metrics
evaluated were as follows: ecological service value in service-acre-years,
ecosystem service value in dollars, human recreational use value in dollars,
and real estate and community impact value in dollars. Te purposes of the
study were to (1) explore the ability of the four metrics to demonstrate the
benets of site cleanup; (2) identify and quantify new benet streams; (3)
identify data gaps that could be addressed in the documentation process at
active sites so that net benet metric calculations can be supported by the
available site data; and (4) understand more fully how these metrics may
be used at sites to identify, prior to remediation, the cleanup and reuse
alternatives that provide the greatest net environmental benet. Results of
the study will be presented.
694 Comparative Net Risk Evaluation for Dioxin Remediation
Alternatives in a New England Palustrine Swamp. N. Richardson, Battelle
Memorial Institute, Duxbury, MA. Historical activities at a CERLA site
located along an urbanized river in New England led to contamination of
a downgradient oxbow and forested oodplain habitat. Site-specic risk
assessments concluded that the site posed unacceptable risks/hazards to
human and ecological receptors. In addition, a wetland functional analysis
identied important ecological and societal values that this oodplain
provides to the riverine corridor and adjacent community in general. In
this case study presentation, the benets of a more fully developed analysis
of environmental benets and impacts associated with potential remedial
measures is deomonstrated. Te Remedial Action Objective (RAOs) for
oodplain soils and the several remedial alternatives were developed using
a Net Environmental Benets Analysis (NEBA) framework. Te full soil
remediation remedy, which would have required destruction of mature red
maple swamp, was screened out in the Feasibility Study as exacting too large
of a long-term environmental cost and retained alternatives featured varying
degrees of active soil remediation, natural recovery, and use restrictions
to minimize future human exposures. A simple fate and transport model
was developed to estimate the time course of hazard reduction associated
with each retained alternative. Te time (measured in decades) required
for a given remedy to fully achieve remediation goals was considered in the
evaluation of short-term impacts in the detailed analysis of alternatives.
Risk management considerations are discussed in the context of urban
revitalization, habitat restoration, and greenway development eorts in this
lower stretch of this American Heritage river. Tis case history provides a
promising example of how both societal needs and environmental concerns
can be balanced to maximize overall remedy eectiveness and benet.
695 Development of a Net Environmental Benets Framework
for an Urbanized River. K. von Stackelberg, Exponent, Incorporated,
Maynard, MA; B. Henry, Exponent, Incorporated, Schenectady, NY; S.
Brown, Rohm and Haas Company, Spring House, PA; K. von Stackelberg,
Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston, MA. Environmental decision
making poses many complex technical and social issues that must be
addressed by multiple stakeholders. Tese stakeholders are guided by
conicting sets of values, regulatory constraints, and management goals,
and there is often imperfect information. Environmental quality is usually
aected by multiple stressors, and making a cleanup decision is never a
straightforward process. When evaluating a site-specic decision in terms
of ecosystem services, in many cases and depending on the regulatory
context, the risk of remedy is not adequately considered. NEBA provides
an approach for evaluating management alternatives in terms of ecosystem
services rather than focusing on a bright-line comparison of risk or
concentration. Contaminants in the environment represent chemical
stressors in an ecosystem. Tere can be other kinds of stressors, including
physical stressors, for example, as a result of modication to an ecosystem
through implementation of a remedial alternative. While NEBA is usually
considered as a process for evaluating alternatives on the basis of ecosystem
services, it can also provide an objective method for attributing value
to various ecosystem services, which can be useful in communicating
the impacts of remedial alternatives across stakeholders. We present a
framework for a proposed net environmental benets analysis (NEBA) for
a large urban waterway. Te matrix-based analysis ranks alternatives across
dierent criteria, including habitat quality, recreational impact, wildlife
surveys, ecological risk, human health risk, and aesthetics. We discuss the
technical challenges involved in evaluating the criteria, as well as identifying
regulatory constraints, and present strategies for successful implementation
of the approach.
696 Ecosystem services: a (new) concept for integrated
environmental policies and management. J. van Wensem, TCB, Te
Hague, Netherlands. An ecosystem approach is based on the fact that the
signicance of the ecosystem for a land user can be claried on the basis
of ecosystem services. Tese are processes or properties of the ecosystem,
which are benecial to society. Te idea is that land use will become more
sustainable if the user employs ecosystem services to their fullest extent.
Te advantage of an ecosystem approach is that the benet of an ecosystem
service is immediately clear to a stakeholder. Tis simplies communication
about the benet of managing and improving the functioning of an
ecological service. Te notion that an ecological service needs to be
maintained and its functioning perhaps improved is plausible in light of the
benets of an ecosystem service to the society. In an ecosystem approach,
the functional properties are emphasised, not the threats to these functional
properties. Treats are addressed from dierent policy elds, based on
corresponding thematic research, making it impossible to get an overview
of the ultimate result of all policy and research eorts. By making ecosystem
services the main focus and by orienting the policy and research towards
them, it will be easier to determine which threats are the most relevant and
how these aect each other, given a certain ecosystem service. In order for an
ecosystem service to function well, an integrated approach to various threats
is necessary. Because ecosystem services are integrally linked, it is likely
that this approach will reduce silo thinking. Aspects of ecosystem services
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 153
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can be important at a variety of spatial scales. At the local scale, these
ecosystem service aspects determine the successfulness of land use. At higher
scales, there are aspects of ecosystem services that are important to society
at large. At dierent scales dierent stakeholders are active. So the scale
dictates which stakeholders besides local land users should be involved
in management or policy issues concerning land use. Te presentation will
address some strong (and weak) points of the concept of ecosystem services
for developing integrated environmental policies and management. In
Europe, dierent countries and EU-research projects are developing ideas
how to put the concept into practice. Te presentation will conclude with a
short overview of ongoing activities.
697 Eects of copper toxicity on three species of scleractinian
corals. G.K. Bielmyer, Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA;
P. Gillette, M. Grosell, R. Bhagooli, A.C. Baker, C. Langdon, T. Capo,
Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Most corals
thrive in a narrow range of water quality and temperature regimes and as
such can be considered sentinels of our oceans health. Globally, coral reefs
have been declining at an accelerating rate. Caribbean reefs, in particular,
have suered an estimated 80% loss of reef cover in the last 30 years.
Land-based sources of pollution and global warming have been identied
as major stressors linked to these declines. Contaminants, such as metals,
although noted as a concern have not been closely monitored in these
sensitive ecosystems, nor have the potential impacts been characterized.
Tere is a need to develop biomonitoring tools to assess potential eects of
metal exposure. In this study, three species of laboratory-reared scleractinian
corals, Acropora cervicornis, Pocillopora damicornis, and Montastraea
faveolata were exposed to copper (ranging from 0-20 g/L) for four weeks.
At the end of the exposure period mortality, growth, copper accumulation,
carbonic anhydrase activity, and zooxanthellae photosynthetic parameters
were measured. Te three coral species exhibited signicantly dierent
sensitivities to copper, with eects occurring at copper concentrations as low
as 4 g/L. Te relationships between physiological/toxicological endpoints
and copper accumulation within and between species will be presented as a
means to elucidate the potential mechanism for eects and explain observed
dierences in sensitivity.
698 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) implications for coral
symbioses. D. Yost, C.L. Mitchelmore, Center for Environmental Science
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, Solomons,
MD. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is thought to be an important
component in the global sulfur cycle with likely climate regulation
implications via its cleavage product dimethylsulde (DMS). Coral reefs can
be signicant sources of DMSP, especially when stressed, which may result
in symbiosis breakdown (bleaching) and may thus impact local climate.
DMSP is an algal-derived compound that occurs at high concentrations
in some algae including mM concentrations intracellularly in coral algal
symbionts of the genus Symbiodinium. With multiple proposed functions,
including a potent antioxidant in Emiliania huxleyi, the roles and functions
of DMSP remain to be determined in Symbiodinium and coral physiology
as a whole. DMSP lyase (DL) is responsible for the enzymatic cleavage of
DMSP, resulting in other substantial antioxidant compounds including
acrylate and DMS. DL is present in some, but not all, DMSP producers.
Given the pivotal role of oxidative stress in coral bleaching, we focus on the
antioxidant role of DMSP. DMSP concentrations and DMSP lyase activity
(DLA) were measured in cultured Symbiodinium isolates and in symbionts
isolated from hard corals collected in Bermuda. DMSP concentrations in
whole corals collected from a depth gradient were quantied to investigate
DMSP concentrations across natural light regimes as well as inter- and
intraspecic species variation. Additionally, corals were exposed to copper
for 48 hours to elicit oxidative stress in the symbiosis. Results indicate that
some Symbiodinium have DLA and that enzymatic activity is comparable
to that found in strains of E. huxleyi with notable exceptions that exceed
reported DLA in vivo. Exposure to copper induced DNA damage and
impacted DMSP concentrations in corals. DMSP levels vary considerably
in Symbiodinium and coral and may reect a corals sensitivity to bleaching
events. Understanding DMSP production and regulation via DLA provides
insight into the regulatory mechanisms of this multifaceted compound.
Production of DMSP by Symbiodinium in coral symbioses may serve
multiple functions for symbiont and host alike, ultimately contributing to
the global climate and playing an important role in the sulfur cycle.
699 Application of the rice coral-Montipora capitata nubbins in
coral reef ecotoxicology. V. Kannappan, R.H. Richmond, Kewalo Marine
Laboratory, Pacic Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 41
Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI. As coral reefs continue to experience declines
from human impacts, obtaining source material for coral reef ecotoxicology
studies is a concern. Sucient quantities of live material are needed to
conduct down stream experiments with adequate replication, yet collecting
from wild stocks may be counter to protecting coral reef populations. Te
preparation of nubbins from donor colonies may serve as a means to solve
this issue. Te rice coral Montipora capitata was used to prepare sucient
numbers of genetically identical nubbins. Our study demonstrated high
rates of fragment growth and survivorship of M. capitata nubbins (> 90%)
a week following removal from the parent colony. Nubbins started to grow
both vertically and horizontally within a month and the exposed areas of
the donor colonies regenerated within a week. Te growth rate and survival
of coral nubbins were studied for a period of four months. Our data reveals
that the coral nubbins grew well and that the growth rate was sucient to
allow their use by the end of the trials. Coral nubbins from sentinel species
can be used to monitor contamination eects on corals, and the present
study demonstrates their usefulness as an appropriate source of live material
for short and long-term ecotoxicology assays.
700 Impacts of oil and oil spill dispersants on the soft coral Xenia
elongata. C.L. Mitchelmore, D.M. Yost, University of Maryland Center for
Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD;
W.I. Hatch, St Marys College of Maryland, St Marys City, MD. Following
an oil spill near a coral reef various response options may be considered.
One option to prevent oil spills from impacting shorelines and mangrove
systems is to use chemical dispersants. Te tropical soft coral Xenia elongata
was exposed for 8 hours to either physically-dispersed (dissolved PAHs) or
chemically-dispersed (dissolved/colloidal/particulate PAHs and dispersant)
oil fractions using weathered Arabian light crude and the dispersant Corexit
9500. Te concentrations of oil used were driven by the dispersant-only
toxicity limits (8 hour LC50 <50 ppm). Oil exposures also consisted of
ltered (via 0.7 micron glass ber lters) versus non-ltered preparations to
investigate in more detail the route of exposure (dissolved, colloidal versus
particulate fractions). We determined acute toxicity and assessed a variety
of sublethal biomarker endpoints, including recovery and delayed responses
after 30 days removal into clean seawater. Pulsing rate, pulsing intensity
and rigidity were sensitive endpoints for the soft coral. Corals after 8 hours
exhibited decreased pulsing rates and intensity in the dispersant and oil-
dispersant exposures. Delayed mortality was observed in the oil-dispersant
unltered exposure and at the end of the 30-days experiment growth rate
was signicantly reduced in the dispersant, ltered and non-ltered oil-
dispersant exposures. Decreased dissolved oxygen content in the exposures
were observed in the dispersant and oil-dispersant doses. Overall this study
highlights that long-term and delayed responses of corals to dispersant and
dispersed-oil occurs in the soft coral and that careful consideration should
be given when applying dispersant near coral reefs.
701 Copper accumulation and oxidative stress in the sea
anemone, Aiptasia pallida, after waterborne copper exposure. G.K.
Bielmyer, Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA; W.P. Main,
C. Ross, Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL. Copper
(Cu) is a common marine pollutant yet its eects on symbiotic cnidarians
is largely understudied. To further understand the impact of elevated
Cu concentrations on marine symbiotic organisms, toxicity tests were
conducted using the model sea anemone, Aiptasia pallida, with and
without its zooxanthellae symbiont. Symbiotic and aposymbiotic A. pallida
were exposed to sublethal Cu concentrations (0, 5, 15, and 50 g/L)
for 7 d and Cu accumulation, behavior, and the activity of the oxidative
stress enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were
measured. Additionally, 96 h toxicity tests were conducted to determine
the concentrations causing lethality in 50% of the organisms (LC50).
Both symbiotic and aposymbiotic A. pallida rapidly accumulated Cu in
a time and dose dependent manner. However, higher Cu concentrations
accumulated in the aposymbiotic as compared to the symbiotic A. pallida.
In response to a Cu exposure as low as 15 g/L, symbiotic A. pallida
upregulated CAT activity to combat the damaging eects of hydrogen
peroxide. SOD activity was found to be negligible when dealing with
Cu-induced stress as activity signicantly decreased in the highest copper
treatments, as compared to controls. SOD and CAT activity were not
154 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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detected in aposymbiotic A. pallida, suggesting that the zooxanthellae
are responsible for producing the oxidative stress enzymes. In response
to increased Cu, both symbiotic and aposymbiotic anemones exhibited
tentacle retraction, possibly to conserve energy. Increased mucus production
was also observed, likely as a means to bind and remove excess Cu. Te
LC50 values for symbiotic and aposymbiotic A. pallida exposed to Cu for
96 h were 148 g/L (95% condence interval = 126.4, 173.8) and 206
g/L (95% condence interval = 175.2, 242.2), respectively. Understanding
how A. pallida deal with Cu toxicity may allow better understanding as to
how symbiotic cnidarians respond to stress. Although the mechanism of Cu
toxicity has not been fully elucidated, it is clear that A. pallida are sensitive,
as eects were detected at environmentally realistic Cu concentrations. A.
pallida may be useful in biomonitoring Cu polluted environments and may
provide insight into the overall health of a coastal ecosystem impacted by
Cu.
702 Distribution and potential ecological and human health risk
from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations in sh from
Apra Harbor, Guam. L.J. Sullivan, Assesment and Restoration Division,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Rosa, CA;
W. Leon Guerrero, J. Cruz, Environmental Monitoring and Analytical
Services Division, Guam Environmental Protection Agency, Tivan, GU;
P. Wilson, Waste Management Division, U.S Environmental Protection
Agency, San Francisco, CA; K. McElwee, Pacic Services Center, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI; J. Field,
Assessment and Restoration Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Seattle, WA. Because of concern over other Guam sh
consumption advisories, concern for potential ecological risk, and the lack
of existing sh or other tissue data National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), Guam Environmental Protection Agency
and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performed an initial
assessment of sh contamination levels in Apra Harbor, Guam. Tirty sh
samples were collected from Apra Harbor and analyzed for heavy metals,
pesticides, and PCBs. Fish species selected (Abudefduf septemfasciatus,
Abudefduf sexfasciatus, Epinephelus merra, Acanthurus xanthopterus) are
found throughout Guam coral reef and other hard substrate habitats, have
relatively high site delity or territoriality, represent several trophic levels,
and have been used in other Guam sh contaminants assessments outside
of Apra Harbor. Sample locations in Apra Harbor were selected based on
number of factors, including proximity to potential contaminants sources,
high-use reef areas, locations sampled by GEPAs Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program and a potential reference area. Apra Harbor sh
contaminant levels were also assessed for their putative impact on human
& ecological health. Data from this study were entered into NOAAs Query
Manager Database, along with sh contaminants data from other remedial
investigations and site assessments on Guam to conduct an initial broader
assessment of sh contamination patterns across Guam.
703 Genomic Response to Reproductive Stress in Neuroganglia
and Testis of Queen Conch (Strombus gigas). D.J. Spade, R.J. Gritt,
D.S. Barber, N.D. Denslow, Center for Environmental and Human
Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; L. Liu, Interdisciplinary
Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL; R.A. Glazer, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission,
Marathon, FL; N.J. Brown-Peterson, Te University of Southern
Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS; P.D. McClellan-Green, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, NC. Te queen conch (Strombus gigas)
population in the Florida Keys, despite protection from harvest under
Florida law, has failed to recover signicantly from reduced population
size presumably caused by previous over-harvest. Tis may be the result
of recently described reproductive failure of individuals found near shore.
Conch may be aected by a variety of stressors including metal and organic
toxicants, temperature, and seasonal hypoxia, causing gonadal atrophy and
gonad and neuroganglia pathology in both males and females near shore as
compared to reproductively healthy conch oshore. In order to determine
molecular mechanisms leading to tissue changes and reproductive failure,
microarray analysis was conducted in gonad and neuroganglia of male
conch collected in February 2007. A normalized cDNA library for queen
conch was constructed and sequenced using the 454 Life Sciences GS-FLX
pyrosequencer, producing 27,723 contigs including 7,740 unique gene
sequences. Te resultant sequences were used to design a custom Agilent
8x15k microarray. Microarray analysis revealed signicant regulation of
349 genes in the testis and 59 genes in the neuroganglia (p<0.01) of near
shore conch, relative to oshore. Genes of interest were validated using
real-time PCR. Cellular processes aected by regulated genes were analyzed
in Pathway Studio, and data were tested for enrichment of Gene Ontology
terms. Te data produced by this experiment validate the queen conch
microarray by demonstrating downregulation of spermatogenesis-associated
genes, including GSR and HMGB3. Toxicants, temperature, and hypoxia
remain possible stressors, as demonstrated by upregulation of GST and
HSBP1. Tis microarray experiment produces insight into reproductive
failure of queen conch in the Florida Keys, while validating the use of
microarrays in a non-model species.
704 PAHs Phototoxicity Ecological Risk Assessment in Bojorquez-
Nichupte and Puerto Morelos lagoons, Mexico. P. Ramirez-Romero, M.
Guzman-Martinez, Hidrobiologa, Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana,
Mexico, DF, Mexico. PAHs are a group of pollutants produced during
the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Tey can represent a risk for
aquatic organisms due to their phototoxic potential in the presence of
ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Coral reefs areas have transparent waters that
allow UVR penetration but also, are subjected to intense tourism activities
that continually release PAHs. In Mexico the Caribbean Sea is an area
with high natural and economic value because of its biodiversity, but the
fast developing tourism industry in subjecting these ecosystems to various
types of stress. Te objective of the present study was to evaluate PAHs
phototoxicity in two lagoon coral ecosystems. To characterize exposure,
water samples were taken during high tourism season and PAHs were
quantied usingH HPLC. To characterize eects, larval stages of queen
conch (Strombus gigas) were obtained, as well as other juvenile crustanceans
and a branching coral species (Porites divaricata).Acute toxicity tests with
uoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene were run to obtain LC50s for each specie;
in corals photosynthesis eciency was also measured. Results showed that
Conch was the most sensitive species to both PAHs. Coral showed bleaching
eects on the sun exposed tissues but photosynthetic algae eciency did
not changed signicantly, so it looks like the algae only migrated to the
unexposed parts of the coral branch, which could be a coping mechanism
to this type of stress. PAHs concentrations were very low in general, in the
order of ng/L, and phototoxic PAHs were below the detection limit. High
photolytic degradation rates as well as intense water currents seem to be
important for the dilution of these compounds. Te hazard quotient then
indicated that PAHs phototoxic eects represent no risk for the evaluated
organisms today, however PAHs concentrations must be monitored since
the tourism industry is rapidly changing these coastal areas and also the
most sensitive species present in coral ecosystems cannot be tested in the
laboratory.
705 Use of Screening-Level and Rened Approaches to Assess
Ecological Risk of Herbicides to Aquatic Listed Species. A. Pease, M.
Corbin, B. Anderson, OPPTS/OPP/EFED, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
Te United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Oce of
Pesticide Programs is responsible for evaluating the potential ecological risk
to endangered and threatened (listed) species from exposure to pesticides,
including herbicides. Te purpose of the Agencys ecological risk assessment
for listed species is to make an eects determination as directed in Section
7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act. Te Agency conducts eects
determinations for aquatic listed species according to the screening-level
methodology described in a document titled Overview of the Ecological
Risk Assessment Process in combination with more rened approaches
that integrate GIS-based spatial analyses, rened exposure modeling, and
comprehensive eects datasets. Te purpose of this presentation is to present
the Agencys screening-level methodology for assessing direct and indirect
eects to aquatic listed species using specic examples of rened approaches
from recently completed assessments for the triazine herbicides, atrazine and
simazine.
706 Atrazine Monitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment for
small streams across the US Midwest corn/sorghum region. P. Hendley,
D. Volz, Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection Inc., Greensboro,
NC; C.M. Harbourt, Waterborne Environmental Inc., Champaign, IL;
S.M. Bartell, E2 Consulting Engineers Inc., Maryville, TN. In 2003,
EPA required a study to monitor small watershed streams across the US
Midwest corn/sorghum growing regions to understand the magnitude and
duration of potential Atrazine exposures. Tis multi-year, spatially extensive
40 site study reected a very wide range of soil, cropping and climatic
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 155
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conditions and generated over 80 site years of highly time-resolved Atrazine
monitoring data. In order to assess the impact of Atrazine exposures on
primary production, measured chemographs were evaluated using the
Comprehensive Aquatic Systems Model parameterized for small Midwest
streams (CASM_Atrazine). EPA used data on the reversibility of Atrazine
inhibition of photosynthesis along with eects and exposure information
from 32 microcosm/mesocosm studies to set a screening level of concern
(LOC) using CASM_Atrazine. Data analyses show that 35 monitoring
sites did not approach the LOC while three streams exhibited frequent dry-
down events, precluding water sampling and CASM_Atrazine based risk
assessment. Two subwatersheds in north eastern Missouri exceeded the LOC
for two or more years; these subwatersheds are characterized by continuous
and very shallow claypans on sloping cropped land, a combination of
circumstances which results in chemographs with extended periods of
elevated herbicide concentrations. Detailed spatial analyses have shown that
these watershed characteristics co-occur infrequently across the Midwest.
Data generation continues at these two locations and in Nebraska at the
streams with a history of drying up. Tis multi-year study has generated
data at several of the sites from simultaneous grab and autosampling
programs which allow comparison of sampling alternatives for monitoring
small streams to develop season-long data. Various approaches, including a
hybrid PRZM exposure runo system using local weather data, have also
been used to investigate the uncertainties associated with the grab sampling
regime. Various complex spatially discretized exposure estimation and data
mining approaches have been examined to combine the results from these
studies with publicly available Atrazine monitoring data.
707 Ecological Risk Assessment for Anuran Species and Roundup

Herbicides: Laboratory Toxicity Testing. J. Rodgers, L. Fuentes, L.J.
Moore, W. Bowerman, G. Yarrow, W. Chao, K. Leith, Department of
Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
A thorough ecological risk assessment for North American anurans
incidentally exposed to two Roundup

branded herbicides was initiated

with laboratory toxicity tests. Five native species of anurans were tested
in carefully designed studies to provide essential and unconfounded
information regarding the potency of Roundup

branded herbicides. Te
laboratory experiments were designed to fully characterize the concentration
and time-dependent response relationship for each species and to compare
the potency estimates among the tested species. Tests included a reference
toxicant as well as QA/QC procedures to conrm the validity of each
test. Rana pipiens, R. catesbeiana, R. sphenocephala, Bufo fowleri and Hyla
chrysoscelis at Gosner larval stage 25 were tested in both 96-h static-
nonrenewal and aqueous-sediment exposures with four replicates per
concentration and ten animals per replicate. Glyphosate concentrations were
veried using a derivitization method with HPLC-VWD. R. sphenocephala
and B. fowleri were relatively sensitive with 96-h LC50s of 1.44 and
1.96 mg a.e./L for the original Roundup

formulation and for Roundup

WeatherMax

, respectively. Of the species tested, H. chrysoscelis was the

least sensitive to Roundup

branded herbicide exposures with 96-h LC50s

of 2.82 and 3.77 mg a.e./L for the same two formulations, respectively.
Addition of sediment to the test vessels resulting in a sediment to water ratio
of 1:4 signicantly aected responses of frog species to Roundup

branded
herbicide exposures with 96-h LC50s elevated by 1.5 to 2.5 X. Tese
experiments are fundamental for understanding risks of incidental exposures
to anurans. Te risk predictions from the laboratory studies will be rened
using data from eld studies.
708 Introducing AMRAP a workshop for aquatic macrophyte
risk assessment for plant protection products in Europe. L. Maltby,
Te University of Sheeld, Sheeld, United Kingdom; D. Arnold, CEA
Associate, Cambridge, United Kingdom; G. Arts, Alterra, Wageningen,
Netherlands; J. Davies, Syngenta, Bracknell, United Kingdom; F.
Heimbach, RIFCON GmbH, 42799 Leichlingen, Germany; C. Pickl,
UBA, D-06844 Dessau, Germany; V. Poulsen, AFSSA, 94704 Maisons-
Alfort, France. Under Directive 91/414/EEC, the risk posed by herbicides
to aquatic plants is assessed using data from studies with Lemna and algae.
However, uncertainty has been expressed about the suitability of Lemna
as an indicator species for aquatic macrophytes. In particular, >80%
of respondents to a questionnaire that was circulated to regulators and
researchers, recognized the need for a workshop to discuss macrophyte test
methods and risk assessment. Consequently, the AMRAP workshop was
held, under the auspices of SETAC Europe, in Te Netherlands in January
2008. Te workshop brought together scientists from regulatory authorities,
industry and academia, with the objective of discussing the use of aquatic
macrophyte data in the risk assessment of pesticides in Europe. Keynote
presentations considered the diversity and importance of macrophytes in
agricultural landscapes, lab and eld methods for macrophyte studies and
the current European regulatory framework for risk assessment. Participants
were asked to identify areas of uncertainty within the regulatory framework
and discuss the strengths and limitations of existing test methods. A number
of areas of uncertainty were identied and tasks were initiated to develop
recommendations for each of these areas: (1) Concern was expressed that
Lemna, being a non-rooted, monocot may not be sensitive to residues in
sediment or modes of action unique to dicot species. Te need to evaluate
the evidence for these concerns and develop decision-making criteria
to determine when Lemna may not be an appropriate test species was
recognised. (2) Te lack of standardised test methods was acknowledged and
tasks were initiated to produce a database of existing methods and develop a
test protocol for Myriophyllum species. (3) Uncertainty was expressed over
the use of macrophyte data in higher-tier assessments. A task was initiated
to develop guidance for the use of macrophyte data in Species Sensitivity
Distributions. (4) Te need to build condence in the application of the
proposed methods was recognised. For this purpose, an AMRAP Guidance
Document is in preparation. Te technical issues arising from AMRAP and
the forthcoming publication of the guidance document will be discussed.
709 Toxicity of a Mixture of Glyphosate and Cosmo-Flux to frogs
from Colombia: Laboratory and Field Tests. M.H. Bernal, Departamento
de Biologa, Universidad de Tolima, Ibagu, Tolima, COLOMBIA; K.R.
Solomon, Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada. Te spraying of coca (Erythroxylum coca) with glyphosate in
Colombia has raised concerns about possible impacts on amphibians. Tere
are few toxicity data for species other than those from temperate regions
and these have not been generated with the combination of glyphosate
and Cosmo-Flux (coca mix) as used in coca control in Colombia. To
characterize toxicity of the spray mixture to frogs from Colombia, Gosner
stage-25 tadpoles of Scinax ruber, Dendrosophus microcephalus, Hypsiboas
crepitans, Rhinella granulosa, R. marina, Centrolene prosoblepon, and
Engystomops pustulosus were exposed to the coca mix at concentrations
of glyphosate ranging from 1 to 4.2 mg a.e./L diluted in dechlorinated
tap water in glass containers. Cosmo-Flux (2.3% v/v of the formulated
glyphosate) was added to the glyphosate. Exposures were for 96 h at 23-
25C with 12:12 light dark cycle. Test solutions were renewed every 24 h.
Concentrations, measured within the rst hour, at 24 h and 96 h using
ELISA (Abraxis, LLC), ranged from 80 to 125% of nominal values. LC50
values ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 mg glyphosate (a.e.)/L for the seven species.
To assess the eects of overspray of frog habitat under eld conditions,
Gosner stage 25 tadpoles of Rhinella granulosa and R. marina were placed
in outdoor microcosms made from polyethylene plastic sh ponds (2.07
m in diameter, 37 cm high) and placed in dug holes in the experimental
area in Tolima, Colombia. Te bottoms of the microcosms were covered
with a 3-cm layer of local soil and they were lled to a depth of 15 cm with
local spring water. After 100 tadpoles of each frog species were placed in
the microcosms, they were sprayed with the Coca Mix at concentrations
greater and less than the normal rate (3.69 kg a.e./ha glyphosate). Toxicity
was evaluated at 96 h. Mortality was 100% at the 29.52 kg/ha, 88% at
14.76 Kg/ha, 30% at 7.38 Kg/ha, 23% at 3.69 Kg/ha and 10.5% at 1.85
Kg/ha. Mortality in the untreated control microcosms was 13%. Te same
experiment carried out with tadpoles of H. crepitans and S. ruber showed
similar results, with 5.4% mortality at the normal rate, which was close to
the control. Under realistic worst-case exposure conditions, the mixture of
glyphosate and Cosmo-Flux used for control of coca in Colombia is of low
or negligible toxicity to aquatic stages of amphibians.
710 Te inuence of temperature and salinity on herbicide toxicity
in estuarine phytoplankton. M.E. DeLorenzo, Marine Ecotoxicology,
NOAA, NOS, NCCOS, CCEHBR, Charleston, SC; M.E. DeLorenzo, T.
Baird, L. Danese, Marine Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC;
S.C. Wallace, Biology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY. Ecological risk
assessments are, in part, based on results of toxicity tests conducted under
standard exposure conditions. Global climate change will have a wide range
of eects on estuarine habitats, including increasing water temperature
and salinity, which may alter the risk assessment of estuarine pollutants.
We examined the eects of increasing temperature and salinity on the
156 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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toxicity of common herbicides to the euryhaline phytoplankton species
Dunaliella tertiolecta. Te four photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides studied
were irgarol, diuron, atrazine, and ametryne. Static 96h algal bioassays
were conducted for each herbicide under four exposure scenarios: standard
temperature and salinity (25C, 20 ppt), standard temperature and elevated
salinity (25C, 40 ppt), elevated temperature and standard salinity (35C,
20 ppt), and elevated temperature and elevated salinity (35C, 40 ppt). Te
sublethal endpoints assessed were algal growth rate, chlorophyll a content,
lipid content, and carbohydrate content. Pesticide eects under standard
test conditions were then compared to those observed under elevated
temperature and salinity. D. tertiolecta was most sensitive to the antifoulant,
triazine herbicide, irgarol. Increasing temperature and salinity did alter
toxicity, suggesting that standard toxicity tests may not be predictive of
eects under the actual environmental conditions to which organisms are
exposed. Estuaries are characterized by a wide range of temperature and
salinity. To encompass this variability, and to account for future changes
in climate, toxicity tests should be conducted under a wider range of
environmental conditions.
711 Assessment of potential growth and reproductive eects in
fathead minnows (Pimephalus promelus) exposed to environmentally
relevant waterborne concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, clopyralid
and chlorpyrifos. J. Hare, V.P. Palace, Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater
Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; G. Tomy, K. Wautier, S.
Mittermuller, V.P. Palace, Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Increasing populations and food shortages,
coupled with loss of agricultural land from mismanagement and
development, necessitates pesticide use for optimized food production.
Pesticides or their by-products inevitably enter waterbodies where they can
aect sh populations. Our aim is to determine pesticides most detrimental
to growth and reproduction in sh, and to derive no-eect concentrations
for these contaminants. Glyphosate, atrazine and chlorpyrifos are the most
widely and heavily applied pesticides in much of the world, while clopyralid
is commonly applied near urban areas. All four compounds are routinely
detected in surface waters of our model-site (Twenty Mile Creek, Ontario).
Data compiled from the literature and for Twenty Mile Creek were used to
create realistic exposure conditions in terms of length, timing, and intensity
of exposure. Five day-old fathead minnows were exposed to varying
combinations of these pesticides for 6 weeks, and survival and growth
parameters were compared. Survival to six weeks was 28 1.08 % (n=40),
and 13 0.48 % after 28 weeks (n=40). Combinations of atrazine (0-1000
ng/L), chlorpyrifos (0-500 ng/L), and clopyralid (0-500 ng/L), were not
linked to signicant dierences in survival, total length, mean weight, or
body condition compared to controls or other treatments, at 6, 10, 17,
or 28 weeks of age. Fish are being grown to reproductive maturity, and
reproductive potential will be assessed in breeding pairs from each exposure
treatment by measuring eggs per clutch, egg diameter, total eggs produced,
and the duration of egg laying. Hatching success and mean larval length and
weight will be assessed at landmark developmental time points. Tese data
will be used to assess the protective nature of current guidelines for the use
of pesticides near aquatic systems in Canada.
712 Glyphosate in suspended sediment in streams from two
agricultural areas of the United States. M.W. Sandstrom, M.E. Stroppel,
National Water Quality Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO;
M.T. Meyer, Organic Geochemistry Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey,
Lawrence, KS; C.E. Rose, R.H. Coupe, U.S. Geological Survey, Jackson,
MS; S.J. Kalkho, U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Ciry, IA. Glyphosate-based
herbicides are used extensively used in agricultural areas for control of weeds
on glyphosate-resistant crops (mainly corn, soybeans, and cotton), as well
as in pre-plant weed removal. Although previous research has shown that
glyphosate, and the surfactant included in commercial formulations of
the herbicide (most commonly, polyethoxylated tallowamine, or POEA),
are strongly adsorbed by stream sediment, dissolved glyphosate has been
commonly reported in tile drains and small streams in agricultural areas.
In this study we measured the concentrations of glyphosate in suspended
sediment collected from two small streams in predominantly agricultural
areas of Iowa and Mississippi. Time-integrating sediment samplers were
used to collect suspended sediment during 27 - 70 day sampling events
from July through September 2007. Te use of such samplers facilitated
the collection of suspended sediment during major storm-runo at each
location. Concentrations of glyphosate in suspended sediment were 37 -
172 ng/g in Iowa, and 437 - 1755 ng/g in Mississippi. Based on median
concentrations of glyphosate in suspended sediment and in stream samples
collected during these sampling events, the glyphosate in suspended
sediment represented a small fraction (1 - 12 percent) of the total glyphosate
load in the stream. During storms, glyphosate concentrations increased in
suspended sediment, and the amount of glyphosate increased relative to
aminophosphomethylamine (a glyphosate degradate), suggesting shorter
residence times in the soil before transport to the streams. Calculated
distribution coecients (Kd) for glyphosate in the suspended sediment in
streams ranged from 247 to 1,505 L/kg, one order of magnitude higher
than those from batch equilibrium studies of glyphosate sorption to soils.
Te results from this investigation suggest that the transport of glyphosate
on suspended sediment in agricultural streams may be greater than that
predicted from soil and microcosm studies, and aquatic exposures are less
than predicted. Tese results also indicate that eld studies of glyphosate
in streams, and potential interaction with sediments, are an important
component of aquatic-risk assessments for this and other herbicides.
713 New Emerging Persistent, Bioaccumulative Chemicals
For Which Environmental Chemists Should Be Monitoring. P.H.
Howard, Environmental Science Center, Syracuse Research Corporation,
N. Syracuse, NY; D. Muir, Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research
Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Although
environmental chemists have had great success over the past 40 years in
identifying and quantifying some persistent (P) and bioaccumulative
(B) chemicals, only a small fraction of the organic chemical substances
commerce have been thoroughly assessed for P and B characteristics and
even fewer have been measured in environmental media. Analytical chemists
are most successful in detecting new environmental contaminants when
they know what to look for. Of particular concern are those substances that
are P, B and toxic (PB&T) and that have characteristics of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) as dened by UNEP and other agencies. Such chemicals
can accumulate in aquatic and terrestrial food webs and be transported
from urban use areas to remote regions. With more than 30,000 organic
chemicals in wide commercial use (>~1 t/y), plus their possible degradation
products, and impurities, the task of screening these chemicals has to rely on
computer models that relate molecular structure to chemical properties. We
have screened a list of 22,000 substances assembled from the USEPA Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update Rule (IUR) and the
Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL), which includes high, medium
and low production volume chemicals. Te list represents most chemicals
in commerce in North America as of 2002 except for pharmaceuticals and
pesticides which are not registered under TSCA. A signicant proportion
of the chemicals had some predicted P and B. For example, 22% had log
octanol-water partition coecients (an indicator of bioaccumulation) >5
and 10% had predicted atmospheric half-lives of >2 days. However, when
combined P and B characteristics were considered, and expert judgment
was included to check predictions, only about 600 chemicals were selected
as possible new P and B chemicals. Of the 600, 62% were halogenated
(containing bromine, chlorine, uorine) and 5% were siloxanes (silicon
based chemicals) reecting the generally higher P and B characteristics
of these classes of compounds. Less than 8% of the 600 are currently
routinely analysed although up to 16% may have occasionally been reported
in environmental media. In a few cases, new information has emerged
conrming some of the predictions and this data will be reviewed in the
presentation.
714 Where is my bisphenol A coming from. M.L. Diamond, M.
Robson, J. Sawyer, X. Zhang, Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; M.L. Diamond, S. Csiszar, L. Melymuk, Chemical
Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; X. Cao, Food Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada; C. Mugnai, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto
di Scienze Marine, Bologna, Italy. In April 2008 Health Canada declared
Bisphenol A (BPA) CEPA toxic (CEPA is the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act). Te designation came due to concerns about potential
neurodevelopmental and behavoural eects at doses occurring at current
levels or those 1-2 orders of magnitude greater among the general public.
BPA is the monomer used in numerous applications from polycarbonate
drinking bottles (including baby bottles), food containers; compact discs,
coatings on eye glasses; the epoxy linings of tin cans, drinking water
storage tanks; thermal paper (as you get from a cash register); adhesives and
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putties; car parts; tooth llings; and writing materials, to name a few uses.
Production in the mid-2004 was reported to be ~1.024 million tonnes of
which most was used in polycarbonate resins. Since BPA is rapidly excreted
within a day and median levels in urine of 394 American adults was 1.28
g/L with detection in 95% of individuals (NHANES III survey, Calafat et
al. 2005), it stands to reason that our exposure must be frequent. According
to a variety of studies, the exposure of infants to BPA comes from breast
milk, milk or formula contained in a BPA bottle, and infant formula stored
in epoxy-lined cans. Adult exposure comes from foods in contact with
epoxy-lined cans, and polycarbonate food containers and table ware. BPAs
short half-life and relatively low hydrophobicity is consistent with estimates
that environmental exposure to humans is minimal. Tis paper explores
details of the ubiquity of BPA and our exposure, but side-steps the issue of
toxicity.
715 Perchlorate and other inorganic oxyhalide anions in
precipitation and surface water samples. V.I. Furdui, F. Tomassini,
Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Perchlorate is a known contaminant in both
drinking water and groundwater, with natural and manufacturing sources. A
strong oxidizer, perchlorate has been used in solid rocket fuels, airbags and
reworks. It was identied in low concentrations in the Chilean fertilizers,
extensively used in the 19th century in the United States. Perchlorate is
also produced in the atmosphere, with previous detection in precipitation
samples. Being a charged species, perchlorate does not travel free for long
distances in the atmosphere. We optimized a direct injection method
using an ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MSMS)
system, obtaining a detection limit of less than 1 ng/L for perchlorate. Te
other analytes included in the method were chlorate, bromate and iodate.
Samples analyzed were precipitation samples collected from an ice cap and
surface water samples from the Great Lakes and some of their tributaries.
High Arctic ice caps receive contaminants solely from atmospheric sources,
which allowed the isolation of the precipitation contribution of perchlorate,
without any other local sources. Depth samples, dating between 1996 and
2005, were collected from Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada, in the spring of
2006. Concentrations were in low ng/L range and showed seasonality. Tis
represents the rst temporal trend reported for perchlorate in precipitation.
716 Assessing the Vapor Intrusion Pathway: Te Critical Role
of Science and a Sound Approach. G. Plantz, Haley & Aldrich, Inc.,
Manchester, NH; R. Rago, Haley & Aldrich, Inc., Hartford, CT. Te
Vapor Intrusion (VI) pathway continues to be a signicant focus of the
regulatory community. Many guidance documents are being developed to
assist investigators and risk assessors in assessing whether or not a complete
pathway exists. Calculated risk thresholds in some states are set near or
even below typical indoor air background levels for many volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), such as benzene. Terefore, a signicant challenge
for assessing the VI pathway is determining the inuence of these VOCs
from background sources Advances in the science of VI have shown that
considerable degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface
can readily occur. For former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites, these
important factors may reduce or eliminate the signicance of VI under
certain conditions. In some cases, indoor air data obtained during VI studies
of former MGP sites may be similar to residential indoor air background.
Terefore, knowledge about the typical types and levels of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) that are found indoor air background can be an
important component of the VI assessment process. Tis paper will discuss
the critical steps which should be followed during indoor air investigations
for VI assessments. Tis presentation also summarizes recent research
published by EPRI which evaluated whether there is a signicant dierence
between indoor air background data collected in Massachusetts and 288
indoor air samples collected during MGP vapor intrusion studies conducted
in New York City and Ithaca, New York.
717 Kinetic parameters of UV photolysis of Pharmaceuticals and
Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Endocrine Disrupting Substances
(EDS) in Drinking Water Treatment. J.C. Carlson, C.D. Metcalfe,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada; M.I. Stefan, Trojan Technologies, London, Ontario, Canada.
Tere is potential for contamination of drinking water by pharmaceuticals
and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting substances
(EDS). UV treatments show promise for the removal of these compounds.
UV treatment technologies will be described along with the parameters
needed to evaluate their ecacy. Experimentally measured values of these
parameters are presented to describe the ecacy of UV treatment for 15
PPCPs and EDS. UV irradiations were performed using both low pressure
and medium pressure mercury light sources. Analytical methods are
described for extraction by solid phase extraction (SPE) and quantitation
by LC/MS/MS. Degradation kinetics for PPCPs and EDCs irradiated in
deionized water indicate that some compounds were removed by direct
photolysis, but many compounds were not removed. UV absorption spectra
are provided for both protonated and deprotonated forms of all compounds,
along with new pKa estimates determined using spectrophotometric
titration procedures to describe the ability of these contaminants to absorb
light at drinking water pH. Quantum yields at 254 nm are presented for
selected compounds to describe the conversion eciency of absorbed light
to contaminant removal. Irradiation in the presence of 4 mg/L H
2
O
2
was
an ecient removal method for all target compounds. With the exception
of the sulphamethoxazole and triclosan which undergo rapid degradation
by direct photolysis, reaction with OH radicals was the dominant removal
process for irradiations with H
2
O
2
. Second order rate constants for OH
radical reactions with the examined emerging contaminants are provided.
718 Sorption of endocrine disrupting compounds and the
environmental implications. C. Zhang, M. Piovesan, Environmental
Science, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX. Te overall
objective of this study was to determine the sorption characteristics of ve
selected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs): 17 -estradiol (E2), 17
-ethynyl estradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), nonylphenol (NP), and testosterone.
Tree dierent types of sorbents with dierent texture, cation exchange
capacity, and organic carbon contents were used, i.e., montmorillonite clay
(a carbon-free model sorbent), Praire View Texas A&M (PVAM) soil (a
soil with high sand/silt content and moderate amount of clay and carbon),
and sludge (high organic carbon content) collected from a wastewater
treatment plant. Batch sorption isotherm studies were conducted on these
ve EDCs, which were determined using liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry (LC-MS) for E2 and testosterone and high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a uorescence detector for EE2,
E3, and NP. Te partition coecients (Kd) obtained from this study were
in the order of sludge > clay > PVAM soil (E2), clay >> sludge > PVAM
soil (testosterone), clay > sludge > PVAM soil (E3), sludge > clay > PVAM
soil (EE2), and PVAM soil > clay (NP). Te Kd values are in the same
order of magnitude for E3 and EE2 on clay and PVAM soil. Adsorption
of nonylphenol to PVAM soil diers signicantly from the other two
compounds. Te partition of EE2 and E3 on sludge show clearly dierent
patterns. Partial transformation of E2 to estrone (E1) has also been observed
in sludge with high carbon contents. Retardation factors (R) estimated based
on Kd and other soil properties were found in the order of 100 for EE2 and
E3, 200 for E2 and testosterone, and more than 2000 for NP. Tese results
clearly reveal the potentially low bioavailability and slow transport of EDCs
in aquifers even though adsorption of EDCs was frequently reported as a
dominating removal mechanism in water and wastewater treatment plants.
719 Emerging Contaminants in US Drinking Water: Do you
know where your waters been. S.T. Glassmeyer, Oce of Research and
Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, Cincinnati,
OH; E.T. Furlong, S.L. Werner, National Water Quality Laboratory,
USGS, Denver, CO; D.W. Kolpin, USGS, Iowa City, IA; R.J. Miltner,
Oce of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research
Laboratory, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH. Te drinking water and wastewater
cycles are integrally linked. Chemicals that are present in household
wastewater may be suciently mobile and persistent to survive on-site
or municipal wastewater treatment and post-discharge environmental
processes. Such compounds have the potential to reach surface and ground
waters. Tese downstream / down gradient waters are typically the source
for another communitys drinking water. To determine which wastewater
chemicals persist through drinking water treatment, a joint USEPA /
USGS study examined source and nished waters for nine drinking water
treatment plants from across the United States known to be impacted by
wastewater. All water samples were analyzed for 96 dierent emerging
contaminants, including 35 pharmaceuticals, at sub-g/L levels. Te
sample collection was designed to account for residence time within the
plant in order to match waters before and after treatment. Te investigated
utilities used varying source waters (surface or ground water), disinfectants
(chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, ozone or UV), and produced
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dierent volumes of treated water per day (2.3 to 200 mgd). Tirty-nine
chemicals were detected at least once, with 32 chemicals detected in the
source waters and 26 chemicals detected in the nished waters. Overall,
the most frequently detected chemicals were aspirin (60 %), bupropion (60
%), caeine (40 %), carbamazepine (40 %), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate
(40 %) and venlafaxine (40 %). Te greatest number of chemicals detected
in a single source water sample was 15; the greatest number detected
in a single nished water was 11. In general, the results from locations
that used conventional treatment (coagulation, clarication, ltration,
and chlorination) showed negligible removal of the monitored emerging
contaminants. Te results from those sites that used more advanced
treatment (granular activated carbon adsorption, ozonation or UV
irradiation) showed greater removal percentages.
720 Mixture toxicity of SN2 soft electrophiles: Interrelationship
of reactivity rate, time-dependent toxicity and dose-response curve
slope. D.A. Dawson, T. Mooneyham, J. Jeyaratnam, Biology/Toxicology,
Ashland University, Ashand, OH; G. Poch, Pharmacology and Toxicology,
University of Graz, Graz, AUSTRIA; T.W. Schultz, Comparative Medicine,
University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN.
Previous studies have demonstrated the value of determining reactivity
rates and time-dependence when assessing the toxicity of soft electrophiles
in mixtures. In this study electro(nucleo)philic reactivity was determined
using thiol in glutathione as the model nucleophile and Microtox was
used to evaluate mixture eects as they relate to reactivity, time-dependent
toxicity (TDT) and the dose-response curve (DRC) slopes of each agent
alone. Two sets of halogenated SN2-reactive soft electrophiles (Cl-, Br- and
I-substituted derivatives of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate) were selected for
testing, along with a non-reactive, nonpolar narcotic. Each of the seven
agents was tested alone and in a binary mixture with each of the other
chemicals. Toxicity was assessed at 15-, 30- and 45-minutes of exposure.
Each chemical was also tested as a sham combination (i.e., with itself ),
thereby serving as a positive control for dose-addition. Data were t to
sigmoid curves using the four-parameter logistic function and evaluated
for consistency with dose-addition and independence. Data analysis gave
EC50, DRC slope and TDT values for each single chemical and mixture
at each time-point. All sham combinations were dose-additive at each
time-point, as judged by EC50 additivity quotient (AQ) values of about
1.0. Slope AQ values were also near 1.0 in each case. Mixture toxicity for
true combinations varied. Dose-addition was observed for each time-point
with the three halogenated acetonitrile-containing combinations; wherein
reactivity rates, TDT and DRC slope values were similar for each agent
alone. For the halogenated ethyl acetate-containing combinations, EC50
AQ values often varied by exposure time, depending on reactivity rate, TDT
level and DRC slope of the agents singly. Deviations from dose-addition
were also observed for several of the acetonitrile-ethyl acetate and soft
electrophile-nonpolar narcotic combinations tested. Overall, for the twenty-
one true combinations tested, the data showed that variable reactivity rates,
lower TDT percentages and dierences in DRC slopes of the individual
agents were each important to explaining deviations from dose-addition in
the mixtures.
721 Nickel uptake and toxicity to lotic periphyton communities.
S.M. Bessom, C.R. Hammerschmidt, G. Burton, Earth and Environmental
Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH; G. Burton, Cooperative
Institute of Limnology and Ecosystem Research, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI. Lotic periphyton are exposed to nickel (Ni) derived from
both contemporary loadings and mobilization of historical inputs from
underlying sediments. However, there is a paucity of information on the
environmental factors inuencing Ni bioaccumulation and its eect on
periphyton communities as well as the major source of exposure (new
vs. old Ni). We exposed natural periphyton communities to a variety of
sediment types and a broad range of sedimentary and aqueous nickel
concentrations. An enriched stable isotope (Ni-64) was used as a tracer
in laboratory tests to evaluate the primary source of Ni accumulated by
periphyton. Changes in ash-free dry weight, chlorophyll a, and community
structure were compared to natural populations to determine stress induced
by Ni exposure. Preliminary results suggest that Ni uptake by periphyton
is inuenced by both waterborne (new) and sedimentary (old) sources. In
addition, and although initial tests show no eect on growth, Ni exposure
appears to reduce diversity within periphyton communities. Accordingly,
programs intended to improve and protect water quality must consider both
recent and historical loadings of Ni when estimating uptake and toxicity to
periphyton and associated food webs.
722 Multiple peruoroalkyl acids promote liver cancer in
rainbow trout. A.D. Benningho, C. Buchner, J. Hendricks, D. Williams,
Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR. Previous studies have shown that peruorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) promotes liver cancer, possibly via an estrogen-like mechanism, in
rainbow trout, a well-established animal model for hepatocarcinogenesis.
In the present study, we investigated the tumor-promoting potential
of other structurally related peruoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including
peruorononanoic acid (PFNA), peruorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and
peruorosulfonate (PFOS), compared to the 8:2 uorotelomer alcohol
(8:2FtOH). Fry were initiated with the potent liver carcinogen aatoxin B1
(AFB1, 10 ppb) and then fed either custom control diet or the following
experimental diets for up to 30 weeks at a 2 to 5% daily ration: 2000 ppm
PFOA, 1000 ppm PFNA, 200 ppm PFDA, 100 ppm PFOS, 2000 ppm
8:2FtOH. We also tested 5 ppm 17-estradiol (E2) as a positive control and
2000 ppm clobrate (CLOF), as a negative control. Incidence, multiplicity
and size of liver tumors in trout fed diets containing E2, PFOA, PFNA
and PFDA were signicantly higher compared to sh fed control diet only.
Te greatest enhancement of tumorigenesis was observed for E2 and PFDA
treatments which increased tumor incidence to 81 and 84%, respectively,
compared to only 11% in controls. PFOS and 8:2 FtOH exposures caused
minor enhancement of tumorigenesis, whereas CLOF was without eect. A
second experiment was also performed in which sh were initiated with the
multi-organ carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG,
35 ppm) to determine whether the tumor-promoting eect of PFOA
(2000 ppm) was dependent upon the initiating carcinogen. In MNNG-
treated sh fed E2 or PFOA promotion diets, liver tumor incidence was
signicantly increased (96 and 86% incidence, respectively) compared to
control diet (50% incidence). Also, liver tumor multiplicity and size were
signicantly increased in E2 and PFOA-fed animals initiated with MNNG.
Tumorigenesis in the stomach, kidney and swimbladder was not aected by
dietary PFOA or E2, suggesting that the liver is the primary target organ for
these tumor promoting chemicals. Overall, these data suggest that multiple
PFAAs can promote liver cancer. Tese ndings highlight the need for
further research to better assess the risk these environmental chemicals may
pose to human health. Supported by NIH grants ES07060, ES03850 and
ES00210.
723 Inuence of organochlorine pesticides on gonadal ex vivo
sex hormone synthesis in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).
N.J. Doperalski, N.D. Denslow, D.S. Barber, Physiological Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; M.S. Prucha, Department of
Pharmacology and Terapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Te stability of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) or their degradation
products has led to persistent accumulation in a number of ecosystems.
Altered circulating sex hormone levels associated with poor reproductive
performance have been noted in populations of largemouth bass (LMB)
dwelling in areas contaminated with OCPs. A mechanism for disruption
of sex hormone homeostasis may be via a direct eect on gonadal hormone
synthesis. Previous studies have shown that 20-hr ex vivo exposure of
LMB testis to 100M concentrations of toxaphene (TOX), methoxychlor
(MXC), dieldrin, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p-DDE) alters
testosterone synthesis. In current studies, hCG-stimulated ovarian 17-
estradiol (E2) synthesis was reduced by 45 and 81% compared to vehicle
control during a 20-hour ex vivo exposure to 100M dieldrin and TOX,
respectively. Exposure to 100M MXC and DDE had little eect (1 and 3%
respective reductions of E2 synthesis). To investigate the inuence of in vivo
exposure to OCPs on gonadal steroidogenesis, steroid production by ovarian
explants from LMB which spent 2 months in a contaminated mesocosm
was measured. Basal and hCG-stimulated E2 production by control explants
was 2.9 0.5 and 3.9 0.6 pg/mg tissue, respectively. Similar production
was observed in tissue from exposed LMB (3.4 0.3 and 4.7 0.6 pg/mg,
respectively). Because ovarian follicles were in various stages of development,
data were segregated by mean follicle size. Toxicant-exposed LMB with
mean follicle diameters >900m exhibited a blunted hCG-induced
increase in E2 synthesis. In these samples, hCG stimulation increased E2
production by control ovary 116% over basal, but by only 65% in toxicant-
exposed LMB ovary. Tese ndings suggest that OCPs can inhibit gonadal
steroidogenesis in LMB, however the eects may vary with OCP and follicle
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maturation. To determine how in vivo exposure to individual OCPs aects
gonadal steroidogenesis, LMB were exposed to TOX, MXC, p,p-DDE or
dieldrin in the diet for 2 months. Tissue contaminant levels and eects on
gonadal explant steroid production were compared to ex vivo dose-response
data in control gonad to determine if eects observed following dietary
exposure were consistent with direct inhibition.
724 Defensible selenium tissue residue guidelines based on larval
sh deformities. B. McDonald, P.M. Chapman, Golder Associates Ltd,
North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; R. Jones, J. Pumphrey, Elk
Valley Coal Corporation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Selenium (Se) tissue
residue guidelines (TRGs) from sh reproductive toxicity testing are based
on measurement of larval deformities using a graduated severity index
(GSI) approach. Tese GSI data comprise one-half of the residue-response
relationship used to derive a TRG. Explicit evaluation of all sources of
uncertainty associated with a TRG is critical given its importance in both
hazard and risk assessments; however, this evaluation is currently limited
to items such as tissue chemistry data or the statistical methods used to
describe the residue-response relationship. Evaluation of the quality of the
GSI data (which forms the response axis) has generally been absent. An
incomplete uncertainty assessment is problematic because it contributes
to a false sense of condence regarding the accuracy and the precision of
the TRG. Tis presentation summarizes the necessary quality assurance/
quality control (QA/QC) measures that must be incorporated into the
larval deformity assessment component of Se reproductive toxicity testing
including: establishing clear a priori descriptions for each GSI rating;
dealing with preservative-induced changes to edema and other deformities;
reducing the inuence of observer drift during the assessment; providing
appropriate external verication of GSI scores; and reporting requirements.
Te potential inuence of uncertainty on GSI data and implications for the
nal TRG are illustrated with example data from the literature.
725 Te Toxicity of a Pyrethroid Mixture to Hyallela azteca at
Environmentally Relevant Concentrations. S.M. Brander, Environmental
Toxicology, UC Davis, Bodega Bay, CA; I. Werner, Veterinary Medicine,
Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, UC Davis, Davis, CA; I. Werner,
L.A. Deavonic, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, UC Davis, Davis, CA.
Te pyrethroid pesticides cyuthrin and permethrin were detected in
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta water in the summer of 2006. In order to
gauge the toxicity of pyrethroids at these concentrations, elucidate any
additive, synergistic, or antagonistic eects between the two pyrethroids, and
to determine whether pyrethroid exposure upregulated heat shock proteins
(HSP60 & 70) or reduced total protein content, a ten-day laboratory
exposure was performed with 7-14 day-old amphipods (Hyalella azteca)
in 2007 and again in 2008. In both exposures, cyuthrin and permethrin
were tested both singly and in combination at detected levels, and also at
one-half and twice the detected levels. Concurrent treatments were tested
with the addition of 25 ppb piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a commonly used
pesticide synergist. Mortality in all treatments was signicantly higher than
controls, with LC50s for permethrin and cyuthrin with and without PBO
at or below levels measured in SSJ Delta water samples. To evaluate the
combination treatments from 2007 and 2008 tests, models containing terms
for cyuthrin concentration, permethrin concentration, and presence of
PBO as well as models containing all possible combinations of these terms
and their interactions were run and compared using Akaikes Information
Criterion (AICc). Te most parsimonious model indicates a pattern of slight
antagonism between cyuthrin and permethrin. Because concentration-
based LC50s could not be calculated for the cyuthrin / permethrin
mixture treatments, we used a dilution index to estimate the combined
concentrations that would be required to cause a specic proportion
mortality. Results from both years indicate that cyuthrin and permethrin
are toxic to amphipods, both individually and in combination, at low pptr
(part per trillion) concentrations.
726 Spatial and Temporal Quantication of Pesticide Loadings
to the Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and Bay-Delta to Guide
Risk Assessment for Sensitive Species. W.M. Williams, G. Hoogeweg,
J.M. Cheplick, Waterborne Environmental, Inc., Leesburg, VA; R. Breuer,
California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA; D. Denton,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, Sacramento, CA; M.
Zhang, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA. A weight-of-evidence
analysis is being conducted to identify major sources of pesticide loadings
to the Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and Bay-Delta estuary. Te
objective of this analysis is to improve decision making and optimize
resource spending across a number of federal, state, and regional water
quality programs. Objectives are being addressed through a combination of
tools, including geographical information system (GIS) analysis, simulation
modeling, and an evaluation of existing in-stream monitoring. Results
are being used to: 1) provide further knowledge of the fate and transport
of agricultural chemicals (e.g., copper, organophosphates) and emerging
pesticides (e.g., pyrethroids); 2) match results to the location of sensitive
species critical habitats; 3) identify and rank pesticide source areas; 4)
evaluate implications of future pesticide use trends and changes in climatic
conditions; 5) aid in developing plans to improve ecosystem quality and
water quality by strategic placement of BMPs and hydrologic operations;
6) support future monitoring programs (strategic locations, sampling
frequency); 7) link results to life cycle models currently under development
for striped bass and delta smelt, as well as existing models for (salmonids);
and 8) provide a data-link to support other water quality models and
population models. Tis paper provides an overview of study methods and
results to date.
727 Temporal Patterns of Airborne Pesticides in Alpine Lakes
of the Sierra Nevada, California. D.F. Bradford, N. Tallent-Halsell, M.
Nash, Oce of Research & Development, Landscape Ecology Branch, US
EPA, Las Vegas, NV; E. Heithmar, G. Momplaisir, C. Rosal, K. Varner, L.
Riddick, Oce of Research & Development, Environmental Chemistry
Branch, US EPA, Las Vegas, NV. Airborne agricultural pesticides are being
transported many tens of kilometers to remote mountain areas, and have
been implicated as a causal agent for recent, dramatic population declines of
several amphibian species in such locations. Largely unmeasured, however,
are the magnitude and temporal variation of pesticide concentrations
in these areas, and the relationship between pesticide application and
pesticide appearance in the environment. We addressed these topics in the
alpine habitat of the mountain yellow-legged frog complex (Rana muscosa
complex) by sampling water from four lakes at high elevation (3042-3645
m) in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, from mid June to mid
October, 2003. Te lakes ranged between 46 and 83 km from the nearest
pesticide sources in the intensively cultivated San Joaquin Valley. Eight
of 40 target pesticide analytes were detected at least once among the four
lakes, and four occurred at frequencies that allowed us to evaluate temporal
patterns: endosulfan, propargite, dacthal, and simazine. Concentrations at
all times were extremely low, generally less than 1 ng/L for the rst three,
and only slightly higher for simazine. For endosulfan and propargite,
temporal variation in concentrations corresponded with application rates
in the San Joaquin Valley, with a lag time of 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. A
ner-scale analysis suggests that a disproportionate fraction of the pesticides
reaching the lakes originated within nearby upwind portions of the San
Joaquin Valley. Temporal patterns in pesticide concentrations were generally
consistent among the four lakes. Mountain yellow-legged frog populations
have largely disappeared from the vicinities of lakes with both the high and
low pesticide concentrations observed in the study.
728 Reality Bites: Challenges of conducting ecotoxicology research
in Central America. T.R. Rainwater, T.A. Anderson, S.T. McMurry,
Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; S.G. Platt,
Biology, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX; S.T. McMurry, Zoology,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. Environmental contamination
in tropical, developing countries occurs as a result of multiple anthropogenic
activities and environmental processes and from an ecological perspective
is of particular concern because of potential impacts on the highly valued
and biologically diverse ecosystems characteristic of these regions. However,
to date few studies have examined the exposure and response of wildlife
to environmental contaminants in tropical systems. Tis is due, at least in
part, to a variety of challenges and obstacles encountered by researchers
in designing projects and accomplishing objectives while working in
developing countries. Over the last decade, we have conducted research on
the ecotoxicology of crocodiles in Belize and Costa Rica. In this paper, we
describe challenges and obstacles faced, discuss successes and failures, share
lessons learned, and provide recommendations for future ecotoxicological
studies in tropical, developing countries based on our experiences.
729 An Ecological Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in the
BriBri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories, Costa Rica: Applications and
Challenges. B. Polidoro, Dept. of Biology, Old Dominion University,
Hampton, VA; L.E. Castillo, IRET, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa
160 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Rica; M.J. Morra, Soil and Land Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow,
ID; B. Polidoro, E. Somarriba, Agroforestry, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa
Rica. A number of dierent pesticides are applied in Costa Rica to produce
export-quality crops. In the remote and high-poverty region of Talamanca in
Costa Rica, agrochemicals are often applied without knowledge of specic
environmental behavior or toxicological eects, and without appropriate
regulatory infrastructure or safe-handling practices. Based on an ecological
risk assessment framework, a four year research project was conducted
on the principal exposure pathways, environmental fate, and estimated
biological eect of pesticide use in the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Reserve in
Talamanca. Research was primarily based on participatory research methods
to provide an appropriate socio-economic context for the risk assessment,
and to build stakeholder interest and investment. A summary of the
methods and results are presented, along with considerations for conducting
applied ecotoxicological research in high-poverty, remote, tropical regions.
Results directly address the need for further conservation and development
projects in the region, improved agrochemical policy and infrastructure, and
increased economic opportunities and livelihood options. Specic challenges
remain in rening assessment of ecological risk given the unknown eects
of pesticide mixtures and tropical conditions on species toxicity, the lack of
extensive tropical species toxicity data, and the complex species interactions
and dynamic hydrologic regimes present in tropical landscapes.
730 Biomarkers for the Assessment of the Eects of EDCs on
Freshwater Organisms. J.H. van Vuren, M. Jonker, M. Alexandre, V.
Wepener, L. Whitlow, S. Mlambo, Zoology, University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; M.S. Bornman, Andrology,
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; T. de Jager, Public
Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. Chemical
compounds in use in industry, urban areas and agriculture eventually
accumulate in the natural water systems. Tese compounds contain in most
instances endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)and are found in personal-
care, agricultural and industrial products, and pesticides. After being
disposed of, these products move through storm and waste water systems
into the aquatic environment. Tere is currently great concern regarding
the possible adverse eects of pharmaceuticals used as growth promoters on
aquatic organisms. It also poses a threat to humans and animals utilising the
water sources for potable water and irrigation. Recently studies have been
done to establish the levels of the chemicals with known EDC eects in the
surface water in areas where it may aect aquatic organisms. Te impact of
these chemicals on the reproduction and survival of sh and invertebrates
can be established when studies on biomarkers are done to show the sub
lethal eects on physiological processes and survival of organisms. Te
objective of this study was to determine if available biomarkers could be
used to assess the eects of chemical contaminants on aquatic species in
streams aected by euent from industries, agriculture, urban development
and feedlots. Standard techniques where employed to determine the
levels of metal and chemical pollutants and to assess the eect thereof
on physiological and developmental processes. Biomarkers developed to
measure a wide variety of physiological eects were selected in an attempt
to identify those that are more specic for the pollutants in the study
areas. Te South African Scoring System (SASS), a rapid bio-assessment
technique that is based on the sensitivity of macro-invertebrate families to
water quality, was used to assess the impact of the pollutants on aquatic
invertebrates. Te deterioration in water quality is reected by their presence
or absence in an eected water body. River health or condition as inuenced
by water quality in the streams was determined. A variety of biomarkers are
discussed in view of their suitability as monitoring techniques to identify
chemical pollution and assess the eects on the physiological functioning of
the organisms.
731 Antibiotics, Heavy Metals, and Antibiotic Resistance in Cuba.
D.W. Graham, C.W. Knapp, E. Bowen, School of Civil Engineering &
Geoscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom;
S. Olivares- Rieumont, L. Lima, Laboratorio de Analisis Ambiental,
Instituto de Tecnologias y Ciencias Aplicadas, Habana, CUBA. Cuba
is unique in that it does not use signicant amounts of antibiotics in
agriculture, which is quite dierent than many locations in North America.
As such, Cuba is an ideal setting to contrast anthropogenic factors, which
aect the absolute and relative levels of antibiotic resistance in the natural
environment. Accordingly, a multinational study was initiated to assess
in situ antibiotic resistance abundances in the Almendares River that
ows through agricultural, industrial, and urban land uses across western
Havana. Te river was segmented into 8 reaches bracketing dierent
possible pollutant inputs to the river and 18 resistance genes associated with
tetracyclines, erythromycins, and penicillins were quantied in the water
column and sediments using real-time quantitative PCR. Overall, resistance
gene abundances were exceedingly high, especially in the most industrial
zones. For example, tet(W), tet(Q), and tet(M) were elevated in the most
industrial reach where water column antibiotic levels were also high, and
below a large domestic landll with signicant heavy metal contamination
in downstream river sediments. Furthermore, detected resistance gene levels
were often higher than levels previously observed in commercial feedlot
lagoons in North America. Results show factors that inuence antibiotic
resistance in a water supply (and implicitly public and ecological health)
dier substantially in a resource-limited country like Cuba. It had been
hypothesized that antibiotic resistance in the river would be low because of
prudent drug use in Cuban medicine and limited antibiotic use in Cuban
agriculture. However, this hypothesis was nave and had not adequately
considered industrial activities. As such, dierent mitigation approaches are
needed in Cuba that are more typical of broader needs in the developing
world. Finally, this talk will discuss feedback from locally aected parties
when presented results of the study and logistical diculties of performing
studies such as these.
732 Assessment of crude oil toxicity on Ceriodaphnia rigaudi
(Crustacea:Anomopoda) by means of dierent exposure methods.
F. Martinez-Jeronimo, C. Ventura-Lopez, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias
Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Te oil
industry is one of the most dynamic industries worldwide and with the
greatest negative impact on the aquatic environment, not only due to
extraction but also by rening and transportation activities. In countries
like Mexico this is particularly critical because the environmental safeguard
standards do not adhere strictly to biological criteria and, when these are
included, they are usually based on exotic species. In this study we identied
and isolated an organism from the abundant zooplankton in Southeast
Mexico, which is a region with large oil activities. We developed a culture
method for the production of test organisms and assessment of toxicity was
performed with the water soluble fraction (WSF) and by total exposure
through crude oil adsorption on kaolin (AOK). We obtained an LC50
value of 0.00053 g L-1 for AOK, whereas for WSF it was 0.0143 g L-1,
conrming that WSF underestimates the damage that can be caused to the
aquatic environment. From the LC50 determined for AOK and by means of
Application Factors (AF) we determined sublethal concentrations that were
assessed in sub-chronic experiments with C. rigaudi. Tis cladoceran was an
adequate test organism and, therefore, we suggest its use for the assessment
of toxicity in tropical aquatic environments.
733 Integrated Solutions for Treating Domestic Sewage in
the Texcoco River Watershed in Central Mexico. C.D. Metcalfe,
Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada; M. Belmont, Environmental Protection Oce, Toronto
Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Te Texcoco River is located
in the central region of Mexico and is highly polluted by agricultural and
urban activities, resulting in elevated levels of total suspend solids, nitrate,
ammonium, chemical oxygen demand and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO)
surfactants. All of the communities within the watershed discharge domestic
sewage into the river with inadequate or no treatment. In addition, there
are conicts over the dwindling groundwater resources that are used for
both potable water and oriculture. Constructed treatment wetlands are
potentially low-cost solutions for treating domestic sewage in developing
countries such as Mexico. However, treatment of sewage is not a high
priority in small communities unless the citizens can derive economic
benets from the water resources that are created. We constructed a pilot-
scale treatment wetland in the small community of Santa Mara Nativitas
in the Rio Texcoco watershed. Te system, consisting of sedimentation
terraces, stabilization pond, subsurface ow wetland (SSFW) and vertical
ow wetland (VFW) removed >80% of TSS, COD and nitrate, and >75%
of the NPEOs from the sewage. Removal of ammonium was less ecient
at about 50%. Tis study also showed that ornamental owers with high
economic value planted in the SSFW performed as well as cattail for
promoting the removal of contaminants. Te treated water was suitable for
irrigation, which could help to alleviate the scarcity of water resources in the
watershed. Modeling exercises indicated that the pilot-scale wetland could
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 161
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be readily adapted to treat sewage from as few as six families; introducing
the possibility that family cooperatives could re-use their domestic sewage to
provide irrigation for oriculture.
734 Comparison of sediment coliform bacteria recover
techniques. C. Fernandez Rendon, G. Barrera Escorcia, P. Ramirez
Romero, Hidrobiologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico
City, Mexico. Coliform bacteria are important indicators of water quality.
In natural environments many studies indicate higher concentrations of
bacteria in sediment than in water. Sediment provides protection to these
organisms against several environmental factors and also supply the with
organic materials. High concentrations of bacteria in sediment represents a
problem, because they can be resuspended in the water column and increase
the risk of infections due to the potentially pathogen microorganisms.
Bacteria adherence on sediment represents a problem for their quantication
because underestimations are common. Several studies compare dierent
techniques to recover total and viable bacteria from sediment. However,
until now the uncertainty of a complete recovery remains. Te objective of
this study was to compare dierent techniques of bacteria recovery from
sediment during most probable number quantication. Te techniques
tested were: hand shaking, homogenization, sonication, surfarctant use,
antibiotic and enzymes. Samples were obtained from Xochimilco Lake, a
natural water reservoir in the urban zone of Mexico City. Te number of
bacteria was obtained with the multiple tubes technique. In a rst phase, the
techniques were evaluated and the time and concentrations of recovering
were selected. Best results were obtained with one minute of hand shaking,
ve minutes of homogenization, four minutes of sonication, ve minutes
with 1 g/mL of LAS, twenty ve minutes with 100 g/mL of ampiciline
and twenty ve minutes with 500 g/mL of enzime (amilase, protease).,
Faecal Coliforms did not show statistical dierences among the techniques
using Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Analysis of preliminary results of the
tested techniques indicated that Total Coliform recovery was better using
ampiciline and sonication.
735 Potential Impacts of Genomics on EPA Regulatory and
Risk Assessment Applications. W.H. Benson, Oce of Research and
Development, U.S. EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL; N. Bircheld, K. Gallagher,
Oce of the Science Advisor, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. Advances in
molecular technology have led to the elucidation of full genomic sequences
of several multicellular organisms, ranging from nematodes to man. Te
related molecular elds of proteomics and metabolomics are now beginning
to advance rapidly as well. In addition, advances in bioinformatics and
mathematical modeling provide powerful approaches for analyzing patterns
of biological response imbedded in the massive data sets produced through
genomics research. Although there may be important dierences in the
genomes and proteomes among species, many of the responses to various
stressors are evolutionarily conserved. For example, consider how sh, birds,
and mammalian species respond to external stressors, including chemical
toxicants (both synthetic and natural), genotoxicants (carcinogenic or
mutagenic), or parasites. Stressed organisms can initiate both defensive and
oensive actions to counteract adverse responses. Many defensive responses
to external stimuli are common among many organisms, including wildlife
species (sh, birds, invertebrates) and humans. In view of this, genomic
technologies may provide great insight into how diverse organisms respond
to environmental stressors and provide information for regulatory and
risk assessment applications at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). In this regard, a cross-Agency Genomics Task Force developed
a White Paper which outlined implications for the use of genomics
technologies in EPA. Four areas were identied as those likely to be
inuenced by the generation of genomics information within EPA and the
submission of such information to EPA: (1) prioritization of contaminants
and contaminated sites, (2) monitoring, (3) reporting provisions; and (4)
risk assessment. It is important to note that signicant research by EPA
and other agencies and researchers will be necessary to fully understand
and apply genomics technologies to human health and ecological risk
assessment. A critical need in the area of technical development was
identied as the need to establish a framework for the analysis and
acceptance of genomics information for scientic and regulatory purposes.
Tis presentation will discuss the various activities of the EPAs Genomics
Task Force in the context of implications for regulatory and risk assessment
applications.
736 Using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) to
identify chemical-gene-disease associations. A.P. Davis, M.C. Rosenstein,
T.C. Wiegers, C. Richards, C.J. Murphy, C. Mattingly, MDIBL, Salisbury
Cove, ME. Te Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; http://ctd.
mdibl.org) is a publicly available resource that promotes understanding
about the molecular etiology of environmental diseases. CTD presents
integrated and curated data describing the complex interactions between
chemicals, genes/proteins, and human diseases. Tese data provide insight
into the mechanisms of chemical actions, disease susceptibility and toxicity
and facilitate risk assessment and identication of biomarkers. CTD
contains over 110,000 manually curated interactions involving 3,700
chemicals and 13,200 genes from 260 species and more than 5,700 and
2,000 gene-disease and chemical-disease relationships, respectively. CTD
also integrates additional data for 59,000 chemicals, 1.2 million gene and
protein sequences, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations, KEGG pathway
data, 83,000 taxonomic terms and 6,000 human diseases. To illustrate the
scope and potential applications of CTD, we will present an analysis of
curated data for arsenic-containing compounds. Arsenic represents a major
global environmental health threat and is associated with many diseases.
Te mechanisms by which arsenic modulates these diseases are not well
understood. Curated interactions between arsenic compounds and genes
were downloaded using export and batch query tools at CTD. Te list
of genes was analyzed for molecular interactions, Gene Ontology (GO)
terms, KEGG pathway annotations, and inferred disease relationships.
CTD contains curated data from the published literature describing 2,738
molecular interactions between 21 dierent arsenic compounds and 1,456
genes and proteins. Analysis of these genes and proteins provide insight
into the biological functions and molecular networks that are aected by
exposure to arsenic, including stress response, apoptosis, cell cycle, and
specic protein signaling pathways. Integrating arsenic-gene data with
gene-disease data yields a list of diseases that may be associated with arsenic
exposure and genes that may explain this association. Te data integration
and curation strategy for CTD allows users to leverage diverse genomic data
to develop hypotheses about environmental eects on molecular networks
and human diseases.
737 Transcriptional Response in Trout Collected across a Gradient
of Urbanization around the Puget Sound Region, Washington. P.
Moran, R. Black, Washington Water Science Center, US Geological Survey,
Tacoma, WA; N. Aluru, M. Vijayan, Biology Department, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. As a part of the US Geological
Surveys National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) a study
was undertaken to evaluate the eects of urbanization on stream ecosystems
around the Puget Sound region. Twenty-one sites were selected that
spanned a range of urbanization (13-82%); dened largely by population
density and impervious surfaces. Te study included the collection and
analysis of multiple physical, chemical, and biological endpoints relevant to
stream ecosystem structure and function. Specically, across this gradient
of urbanization, juvenile cutthroat trout were sampled and liver and brain
tissues quickly frozen for transcriptome analysis. Gene expression pattern
was assessed using a custom-made low-density trout cDNA microarray.
Select genes that were consistently dierent between groups were conrmed
by real-time quantitative PCR. Protein levels for some of these dierentially
expressed genes are evaluated by immunodetection to understand the
functional relevance of the molecular responses. Relationships between these
tissue-specic molecular responses and measured environmental stressors
are further evaluated at multiple environmental scales. Te integration of
ecological end-points along with gene expression and protein analyses will
provide a framework to test the feasibility of microarray technology as a tool
for detecting biological eects in environmental monitoring.
738 Genome-wide scan in polluted, natural populations using
454 pyrosequencing. L.M. Williams, Environmental and Molecular
Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; M.F. Oleksiak,
Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Populations
of the teleost sh Fundulus heteroclitus ourish in heavily polluted and
geographically separated sites. In these polluted populations, natural
selection likely has altered allele frequencies of loci that aect tness or
that are linked to these loci. To detect signatures of natural selection as
well as dene basic population genetic parameters in these populations,
454 pyrosequencing was performed. To maximize our ability to determine
within and between population parameters explored in this study,
162 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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approximately 300 loci in multiple individuals from each of ten populations
along the eastern coast of the United States were sequenced. Unlike many
genetic scan studies performed on non-model species past and present, this
study provides data not only on the abundance and distribution of loci for
population genetic analysis but also sequences of all the loci, facilitating
future molecular studies. Further, this study provides a framework through
which others may explore genetic diversity in myriad non-model organisms
where full genomic data is not yet available.
739 Development of gene expression biomarkers in the horse
mussel Modiolus modiolus (L.) for assessment of in situ exposure to
municipal wastewater euent. N. Veldhoen, C. Helbing, Biochemistry &
Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
C. Lowe, A. Mazumder, Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada; C. Lowe, C. Davis, Environmental Services, Capital
Regional District, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Te marine bivalve
Modiolus modiolus (L.) is a sentinel species used for the assessment of
potential biological exposure to anthropogenic contaminants in benthic
environments. Herein, we have developed real-time quantitative polymerase
chain reaction assays for twelve molecular biomarker candidates. Te levels
of each mRNA transcript were evaluated in adductor muscle, gonad, and
hepatopancreas tissue collected from animals located at a reference site and
a site near a preliminary municipal wastewater treatment outfall. Signicant
changes in mRNA abundance in animals located at the wastewater outfall
site were observed for catalase and NET/SCF6 in all three tissues examined,
identifying these transcripts as robust biomarkers for the detection of
euent exposure in M. modiolus. ABCA4 mRNA expression was altered
in the muscle, while HSP70 and rpS9 transcript abundance were increased
in the hepatopancreas. Tis highly sensitive gene expression screen will
complement existing endpoints in the evaluation of euent eects within
the marine environment.
740 Using gene expression ngerprints from largemouth bass
(Micropterus salmoides) to predict exposure to common environmental
contaminants. B.J. Carter, H.R. Hammers, EcoArray, Inc., Gainesville,
FL; B.C. Sanchez, M.S. Sepulveda, Forestry and Natural Resources,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; M.S. Sepulveda, School of Civil
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Te examination
of gene expression by microarray analysis is being used more frequently
in the eld of ecotoxicology to identify mechanisms of action of toxic
chemicals. It is possible to identify potential biomarkers from dierentially
expressed genes, especially when sh are exposed to contaminants under
controlled laboratory conditions. Te utility of microarrays will be increased
if we can use the patterns identied by these controlled studies to lead to
identication of similar patterns in wild-caught sh. Microarrays were used
to examine gene expression proles in the liver of largemouth bass (LMB;
Micropterus salmoides), a higher order species valuable for recreational
shing. To develop a preliminary database, adult male largemouth bass
were exposed to atrazine, phenanthrene, PCB 126, cadmium chloride,
and toxaphene for 96 hours. Gene expression proles for RNA from liver
tissue were developed using a 44K feature (approximately 17K genes)
oligonucleotide microarray developed by EcoArray, Inc. (Gainesville, FL).
Te gene expression proles (ngerprints) of dierentially expressed
genes associated with each of these exposure conditions and chemicals were
determined and placed in a database. LMB from two locations in Florida,
a clean and a polluted site, were collected by US FWC, and tissues were
harvested for analysis on microarrays. Additional sh were collected for
whole body burden content of organochloropesticides (OCPs). We ran livers
from both samples of bass on microarrays and analyzed the dierentially
expressed genes. Te goal was to match the gene expression ngerprint from
the polluted site to one of the known chemical ngerprints, thus predicting
which chemicals were present in the water using clustering and other
similarity analyses. To validate our results, we compared the microarray
results to the known water quality data from the two collection sites and to
the body burden data.
741 Comparison of Transcriptomic and Proteomic Expression
Patterns in Fathead Minnows Exposed to Trenbolone and Flutamide.
N.D. Denslow, C. Martyniuk, N. Garcia-Reyero, K.J. Kroll, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL; M.S. Seplveda, Purdue University, Lafayette,
IN; K.H. Watanabe, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton,
OR; E.F. Orlando, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Ratton, FL; D.L.
Villeneuve, G.T. Ankley, 5. U.S. EPA, ORD, NHEERL, MED, Duluth,
MN. Androgen signaling in the liver of fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) was examined both at the transcriptome and proteome levels.
We exposed female fathead minnows for 48 hr through the water to a
prototypical androgen (17-trenbolone, 5 g/L), to an antiandrogen
(utamide, 500 g/L) and to a combination of 17-trenbolone and
utamide to determine changes in gene and protein expression elicited by
the chemicals. Microarray analysis was performed with a fathead minnow
specic 4 X 44K oligonucleotide microarray, and proteomics experiments
were performed by LC MS/MS using iTRAQ as a quantitative labeling
method. Both the microarray and proteomics experiments indicate that
some genes are reciprocally regulated by the androgen and antiandrogen,
suggesting regulation through the androgen receptor(s). Other genes
appear to be regulated distinctly by the two compounds. Pathway analysis
suggests that many dierent cellular processes are regulated at the transcript
level, including mRNA splicing, cell adhesion, DNA replication, immune
response to pathogens, apoptosis, reproduction, angiogenesis, signal
transduction, and energy production. Pathways regulated at the protein
level include cell secretion, protein translation, catabolism, and tissue
dierentiation. A comparison of the two omic techniques shows that for
some genes changes in transcript level are in the same direction as changes
observed at the protein level. For other genes protein changes do not
correspond to transcript changes, suggesting additional control at the level
of translation. Tese complimentary analyses are being developed to identify
mechanism-specic biomarkers aected by alterations in androgen receptor
signaling. Tis information will be necessary for risk management in the
future.
742 Use of real-time PCR to quantitatively monitor antibiotic
resistance genes in the environment. C.W. Knapp, School of Civil
Engineering & Geoscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
United Kingdom. Te emergence and proliferation of antibiotic resistant
bacteria is a major public health concern. Te over-prescription or other
improper use of drugs promotes the development of resistant organisms,
which are released into the environment. Both antibiotics and antibiotic
resistance genes (ARG) are released into the environment; however, ARGs
persist and spread long after the drugs they target have dissipated. In fact,
eld results show that in situ ARG abundance and associated antibiotic
levels data rarely correlate. Furthermore, elevated ARG abundances have
been noted in areas where no selection by antibiotics was apparent. Given
this contradiction and our belief that resistance development is a greater
environmental problem than the detection of antibiotics, our focus shifted
in ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals to quantifying ARGs
rather than just antibiotics themselves. Here we present novel real-time,
quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods to track the presence, migration, and
fate of ARGs in the environment. Specic assays have been developed to
that quantify the main genetic determinants for tetracycline, erythromycin
and penicillin resistance, as well as for related transposons and integrons,
which are mobile gene cassettes that allow horizontal gene transfer from
one bacterium to another. A series of experiments will be described that
demonstrate how monitoring ARGs in bacteria can provide valuable
clues about selection pressures and horizontal gene transfer, and a better
understanding of ecological fate. Specically, evidence will be presented
using qPCR that much lower in situ antibiotic levels than previously
believed (20 ug/L) selects for ARGs in aquatic systems through transposon-
mediated horizontal gene transfer. Finally, the methods will be presented
as tools for monitoring the impact of urban, industrial, and agricultural
activities, which all can conditionally lead to ARG selection and migration,
and public health and environmental risk.
743 Toxicity of alkyl-PAHs in the embryo-larval stages of sh.
J. Scott, P.V. Hodson, Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada. Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs) are
often the predominant form of PAHs in complex mixtures. In the embryo-
larval stages of sh, chronic exposures to 2 to 4-ringed alkyl-PAHs are
known to produce a suite of abnormalities similar to that of 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Te mechanism of toxicity of
alkyl-PAH toxicity is thought to be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon
receptor (AhR) pathway and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, with
the cardiovascular system as the primary target. Te toxicity and toxic
mechanisms of alkyl-PAHs often dier from that of the unsubstituted
PAHs, which may be due, in part, to dierences in lipophilicity (i.e.,
dierent pharmacokinetics and AhR anity) and the nature of phase I
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 163
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and phase II metabolites. Alkyl group hydroxylation in phase I metabolism
is unique to alkyl-PAHs, and may lead to the formation of carbocation
derivatives after sulfation. Indeed, benzylic alcohols, not phenols, have
been identied as the primary metabolites of retene (7-isopropyl-1-
methylphenanthrene). Retene exposures produce AhR2-dependent dioxin-
like toxicity independent of CYP1A, in contrast to the AhR2-independent
atrio-ventricular conduction block observed in phenanthrene-exposed
zebrash embryos. In addition, the toxicity among alkyl-PAHs varies
with ring number and pattern of alkyl group substitution. For example,
alkyl-phenanthrenes are more toxic than naphthalenes, and are generally
more toxic when substituted in the 1, 7-positions. In summary, alkyl-
PAH toxicity: (1) is similar to that of TCDD; (2) diers from parent PAH
toxicity and among alkylated homologues; (3) may result from an altered
regulation of AhR-responsive genes; and (3) may involve CYP enzymes
other than CYP1A, and carbocation formation. Tus, current mechanism-
based risk assessment models of PAHs may be oversimplied, and further
analysis of quantitative structure activity relationships among of PAHs is
needed.
744 Cardiac arrhythmia is the primary response of embryonic
Pacic herring (Clupea pallasii) exposed to crude oil during weathering.
J. Incardona, H. Day, C. Sloan, J. Bolton, T. Collier, N. Scholz, NOAA
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA; M. Carls, NOAA Auke
Bay Lab, Juneau, AK. Embryos of a variety of sh species develop a
common syndrome characterized by edema when exposed to water that
weathers substrates contaminated with crude oil. Studies using the zebrash
model demonstrated that crude oil exposure causes cardiogenic edema,
and that the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
crude oils (tricyclic uorenes, dibenzothiophenes, and phenanthrenes) are
cardiotoxic though a pathway that does not require activation of the aryl
hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We demonstrate here that, as in zebrash, the
developing heart is the primary target of oil exposure in Pacic herring, a
species impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Herring embryos exposed to
the euent of oiled gravel columns developed dose-dependent edema and
irregular cardiac arrhythmia soon after the heartbeat was established, eects
that are inconsistent with canonical AHR agonism. At the lowest tested
dose, tissue levels of tricyclic PAHs were below 1 mol/kg, suggesting a
specic, high anity target involved in the electrophysiological properties of
the myocardium, specialized conduction cells, or pacemaker (e.g. a channel
protein). Tese ndings have implications for the mechanism of tricyclic
PAH cardiotoxicity, the development of biomarkers for the eects of PAH
exposure in sh, and understanding the long term impacts of oil spills and
other PAH pollution.
745 Mechanisms underlying the synergistic embryotoxicity of
PAH AHR agonists and CYP1A inhibitors in sh models. C.W. Matson,
A.R. Timme-Laragy, R.T. Di Giulio, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Several PAHs have been shown to interact synergistically, causing extreme
teratogenicity in developing sh embryos. Te coexposure of CYP1A
inhibitors (e.g. uoranthene, ANF) with AHR agonists (e.g. BaP, BNF, BkF)
results in a synergistic increase in toxicity. Te reduction in CYP1A activity
is thought to account for the marked synergistic teratogenicity observed in
coexposed embryos, eects not observed in embryos exposed to comparable
doses of these compounds independently. We have also conrmed that
this synergistic interaction with CYP1A inhibition is governed solely at
the protein level, and not by alterations in mRNA expression. CYP1A
mRNA was as high or higher in the coexposed sh, which contrasts
sharply with CYP1A enzyme activity which is reduced. To conrm the
role of CYP1A inhibition, we have also shown that CYP1A morpholinos
exacerbate the embryotoxicity of AHR agonists in both zebrash and
Fundulus heteroclitus. While CYP1A morpholinos and chemical inhibitors
both exacerbate embryotoxicity, hypoxia-induced reductions in CYP1A
expression do not increase toxicity. Tis is likely a result of hypoxia reducing
CYP1A through a global reduction in AHR pathway signaling. Tese data
combined, support a model in which an unbalanced AHR response results
in embryotoxicity. Tis diers from either an increase or decrease in overall
AHR signaling. Simple induction of AHR activation with many PAHs
has no eect of embryonic development. Additionally, a reduction of the
overall AHR response, via AHR2 morpholinos, is protective of this PAH
synergistic embryotoxicity in both Fundulus and zebrash. Tere is also
signicant interest in determining how AHR alterations are translated into
cardiovascular defects. In zebrash, redox responsive genes are upregulated
by coexposures, suggesting a role for oxidative damage in observed
embryotoxicity. And recent work with a NRF2 morpholino in zebrash
supports a role for oxidative stress in PAH synergistic embryotoxicity.
Data from a recently completed microarray experiment with zebrash are
currently being analyzed and may shed additional light on mechanisms
underlying synergistic PAH teratogenicity. Duke SBRP (P42 ES10356),
ITEHP (T32 ES07031).
746 Molecular Consequences of Fundulus Embryo, Larval and
Adult BaP Exposure. K.L. Willett, L. Wang, W. Dong, C. Tornton,
Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, University of Mississippi,
University, MS; A. Camus, Dept. of Pathology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. We have been investigating
the hypothesis that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in benzo(a)
pyrene (BaP) carcinogenicity and endocrine disruption. Specically we have
studied the roles of CYP1A and CYP1C1 in bioactivating BaP to DNA
reactive metabolites which are capable of inducing liver pathologies and
their roles in embryo toxicity. In addition, we have found that BaP inhibits
CYP19 mRNA expression and enzyme activity potentially impacting
reproduction and development at key stages. For these studies Fundulus
heteroclitus embryos or adults were exposed to 0, 10 or 100 g/L BaP for
either 10 or 15 days, respectively. In embryos both CYP1A (330-fold) and
CYP1C1 (18-fold) mRNAs were highly induced by BaP, but CYP1C1
expression was constitutively higher. BaP also signicantly induced CYP1C1
mRNA in adult heart, gill and liver tissues. Importantly, cardiac and
liver tissue are the targets of PAH embryo- and geno-toxicities suggesting
the possible role of CYP1C1 in the mechanism of action. To study BaP
carcinogenicity, larvae were exposed to 0 or 5 mg/L BaP twice for 6 hr at
one and two weeks old. Larvae were collected at 0, 6, 18, and 24 hr after
second exposure and CYP1A protein was induced within 6 hours. In order
to further investigate the potential CYP1 expression in neoplastic tissue,
exposed Fundulus were grown out for 8 months, necropsied, and examined
for gross lesions. Histopathologic ndings included the presence of foci
of cellular alteration (eosinophilic and basophilic foci), granulomas and
hepatocellular carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure
CYP1 induction and PAH-DNA adduct formation on larvae or adult livers
sections. In addition to its eects on CYP1, BaP also altered CYP19 mRNA
expression in Fundulus as measured by in situ hybridization. Specically,
CYP19A1 mRNA expression was signicantly decreased in immature
oocytes of 3 month old Fundulus, but not at any stage in oocytes from
adults. However, ovarian aromatase activity was decreased. In contrast,
CYP19A2 was signicantly decreased in both embryo and adult brain
regions but no inhibition in brain aromatase was detected. Supported by
NIEHS funding: R01ES012710.
747 Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog) adapted to PAHs are
cross-resistant to multiple insecticides. B.W. Clark, R.T. Di Giulio,
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC;
S. Butters, Carolina Friends School, Durham, NC. Te mummichog
(Fundulus heteroclitus) population at the Atlantic Wood Superfund site on
the Elizabeth River (ER), VA has developed resistance to the acute toxicity
and teratogenic eects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
ER sediments. To fully understand the consequences of adaptation to
chronic pollution, it is important to investigate the tradeos associated
with resistance. Previous research has demonstrated that although ER sh
are resistant to PAHs, they are more sensitive to hypoxia and uoranthene-
mediated phototoxicity. Herein we compare the susceptibility to several
pesticides of ER sh to that of reference site sh (Kings Creek, VA; KC). An
important component of the PAH adaptation of ER sh is down-regulation
of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway resulting in decreased
cytochrome p450 (CYP) 1 activity. Terefore, we hypothesized that ER
sh would be more susceptible to the pyrethroid permethrin (detoxied by
CYP) and less susceptible to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (activated by
CYP). Comparison of acute toxicity in 5-day-old hatchlings supported this
hypothesis for chlorpyrifos. Furthermore, co-exposure to -naphthoavone
(BNF, CYP inducer) enhanced the susceptibility of KC but not ER sh,
conrming a role for CYP activation. Surprisingly, ER hatchlings were
much less susceptible to permethrin than KC hatchlings. However, co-
exposure to BNF greatly increased survival of KC sh, indicating that
metabolism of permethrin by CYP was protective. Additionally, embryos
from each population were compared for susceptibility to the carbamate
carbaryl, a neurotoxicant, but also a weak AHR agonist that induces
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teratogenic eects similar to PAHs. Again, ER sh were less susceptible
than KC sh. Furthermore, morpholino knockdown of the AHR in KC sh
did not protect from toxicity, demonstrating that down-regulation of the
AHR pathway is probably not responsible for the resistance of ER embryos
to carbaryl. Tese results suggest that the adaptive phenotype of ER sh is
multi-faceted and that aspects other than CYP response are likely to greatly
aect their response to contaminants. Support from the NIEHS-supported
Superfund Basic Research Program at Duke University (P42ES10356) and
Integrated Toxicology Program (T32ES07031).
748 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation disrupts cortisol
response by targeting multiple pathways along the stress axis in trout.
N. Aluru, M. Vijayan, Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada. It is well established that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) disrupts
the evolutionarily conserved adaptive cortisol response to stressor exposure
in teleosts. Tis was thought to involve aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)
activation but the target tissues impacted and the molecular mechanisms
concerned are not well understood. We utilized a pharmacological approach,
using AHR agonist (beta-naphthoavone; BNF) and antagonist (resveratrol;
RVT), to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the stress axis
dysfunction associated with AHR activation. Juvenile rainbow trout were
fed either control feed, BNF (10 mg/kg body mass/day), RVT (20 mg/
kg body mass/day) or a combination of BNF and RVT-laced feeds for 5
days, following which they were subjected to an acute stressor and allowed
to recover over a 24 h period. BNF suppressed the acute stressor-induced
transient elevation in plasma cortisol levels and mRNA abundances of key
steroidogenic enzymes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
(StAR) and P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc), in the interrenal tissue
of trout. Tis BNF-mediated response was abolished in the presence of
RVT, suggesting a direct role for AHR in disrupting corticosteroidogenesis.
Furthermore, using a custom made low density targeted trout cDNA
microarray we investigated the brain transcriptomics in response to AHR
activation. BNF treatment impacted the expression of key genes involved
in the neuroendocrine control of hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal
(HPI) axis function in trout. However, while some of the BNF-mediated
transcriptional response was abolished by RVT, the majority of changes in
gene expression were AHR-independent. Taken together, our results for the
rst time demonstrate that multiple pathways along the HPI axis are targets
for AHR-mediated stress axis dysfunction, providing a mechanistic link
between PCBs exposure and corticosteroid disruption in sh.
749 Can one contaminant reduce the toxicity of another? A
mixture of endocrine disruptors in white sturgeon. A. Palumbo, M.
Denison, R.S. Tjeerdema, University of California, Davis, CA; S. Doroshov,
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA. White sturgeon are
native to the Sacramento River and subject to agricultural, municipal
and industrial waste water euents that likely contain dierent classes of
endocrine-disrupting contaminants. It is our hypothesis that compounds
with Ah receptor activity can diminish the eect of estrogen mimicking
contaminants. Reductions in 17beta-estradiol-induced vitellogenin levels
were observed in white sturgeon co-injected with -naphthoavone (BNF,
50 mg/kg), an Ah receptor agonist. Te inhibition was maximal when the
compounds were injected simultaneously versus prior treatment of sh with
BNF. Tis timing of the eect compared to increases in ethoxyresorun-
O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggests that the eect is not directly due
to enhanced estrogen metabolism by the Ah receptor-induced enzymes.
Results of this study will be relevant for those with monitoring programs
who measure vitellogenin, as it is important to understand how Ah (dioxin)
receptor active environmental contaminants can inuence this endpoint.
750 Size dependent membrane perturbation of PAHs in biological
membranes. B. Escher, T. Wthrich, J. Kwon, Environmental Toxicology,
EAWAG, Dbendorf, Switzerland; J. Kwon, Ajou University, Wonchun-
dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea. Te bulkiness of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) may potentially aect the uptake into
biological membranes, passive diusion through membranes and might
disturb the membrane structure and integrity. Te eects of PAH on
biological membranes were therefore investigated to test these hypotheses.
Te in-vitro Kinspec test was developed for measuring baseline toxicity
and membrane perturbation in isolated membranes of a photosynthetic
bacterium. However, high membrane density and low aqueous solubility of
hydrophobic chemicals limits applicability of this assay. Tese limitations
were overcome by introducing a kinetically controlled dosing system.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) loaded with PAHs was used to expose
solutions containing membranes. Key advantages of this system are avoiding
co-solvent and the ability to generate stable exposures up to the solubility
of test substances. Method development included determination of PDMS-
water, liposome-water and chromatophore-water partition coecients,
desorption rates and diusion resistances in both PDMS and membrane
suspensions. Partitioning to liposomes and membrane vesicles was linear
correlated to hydrophobicity expressed as octanol water partition coecient
up to a log Kow of 7, indicating that there is no size cut-o for partitioning
into biological membranes. However, the bulkier, the more the PAH
disturbed the membrane integrity. Observed perturbations in membrane
potential were related to membrane concentrations of the PAHs and were
found to be of the same magnitude as lethal body burdens of narcotics
reported in in-vivo toxicity tests for three-ring PAHs but were signicantly
lower for higher-ring PAHs. Tese results indicate that the more
hydrophobic PAHs behave classically in the toxicokinetics but show special
features in the toxicodynamics of membrane toxicity. Tis observation
is also relevant with respect to the specic modes of toxic action of PAH
because before eliciting such eects they have to reach their target site and
this involves in most cases crossing membrane barriers.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 165
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MP1 Investigating the Eco-toxicity of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots
in the Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. T.M. Blickley, D. Rittschof,
Marine Science & Conservation, Duke University, Beaufort, NC; T.M.
Blickley, P. McClellan-Green, D. Rittschof, Integrated Toxicology &
Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC; P.
McClellan-Green, Molecular Science & Toxicology, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC. Quantum dots are semi-conducting nanocrystals
that are being engineered for applications including bio-imaging, electronic
displays, telecommunications, solar cells, and security inks. It is their
unique physical, chemical, and optical properties that have spurred their
commercial development; however, its not known whether these materials
can be used and discarded without environmental consequence. We
investigated the eects of lecithin coated-CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs)
on various life stages of the marine teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. Adult
Fundulus were fed 1 or 10 g of QDs /sh/day in food-gelatin cubes over
a period of 5 weeks. While the QDs were not acutely toxic, there was a
decline in the average cumulative number of eggs produced by the high
dose treatment when compared with a lecithin control. Examination of
the embryos revealed no morphological abnormalities due to exposure
and hatching success was comparable with controls. Adult liver tissues
were examined for oxidative stress biomarkers. While lipid peroxidation
levels were consistent with controls, glutathione levels increased with QD
concentration. Liver histopathology suggests that lecithin increases the
lipid content in this organ. Longer dosing periods are being examined for
additional eects on adults and their progeny.
MP2 Acute and reproductive toxicity of metal oxides to earthworms
(Eisenia fetida). B. Qi, M.K. Long, J. Pierce, J.E. Caas, Environmental
Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Nanotechnology is
improving the quality of life from consumer products to health care.
However, recent studies have indicated that manufactured nanomaterials
used in these technologies are toxic to aquatic organisms and rodents.
In 2006, the National Science and Technology Council Subcommittee
outlined the need to determine the biological response to manufactured
nanomaterials related to environmental problems and human health. To
date, the major focus of research has been in aquatic environments with very
little terrestrial data. Terefore, the objective of this study is to determine
the toxicity of one type of manufactured nanomaterial (metal oxide) in a
terrestrial system. Tis research will characterize the acute and reproductive
toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) to earthworms
(Eisenia fetida). Earthworms are a good ecotoxicological model because they
are near the bottom of the terrestrial food chain and are easy to work with
in the laboratory. We hypothesize that the metal oxides will exhibit acute
and reproductive toxicity in the earthworms. Acute toxicity will be assessed
based on mortality during a 14 d exposure. Reproduction of E. fetida will
be examined following a 4-week period by counting the number of cocoons
produced. Te research is underway and data from this study will be
valuable for the elds of nanotoxicology and ecological risk assessment.
MP3 Te Eects of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTS)
on Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants. M.K. Long, B. Qi, J.E. Caas,
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
TX; L. Dai, Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
TX. In terrestrial environments there has been very little research on
the potential toxic eects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs).
Applications of SWNTs range from cosmetic to medical to commercial,
and as such SWNTS have gained exponential popularity over the past few
years. Technology today has taken advantage of the novel properties of
SWNTs with an emphasis on their strength and electrical conductance.
Te tendency for SWNTs to agglomerate and form a network or sheet is
responsible for these properties. Te sheets property, however, is cause for
concern in biological systems. Preliminary studies indicated a reduction in
surface area of roots when exposed to SWNTs, resulting in inhibition of
root elongation, possibly due to SWNTs sheets on the roots. Te presence
of SWNT sheets may aect how plants function in a soil system. Terefore,
additional research is currently underway to determine if the presence
of SWNTs in soil will impact the uptake of heavy metals and nutrients
into plants. Four plant species (three crop tomatoes, lettuce and carrots
and one metallophyte Alpine Penny-cress) will be exposed to varying
concentrations of SWNTs in a metal contaminated soil from a smelter site.
Te crops species are routinely used in phytotoxicity studies. Alpine Penny-
cress is a metallophyte known to hyperaccumulate and tolerate heavy metals
and is widely used in phytoremediation. Nutrient uptake and hence plant
activity and growth will also be evaluated in the presence of SWNTs. All
plants will be grown to almost full maturity in a growth chamber. Heavy
metal concentrations of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in plants will
be analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy via ame and graphite
furnace methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) will be used to observe and qualitatively
determine uptake of the nanomaterials into the plants. Plant activity will be
determined during using a Li-Cor 6400.
MP4 Eects of Ingested Engineered Carbon Nanomaterials on
Zooplankton. L. Taylor, M. Alloy, A. Roberts, Institute of Applied Sciences,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX; A. Edgington, S. Klaine, Clemson
University, Pendleton, SC. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing industry,
and increased manufacturing and use of engineered nanoparticles will
likely increase their deposition into aquatic ecosystems. However, relatively
little is known about the potential impacts of engineered nanoparticles on
aquatic biota. Particularly relevant to aquatic ecosystems are those particles
which display increased solubility either through specialized coatings or
through an ability to interact with water column constituents such as
natural organic matter. Previous research indicated that grazing zooplankton
(Daphnia magna) were able to ingest lipid-coated single walled carbon
nanotubes (SWNTs) from the water column during their normal feeding
behavior. While SWNTs were observed to ll the gut of the zooplankton,
they were easily egested, and acute mortality was observed only at high
concentrations (>5mg/L). Te purpose of this research was to examine the
potential for sublethal eects to occur at lower concentrations following
ingestion of solubilized engineered carbon nanomaterials. D. magna and
C. dubia were exposed to a range of concentrations of multiwalled carbon
nanotubes (0.1 -1mg/L) suspended in water using natural organic matter.
Survival was monitored in each species for the duration of the test period
(7 days for C. dubia and 4 days for D. magna). In order to assess sublethal
eects, reproduction was monitored in C. dubia. We hypothesized that the
accumulation of nanotubes in the gut tract of zooplankton would decrease
their ability to take up normal food (algae) and, thus, growth (dry mass
per individual) was measured in both species using an electromicrobalance.
No signicant eect on survival of either species was observed at any of the
concentrations tested. However, C. dubia reproduction was signicantly
decreased by 50% at concentrations > 0.25mg/L. Growth in both species
was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner. Although we observed
no evidence that the MWNTs were taken up across the gut membrane, we
have shown that simply ingesting the materials can lead to signicant toxic
eects in zooplankton through the inhibition of normal feeding activity.
MP5 Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano aluminum
oxide. J.K. Stanley, J.A. Steevens, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Nano-aluminum is used as an
oxidizer in energetics and propellants due to its high energy release and
burning rate and low ignition time during its oxidation to aluminum oxide
(Al
2
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abrasives and for the polishing of optics and jewelry. Because nano-Al
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is largely insoluble in water, we investigated its sediment toxicity and
bioaccumulation using the invertebrates Hyalella azteca, Tubifex tubifex,
Lumbriculus variegatus, and Corbicula uminea in 10 to 28 day bioassays.
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano- (nominal diameter = 11 nm) and
bulk-Al
2
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(nominal diameter = 50-200 m) were compared. Confocal
microscopy was used to examine organismal distribution of nano-Al
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after staining with the aluminum-specic uorescent stain lumogallion.
Bioaccumulation factors for nano-Al
2
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equal to those for bulk-Al
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concentrations. Tus, our results support a nding of low environmental
risk of nano-Al
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MP6 Eco-toxicogenomics of CdTe quantum dots in rainbow trout.
K. Bull, F. Gagn, Fluvial Ecosystem Research, Environment Canada,
Montral, Quebec, Canada; L. Yu, H. Osacho, G.C. van Aggelen, Pacic
Environmental Science Centre, Environment Canada, North Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada. Te purpose of this study was to examine the
toxic eects of cadmium-telluride (CdTe) quantum dots on gene expression
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout (4-6 g) were
exposed to increasing concentrations of CdTe (0, 1.0, 1.8, 5.6 g/L Cd)
and cadmium sulphate (CdSO4, 0, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 g/L Cd) for 96 h at
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15C. Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue and reverse transcribed to
cDNA. A two-channel reference design was used, in which Cy5-labelled
cDNA and a Cy3-labelled universal DNA reference (UDR) were hybridized
to 207-gene rainbow trout cDNA microarrays. Characterization of CdTe
(proportion of particulate versus molecular form of Cd) was also conducted.
Analysis of the microarray data showed eects of CdTe and CdSO4 on
the expression of several classes of genes, including binding/transport,
endocrine, immune, metabolism, oncogene, proteolysis, signal transduction,
structural and transcription. A total of 43 genes responded to only CdTe, 13
to only CdSO4, and 8 to both CdTe and CdSO4. Biomarkers of exposure
to estrogenic compounds, such as vitellogenin and vitelline envelope
proteins were upregulated in rainbow trout exposed to CdTe but not in
those exposed to CdSO4, indicating metallo-estrogenic eects of CdTe.
Validation of the microarray data by reverse transcription-quantitative
PCR (RT-qPCR) is in progress. Te metallo-estrogenic eects of CdTe in
particular are being examined. In conclusion, the gene expression prole
of rainbow trout exposed to CdTe diers from those exposed to CdSO4,
allowing the identication of biomarkers and potential mechanisms of
toxicity of the particulate versus molecular form of cadmium.
MP7 Growth inhibition of green algae (S. capricornutum) when
exposed to C60 water suspesions. R. Vadan, G.P. Cobb, T.A. Anderson,
J.E. Caas, S.B. Cox, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock, TX. Buckminsterfullerenes (C60) are a class of carbon
nanomaterials with potential risk for the environment because of their
chemical characteristics and numerous applications. Te solubility of C60
in water is negligible, however, C60 can form stable suspensions in water
if stirred for a long period of time in the presence of simulated sunlight.
In this study we compared the eects of C60 aggregate size and simulated
sunlight pre-exposure on the toxicity of C60 water suspensions to green
algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). To our knowledge, this is the rst study
that addresses the eect of simulated sunlight pre-exposure on the toxicity
of C60 water suspensions. Two C60 suspensions were prepared by stirring
pristine C60 in water for two months in the presence of simulated sunlight
followed by ltration through 450 and 220 nm lters. Each C60 water
suspension was divided in two parts: one part was pre-exposed to simulated
sunlight and another one was placed in the dark. Te inhibition of S.
capricornutum growth when exposed to C60 suspensions was measured.
Results indicate that the 220 nm C60 suspensions are much more toxic
than 450 nm C60 suspensions and 220 nm C60 suspensions are much
more toxic when pre-exposed to sunlight. 450 nm C60 suspensions were
slightly toxic to algae in the concentration range of 35.1-537.8 ng/mL, but
with no clear dose-response curve. Te sunlight pre-exposure did not have
any eect on the toxicity of 450 nm C60 suspensions. Te toxicity of 220
nm C60 suspensions followed a dose-response curve with IC50s of 6.3
and 119.03 ng/mL for 220 nm C60 suspensions exposed to sunlight and
220 nm C60 suspensions kept in the dark respectively. We observed algae
growth inhibition within the concentration range of 1.8-8.2 ng/mL for
220 nm C60 suspensions exposed to sunlight and 41.9-334 ng/mL for 220
nm C60 suspensions kept in the dark. At concentrations of 0.032-1.025
ng/mL 220 nm C60 suspensions exposed to sunlight and 0.65-41.75 ng/
mL 220 nm C60 suspensions kept in the dark, algae growth was slightly
stimulated. Tus, 220 nm C60 suspensions are more toxic to algae than 450
nm suspensions and the toxicity of 220 nm C60 suspensions increases with
pre-exposure to simulated sunlight.
MP8 Distribution of C60 nano particles in the blood and brain
of Cyprinus carpio. N. Shinohara, M. Gamo, Y. Yonezawa, J. Nakanishi,
Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National
Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan; T. Matsumoto, Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd., Yokohama,
Kanagawa, Japan; S. Endo, A. Miyauchi, Institute for Environmental
Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Science and
Technology (AIST), Yokohama, Tsukuba, Japan. Fullerene C60, discovered
in 1985, is composed of only carbon and has a soccer ball-like structure
(Kroto et al. 1985). Fullerene C60 has unique physical and chemical
properties and has been a candidate for widespread applications in industrial
and medical areas, such as energy conversion and drug delivery. Oberdster
(2004) reported that 24-h exposure to 0.5 mg/L of the C60 suspension
(30 ~ 100 nm), which was prepared by using tetrahydrofuran (THF-
nC60), induced signicant lipid peroxidation in the brains of the juvenile
largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Te transfer of C60 to the brain
has, however, not yet been conrmed. Here, we aimed to clarify whether
fullerene C60 was transferred to the brain of Cyprinus carpio by exposing
the brain to nano-size fullerene C60. First, a stable and well-characterized
aqueous suspension of nano-size C60 was prepared by using 0.1% tween 80
as a surfactant and an ultra apex mill. Te diameter and zeta potential of the
particle were 36.1 nm (50 percentile) and 18.6 mV, respectively. Tereafter,
an in vivo experiment exposing C. carpio to 4.5 mg/L of nano-size C60 for
48-h was conducted; the concentration of C60 in the blood and brain of
the sh was measured by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)
analysis. No sh was dead and showed abnormal symptoms during exposure
in both of control and nano C60 exposure groups. Lipid in the brain of
C. carpio was conrmed not to be peroxidized by the 48-h exposure to
aqueous suspension of nano-size C60 at 4.5 mg/L, and detectable amount
of nano C60 particles are not transferred to brain of C. carpio through the
blood-brain barrier. [References] Kroto HW, Heath JR, Obrien SC, Curl
RF, Smalley RE (1985) C-60 Buckminster fullerene. Nature 318 (6042):
162-163. Oberdster, E (2004). Manufactured nanomaterials (Fullerenes,
C-60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass.
Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (10): 1058-1062.
MP9 Comparing the toxicity of CuO nanoparticles and soluble
Cu aecting Landholtia punctata. J. Shi, Environmental Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; J. Shi, K. Hristova,
W.K. Silk, Land, Air, and Water Resources, U.C. Davis, Davis, CA; B.M.
Kumfer, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis,
CA. Metal oxide nanoparticles are receiving increasing attention in a large
variety of applications; however, the potential toxicity of these materials
is not known. In this study CuO nanoparticles and comparable doses of
ionic Cu were applied to duckweeds, oating aquatic, monocotyledonous
plants with worldwide distribution in ponds, sloughs, and irrigation ditches.
CuO nanoparticles were synthesized in a hydrogen diusion ame. Particle
size (mean diameter of 43nm) and morphology were characterized using
a scanning mobility particle sizer and transmission electron microscopy.
Eects of the nanoparticles on growth of Landholtia punctata, Cu uptake
and pigment concentration (chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoids)
were determined and compared to the eect of ionic Cu. Duckweeds were
grown in Hoaglands solution for nine days, corresponding to 3.8 frond
doubling times for controls. Te solubility of CuO nanoparticles varies
with both pH and the presence of other ions. Approximately 3.7% of
nanoparticles dissolved in water at pH 6.0, while 65% dissolved at pH 3.2
in Hoaglands solution. Preliminary results indicate that nanoparticulate
CuO may inhibit growth more than can be accounted for by the soluble
Cu present in the nanoparticulate suspension. Compared to controls, the
frond growth was inhibited around 25% by either 0.5 ppm soluble copper
or by 0.625 ppm CuO nanoparticles that release only 0.35 ppm dissolved
Cu in the growth medium. Te frond growth was inhibited 50% by 1.0
ppm CuO nanoparticles that release approximately 0.6 ppm dissolved Cu
in the growth medium. A signicant decrease of the three photosynthetic
pigments was observed in plants stressed by 1.5 ppm CuO nanoparticles.
In contrast, a slight increase of pigments was found in the comparable 0.5
ppm soluble Cu treatment. Te Cu contents in duckweeds exposed to 1.5
ppm CuO nanoparticles is 2.7-fold higher than those in 0.5 ppm soluble
Cu treatments. Our preliminary results suggest that the potential toxicity of
CuO nanoparticles to aquatic plants is mediated not only by the release of
soluble Cu, but also by some aspect of the nanoparticulate structure.
MP10 Silver nanoparticles acute toxicity on Daphnia magna and
Oryzias latipes. J. Kim, S. Lee, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT),
Daejeon, South Korea. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in various
elds these days. However, little is known regarding toxicity of AgNPs
in the environment. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of
AgNPs using Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes. AgNPs were obtained
from commercial sources and 60, 150, 250 and 300 nm were used in this
experiment. Before the toxicity test, the fates of AgNPs were characterized
in water. Te particle size distribution was dierent depending on time
and the components of water. Most of the particles were agglomerated
and aggregated during the experiment. In TEM analysis, it was found that
some particles still exist in the suspension after 48hr. For the Daphnia test,
stock suspensions were prepared by ultrasonication and ltered through
450nm lters. Te ltered solutions were diluted to create test solutions
where neonates (age<24hr) were exposed. On the other hand, sh was
exposed to the non-ltered suspension to examine toxic eects of particles
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in non-dissolved fraction. Te test solutions were analyzed by inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometery at the start and end of the test. ISE
(Ion Selective Electrode) was used to measure the silver ion concentration
in the test solutions. However, the concentration of silver ion was below
the detection limit of ISE. Te low concentration of silver ion was assumed
to be caused by not only small particle dissolution but also the formation
of silver compounds such as AgCl, Ag2O, Ag2CO3 in M4 medium.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was applied for preconcentration and
determination of silver ion. Synthesized 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-silica gel
was used as a sorbent for the method. Te toxicity of silver nanoparticles
on Daphnia magna was very high but there was no signicant eect caused
by the dierent size of nanoparticles. In the sh test, AgNPs were less
toxic than Daphnia and there was also no signicant dierent between
the acute toxicity values of dierent size of AgNPs based on the total silver
concentration measured in the dissolved fraction of the suspension. Te
acute toxicity values of AgNPs were similar to those of nitric acid and the
free silver ion, Ag+, was known to be highly toxic to freshwater organisms.
In addition, the silver concentration analyzed in sh body did not have
dose-response relationship. Tese results suggest that the toxicity of AgNPs
is mostly caused by their metallic ions.
MP11 Te Inuence of Natural Organic Matter on the Fate and
Eects of Carbon Nanomaterials. A.J. Edgington, S.J. Klaine, Clemson
University, Pendleton, SC. Te potential use of carbon-based nanomaterials
continues to grow exponentially. From biomedical to material science
applications the use of these materials will result in signicant quantities
of nanoparticles entering the aquatic environment. Te solubility and
bioavailability of these compounds may be inuenced by the water quality
of the receiving stream. Natural organic matter (NOM), for example, has
been shown to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble organics. Recently,
the stability of multi-walled carbon nanotube suspensions was increased
in the presence of NOM. Te goal of this study was to characterize the
inuence of NOM on the fate and bioavailability of C-60 and C-70
fullerenes. Te stability of each carbon fullerene suspension was assessed as a
function of NOM concentrations. Te data suggests that these hydrophobic
materials can be stabilized in suspensions as nanoparticle-NOM complexes.
Te bioavailability and toxicity of these stable nanoparticle suspensions
were then characterized using standard acute and chronic Daphnia magna
bioassays. Te nanoparticle-NOM complex was characterized using
Dynamic Light Scattering to determine particle size overtime. Finally
scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to
visually characterize nanoparticle-NOM complex as well explore ingested
materials within the D. magna gut tract.
MP12 Dierential Toxicity to Sediment Organisms as a Result
of Varied Multi-Walled Nanotube Preparation Methods. J.D. Goss,
SpecPro Inc., Vicksburg, MS; A.J. Kennedy, J.A. Steevens, U.S. Army
Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Advances
in nanotechnology are projected to enhance warghter support for the
U.S. Army in areas such as improved weaponry and enhanced armor as
well as commercial applications of plastics, conductive materials, fuel
cells, recreation equipment and reinforced composites. However, there
is increasing concern about the widespread use of nanomaterials, such
as carbon nanotubes, due to a paucity of environmental fate and eects
information. Previous studies have shown that dierent preparation
methods for multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) can greatly aect their
toxicity to organisms in sediment and water. Tere is a need to determine
which preparation method best simulates environmentally realistic exposure
scenarios. Preparations of MWNT were either probe sonicated (10 minutes
then stirred for 1 hour) or magnetically stirred (1 hour) before addition
to sediment or aqueous solutions. Our data suggest that natural organic
matter (NOM), in particular humic acid, can increase the stability of
MWNT dispersions more than fulvic acid. We observed that MWNT
eective diameter (measured by dynamic light scattering) and particle
charge (measured by zeta potential) remained unchanged while the MWNT
concentration increased with stirring in a 7-d stirred water column settling
experiment with humic acid. Due to the results of the water column studies
we determined that in the absence of signicant levels of humic acid the
MWNT are predicted to go to the sediment. Sediment bioassays using the
amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus, showed that sonication of MWNT
decreased survival more than in stirred treatments over a 10-d test period.
Sediments containing sonicated MWNT were homogenous and black,
suggesting that the MWNT were well dispersed whereas the stirred MWNT
were more aggregated in the sediment. Hyalella azteca sediment bioassays
were also conducted with MWNT stirred and sonicated treatments.
Mortality was also observed to be higher in sonicated treatments in the H.
azteca exposures. Our results show that sonicated MWNT are more toxic
to organisms than those dispersed by stirring, possibly due to the MWNT
breaking apart into smaller pieces upon sonication. Ongoing research is to
be conducted to determine the appropriate spiking methods for sediment
exposures with MWNT and which organism best displays possible
ecotoxicological eects.
MP13 Eects of functionalized fullerenes (fC
60
) and their
interaction with bifenthrin on Daphnia magna. K.A. Brausch, J.D.
Maul, Te Institute of Environmental and Human Health and Department
of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
Nanotechnology is a growing industry, yet the impacts of nanomaterials
both alone and in combination with other contaminants is largely
unknown. Te potential exists for the combination of these compounds to
result in eects that are markedly dierent than for each contaminant alone.
Currently, nanomaterials are being examined for possible use in agricultural
applications including smart delivery systems and nanosensors. Terefore,
it is likely that nanomaterials will occur in the environment as mixtures
with agricultural chemicals. Te interaction eects of a functionalized
fullerene ((1,2-methanofullerene C
60
)-61-carboxylic acid) (fC
60
) at 50 g/L
and bifenthrin, a hydrophobic pyrethroid insecticide, were examined on
Daphnia magna survival, reproduction, and time to rst brood over a 10-d
period. Nanomaterial suspensions were prepared using sonication. D. magna
were exposed to nominal bifenthrin concentrations of 0.001, 0.006, 0.030,
0.15, and 0.75 g/L, both alone and in combination with fC
60
. Preliminary
results indicate that fC
60
reduced bifenthrin toxicity at the highest
concentration tested. Bifenthrin at 0.75 g/L resulted in signicantly greater
mortality alone (40%) than in combination with fC
60
(10%) (p < 0.001).
Additionally, reproduction was signicantly greater for the combination of
fC
60
and bifenthrin than bifenthrin-only exposures (p < 0.001). Tis trend
was not observed at lower bifenthrin concentrations. At all concentrations
tested, time to rst brood did not dier between bifenthrin alone and
in combination with fC
60
. Increased variation for all endpoints was also
observed in the bifenthrin only treatments compared to the fC
60
mixtures,
potentially indicating greater stress in the bifenthrin only treatments. Tese
results suggest that fC
60
may reduce bifenthrin toxicity. It is believed this
may be attributed to sorption of bifenthrin to fC
60
, ultimately reducing
bioavailability. Te inuence of nanomaterials on other contaminants in the
environment is important, particularly when considering the widespread
application of nanotechnology. Tus, our results may be useful in the
development and use of nanotechnology in agricultural practices.
MP14 Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Fathead Minnows.
G. Chavez, C. Teodorakis, Environmental Science Program, Southern
Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL; C. Teodorakis,
Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University
Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL; G. Cobb, Environmental Toxicology,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; E. Carraway, Dept. Environmental
Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC.
Te objectives of this research are to determine the environmental hazard
associated with selected metal oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3, ZnO, CuO,
and TiO2), in terms of acute and chronic toxicity to fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas). Te hypotheses were that nanoparticle exposure
will aect the survival, growth, development, and egg hatchability of
these organisms in a dose-dependent fashion, and dierences in relative
toxicity (LC50, EC50, NOEC, LOEC) of these nanoparticles coincide
with the relative toxicity of their soluble salts or oxides. Fathead minnows
were exposed to metal oxide nanoparticles during 96 hour acute toxicity
and 28-day chronic toxicity tests. Endpoints will included survival,
growth, percent hatch, and developmental abnormalities. Acute toxicity
(growth, survival) endpoints will be reported as LC50s, chronic toxicity
endpoints were reported as EC50s, NOECs and LOECs. Nanoparticles
were kept in suspension in the water using aeration- or peristaltic pump-
induced water currents (i.e., minimizing settling of nanoparticles). Metal
concentrations were monitored in water and tissues by means of atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. Te 96-h LC50 for CuO was 0.8 mg/L.
Chronic eects on growth and development were seen at concentrations as
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low as 0.08 mg/L. Toxic eects of the other nanoparticles were not seen at
concentrations up to 1000 mg/L.
MP15 Aquatic Toxicological Eects of Several Nano-metallic
Materials to Small Fish Models. Q. Zhou, H. Li, Y. Wu, W. Liu, G.
Jiang, Research Center for Ec-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China. A variety of application elds of various
nano-materials have been explored due to the rapid development of
nano-technique. Te potential threaten may be posed to the non-target
organisms as the results of unrestricted usages of these materials. Bio-
safety assessment of nano-materials has drawn the rising attention due to
the limited available toxicological data. Using several small sh models,
simulative exposure experiments were performed for the comparative
analysis of the aquatic toxicological eects of several typical nano-metallic
materials including nano-silver, quantum dot CdSe, nano-iron and nano-
selenium. Dierent types of toxicological eects were observed for dierent
nano-metallic materials. For nano-silver, denite acute toxicity could be
induced by various types of nano-Ag although they were less toxic than
ionic Ag based on LC50 and morphological observation. Histopathological
observations showed damages could be obviously induced in the exposed
target organs including liver, gill etc. Nano-silver exposure seriously aected
the development of the Medaka embryo. Various types of abnormalities
appeared in the exposed larval sh. Te release of ionic silver by nano-
silver was suspected to explain their toxicities. Quantum dot (CdSe)
could eectively inhibit the synthesis of vitellogenin (VTG) induced by
17-estradiol in the male Chinese loach, which was similar to the eects
of ionic cadmium. Disruption of the anti-oxidative systems was observed
in both Medaka embryos and their adults exposed to nano-iron. Obvious
deposits of nano-iron were found in the gill and intestine tissues, leading
to the appearance of epithelioid granulomas. Recovery could be obtained
by disposal of these exposed sh in the clean water. Elemental selenium
particles in nano size (Nano-Selenium) are highly toxic to Medaka as a
consequence of supra-accumulation of selenium when compared to sodium
selenite. In conclusion, dierent toxicological eects of the various nano-
metallic materials to the sh models are determined by the factors including
species, speciation, diameters of the nano-particles etc. Further researches
are urgent for the risk assessment of the bio-safety of these nano-metallic
materials in view of the possible occurrence in the aquatic environment due
to their wide application.
MP16 Uptake and Toxicity of Nanosilver to Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata and Daphnia magna. G. Yale, H. Ochoa-Acua, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN. In recent years, there has been an explosive
increase in the number of applications, from dishwashers to dietary
supplements, using silver nanoparticles (nanoAg) because of their reported
antibacterial properties. As a result, it is inevitable that environmental
releases will become signicant in the near future. Recent studies have
suggested that the extensive database of toxic eects for Ag+1 may be of
limited use for a risk assessment of nanoAg eects in aquatic organisms. In
addition, the potential for nanoAg to bioaccumulate through the aquatic
food web is unknown. Our objectives were to determine the uptake and
toxicity of nanoAg to the unicellular algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
and to Daphnia magna. Organisms were exposed to two dierent size silver
nanoparticles for 72 h (algae) and 21 d (Daphnia) using a range of particle
concentrations. Endpoints measured included age-specic-survival, growth,
developmental abnormalities, and reproduction. Lethal and eective
concentrations (LC50 and EC50) were then be compared to values reported
for Ag+1. Uptake of nanoAg was measured by quantifying nanoparticles in
tissues by means of Transmission (TEM), Scanning Transmission (STEM)
and Scanning Electron (SEM) Microscopy. Our results show that the
toxicity of nanoAg cannot be predicted from previous results obtained for
Ag+1. We also showed that toxicity and uptake of nanoAg is related to
particle size and particle behavior in the medium. Also, adherence to algae
seemed to be an important avenue for ingestion of nanoAg by Daphnia.
Tese results suggest that ambient water quality criteria specic for silver
nanoparticles need to be developed.
MP17 Assessment of Aluminum Nanoparticle Toxicity to the
Terrestrial Plant Brassica rapa. F. Bailey, R.R. Otter, M.B. Cook,
L. Danikas, S. Guleryuz, C. Casteel, M. Drury, Middle Tennessee
State University, Murfreesboro, TN; A.M. Neigh, S.J. Oldenburg,
nanoComposix, Inc., San Diego, CA. Nanoparticles are currently
being used for a variety of purposes including electronic, industrial and
biomedical applications as well as personal care products such as cosmetics
and suncsreens. Because of their size (at least one dimension <100nm),
nanoparticles exhibit chemical and physical properties unlike that of
their elemental parent material. While there have been many studies
published involving the cellular toxicology of nanoparticles, several recent
reviews have noted a general lack of data on the environmental fate and
eects of nanoparticles. Specically, there are even fewer studies that have
examined the eects of nanoparticles upon terrestrial plants. Te few
phytoxicity studies of engineered metal or metal oxide nanoparticles that
have been published have had mixed results with some showing negative
eects including stunted root growth and other studies showing positive
eects including promotion of photosynthesis. Te purpose of this study
is to assess the phytotoxic eects of Al nanoparticles to Brassica rapa.
Brassica rapa seeds were exposed in individual pots to 50nm and 80nm Al
nanoparticles at 0, 10, 30 and 200 ppm in soil (20 replicates per treatment).
Te seeds were allowed to germinate and the plants were grown for 28
days in a growth chamber. Germination rate was determined and root and
shoot length and dry mass were measured at the end of the experiment.
Germination rates were not dierent between treatments. Plants in the
80nm group exhibited greater total dry mass and root dry mass than those
in the 50nm group. Plants in the 50nm group but not the 80nm group
exhibited a dose-response with the plants in the 200 and 30ppm treatments
having signicantly greater total dry mass and root dry mass than the 10 or
0ppm treatments. Aluminum concentrations will be determined by AAS in
the roots and shoots of the plants to assess uptake of the nanoparticles.
MP18 Sediment Grain Size Measurements: Is Tere a Dierence
Between Digested and Un-digested Samples? And Does the Organic
Carbon of the Sample Play a Role. K.T. Ho, M.C. Pelletier, R.L. Johnson,
Atlantic Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Narragansett, RI; H. Smith, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC; R.
Larzelere, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY. Grain size is a physical
measurement commonly made in the analysis of many benthic systems.
Grain size inuences benthic community composition, can inuence
contaminant loading and can indicate the energy regime of a system. We
have recently investigated the relationship between grain size and total
organic carbon (TOC) in marine ecosystems as a measure of eutrophication
or organic enrichment of an area. During the development of this
relationship, we recognized that there are many methods of measuring
grain size. Whether or not the sediment sample is digested prior to grain
size measurement is a major decision. Digestion (usually treatment with
hydrogen peroxide) is performed to remove organic carbon. Geologists
often digest sediment samples prior to grain size analysis to arrive at the
true geologic grain size without organic carbon playing a role. Biologists
may want to know grain size under eld conditions and therefore might
not digest the sample prior to measurement. Te literature contains grain
size measurements from both digested and undigested samples and it is
not clear if grain size measurements from both of these methods yield the
same value. Our question was, Can all of these measurements be used in
the same way for determining the relationship between TOC and grain size
in impacted and un-impacted marine areas? We hypothesized that grain
size measurements in sediments with low TOC would be less aected by
digestion than those with higher TOC. Te aect would be that sediments
with higher TOC would appear to have more ne grained particles after
digestion. Twenty-three marine sediments with TOC ranging from 0.22- 10
% were obtained from dierent areas of the northeastern United States. Te
TOC was measured on each sediment sample and the sample divided into
two aliquots. One of the two aliquots was digested and then grain size was
measured on both aliquots. Preliminary information indicates that as the
TOC increases, there is a larger dierence between digested and undigested
samples. Further statistical analysis will be performed and presented to
determine if there is a range of TOC for which digesting a sediment sample
prior to grain size measurement signicantly changes the grain size results.
MP19 Organohalogen bioaccumulation and biomagnication
in a Canadian Arctic ringed seal (Phoca hispida) food-web. A.D.
Morris, D.C. Muir, S. Sturman, K.R. Solomon, Environmental Biology,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; A.D. Morris, D.C. Muir,
S. Sturman, C. Teixeira, J. Epp, X. Wang, Aquatic Ecosystem Protection
Research Branch, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada. Te pathways by which top predators in Arctic marine food
webs are exposed to current use organochlorine pesticides (CUOCPs) and
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brominated ame retardants (BFRs) are not well studied. In particular,
the inuence of melting snow and sea ice in delivering atmospherically
deposited contaminants has received relatively little attention. CUOCPs
such as dacthal, endosulfan, and chlorothalonil have previously been
reported at relatively high concentrations in Arctic seawater compared to
legacy POPs such as PCBs. Te present study investigated concentrations
of organohalogen contaminants in seawater and in an under ice food-web
to ascertain bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biomagnication factors
(BMFs) of CUOCPs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and new
use BFRs. Samples of seawater (300 L, using XAD-2 resin), zooplankton,
Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) were collected
in the Barrow Strait, Nunavut (approximately N 74.5, W 94.8) in June
2007 and 2008. All extractions were conducted in a clean room. Analyses
of CUOCPs and BFRs were conducted by GC-electron capture negative
ion MS. Tri, tetra, penta, hexa, and hepta-BDE congeners and 1,2-bis
(2,4,6-tribomophenoxy) ethane were detected in seawater. Te greatest
concentrations were BDE-99 at 2 m (5.9 pg/L), and BDE-47 at 10 m
(3.2 pg/L). Dacthal was the most abundant CUOCP detected at both 2 m
and 10 m (3.7 and 2.4 pg/L); -endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate were
also detected. In addition to PBDEs detected in seawater, BDE-209 and
hexabromocyclododecane were present in ringed seal (1.1 and 0.4 ng/g
lipid) and BDE-209 was detected in Arctic cod (16.5 ng/g lipid). Dacthal,
-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate were detected in zooplankton (0.1,
0.3 and 0.5 ng/g lipid) and Arctic cod (0.6, 0.5 and 1.1 ng/g lipid). No
CUOCPs were detected in ringed seal. Calculated BAFs indicate varying
degrees of bioaccumulation in zooplankton and Arctic cod for most BFRs
(log BAF > 4.3) and dacthal (logBAF = 4.3 and 4.7). -endosulfan and
endosulfan sulphate had identical logBAFs of 5.3 and 5.6 for zooplankton
and Arctic cod. Biomagnication in ringed seal was not evident for any
contaminants in this study (BMFs < 1). Tese data will be compared with
data from 2008.
MP20 Tributyltin (TBT) induced imposex development in the veined
rapa whelk(Rapana venosa) in Chesapeake Bay, USA. M.A. Unger,
Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point, VA; J.M. Harding, R. Mann, Fisheries, Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA; E. Jestel, Battelle BEST
Center, Aberdeen, MD. Te veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) is an
introduced predatory gastropod that was rst described in the Chesapeake
Bay in 1998. Evaluation of wild caught adults from established breeding
populations in Chesapeake Bay has shown that the occurrence of imposex
females to normal females is 2:1. To better evaluate imposex development
in R. venosa, young laboratory reared whelks were transplanted to 3 eld
sites with diering levels of TBT exposure. Water conditions and individual
animals were monitored over six months and TBT body burdens, egg laying
and imposex development were compared at the various sites. Average TBT
concentrations in the water column were 1.6 1.0, 3.7 1.1 and 23.5
18.7 (ng/L) for the 3 sites. Incidence of imposex was 100% for all 3 sites
and the degree of penis development in female whelks was proportional to
TBT exposure and TBT accumulated in the whelk tissues. Egg laying was
not hindered by imposex development in the animals studied. At the most
contaminated site, male R. vensoa accumulated higher TBT body burdens
(267 37 ng/g dry weight) than female whelks (204 38 ng/g dry weight).
Egg cases contained high concentrations of TBT (520 174 ng/g dry
weight) and appear to be a depuration mechanism for female gastropods
when exposed to lipophilic contaminants. Imposex development in R.
vensoa occurs at very low TBT exposure concentrations (< 2 ng/L) but does
not appear to interfere with reproduction at concentrations below 25 ng/L.
MP21 Mercury concentrations in Florida snook species: interspecic,
geographic, and temporal trends. D.M. Tremain, J. Dutka-Gianelli,
D.H. Adams, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish & Wildlife
Conservation Commission, Melbourne, FL. Centropomus species (snook or
robalo) are broadly distributed in tropical marine, brackish, and freshwaters
in the western Atlantic and in the eastern Pacic, with ve sympatric,
syntopic species occurring in Florida. Common snook, C. undecimalis, and
to a lesser extent, smallscale fat snook, C. parallelus, are heavily exploited
sportsh in Florida waters. Mercury accumulation in dorsal muscle tissue,
as a function of length, for these two closely related species was signicantly
dierent. Mercury concentrations were positively correlated with sh age
and varied with regard to observed regional growth patterns. Potential
relationships between mercury concentrations and species-specic feeding
ecology are currently under investigation. Relationships of mercury
accumulation relative to sex and reproductive state of common snook, a
protandric hermaphrodite, will also be assessed. Mercury concentrations in
snook on both the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of Florida typically
increased with decreasing latitude, with highest concentrations observed
in the southern portion of the state within the Florida Keys-Florida Bay-
Everglades region. Tere were no obvious temporal trends regarding
mercury in Florida snook during the past 20 years.
MP22 Seasonality in eld derived bioaccumulation factors for
chlorinated and brominated POPs in Arctic marine zooplankton. I.G.
Hallanger, G.W. Gabrielsen, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo,
Norway; K. Borga, A. Ruus, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromso, Norway;
N.A. Warner, D. Herzke, E.S. Heimstad, Norwegian Institute for Air
Research (NILU), Tromso, Norway; A. Evenset, G. Christensen, Akvaplan-
NIVA AS, Tromso, Norway. As a part of COPOL (Contaminants in Polar
Marine Ecosystems www.copol.net), species specic samples representing
the pelagic and benthic marine food web were collected in Kongsforden
on Svalbard over 3 seasons in 2007. Sea water, sediments, and organisms
ranging from plankton and benthic invertebrates, to sh, seabirds and
seals were collected. COPOL is a project under the International Polar
Year (IPY), and the main objective is to understand the range of man-
made contaminants in marine ecosystems of Polar Regions, in order to
better predict how possible future climate change will be reected in levels
and eects at higher trophic levels. Contaminant measurements from
species-specic samples are rare in the lower part of the food web, thereby
there is large degree of uncertainty in bioaccumulation data in these
eld samples. Studies show large variability in reported bioaccumulation
factors (BAF) for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and large deviation
from the theoretical Kow derived BAFs. In addition BAFs may vary with
physical parameters such as temperature. In the present study, we analyse
the relationship between BAFs for chlorinated and brominated POPs
and zooplankton species-specic characteristics such as lipid content,
dietary preference, and other physiological parameters, and environmental
characters such as season, temperature and water mass origin. Te eld
derived BAFs for chlorinated and brominated POPs will be compared
with state of the art Kow derived BCFs. Variable Atlantic water inux in
Kongsforden will not only inuence abiotic contaminant exposure, but
also food web structure, food quality and energy pathways, as dierent
water masses carry dierent phyto- and zooplankton assemblages. Tis may
aect the ux of contaminants through the food web to high trophic level
predators such as seabirds and seals, due to altered food quality and energy
pathways.
MP23 Habitat preferences of mud snails, Ilyanassa obsoleta, in
response to stress. S. Marklevitz, J. Hellou, Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford
Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; S. Marklevitz,
Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Nova
Scotia, Canada; J. Hellou, Department of Chemistry, Dalhouise University,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; S. Macleod, K. Dunphy, Department of
Biology, Dalhouise University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Te mud
snails Ilyanassa obsoleta inhabit the mud ats and salt marshes of the
Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada. Tese gastropods are
primarily deposit feeders and can be easily seen at low tide in varying
density depending on the time of year and location of the beach. Tese
snails and other related species are often present near small streams
potentially receiving some agricultural runo from elds treated with
biocides. Tey are also abundant near urbanised locations, where they are
found on the surface of rocks and pilings of dockyards. Our interest focused
on examining the habitat requirements of the animals, as much in terms
of maintenance in seawater as in sediments and on the role played by the
length of exposure relative to that of the amount of freshwater, ammonia,
the pesticide endosulfan or harbour sediments. Te survival, horizontal and
vertical movement of the marine snails described as an avoidance/preference
response relative to spiked/reference sediments or seawater was investigated.
Examples of the results will highlight the knowledge gained about the stress
response or tolerance of this invertebrate relative to exposure conditions.
MP24 Eects of Karenia brevis on the defense responses of the
hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria, the oyster Crassostrea virginica,
and the green mussel Perna viridis. M. Goncalves, V.G. Encomio, A.K.
Volety, Marine and Ecological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University,
Fort Myers, FL; P. Soudant, LEMAR UMR 6539, IUEM UBO, Plouzane,
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France. Harmful algal blooms can occur and persist along the west coast of
Florida. Te dinoagellate Karenia brevis has been shown to be the main
algae responsible for those blooms, commonly called red tides. Previous
studies have demonstrated that K. brevis can cause massive death among
shes, birds and marine mammal, and induce serious health problems
among humans such as severe respiratory problems, but also neurotoxic
shellsh poisoning (NSP) by consumption of contaminated shellshes.
Besides brevetoxins production, K. brevis has been demonstrated to
possess a hemolytic activity. Because harmful algae like the dinoagellate
Prorocentrum sp. have a deleterious impact in mollusks gastrointestinal
epithelial cells, the assumption that K.brevis could have the same interaction
and be in direct contact with bivalves immune cells (i.e. hemocytes) during
blooms episodes was made. In an attempt to determine if K.brevis blooms
aect South Florida mollusks immune system, this study focused on three
bivalves of interest: the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria, the eastern oyster
Crassostrea virginica, and the invasive green mussel Perna viridis. In a
primary experiment, K. brevis hemolytic activity was veried using horse red
blood cells (i.e. erythrocytes). Te assay was performed with algae cultures
15-17 days after initial inoculation in L1-Si medium. Te results showed
that 60 % of horse erythrocytes were lysed after 24 hours of incubation.
In the main experiment, defense responses for each three mollusks species
were studied, such as hemocytes mortality, phagocytic capacity and reactive
oxygen species (ROS) production. After direct exposure to K.brevis
(1000 cells/mL + L1-Si medium; L1-Si medium alone; seawater control)
all treatments and immune responses were examined using appropriate
uorescent dyes and ow cytometry techniques. Signicant dierences
(ANOVA; p<0.05) between controls and K.brevis exposed hemocytes were
observed at three incubation times (2 hours, 4 hours and 24 hours). Results
showed an increase in hemocyte mortality for all three species when exposed
to K. brevis. In addition, a decrease in the phagocytic capacity of hemocytes
from M. mercenaria (ANOVA; p<0.05), and an increase in the ROS
production of hemocytes from C. virginica and P. viridis (ANOVA; p<0.05)
were observed.
MP25 Pesticides in coastal waters of southern Belize - Comparison
of predictive model and monitoring data. V.E. Alegria, V. Gustainyte, H.
Alegria, K. Carvalho-Knighton, University of South Florida St Petersburg,
St. Petersburg, FL. Some agrochemicals are known to be transported
from farmlands via surface runo into nearby streams and on to coastal
waters. Te citrus and banana industries in Belize, Central America are
concentrated in southern Belize. Tese industries are heavily dependent
on the application of pesticides. Belize also possesses the second longest
barrier reef running along the entire length of its coast only a few kilometers
oshore. As a result, there is concern that some pesticides used in citrus and
banana farms may be transported to coastal waters and may adversely aect
the coral reefs. In developing countries such as Belize there is often the lack
of resources, equipment and trained personnel to carry out monitoring to
identify and quantify pesticides in the environment and their ecological
eects. One possible solution is to employ predictive models to predict
which pesticides have the potential to be transported into the environment
(including coastal waters). We are carrying out a year-long project to
measure pesticide levels in rivers and coastal waters of southern Belize to
determine if any pesticides are being transported to areas containing coral
reefs. We will present preliminary results from two sampling campaigns
carried out in 2008. We will also compare the results from eld studies with
those predicted by a fugacity-type model we applied to the farmlands in the
study area.
MP26 Inuence of ecotypic and environmental factors on stress
biomarkers in Spartina alterniora along Galveston Bay, Texas. J.M.
Borski, J.C. Whitney, A.N. Franks, M.L. Franks, C.L. Howard, University
of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX. Coastal marsh ecosystems in
Galveston Bay are anchored by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniora).
As Spartina will grow naturally wherever the sediment type and salinity
regime are conducive, a number of S. alterniora communities exist in areas
of Galveston Bay where contaminants have accumulated over the years. S.
alterniora populations in Galveston Bay have been monitored for density
and nekton use, and we have recently been comparing growth metrics and
stress biomarkers in this species among undisturbed, restored and pollutant
impacted marshes. Unfortunately, our results have been extremely variable.
Two growth forms of S. alterniora are recognized (tall and short); however,
we have observed as many as ve or six dierent growth forms distributed
among the dierent marsh types in Galveston Bay. S. alterniora planted
in marsh restoration projects around the bay have come from various
sources, but there is no information on ecotypic (or ecophenic) changes
that may have occurred in any of the marshes as a result. Te objective
of the present study was to determine the relationships among growth
metrics, stress biomarker activity and S. alterniora ecotype. A total of 24
marsh communities bordering Galveston Bay were sampled, representing
all observed Spartina growth form types. At each site, leaf metrics and
chlorophyll concentrations were recorded for 20 individual plants, which
were then frozen for biomarker analyses. Sediment samples were collected
synoptically for grain size, TOC, nutrients, suldes, salinity and heavy metal
analyses. Peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured
spectrophotometrically. Overall genetic diversity in each population was
measured by amplied fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) using a
LiCor infrared automated AFLP sequencer. Specic allozyme variations
in POD and CAT were determined among S. alterniora ecotypes using
one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis against known enzyme
standards. Results indicate that there are at least three S. alterniora ecotypes
present in Galveston Bay that vary in POD and CAT activity, which may
inuence their establishment at polluted versus non-polluted sites.
MP27 Comparative Sensitivity of Select Aquatic Organisms to the
Harmful Algae Prymnesium parvum. S. James, T.W. Valenti, F. Urena-
Boeck, B.W. Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco,
TX; S. James, T.W. Valenti, F. Urena-Boeck, B.W. Brooks, Center for
Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX; J.
Grover, Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX; D. Roelke,
Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, and Oceanography, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX. Prymnesium parvum Carter, a mixotrophic haptophyte
that excretes potent allelopathic toxins, has caused signicant impacts on
marine sheries at the global scale. More recently it has spread to inland
waters of the United States where bloom formation occurs in moderately
saline waters. Although this organism has been studied for over 50 years,
an understanding of factors leading to aquatic impacts, particularly in
inland waterbodies, is not fully developed. However, nutrient stoichiometry,
salinity, temperature and light intensity are important environmental factors
inuencing toxin production and bloom formation potential. Te roles
of mixotrophy and competition with other algae are less understood. In
fact, the majority of previous studies of ambient toxicity associated with P.
parvum have used nonstandardized test models or in vitro hemolytic activity
to characterize aquatic impacts, which makes it dicult to compare relative
sensitivities of various organisms to P. parvum toxins due to the wide variety
of previous experimental conditions. Further, very few published studies
outside of our group have examined the inuence of this organism on
inland waters. Subsequently, we employed standardized aquatic test models
as a surrogate for bioavailable toxin levels because analytical standards are
not available to support quantitation of P. parvum toxins. Our previous eld
experiments suggested that dierential sensitivity exists among zooplankton
and algae to toxins produced by this organism. To examine this observation
further in the laboratory, we selected organisms representing multiple
trophic levels to characterize relative sensitivity. Each model organism
was exposed to media with P. parvum cells present and cell free ltrate.
Pimephales promelas mortality was consistently more sensitive than Daphnia
magna survival or reproduction and green algae growth responses. Tis
study provides the rst robust comparison of multiple species sensitivity in
inland waters to P. parvum.
MP28 Assessment of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation as Sentinel
Indicators of Irgarol Contamination in Southeast Florida Coastal
Environments. M.V. Fernandez, P.R. Gardinali, Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL; P.R. Gardinali,
Southeastern Environmental Research Center, Florida International
University, Miami, FL. Irgarol 1051 (2-methythiol-4-tert-butylamino-6-
cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) is a common antifouling herbicide added to
marine paints to prevent fouling. Tis compound acts by preventing algal
growth on submerged structures. Irgarol leaches from these paints and
enters the surrounding waters chronically exposing submerged aquatic
vegetation (SAV) to measurable concentrations of this PSII inhibitor.
Two locations were monitored: Coconut Grove Marina (CG) and Key
Largo Harbor (KLH). Water, sediment, seagrasses, and macroalgae were
collected from both sites and analyzed. Te most abundant SAVs available
at these sites are: Syringodium liforme, Talassia tetudinum, Halodule
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wrightii, and Halimeda. SAV samples were collected by hand, extracted by
Accelerated Solvent Extraction (90:10 Methanol:Water) and puried using
automated Solid Phase Extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges on multiple
Zymark Rapid Trace Workstations. All sample extracts were then analyzed
by GC/MS-SIM for both Irgarol and two common metabolites (M1 and
M3). Irgarol water concentrations were between 5.70 ng/L and 241 ng/L
at KLH, and between 28.4 ng/L to 86.3 ng/L at CG. M1 was present in
waters at concentrations ranging <1 to 50.0 ng/L and 8.37 ng/L to 29.0
ng/L for KLH and CG respectively. Concentrations in sediments were
negligible. All SAVs accumulated Irgarol and M1 to a lesser extent. Te
Irgarol ranges were 17.1 ng/g to 990 ng/g and M1 ranged from <2 to 104
ng/g. Of all species, Halodule and Syringodium had the highest capacity
to bioaccumulate Irgarol and M1. Tis work provides a simple way to use
SAV as sentinel organisms to assess potential contamination of coastal
environments with this popular antifouling agent. As the need for new in-
water storage of boats continue to increase in Southeast Florida, monitoring
of marina-derived contaminants has become an issue of concern for areas
like Biscayne Bay where important protected environments coexists with
large, densely populated marinas.
MP29 PCBs and PBDEs in sediments and mussels in the Strait
of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. P.B. Grant, M. Sanborn, N.
Dangereld, P.S. Ross, Institute of Ocean Science, Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada; M. Sanborn, UMA, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada; M. Yunker, Consultant, Brentwood Bay, British Columbia,
Canada. Te partitioning of persistent contaminants in the aquatic
environment has profound consequences for food web accumulation and
the health of biota. We measured PCBs and PBDEs in samples of surcial
sediments and blue mussels (Mytilus sp.) collected from the Strait of
Georgia in southern British Columbia. PCB and PBDE concentrations were
highest in near-urban locations in both sediments and mussels. Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) revealed these near-urban locations to also
consist of heavier (i.e. more halogenated) congeners of both chemicals.
While BDE-209 contributed 5 % 4 % (SD)total PBDEs in mussels, this
congener contributed 64% 17% in sediments. Total PCB concentrations
in blue mussels range from 62 to 5472 ng/g wet weight. While PCB
patterns were typical of environmental equilibrium for this long-regulated
chemical, PBDE patterns suggested a clear divergence into clusters around
sites inuenced by proximity to sewage outfalls and sites outside such an
inuence. PBDE concentrations exceeded PCB concentrations in 4/19
(21%) of sediment sites and 10/21 (48%) of mussel sites, highlighting the
rapid emergence of the as-yet unregulated ame retardants in the North-
western Pacic Ocean. Te consequences for the regions endangered and
highly PCB-contaminated killer whales are unclear.
MP30 Toxic eects by mercury contamination in marine shes
in Colombia. G. Duque, P. Cogua, Ingeniera ambiental, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, COLOMBIA. Estuaries are of great
commercial importance since supports the artisan sheries in Colombia.
Colombian estuaries have been aected during decades by persistent
polluting agents like heavy metals, which are bioaccumulated and
biomagnicated through food webs having as nal recipient the man.
Samples of sh and sediments were taken in an estuary. Te objective of this
study was to relate the mercury contamination found in shes to the biotic
and abiotic variables. Fishes samples and physiochemical variables were
taken. Tere were collected individual of 10 species of sh with commercial
importance. Te mercury concentrations founded in sediments indicate that
there still an important presence of this metal in the bay and its availability
in the estuarine ecosystem is related to the physiochemical variables.
Mercury concentrations in sh of the carnivorous species are higher to the
found in detritivores and planktivores species and are related to the biotic
variables such as length, weight and sex. Processes of bioacumulation and
biomagnication through the food web were evident. Additionally, sh
blood samples presented genotoxic eects, since it was registered some
abnormal erythrocyte sequence (ENA) dierences among species.
MP31 Aging and oxidative stress in brown trout, Salmo trutta. B.
Carney Almroth, A. Johansson, L. Frlin, J. Sturve, Zoology, Univeristy of
Gothenburg, Gteborg, Sweden. Fish are often used as model organisms for
studies investigating eects of xenobiotics on oxidative stress parameters,
both in laboratory and eld studies. Oxidative stress is also one of the
major factors associated with aging. We measured protein carbonyls,
20S proteosome activity and glutathione (GSH) levels in farmed brown
trout (Salmo trutta) in four dierent age groups (0+, 1 year, 2 years and
3 years). We found an increase in protein carbonyls and a decrease in 20S
proteosome activity in both brain and liver tissue of the sh as they aged.
Total GSH levels in liver tissue declined as sh aged and the percent of
oxidized GSH (GSSG) increased. 0+ and 1 year old trout were treated with
paraquat (PQ) to induce oxidative stress. 0+ sh showed no changes in the
measured parameters while 1 year old sh had both an increase in protein
carbonylation in liver tissue and a decrease in 20S proteosome activity
in brain tissue. Tese results indicate that oxidative stress biomarkers are
aected by age in brown trout, and that individuals of dierent ages respond
dierently to oxidative stress induced by PQ.
MP32 Sex-dependent changes in insecticide susceptibility and
detoxication enzyme activity in Drosophila melanogaster exposed
to atrazine. B. Tornton, Union College, Lincoln, NE; B. Tornton, B.
Siegfried, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Immediately following 72
h exposures to 100 ppm Atrazine, three day old Drosophila melanogaster
adults experienced signicant sex dependant increased rates of mortality
during 24 h exposures to select pesticides. Atrazine exposed males
demonstrated a signicant increase in mortality to parathion (0.10 and
0.05 g levels), DTT (0.750, 0.50, and 0.375 g levels), permethrin (2.00
and 1.00 g levels), and carbofuran (0.0833, 0.0625, 0.0469, and 0.03125
g levels). No signicant increases in mortality were observed in atrazine
exposed females, to the above pesticides, with the exception of carbofuran
(0.0625 g level only). Atrazine exposure had no signicant aect on
mortality in controls. General esterase activity was signicantly elevated in
female D. melanogaster exposed to 1000 ppm atrazine for 24 h (p = 0.003)
and 72 h (p = 0.036) and suppressed in males ( 24 h, p < 0.001; 72 h, p =
0.002). Exposure to 100 ppm atrazine did not signicantly change general
esterase activity for either exposure period. Females exposed to atrazine
for 72 h experienced a signicant increase in cytochrome P540 activity
(MROD) at both 100 ppm (p = 0.008) and 1000 ppm (p = 0.026). A
signicant suppression of the same activity was observed in males (100 ppm,
p = 0.001). In 24 h exposures, a signicant increase in activity was observed
in females at the 1000 ppm level only (p = 0.005). Signicant suppression
of microsomal P450 activity was observed in males exposed to 1000 ppm
atrazine for 72 h (p = 0.023). Activity of glutathione transferase, the
principal enzyme involved in the detoxication of atrazine, was signicantly
elevated in female D. melanogaster at both 100 ppm (24 h, p = 0.018; 72
h, p = 0.023) and 1000 ppm atrazine exposures (24 h, p = 0.038; 72 h, p =
0.010) while males experienced an increase of activity only at 1000 ppm (24
h, p = 0.009; 72 h, p = 0.001). Sex-dependent eects of atrazine exposure
on detoxication enzyme activity may help to explain why atrazine exposure
aects insecticidal responses in males and females dierently. Suppression
or induction of these activities will aect insecticide susceptibility. Such
sex-dependent eects are important to consider in evaluating pesticide
interactions.
MP33 Sensitivity of chicken and Japanese quail embryo hepatocyte
cultures to cytochrome P4501A induction upon exposure to TCDD,
PeCDF, and TCDF. J.C. Herve, S.W. Kennedy, Department of Biology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J.C. Herve, S.P. Jones,
L.J. Mundy, S.W. Kennedy, Environment Canada, NWRC, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada; S.J. Bursian, M.J. Zwiernik, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI; J.P. Giesy, P.D. Jones, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Ontario, Canada. Te responsiveness of primary cultures of
avian embryo hepatocytes to induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A)
is useful for predicting the sensitivity of avian species to the embryo-toxic
eects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-
like polychlorinated biphenyls. CYP1A catalytic activity is conveniently
measured by use of the ethoxyresorun O-deethylase (EROD) assay. In the
present study, EROD-inducing potencies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) and
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) were determined for domestic
chicken (Gallus domesticus) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) primary
hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocytes were cultured in 48-well plates and
exposed to serial dilutions of TCDD, PeCDF or TCDF for 24 h. In chicken
hepatocytes, the potencies of the three compounds were similar - maximal
EROD responses were nearly identical, and the concentrations that elicited
fty percent of the maximal response (EC50s) were 0.018 nM, 0.019 nM
and 0.022 nM for TCDD, PeCDF and TCDF, respectively. Te relative
potencies (REPs relative to TCDD) were 0.8 and 0.9 for PeCDF and
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TCDF, respectively. Te results for TCDD and TCDF were similar to earlier
ndings, but prior to this work PeCDF had not been studied in detail. In
contrast, the REPs for PeCDF and TCDF in Japanese quail were 18 and
0.1, respectively. EC50s for TCDD, PeCDF and TCDF were 0.19 nM,
0.014 nM and 1.5 nM, respectively. Te fact that PeCDF is a more potent
inducer of EROD than TCDD in Japanese quail was surprising. It was also
surprising that the EC50s for TCDD in chicken hepatocytes (0.018 nM)
and PeCDF in Japanese quail (0.014 nM) were essentially equivalent. Until
this study, it had been assumed that the chicken was more sensitive than
any other avian species to EROD induction by all dioxin-like compounds
(DLCs). However, this research with cultured hepatocytes, along with
our complementary research using egg-injection techniques and aryl
hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binding assays with chicken, Japanese quail
and other avian species raises interesting questions regarding mechanisms of
action of DLCs, as well as questions regarding taxa-specic toxic equivalency
factors (TEFs) assigned by the World Health Organization.
MP34 Identication of two isoforms of vitelline envelope protein
in the plasma of rainbow trout exposed to 17-estradiol. K. Salinas,
M. Hemmer, Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Health and Environmental Eects Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, FL; J. Serrano, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental
Eects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN; L. Higgins, Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
MN; A. Benningho, D. Williams, Department of Environmental and
Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; C. Walker,
National Seafood Inspection Laboratory, National Oceanic & Atmospheric
Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pascagoula, MS.
In the present study, plasma protein markers of estrogenic exposure in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were isolated and identied using
innovative sample preparation techniques followed by advanced MS and
bioinformatics approaches. Juvenile trout were administered 17-estradiol
through dietary exposure. Plasma from exposed and control trout was
analyzed by high throughput, low resolution MALDI TOF-MS. Twelve
fragments (m/z 3248.3 3834.5) were found dierentially regulated in
exposed specimens with 100% sensitivity and specicity. To isolate proteins
of interest, plasma was fractionated using solid-phase ligand libraries and
spectral data was acquired using MALDI tandem MS. A protein fragment
at m/z 3307.7 was identied as a signicant (p<0.05) match for vitelline
envelope protein (VEP) alpha O. mykiss using MASCOT. An additional
estrogen-responsive protein was further puried via strong anion exchange
spin column fractionation, cassette dialysis concentration, detergent removal
and HPLC separation. Fragmentation spectra were obtained by both
TempoLC -MALDI TOF-TOF and electrospray tandem MS. Protein
identication was performed by automated and manual de Novo sequencing
and MS BLAST search. A fragment at m/z 3248.3 was identied with
high condence as a match for VEP gamma in O. mykiss. Te two vitelline
isoforms identied herein validate the protein masses found during the
high throughput, low resolution screening process as estrogen-responsive
biomarkers.
MP35 Eects of Fadrozole, Ketoconazole, and 17-Trenbolone on Ex
Vivo Steroidogenesis in the Fathead Minnow. J. Cavallin, N. Mueller, E.
Durhan, K. Jensen, M. Kahl, E. Makynen, D. Martinovic, D. Villeneuve,
G. Ankley, USEPA, Duluth, MN. A variety of endocrine-disrupting
chemicals have the ability to disrupt steroidogenesis through interaction
with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. We examined the
eects of a specic aromatase inhibitor fadrozole (0, 3, and 30 ug/L), a more
generic cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitor ketoconazole (0, 40, 400 ug/L),
and the androgen receptor agonist 17-trenbolone (0, 33, and 470 ng/L)
on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) steroidogenesis in three separate
16-day experiments. Fish were exposed to the chemicals for 8 d, then held
for an additional 8 d without exposure to examine recovery. To determine
eects of the chemicals, we measured ex vivo production of testosterone
(T) and 17-estradiol (E2) by gonad tissue collected after 1, 2, 4, 8, 9,
10, 12, and 16 d, using radioimmunoassays (RIAs). Fadrozole increased T
production in both male and female fathead minnows during the exposure
period, and additionally, the females exhibited increased T production
throughout the rst 2 d post-exposure. Fadrozole-exposed females had a
concentration-dependent decrease in E2 production over the rst 8 d and
a higher rate of E2 production post-exposure, suggesting compensation.
Ketoconazole caused a decrease in male T and female T and E2 production.
Male and female T production appeared to recover during post-exposure.
Trenbolone caused an initial reduction in male T and female T and E2
production, followed by recovery during the post-exposure period. Overall,
the ex vivo steroid production results are consistent with the presumptive
modes of action of fadrozole, ketoconazole, and trenbolone. Te results
from this study aid our understanding of direct and indirect eects of
endocrine-disrupting chemicals on steroidogenesis.
MP36 Molecular mechanisms underlying dierences in sensitivity
of avian species to embryo-toxic eects of chlorinated dioxins and
furans - Recent advances in the characterization of aryl hydrocarbon
receptor 1 (AHR1) in birds. R. Farmahin, S.W. Kennedy, Department
of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; R. Farmahin,
D. Crump, S.P. Jones, L. Mundy, S.W. Kennedy, NWRC, Environment
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J.P. Giesy, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada; S.J. Bursian, M.J. Zwiernik,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; M.E. Hahn, Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA;
J.A. Head, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Chlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and other dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are
embryo-toxic to most vertebrates, but substantial dierences in sensitivity
exist among species. Among avian species, sensitivity to DLCs can vary
up to 1000-fold. Te molecular mechanisms that underlie dierential
sensitivity are not well understood, but the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
(AHR) plays an important role. Recent studies suggest that key amino acids
within the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1
(AHR1) might be predictive of broad categories of dioxin sensitivity in avian
species. Existing studies indicate that among three species of galliforms, the
domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus
colchicus) and the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), there is a range of
sensitivity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): chicken most
sensitive, ring-necked pheasant moderately sensitive, Japanese quail least
sensitive. Te identities of the amino acid residues corresponding to Ile324
and Ser380 within the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of chicken AHR1
appear to be important determinants of dierential sensitivity to TCDD in
birds. A more comprehensive understanding of the role that AHR1 plays in
dierential sensitivity to DLCs will benet from knowledge of the binding
characteristics of DLCs to chicken, ring-necked pheasant and Japanese
quail AHR, and comparison of the full-length AHR1 cDNA sequences. As
such, ring-necked pheasant and Japanese quail AHR1 cDNAs were cloned
and sequenced; mRNAs encode proteins of 860 aa (96.6kDA) and 859 aa
(96.3kDA), respectively. Te predicted amino acid sequences of the species
were similar, with 95% identity overall. Te next phase of this research will
determine the binding anities of TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran
(TCDF) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) to AHR1 for
the three model galliform species. Tis research is a component of a larger
project that is using egg-injection techniques, avian hepatocyte cultures and
other methods to determine and predict the responsiveness of avian species
to TCDD, TCDF and PeCDF.
MP37 Eects of the Antipsychotic Drug, Haloperidol, on
Reproduction in the Fathead Minnow. E.A. Makynen, E.J. Durhan,
M.D. Kahl, K.M. Jensen, D.L. Villeneuve, D. Martinovic, G.T. Ankley,
USEPA, Duluth, MN; N. Garcia-Reyero, Center for Environmental and
Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; E.J. Perkins,
US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Haloperidol is a butyrophenone antipsychotic drug used for the treatment
of human hyperactive and manic disorders, agitation, and schizophrenia.
Te drug is thought to act through antagonism of dopaminergic receptors.
We have studied a variety of endocrine-disrupting chemicals with the
ability to disrupt steroidogenesis and reproduction through interaction
with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, primarily as agonists
or antagonists of the estrogen or androgen receptors or through eects
on steroidogenic enzymes. Te purpose of these studies was to investigate
whether exposure to dopamine receptor antagonists, like haloperidol,
would adversely impact sh reproduction through modulation of the
HPG axis. Adult fathead minnows were exposed to haloperidol (0, 0.2,
2.0, and 20 g/L) for 21 d in a ow-through system. Endpoints included
survival, sh behavior, fecundity, appearance, plasma vitellogenin and
steroid concentrations, gonad histopathology, and gene expression. With
the exception of a signicant increase in gonadotropin releasing hormone
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(GnRH) transcripts in the brains of males exposed to 20 g/L, haloperidol
had no signicant eects on fathead minnow reproductive success or HPG
axis endpoints. Microarray analysis of mRNA transcripts expressed in the
ovary tissue of fathead minnows exposed to haloperidol for 96 h suggested
impacts on the expression of genes related to selenium binding, steroid
receptor-activity, endocrine system development and metallopeptidase
activity. However, short-term transcriptional changes were not linked to
longer-term adverse outcomes. Overall, our testing did not support the
hypothesis that dopaminergic antagonists like haloperidol would disrupt
fathead minnow reproduction. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect ocial
Agency policy.
MP38 A zebrash genome-wide array CGH platform to assess the
genotoxicity of environmental contaminants. J.L. Freeman, Health
Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Te sub-lethal aects of
environmental chemical contaminants is of great concern to human and
environmental health. Some environmental chemical contaminants may
cause genetic damage and thus be genotoxic. Many current assays for
assessing genotoxicity work at a single cell level and are labor intensive.
Additionally, observed alterations are not able to be directly integrated with
a reference genome sequence, which can limit further investigations into the
mechanism of toxicity. To circumvent some of these limitations, a technique
called array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) can be applied to
identify genetic imbalances following chemical exposures. Array CGH is a
molecular cytogenetic technique that is used to detect and map DNA copy
number gains and losses in an unbiased genome-wide fashion and results
can be directly integrated with the genome sequence of interest. In this
study, a genome-wide oligonucleotide array CGH platform was designed
for the zebrash based upon the Zv7 build of the genome. Te array
CGH platform contains 385,000 probes tiling the zebrash genome with
a median probe spacing of 3.2 kb. Tis array CGH platform is currently
being used to identify genetic biomarkers following exposures to chemical
environmental contaminants using the zebrash model system.
MP39 Dierential gene and protein expression proles of
largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to common
environmental contaminants. B. Sanchez, K. Ralston-Hooper, M.
Sepulveda, Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN; B. Carter, H. Hammers, EcoArray, Inc., Gainesville, FL; J.
Adamec, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN; M. Sepulveda, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN. Microarrays have been used to detect changes in gene
transcription since the late 1990s. Although the ability to evaluate the
near-whole transcriptome response by sh to exposures to environmental
contaminants is now possible with the construction of microarrays for
numerous species, data regarding these responses to several chemicals are
not readily available. Te analysis of protein expression as an indicator
of xenobiotic-induced physiological stress is also not new to the eld
of ecotoxicology, but not readily exploited. Expression levels of several
biomarkers at the mRNA and protein levels have been used as a measure
of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., cytochromes P450),
heavy metals (e.g., metallothioneine), and endocrine disrupting compounds
(e.g., vitellogenin) among others. Criticisms of several of these biomarkers
include the lack of eects-based information that they yield, their lack of
specicity, and the biased nature from which they were developed. Global
genome and proteome analysis to identify useful biomarkers indicative
of toxic action has been suggested as an eective approach. We exposed
adult largemouth bass to two doses of ve chemicals with diering modes
of action (atrazine, phenanthrene, PCB 126, cadmium chloride, and
toxaphene) via intraperitoneal injection. Gene and protein expression
proles from livers excised from male sh exposed to each of the chemicals
for 96 h were analyzed with a 44K feature (~17,000 genes oligonucleotide
microarray developed by EcoArray, Inc. (Gainesville, FL) and via two-
dimensional gel electrophoresis, respectively. We have identied unique
gene and protein expression proles associated with each of these exposure
conditions. We anticipate that our work will lend itself to the establishment
of gene products that can be further evaluated as reliable biomarkers of
contaminant exposure in wild sh.
MP40 Inuence of Ambient Water Chemistry on Chronic Pb
Exposures in the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) and
Phenotypic Anchoring of Pb-Induced Gene Transcriptional Responses.
E. Mager, K. Brix, M. Grosell, Marine Biology & Fisheries, University
of Miami, RSMAS, Miami, FL; K. Brix, EcoTox, Miami, FL; C. Vulpe,
Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA;
H. Wintz, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA. Establishment of water
quality criteria (WQC), intended to protect aquatic life, continues to rely
principally on water hardness (i.e. Ca
2+
) for lead (Pb) despite growing
evidence that other chemical parameters also strongly inuence toxicity.
To more clearly dene the water chemistry parameters mediating Pb
toxicity we evaluated the eects of hardness as CaSO
4
and dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) as humic acid during chronic exposures to the fathead
minnow. Traditional toxicological endpoints were examined alongside
gene transcription analyses to help clarify the underlying mechanisms of
Pb toxicity and to identify molecular markers that might serve as early
indicators of eect. Addition of CaSO
4
did not prevent whole body Pb
accumulation whereas DOC aorded strong protection, suggesting that
current hardness-based WQC are likely inaccurate for predicting chronic
Pb eects in aquatic systems. Te related biochemical pathways for 4
gene products identied by microarray analysis (G6PD, GST, ferritin,
-globin) suggest anemia as a likely chronic outcome of Pb exposure
in these sh. Eects of water chemistry on Pb accumulation and Pb-
induced transcriptional responses were in close parallel. Implementing
gene expression data of this nature for regulatory applications will require
integration (i.e. phenotypic anchoring) with adverse eects spanning
multiple levels of biological organization. To garner such integrative
support, full-term exposures analyzing the inuence of DOC and alkalinity/
pH were subsequently performed using two Pb concentrations (~120 and
~30 g/L) to examine reproductive (fecundity, hatchability) and behavioral
endpoints. Alkalinity/pH was modied by a 0.5mM total CO
2
increase via
NaHCO
3
addition. Results indicate protection against Pb accumulation
with increased alkalinity/pH but less than that aorded by DOC.
Furthermore, initial ndings suggest an eect on fecundity by Pb at the low
concentration only in the DOC treatment and other detrimental eects may
be attributable to water chemistry alone. Potential Pb-induced anemia will
also be examined using swim tunnel respirometery in an attempt to anchor
a physiological eect to the observed gene transcriptional responses.
MP41 Novel Genetic Approach to Detect Environmental Mutagens
Using DNA Repair Decient Chicken DT40 Cell Lines. K. Ji, K. Choi,
Graduate school of public health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South
Korea; T. Kogame, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;
X. Wang, S. Takeda, Graduate school of medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan. To evaluate the genotoxicity of chemicals, the most frequently used
test is Ames test, a bacterial reverse mutation assay, which was developed
more than 40 years ago. Here, we developed a novel bioassay using a
number of chicken DT40 mutant cells decient of various DNA repair
pathways. Te chicken DT40 cell line provides a unique opportunity
of comprehensive reverse genetics, because gene targeting is easy and
phenotype is stable. Since only mutagenic chemicals may selectively reduce
the viability of mutant cells, genotoxic substances can be detected by simply
measuring cellular viability comparing between wild-type and DNA repair
decient mutants. We show that this novel genetic approach indeed works
to evaluate the mutagenic potential of well-known human carcinogen;
arsenite (III) and nickel (II). Arsenite is known to have mutagenic potential
in mammalian cells but not in bacteria using the Ames test. Nickel was
shown to have mutagenic potential in mammalian cells, though it is still
controversial. Arsenite showed a mutagenic potential remarkably, resulting
DNA damage seemed to be repaired by a variety of DNA repair pathways.
Tese observations suggest arsenite induce a few dierent kinds of DNA
lesions. Nickel also showed a mutagenic potential. We conrmed DNA
damaging potential of arsenite and nickel by observing morphological
aberrations in mitotic cells. Tis technique can be applied as a high
throughput screening tool for genotoxic agents and also to mechanism study
of environmental genotoxicants.
MP42 Gene Expression Prole in PCBs Exposed Medaka Fish
by Microarray Analysis. S. Woo, S. Son, S. Yum, Southern Coastal
Environment Research, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute,
Geoje, Gyeongnam, South Korea; S. Woo, Nutritional Science and
Toxicology, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Dierential gene
expression proling was carried out in the liver tissue of medaka sh,
Oryzias latipes, after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which
were used as coolants and insulating uids for transformers and capacitors;
classied as persistent organic pollutants, using a medaka cDNA microarray.
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Twenty seven kinds of dierentially expressed candidate genes, with 13
and 14 induced and repressed in their gene expressions, respectively, were
associated with cytoskeleton (11.1%), development (3.7%), endocrine
(3.7%), immune (11.1%), metabolism (26.0%), nucleic acid/protein
binding (11.1%), reproduction (22.2%), signal transduction (7.4%) and
non-categorized (3.7%). Of these genes, changes at the transcription
level of ten were re-evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR).
Considering the known function of authentic genes, the eects of PCBs
on the biological activity and pathological aspects in medaka sh were
discussed. Te identied genes could be used as molecular biomarkers for
biological responses to PCBs contamination in an aquatic environment.
MP43 Dierential gene expression in a red alga Gracilaria
textorii (Suringar) Hariot (Gracilariales, Florideophyceae) between
natural populations. S. Woo, S. Yum, Southern Coastal Environment
Research, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Geoje,
Gyeongnam, South Korea; Y. Ko, J. Kim, Department of Biological
Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea;
S. Woo, Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Cytochrome P450, Heat shock protein 90, Ubiquitin
and -actin gene were isolated for the rst time from a red alga Gracilaria
textorii. Te quantitative dierential gene expression analyses of three
genes, GteCYP1A, GteHsp90 and GteUB, were carried out in G. textorii
sporophytes collected from two dierent localities, polluted Sujeong
(Masan, Korea) and potentially unpolluted Danggeum (Daemaemuldo Is.,
Korea). Te transcripts of all three tested genes were highly expressed in
the Sujeong population. Te results suggest: 1) the Sujeong site was more
polluted than the Danggeum site; 2) G. textorii could be applicable to
marine environment monitoring in coastal regions.
MP44 Heart-specic microarray identication of genes involved
in synergistic developmental toxicity of PAHs: Comparison of AHR-
dependent and AHR-independent pathways using morpholino gene
knockdown. L.A. Van Tiem, J. Meyer, R. Di Giulio, Nicholas School of the
Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC; E. Lobenhofer, Cogenics,
Morrisville, NC; M. Kirby, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University,
Durham, NC; H. Tsai, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TAIWAN.
Numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are teratogenic to
sh. It is well established that co-exposure of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor
(AHR) agonist and a CYP1 inhibitor results in synergistic developmental
toxicity in sh embryos. Te heart is a target organ for this toxicity, as
pericardial eusion, impaired looping, elongated atrium, and decreased
cardiac output occur after exposure. Te AHR at least in part mediates this
toxicity, as AHR-morpholino knockdown prevents these PAH-induced
deformities. However, the genes, both AHR dependent and independent,
that control this synergistic toxicity remain largely unknown. Microarrays
were used to screen for the specic genes and pathways involved in the
developmental toxicity caused by individual and co-exposure to PAHs, as
well as genes dependent and independent of the AHR. We used zebrash
(Danio rerio) cmlc2::GFP embryos which express green uorescent protein
in the heart, allowing easy heart extraction. Embryos were injected with
either an AHR2-morpholino or control-morpholino. At 36 hours post
fertilization (hpf ), injected embryos were then dosed with DMSO, 100
g/L benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, an AHR agonist), 500 g/L ouranthene (FL, a
CYP1 inhibitor) or a co-exposure of 100 g/L BaP + 500 g/L FL. At four
timepoints (2, 6, 12, 18 hours after dosing), hearts were extracted by shear
force applied by passing them through a needle and syringe, modifying
a protocol from Burns and MacRae, 2006. Pools of 5 hearts per each
treatment group were used for microarray analysis. Te timepoints were
chosen to capture early cell signaling events as well as later and secondary
signaling events before onset of hatching and deformities. Network
(interactome) and gene ontology analysis of the microarray data will be
presented. Research supported by the NIEHS-supported Duke University
Superfund Basic Research Center (P42 ES10356) and ITEHP (T32
ES07031).
MP45 Application of a medaka HPG axis real time PCR array
method to environmental chemical screening. X. Zhang, M. Hecker,
A. Tompsett, P.D. Jones, J.P. Giesy, Toxicology Centre, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; X. Zhang, Dept. Zoology,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; M. Hecker, ENTRIX, Inc.,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; J. Newsted, ENTRIX, Inc., Okemos,
MI; P.D. Jones, J.P. Giesy, Dept. Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. A real time polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) array was developed for studying chemical-
induced eects on gene expression of selected endocrine pathways along the
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of the small, oviparous sh,
the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Te Japanese medaka HPG PCR
array combines the quantitative performance of SYBR Green-based real-
time PCR with the multiple gene proling capabilities of a microarray to
examine expression proles of 36 genes associated with endocrine pathways
in brain, liver and gonad. A pathway-based approach was implemented to
analyze and visualize time -dependent or concentration dependent mRNA
expression in the HPG axis of Japanese medaka. Te performance of the
Japanese medaka HPG PCR array was evaluated by examining eects of
ve model compounds, the synthetic estrogen, 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2),
the anabolic androgen, 17-trenbolone (TRB), the aromatase inhibitor,
fadrozole (FAD), and the imidozole-type fungicides, prochloraz (PCZ) and
ketoconazole (KTC) in four-month-old the Japanese medaka. Exposure
to TRB, FAD, PCZ or KTC caused lesser fecundity of Japanese medaka
and down-regulated transcription of vitellogenin (VTG) and choriogenin
(CHG) genes in the liver of females. Exposure to FAD for 8 h resulted in an
8-fold and 71-fold down-regulation of expression of estrogen receptor alpha
(ER-) and CHG L, respectively in female liver. However, TRB caused
similar down-regulation of these genes but the eects were not observed
until 32 h of exposure. Te organ- gender- and concentration specic gene
expression proles derived by the Japanese medaka HPG axis RT-PCR array
provides a powerful tool to delineate chemical-induced modes of action. In
addition, quantitative investigation revealed that the ve egg precursors and
ER- in liver of females was related to the ecologically relevant endpoint,
fecundity.
MP46 Ecotoxicometabolomic approach for assessing the mode of
action of bioactive compounds on the green algae Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata. T. Niino, T. Harada, T. Houjou, K. Oonishi, S. Yamada,
K. Nakai, M. Oonishi, Y. Sato, K. Nagai, H. Saito, Mitsubishi chemical
safety institute ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Metabolomic approach
to ecological risk assessments for chemicals (ecotoxicometabolomics) has
great potential for facilitating a better understanding of toxicity pathways
or mode of actions (MOAs). Te purpose of this study is to establish a
system that can detect the MOAs by capturing the change of metabolome
in green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), commonly used in the
ecotoxicological test as model organism for algae in freshwater, treated with
the bioactive compounds. P.subcapitata were cultured in accordance with
the OECD test guideline No.201. Exponentially growing P.subcapitata was
exposed to the bioactive compound, as herbicides, with each dierent MOA
at 50%-eect concentration (ErC50) level. Te metabolite was extracted
from the algae using d4-methanol, hence metabolome was measured by 1H-
NMR. Te 1H-NMR spectra were analyzed by pattern recognition method,
known as principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent
modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Te score plot of PCA showed clear
classication between each group treated with and without chemicals.
In addition, increases and decreases of the fraction that considerably
contributed to separation of each PCA were also reected on the spectrum
of 1H-NMR. Moreover, the results of SIMCA gave the good presentation
of classication reecting the dierence of MOA between with and without
exposure to chemicals. It was suggested that MOA for bioactive compounds
would be classied by ecotoxicometabolomic approach using 1H-NMR
measurements coupled with pattern recognition method.
MP47 Accumulation of Dioxin-isomers and their Eect on
Expression of AhRs and CYP1A in Early Developmental Stage
Embryos of Medaka (Oryzias latipes). K. Hanno, S. Oda, H. Mitani,
Department of Integrated Biosciences,Graduate School of Frontier
Sciences, Te University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,Chiba, Japan; K. Hanno,
Chemical analysis laboratory, Chiba Prefectural Environmental Reserch
Center, ichihara,Chiba, Japan. More than 200 isomers are known in dioxin
and their toxicities depends signicantly on their number and positions
of chlorines.Toxicological and biochemical studies in mammals have
conrmed the concept known as the Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) that
was proposed on the Ah (Aryl hydrocarbon) receptor-mediated toxicities.
Recently, a draft genome of medaka (Oryzias latipes) was published and
it was discovered that the genome includes 4 AhR and CYP1A genes (two
AhR1b and two AhR2) and 1 (CYP1A), whereas they are in the mammalian
genome 1 (AhR) and 2 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2).In this study, we investigated
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the toxicities of the dioxin isomers in medaka embryos to clarify whether
or not the toxicities of the dioxin isomers in sh are equivalent to those
in mammals. Medaka embryos (24 hpf ) were exposed to the dioxin
isomers and the amount of dioxins accumulated in the embryos were
analyzed. Moreover, induction of AhRs and CYP1A gene expression were
investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. When medaka embryos (24 hpf )
were immersed in water containing 2378-TCDD (31 nM), the TCDD
quickly accumulated in the embryos in the rst 6 hours and the amount
in each embryo was maintained at about 30 pg during the following 18
hours when the embryos developed to a stage of 25. Te amount of the
TCDD increased slowly in the following 24 hours up to about 60 pg 48
hours after the start of the exposure and maintained around 60 pg for 120
hours. It is suggested that the accumulation process of dioxins in medaka
embryos would depend on the developmental stages of embryos. Among the
4 AhRs, AhR2a was induced most eectively by the dioxin isomers and its
expression reached its maximum 48 hours after the start of exposure. 2378-
TCDD (3.1nM) induced an expression 10 times higher in AhR2a than the
other AhRs. Te 2378-TCDD (3.1nM) induced a 100-300 fold expression
of CYP1A 24 hours and 72 hours after the start of exposure, whereas the
isomers with 1-3 chlorides (TEF=0) did not. Tese results suggest that the
induction of AhRs and CYP1A and the toxicities in embryonic development
in medaka correspond well with TEF values of the dioxin isomers, that
are estimated in mammals, in spite of the presence of 4 AhR genes in the
medaka genome.
MP48 Endocrine and Physiological Disruption in Wild Fish in
California Urban Ocean and Estuarine Environments Integrative
Molecular and Systems Biology Analysis. K.M. Kelley, J.A. Reyes,
Environmental Endocrinology Laboratory, Marine Biology Program,
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA; R. Fairey, Marine
Pollution Studies Laboratory, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss
Landing, CA; J.L. Armstrong, Environmental Laboratory and Ocean
Monitoring Division, Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain
Valley, CA. Te San Francisco Bay (SFB) and Southern California Bight
(SCB) include a diversity of estuarine and inshore marine environments
that are well documented to be contaminated with chemicals derived
from the activities of large coastal human population centers. Dierent
locales within the SFB and SCB can be characterized by distinct chemical
contamination histories and signatures, with the resident sh accumulating
the contaminants. Terefore, phenotypic analyses of sh residing in dierent
local environments can provide insight into the potential biological impacts
of dierent chemical signatures. Using biochemical and molecular probes
to measure eects on dierent endocrine and physiological parameters
in sh is elucidating the types of phenotypic impacts and their likely
underlying mechanisms of action. Altered (disrupted) levels of endocrine
factors related to thyroid, stress (adrenal), and growth and reproduction
have all been documented concomitantly with measures of physiological
performance in sh sampled from dierent SFB and SCB environments.
Additional proteomic analyses of tissues have pointed to a host of associated
toxicological and metabolic alterations. Correlating these alterations to
specic chemical concentrations accumulated in the sh, combined with an
overall integrative systems interpretation of these data, is shedding light
on potential cause-and-eect relationships and to mechanisms of action
underlying the observed eects. (Support by NOAA-Southern California
Sea Grant Program, San Francisco Estuary Institutes Regional Monitoring
Program for Water Quality, Orange County Sanitation District, City of Los
Angeles-Environmental Monitoring Division, Pacic Coast Environmental
Conservancy).
MP49 Dierential gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) exposed to carbamazepine. T. Neheli, K. Burnison, J. Sherry,
B. Lee, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; D. Crump,
S. Kennedy, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Te
antiepileptic drug Carbamazepine (CBZ) is dicult to remove during waste
water treatment and as a consequence is present and persists in the aquatic
environment. We used the Fluorescent RNA Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase
Chain Reaction technique (FRAP-PCR) to identify rainbow trout genes
that were dierentially expressed after exposure to CBZ. FRAP revealed
several gene transcripts from the livers and brains of rainbow trout that
were up or down regulated by CBZ. Te parent genes of those transcripts
were identied by BLAST analysis of the cloned and sequenced cDNA. Te
FRAP data indicated that CBZ altered the expression of genes associated
with apoptosis, transcription regulation, ion regulation, and a lipoprotein
receptor. Te CBZ exposures were repeated using dierent carrier solvents
(water, ethanol, and PEG 200) after which real-time or quantitative-PCR
was used to validate the dierential expression of the FRAP identied genes.
MP50 Development of tools to study endocrine disrupting
chemicals: Characterization of antibodies specic for the largemouth
bass estrogen receptors. R. Weil, C.J. Martyniuk, N.D. Denslow,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are
ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and have been found to interact with
sex-hormone receptors of aquatic organisms, thus altering their interactions
with the endogenous ligand. In sh, the action of estrogen is involved in a
wide array of physiological processes during development as well as adult
life, and is predominantly mediated via three known estrogen receptors
(ER, ERb and ERa). Te mRNA expression levels of these receptors are
tissue dependent and vary throughout reproductive stages, thus allowing for
ne control of downstream gene regulation. Although gene expression of
the three ER isoforms has been extensively studied in response to estradiol
and xenoestrogens, little is known about the regulation of these receptors
at the protein level, due to the lack of specic antibodies. In this study, we
produced recombinant proteins for the three isoforms, for the purpose of
obtaining antibodies. Te recombinant proteins were designed using the
least conserved region of the ERs, so isoform-specic antibodies can be
obtained. To date, we have obtained antibodies that recognize recombinant
linker proteins, and they will be used to determine tissue distribution of
the three ERs in largemouth bass males and females. For this, liver, gonads,
brain, muscle, gill and head-kidneys were collected from both males and
females at the peak of the sexual reproduction season for both mRNA
levels as well as proteins. Plasma was also collected in order to correlate the
protein expression with circulating levels of estradiol. Tis study will provide
information on ER protein expression and determine whether males and
females dier in relative tissue distribution.
MP51 Selenium exposure causes oxidative stress in isolated
hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). S. Misra, S. Niyogi,
Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for sh, and is known to induce
hormesis response. Beyond the threshold level, selenium exerts serious
implications on vital physiological processes such as growth, reproduction
and development. Liver is known to be the major site of selenium
accumulation and metabolism in sh. Terefore, isolated hepatocytes in
primary culture can be a useful model for investigating the mechanisms
of selenium toxicity. Keeping this in view, we investigated the oxidative
status of isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes exposed to low (50 M),
intermediate (100 M) and high (200 M) doses of selenium (as sodium
selenite) for 24h to understand the mechanistic underpinnings of selenium
toxicity. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the activity of catalase
and superoxide dismutase except at the highest dose. However, glutathione
peroxidase activity increased at 100 and 200 M of sodium selenite
exposure. A signicant dose-dependent increase in the production of
intracellular reactive oxygen species was also recorded. Te ratio of reduced
glutathione to oxidized glutathione decreased with increasing selenium dose.
Subsequently, an increase in the lipid peroxidation and a marked decrease in
cell viability were observed at the highest exposure dose. Overall, our results
suggest that selenium causes cytotoxicity by inducing oxidative damage.
MP52 Gene expression changes in female zebrash (Danio rerio)
brain in response to acute exposure to methylmercury. C.A. Richter,
D.E. Tillitt, Columbia Environmental Research Center, U. S. Geological
Survey, Columbia, MO; N. Garcia Reyero, I. Knoebl, C. Martyniuk,
N.D. Denslow, Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for
Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL. Methylmercury is a potent neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor that
accumulates in aquatic systems. Previous studies have shown suppression
of hormone levels in both male and female sh, suggesting eects on
gonadotropin regulation in the brain. We investigated the gene expression
prole in adult female zebrash whole brain induced by acute (96 hr)
methylmercury exposure. Fish were exposed by injection to 0 or 0.5 g/g
methylmercury. Brain RNA from 10 sh per treatment was pooled in
groups of 2, for 5 samples per treatment. Gene expression was examined
using a two-color 22K feature zebrash microarray (Agilent). At a
signicance level of p<0.01, 79 genes were up-regulated and 76 genes were
down-regulated in response to methylmercury exposure. Cluster analysis by
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sample and principal components analysis both distinguished control from
treated samples. Gene ontology (GO) terms signicantly enriched (p<0.05)
among altered genes included protein folding, cell redox homeostasis,
and steroid biosynthetic process. Within these categories, a peptidylprolyl
isomerase (cyclophilin)-like gene was up-regulated 1.4-fold, Glutaredoxin
(thioltransferase) (glrx) was down-regulated 7.6-fold, hydroxy-delta-5-
steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (hsd3b1) was
up-regulated 9.3-fold, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)
was down-regulated 4.7-fold. Other signicantly altered genes of interest
included glutathione S-transferase, alpha-like (gstal), up-regulated 3.0-
fold, a brain creatine kinase-like gene, up-regulated 1.9-fold, and caspase
6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase, like 1 (casp6l1), down-regulated
7.7-fold. Tese results support the involvement of oxidative stress and
eects on protein structure in the mechanism of action of methylmercury
in the female brain. Future studies will compare the gene expression prole
induced in response to methylmercury with that induced by other toxins
and investigate responsive genes as potential biomarkers of methylmercury
exposure.
MP53 Vitellogenesis and reproduction level eects of several
environmental pharmaceuticals in Oryzias latipes. Y. Kim, K. Choi,
School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; C.
Lee, K. Kim, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South
Korea; J. Park, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University,
Chungnam, South Korea. Several pharmaceuticals in the environment
have been suggested as potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquatic
and terrestrial animals as evidenced by induction of vitellogenin in male
sh exposed to such pharmaceuticals. We studied endocrine disruption
related molecular level endpoints in sh Oryzias latipes and related with
them higher level eects, using estradiol, acetaminophen and enrooxacin
as test pharmaceuticals. For this purpose vitellogenesis was evaluated
on gene expression and protein level, and individual level reproduction
related endpoints were evaluated after 4 or 7 days of exposure to the test
pharmaceuticals. Estradiol and enrooxacin showed 21.4 and 72.8 percent
decrease in total number of eggs, respectively. Gonad somatic index did
not show any signicant dierence. Te eggs viability was inuenced in
concentration dependent manner in adult pairs exposed to enrooxacin.
Fertilized eggs conrmed by formation of eye spot could not be developed
to larvae. Estradiol increased the mRNA level in the livers and vitellogenin
in plasma, respectively. Enrooxacin also showed increase of hepatic
vitellogenin mRNA expression and plasma vitellogenin, except in the
highest concentration (10 mg/L). Te reason not showing vitellogenin up-
regulation in 10 mg/L exposure group could be potential toxicity in liver. In
conclusion, reproduction related eects such as decreased egg number and
egg viability in medaka sh coincided with increases in hepatic vitellogenin
mRNA expression and plasma vitellogenin level. Tis observation suggests
that endocrine disruption be potential mechanism of toxicity that may in
part explain individual level reproduction eects.
MP54 Stoichiometric Modeling of the Steroidogenesis Pathway
in Fish An Investigation into Non-Linear Nodes. D. Hala, D.
Huggett, University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Te metabolic
process of steroidogenesis is a series of sequential reactions responsible
for the transformation of precursor substrate molecules to bioactive
product molecules. Furthermore, these series of reactions are under the
control of key steroidogenic enzymes (hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
and cytochrome P450s). Within the catabolic reactions of the various
steroidogenesis pathways, the production of the progestins (progesterone
and 17-hydroxyprogesterone) provide a sequence of reactions of interest
as they are the pre-cursors for the production of the maturation inducing
hormone (MIH) of 17-hydroxy-20-dihydroprogesterone (17, 20-DP),
which is a key steroid responsible for gamete (oocyte and spermatozoan)
maturation and spawning in sh. Te aim of this study is to characterize
the degree of control exhibited by 20-HSD and CYP17 in the branch-
point of 17-hydroxyprogesterone conversion to 17-hydroxy-20-
dihydroprogesterone (17,20-DP) or androstenedione. Towards this end,
we are characterizing the enzymatic rates of reactions of 20-HSD and
CYP17 regulating 17-hydroxyprogesterone conversion in sh gonads and
to applying a computational approach to simulate the catabolic ux of
17-hydroxyprogesterone and to identify the ecacy of control exhibited
by these enzymes in regulating 17-hydroxyprogesterone catabolism. Te
data presented will be a preliminary insight into the application of a systems
approach into characterizing the properties of the reproductive steroidogenic
network.
MP55 Mechanisms of dioxin-like PCB congener 126 Estrogenic
eects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). M.H. Gjernes, A.S. Mortensen,
A. Arukwe, Dept. of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Recently studies from our
laboratory have demonstrated the complexicity between the estrogen
receptor (ER) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) interactions (for
example: Mortensen, A. S. and Arukwe, A., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,
227, 313-24 (2008); Mortensen, A. S. and Arukwe, A., Comp Hepatol,
6, 2 (2007); Mortensen, A. S. and Arukwe, A., Chem Res Toxicol, 20,
474-88 (2007). In general, these interactions include a bidirectional
cross-talk between ER and AhR and direct estrogenic eects of dioxin-
like PCB126 in salmon hepatocyte culture. Te estrogenic eects of
PCB126 were demonstrated on transcript levels of relevant genes (ER,
Vtg and zona radiata protein) and on ER protein levels and the eect
was inhibited by ER-antagonist (ICI: showing direct ER involvement).
However, the role of AhR is still not claried in a mechanistic concept.
To test mechanistic role of AhR on the PCB126-mediated estrogenicity,
we have used chemical that inhibit protein synthesis (cycloheximide) and
inhibitor of AhR (3,4-dimethoxyavone: 3,4-DMF). For example,
cycloheximide is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus and
has been shown to inhibit protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic organisms.
Cycloheximide exerts its eect by interfering with peptidyl transferase
activity of the 60S ribosome, thus blocking translational elongation. In
general, our data suggest the involvement of activated AhR on PCB126-
mediated estrogenicity and that this involvement is modulated by protein
and receptor inhibitors, respectively. Overall, our ndings demonstrate a
complex mode of ER-AhR interactions that were dependent on time of
exposure and concentration of individual chemicals and inhibitors. Te
complex interactions between these two dierent classes of ligand-activated
receptors provide novel mechanistic insights on signaling pathways.
MP56 Eects of Estrogenic Compounds on Fathead Minnow
(Pimephales promelas) Early Life Stages. S.M. Johns, M.S. Seplveda,
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University,
Lafayette, IN; M.D. Kane, Bindley Bioscience Center at Discovery
Park, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN; N.D. Denslow, 3Department
of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human
Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; K.H. Watanabe,
4Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health
and Science University, Beaverton, OR; E.F. Orlando, 5Department of
Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL. Endocrine
disrupting compounds are known to contaminate aquatic environments.
Te objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and utility of
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) early life-stages as a model to
measure the eects of estrogenic chemicals on physiological and gene
expression endpoints. Embryos (~ 24 h post-fertilization, hpf ) were
exposed to a potent estrogen (17-ethinyl estradiol, EE2, 2, 10, and 50
ng/L); a weak estrogen (phytoestrogen zearalanone, ZEAR, same doses
as above); an anti-estrogen (ZM 189, 154; 40, 250, and 1000 ng/L); and
to mixtures of EE2 and ZM until swim-up stage (~ 170 hpf ). Exposure
to all doses of ZEAR and to the lowest dose of ZM resulted in increased
body sizes, whereas high doses of EE2 decreased body sizes. Expression
of growth hormone was up-regulated by most of the conditions tested.
Exposure to 50 ng/L ZEAR caused an induction of insulin growth factor
1, whereas exposure to 40 ng/L ZM caused a down-regulation of this gene.
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein was signicantly up-regulated after
exposure of all doses of EE2 and luteinizing hormone mRNA expression
increased signicantly in response to every treatment tested. As expected,
EE2 induced vitellogenin expression, but ZEAR also induced expression of
this gene to similar levels compared to EE2. Overall, simultaneous exposure
to ZM + EE2 mixture resulted in a dierent pattern of gene expression
compared to the single exposures. Te results of this study suggest that
a seven-day exposure is sucient to recognize and evaluate eects of
estrogenic compounds on early life stages of fathead minnows.
MP58 Catalytic function of bacterial expressed zebrash (Danio
rerio) cytochrome P450 genes. M.L. Scornaienchi, E.M. Smith, J.Y.
Wilson, Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Fish
genomes have identied novel genes that are not found in mammalian
systems. Functions of these novel genes are often unclear, yet they may
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play an important role in determining responses of sh to environmental
stressors. Te cytochrome P450 superfamily is important for the production
of biological signaling molecules, such as steroids, and in the metabolism
of many common environmental contaminants. Te CYP1 family contains
5 genes found in sh: CYP1A, 1B1, 1C1, 1C2 and 1D1. Little is known
about the functional dierences of these enzymes. We have recently cloned
and expressed the zebrash CYP1A, 1B1, 1C1 and CYP3A65 using a
bacterial expression system. We have begun an assessment of the catalytic
capabilities of these expressed enzymes using uorescent P450 substrates for
which their mammalian P450 specicity is known. Using alkoxyresorun-
O-deethylase (AROD) assays, ethoxy- and methoxy- resorun were most
highly metabolized by zebrash CYP1A and to a lesser extent by CYP1B1
but not by CYP3A65. Only CYP1A metabolized pentoxyresorun and
benzyloxyresorun was metabolized to a similar degree by both CYP1A and
1B1. Most surprising were the results for the mammalian CYP3A substrates
BFC, BQ and DBF. BFC was more highly metabolized by CYP1A than
CYP3A65 and BQ was not metabolized by any sh P450 tested to date in
our lab. DBF was moderately metabolized by CYP3A65. We plan to expand
our functional testing to identify the substrate specicity for the other CYP1
genes and to contrast mammalian and sh systems. Tis research will help
us understand the environmental implications of genetic dierences in
cytochrome P450 genes in sh species.
MP59 Expression of the Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) for EDC screening
with the harpacticoid copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis. K. Gaertner,
S. Kashiwada, G.T. Chandler, T. Sabo-Attwood, Environmental Health
Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC. Te occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
in the environment has prompted concern for toxicity to aquatic species.
Full life-cycle bioassays for Amphiascus tenuiremis, a marine harpacticoid
meiobenthic copepod, have been developed and are in validation by OECD
for evaluation of developmental and reproductive eects of various EDCs.
However, copepod bioassays have not been coupled to specic molecular
and transcriptional events. In arthropods, the hormonal pathway for
ecdysone is primarily responsible for molting, but also involves maturation
of ova and vitellogenesis. Tus reproductive and developmental endpoints
of life-cycle tests may therefore be linked to disruption of the ecdysteroid
hormone system. Ecdysteroids regulate gene expression by binding to the
ecdysone receptor (EcR), which dimerizes with the ultraspiracle protein
(USP) and interacts with DNA response elements. Like other hormone
systems in vertebrates, EcR and USP may be transcriptionally autoregulated.
We hypothesize that the EcR and USP pathways are targets of EDCs in
A. tenuiremis by altering down-stream gene expression, including EcR and
USP. To begin to address this, we have successfully extracted RNA and
isolated and cloned potential EcR, USP and 28s cDNA sequences from A.
tenuiremis using degenerate primers developed to conserved regions of the
DNA binding domain of other arthropods. Te partial cDNA sequences
obtained were further extended using rapid amplication of cDNA ends
(RACE). Te sequences were veried by comparison to the NCBI database
using BLAST. Potential EcR and USP matches achieved signicant e-values
with top matches to Locusta sp. and Nasonia sp., respectively. 28s showed
greater than 95% similarity to other harpacticoid copepods. Using these
sequences we are developing a qRT-PCR assay, which will measure the
expression of EcR and USP during various copepod life stages and in
response to EDCs (28s housekeeping gene). Te results of this work will
improve our understanding of basic endocrine pathways in A. tenuiremis,
give insight into EDC modes of action, and lead to improved detection of
EDC exposure via molecular biomarkers of endocrine activity.
MP60 In-vitro scale vertebrate embryo assays as versatile tools for
target and non-target screening of active compounds, food additives,
toxicants and pharmaceutical products. M. Fenske, C. Schfers, R.
Fischer, Applied Ecology-Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular
Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany; S. DiFiore, R.
Goerlich, R. Fischer, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH-Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany. Te sh embryo test oers a versatile and
convenient testing platform for target and non-target screening applications.
In combining the assets of the zebrash (Danio rerio) as a well established
vertebrate developmental and genetic model with the small-scale, in-
vitro type set up of the embryo test, it provides a powerful tool set for the
development of universal testing approaches. Regulators and industry are
urged by economical and legislative constraints to develop cost-eective
and robust test methods to eciently predict and assess potential hazards of
chemicals to the environment and human health, while reinforcing animal
welfare considerations. With REACH taking eect in Europe, numerous
initiatives have been spurred on to implement alternative, non-animal
testing strategies, among which the zebrash embryo test has emerged as
the most promising one. We propose to develop integrated sh embryo
assays, which will enable users to screen biological and environmental
samples of various origins for either desired or detrimental eects, in order
to identify toxicants or biomarkers, elucidate mechanisms of action and/
or predict subsequent systematic or ecologically relevant eects. Te assays
prot from ecient data mining based on an extensive database in which
genome-, proteom-, metabolome- and phenotoypic proling data are
being resourcefully amalgamated with traditional toxicological endpoint
information. Medium to high-throughput strategies can be accomplished
through automation of assay conduct and analysis and computational
tools (bioinformatics, mathematical and statistical models). It is aimed to
specically address general experimental and data complexity issues and
to seek for optimal solutions according to user needs. For drug discovery
purposes, e.g., transgenic zebrash assay could be employed for the study of
disease-relevant gene targets and analysed with the high-content screening
confocal laser scanning platform Opera (Perkin Elmer). Or the assay could
complement in-vitro assay suites for eect-directed analyses, aimed at novel
food safety assessment strategies.
MP61 Temporal expression and transcriptional regulation of the
vitellogenin receptor gene in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).
G. Dominguez, S. Kashiwada, T. Sabo-Attwood, Environmental Health
Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; K. Kroll, N.
Denslow, Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Fish
vitellogenin synthesized and released from the liver is taken up into oocytes,
in part, by the vitellogenin receptor (VtgR). Few studies have focused
on the functional role of VtgR in teleosts but the transcriptional control
of this gene has not been explored. Depending on the transcriptional
factors involved, the VtgR gene may be a downstream target of endocrine
disrupting compounds (EDCs). Te objectives of this study are to identify
and characterize the mRNA expression and regulation of the VtgR gene in
largemouth bass (LMB) ovarian tissue. To begin this work, VtgR cDNA
was amplied from female gonadal tissue using RACE. With this technique
the VtgR cDNA was amplied, cloned and veried by BLAST which
revealed greater than 90% similarity with other sh sequences. We then
designed a qRT-PCR assay to measure the temporal expression of VtgR
mRNA in gonadal tissue during the normal annual reproductive cycle.
VtgR mRNA levels were most highly expressed (5x10
6
copies/g RNA) in
tissues containing predominantly pre-vitellogenic oocytes, whereas the levels
considerably decrease when the majority of oocytes become vitellogenic.
We compared this expression prole to those obtained for the three
estrogen receptors, ER, ER2 and ER1, in the same tissue. Similar to
VtgR expression all three ERs were highly expressed when pre-vitellogenic
oocytes were most abundant. Te levels of ER1 (5.5x10
6
copies/g RNA)
and ER2 (4.3x10
6
copies/g RNA) were much more highly expressed
compared to ER (0.7x10
6
copies/g RNA). Based on this data, we
hypothesize the VtgR gene is regulated partially by LMB ERs in ovarian
tissue, specically ER1 and ER2. To further investigate this notion we
cloned a portion of the VtgR promoter using genome walking approaches
and are currently investigating the transcriptional elements present in this
sequence. We plan to test the regulation of this promoter by ERs using a
luciferase reporter assay. In addition to enhancing our basic understanding
of the endocrine system in sh, this work will also uncover the potential of
the VtgR as a target of EDCs.
MP62 Potential Biomarkers of Endocrine Disruption Due to
Chronic Atrazine and DEA Exposure in the Freshwater Amphipod
Hyalella azteca. K.J. Ralston-Hooper, M.S. Seplveda, H.G. Ochoa-
Acua, J. Adamec, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Atrazine is one
of the worlds most widely used herbicides. As a result of its widespread
use, it is now one of the most commonly detected contaminants of ground,
surface, and drinking water in the United States. Research has demonstrated
atrazines endocrine disrupting potential on a wide range of species.
However, little information is available on potential endocrine disrupting
eects in invertebrates. Not only is information lacking for invertebrate
species, but little information exists on the potential endocrine disrupting
ability of one of atrazines primary metabolites, desethylatrazine (DEA). Our
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hypothesis is that atrazine and DEA induce similar endocrine disrupting
eects and biomarker responses in the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca.
We tested this hypothesis by exposing Hyalella azteca chronically (42 d) to
both chemicals and evaluated eects on reproduction as well as biomarker
responses utilizing proteomic and metabolomic techniques. Organisms
were exposed to 3000, 300, 30, 3, 0.3, and 0.03 ppb atrazine and DEA.
Metabolites were identied using two dimensional gas chromatography time
of ight mass spectrometry while global protein changes were determined
via two dimensional electrophoresis. Our initial results demonstrate that
DEA has the ability to signicantly change sex ratios in Hyalella azteca
populations when compared to non-exposed organisms. Preliminary data
suggests that DEA exposure at doses as low as 3 ppb could potentially
change sex ratios and reduce the number of males in a population. Potential
protein and metabolite biomarkers of exposure to atrazine and DEA will
also be presented.
MP63 Cloning of the new cytochrome P450 genes CYP1D1 and
CYP1C2 from Fundulus heteroclitus and absence of induction by
the AHR agonist PCB 126. J. Zanette, J.V. Goldstone, M.J. Jenny, B.R.
Woodin, J.J. Stegeman, Biology, WHOI, Woods Hole, MA; J. Zanette, A.C.
Bainy, Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis,
Santa Catarina, Brazil. Te estuarine sh Fundulus heteroclitus is frequently
used in environmental studies as a model organism. Te identication of
new cytochrome P450 genes, particularly CYP gene family 1, is important
to better understand detoxication/bioactivation mechanisms of organic
contaminants (eg.: PCBs and PAHs) as well as to have a better picture of
the resistance acquired to these chemicals observed in previous studies with
Fundulus. New CYP1 genes CYP1C2 and CYP1D1 have been identied in
zebrash. In the present study, degenerate primers were designed to amplify
the CYP1D1 gene transcript in F. heteroclitus by RT-PCR. Te full-length
of CYP1D1 (1808 bp) was obtained by amplication of 5 and 3 cDNA
ends. Te amino acid sequence shows 69.0 %, 68.0 % and 59.0 % identity
with stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), medaka (Oryzias latipes) and
zebrash (Danio rerio ) CYP1D1s, respectively. Te full-length CYP1C2 is
being sequenced. Expression levels of CYP1D1 and CYP1C2 transcripts, as
well as those of previously known CYP1A and CYP1C1, were analyzed in
liver of male F. heteroclitus from a reference site (Scorton Creek, Sandwich,
MA), by real-time PCR, using beta-actin as a reference gene. Expression
of CYP1C2 and CYP1D1 in the liver was 73.9 and 24.3 fold lower than
CYP1A mRNA expression, respectively; however the values were 4.1 and
12.6 fold higher than CYP1C1 mRNA expression, respectively. When adult
male sh were injected with a dose of 31 pmol/g of the aryl hydrocarbon
receptor (AHR) agonist PCB126, and sampled after 48 hours, CYP1A and
CYP1C1 were strongly induced (33.7 and 134.7 fold control, respectively)
whereas CYP1D and CYP1C2 were not (0.4 and 0.6 fold control,
respectively). Previous studies with zebrash embryos showed that PCB126
induces CYP1C2 expression as well as CYP1A and CYP1C1, and that the
blockage of AHR2 inhibits this induction, suggesting that this receptor is
a key pathway to the observed responses for these genes in developmental
stages. Te present results suggest that in adult F. heteroclitus liver the
newly identied CYP1D1, as well as the recently discovered CYP1C2
are not induced by the PCB 126 AHR agonist. Tere could be dierent
mechanisms of regulation of CYP1 genes in embryos and adults.
MP64 Antioxidant gene expression in tambaqui (Colossoma
macropomum) exposed to copper and cadmium. F.M. Casanova,
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil; R. Honda,
M. Ferreira-Nozawa, S. Nozawa, Centro Universitrio Nilton Lins, Manaus,
Amazonas, Brazil. Te current study investigated the eects of the levels
of expression of genes HSP70 (heat-shock protein 70, CAT (catalase),
GLU (Glutamine synthase) and Citp450 (cytochrome p oxidases 450) of
C. macropomum (tambaqui) as a function of dierent exposure times to
heavy metals copper and cadmium. Fish exposed to transition metals exhibit
disturbances of ionoregulation, olfaction and swimming performance. Some
of these metals are essential for many physiological processes. However, they
are toxic at high levels and may induce the formation of reactive oxygen
species that cause oxidative stress. Te juveniles of tambaqui (n = 3) were
exposed to copper (20 g/mL) and cadmium (10 g/mL) for 1 h and 3
h. Te total RNA of liver tissue was extracted and the level of expression
was evaluated by RT-PCR. Te maximum response to HSP70, 9-fold that
of the control was observed in sh exposed to copper for 3 h. Te levels
of mRNA of glutamine synthase were maximum, 2-fold in relation to
the control, for exposure to cadmium at both times. Te levels of mRNA
of catalase increased in the rst hour of exposure for the two metals in
relation to the control, a 5-fold increase for copper and a 4-fold increase
for cadmium in relation to the control. Although the liver control sample
presented reduced expression of Citp450 mRNA, sh exposed to copper
for 3 h presented a 20-fold expression in relation to the control. Te 1-h
treatment with cadmium resulted in the 30-fold as high expression in
relation to the control. Te results suggest that antioxidizing enzymes can be
used as biomarkers of environmental stress in tambaqui and that they play
an important role in physiological changes related to metabolism and cell
protection. (Support: CNPq, FAPEAM).
MP65 Te biological impact of climate change on gene expression
in Amazon sh. F. Lira, F.M. Casanova, A.T. Costa, R.T. Honda, M.S.
Ferreira-Nozawa, S.R. Nozawa, Laboratory of Gene Expression, Centro
Universitrio Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Global environmental
changes may result in loss of biodiversity, changes in hydrological systems
and in the supplies of freshwater, land degradation and stress on food-
producing systems. According to the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate
Change (IPCC), the temperature has increased about 0.6C (+ 0.2C) since
the late-19th century and about 0.3C over the past 25 years. Around 30%
of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of
extinction if the global average temperature exceeds 2.5C over 1980-1999
levels. Climate change threatens substantially aect the Amazon region and
especially important to this proposal increase the risk of biodiversity loss.
Fishes of the Amazon comprise 40% of total freshwater sh species. Such
richness is thought to result from the dynamics of Amazon rivers, the size
and diversity of habitats, the species paucity in some parts of the river, and
the rich genetic information. However, they are sensitive to temperature
variations and therefore are threatened by the global heating. Te present
work aims at evaluating the impact of climate changes on gene expression
in juvenile C. macropomum submitted to dierent temperatures (t): T1
- ambient temperature 26 2 C (control); T2 - 34 2 C; and T3 - 38
2 C. Te total RNA extracted from sh muscle at 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h of
exposure to each treatment was used to quantify the expression of Rag2,
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), and Trp (tropomyosin) using qPCR. It was
observed signicant up-regulation of tropomyosin in white muscle: 4-fold
in T2 and 5-fold in T3 in animals exposed for 6 and 3 h, respectively.
Similar changes were found in the up-regulation of LDH and RAG2 genes
in white muscle: 6-fold in the expression of T2 for LDH gene and 5.5-fold
in the expression of T3 for RAG2, for 6 and 3 h, respectively. In conclusion,
this work reports on the up- and down-regulation of genes in response to
climate change. (Support: CNPq, FAPEAM).
MP66 In-vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Estrogenic Activity
by Ordnance Related Compounds in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss). K.L. Richardson, H.J. deHaro, D. Schlenk, Department of
Environmental Sciences, UCR, Riverside, CA; S.M. Braseld, J.A.
Steevens, Environmental Laboratory, US Army ERDC, Vicksburg, MS.
Because of the paucity of information available, the ecological impacts
of military unique compounds are hard to predict. In the current study,
we conducted cytotoxicity and estrogenic activity studies of ordnance
related compounds using primary hepatocyte cultures from juvenile male
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We evaluated 14 munition-derived
compounds along with 3 combustion by-products and 3 well known
estrogenic compounds. Cytotoxicity of the various compounds was assessed
by amending cell culture media with the compounds at ve concentrations
(0.1ppm, 0.3ppm, 1ppm, 3ppm, and 10ppm) and cell viability was
determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide) method. All compounds showed EC50 values above
10 ppm for cytotoxicity, with the exception of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT)
which showed an EC50 of 4.6ppm. Six out of the twenty compounds were
toxic at the highest doses (3 and 10 ppm) while 5 showed toxicity at 0.3
and 0.1 ppm. Further in vitro exposures to assess estrogenic activity were
carried out based on concentrations that show no cytotoxicity (80 percent
or higher viability). Estrogenic activity of the compounds was evaluated by
quantication of egg-yolk protein vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA via RT-PCR.
NOEC values for estrogenicity ranged from <0.03 to >10 ppm. Endocrine
disruption of the tested compounds will also be presented as estrogen
equivalency factors. A better understanding of the potential impacts
of military unique compounds will be gained through the application
of innovative studies such as cell based screening and bioassay guided
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fractionation. Te research will ensure sustained use of military installations
by increasing the condence of ecological risk assessments at training ranges
by addressing an area of uncertainty regarding the potential impacts and
mechanism of toxicity of ordnance related compounds.
MP67 Mechanism(s) of Toxicity of the Lamprecide
3-triuoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to Larval Lamprey (Petromyzon
marinus) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). O. Birceanu, M.P.
Wilkie, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;
G.B. McClelland, Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada. Te lampricide, 3-triuoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has
been applied to nursery streams containing larval sea lampreys for over
fty years to control populations of parasitic sea lampreys in the Great
Lakes. However, the specic mode of action of TFM is unclear. Tere
are two hypotheses regarding the mode of TFM toxicity. Te rst is that
TFM interferes with energy metabolism by inhibiting oxidative ATP
production by the mitochondria, leading to fuel decits and death. Te
second hypothesis is that it acts upon the gills, and contributes to death by
interfering with gill-mediated ion uptake (e.g. Na
+
). Te goal of our research
is to determine the mechanism(s) of TFM toxicity to larval lampreys and a
non-target sh, the rainbow trout. To test the rst hypothesis, we exposed
the sh to their respective TFM 96 h LC50s, and collected tissues (blood,
muscle, liver, and brain) for analysis of metabolites and fuel stores. TFM
exposure caused a decrease in muscle glycogen and an increase in lactate in
larval lampreys, but not in rainbow trout. Tese ndings suggest that TFM
does interfere with oxidative metabolism in both lamprey and trout. To
test the second hypothesis, radiotracers were used to monitor Na
+
uptake
from the water during TFM exposure. TFM caused an immediate 60%
decrease in Na
+
uptake in rainbow trout, which was sustained for the entire
12 h exposure, whereas in lampreys it had no eect on Na
+
inux. Analysis
of Na
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+
ATPase activity in rainbow trout did not explain the decrease
in Na
+
inux, since there was no change in activity in TFM exposed
sh compared to controls. Tere were also no changes in haemoglobin,
haematocrit and mean cellular haemoglobin contents in either species
exposed to their respective TFM LC50s for 12 h. Although TFM interferes
with ionoregulation in trout, it does not explain toxicity in this species. We
conclude that TFM does interfere with oxidative ATP production in both
lamprey and trout, and that this may ultimately explain how this pesticide
exerts its toxic eects. Te authors gratefully acknowledge GLFC for
funding this research.
MP68 Evaluation of DNA damage and repair in Artemia franciscana
exposed to uoranthene and UV light using the comet assay. P. Ramirez-
Romero, M. Guzmn-Martnez, Hidrobiologa, Universidad Autnoma
Metropolitana, Mexico, DF, Mexico; M. Aguilar-Santamara, K. Dvalos
de la Cruz, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana,
Mexico, DF, Mexico. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of
contaminants widely distributed in the environment. Tese compounds
cause oxidative stress and DNA damage, which are increased in the presence
of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR). Te objective of the present study was to
evaluate DNA damage and reparation in Artemia franciscana metanauplii
exposed to uoranthene and UVR using single cell electrophoresis (Comet
Assay). Two nominal concentrations of uoranthene were tested (24 and
48 g/L) using eight replicates of 100 organisms. Manipulation and solvent
controls groups were tested in four replicates. Fluoranthene and UVR
exposure lasted 24 h, with a 12:12 light:dark photoperiod, after which four
replicates per concentration were processed with Singhs modied technique.
Tis experimental design was repeated without the presence of UVR. For
the repair phase the organisms in the other four replicates were taken out of
the UV light exposure chamber and exposure water was changed for clean
ltrated marine water. One replicate was processed after 1, 6, 12 and 24 h.
DNA comet tail length averaged 15.03 1.22 in those organisms exposed
to uoranthene without UVR and 35.95 1.32 and 37.97 1.42 for
those exposed to both uoranthene concentrations with UVR, respectively.
Tese lengths decreased when the organisms were transferred to clean
water and absence of UVR, which suggested that the repair mechanisms
were activated, allowing for some DNA repair. Te long term eects of the
damaged caused by uoranthene and UVR cannot be predicted with these
experiments; therefore a full life cycle bioassay is suggested as a follow up
study to determine if the DNA repair observed translates in normal growth
and reproduction.
MP69 Gene Expression, Physiology, Morphology and Chemical
Exposures in Sensitive and Resistant Embryos. G. Bozinovic, M.
Oleksiak, D. Shea, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; M. Oleksiak, Marine and
Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Populations of the
teleost Fundulus heteroclitus inhabit heavily contaminated sites and have
adapted to the pollutants in their environment. We are analyzing patterns
of gene expression among and within multiple populations of developing
Fundulus embryos adapted to these sites to better understand the eect
of pollution during embryogenesis. Changes in gene expression can be
used as a sensitive and measurable endpoint of toxicity and are thought to
be an important factor in adaptation to environmental changes that may
underlie phenotypes necessary for developing resistance. Tis resistance
was conrmed by exposing embryos of parents collected at multiple clean
and Superfund sites to polluted sediment extracts and comparing their
physiological, morphological, and chemical responses: developmental delays
and signicant dierences in survival and heart rates were observed among
embryos of parents from clean sites, while embryos of parents from polluted
sites developed normally with neither signicant delays nor abnormalities.
Chemical analyses of embryos detected byphenyl, naphtalene,
phenanthrene, and anthracene pollutants during sensitive developmental
stages among exposed clean and resistant embryo populations. Preliminary
analysis of metabolic gene expression during late organogenesis revealed
signicant dierences among reference, polluted, and hybrid embryo
populations. Analyses of gene expression in these Fundulus embryos, along
with developmental, morphological, histological, and chemical results,
could clarify the roles of polygenic responses and gene-gene interactions
important for adaptation to polluted environments during critical life stages
of a developing organism.
MP70 Variation in stress biomarkers among ecotypes of Galveston
Bay Spartina alterniora exposed to heavy metals. J.C. Whitney,
C.L. Howard, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX. Smooth
cordgrass (Spartina alterniora) is the dominant species in the highly
productive coastal marsh ecosystems of Galveston Bay, Texas. On the
U.S. east coast, two ecotypes of S. alterniora are recognized (tall versus
short), however, in our studies of Galveston Bay marshes, we have noted
as many six distinct growth forms distributed among native, restored,
and pollutant impacted marshes. It is unknown whether these dierent
forms are ecophenic (morphological dierent, genetically similar) or
ecotypic (genetically dierent), or if they have resulted naturally or from
hybridization of the various strains used for planting restoration sites over
the years. However, each distinct marsh community along the bay generally
consists of only one of the S. alterniora growth forms. Results from our
previous studies on stress biomarkers in S. alterniora from native versus
pollutant impacted marshes may be more related to the growth metrics
or genetics of the plants than the general site pollution characteristics.
Terefore, the objective of this study was to associate ecophenic/ecotypic
variation among S. alterniora populations in Galveston Bay with regard
to their biomarker concentration and pollution tolerance. Field collected
S. alterniora representing the six observed growth forms were acclimated
hydroponically, then exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of
selected heavy metals. Leaves from each plant were harvested and analyzed
for chlorophyll content, peroxidase and catalase activity, and selected heavy
metals to determine if a relationship between ecotype and stress biomarker
induction exists. Although heavy metal uptake did not vary signicantly
among the dierent ecotypes, there were marked dierences in biomarker
activities, conrming observational data that specic S. alterniora ecotypes
are adapted to the site pollution characteristics.
MP71 Expression Proling the Eects of Progesterone Exposure
on Isolated Gonads of Fathead Minnows. K.J. Kroll, N. Garcia-
Reyero, D. Spade, N.D. Denslow, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Reproduction is fundamental to the survival of all species and is exquisitely
regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, which controls
concentrations of circulating sex hormones. While attention has been given
to estrogens and androgens, scant studies exist for progesterone signaling in
gonads. Progesterone is a steroid hormone responsible for egg maturation,
the resumption of meiosis, and the ovulation cascade. Tere is evidence
in the literature that some pollutants can act like progesterone or interfere
with its normal function. Mature ovaries from 4 breeding females were
removed, split in half (10 mg each), and incubated with progesterone (500
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ng/L) or ethanol control (0.05 %) for 4 hrs at room temperature (25C).
Germinal vesicle position and migration was determined in each treatment
after clearing a subsample of the eggs with Pankurst solution. Te largest
eggs showed evidence of germinal vesicle migration in the progesterone
treatment. Total RNA was isolated and analyzed by 4 X 44K fathead
minnow microarray for overall changes in gene expression. A total of 122
and 146 genes were signicantly regulated at a p-value of 0.01 and 0.05,
respectively and a fold-change increase of at least 1.5. Many genes known
to be involved in nal oocyte maturation in teleosts in response to the
maturation inducing hormone (MIH-- 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-
one) were regulated including the voltage-gated calcium channels, Protein
Kinase C, Cyclin A, and serine/threonine protein kinase, among others.
Moreover, up-regulation of the transcriptional co-repressor Sin3A and
NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related kinase 2 with corresponding down-
regulation of transcription- and translation-related genes sf3b5 (splicing
factor), rfc5 (replication factor), Lsm6 (U6 snRNA-associated) and RpS12
(ribosomal protein) may be related to the meiotic arrest known to occur in
maturing oocytes before ovulation. Understanding the molecular events that
lead up to normal ovulation in fathead minnows will help us uncover how
exposure to contaminants may alter reproduction.
MP72 Cytochrome P4501A and Arsenic in Benzo(a)pyrene-induced
Carcinogenesis. D. Tompson, K. Burwinkel, Northern Kentucky
University, Highland Heights, KY. Te environmental pollutants arsenic
and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are well-known human carcinogens commonly
found together in substances such as cigarette smoke. Arsenic is usually
addressed as a non-mutagenic co-carcinogen, with the potential to enhance
the eects of mutagens such as BaP, although the mechanisms remain
unclear. BaP exerts its carcinogenic eects by leading to the formation
of DNA adducts, resulting in DNA replication errors and subsequent
mutations. Te detoxication of BaP in the liver is a multi-step process
requiring several enzymes, notably cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), epoxide
hydrolase (EH), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). In this study, co-
exposure of arsenic and BaP in zebrash (Danio rerio) led to signicant
decreases in CYP1A enzyme activity when compared to those of BaP alone.
Tere was no similar eect of BaP and arsenic co-exposures on EH or GST
activity. Te eect on CYP1A is likely transcriptional, as CYP1A mRNA
levels decrease signicantly as a result of exposure to both arsenic and BaP.
Experimental evidence suggests that arsenic does, in fact, disrupt the BaP
transformation pathway by altering typical CYP1A activity.
MP73 Triclosan acts as an estrogen in male western mosquitosh,
Gambusia anis. S. Raut, R. Angus, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent
used in a variety of personal care and industrial products such as soap,
shampoo, and textile goods. TCS and its environmentally transformed
derivative, methyl-TCS has been detected in waters receiving euent from
wastewater treatment plants. Te molecular structure of TCS resembles
that of other non-steroidal estrogens. Furthermore, it has been shown
to displace [(3)H] estradiol from estrogen receptors in human breast
cancer cell lines, suggesting a role in the interference of normal endocrine
functions. However, the endocrine disrupting potential of TCS has not
been well studied. We hypothesize that TCS acts as an estrogen and an
endocrine disrupting agent in sh. To test this hypothesis, we exposed
mature male western mosquitosh, Gambusia anis to TCS and measured
vitellogenin induction as a biomarker of endocrine disruption. In the
present study, mature male mosquitosh were exposed for two weeks to
various concentrations of TCS (10nM, 50 nM, 350 nM, and 700nM)
using the static renewal method. Ethynylestradiol (10nM) was used as a
positive control. At the end of the exposure period, livers were isolated and
vitellogenin mRNA expression was determined by real time-PCR analysis.
Induction of vitellogenin mRNA expression was seen in the 700 nM TCS
treatment group. We also measured standard length, weight, hepatosomatic
and gonadosomatic indices in these treatment groups and found no
signicant dierences between treatment groups. Tese results suggest
that TCS acts as a weak estrogen as compared to ethynylestradiol and an
endocrine disruptor in aquatic organisms. We are currently investigating
long-term eect of TCS and methyl-TCS exposure on vitellogenin
induction and sperm production in mature male western mosquitosh,
Gambusia anis.
MP74 Endocrine disruption in rainbow trout following intra-
peritoneal injection to pulp and paper mill euent extracts. R.
Orrego, J. Guchardi, R. Krause, L. Roti, D. Holdway, Faculty of Science,
University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada;
V. Hernandez, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University
of Concepcion, Concepcion, Biobio, Chile. Endocrine disruption eects
due to Chilean pulp and paper mill euents involving dierent euent
treatments (solid phase extraction, SPE) specic extracts obtained from
non-treated, primary and secondary treated euents) were evaluated
using immature triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a pulse-
exposure toxicity experiment. Te protocol used involved the use of intra-
peritoneal injection, corrected for individual sh weight and based on
previously determined dose information, and several laboratory steroid and
phytosterol standards. Signicant induction of the cytochrome P4501A1
was observed between dierent euent treatments and experimental
controls after 7 days post-injection. Endocrine disrupting eects at the
reproductive level were observed in all euent treatments. Tese involved
increases in plasma vitellogenin (VTG) levels after 7 days in sh injected
with untreated and primary treated euent extracts, similar to the increased
VTG levels found for 17--estradiol standard injected sh and dierent
from the 4 day increase observed in sh injected with secondary treated
euent extract. Additionally, an early increase of plasma testosterone
concentrations occurred in sh injected with untreated euent extract,
dierent from the observed increase in 17--estradiol injected sh, and from
sh injected with primary and secondary treated euent extracts observed
after 4 days. Untreated and primary treated euent extract injected sh
showed a higher but delayed induction in VTG levels compared to sh
injected with secondary treatment euent extract, and also a dierential
steroid induction pattern, indicating a dierential endocrine disruption
eect due to the euent treatment. Te preliminary results indicate a
dierential CYP19arom gene expression in sh gonad. Tese results are
being conrmed by a longterm chronic exposure (multiple injections
experiment). Key words: Endocrine disruption, pulp mill euent,
treatments, SPE extracts.
MP75 Proteomic Proling of Benzo[a]pyrene-Exposed Organotypic
Skin Cultures in Cetaceans. J. Cole, L. Chen, W. Gao, C. Godard-
Codding, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University/TIEHH,
Lubbock, TX; P. Fair, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS Center for Coastal
Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR), Charleston,
SC; J. Strahlendorf, Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas
Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX. Te evaluation
of pollutant impacts on cetacean health is crucial to the conservation
of declining marine mammal species. However, our understanding
of the impact of environmental pollution on marine mammal health
has been hindered by a lack of minimally invasive methods to detect
contaminants and their eects in the tissue samples that can be collected
from these protected species. To address this issue, we are exposing
cetacean organotypic cultures to selected contaminants and comparing
proteomic proles of control and treated slices in order to reveal potential
biomarkers of exposure and eect. Te organotypic cultures are generated
from skin biopsies or from tissues collected from freshly stranded animals
and are therefore applicable to protected species. Here, we report on
1) the successful optimization of a slicing technique and organotypic
culture protocol for cetacean skin/blubber tissue, and 2) the proteomic
proling of organotypic Tursiops truncatus (bottlenose dolphin) skin/
blubber cultures exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a prototypical polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon and known marine contaminant. Te skin/blubber
organotypic cultures were treated with a DMSO vehicle control or with
10uM, 1uM, 10nM, and 1nM BaP for 24 hours. Various cultured slice
thickness (200 to 800um) were tested. After 24h, proteins were isolated
from control and treated slices and solubilized using two dimensional
gel lysis buer. Te solubilized proteins (425ug) were separated by two-
dimensional gel electrophoresis after optimization of loading parameters
(protein concentration, acrylamide concentration, and running time).
As expected, comparative proteomic proles of treated and control slices
revealed signicant dierences in expression for several proteins. Tese
proteins will be identied using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS) and further evaluated for their usefulness as biomarkers for
BaP exposure and/or eect.
MP76 Evaluating Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Chironomid Using
Hemoglobin as a Molecular Biomarker. J. Oh, K. Doan, C.S. Bentivegna,
Biology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ. Hemoglobin protein in
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aquatic midge y larvae (Family: Chironomidae) is a promising biomarker
for evaluating the adjusted lifestyles of chironomids in a toxic environment
at a molecular level. Previous studies indicate that hemoglobin protein in
chironomids is highly polymorphic which may be particularly important
for their ability to survive in organic, suboxic wetland sediments. With
high hemoglobin protein concentrations in individual larvae, proteins are
easily detected by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
with comaisse blue staining. Hemoglobin protein from each individual
larva was collected by decapitating the head. As a model heavy metal
toxicant, the eect of cadmium (Cd) on the dierent hemoglobin proteins
was investigated using the following concentrations; 0 mM, 0.3 mM, 3.0
mM, and 30.0 mM. Exposure times were 0 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, and 96
hr. Te band proles shown on SDS-PAGE represented each individual at
each time period and concentration of Cd. Hemoglobin band proles from
individual were distinguished by the presence or absence of bands as well as
band intensities and compared to other individuals at dierent times and
concentrations. Results showed that the expression of band proles varied
as concentrations of Cd and duration of exposure time increased. It was
noted that the smallest hemoglobin proteins (< 5 KD) became lighter and/
or disappeared in many individuals. Tis overall trend suggested that the
expression of hemoglobin band proles could give useful information for
detecting presence of heavy metals in eld studies.
MP77 Molecular and biochemical eects of BaP are associated with
behavioural and growth alterations in sea bass. C. Gravato, J. Almeida, L.
Guilhermino, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, CIIMAR,
University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; T. Vandenbrouck, K. Van der Ven, W.
De Coen, EBT Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp,
Antwerp, Belgium. Te link between molecular and biochemical changes
with ecologically relevant eects at higher levels of biological organization
is a challenge in Ecotoxicology. A laboratory bioassay was performed with
sea bass juveniles exposed during 28 days to 1-16 microg/L benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP). Te eects of BaP on gene expression, a battery of biomarkers, body
length and weight increases, feeding inhibition and swimming velocity were
determined. Te results showed that several classes of genes were altered
by BaP. Accumulation of BaP in the liver was associated with insucient
detoxication and subsequent oxidative damage in sh exposed to 8 and 16
microg/L BaP. Growth, feeding and swimming velocity were inhibited by 8
and 16 microg/L BaP. Eects in sh brain and muscle were also observed,
namely accumulation of BaP, enzymatic alterations and oxidative damage.
Correlation between genes, biomarkers and behavioural alterations were
established and discussed. Overall results show that the molecular and sub-
cellular alterations induced by BaP seem to be associated with the eects on
growth and behaviour, demonstrating their ecological relevance.
MP78 C-n: A novel in vitro assay for detecting thyroid hormone-
disrupting chemicals. A. Hinther, D. Dominik, C. Helbing, Biochemistry
& Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada. Te growing concern that polluting anthropogenic chemicals
are potential disruptors of thyroid hormone (TH) action has prompted
the call for screening assays to assess the safety of newly created chemicals
and those already present in the environment. Te total dependence of
amphibian metamorphosis on TH and the high degree of conservation
of the TH signaling pathway in vertebrates has led to the development
of metamorphosis-based assays using whole animal exposures. However,
there is substantial pressure to reduce the use of animals in screening assays.
We have recently developed a tail n biopsy assay using Rana catesbeiana
tadpoles which enables non-lethal tissue sampling from live animals and
the assessment of exposure to thyroid active agents by examining mRNA
transcript levels of known TH-responsive genes. Tis method enables
a repeated measures experimental design where a tail n biopsy can be
obtained from the same tadpole at multiple time points. Despite the
advantages of this experimental design, only a single chemical treatment
can be tested per animal which is not conducive to a high throughput
screening approach for multiple chemicals or conditions. Building on the
tail n biopsy assay and the fact that tadpole tissues can be successfully
cultured, we have developed a cultured tail n biopsy or C-n assay.
By taking up to eight tail n biopsies per tadpole and then exposing each
biopsy to a dierent treatment condition, the C-n assay enables the
screening of multiple chemicals simultaneously while maintaining complex
tissue structure and enabling the determination of biological variation of a
response. Te C-n assay is designed to determine direct eects on target
tissue TH signaling by examining TH-responsive gene transcript levels
and characterization of changes in the proteome. Tis assay could be used
for chemicals of concern such as pesticides, personal care products, and
pharmaceuticals and emerging chemicals such as nanomaterials.
MP79 Assessing the potential eects of treated metal mine waste
water on growth and energy storage of larval fathead minnows under
summer and winter conditions: testing the winter stress syndrome
hypothesis. K.L. Driedger, C.J. Rickwood, M.G. Dub, D.M. Janz,
Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; L.P. Weber, M.G. Dub, D.M. Janz, Veterinary Biomedical
Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Te winter stress syndrome (WSS) hypothesis proposes that winter
conditions (decreased food, temperature and photoperiod) combined with
contaminant exposure can cause decreased overwinter survival in juvenile
sh due to increased demand on energy reserves (primarily lipids). Because
of the many confounding variables in the Junction Creek, Ontario receiving
system (including multiple treated metal mine discharges, aerial deposition,
treated municipal waste water and historical contamination), it is dicult
to evaluate the potential eects of a single discharge of interest in the eld.
As such, it was advantageous to assess the eects of treated waste water
from the Copper Cli (CC) waste water treatment plant (treats mine water
and tailings material from nearby metal mines and mills) under laboratory
conditions. Larval fathead minnows were exposed to either diluted CC
discharge or reference water under simulated summer or winter conditions
for 90 days in order to evaluate the potential eects of CC discharge on
growth and energy storage in both seasons. Growth was decreased under
winter conditions but unaected by CC discharge. Lipid content was
signicantly decreased in CC-exposed larvae under winter conditions only,
supporting the WSS hypothesis. RNA/DNA ratio (a measure of growth
rate) was decreased in CC-exposed larvae in the summer compared to the
winter, indicating that the winter CC-larvae, although smaller than summer
CC-larvae, were growing at a faster rate. Muscle protein concentrations were
unaected by CC discharge or season. Te decreased growth rate of summer
CC-exposed larvae is contradictory to the WSS, but may be indicative of
some compensation mechanism not examined here. Te WSS hypothesis
was supported by decreased lipid storage in CC-exposed larvae in the winter,
indicating energy was being allocated to physiological processes other than
energy storage.
MP80 Liver transcriptomic response to in situ municipal waste
water euent exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Ings,
M.M. Vijayan, M.R. Servos, Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada. Municipal waste water euents (MWWEs) are the largest
point source of contaminant discharge in Canada. Tere is evidence that
compounds present in MWWEs may disrupt endocrine homeostasis in
exposed sh. However, it is dicult to predict potential eects of exposure
due to the large number of compounds present in the complex euent,
including a number of human pharmaceuticals. Genomic approaches
are increasingly being used for identifying pathways and targets that are
impacted by contaminants. Tis approach allows the identication of
functional changes in gene expression, which may help to ascertain specic
bioactive chemicals in complex mixtures and will lead to hypotheses into
mechanisms of action of chemicals. Te objective of this study was to use
a short-term in situ caging study to evaluate the impacts of exposure to
MWWEs on gene expresion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver.
We utilized a custom made low-density trout cDNA microarray enriched
with genes encoding for proteins involved in endocrine-, stress- and
metabolism-related processes. In the fall of 2007, juvenile rainbow trout
were caged in 100, 50 and 10% euent dilutions downstream of a MWWE
outfall, as well as at an upstream reference site, for 14 days. Liver was
collected for microarray analysis and validation using quantitative real-time
PCR (qPCR). Results from microarray analysis showed an upregulation
in metabolic, endocrine and stress-related genes in the 10% euent
concentration compared to the reference site. Te gene expression changes
were less prominent or absent in the 50 and 100% euent concentrations
compared to the reference site. Overall, microarray analysis will allow us to
identify biochemical pathways that are impacted by MWWE exposure, and
will lead to the development of hypotheses for testing the mode of action of
specic compounds.
MP81 Biomarker suite application in the Delta smelt (Hypomesus
transpacicus): a molecular assessment on the eects of copper and
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esfenvalerate exposures. R.E. Connon, L. Dabronzo, I. Werner, School of
Veterinary Medicine: Animal, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of
California, Davis, Davis, CA; J. Geist, Fish Biology Unit, Department of
Animal Science, Technische Universitt Mnchen, Munich, Germany. Te
Delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacicus) is a pelagic sh species endemic
to the Northern California Delta, and considered a major indicator for
ecosystem health in the Sacramento-San Joaquin watersheds and estuary.
Abundance has dramatically declined since the 1980s and it was listed
as threatened in 1993, under both the Federal Endangered Species Act
(ESA) and California Endangered Species Act (CESA). Delta smelt have
been reared since 1992 at the Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory
(FCCL), UC Davis, providing a refuge population as well as a supply for
research. Microarrays are increasingly used in ecotoxicology to measure
the impact of stressors on organisms, identifying pathways that are altered
due to exposure. To better understand the eects of contaminants upon H.
transpacicus we constructed a DNA microarray with over 8,000 Expressed
Sequence Tags (ESTs). Our initial research focused on two contaminants of
concern; esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agriculture
and residential pest control, and copper, used to control pests, weeds, and
bacterial/fungal diseases. Use of the microarrays as screening tools has
enabled us to develop a suite of biomarkers to assess neurological, muscular,
digestive, reproductive, growth and developmental responses in the Delta
smelt. Here we present our information on acute toxicity, and application
of the developed molecular biomarkers, in juvenile Delta smelt exposed to
50 gL-1 copper for 7 days, and to 0.625 and 0.125gL-1 esfenvalerate, for
24 h and suggest how a multi-biomarker approach can be used to measure
stress responses and aid the determination of causative factors for the decline
in numbers of this species.
MP82 Decision Processes During Development Of Molecular
Biomarkers For Gonadal Phenotypic Sex. M.L. Haasch, NRC Res.
Assoc., USEPA, MED, Duluth, MN; K.M. Flynn, R.D. Johnson, USEPA,
MED, Duluth, MN. Molecular biomarkers for determination of gonadal
phenotypic sex in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), will serve as a
case study. Te medaka has unique features that aid in the development of
appropriate molecular biomarkers of gonad phenotype, a) genetic sex can
be determined by n-clip real time RT-PCR, and b) the genome sequence is
available and is largely annotated (http://www. ensembl.org/Oryzias_latipes/
index.html or http://medaka.utgenome.org/). Development of molecular
biomarkers for application in testing protocols requires multiple decisions
all of which aect the eciency and performance of the nal biomarker
protocol. Decision points arise throughout the process of molecular
biomarker development such as 1) sources of information to be researched
for candidate genes, 2) measures of published data reliability, 3) what species
to be included in the search, 4) which genes to target for expression analysis,
5) sources and availability of gene sequence information, 6) PCR primer
design and location, 7) method of quantication to be used, 8) number and
type of biological controls, 9) number and type of internal controls, 10)
degree of individual variability tolerated, 11) degree of inter-assay variability
tolerated, 12) cost-eectiveness of the nal protocol, and 13) types of
assay validation. Each case of biomarker development will be unique but
will necessarily have to arrive at a reasonable approach by determining the
best choice for each of the possible alternatives. Decision trees with pros
and cons will be presented. Te decision points and process should help
to inform similar future eorts. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect
USEPA policy.
MP83 Lindane eects on vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression in
tilapia (Orehocromis niloticus) in short time of exposure. R. Colli-Dula,
O. Zapata-Perez, Resources of the sea, Cinvestav, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
Te levels quantication of vitellogenin expresion in acuatic organisms
during the last years had been considered a reliable biomarker of exposure
to environmental estrogens such as organochlorine pesticides as, lindane
(-hexachlorocyclohexane). In the present study we analyzed the expression
of VTG mRNA in liver of male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) .the
organisms were individually weighted and injected intraperitoneally with
a single dose of lindane (20 mg/kg b/w) using a corn oil as carrier vehicle,
while control sh were only injected with the vehicle. After injection, groups
of four sh each were sacriced at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24h. From the livers
we obtained total RNA for conducted later analysis of RT-PCR. Primers
specically were designed for a RT-PCR assay of VTG mRNA in tilapia.
Te VTG gene expression was conrmed using Quantitative Real Time
Polymerase Chain Reaction (QRT-PCR). Te results of our study showed
that the expression levels of VTG gene were increased respect to control sh
during the st 24 h subsequent to treatment. Tat conrms that lindane
caused estrogenic eects in tilapias in short time intervals of exposure.
MP84 Genomic investigation of fathead minnow exposed to the
munitions and explosives compound RDX over a 1 year time series.
K.A. Gust, S.M. Braseld, J.K. Stanley, E.J. Perkins, G.R. Lotufo, R.F.
Lance, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS. Little is known
about the ecotoxicological eects and genomic responses of organisms
exposed to low levels of contaminants over long time periods. To address
this knowledge gap, we exposed breeding groups of fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas) to a continuous low dose (0.625 mg/L) of the
munitions and explosives compound cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)
in a time series spanning 1 year. Experimental units (EU) were established
in 5 gal aquaria, each containing 2 and 4 young-adult males and females
respectively. Sixteen EU were randomly assigned to control or RDX-exposed
conditions and eight EU within each condition were randomly assigned to
genomics or reproduction sampling groups. Egg production, fertilization
and hatch success were assessed in the reproduction group for 1 month
post breeding-substrate addition. Five females were sampled at random
for genomic analysis at 1d, 1mo, 3mo, 6mo, 9mo and 1yr. Females were
replaced with marked female surrogates to maintain EU integrity. RNA
was extracted from brain, liver and ovary tissues for all genomics samples.
Prey-capture ability was assessed at all time points within the reproduction
group. Statistical analyses testing the eects of RDX on reproduction and
prey capture were non-signicant but high variability among experimental
units yielded low statistical power. Tissue weight data was less variable,
however still no statistically signicant eects of RDX were found. RDX has
been observed to elicit neurotoxic eects in a wide phylogenetic spectrum
of animal species, therefore we conducted toxicogenomic investigations
of RDX eects on transcript expression in fathead minnow brain tissue.
Genomic analysis is complete for the 1d-6mo sh using a 21K target
oligonucleotide microarray. As observed in previous bioassays, the sublethal
concentration of RDX elicited dierential gene expression in fathead
minnow brain tissues. Of the 7072 transcript targets contributing to the
analysis 263 (3.7%) were identied as signicant by Bayesian analysis and
177 (2.5%) of the signicant targets yielded >2 fold change in expression.
Signicant targets span a broad variety of biological functions, but have
little similarity with expression patterns elicited at neurtoxic levels of RDX.
Te dataset may serve to describe the no observed transcriptional eect level
(NOTEL) for RDX in fathead minnow.
MP85 Comparison of 3 molecular methods to analyze estrogenic
response in underyearling salmonids exposed to municipal wastewater
euent. R. Skirrow, H.L. Osacho, L. Yu, J. Bruno, G. van Aggelen,
Environmental Toxicology, Environment Canada, North Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada. Environment Canadas Pacic Environmental Science
Centre has developed three toxicogenomic methods to assess the endocrine
disruptive potential of environmental chemical contaminants on salmonid
species. Microarray analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)
and Quantigene Plex (QGP) assays (Panomics) for the Luminex instrument
were all used to evaluate the estrogenicity of municipal waste water
euent on Chinook underyearling sh. Xenoestrogens are known to alter
the expression of genes associated with adult sh reproductive processes,
particularly those relating to egg production. Estrogenicity was assessed by
quantication of gene transcripts encoding the vitelline envelope proteins
A, B and G (VEPA, VEPB, VEPG), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERA),
and vitellogenin (VTG). Te sh were exposed to euent for eight days
followed by an eight day depuration period. Liver tissues were collected
on days 1, 4, 8 and 16. All three molecular methods indicated estrogenic
exposure after a single day of exposure, but methods diered in their level
of sensitivity. Overall, QPCR analysis showed greater sensitivity than either
microarray or QGP analysis, consistently identifying more signicantly
altered gene transcripts.
MP86 Biomarker development for toxicant stress in sturgeon of
the San Francisco Bay Delta. R.K. Madison, F. Silvestre, D. Kueltz,
Animal Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA; F. Silvestre,
Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium. White sturgeon (Acipenser
transmontanus) and green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) are endemic
to the San Francisco Bay Delta (SFBD) water system. Tese key species
are exposed to environmental stressors such as selenomethionine (SeMet)
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and methylmercury (MeHg). Lack of knowledge about SeMet and MeHg
eects on sturgeon physiology hinders prediction of population-level
eects. Tis deciency can be overcome through identication of sensitive
biomarkers supporting modeling at the organismal level, allowing better
prediction of population-level eects and improving the ability to foresee
consequences of declining population. Juvenile sub-yearling sturgeon were
fed a diet of control pellets or pellets supplemented with 3 measured doses
of either SeMet or MeHg. Gill and white muscle tissue were sampled after
0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed
and sample proteomes were compared among treatments. Protein spots
showing signicant changes in regulation were extracted from the gel and
applied to a mass spectrometer for micro-sequencing and identication.
Green sturgeon were found to be signicantly more sensitive to SeMet
than white sturgeon. Since the SeMet concentrations used in our study
are within environmentally relevant levels, this nding may contribute to
explaining why green sturgeon populations are declining at a faster rate than
white sturgeon in the San Francisco Bay Delta. Several proteins showing
signicant up or down-regulation in response to exposure to toxicants are
good candidates for biomarkers that are indicative of exposure history to
SeMet and MeHg stress. Identication of several novel proteins signicantly
aected by SeMet and MeHg stress provide an opportunity to develop more
specic biomarker assays for assessing exposure of sturgeon to stressors in
the eld. Knowledge of these proteins will also provide insight into which
biochemical pathways are most aected by SeMet and MeHg stress.
MP87 Te use of genomics to help characterize the eects of
persistent organic pollutants in British Columbias free-ranging killer
whale (Orcinus orca) populations. A. Buckman, P. Ross, Fisheries &
Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia,
Canada; N. Veldhoen, C. Helbing, University of Victoria, Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada; G. Ellis, J. Ford, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacic
Biologcial Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. Persistent organic
pollutants are anthropogenic contaminants that are virtually found in every
environmental media, bioaccumulate in lipids of biota, and biomagnify
up food chains. Because killer whales (Orcinus orcus) occupy positions
at the top of the food chain, have high lipid content and have long lives,
they are prone to accumulating high concentrations of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). Studies have revealed BCs resident killer whales are
among the most polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated marine mammals
in the world. Many of these compounds have the potential to aect
immune, endocrine, and neurological function, and may cause adverse
eects including developmental anomalies, reproductive impairment,
behaviour decits and increase vulnerability to disease. Little is known of
the adverse eects of contaminants in free-ranging killer whale populations
due to eld sampling logistics and being limited to skin and blubber
biopsies when available. However, toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCBs in
these whales exceed the adverse eects level established for harbour seals,
suggesting that killer whales in this region are at risk for toxic eects. Tis
study characterizes the relationship between contaminant levels of highly
persistent POPs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) and 8 specic gene target receptors that are
thought to be susceptible to disruption by POPs. Confounding factors
such as age, sex, population and calving events (where known) are carefully
assessed.
MP88 Assessment of Phase II Sediment Toxicity Identication
Evaluation (TIE) Methods for Freshwater Whole Sediment and
Interstitial Water. B.M. Phillips, B.S. Anderson, J.W. Hunt, S.L. Clark,
J.P. Voorhees, R.S. Tjeerdema, Environmental Toxicology, UC Davis,
Monterey, CA; J. Casteline, M. Stewart, Water Environment Research
Foundation, Alexandria, VA. Phase I whole sediment toxicity identication
evaluation (TIE) methods have been developed to characterize the cause of
toxicity as organic chemicals, metals, or ammonia. In Phase II identication
treatments, resins added to whole sediment to reduce toxicity caused by
metals and organics can be separated and eluted much like solid-phase
extraction (SPE) columns are eluted for interstitial water treatments. In this
study, formulated reference sediments spiked with toxic concentrations of
copper, uoranthene, or nonylphenol were subjected to whole sediment
and interstitial water TIE treatments to evaluate Phase I and II TIE
procedures for identifying the cause of toxicity to Hyalella azteca. Phase
I TIE treatments consisted of adding metal or organic-binding resins to
whole sediment, and using SPE columns to remove spiked chemicals from
interstitial water. Phase II treatments consisted of the elution of resins and
SPE columns and the preparation and testing of eluates. Whole sediment
resins and SPE columns signicantly reduced toxicity, and the eluates
from all treatments contained toxic concentrations of the spiked chemical
except for interstitial water uoranthene. Te mass of chemical recovered
from the resin ranged from 2% of the spiked mass of uoranthene to 29%
of the spiked mass of nonylphenol. Toxic unit analysis based on median
lethal concentrations (LC50s) allowed for the comparison of chemical
concentrations among treatments, and demonstrated that the bioavailability
of some chemicals was reduced in some samples and treatments. Mass
balance calculations showed that the concentration of uoranthene in
the resin eluate sample closely approximated the original interstitial
water concentration, but the resin eluate concentrations of copper and
nonylphenol were many times greater than the original interstitial water
concentrations. Although more research is necessary to understand the mass
balance relationships, Phase II whole sediment TIE treatments provided
complementary lines of evidence to the interstitial water TIE results.
MP89 Evaluation of Hexavalent Chromium in Sediment Porewater
of Hackensack River, New Jersey. S.B. Kane Driscoll, M.E. McArdle,
Exponent Inc., Winchester, MA; D. Proctor, Exponent Inc., Irvine, CA.
Tis study used in situ porewater samplers or peepers to passively collect
samples of porewater from sediments oshore and adjacent to a former
chromite ore processing facility. Although reported concentrations of total
Cr in sediment range from 199 to 3,970 mg/kg, various lines of evidence
from previous studies suggest that Cr at this site, which is in the form
of chromite ore processing residue (COPR), has limited bioavailability
and toxicity. For example, sediment toxicity tests report a maximum no-
eect concentration of 1,310 mg total Cr/kg, a value that is considerably
higher than the existing sediment quality guideline (e.g., ERM of 370 mg/
kg). In addition, measurable concentrations of acid volatile suldes in
most samples indicate that the sediments are anoxic, a condition under
which CrVI, the more soluble and toxic form of Cr, is thermodynamically
unstable. In fact, most Cr at the site was present as the relatively insoluble
and non-toxic CrIII. Te present study was conducted to further examine
the physicochemical form and bioavailability of Cr in sediments at this
site. Peepers were placed in subsurface sediments at ve oshore locations
for 4 weeks to allow diusion of porewater into the peepers. After retrieval,
peepers designated for analysis of dissolved total Cr and dissolved CrVI
were capped and rapidly frozen on dry ice to preserve in situ conditions.
Porewater in the remaining peepers was immediately measured for dissolved
oxygen (DO), pH, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the eld.
Porewater samples for total Cr and CrVI were thawed and ltered in an
anaerobic environment in the laboratory prior to analysis. Dissolved CrVI
was not detected in any of the ve porewater samples at a detection limit of
10 ug/L, a value that is below the applicable Surface Water Criteria of 50
ug/L. Dissolved total Cr was only detected, with a detection limit of 2 ug/L,
in two of the ve porewater samples at concentrations of 3.9 and 5.3 ug/L.
In all samples, DO was low and ORP conditions were reducing, indicating
CrVI was not likely to be present. Te absence of detectable levels of CrVI
in porewater supports the results of the previous sediment toxicity tests and
indicates that Cr has limited bioavailability and toxicity at this site.
MP90 Assessment of Floridas biological integrity standard in
Watson Bayou in the St. Andrew Bay System, Bay County, Florida. J.M.
Hemming, K. Herrington, B. Martin, Ecological Services and Fisheries
Resources, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, FL; C. Caulking, A.
Marshall, School of Criminology, Florida State University, Panama City, FL;
M. Brim, Friends of St. Andrew Bay, St. Andrew Bay Environmental Study
Team, Panama City, FL. Te biological integrity of contaminated sediments
in Watson Bayou was evaluated. Results demonstrated the applicability of
the biological integrity standard for estuarine systems in the State of Florida
and the value of sediment quality guidelines in the development of sediment
standards. Regardless of how the biological integrity data were examined,
the results consistently showed that the sediments from Watson Bayou
failed to meet the standard. A signicant negative association between
biological metrics and sediment contamination was also found. However,
this comparison was performed between the highly contaminated sediments
of Watson Bayou and the relatively pristine sediments found in bayous
associated with North Bay.
MP91 Contamination of South Carolina Coastal Stormwater
Pond Sediments: PAH, Metal and Pesticide Analysis. K.D. Crawford,
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Chemistry, UW Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI; J.E. Weinstein, T.R. Garner,
Biology, Te Citadel, Charleston, SC; G.G. Globensky, Chemistry,
Te Citadel, Charleston, SC; D.M. Sanger, South Carolina Sea Grant
Consortium, Charleston, SC. Stormwater management ponds are
commonly used by residential and commercial developers to address
water quality concerns of natural receiving waters. As these ponds age,
periodic dredging should be performed to maintain their designed
eciency. Currently, South Carolina has no requirements that stormwater
pond sediments be tested for chemical or biological contaminants prior
to dredging, and there are no guidelines concerning their safe disposal
following dredging. During Summer 2007, the extent of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH), metal, and pesticide contamination in the sediment
of coastal stormwater detention ponds was investigated. Sediment samples
from one of the pond inlets and the pond center were collected from 16
stormwater ponds of various land-use types and two reference ponds.
Sediment collected from commercial ponds had higher levels of PAHs, Cu,
Pb and Zn compared to that of the reference ponds. In general, there was
no consistent pattern in PAH levels with regard to sampling site (inlet or
pond center) among the various pond classications. However, sediment
levels of Cu, Pb and Zn were all higher at the pond center compared to the
pond inlet. A few pesticides and pesticide breakdown products, including
chlorpyrifos, DDD and DDE, were detected in the sediments of several
stormwater ponds; however, their presence was independent of surrounding
land use or sampling location. Te results from this study demonstrate that
the sediments from commercial and residential ponds with large drainage
areas can be highly contaminated. Furthermore, these sediments may pose
ecological risks to wildlife in situ, and have potential human health risks
once removed from the ponds. However, this study investigated a small
subset (16) of over 10,000 stormwater ponds in coastal SC, and initial
results should be substantiated with additional sampling.
MP92 Application of synchrotron methods to assess the uptake
of roadway-derived Zn by earthworms in a storm water retention
basin soil. S.M. Lev, R. Casey, J. Snodgrass, Urban Environmental
Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, MD; E.R. Landa,
Water Resources Division-National Research Program, U.S. Geological
Survey, Reston, VA; K. Szlavecz, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Te
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Te impact of human activities
on biogeochemical cycles in near-surface terrestrial environments is nowhere
more apparent than in urban and suburban landscapes. Trace metals, that
collect on roadways and are transported by storm water, may contaminate
soils and sediments associated with storm water management systems. Tese
systems will accumulate metals and associated sediments may reach toxic
levels for terrestrial and aquatic organisms using the retention basins as
habitat. Te fate of these metals and their bioavailability once deposited in
these environments is not well understood. Here results are presented from
a dose response experiment that examines the application of synchrotron
x-ray uorescence methods (micro-SXRF) to test the hypothesis that
earthworms will bioaccumulate Zn in a roadway-dust contaminated
soil system providing a potential pathway for roadway contaminants to
the terrestrial food web and, that the storage and distribution of Zn will
change with the level of exposure reecting the micronutrient status of Zn.
Lumbricus friendi was exposed to Zn-bearing roadway dust amended to a
eld soil at 6 target concentrations ranging from background levels (45 mg/
kg Zn) to highly contaminated levels (460 mg/kg Zn) meant to bracket the
observed concentration range in storm water retention basin soils. After a 30
day exposure, there was no signicant correlation between earthworm Zn
body burden and Zn dose which was not unexpected. Zinc is an essential
micronutrient for earthworms and is physiologically regulated. Zn storage
in the intestine (as opposed to the total body burden) is positively correlated
with dose. In addition, there is a change in the pattern of Zn storage within
the intestine with changing dose. Tis pattern suggests bioaccumulation via
saturable uptake kinetics and potential spillover of Zn into a secondary
storage pool within the chloragosomal cells associated with metal regulation
and storage. Tis relationship is only clear when micro-SXRF Zn map
data is coupled with a traditional toxicological approach, and suggests
that the gut concentration in Lumbricus friendi is a better indicator of Zn
bioaccumulation and storage than the total body burden.
MP93 Stormwater ponds as amphibian habitat: implications for
design and management. M.T. Gallagher, A.B. Brand, J.W. Snodgrass,
Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD. Stormwater ponds
are designed to collect runo and accumulate pollutants from impervious
surfaces in urban areas. Previous research has documented the accumulation
of heavy metals, road salts, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), some of which exceed threshold eect
concentrations for aquatic fauna. In particular, pond-breeding amphibians
have been found using stormwater ponds for reproduction, and our eld
studies have shown these ponds may constitute most of the available habitat
in suburban areas. However, stormwater ponds are not currently designed
to function like natural wetlands in that they sequester pollutants and
have highly variable hydrology. Multiple toxicology studies have shown
that elevated levels of pollutants that accumulate in some stormwater
pond sediments can drastically reduce survival of embryonic and larval
amphibians. Te documented accumulation of pollutants and amphibian
breeding in stormwater ponds could pose problems for local and regional
amphibian population persistence. To date, these ponds are not actively
managed as wildlife habitat, and we recommend the incorporation of
wildlife use as a factor in stormwater pond design and management on a
regional scale.
MP94 Investigating the storage and transport of road salt to surface
waters in an urban watershed. R. Flora, S.M. Lev, R. Casey, J. Snodgrass,
Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University,
Towson, MD; E. Landa, Water Resources Division-National Research
Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. In urbanized areas of the US
mid-Atlantic region large quantities of road salt are entering the hydrologic
system via storm water retention basins. Te Red Run watershed is located
within a designated smart growth region of Baltimore County, MD and the
number of storm water retention basins has increased dramatically over the
last 15 years. Seventy storm water retention basins in this watershed have
been surveyed over the last year and report surface water conductivities
directly related to chloride concentrations that range from 70 uS to more
than 200 mS. Te groundwater beneath many of these ponds remains
elevated (> 10,000 uS) for most of the year suggesting a very slow discharge
of salt to groundwater creating a continuing source. Tis investigation
examines the chloride contribution of two retention ponds to surface water
in the Red Run watershed. Te two adjacent ponds drain into a 12,000m2
ood plain. Te surface water hydrologic system consists of three small rst
order streams that discharge into a second order stream. In order to evaluate
the retention basin chloride contribution to surface waters, a monitoring
network consisiting of upstream and downstream gauging stations and
shallow groundwater wells was established to monitor input and movement
of chloride in this system. Chloride levels in the streams and shallow
groundwater are elevated throughout the year. Instantaneous discharge
measurements made between March and May of 2008 up and downstream
of the rst order streams demonstrate an increased discharge downstream by
as much as 2.5 times that of the upstream site and an associated increased
chloride ux downstream by as much as 5 times the upstream site. Over
this period, the average conductivity downstream was more than 2 times the
values at the upstream location. Surface water conductivity in and discharge
from the retention basins also remained elevated well into May, 2008.
Concurrently, conductivities from groundwater levels in the ood plain
were also elevated ranging from 360 to 2933 uS with higher concentrations
moving away from the basins. Tese chloride loading values from storm
water retention basins in the Red Run watershed suggests a mechanism for
the salinization of surface waters in watersheds where road salt is applied on
a seasonal basis.
MP95 Inuence of major cation distribution on Zn uptake in
Lumbricus terrestris in OECD articial soil. D.W. Rodgers, R.E.
Casey, S.M. Lev, J.W. Snodgrass, Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry
Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, MD. Te distribution of major
cations such as Na+ and Ca2+ in soils can be a function of land use as
well as local geology. In northern latitudes road salt is applied as a de-icing
agent in quantities sucient to modify the relative abundance of cations in
soils receiving roadway runo. In particular, stormwater retention ponds
have been previously shown to accumulate roadway-derived contaminants
such as Zn, Cu, Pb and road salt. Depending on the location, road salt
is commonly applied as NaCl or CaCl2; therefore it is possible that road
salt applications lead to either Na- or Ca-exchanged soils, depending on
location. Te relative abudance of trace metals in soil cation exchange (CE)
sites results in a competitive equilibrium between major cations and trace
metals such as Zn. In an OECD articial soil (20% kaolin clay, 10% peat,
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70% sand), pretreatment of the clay component with NaCl or CaCl2 at
levels found in road runo modied the ability of Zn to bind to the clay CE
sites. In the Na-clay soil, Na accounted for 70 77% of CE sites while the
Ca accounted for 95 96% of the CEC sites in the Ca-exchanged clay. DI
extractable (unbound) Zn varied signicantly as a result of cation treatment
with unbound Zn being 10-fold higher in the Ca-exchanged soils (0.6 mg/
kg in Na soils, 6.6 mg/kg in Ca soils). However, despite these dierences in
the highly available DI-extractable Zn, Ca-exchanged soils did not result in
increased Zn bioaccumulation in Lumbricus terrestris bodies or guts during
a 10 day exposure. In contrast, organisms in Ca treated soils tended to show
decreases in Zn body and gut burdens over time. Despite the signicantly
increased Zn availability in the Ca-exchanged soils, it appears that the
co-occurrence of elevated Ca resulted in competition for uptake sites and
overall decreased uptake into earthworm tissues. At 22 days of exposure
the Na and Na-Zn treated soils resulted in 100% mortality of earthworms.
Tis also suggests that Na-enriched soils may be toxic, either though
osmoregulatory stress or through decrease availability of micronutrients due
to enhanced clay surface binding.
MP96 Amphibian Reproduction Within Stormwater Detention
Ponds in King County, Washington. A. Yahnke, C.E. Grue, J.M. Grassley,
Washington Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA; M.P. Hayes, Washington Department of Fish
& Wildlife, Olympia, WA. In King County, Washington, pond-breeding
amphibians commonly use stormwater ponds as breeding habitat. As
stormwater ponds frequently exhibit uctuating water levels and short
hydroperiods, and receive contaminants (e.g., metals, pesticides, oils, and
nutrients), they may be detrimental to amphibian reproductive success.
Yet, their typically open canopies and warmer water may attract breeding
animals and promote faster developmental rates, which may result in larger
metamorphs and hence enhanced survival. Trough a combination of
surveys of egg masses, larvae and post-metamorphs, we are assessing the
reproductive success of two native amphibians, the northern red-legged frog
(Rana aurora) and the northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) across
a gradient of three stormwater pond types based on their adjacent upland
habitat structure. We are also monitoring the basic water quality parameters
to which developing amphibians are exposed and collecting water samples
from two ponds in each habitat category for pesticide analysis. Tis study
will provide novel data about a poorly explored area of urban ecology: the
potential inuence of stormwater ponds on amphibian populations. Results
for 2008, the rst year of our study, will be presented. Preliminary results
suggest urban stormwater ponds with open canopies and access to terrestrial
habitat support greater amphibian reproduction than those with closed
canopies in more forested settings.
MP97 Fate of Organophosphorous Nerve Agents GD and VX on
Soil. R.T. Checkai, M.V. Haley, C.T. Phillips, M. Simini, Environmental
Toxicology, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD. We investigated individually the fates of the
organophosphorous nerve agents GD [methylphosphonouoridic acid
1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester] and VX [O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)
methylthiolphosphonoate]. We developed methods for determining the
fate of chemical warfare agents delivered as droplets onto soil, using Soil
System Units to investigate agent persistence and potential for displacement
into the atmosphere resulting from soil moisture (rainfall). We sampled the
air above the soil surface, monitoring agent evaporation plus displacement
into atmosphere occurring from the application of simulated rainfall. VX
was minimally displaced by rainfall, compared to GD which was displaced
to potentially hazardous atmospheric levels. We also investigated agent
extractability from soil as a function of contact time. Duration of agent
contact with soil signicantly (p<0.05) aected recoveries of VX or GD
from sands and humus, with recoveries ranging from 94-0.4% at t=0, to 24-
0.06% after 72 hours of contact; with extremely low and relatively-constant
recoveries from clay. Although the vast majority of GD and VX remained
residual in soil after rainfall events, these may pose a potential contact
hazard. We are currently developing methods for assessing the potential
contact hazard at sand surfaces by applying a malleable transfer material to
evaluate both eective surface concentrations and the potential for contact
transfer.
MP98 Streamlining the Development and Deployment of
Technomilitary Systems by Proactively Addressing Environmental
Risks. O. Saulters, B. Leven, L. Erickson, L. Jamka, R. Green, Center for
Hazardous Substance Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS;
J. Pickrell, Comparative Toxicology Laboratories, Diagnostic Medicine/
Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. Te Urban
Operations Laboratory (UOL), comprised of M2 Technologies, Kansas State
University, and CABEM Technologies, performs environmental research,
training, assessment, and product design for unique DoD systems. One
of UOLs primary tasks is to conduct lifecycle environmental assessments;
programmatic environment, safety, and occupational health (ESOH)
evaluations; and other required studies and reports to facilitate successful
development and deployment of nonlethal technologies. Tese eorts
provide the framework for addressing complex ESOH risks that aect
personnel, infrastructure, property, and natural/cultural resources. As part
of the integrated analyses, a comprehensive and transdisciplinary approach,
involving exible groups of subject matter experts, is utilized in support of
DoD Integrated Product Teams and Human Eects Review Boards, with
a focus on potential unintended environmental impacts. Data acquisition
techniques involve robust methodologies and tools, such as multimedia
sampling (e.g., soil, vegetation, water, air, residues, etc), laboratory analyses,
toxicological reviews, eld monitoring, Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) evaluations, predictive modeling, risk assessments, performance
testing, software design (Environmental Knowledge and Assessment Tool),
and stakeholder partnership (Consortium for Environmental Stewardship
and Sustainability). Opportunities for input and improvement occur during
iterative phases of technomilitary research, development, testing, and
evaluation. Based on UOL ndings, decision-makers are able to identify
problematic risks/liabilities and devise solutions/mitigation measures early,
thus saving critical time and nancial resources. Te presentation highlights
methods and approaches by which UOL conducts assessments by presenting
examples from nonlethal systems. Beyond the technomilitary sphere, the
ecacious model can be utilized for improving other products, processes,
and partnerships.
MP99 Accumulation of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Aquatic and
Terrestrial Invertebrates: Formation and Persistence of Unextractable
Biotransformation Products. J.B. Belden, J. Fisher, Department of
Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; M.B. Dudley, K.
Chambliss, Baylor University, Waco, TX; D. Johnson, G.R. Lotufo,
United States Army Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Exposure to trinitrotoluene has been reported to result in unextractable
residues, or residues not readily extracted by traditional solvent techniques.
However, limited information is available about the chemical nature and
biological half-life of these unextractable residues. In this study, two aquatic
invertebrates, Lumbriculus variegatus and Hyalella azteca, and a terrestrial
invertebrate, Eisenia fetida, were exposed to
14
C-labeled trinitrotoluene.
In each case, a large fraction of recovered radioactivity was collected in the
remaining tissue following rigorous acetonitrile extraction. Te biological
half-life of the unextractable residues was typically twice that determined
for extractable residues (up to 10 days). Further studies indicated that
greater than 50% of the unextractable residue is liberated through aqueous
solutions, including weak acid solutions, potentially through hydrolysis.
Currently, the ecological and toxicological importance of these residues
is unclear. However, since these residues are persistent and seemingly
ubiquitous among invertebrates, further study is warranted as they could
result in subtle biological eects or serve as indicators of exposure.
MP100 Eects of Oral Exposure to Deposited Carbon Fiber
Obscurant on the Desert Tortoise. C.J. Driver, Y. Su, D. Saunders, R.
Herrington, M. Luna, J. Small, Pacic Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, WA; V. Cullinan, PNNL, Sequim, WA; N. Chester, US Army
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
Environmental releases of obscurant aerosols are necessary components
of troop readiness training and occur on military installations that may
be inhabited by threatened and endangered species (TES). Recently,
an obscurant generating system (the M56A1) was developed that can
disseminate carbon bers (CF) to defeat enemy threat weapon systems
operating in the millimeter wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Tis technological improvement signicantly reduces the vulnerability of
soldiers to a range of potential threats. Prior to being elded to training
units at national installations, the M56A1 must undergo assessment of its
potential impacts to the environment. Of particular interest are the eects
that CF may have on the desert tortoise (DT), a TES that inhabits a large
area of the National Training Center (Fort Irwin, CA). Because of the large
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incidence of displaced DT in the southwest due to urban development,
permits were obtained to develop species-specic toxicity data for this listed
species. Care of DT was conducted according to procedures developed by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Desert Tortoise Conservation
Center. DT were maintained in simulated desert habitats with articial
burrows and natural vegetation to support grazing activity. An M56A1
turbine-powered mechanical smoke generator was used to disseminate
the CF. Deposited CF was distributed to the vegetation in the habitats
so as to produce depositional exposures modeled for areas 50 m to 1 km
downwind. CF was added to fresh plants at the assigned concentration for
5 days After 14 days all ber contaminated food was removed and replaced
with clean plants. DT from each group were observed for 30 days post-end
of exposure. Body weight and blood samples were collected periodically to
assess body, organ function and hematological eects. Feces were examined
for CF content. Following the observation period, the tortoises were
necropsied, body and carapace condition evaluated, and tissues examined for
gross and histopathologic lesions. Data from this study provide information
for general and site-specic risk assessments, range sustainability programs,
and management of CF generations and training activities.
MP101 Eects of Carbon Fiber-Graphite Flake- Fog Oil Mixed
Obscurant Aerosol Exposure on Birds. C.J. Driver, Y. Su, D. Saunders,
R. Herrington, M. Luna, J. Small, Pacic Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, WA; V. Cullinan, PNNL, Sequim, WA; N. Chester, US Army
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
Military bases contain large areas of signicant habitat where threatened
and endangered wildlife species (TES) often nd refuge. Terefore essential
military functions occurring on these installations are required by Federal
and local environmental laws to coincide with eorts to ensure the
continued health of these important wildlife populations. Environmental
releases of obscurant aerosols are among the necessary components of
troop readiness training conducted on military bases. Recently, a multi-
spectral obscurant generating system (the M56A1) was developed that can
incorporate carbon bers (CF) into a mixed aerosol cloud of graphite akes
(GF) and fog oil (FO) to defeat enemy threat weapon systems operating
in the millimeter wave, infrared and visual regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Tis technological improvement signicantly reduces the
vulnerability of soldiers to a wide range of potential threats. Prior to being
elded to training units at national installations, the M56A1 system must
undergo assessment of its impacts to the environment in response to the
National Environmental Policy Act. To assess the impacts of the obscurant
mix on avian TES, the red-winged blackbird was used as a sensitive, weight-
specic minute ventilation and feather/body surface area surrogate. Birds
were exposed to three concentrations of CF-GF-FO mixed aerosol or to
a control exposure. Te concentrations of the components of the mixed
aerosol were estimated from eld data and modeled releases representing
exposures at 50 m to 1 km downwind from a platoon employing the
M56A1 System Training Plan. Birds were exposed in a dynamic system
simulating exposure to the obscurant plume 4 times within a 16 hour
period, simulating a worst-case eld training scenario. Subsets of the birds
were necropsied at 7 days post exposure, and at 30 days post exposure
to evaluate tissue damage and recovery. Eects on survival, body weight,
blood chemistry and hematology, and respiratory function were evaluated.
Data from the tests provide information for general and site-specic risk
assessments, range sustainability programs, and management of mixed CF-
GF-FO generations and training activities.
MP102 Eects of Inhalation Exposure to Mixed Obscurant Aerosols
of Carbon Fiber, Graphite Flake and Fog Oil on the Desert Tortoise.
C.J. Driver, Y. Su, D. Saunders, R. Herrington, M. Luna, J. Small, Pacic
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA; V. Cullinan, PNNL,
Sequim, WA; N. Chester, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Fog oil (FO) has long been used as a visual
obscurant for military operations. Graphite akes (GF) were later added
to the obscurant cloud to eliminate targeting by infra-red weapons. To
address millimeter wave detection (MMW), a module has been developed
and added to the existing obscurant-generating system (the M56A1) to
incorporate carbon ber (CF) into a mixed aerosol of GF and FO. Tis
technological improvement signicantly reduces the vulnerability of soldiers
to a wide range of potential threats. Essential military functions such as
obscuration training are among the vital components of troop-readiness
training and may occur in areas inhabited by threatened and endangered
species (TES) and are required by Federal and local environmental laws
to ensure the continued health of the important populations of TES. Te
desert tortoise (DT) was selected as the reptilian test species because it
inhabits several military bases, including the National Training Center (Fort
Irwin, CA) and sucient numbers of this listed species were available for
scientic research due to a large incidence of displaced DT in the southwest
as a result of urban development. DT were acclimated to simulated desert
habitats with articial burrows and preferred vegetation for grazing.
Following acclimation, DT were exposed to three concentrations of CF-GF-
FO mixed aerosol or to a control exposure in a dynamic system simulating
the obscurant plume. Te concentrations of the components of the mixed
aerosol were estimated from eld data and modeled releases representing
exposures at 50 m to 1 km downwind from a platoon employing the
M56A1 System Training Plan. DT were exposed 4 times within a 16 hour
period, simulating a worst-case eld training scenario. DT were returned
to home pens for 30 days and monitored for mortality and clinical signs of
toxicity. Eects of obscurant inhalation on body weight and carapace length,
gross and histological structure of major organs, blood chemistry and
hematology. Data from the tests provide information for general and site-
specic risk assessments, range sustainability programs, and management of
mixed CF-GF-FO generations and training activities.
MP103 Toxicological Eects to an Endangered Fish Species Exposed
to Herbicides used for Control of Aquatic Plants. T. Davidson, J.
Campbell, J. Hansen, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Spokane, WA; E.E.
Little, R.D. Calfee, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, MO. Assessment of
eects to threatened and endangered (T&E) species from pesticides used
according to label directions requires an understanding of both direct and
indirect eects to individuals and populations, as well as direct and indirect
toxicological eects to the species. Often eects of a chemical on a T&E
species are evaluated using surrogate species and/or chemicals, which may
not be good indicators of the actual sensitivity of T&E species, such as the
federally endangered Kootenai River white sturgeon (KRWS). Tis study
evaluates the sensitivity of KRWS to three herbicides used for the treatment
of Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM). Te study was designed to evaluate acute
toxicity of triclopyr, uridone and 2,4-D to white sturgeon and compare
toxicity to a commonly used test organism, the rainbow trout (RBT).
Toxicity tests were conducted by the USGSs CERC with RBT and KRWS
with organisms at about 30 and 160 days post swim-up (dps), to determine
the concentrations of triclopyr, uridone and 2,4-D that were lethal to
50% of the exposed sh during a 96 hour exposure (96-h LC 50). Because
these herbicides have been proposed for treatment of EWM within KRWS
critical habitat, we were particularly interested in the responses observed
at concentrations below LC50s, but within the recommended application
rates for each of the herbicides. Tere were no observed RBT sub-lethal
eects or mortality associated with exposure to the three herbicides near
or within maximum recommended application rates. Similarly, there were
no observed KRWS sub-lethal eects or mortality associated with triclopyr
exposure near or within maximum recommended application rate of 2.5
mg/L and the lowest observed eect concentration (LOEC) for KRWS
(30dps) was 8.0 mg/L based on loss of equilibrium. However, ve percent
mortality of KRWS exposed to uridone was observed below the maximum
recommended application rate of 0.150 mg/L. A 5%-15% mortality rate
and behavioral eects of KRWS were observed with exposure to 2,4-D near
the maximum recommended application rate of 4 mg/L.
MP104 Where are we going with endangered species risk assessments.
C. Habig, Exponent. Inc., Edgewater, MD. Recent court decisions have
resulted in much more rigorous evaluations of the potential eects of
pesticide use on endangered species than were previously conducted by EPA
for pesticide reregistration or new pesticide registrations. Now, the results
of endangered species risk evaluations can result in signicant regulatory
limitations on pesticide use, including restrictions on application rates
or numbers of applications, buer zones or no-treatment areas, or loss of
certain uses. Addressing questions on possible risks to endangered species
can also substantially slow down a new pesticide registration submission.
EPAs initial endangered species risk assessments are still based on its
standard screening-level risk quotient (RQ) calculations, but if the RQ
for a product exceeds EPAs levels of concern (LOCs) for either acute or
chronic/reproductive risk, then a more in-depth evaluation is necessary to
address these potential risks. If EPA conducts a more detailed evaluation
of the potential risks and determines that a pesticide use may aect an
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endangered species, as has occurred in a number of cases, EPA refers the
endangered species determination to the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
and/or NOAA for further analysis and a nal determination. Endangered
species evaluations now also need to address not only potential direct
eects, but also possible indirect eects and impacts on critical habitat.
Terefore, virtually all outdoor use pesticides will be impacted at least at the
screening level risk evaluation. Discussion will include examples of higher
-tier endangered species risk evaluations and strategies for selected pesticide
products that have been conducted to address possible risks to endangered
species. Tese include co-occurrance analyses, more in-depth dietary
analyses, habitat analyses, and species-specic, rather than generic, risk
evaluations. Available data for higher-tier risk evaluations, and limitations
and uncertainties of those data, will also be discussed.
MP105 Diuron: Higher Tier Avian Risk Assessment in the European
Union. A. Samel, Environmental Sciences, DuPont Haskell Global Centers
for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE. Diuron is a urea
herbicide used to control weeds. Te product, Karmex 80 WG, is applied
in orchards from 3 years after planting and in vineyards in early spring, pre-
emergence in treated strips/bands beneath the trees or vines. Diuron poses
little threat to birds in areas where diuron is applied in strip applications
in vineyards and orchards. Because birds may be exposed to diuron by
the consumption of feed foraged from the treated area, an assessment was
conducted to estimate the exposure of birds to diuron. Guidance provided
in SANCO 4145/2000 for a Tier I assessment includes default bird taxa and
data for a number of application schemes and application site(s). Diuron is
applied in strips in vineyards and orchards onto bare soil when virtually no
potential food for herbivorous birds is present. Te risk assessment focuses
on the bird taxa that forage on insects and terrestrial invertebrates. Because
strip application is not a default scheme, the orchard scenario was used. Te
tier I assessment assumes a worst case scenario; birds spend 100% of their
time and obtain 100% of their diet from the orchard or vineyard where
diuron is applied. A ratio of toxicity to exposure (TER) is calculated and
compared with trigger values. Te acute and short-term TER values for
insectivorous birds were greater than the trigger value (TER=10), indicating
no acute or short-term risk. Te TER for earthworm-eating birds was
also greater than the trigger value (TER=5), indicating no risk. Te long-
term TER for insectivorous birds was less than the trigger value (TER=5),
indicating that a higher tier assessment was necessary. For the higher tier risk
assessment a more relevant bird species, the starling, Sturnus vulgaris, an
omnivore, was selected for orchards and vineyards. Te ecology (breeding,
habitat, feeding patterns, time-on-eld) of the starling was thoroughly
researched for the rened risk assessment. Data from a literature search
identied the starling diet, including the taxa and the proportion of the
diet. Te short-term and long-term TER values for the starling using dietary
components and calculated dietary proportions (large and small insects,
earthworms, fruit, and cereal seeds) and default food residue values was
greater than the trigger value (TER=10 or 5, respectively), indicating no
short-term or long-term risk for birds.
MP106 New residues of pesticides in drinking water: Determination
of Chloridazon and its metabolites by LC/MS/MS. A. Schreiber,
Applied Biosystems, Concord, Ontario, Canada; D. Schleuder, Applied
Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany; W. Schulz, W. Weber, Zweckverband
Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany. Pesticides are widely used
to prevent damage to agricultural crops. In most countries, in order to sell
or use a pesticide, it must be approved by a government agency. Tis is
also the reason why dierent pesticides may be used in dierent countries,
e.g. US, Japan or the European Union. Some pesticides have been found
to pollute virtually every lake, river and stream all around the world.
Most of the pesticides are well investigated and lots of articles, papers and
posters have been published over the last decades. Not all pesticides are
inherently harmful to humans. Te European Union has set the maximum
residue limit for these non-harmful pesticides to 100 ng/L. In Germany
Chloridazon is used as a weed killer to protect sugar beets and falls within
this category as this pesticide degrades very fast under UV light and in soil/
water. None of the Chloridazon metabolite residues have been analyzed by
LC/MS/MS until now. Recently, fairly high concentrations of Chloridazon
metabolites have been found in drinking water, ground water, and river
water in Germany. Tis development means that some German water
supply companies are now taking the evaluation of these metabolites into
consideration. Here we present a sensitive and simple method, which
achieves LOQs lower than the required 100 ng/L for the two metabolites
desphenyl-chloridazon and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon. According to the
recent results the industry and the environmental agencies of Bavaria and
Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) decided to reduce the use of Chloridazon!
With this sanction the protection of the aqueous environment should be
maintained. Will this agreement be kept?
MP107 Projection of Pollution States of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air by Studying their Level and Organic
Carbon in Soil. C. Yamaguchi, W. Lee, Environmental Science &
Engineering Ph.D program, Te University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX;
W. Lee, L.M. Santiago, Depatment of Chemistry, Te University of Texas at
El Paso, El Paso, TX. Te correlation of airborne and soil borne Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated. Air and soil samples were
concurrently collected in El Paso, TX at 19 sampling sites during winter
of 2007. Air samples were collected by high volume passive air samplers
using polyurethane foam disks. At the same sampling sites, top soil was
sampled. PAHs were recovered into organic solvents from air and soil
samples by Soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction methods, respectively. Te 16
priority PAHs were analyzed by Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry
following Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction and thermal desorption. Statistically
signicant correlation was found between soil borne PAHs and the fraction
of organic carbon in soil for 14 PAHs. Among the 14 PAHs, the logarithms
of the ratio of soil born to airborne PAHs were signicantly correlated
to the fraction of organic carbon in soil for 7 PAHs, i.e. phenanthrene,
anthracene, uoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]uoranthene,
and benzo[a]pyrene. Te results suggest that the magnitude of PAHs in soil
along with site-specic soil prole provide information on the ambient air
pollution state.
MP108 Determination of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments
and sh by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-
ion-trap mass spectrometry. W. Ding, Chemistry, National Central
University, Chung Li, TAIWAN. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)
is a nonaromatic brominated cyclic alkane which is the third widely used
brominated ame retardants in the markets. Te commercial HBCD
products are composed of three diastereomers: -, - and -HBCD. Recent
studies have shown that HBCDs has a strong tendency to be bioaccumulate
and with high bioconcentration factor. It is also persistent in various
environmental matrices. Soxhlet extraction is the widely used for extraction
organics from solid samples, however, it is time and solvent consuming.
Newly developed microwave- assisted extraction (MAE) has been employed
to extract various pollutants from solid and biological tissue samples.
MAE oers high throughput and relatively low-solvent consumption. In
this study, the eects of various operating parameters (i.e., composition of
extraction solution, temperatures and times) for the quantitative extraction
of HBCDs by MAE were systematically investigated and optimized.
Tree diastereomers were then completely separated and quantitated
by liquid chromatography ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with
electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative ionization mode. Te HBCDs
can be completely extracted from sediments by 40 ml of acetone/n-hexane
(1/3, v/v) at 90 degree C with 12 min of extraction. Recovery of HBCDs
in spiked sediment samples ranged from 62 to 92% with 4-16% RSD.
Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were established between 30 and 40 pg/g (dry
weight) in 5 g of sediment sample. Te extraction eciency of the MAE
was also compared with Soxhlet extraction. Furthermore, the accuracy and
precision of the method were performed and the eectiveness of the method
for the determination of HBCDs in sediment and sh samples at trace-level
has been demonstrated.
MP109 Development on Methods Measuring Reactive [Hg (II)R]
Mercury in Water and Sediment Samples. A.N. Lewis, A. Carter, Brooks
Rand Labs, Seattle, WA. Reactive mercury [Hg(II)R] is mercury in the
Hg2+ state and that is potentially available for methylation. Hg(II)R can
easily be reduced to methyl mercury through biotic processes. Changes in
temperature, pH, and the concentration of other ionic particles can cause
Hg(II)R levels in a sample to have a high level of variability. Hg(II)R is an
important mercury species due to its relationship with methyl mercury;
therefore, it is important to develop a robust, accurate, and precise method
for measuring Hg(II)R in water and sediment samples. Te goal of this
project was to develop a method that can be used on a routine basis for
determination of Hg(II)R in water and sediment samples. In water samples,
decreasing the pH of a sample has been shown to alter the amount of
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Hg(II)R by desorption from particulate matter, coagulation with dissolved
organic carbon (DOC), or shifting mercury species within the sample.
Tis project uses pH neutral analytical reagents and appropriate sample
collection techniques to avoid altering the mercury speciation. Using a
technique based on previously published methodology, sediment samples
were analyzed for Hg(II)R following the addition of aqueous Hg2+ spikes
from unpreserved standards and solid reference materials with Hg2+
reference values. Presented results will compare samples ash-frozen at the
time of collection versus samples that were shipped cold and frozen upon
receipt at the lab. An alternative method for determination of Hg(II)R is
collection on ion exchange (IX) membranes. IX membranes have previously
been used to measure atmospheric Hg(II)R in ambient air samples. For
comparison, Hg(II)R concentrations determined by the operationally-
dened method described above were evaluated against the levels of Hg(II)
R in aqueous solutions desorbed following collection on IX membranes.
Te use of IX membranes in measuring Hg(II)R would allow for the
stabilization this important species prior to the time of analysis. Attainment
of method development objectives is demonstrated by the accuracy of
reference material results for sediments and Hg2+spike recoveries for waters.
In addition, precision is assessment through the reproducibility of sample
duplicates for both matrices. Conclusions and proposed future work are
discussed.
MP110 Simultaneous Determination of Stainless Steel Components
in Urine Samples using ICP-DRC-MS. A. Maizel, Brooks Rand Labs,
Seattle, WA. Steel is made stainless by the addition of chromium (Cr),
nickel (Ni), and occasionally vanadium (V) to steel alloys. Ni and V dusts
are known respiratory irritants, while Cr and Ni compounds are suspected
carcinogens. Te presence of metals in the urine of industrial workers
can indicate occupational exposure; however, low concentrations of these
metals in urine can hinder accurate quantication. We report analytical
method renements for the determination of Cr, Ni and V in urine samples
from steel workers using ICP-MS equipped with Dynamic Reaction Cell
(DRC) technology. Tese improvements in methodology provide reduced
detection limits and shorter analysis times. Urine contains salts, urea,
and other organic molecules, resulting in a matrix that may be 5% solids
and dicult to analyze by ICP-MS. Tese compounds create polyatomic
interferences for each of the analytes studied. To prevent disruptions in the
sample introduction system, urine samples typically are diluted prior to
analysis. Even so, a gradual build-up of material will occur in the sample
introduction system and interface cones, aecting instrument sensitivity.
In response, we developed techniques and utilized instrumentation that
allowed us to achieve lower detection limits than commonly possible by
ICP-MS, including, the use of DRC technology with NH3 as a reaction
gas for reduction of interferences, a temperature-controlled spray chamber
and a PFA-ST nebulizer. We established detection limits that allowed for
the quantication of concentrations of Cr in 85% of samples (n=300),
Fe universally, Ni in 95%, and V in 84%. Numerous matrix spike pairs
produced consistently accurate and precise results. A summary of sample
concentrations and quality control results is presented. Method accuracy
was conrmed by the repeated analyses of the SRM NIST-2670a. To
reduce instrument exposure to the high-matrix samples, a constant DRC
gas ow was maintained, eliminating ow stabilization concerns and
making ICP-MS analysis with DRC as quick as standard analysis. Te
use of a PFAST nebulizer decreased the amount of salt build up, which
increased the sensitivity of the analysis and reduced the sample rinse-out
time compared to a quartz Meinhard nebulizer. Tese advancements enable
the quantication of metals in samples which previously had undetectable
levels, and decrease the expense and time needed for the analysis, allowing
for more complete sampling.
MP111 Development of Improved Sample Preparation Methods for
Determination of Methyl Mercury in Solids. J. Hartmann, M. Um, A.
Carter, Brooks Rand Labs, Seattle, WA. Mercury and its environmental
eects have become topics of concern in recent years. Anthropogenic
sources such as coal-red power plants, and several natural processes, release
mercury into the environment. Mercury cycles through the environment
and can ultimately be converted to dierent species of mercury, including
potentially toxic momomethyl mercury (MMHg). Because MMHg
bioaccumulates, it is important to be able to accurately detect low levels
of MMHg. Unfortunately, many preparation methods for MMHg can be
tedious and time consuming. Te purpose of this study is to investigate
and develop more ecient methods for the preparation of sediment and
biota samples for MMHg analysis. A common method for preparing
sediment samples for MMHg determination is a back-extraction using
dichloromethane (DCM). Tis solvent metabolizes to carbon monoxide in
the body and may be a carcinogen. Te DCM back-extraction employs a
wide array of materials and equipment, such as several dierent container
types, funnels, phase-separation, and a centrifuge, and typically takes 8-10
hours to complete. By developing a more ecient method, the analytical
laboratory would eliminate the use of DCM, increase sample throughput,
and save time and money. Tese improvements would ultimately give us
a better understanding of how MMHg impacts the environment. For our
study, three dierent sample digestion schemes for MMHg in sediment were
investigated and compared to the DCM back-extraction: a 25% solution
of KOH in methanol, a 9 M sulfuric acid solution, and a 4.57 M nitric
acid solution. A second study for the preparation of biota samples was
conducted using a 4.57 M nitric acid sample digestion which was compared
against the standard methodology. Te goal was to develop a preparation
technique that could be analyzed for both total Hg and MMHg, greatly
increasing eciency and productivity. Tis method would also require
much less sample mass, allowing for samples of limited size to be analyzed
for total Hg and MMHg from one small aliquot. Tese sample preparation
improvements could allow more samples to be analyzed, giving us a broader
knowledge of mercury and its cycle.
MP112 Air-Water Gas Exchange of Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the
Eastern Canadian Archipelago. F. Wong, Department of Chemistry,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; F. Wong, L.M.
Jantunen, T.F. Bidleman, Science and Technology Branch, Environment
Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; G.A. Stern, Department of Fisheries
and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are the most abundant organochlorine
pesticides in Arctic air due to their facile atmospheric deposition in the
cold environment and slow degradation rates. In the past two decades,
there has been a reduction in primary emissions of technical HCH with
an accompanying decline in atmospheric HCHs concentrations. As a
result, a reversed direction of air-water ux from net deposition to net
volatilization has been observed in some arctic regions. Tis study was
carried out to determine the gas exchange of HCHs using gradients of
HCH concentrations and enantiomer fractions (EF) of -HCH, where EF =
concentrations of (+)/[(+) + ()] enantiomers. Air and surface water samples
were collected during the Arcticnet 2007 expedition from July 27 August
16, which traveled from Quebec City to the Labrador Sea, through Hudson
Strait and along a southern route in Hudson Bay to Churchill, Manitoba.
Air samples were simultaneously collected at ~1 m, ~6 m and ~15 m above
water to characterize the vertical gradients of HCH concentration and EFs
in the atmosphere. Water samples of 4 L were collected and the HCHs
were isolated on ENV+ solid adsorbent cartridges. It is found that -HCH
levels in air collected near the water surface at Hudson Bay were ~10%
higher than those collected at 15 m above water. Similarly, EFs of -HCH
in air sampled closest to the water are expected to approach the nonracemic
EFs in the surface water and tend toward more nearly racemic values with
height. Sampling is continuing in the western Canadian Archipelago during
May July of 2008 and these results will also be discussed.
MP113 Optimized analysis method for monitoring Semi-volatile
organic compounds in the Yeongsan and Seomjin Rivers, South Korea.
S. Lee, S. Kim, Environmental Science and Engineering, GIST, Gwangju,
Gwangju, South Korea. River water from the YeongSan and Seomjin has
been studied to monitor the river water quality using EPA methods, 8081A
and 625. Te analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) was
employed with regard to samples collected from 31 sites. Liquid-liquid
extraction (LLE) of the high enrichment condition from samples was
achieved by the eective optimization in pH adjustment, extraction time,
dehydration, and cleanup method. GC/MS with SIM mode and GC/
ECD have been used for quantifying and qualifying target compounds. Te
correlation coecients of linearity for target compounds were ranged from
0.995 to 0.999 at the concentration range from 100 ug/L to 2 mg/L for
non-chlorinated compounds and from 10 ug/L to 100 ug/L for chlorinated
compounds. Te relative standard deviation (n=7) of reproducibility in
LLE method was ranged from 6.2 to 20.5 % at the concentration of 2.0
to 10 ug/L for spiked reagent water samples. Te limit of detection ranged
from 1.21 to 13.97 ng/L and the limit of quantication were in the range
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from 10 ng/L to 100 ng/L. Te results obtained for the high enrichment
condition from reagent water showed pH adjustment, extraction time,
dehydration, and cleanup method for the pretreatment procedure and the
concentration of SVOCs in river waters.
MP114 Analysis of pyrethroids in sediment: Comparison of GC-ECD,
GC/MS/MS and GCNCI-MS results. J. You, Department of Biochem,
Chem & Phys, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO; D.
Wang, M.J. Lydy, Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center & Department
of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Because of their
high toxicity to aquatic species, there is a need to quantify pyrethroid
insecticides at ppb levels in sediment. Both gas chromatography (GC)-
electron capture detector (ECD) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) have
been used for pyrethroid analysis. Tough GC/MS provided more accurate
identication of the analytes than GC-ECD, it had less sensitivity and
could not detect pyrethroids at low toxicologically relevant concentrations.
New developments in GC/MS techniques, such as GC/MS/MS and GC
-negative chemical ionization (NCI)-MS, could improve the sensitivity and
selectivity due to higher signal-noise ratios. Te current study developed
and compared GC-ECD, GC/MS/MS and GC-NCI-MS methods for
analysis of 10 pyrethroids in sediment. Parameters aecting MS detection,
such as m/z ratios of parent and daughter ions, excitation storage level and
excitation amplitude, were optimized for individual pyrethroids. Results
showed both MS methods provided instrumental detection limits and
linear ranges comparable to ECD detection when pyrethroid standards
were analyzed. Sediments spiked at dierent concentrations were analyzed
with GC/MS/MS and GC-NCI-MS after accelerated solvent extraction
and solid phase extraction cleanup. Method detection limits, accuracy, and
precision of each method were quantied and statistically compared with
an early-established GC-ECD method. Te two newly developed GC/MS
methods were also validated with eld-collected sediments from California.
Results showed both GC/MS approaches provided comparable sensitivity
as GC/ECD with an advantage of higher selectivity, in turn, more accurate
identication.
MP115 Field validation of molybdenum accumulation in sediments
as an indicator of hypoxic water conditions. W.S. Boothman, Natl.
Health and Env Eects Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Narragansett, RI. Laboratory experiments have shown that the
accumulation rate of authigenic molybdenum (Mo) in marine sediments
may serve as a quantitative surrogate for direct measurement of hypoxic
conditions in overlying waters: Mo accumulation in the top 1 cm of
sediment is linearly related to the amount of time of exposure to dissolved
oxygen (DO) concentrations below ~3 mg/L, and accumulation rates
are independent of DO concentrations when [DO] < 2.8 mg/L (a value
very close to the U.S. EPA saltwater criterion for survival). To validate the
laboratory results, accumulation rates of Mo in eld sediments were related
to the frequency of hypoxia in bottom waters. Sediment cores were collected
from 6 sites in Narragansett Bay (RI, USA) encompassing a range of
hypoxic exposures. Te frequency of bottom-water hypoxia was determined
from RI Dept. of Environmental Management monitoring data for the years
2003-2007.
210
Pb dating of selected core sections at each site established
sedimentation rates. Authigenic Mo concentrations were determined in
surcial sediments by total digestion and ICP-MS analysis and corrected
for lithogenic contributions by multiplying measured Al concentrations
by a mean crustal Mo:Al ratio. Te Mo concentrations and sedimentation
rates were used to calculate Mo accumulation rates, and the rates examined
as a function of the frequency of hypoxia. Rates were also compared with
those from U.S. EPA laboratory experiments and literature references to
oceanic basins that experience various degrees of hypoxia. Validation of the
laboratory results will demonstrate the utility of measurements of Mo in
sediments as a useful, long-term DO monitoring tool.
MP116 Large Scale Field Utilization of the ELISA Method as a Water
Quality Monitoring Tool for Surface Water Samples in Ontario. J.
Byer, J. Struger, P. Klawunn, E. Sverko, Environment Canada, Burlington,
Ontario, Canada; A. Todd, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. Te surface water occurrence of atrazine and glyphosate
was investigated in order to gain a better understanding of currently used
pesticide concentrations in the environment. Atrazine and glyphosate were
monitored because: 1) they are two of the most commonly used agricultural
herbicides in Ontario, 2) they have been discovered to potentially cause
environmental health eects associated with over exposure, and 3)
atrazine and glyphosate have been shown to compare fairly reliably with
wet chemistry analyses for surface water samples. A total of 739 surface
water samples from over 100 sampling locations throughout Ontario
were monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from April to
October 2007, in order to obtain spatial and temporal trend information.
Concentrations exceeded the method detection limit in 38% and 26%
of the samples for atrazine and glyphosate, respectively. Te highest
concentrations for both pesticides were observed in samples collected during
a precipitation event. Atrazine concentrations exceeded the Canadian Water
Quality Guideline for the protection of freshwater aquatic life (1.8 g/L) in
less than 1% of the samples (6 of 739 samples). Te highest concentrations
of atrazine were observed in late spring/early summer in agricultural
watersheds. Glyphosate concentrations showed a bimodal distribution with
peak concentrations occurring in late spring/early summer and autumn.
Glyphosate concentrations did not exceed the guideline for the protection
of aquatic life (65 g/L) in any of the samples. Te highest concentration of
glyphosate was 12.02 g/L associated with a precipitation event in an urban
watershed.
MP117 Trace metals analysis in sh tissues and low weight organims
by ICP-MS. N. Dassylva, A. Tremblay, S. Roberge, G. Guay, Centre
dexpertise en Analyse Environnementale du Qubec, Ste-Foy, Quebec,
Canada. Te Centre dExpertise en Analyse Environnementale du Qubec
(CEAEQ), has developed an analytical method for metal determination
in sh tissues (mussels, trout, etc.). Tis method is also adapted for
analysing metal in low weight organisms, such as lombriculus, chironomids,
echytride, daphnia, and duckweed lemna minor. Tese analysis are required
in ecotoxicological studies, where organisms are exposed to dierent metal
concentrations (in water, soil or sediment), or when a characterization site
is realized. In this case, these are present in low quantity, sometimes 1 or
2 specimens. Te following metals are analysed: arsenic, barium, bismuth,
cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum,
nickel, lead, selenium, strontium, vanadium and zinc. Te detection
limits vary between 0.0005 mg/kg (dry weight) for lead to 0.2 mg/kg (dry
weight) for iron. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer analysis
are done after acid digestion (MA.207-Mt 2.0). In 2008, the CEAEQ
will be doing analysis of metal in sh tissues for the Direction du suivi de
ltat de lenvironnement of the Ministre du Dveloppement durable de
lenvironnement et des Parcs (MDDEP) in order to create a guide of sh
consummation for recreative shing. Also, the CEAEQ will be participating
in ecotoxicology studies
MP118 Development and Evaluation of Polyethylene Reverse
Samplers for Marine Phase II Whole Sediment Toxicity Identication
Evaluations (TIEs). M. Perron, J. Shine, Environmental Health, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, MA; R. Burgess, K. Ho, M. Pelletier,
M. Cantwell, Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI; C.
Friedman, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island,
Narragansett, RI. Marine and estuarine sediments accumulate contaminants
and act as a sink for a wide range of toxic chemicals. As a result, the
sediments themselves can become a source of contamination. At sucient
levels, contaminated sediments can cause benthic impairments and toxicity
to marine organisms. Among the wide range of pollutants, nonionic organic
contaminants (NOCs) have been shown to be a primary cause of toxicity
in marine sediments. Toxicity Identication Evaluations (TIEs) are used to
characterize and identify chemicals causing toxicity in euents, interstitial
waters, and whole sediments with whole organism endpoints. Phase I
whole sediment TIE methods for NOCs exist, but the development of
Phase II methods for NOCs is a current research challenge. In this paper,
the use of reverse polyethylene samplers (RePES) for Phase II methods is
examined. Various RePES designs were evaluated in an experimental design
study with NOC solvent solutions. During method development, these
NOC solvent solutions served as surrogates for sediment extracts. Based on
equilibration time and proximity of measured NOC water concentrations in
the reconstituted system to theoretical concentrations, a non-triolein design
with loading of NOC solvent solutions on the inside of the polyethylene
tubing was chosen as most eective. A partitioning study demonstrated
NOCs partitioned between the RePES and water, as well as between the
water and air, as expected using this non-triolein RePES design. Lastly, a
study was conducted using the RePES with extracts of contaminant spiked
sediments. Toxicity results generated using the RePES were compared to
those generated by the whole sediment exposures. Te RePES design was
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capable of successfully recreating the toxicity, as well as water concentrations
observed with the intact sediments. Future research will focus on the use
of the RePES with a eld sediment strongly suspected to be toxic due to
NOCs.
MP119 Te Generation of Volatile Substances from Environmental
Chemicals by the Chlorination. T. Nishimura, K. Shimizu, M. Tahara,
R. Kubota, Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of
Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan. In aquatic environment, there are many
kinds of chemicals that come out form various emission sources. Tese
chemicals are oxidized, reduced and/or modied in aquatic environment
by chemicals, microorganism and light. Chemicals in aquatic environment
are often discharged by doing various treatments. For instance, wastewater
is treated with chlorine for disinfection before discharging into the aquatic
environment from facilities, swage treatment plants, wastewater disposing
facility of livestock, hospitals and so on. After chlorination, chemicals are
decomposed, oxidized and/or replaced with chloride. Some chemicals
are occurred volatile substances and brought odor annoyance in the air
environment. Sometimes, these reaction products show the adverse eect
on ecosystem and human, for instance trihalomethanes, hydrogen sulde,
cyanogens. Especially, it is afraid of bring the oensive odor around work
environment. However, there is little information about the generation of
volatile substances from environmental chemicals by some reaction. We
have examined the possibility of the generation of volatile chlorine reaction
products from chemicals owed into aquatic environment by head-space
gas-chromatography with mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS). Chemicals
in chlorine water were kept for 24hrs. Chloroform, methylene chloride,
toluene, benzene were detected commonly from many pharmaceuticals
regardless of the structure. Tese chemicals show the adverse eect on
ecosystems and human. Te same products were detected from the
pharmaceuticals with similar structure. Te special volatile substances were
generated from many amino acids by chlorination, seventeen kinds of
amino acids among twenty. Te generation of mono-, di-, tri-chloramines
were detected from the chemicals with amino group and ammonium.
Chloramines that are produced in the chlorination are considered as main
contributor of the odor in drinking water. Tese results indicate there is
the close relation on generation and structure of the odor substances by the
chlorination. In future, it becomes an important project that the generation
of the volatile substance is controlled. (Tis work was supported by Health
and Labour Sciences Research Grants : H19-Kenki-Ippan-013 from the
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan)
MP120 Accumulation characteristics of hydroxylated polychlorinated
biphenyl congeners in the blood of marine mammals and human. K.
Nomiyama, D. Imaeda, S. Murata, T. Kunisue, S. Takahashi, H. Iwata, S.
Tanabe, CMES, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; T. Yamada, National
Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan. Te present study elucidated the residue
levels and accumulation characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs:
T4CB ~ O8CB congeners) and hydroxylated-PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs:
OH-P5CB ~ OH-O8CB congeners) in the blood of marine mammals
(cetaceans: n = 12 and Baikal seals: n = 10) and human (Japanese women:
n = 50). Te median concentrations of the sum of 35 identied OH-PCB
isomers (OH-PCBs) in the blood of cetaceans, Melon-headed whales
and Finless porpoises, were 30 and 21 pg/g wet wt, respectively, and 2,000
pg/g wet wt in Baikal seals. Te median concentration of OH-PCBs
in human blood was 450 pg/g wet wt. Concentrations of OH-PCBs in
the blood of cetaceans were considerably lower than those in Baikal seals,
but relatively higher when compared to human. Among all the identied
OH-PCBs in the blood of marine mammals and human, 4-OH-CB101,
4-OH-CB107, 3-OH-CB138, 4-OH-CB146, 4-OH-CB172, and 4-OH-
CB187 were the predominant congeners. However, the most abundant
OH-PCB isomer was dierent in cetaceans (4-OH-CB107: 36.7% of the
OH-PCBs), Baikal seals (4-OH-CB146: 26.5%), and human (4-OH-
CB187: 17.8%). Te observed OH-PCBs levels in marine mammals were
2-3 orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of PCBs in the same
individuals. However, OH-PCB levels in human were approximately half of
PCB levels. When concentration ratio of OH-PCBs to PCBs (OH-PCBs/
PCBs) was examined, relatively lower values were observed in cetaceans
(0.001) and Baikal seals (0.037) than in human (0.26), suggesting poor
metabolic capacity for PCBs in cetaceans and Baikal seals. OH-H6CB
homologue contributed approximately 40% of OH-PCBs in the blood
of Baikal seals, while the same in human bloods, occupied approximately
34.5% of OH-PCBs. OH-P5CB/P5CB and OH-O8CB/O8CB ratios
were higher than the values for hexa- and hepta-chlorinated homologues,
suggesting preferential accumulation of OH-P5CB and OH-O8CB in
the blood of Baikal seals. In the cetaceans, OH-P5CBs were the dominant
homologues contributing approximately 70% in OH-PCBs. OH- P5CB/
P5CB homologue ratios were considerably higher than those for hexa- and
hepta-chlorinated homologues in the blood of Melon-headed whales. It is
clear from this study that, even after a decade of various control measures,
PCBs still pose a toxic threat to human and wildlife, involving the metabolic
formation of OH-PCBs.
MP121 Denition, calculation and measurement of overall persistence
in the environment (POV) and long-range transport potential
(LRTP) of chemicals. D. van de Meent, A. Hollander, RIVM, Bilthoven,
Netherlands; D. van de Meent, A. Hollander, Radboud University,
Nijmegen, Netherlands; K. Jones, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United
Kingdom; M. Matthies, University of Osnabrck, Osnabrck, Germany;
M. Scheringer, Federal Institute of Technology, Zrich, Switzerland; S.
Simonich, Oregon State University, Oregon, OR. Overall persistence
in the environment (POV) and long-range transport potential (LRTP)
of chemicals are used by international regulatory frameworks (e.g.
UNEP Stockholm Convention, UNECE Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution) for assessment of the tendency of chemicals
to persist and be transported in the environment. However, scientic
agreement on the precise meaning of these quantities and the way in which
values of them are to be obtained has not yet been reached. At the SETAC
workshop on Science-based guidance and framework for the evaluation and
identication of POPs and PBTs, a workgroup has addressed this subject.
Conceptual denitions of POV and LRTP are average time that molecules
reside in the environment before they get degraded, and average distance
traveled away from place of release by molecules during their life in the
environment. POV can be derived as the reciprocal overall environmental
degradation rate constant (1/kOV), which is estimated as the mass-
weighted sum of degradation rate constants in the various environmental
compartments. LRTP can be derived as the penetration length of the
substance into the unloaded environment, to be estimated as the square root
of the ratio between the overall dispersion coecient in the environment
(DOV) and the overall degradation rate constant in the environment
(kOV). Based on these denitions and associated calculation rules, POV
and LRTP can be meaningfully used in regulatory frameworks. Most
importantly, use of these denitions and calculation rules enables validation
of POV and LRTP with eld data. Mathematical derivations showing how
eld observations of spatial concentration-time series relate to the values of
POV and LRTP calculated according to the proposed recipes are presented.
Based on these results, a procedure to derive POV and LRTP of POP/PBT-
candidate substances from historic eld data has been designed.
MP122 Comparing Polychaete Bioaccumulation and Passive
Sampler Uptake to Assess the Eects of Sediment Resuspension on
Contaminant Bioavailability. C.L. Friedman, R. Lohmann, Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI;
R.M. Burgess, K.T. Ho, M.G. Cantwell, S.A. Ryba, S.A. Rego, R.A.
McKinney, US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL,
Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI; M.M. Perron, Environmental
Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Increased
bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from resettled sediments
following remedial dredging is suspected of contributing to elevated
organism tissue concentrations at contaminated sites. However, little data
exists to evaluate whether increases in bioavailability actually occur. To
address the eects of resuspension on bioavailability, sediment samples
from the New Bedford Harbor (MA) Superfund site were resuspended
for approximately 18 hours under four dierent water column oxidation
conditions: resuspension alone, resuspension with air, resuspension with
helium, and no resuspension. Following a four day settling period, the
marine polychaete Nereis virens was exposed to the residuals in a standard
28-day bioaccumulation study. In addition to N. virens, polyethylene (PE)
samplers were included in the bioaccumulation study to assess whether PE
has potential for use as an organism surrogate in routine bioaccumulation
tests. PE samplers were deployed in both the water column and sediment
of individual bioaccumulation exposure chambers. Sediment, tissue, and
PE samples were analyzed for 23 PCB congeners. Resuspension did not
statistically alter PCB concentrations in the sediment. Bioaccumulation by
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N. virens was greater in the resuspended with air treatment for nearly all
PCB congeners analyzed, implying that aeration of sediment particles could
increase the bioavailability of particle-associated PCBs. Equilibrium PCB
concentrations in PEs deployed in the sediment were found to correlate
linearly with lipid-normalized polychaete PCB concentrations with r2 of
0.89 to 0.94. Dissolved (i.e., bioavailable) PCB concentrations in pore water
were calculated based on PE accumulation and were found to correlate
with dissolved concentrations calculated using N. virens accumulations
with r2 ranging from 0.76 to 0.84. On average, PE PCB concentrations
accounted for 97% (range 33% to 204%) of lipid-normalized N. virens
concentrations. Our results suggest that using PE to estimate bioavailability
to benthic organisms is a viable option.
MP123 Comparison of analytical methods for detecting illicit drugs
and drug metabolites in wastewater. C.F. Gomez, D.A. Baxter, B.J.
Venables, D.B. Huggett, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North
Texas, Denton, TX. Enforcement of federal drug laws is a priority of local
law enforcement agencies. Tis study compares two analytical methods:
(1)LC-MS/MS and (2)ELISA, for detecting cocaine, benzoylecgonine
and methamphetamine in wastewater inuent as a pilot study in the
development of a quick, quantitative eld analytical technique. Samples
consisted of raw sewage inuent which had passed a primary bar lter
and grit separator. Samples were ltered through lter paper and a glass
microber lter. Samples then underwent solid phase extraction on Oasis
HLB cartridges (Waters) with a methanol elution. Separation of analytes
was conducted using reversed phase HPLC with a C18 stationary column
and a binary mobile phase milli-Q water:acetonitrile with an increasing
solvent gradient coupled to an LC-MSD with electrospray ionization
run in positive mode. Concentrations ranged from 67.2 to 577.2pg/mL
cocaine, 184.2 to 2568.4pg/mL benzoylecgonine and 24.3 to 531.8pg/
mL methamphetamine. Unprocessed raw sewage samples were analyzed
via ELISA. All three analytes were qualitatively detected in the ELISA with
quantitative ELISA results deviating from LC-MS/MS results.
MP124 New strategies for sample preparation and analysis of current-
use pesticides in sediment. D. Wang, Y. Ding, M.J. Lydy, Fisheries and
Illinois Aquaculture Center & Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, IL. Pyrethroid insecticides have been implicated
as the cause of sediment toxicity to Hyalella azteca in both agricultural and
urban areas of California. However, for a subset of these toxic sediments
(~30%), the cause of toxicity remains unidentied. Tis research describes
the analytical method development for eight additional target pesticides
(including phorate, diazinon, methyl parathion, oxyuorofen, dicofol
(kelthane), fenpropathrin, pyraclostrobin and indoxacarb) that may be the
cause of the unknown sediment toxicity. An accelerated solvent extraction
and solid phase clean-up method was developed to measure the eight
dierent pesticides in sediment using one procedure. Tree sediments with
dierent characteristics were used as reference matrices to assess method
accuracy and precision. Method detection limits were 0.12 to 1.79 ng/g,
and recoveries ranged from 64.0 to 120.7% with relative standard deviations
of 0.62 to 20.3 % in the three sediments spiked at 5.0 and 50 ng/g. Te
developed method was used for the analysis of eld-collected sediments with
good results.
MP125 Method development for the analysis of organophosphate and
pyrethroid insecticides at parts per trillion levels in water. D. Wang, M.J.
Lydy, Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center & Department of Zoology,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Te occurrence of pesticides
in aqueous systems at sub ppb levels could potentially be harmful to aquatic
life and human health; therefore, it is important to develop a sensitive and
reliable method to detect low levels of pesticides in water. In the current
study, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides were analyzed including
diazinon, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, lambda-
cyhalothrin, cyuthrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate and deltamethrin. Water
samples (0.5 L) were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction, and subsequently
cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography/
micro-electron capture detector. Mean recoveries of the analytes ranged from
94.5 to 118.1% in eld-collected reference water from California spiked at
100 ng/L, and from 66.5 to 96.3 % and 67.2 to 133.0% in distilled water
(DIW) and Campus Lake water (CLW) from Carbondale IL, spiked at 20,
and 1 ng/L, respectively. Method detection limits were 0.16 to 0.73 ng/L in
DIW and 0.37 to 1.70 ng/L in CLW. A stability study was also conducted
at 1h, 1d, 4d, and 7d using treated and untreated water samples stored at
4oC. Te DIW and CLW were treated with either 20 ml of hexane, which
acted as a keeper solvent, or the samples were acidied with HCL to a pH
of 2. Results showed that the organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and
chlorpyrifos) signicantly degraded over time in acidied water, and some
pyrethroids slightly degraded in the stability experiments when they where
left untreated, while water storage using hexane showed very good stability
for all analyzed pesticides.
MP126 Measurement of Activated Carbon and Other Black Carbons
in Sediments. A. Grossman, U. Ghosh, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC),
Baltimore, MD. Black carbon in sediment, present natively or added as a
treatment amendment in the form of activated carbon, reduces contaminant
bioavailability. Field evaluation of activated carbon eectiveness in reducing
contaminant bioavailability requires accurate methods to measure the
amendment in sediments. Te most commonly used method to separate
black carbon from natural organic matter in soils and sediments is low
temperature (375 oC) thermal oxidation which resulted in signicant losses
of activated carbons. A method was developed to isolate activated carbon
using a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate to
oxidize the natural organic matter while preserving the activated carbon.
Te chemical oxidation method was applied to assess the delivery of
activated carbon to sediments in a pilot-scale demonstration project carried
out in Grasse River, NY. Using this method on sediment from the Grasse
River, over 98% of the natural organic matter was removed while preserving
95% or more of the activated carbon. Te method was also demonstrated
on other standard black carbon materials and native black carbon in several
sediment samples.
MP127 A combined nuclear magnetic resonance and computational
study of monohydroxyavones applied to product ion mass spectra.
D.A. Ellis, R.E. March, D. Burns, E. Lewars, Chemistry, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. A method is presented for the estimation
of C-13-chemical shifts for carbon atoms in protonated and deprotonated
molecules; in principle, this method can be applied to ions in general.
Experimental C-13-chemical shifts were found to vary linearly with
computed atomic charges using the PM3 method. Pseudo-C-13-chemical
shifts for atoms in protonated and deprotonated molecules can be
estimated from computed atomic charges for such atoms using the above
linear relationship. Te pseudo-(13) C-chemical shifts obtained were
applied to the rationalization of product ion mass spectra of protonated
and deprotonated molecules of avone and 3-,5-, 6-, 7-, 2-, 3-, and
4-hydroxyavones, where product ion formation is due to either cross-
ring cleavage of the C-ring (retro-Diels-Alder reaction) or to cleavage of
a C-ring bond followed by loss of either a small neutral molecule or a
radical. Te total product ion abundance ratio of C-ring cross cleavage to
C-ring bond cleavage, gamma, varied by a factor of 660 for deprotonated
monohydroxyavones, i.e., from 0.014:1 to 9.27:1. Te magnitude of
gamma, which is dependent on the relative bond orders within the C-ring
of the protonated and deprotonated molecules of monohydroxyavones,
can be rationalized on the basis of the magnitudes of the C-13- and H-1-
chemical shifts as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
MP128 Aerosol Transport of Nonylphenol Ethoxalates. D.A. Ellis,
M.A. McInnes, C. McMurdo, Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are environmentally
ubiquitous surfactants. Understanding the mechanisms by which they are
transported in the environment is of utmost importance. NPEs are surface
active compounds and are therefore subject to preferential transport via
marine aerosols. To date, little attention has been paid to this potentially
important mechanism of transport. Tis study investigated the loss of NPEs
from a body of water upon aerosol production and subsequent water air
partitioning.
MP129 Closed-Vessel Microwave Digestion of Environmental Samples
for Collision/Reaction Cell ICP-MS Analysis. N.S. Duzgoren-Aydin,
B. Avula, I.A. Khan, NCNPR/ School of Pharmacy, Te University of
Mississippi, Oxford, MS; K.L. Willett, Department of Pharmacology, Te
University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS; K.L. Willett, I.A. Khan, Department
of Pharmacognosy, Te University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS. Strong acid
extractable trace elements concentrations of the solid samples including
sediments, soils and road dusts from dierent environmental compartments
can provide crucial information on their distribution and dispersion within
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the environment. Similarly, weak acid (e.g. dilute HCl) extractable trace
element contents of the solid samples can oer valuable information on
their bioavailability. Acid digestions of the solid samples are, therefore,
essential and represent the initial stages of environmental studies, but the
methods are often dicult and time consuming due their complex nature.
It has been, however, well established that digestion methods utilizing
microwave technique provide a fast alternative compared to conventional
acid digestion methods. Most of the digestion methods for the solid
samples contain combination of HNO3, HF and/or HCl acids. Among
these acids, HF and HCl can induce analytical and technical problems
(either by means of attaching Ni-interface cones or forming polyatomic
spectral interfaces, respectively), particularly for traditional quadrupole
ICP-MS. Furthermore, argon as a sole carrier gas used in traditional ICP-
MS also generates polyatomic spectral interfaces causing further reduction
in detection capacity of some elements, including Se, Cr and V. Although
there are several ways to minimize these eects, they cannot be completely
eliminated. A newly developed technique collision/reaction cell technology
apparently improved the capacity of traditional ICP-MS signicantly by
eliminating the unwanted species or complexes before entering the mass
analyzer. With this in mind, this study aims at developing/improving closed
vessel microwave digestion methods for environmental solid samples in
order to determine their strong as well as weak acid extractable trace element
concentrations by utilizing octapole ICP-MS technique in which both
He and H2 have been used as collision and reaction gas, respectively. Our
preliminary results suggest that selection criteria for the digestion procedure
is element-specic, and thus for a wide range of trace elements including Cr,
Cu, Pb and Zn, may require employing more than one method. Supported
by NOAA-NIUST.
MP130 Evaluation of time-integrating sediment samplers for
assessment of occurrence and concentrations of hydrophobic organic
contaminants in small streams. M.W. Sandstrom, M.E. Stroppel,
National Water Quality Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO.
Hydrophobic organic contaminants are primarily associated with sediments
in streams. Transport of suspended sediments is episodic and related to
storm runo, so obtaining representative suspended sediment samples for
organic contaminant analysis can be problematic. It is dicult to schedule
sampling to coincide with episodic storms and the mass of sediment in
typical 1-liter samples is too small for determination of environmental
concentrations of contaminants. Bed sediments are commonly used in
sampling programs, but they might include older sediment unrelated
to recent storm runo. We have evaluated time-integrating suspended-
sediment samplers previously developed for use in geochemical source
studies for their application to hydrophobic and ionic organic contaminants.
Te samplers were installed in small, wadeable streams during June
through September 2007 at nine locations in predominantly urban areas in
Seattle, Washington to study pyrethroid pesticides, and at four locations in
agricultural areas in Iowa and Mississippi to study glyphosate. Te samplers
were installed in the streams for time periods ranging from 27 to 70 days.
Sucient sediment mass (median 1.8 g sediment; range 0.5 to 40.1 g) was
collected for determination of organic contaminants and other parameters.
At sites where the samplers were installed for more than one event, more
sediment was collected during runo. In general, the mean particle size
and sorting of sediment collected by the samplers was generally similar to
that in discrete samples obtained concurrently at the dierent sites using
equal-width increment methods. Te evaluation of physical parameters of
the sediments suggests that these time-integrating samplers can provide
a simple technique for obtaining a representative suspended sediment
sample for determination of organic contaminants. Future work planned
includes analysis of blanks to evaluate contamination, and determination
of pesticides (pyrethroids and glyphosate) and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the sediment collected by the samplers.
MP131 Monitoring for Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in the
Lower Great Lakes Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs).
P.A. Helm, T. Howell, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch,
Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; H.
Li, T.L. Metcalfe, M.E. Figueroa-Cano, C.D. Metcalfe, Worsfold Water
Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Great
Lakes monitoring programs have been increasingly monitoring a greater
number of chemical contaminants in recent years, while maintaining long
term databases of priority contaminants. Environmental matrices such
as biota (e.g. lake trout) and sediments remain key indicators for POPs
contamination and exposure. Passive sampling techniques such as SPMDs
have been widely used to monitor for hydrophobic legacy contaminants in
aquatic environments, but have not been routinely used within Great Lakes
monitoring. In this study, we deployed passive sampling devices, including
SPMDs, at long term monitoring stations in Lake Ontario (2006) and
Lake Erie (2007) to evaluate their use in within the Ontario Ministry of the
Environments Great Lakes Nearshore Monitoring and Assessment Program
with the aim of eciently expanding monitoring programs to accommodate
new chemicals of concern. Performance reference compounds were included
to improve estimates of water concentrations. Te distribution of legacy
(PCB and PAH) compounds compared well with those found in sediments
and young-of-the-year sh typically monitored for these compounds.
Contaminants of emerging interest (e.g. alkylphenols, synthetic musks) were
detected, with the highest concentrations occurring in or near urbanized
areas of the lower lakes. Tis was also the case for PCBs and PAHs. Tese
ndings illustrate the continued impacts of anthropogenic chemical
inputs adjacent to densely populated areas of the Great Lakes, particularly
nearshore areas.
MP132 Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) to the
determination of Endocrine Disruption Compounds in environmental
samples. S. Kim, D. Yeom, Division of Non-clinical Studies, Korea
Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea. An analytical method
for the determination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in
environmental samples using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) was
developed. EDCs can interfere with the regulation network in environment
even when they present at trace level and they are continuously introduced
in the environment from various sources such as personal care products
and pharmaceuticals. Ecient extraction method is necessary for trace level
determination of these compounds and molecularly imprinted polymers
solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) have been applied as selective sorbents
in trace analytical technology recently. In this study, 17 -estradiol and
bisphenol A were chosen as the target analyte because they are considered
as the most active estrogen and widely presented in environment at ultra-
trace concentration. MIPs were synthesized using 17 -ethylestradiol,
17 -estadiol and 4,4-biphenol as templates and 4-vinylpyridine and
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as functional monomer and cross-linker. We
characterized the synthesized MIPs and compared the recovery eciency
of MIPs, non-imprinted polymer (NIP) and commercial extraction phase
(C18) using spiked river water. Te recoveries of over 90% using MIPs
and about 20% using NIPs were achieved and the MIPs selective was
better than commercial phase for analyte. Also we applied MIPs sorbent
to solid sample (e.g., sh) preparation process as matrix solid-phase
dispersion (MSPD) method. In MSPD method using MIPs sorbent, sample
preparation process produced simplication as well as selectivity because all
preparation processes such as extraction and cleanup were performed in a
single step. Key words- Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs), Endocrine
Disruption Compounds (EDCs), Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD)
MP133 Are ultraltration methods ready for NOM separation.
X. Xu, E. Carraway, Dept. of Environmental Engineering and Earth
Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC; E. Carraway, Clemson
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton,
SC. Centrifugal devices for ultraltration can be used to eciently separate
materials in aqueous media that dier signicantly in size or molecular
weight. A common example is the separation of proteins from buer salts.
Such devices have also been used for the fractionation of natural organic
matter (NOM), however, it is essential to evaluate the inuence of the
lter itself on the resulting solutions (ltrate, retentate). Dierent pore size
centrifuge lters (5000, 10K, and 30K molecular weight cut-o (MWCO))
made of dierent materials (polyethersulfone (PES) and cellulose based
membranes) showed signicant leaching of compounds even after extensive
rinsing. Absorption spectra and TOC measurements were performed to
quantify the amount of material leached from the ltration devices. TOC
concentrations exceeded 10 mg C/L after 40 mL DDI water ushing. UV-
visible spectra showed an absorption peak near 240 nm, which is consistent
with compounds such as glycerin and sodium azide. Tese compounds
are present in the adhesive formulations used and as preservatives. PES
lters produced a ltrate of relatively higher UV absorbance than cellulose
lters because of a larger amount of the adhesive compounds present.
Te specied MWCO should be treated as characteristic of normally
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distributed pore sizes and thus, the lters do not exhibit a sharply dened
cut-o. Tese membranes are usually calibrated with globular proteins,
therefore, molecular weight information obtained by ultraltration should
be compared with other methods. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
calibrated with polystyrene sulfonates was used in this work. Factors such as
concentration, aggregation, and conformation of the NOM and hydration
of the lters may strongly inuence the results obtained.
MP134 Identication of arsenicals in a constructed wetland designed
to treat arsenic contaminated water. C. Jackson, I. Koch, K. Reimer,
Chemistry and chemical engineering, Royal Military College of Canada,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada; A. Mattes, Land resource science, Guelph
University, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. In Trail, BC, the historical disposal of
arsenic-containing mine waste has impacted groundwater. For the past ten
years, NatureWorks Remediation Corporation has been using a constructed
wetland system to treat the contaminated water, reducing inuent arsenic
concentrations from 600 ppm to the safe discharge limit of 1 ppm. Most
of the arsenic removal happens in two underground anaerobic bioreactors,
which contain a matrix of sand and wood bre pulp and paper waste. It
is believed that both geochemical and microbial processes are causing the
arsenic to either adsorb to the reactor matrix or precipitate out, although
the precise mechanisms of removal are not well understood. To provide
a better understanding of the removal mechanisms, the Environmental
Sciences Group (ESG) has been working with NatureWorks to identify the
arsenicals present throughout the transformation process. We have done
this in two ways: (1) investigating the eld solids and (2) investigating
the eects of specic conditions through controlled bench-scale models.
Packets of bioreactor matrix, enclosed in mesh containers, have been
lowered into water sampling wells in the anaerobic bioreactors, yielding
removable anaerobic solid samples which are representative of the otherwise
inaccessible bioreactor solids. Te species of arsenic present in the solid
samples were investigated using x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy
(XANES), which indicated that the dominant form of arsenic is in an
As(III)-S mineral which may be similar to orpiment. Laboratory studies
investigated the eects of pH end Eh on arsenate and sodium sulde. Te
precipitated product is currently being investigated using x-ray diraction
(XRD), elemental analysis and XANES to determine both the structure
of the product and the probability that this product could be formed in
the anaerobic bioreactor. Te bench scale models examine the eects of
adsorption agents on the arsenic removal eciency and our results indicate
that the addition of iron, zinc or copper can enhance arsenic removal. An
elemental analysis of the spent bench scale reactor solids, combined with a
XANES analysis will provide a better understanding of the arsenic removal
mechanisms and may lead to further uses of such a system.
MP135 Species-specic accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in shes from the Tittabawassee
and Saginaw Rivers (Michigan, USA). Y. Wan, P. Jones, J. Khim, J.P.
Giesy, Toxicology centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; R.R. Holem,
D.P. Kay, S.A. Roark, J.L. Newsted, J.P. Giesy, ENTRIX, East Lansing,
MI. Previous studies have established that sh tissues in the Saginaw
River and its largest tributary, the Tittabawassee River (Michigan, USA),
contain elevated concentrations of dioxin-like compounds. In this study,
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and
coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analyzed in 12
sh species from four reaches of the Tittabawassee River and two reaches of
the Saginaw River. Signicant species-specic dierences in accumulation
of dioxin-like compounds were observed in either concentrations or
patterns of the pollutants. Te greatest average concentrations were
detected in carp (n=50), followed by channel catsh (n=49) and northern
pike (n=12). Te lowest average concentrations, detected in black crappie
(n=11), were 30 times less than those in carp, even when collected
from the same reach. Similarly, the congener patterns of dioxin-like
compounds in these species exhibited species-specic dierences. Te
predominant congener detected in carp, channel catsh and smallmouth
bass was 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), whereas 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) was the dominant congener in other
species. Te average sum PCB concentrations ranged from 9,720 (skin-o
white crappie) to 192,000 (skin-o carp) (ng/kg ww). Te predominant
congeners were CB-105, CB-118 and CB-180. Lipid content, body weight
and length were found not to be the main factors inuencing species-
specic accumulation, therefore stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios
were analyzed in all species to establish trophic relationships. Dierences
in diet and life history are likely to be the main determinants in the
dierential accumulation of dioxin-like compounds. Tese dierences
should be considered in the calculation and comparison of biota-sediment
accumulation factors for shes.
MP136 Comparison of contaminant concentration in solids collected
in sediment traps, surface sediment grab and surface water samples. S.
GbondoTugbawa, E.A. Garvey, C. Purkiss, D. Grzesik, Malcolm Pirnie Inc.,
Fair Lawn, NJ; S. McDonald, Malcolm Pirnie Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
Managing the impairment of water quality within a watershed requires the
identication and control of the sources of contamination. Since organic
contaminants and heavy metals are typically adsorbed to ne particles,
determining the sources requires the characterization of solids from input
waters. Tree key solids collection techniques are: ltration of large-volume
surface water samples, collection of recently deposited surface sediments,
and the use of sediment traps. We compared these three approaches in three
streams in the Northeast. We hypothesized that the chemical characteristics
of solids obtained by the three methods would be similar. Filtration of large
volume surface water samples was done during high ow events with the
Trace Organic Platform Sampler (TOPS) for the organics and whole water
samples for metals. Te whole water samples were ltered for solids in the
lab. Solids from recently deposited sediments were collected in areas of
ne-grained sediment deposits and were tested for detectable Beryllium-7
content to ensure that they represented suspended sediments in the water
column contemporaneous to their sampling. Te sediment traps were
constructed from lexan pipes and deployed for 2 to 4 weeks at three-quarters
of the water depth from the surface. All solids samples were analyzed for
heavy metals, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and PAHs. A comparison
of organic and heavy metal constituents from samples collected via the
three sampling methods indicates that concentrations for contemporaneous
samples agree within an order of magnitude for contaminant concentrations
that vary over 5 orders of magnitude. Geochemical ratios that identify
unique characteristics of each stream were also consistent among
samples collected using the three methods. Furthermore, dierences in
concentrations could be explained by particle size. Te eect of particle size
on contaminant concentrations is particularly apparent in those samples
associated with ltration of large volume surface water samples during
storm events since they represent snapshots of the streams at the times of
collection. Te results of the comparison of measured concentrations for all
three methods will be presented.
MP137 Te Interaction between Ground-water Bacteria and the
Geochemistry of Springs in Nashville, Tennessee. P. Armstrong, Biological
Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; C. Cobb, B. Cobb,
T. Byl, Engineering, Tennessee State Univ., Nashville, TN; T. Byl, Water
Science Center, USGS, Nashville, TN; J. Stewart-Wright, Research &
Sponsored Programs, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN. Te
objective of the project was to evaluate the water quality of four limestone
bedrock springs in an urban environment during a severe drought in the
summer of 2007. Tree of the springs were discovered on the Tennessee
State University (TSU) campus in Nashville, TN in May, 2007. Two are
located near a poultry research facility and a third near the TSU athletic
center. An additional spring owing from a cave in the Charlotte Park
neighborhood of west Nashville (Carlos Cave) was also included in the
study. Te two TSU springs behind the poultry barns were sampled
approximately every week from June through September, 2007. Te cave
and TSU athletic center springs were sampled less frequently. Water quality
parameters included temperature, specic conductance, and dissolved
oxygen, pH, sulfate, nitrogen, E. coli, and bacteria Biological Activity
Reaction Tests (BART). Continuous water-quality monitoring devices were
installed at two of the springs to measure changes associated with dierent
weather patterns. Water temperatures were very stable, ranging from 16oC
in June to 19oC in September. Sulfate concentrations were consistently
higher in the spring water than the receiving surface waters, suggesting
that surface vegetation may have removed the sulfate. Conversely, nitrogen
levels were lower in the spring water (<10 mg/L) than the surface waters,
suggesting denitrication by bacteria in the subsurface. Fecal bacteria
levels uctuated randomly with no discernable correlation to weather
pattern. BART tests conrmed the presence of denitrifying, iron-reducing,
sulfur-reducing, and slime-producing bacteria at each of the springs.
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Spring discharges decreased at all sites as the drought continued but never
decreased below 10 gallons per minute. Te data showed that each spring
had unique water quality characteristics reective of the dierent hydrologic
recharge areas that replenish them.
MP138 Residence Time Distribution Derived from Independent
Gamma Distributions of Tracer Travel Distance and Linear Velocity.
M. Martin, R. Painter, T. Byl, Engineering, Tennessee State University,
Nashville, TN; J. Stewart-Wright, Research & Sponsored Programs,
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; M. Martin, T. Byl, Water Science
Center, USGS, Nashville, TN. Te advection dispersion equation (ADE)
is widely used as a predictor of residence time distributions (RTDs) for
tracer breakthrough curves for karst systems. Solutions of the ADE for
tracer breakthrough curves for near plug ow behavior are characteristically
Gaussian in appearance. Te symmetry of this solution often predicts
nite tracer concentrations at zero time and is often not reected in tracer
breakthrough curves which invariably are characterized by relatively long
upper tails. Tere are few quantitative tracer studies that have tracer
concentrations normally distributed about the mean residence time.
Tis suggests that a dierent conceptual approach may be appropriate in
describing these systems in easily visualized terms. Te objective of this
project was to develop a more descriptive model of tracer break-through
data based on the gamma probability density function (p.d.f.). Te gamma
distribution is a probability density function (p.d.f ) of random variables that
are exponentially distributed and is frequently used as a probability model
for waiting times. In this paper the tracer residence time, the tracer travel
distance and tracer linear velocity are assumed to be randomly distributed
variables with gamma distributions. Te RTD for tracer breakthrough
curves was derived from the joint probability distribution for residence
times derived from the individual distributions of tracer travel distance
and linear velocity. Tis approach is compared and contrasted with the
traditional approach based on the ADE for modeling tracer break-through
data at a karst site, as well as, modeling the rate of biodegradation of toluene
in laboratory karst aquifers.
MP139 Field Testing Passive Air Samplers for Current Use
Pesticides in a Tropical Environment. T. Gouin, F. Wania, Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK; T. Gouin,
University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; C. Ruepert,
L. Castillo, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. Air was sampled
for one year in the central valley of Costa Rica using an active high-volume
sampler as well as passive samplers based on polyurethane foam (PUF) disks
and XAD-resin lled mesh cylinders. Extracts were analyzed for pesticides
that are either banned or currently used in Costa Rican agriculture.
Sampling rates for PUF-based passive air samplers, determined from the
loss of depuration compounds spiked on the disks prior to deployment,
averaged 5.90.9 m3/d and were higher during the windier dry season
than during the rainy season. Sampling rates for the XAD-based passive
sampler were determined from the slopes of linear relationships that were
observed between the amount of pesticide sequestered in the resin and
the length of deployment, which varied from 4 months to 1 year. Tose
sampling rates increased with decreasing molecular size of a pesticide and
their average of 2.11.5 m3/d is higher than rates previously reported for
temperate and polar sampling sites. Even though the trends of the sampling
rate with molecular size and temperature are consistent with the hypothesis
that molecular diusion controls uptake in passive samplers, the trends are
much more pronounced than a direct proportionality between sampling rate
and molecular diusivity would suggest. Air concentrations derived by the
three sampling methods are within a factor of 2 of each other, suggesting
that properly calibrated PAS can be eective tools for monitoring levels of
pesticides in the tropical atmosphere. In particular, HiVol samplers, PUF-
disk samplers and XAD-based passive samplers are highly complementary,
suitable for obtaining information on air concentration variability on the
time scale of days, seasons and years, respectively. Tis study represents the
rst calibration study for the uptake of current use pesticides by passive air
samplers.
MP140 Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) Levels During Dry Weather
for Southern California Reference Streams. L. Tiefenthaler, E.D. Stein,
G.S. Lyon, Watershed, Southern CA Coastal Water Research Partnership,
Costa Mesa, CA, CA. High levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in surface
waters is a common problem in urban areas that often leads to impairment
of benecial uses such as swimming. Once impaired, common management
and regulatory solutions include development of Total Maximum Daily
Loads (TMDLs) and other water quality management plans. A critical
element of these plans is establishment of a reference level of exceedances
against which to assess management goals and TMDL compliance. Te goal
of this study was to provide information on indicator bacteria contributions
from natural streams in undeveloped catchments throughout southern
California during dry weather, non-storm conditions. To help establish a
regional reference data set, bacteria levels (i.e. Escherichia coli (E. coli),
enterococci and total coliforms)) were measured from 15 unimpaired
streams in 11 southern California watersheds weekly for one full year.
Concentrations measured from reference areas were typically between one to
two orders of magnitude lower than levels found in developed watersheds.
Nearly 82% of the time, samples did not exceed daily and monthly bacterial
indicator thresholds. E. coli had the lowest daily percent exceedance (1.5%).
A total of 13.7% of enterococci exceeded daily thresholds. Indicator bacteria
levels uctuated seasonally with an average of 79% of both enterococci
and total coliforms exceedances occurring during summer months (June-
August). Temperature, at all sites, explained about one-half the variation
in total coliforms density suggesting that stream temperatures regulated
bacterial populations. Accounting for natural background levels will allow
for management targets that are more reective of the contributions from
natural sources.
MP141 Sources of variance when measuring sex steroids as indicators
of reproductive endocrine disruption in sh. T. Bosker, K. Munkittrick,
A. Nolan, L. Bowron, Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint
John, New Brunswick, Canada; D. MacLatchy, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier
University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; T. Bosker, K. Munkittrick, A.
Nolan, L. Bowron, D. MacLatchy, Canadian Rivers Institute, Saint John,
New Brunswick, Canada. Studies on pulp and paper mill euent, sewage
euent and agricultural run-o have shown negative eects on sh
reproduction. Levels of circulating sex steroid hormones in sh (testosterone
and 17-estradiol in females and testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone
in males) are important biological indicators for potential eects on sh
reproduction. Changes in these endpoints are routinely measured by many
research groups in lab and eld studies, and can give an early indication
for possible reproductive impairments caused by contaminants. Steroid
levels are also presumed to be mechanistically linked to endocrine disruptor
modes of action. Our study has focused on identifying and minimizing
sources of variance when measuring sex steroids in sh. We evaluated
variability associated with extraction methods, storage, incubation times and
temperatures, as well as dierences between two laboratories (with the same
and dierent personnel). We also evaluated an optimization protocol for
small-bodied sh from which only small (e.g., 50 l) aliquots of plasma can
be collected. Based on our results, recommendations are made on enhancing
the use of reproductive steroid hormones in sh for endocrine disruptor
research with the focus on minimizing variability by increasing precision
within and between laboratories.
MP142 Newer Analytical and Fractionation Approaches for Detecting
Endocrine-Active Chemicals in CAFOs. E. Durhan, D. Martinovi, J.
Cavallin, L. Blake, G. Ankley, US-EPA MED, Duluth, MN; V. Wilson,
C. Lambright, USEPA-RTD, RTP, NC; J. Lazorchak, USEPA-NERL,
Cincinnati, OH; M.S. Sepulveda, L.S. Lee, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN. Preventing and controlling water pollution from concentrated
animal feeding operations (CAFOs) is an emerging priority for EPA under
the Clean Water Act. CAFOs annually produce more than 500 million
tons of animal waste that can pose substantial risks to the environment
and public health. Currently, very little is known about the fate, transport,
exposures, and environmental eects resulting from exposures to natural
and synthetic steroid hormones in generated waste and potential discharges
from CAFOs. Tere is some evidence that CAFO waste may have the
potential to introduce endocrine-active materials, such as steroids, into
surface and ground waters, as well as (through manure applications) to
terrestrial systems. Several labs in the Oce of Research and Development
and academic partners from dierent Universities around the country are
involved in an integrated, collaborative eort to better assess the magnitude
and extent of the impact of estrogenic and androgenic hormones in
waste from CAFOs and determine the impact of current CAFO waste
management strategies on the fate and eects of hormones. Tis includes
the development of robust in vitro and instrumental analytical techniques
to detect active hormones, and biologically based fractionation approaches
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to identify and quantify specic compounds responsible for endocrine
(androgenic and estrogenic) activity of complex CAFO discharges. Tis
poster will present aspects of this collaborative research with an emphasis
on the analytical and fractionation methods. We will provide examples in
which HPLC-based fractionation linked to indications of biological activity
(estrogenic and/or androgenic) in cell lines are used to simplify complex
CAFO samples for subsequent investigative MS analyses. Our overall goal
is to directly link the measurement of endocrine active components with
the estrogenic/androgenic eects observed in the euents for the purpose
of assessing potential ecological risk. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect
ocial Agency policy.
MP143 Solid Phase Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass
Spectrometry Analysis of the Anabolic Steroid 17B-Trenbolone. E.P.
Kolodziej, J. Parker, J. Webster, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV. In the United States, approximately
90% of commercial beef cattle receive the anabolic steroid 17B-trenbolone
as a growth-promoting ear implant. Te widespread use of this synthetic
androgen may adversely impact water quality, as several recent studies have
correlated euents from conned animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
with endocrine disruption in sh. Specically, 17B-trenbolone can induce
endocrine disruption in sensitive species of sh by masculinizing female
sh and reducing fecundity, and is suspected to be a major contributor
to the observations of endocrine disruption in CAFO euents. As part
of an EPA STAR program to characterize the occurrence and ecological
impacts of natural and synthetic steroids from CAFOs, we are developing
gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) analytical
methods for 17B-trenbolone. Quantication of 17B-trenbolone in samples
typical of CAFO euent is challenging because this steroid is found at
low concentrations (ng/L) in complex organic matter matrix, is thermally
unstable, and yields unstable derivatives for chromatographic separation.
Analytical method development at UNR indicates that N-methyl-N-
(trimethylsilyl)triuoroacetamide (MSTFA)-I2 can form stable derivatives
for GC/MS/MS analysis, using a 1 hour reaction time at 30 C. Results
indicate linearity of the calibration curve and near quantitative recovery
of trenbolone through solid phase extraction. Once optimization for 17B-
trenbolone is complete, additional synthetic growth promoting steroids such
as 17A-trenbolone, trendione, and melengestrol also will be incorporated
into the analytical method. Te application of these methods to analysis of
eld samples will begin by quantifying growth promoting steroids in surface
and ground water samples from CAFOs in California, Colorado, and Iowa,
as well as runo from irrigated pastures and rangelands.
MP144 Dioxin-like compounds in American eel (Anguilla rostrata)
captured in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. J. Byer, S.
Brown, Department of Chemistry and School of Environmental Studies,
Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; P.V. Hodson, Department
of Biology and School of Environmental Studies, Queens University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada; M. Lebeuf, Fisheries and Oceans, Maurice
Lamontagne Institute, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada; J. Byer, S. Backus, M.
Alaee, Environment Canada, Canada Center for Inland Waters, Burlington,
Ontario, Canada. Tere are concerns that chemical contaminants may
have been a major contributing factor leading to the precipitous decline
of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) in Lake Ontario and eastern Canada
over the past two and half decades. In particular, polychlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like coplanar
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated due to their persistence
and high toxicity. Whole sh homogenates were analyzed by high resolution
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of
17 PCDD/F and four coplanar PCB congeners recognized by the World
Health Organization. Eels were captured at reference sites from local rivers
in eastern Canada, near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in contaminated
sites between Lake Ontario and New Brunswick. Reference samples ranged
from 62 to 79 cm in length, and from 439 to 965 g in weight; whereas,
eels in contaminated sites ranged from 66 to 121 cm in length, and 513
to 3550 g in weight. Results expressed as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
p-dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs), calculated using toxic equivalency
factors, were compared against known toxicity thresholds for European eel
(Anguilla anguilla) and Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to establish if
sucient concentrations are present in eels to be toxic and/or embryo-toxic.
Contamination levels and TEQs in Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence eels will
be presented.
MP145 Disinfection by-products of parabens in swimming pool
water: synthesis, determination, and mass spectrometric study. M.
Terasaki, M. Makino, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University
of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. Parabens are widely used as preservatives
in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Some studies
have conrmed the presence of parabens in the aquatic environment.
Te pollutants originating from the use of PPCPs has also been found in
swimming pool water. Te formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs)
in pool water, particularly compounds containing phenolic hydroxyl
groups, exhibit favorable chlorination kinetics; therefore, DBPs may
be produced when PPCPs containing parabens come in contact with
pool water. Although the determination of chlorinated parabens in such
water samples requires the standard materials to be authentic, only a few
authentic chlorinated parabens are commercially available. In this study,
we describe (1) an aromatic chlorination process using sulfuryl chloride,
(2) the determination of chlorinated parabens in swimming pool water,
using gas chromatography/massspectrometry selected ion monitoring
(GC/MSSIM), and (3) fragmentation mechanisms by applying electron
impact ionization (EI). Te typical experimental procedure in this study is
as follows; A paraben (1 mmol) dissolved in a solvent (2 mL) was added to
sulfuryl chloride dropwise and capped, and the mixture was heated at 80

C. Te desired mono- and dichlorinated parabens are isolated in excellent

yields (8999%). For determination of parabens in the swimming pool
water samples, a dichlorinated derivative of i-propylparaben (iPrP) was
detected at levels of up to 25 ng L
1
. Further, a dichlorinated derivative of
methylparaben (MeP) and a monochlorinated derivative of benzylparaben
(BnP) were present in concentrations lower than the limit of quantication.
BnP, the parent compound, was also detected at concentrations of up to 28
ng L
1
. For MS fragmentation patterns, each of the ion peaks at [M
+
15]
and [M
+
] also presented the typical isotopic pattern corresponding to mono-
and dichlorinated compounds. In the MS spectra of chlorinated derivatives
of MeP, ethylparaben (EtP), and BnP, their fragment ions indicated the loss
an alkoxy group in the ester side chain. On the other hand, fragment ions
of chlorinated derivatives of n-propylparaben (nPrP), iPrP, n-butylparaben
(nBuP), and i-butylparaben (iBuP), are believed to be formed via
McLaerty rearrangement of the chain and 1 hydrogen atom, followed by
the expulsion of an alkyl radical via a 6-membered transition state.
MP146 Methodology for determination of low level of acidic drugs
and caeine in aquatic ecosystems A use of caeine and nitrogen
stable isotopes as indicators of the level of PPCP in environment. S.S.
Verenitch, C. Lowe, M. Asit, Biology, university of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada. A methodology based on gas chromatography
and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC IT-MS/MS) was developed
and applied for determination of acidic drugs (acetylsalicylic acid,
ibuprofen, gembrozil, fenoprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac) and
caeine in various aquatic environments. Water samples were ltered and
processed using solid-phase extraction Supelco LC-18 and Oasis HLB
SPE cartridges for acidic drugs and caeine, respectively. Acidic analytes
were methylated prior to their analysis while caeine was analyzed directly.
Optimization of four IT-MS/MS operating parameters, including collision
induced dissociation (CID) voltage, excitation time (ET), isolation time
(IT) and maximum ionization time (MIT) has been performed in order to
maximize the sensitivity of the IT-MS/MS detection system towards the
analytes. After optimization, taking into account blank values and matrix
background, method detection limits transformed to the values of 0.2-2.0
ng/L were applied to all samples analyzed in the study. Te samples for
PPCP analysis were collected at dierent aquatic ecosystems including
two municipal wastewater outfalls that discharge pre-screened municipal
wastewater to marine environment, ve lakes of various sizes and nine
fresh water sites located within 500m radius up and downstream of small
size STP outfalls. Caeine analyses were performed rst and the ndings
were used for preliminary evaluation of anthropogenic input to the aquatic
ecosystem studied. Analyses of acidic drugs in water samples were carried
out only at the presence of caeine. Te range of caeine concentration
found in fresh water samples (except one site where the level exceeded
1500 ng/L) was between 5 and 30 ng/L while the level of individual acidic
drugs ranged between 50 and 650 ng/L. Te concentration of caeine also
correlated with overall residential density around the lakes studied. Te
concentrations of PPCPs in the municipal wastewater outfalls although
varied seasonally were in the range of a few g/L. Discharges from sewage
outfalls signicantly aected 15N values of mussels of the impacted sites
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over the reference site (7.32 at the outfall versus gradual increase of
15N signature with distance from the outfall, from 7.31 to 8.58 ).
Te 15N value was also used as an indicator of the impact of sewage
compounds onto marine environment.
MP147 Comparison of analytical methods with solid-phase extraction
and solid-phase micro-extraction with derivatization for detecting and
quantifying bisphenol-A in water. W. Kim, J.A. Cunningham, Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. Te
presence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater and
natural waters may threaten our potable supply. EDCs have the potential to
cause cancer and other adverse health eects in humans. In this study, we
focus on one particular EDC, bisphenol-A. We have targeted bisphenol-A
because it is one of the EDCs most commonly found in wastewater euent
and in receiving waters. We have developed methods for detecting and
measuring the concentration of bisphenol-A in water. Tese methods are
based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid-phase micro-extraction
(SPME) with derivatization followed by analysis via gas chromatography
with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). When only small sample volumes (5-25
mL) are available, SPME is preferable to SPE. However, when large sample
volumes (25-1000 mL) are available, it is not clear which method provides
a lower detection limit for bisphenol-A. In this study, we determine the
detection limit of bisphenol-A as a function of sample volume in the SPE
method. Ten, by comparing those detection limits to that of SPME, we
are able to determine which method is preferable depending on the sample
volume available.
MP148 Organic compounds in a river that receives euents from
sewage treatment plants. A. Rantalainen, H. Jskelinen, Department
of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti,
Finland. River Porvoonjoki is 140 km long river in Southern Finland,
which receives euents from six sewage treatment plants (STP) altogether
over 50 000 m3 per day. All euents originating from the wastewater
of city of Lahti with 100 000 inhabitants are discharged to the river at
one spot. Furthermore, downstream of Lahti there are four smaller STPs.
Objective of the study was to analyze the concentrations of endocrine
disturbing compounds (EDCs) in the ecosystem of the River Porvoonjoki
to understand the fate of these compounds. Te River Porvoonjoki has been
studied for polycyclic musks (PCMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs), alkylphenols and bisphenol A (BPA). Te water samples were
collected with two dierent types of passive samplers i.e. semipermeable
membrane devices (SPMD) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers
(POCIS). Both sampling devices were deployed for 28 days. Furthermore,
whole sh samples and sediment grab samples were analyzed. Te sampling
sites located in the vicinity of euent discharge points. Concentrations of
analytes in both types of passive samplers were very consistent increasing
after each euent discharge point and decreasing before the next STP. Te
only exceptions were PAHs, which do not seem to originate from STP.
Obviously PAHs are generated on the urban area and end up to the river
with surface runo or with dry or wet deposition. Te most abundant
compounds in SPMDs were PCMs the highest sum concentration being
24 000 ng/SPMD. In that same SPMD the sum concentrations of PCBs
and PBDEs were both 40 ng/SPMD and sum concentration of PAHs
1000 ng/SPMD. When the concentrations of analytes in SPMDs were
compared to the concentrations of sh the levels were similar for PCBs
and PBDEs. Nevertheless, PCMs and PAH were taken up much more
eciently by SPMDs than by sh. Te highest sum concentration of PAHs
in sh was 15 ng/ g (fresh weight) and 470 ng/g (fresh weight) for PCMs.
Te SPMD results from consecutive years show PCM concentrations to
increase signicantly in the river water column. Te concentrations of
PCBs stays fairly constant, concentrations of PAHs show slight increase
and concentrations of PBDEs are decreasing. Based on all the results good
overview of the fate of EDCs in the River Porvoonjoki has been achieved.
MP149 Phthalate esters and their metabolites in urban estuarine
environments. A.C. Ellefson, B.J. Brownawell, School of Marine and
Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
Phthalate di-esters are widely used in a variety of plastics and personal
care products and may aect human endocrine systems, especially during
early development of humans and other organisms. Te study of phthalate
sources, exposure and fate in receiving waters has been limited by ubiquitous
lab contamination. New methods developed at the Center for Disease
Control have successfully used persistent metabolites of phthalate esters
(phthalate mono-esters and oxidation products) to monitor mammalian
exposure. Phthalate mono-esters are known products of microbial
transformations of phthalate di-esters nd may provide useful tools to study
the inputs of phthalates to receiving waters, or their subsequent fate and
transport. Municipal sewage treatment plants likely serve as important
sources of phthalate esters and their metabolites, and we have initiated a
study of their occurrence and sources in highly sewage impacted estuarine
environments of the NY/NJ Harbor complex. To date we have detected
mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) at concentrations up to 24 ng/L in
samples proximate to sewage treatment euents. Tis is consistent with
the high production of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as well as results
showing DEHP to be the dominant phthalate di-ester in New York Harbor
sediments. Te analysis of phthalate mono-esters by HPLC time-of-ight-
MS provided accurate mass information that indicated an interfering
compound (nonylphenolethoxycarboxylate) of similar molecular weight that
co-eluted with MEHP, a problem which was solved through renements
in chromatography and narrower mass resolution. Initial phthalate di-ester
sediment analysis indicates that the highest total concentrations are found
proximate to combined sewer overows (1.5 3.6 g/g) in comparison
to those measured near treated euents from sewage treatment plants
(.25 .56 g/g). Tis suggests that biological treatment is important in the
removal of wastewater derived phthalates. Ongoing work is aimed at the
sources and persistence of phthalate di- and mono-esters in urban estuaries,
and whether the mono-ester metabolites derive from sewage euents or are
formed from di-esters once in the environment.
MP150 Organotins and New Antifouling Agents Contaminations in
Sediments of Big Harbors, Korea. H. Cho, J. Park, C. Cho, Faculty of
Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea;
H. Harino, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental
Sciences, Osaka, Japan; T. Horiguchi, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. Following the ban on the use of tributyltin(TBT)
as an antifouling agent, several organic booster biocides have been used in
conjunction with copper in antifouling paints as alternative treatments.
Busan harbor, the largest international commercial harbour in Korea,
is located at south eastern part of Korea and Ulsan harbor, the largest
industrial harbor in Korea is located at east southern part of Korea. And
Gwangyang bay surrounded with industrial complex is located at middle
part of Korea. Tese three harbors are seem to be easily polluted with
antifouling agents by heavy tracs of commercial ships. In this study,
a survey of organotin compounds and some other antifouling agents
used as biocides in new antifouling paints was carried out to reveal the
contamination trend of antifouling paints around the big harbors after the
ban of organotins in Korea. Organotin compounds and new representative
antifouling agents(sea-nine 211, diuron, dichlorouanid, irgarol 1051,
M1 and copper pyrithione) were detected in marine surface sediment. In
organotin compounds, TBT was detected higher level around shipyard
and passenger boat terminal than sea route and moorage. After the ban of
2003, the concentrations of organotin compounds showed a tendency to
decrease continuously. In new antifouling agents, diuron and irgarol 1051
were consistently determined with higher concentrations and were detected
in almost sediments collected from big harbors. Tese new antifouling
agents were detected with higher level around passenger boat terminal,
shipyard, container terminal and sea route. But, dichlouanid and CuPT
were detected under the detection limit. Te concentrations of organotin
compounds and new antifouling biocides of Ulsan harbor was higher than
Busan harbor, and Gwangyang was the lowest. Generally, after the ban
of organotins at 2003, the concentrations of organotin compounds were
decreased continuously and the new antifouling biocides were detected
newly.
MP151 Temporal Variations of Heavy Metals and PAHs
Contaminations in Sediments of Gwangyang Bay, Korea. H. Cho, Y.
You, C. Cho, J. Park, Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National
University, Yeosu, South Korea. Tis study was carried out to survey the
contamination of heavy metals and PAHs(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
in sediments of Gwangyang bay, Korea. Te industrial complex such
as Yeocheon petrochemical industrial complex, POSCO(Pohang steel
company) and Gwangyang container harbor are located around the study
area. Te sediments were collected eight times from Dec. 2005 to Aug.
2007 at 5 stations(SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4 and SW5). Te heavy metal and
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PAHs contents in sediment samples were analyzed using ICP-MS(ICPM-
8500/Shimadzu) and GC/MS(QP-2010/Shimadzu) respectively. One of
the heavy metal analyzed, Zn were detected to the highest concentration
and Hg was not detected at all of the sediments. Te concentrations of Cd
during all surveys was greatly uctuated, and Ni and Zn were detected with
high level at survey period of May 2006 and Aug. 2006. But the others
were not uctuated almost during all of survey periods. Te level of heavy
metals in Gwangyang bay were lower than ER-L(Eect Range-Low) and
ER-M(Eect Range-Medium) of the biological eect guidelines. Te sixteen
species of PAHs were detected at all of the sediments. Te total PAHs of 16
species were showed the highest concentration in the inner site(Sta. SW2) of
surveyed area. Te concentrations of total PAHs during all of survey periods
showed decreasing tendency according to the periods, but it was a little
high at Aug. 2006. For proportion of molecular weight in detected PAHs
compounds, the low molecular compounds(two and three aromatics) were
showed lower concentrations than the high molecular compounds(four,
ve and six aromatics). In the relationship between P/A(Phenanthrene/
Anthracene) ratio and F/P(Fluoranthene/Pyrene) ratio, P/A ratio was below
10 and F/P ratio was above 1 in almost sediments. Te results indicate
that the PAHs contaminations in sediments of Gwangyang bay seem to be
pyrolytic origin than petrogenic origin. Te mean value of total PAHs in
Gwangyang bay were lower than ER-L(Eect Range-Low) and ER-M(Eect
Range-Medium) of the biological eect guidelines, and other results
reported.
MP152 Maternal Bisphenol-A levels at Delivery: a Looming Problem.
L. Tao, K. Kannan, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY; V. Padmanabhan, K.
Siefert, T. Johnson, J. Pinkerton, L. Anderson, Departments of Pediatrics,
Obstetrics and Gynecology and School of Social Work, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; S. Ransom, University of North Texas Health
Science Center, Fort Worth, TX. Te objective of this study was to
determine if BPA is found in maternal circulation of pregnant women in
a U.S. population and is related to gestational length and birth weight.
Circulating levels of BPA were quantied by high performance liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at delivery in 40 Southeastern
Michigan mothers and correlated with gestational length and ospring
birth weight. Maternal levels of unconjugated BPA ranged between 0.5 and
22.3 ng/mL in Southeastern Michigan mothers. Tere was no correlation
between BPA concentrations and gestational length or birth weight of
ospring. Tis is the rst study to document measurable levels of BPA
in maternal blood of a U.S. population. Long-term follow-up studies
of ospring are needed to validate or refute concerns over human fetal
exposure to synthetic exogenous steroids.
MP153 Degradation of antibiotic residues during sewage sludge
composting. M. Lillenberg, Department of Food Science and Hygiene,
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, ESTONIA; S. Yurchenko, K.
Kipper, K. Herodes, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
ESTONIA; L. Nei, Department of Environmental Protection, Tartu College
of Tallinn University of Technology, Tartu, ESTONIA. Antibiotics are
routinely used in medicine. Teir quantities rise from year to year. After
metabolising, antibiotics are found in sewage sludge, which is utilized
as fertilizer for food plants. It has been shown that some antibiotics, for
example uoroquinolones and sulfonamides, are stable in the environment
for a relatively long time. Te accumulation of these antibiotics from soil
into food plants under laboratory conditions is known. Te quality of
sewage sludge compost in relation to the content of antibiotics has never
been studied in Estonia. Te aim of the research was to investigate the
degradation of those stable antibiotics during sewage sludge composting
and estimate the environmental danger of this widely available fertilizer.
Te raw sewage sludge, 2, 6 and 12 months old sewage sludge compost
of the two Estonian biggest cities were analyzed. Te concentrations of
ciprooxacin, noroxacin, ooxacin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole
were measured. Te content of uoroquinolones was unexpectedly high
in sewage sludge, especially in wintertime, decreased in 2 months stored
compost, and was not detected in 6 months and 12 months stored compost.
Te content of sulfonamides in sewage sludge was lower, but detectable
in every sample of sludge, 2 and 6 months old compost. Sulfonamides
were completely degradated in 12 month old compost. Antibiotics were
extracted by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), cleaned up by solid
phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Te best recovery of sulfonamides was
100%, uoroquinolones 68 %.
MP154 Natural estrogens created by algae are antiestrogenic to
crucian carp exposed to the steroidal estrogens excreted under extreme
eutrophic and crowded conditions. Y. Hida, Y. Yamada, H. OOkura, T.
Shibata, M. Nakamura, T. Kurata, Ecosystem Studies, Te University of
Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan. Te potent steroidal estrogens excreted
by humans and cattle are the primary causative chemicals that lead to
estrogenic eects in sh. However, it is usually assumed that the aqueous
environment is estrogen-free and is aected by only small amounts of
weak estrogenic substrates produced by human activity, which is known
as the pollution phenomenon. We claried that phytoplankton, such as
the Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae, which are ubiquitous in aqueous
environments, create and maintain estrogenic substrates in their cells. Tis
suggests that there is a background level of estrogen exposure in aqueous
environments that sh cannot avoid ingesting. In other words, sh are
exposed to algae estrogens for their entire lives, while in vivo studies of an
estrogenic pollutant are typically conducted for two to three weeks. In
this study, we found a competitive relationship between two or more co-
existing estrogenic substrates in a pond used to cultivate juvenile round
Crucian carp, using an index of serum vitellogenin induction. Compared
to potent steroidal estrogens, both natural estrogens in algae and exogenous
estrogens in commercial sh feed containing soybean oil cake have lower
estrogenic activities, but are ingested by sh as suspended substances (SS)
more eciently than the dissolved matter excreted by sh. Natural estrogens
in algae, which had estrogenic activity about 50-times higher than that
in commercial sh feed on a unit weight basis, markedly antagonized the
induction of vitellogenin in sh by potent estrogens, i.e., they had an
antiestrogenic action, under extreme eutrophic and crowded conditions.
In addition, they inhibited the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of cultivated
male sh fed commercial feed, i.e., they had an estrogenic action. Tese
results imply that the exposure eect of estrogens does not increase in a
concentration-dependent manner in aqueous environments.
MP155 Baseline of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in
Surface Water and Sediments in Protected Areas in South Florida. C.
Wang, P. Gardinali, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International
University, Miami, FL; C. Wang, P. Gardinali, Southeast Environmental
Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL. Te
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) outlines a series of
construction projects and water management changes to increase regional
water supplies and restore the Everglades. Some of the 1.7 billion gallons
of water a day now sent to tide or disposed by deep well injection will
be delivered to the Everglades and Biscayne Bay as reclaimed water after
secondary treatment. If reclaimed waters are to be introduced to any South
Florida ecosystem, the quality of such water is an issue that needs to be
addressed properly. Pharmaceutical and Personal care Products (PPCPs)
are not completely removed by conventional treatment and they have
been detected in some canals and impoundments along Biscayne and
Everglades National Parks. Caeine concentrations in surface waters ranged
between ND and 169ng/L while DEET and Triclosan were between ND
and 28.0ng/L and between ND and 4.86ng/L respectively. In contrast,
hormones were present at much lower but relevant concentrations. Estrone
was the main hormone detected at ranges between ND to 5.98ng/L.
Coprostanol a fecal sterol was present in water at levels up to 12.4ng/L.
Because the treated wastewaters will go through Stromwater Treatment
Areas (STAs) before they enter the coastal ecosystem the study placed several
stations along these proposed sites. Since sediment accretion is a common
process in STAs we have developed a method for the analysis of a reduced
number of PPCPs in solid matrices by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)
followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Tis study will provide baseline
information of occurrence of PPCPs in South Florida protected areas and
will help to understand the compounds behavior after released to the
coastal wetland environments.
MP156 Study of Endoncrine Disrupting Compounds in Wastewater
Treatment Plants from El Paso, Texas/Mexico Border. R.J. De La Torre-
Roche, Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, TX; W. Lee, Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El
Paso, TX. Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction coupled with thermal desorption and
GC/MS, was used to analyze targeted EDCs in grab wastewater samples at
low ppb (ng mL-1)to ppt (ng L-1)levels. Te compounds being analyzed are
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nonylphenols (NPs), nonylphenol monoethoxylates (NPE1), nonylphenol
diethoxylates (NPE2), bisphenol A (BPA), natural estrogens (estrone E1,
and estradiol, E2), and synthetic estrogens (17-ethinylestradiol, EE).
Wastewater samples (both inuent and euent) were collected from four
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in El Paso,TX and one in Ciudad
Juarez,MX. Te results showed that all EDCs studied in this research, except
EE, exist in raw sewage water. Te concentrations varied among plants and
type of organic contaminants. NP and NPEs were detected at the highest
levels (6.0 to 172.2 ng mL-1) among the EDCs studied. BPA, E1, E2,
and EE were found to be below 1.4 ng mL-1. Te removal of EDCs at the
WWTPs in El Paso ranged from 64.6 % (for bisphenol A) to 99.9 % (for
nonylphenols). Te removal of EDCs in Ciudad Juarez, MX ranged from 0
% (E1, physical treatment) to 91 % (NP, biological treatment). Te eency
of the physical treatment (Juarez Plant) in removing NP, NPE1, and NPE2
was below 49%.
MP157 Occurrence and Relationships of Selected Microconstituents
in Coastal Environments along Southeast Florida. M.J. Cejas, S.P.
Singh, P.R. Gardinali, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International
Univesity, Miami, FL; P.R. Gardinali, Southeast Environmental Research
Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL. Te South Florida
eastern coastline is home to important natural resources. To date, water
column contaminant work from the coastal environments is largely
restricted to traditional pollutants like metals, pesticides, nutrients etc.
Microconstituents have emerged as a leading concern due to endocrine
disrupting eects. Microconstituents were surveyed from several areas along
the southeast coast of Florida. Due to levels, diversity and co occurrences
of microconstituents, with elevated nutrient levels, certain areas are likely
targets for further monitoring. Tese areas are Miami River, Key Largo
Harbor, Black Creek Canal and Little Venice in Marathon Key. Te survey
indicates distinct signatures of wastewater microconstituents among the
geographic divisions. Black Creek Canal (C-1) is inuenced by residential
environs, a WWTP and the Dade landll. Levels are lowest in the
agricultural end, increase slightly through the residential zone and reach
maximum values near the WWTP & landll. Spatiotemporal relationships
among microconstituents were evaluated from Key Largo Harbor, Miami
River and Little Venice. At the Miami River, caeine, DEET and triclosan
correlated weakly. In contrast, common trends (>0.8) were seen among
hormones and steroids. Tese patterns may signify that caeine, DEET
and triclosan are more dependent on varying factors of non-point sources.
Higher overall levels of microconstituents were detected at Key Largo
Harbor. Many of them correlate and typify a point source with dilution
eect. Signicant correlation was viewed for caeine-coprostanol(0.75) and
coprostanone with all hormones & steroids (>0.7). Little Venice exhibit
the highest hormone concentrations, with estrone levels in surface waters
as high as 16.4 ng/L. Tese hormone levels rank among the highest in the
literature for surface or coastal waters. All microconstituents followed a
common spatial distribution along the canals. Concentrations being highest
at the canal heads and decline toward the open water. Signicant correlation
(>0.7) was noticed between Caeine, DEET, triclosan and among all
hormones & steroids. Strong correlation among all microconstituents likely
reect a common source from septic systems in the Florida Keys.
MP158 Mercury-Associated Liver Damage in Fish Populations
from Isle Royale National Park (MI, USA) and Caddo Lake (TX/LA,
USA). A. Gevertz, A. Roberts, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of
North Texas, Denton, TX; M. Chumchal, Texas Christian University, Fort
Worth, TX; P. Drevnick, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
Hole, MA. Mercury contamination is widespread in aquatic ecosystems
with sources ranging from mining runo to atmospheric deposition.
Biomagnication of mercury through the food web results in increasing
concentrations of the metal in predatory organisms occupying high trophic
positions. While a great deal of research exists concerning mercury cycling
in aquatic ecosystems, few studies have shown a link between mercury
concentrations in the eld and toxicity to wild sh. Te goal of this study
was to further investigate potential liver damage observed in sh containing
high concentrations of mercury on Isle Royale National Park (Drevnick
et al. 2008) and to determine whether the observed phenomenon might
occur in other areas. Histological examinations of livers from northern
pike sampled from Isle Royale National Park (MI) and nine species of sh
sampled from Caddo Lake (TX/LA) were carried out. On Isle Royale,
increased levels of lipofuscion, an indicator of oxidative stress, were observed
in individuals containing high levels of mercury. On Caddo Lake, increased
levels of lipofuscion were observed in only three species (spotted gar,
largemouth bass, drum) which were conrmed by stable isotope analyses to
be the highest trophic level sh. We also observed habitat-specic dierences
in lipofuscion (wetland areas vs. open water) within a species which were
also generally correlated with mercury content. Tese results indicate that
ecologically relevant concentrations of mercury may result in increased levels
of oxidative stress and liver damage in wild sh.
MP159 Agricultural Drainage Control through the Grassland
Bypass Project. N. David, San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland,
CA; C. Eacock, US Bureau of Reclamation, Fresno, CA; J. McGahan,
Summers Engineering, Inc, Hanford, CA; W. Beckon, US Fish and
Wildlife Services, Sacramento, CA. A long term drainage management
strategy was developed in 1996 for the Grassland Drainage Area in the San
Joaquin Valley in California. Te goal was to reduce the risks that elevated
concentrations of selenium and other trace elements pose to birds and
wildlife in adjacent wetlands and reservoirs. Te Grassland Bypass Project
(GBP) is a monitoring program that tracks salt, selenium, and boron levels
and their eects in water, sediment, and biota in the Grassland Area, as
well as contaminant concentrations delivered to the San Joaquin River
through the San Luis Drain. Over the study period of the rst ten years,
selenium, boron, and salt loads, as well as the total volume of drainage
water decreased substantially in the San Luis Drain as a result of improved
applications, conservation, and recycling of irrigation water. Separating
the agricultural subsurface drainage water from the wetland water supply
channels successfully resulted in decreasing contaminant concentrations and
reduced harmful impacts to aquatic wildlife and birds in this area. Biological
monitoring has also been conducted at seven sampling sites throughout the
drainage area. Concentrations of selenium frequently exceeded thresholds
of concern in sh and invertebrate whole body samples at Mud Slough
below the outfall of the San Luis Drain. However, in Salt Slough and in
the San Joaquin River above the Mud Slough discharge, where drainage
water has been removed by the GBP, concentrations in whole body sh and
invertebrates remained within the no-eects level.
MP160 Te Impact of Non-native, Invasive Species on the Trophic
Transfer of Mercury in Lake Tahoe. A. Bowling, J. Oris, Department of
Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH; C. Hammerschmidt, Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton,
OH; S. Chandra, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Science, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV. Te predominant factors
responsible for the wide variation in mercury (Hg) levels of top-predator
sh are not well understood. It is known that there is a positive correlation
between food-chain length and Hg levels in top-predator sh. Moreover,
food web structure can also be important in the movement of Hg in aquatic
systems. Te goal of this study was to investigate the impact of non-native,
invasive species on the trophic transfer of Hg in Lake Tahoe, CA/NV, which
has a long history of introductions and invasions of non-native species,
including the signal craysh (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and largemouth bass
(Micropterus salmoides). Samples of periphyton, macrophytes, craysh
and bass (where present), as well as other littoral and pelagic sh species
were sampled at four sites within the lake, where there is a density gradient
of craysh and bass. Samples were analyzed for stable isotopes (13C,
15N), to reconstruct the food web and feeding relationships, as well as
total mercury (HgT). Laboratory studies were conducted to determine
the mechanism by which craysh increase the trophic transfer of Hg to
top-predator sh. Hg-dosed craysh were fed to bass and Hg-dosed bass
were fed to craysh for 6 weeks, and analyzed for 13C, 15N and HgT.
Combined eld and laboratory studies have allowed the development
of predictive models that illustrate the eect of invasive craysh and
largemouth bass on trophic dynamics and Hg bioaccumulation in Lake
Tahoe.
MP161 Assessing the bioaccumulation of metals in killish (Fundulus
heteroclitus), a bioindicator organism. J. Dutton, N.S. Fisher, School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, NY. Estuarine sediments contaminated with metals may be an
important source of metals to benthic organisms, their predators, and
potentially to human consumers of seafood. We experimentally assessed the
bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and MeHg in the killish, Fundulus
heteroclitus, from a benthic diet and from the aqueous phase, using gamma-
emitting radioisotopes at environmentally realistic metal concentrations.
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Tis sh has been proposed as a potential bioindicator organism of regional
contamination, and like other marine organisms may acquire metals from
both phases. Few studies have quantied the rates of metal uptake and
loss through aqueous exposure in marine sh, even though salinity and
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration are known to inuence
the bioavailability of waterborne metals. Te uptake and release of metals
via aqueous exposure was investigated for three eld sites with diering
salinities and DOC concentrations. Uptake rate constants (ku) were
highest for MeHg and lowest for As. Cd uptake increased inversely with
salinity, and Hg uptake increased inversely with DOC concentration. Loss
rate constants (ke) varied by metal, but did not vary with ambient water
composition. Killish were fed radiolabelled worms and amphipods to
investigate the dietary transfer of metals through the benthic food chain.
Assimilation eciencies (AE) were highest for MeHg (>90%) and lowest for
Cr (~1%). Loss rate constants after feeding on worms were highest for Cr
and lowest for MeHg. Te tissue distribution of metals in the sh revealed
that MeHg was eectively transported around the body via blood regardless
of uptake route, but other metals were largely associated with the head and
gills following aqueous exposure and with the intestine following dietary
uptake. Kinetic parameters are being used in a model to quantify the relative
importance of aqueous and dietary uptake pathways of metals in killish.
MP162 Biomarkers for the evaluation of toxicological responses
in the oyster Crassostrea virginica. X. Guzmn-Garca, Hidrobiologa,
Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana, Distrito Federal, Mexico; H.
Gnzalez-Marquz, I. Jimnez-Martnez, Lab. de Expresin Gnica,
Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana, Distrito Federal, Mexico; A. V.
Botello, Lab. de Contaminacin Marina, Universidad Nacional Autnoma
de Mxico, Distrito Federal, Mexico; I. Hernndez-Calderas, F. Lpez-
Lpez, Lab. de Anatoma Patolgica, Centro Mdico, Distrito Federal,
Mexico. Physiological, morphological, immunologic and protein biomarkers
were used to evaluate responses in oysters exposed to metals (chromium,
lead and cadmium) in Mandinga lagoon in the State of Veracruz, Mexico,
and also when depurated in laboratory conditions for 21 days. Oyster
samples were xed with formalin, cut with microtome (4), placed in
a microscope slide for inmunocitochemistry tests using monoclonal
antibodies (anti-CD45, Anti-PAP, anti-CD68, anti-metalothioneins).
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used and proteins were quantied
with Bradfords method. Te inmunohistochemistry response (Cd45) was
observed in the basal membrane of gonad epithelium, digestive gland and
digestive tract suggesting the presence of lymphocyte B and T analogs and
possible neoplasia as in hematopoietic tissues. PAP showed positive reaction
in tubules of digestive glandule, and in gonads but this was not observed
in gills. Cd68 showed macrophages presence. Te electrophoresis pattern
revealed the presence of 19 protein bands with high molecular weight (148
Kda), proteins between 42 and 95 Kda; and a great number of proteins of
32 to 11 Kda. Te expression of proteins in molecular weights 70, 60 and
15 has been reported in processes of exposition to contaminants. Lines of
hemocytes analogous to cells B and T were observed. Te expression of
specic protein bands corroborates the presence of stressful agents in the
analyzed organisms. Histopathological techniques are recommended in
pollution monitoring studies because they show the integration of many
cellular and biochemical processes alterated in response to environmental
changes.
MP163 Investigating Nickel Flux and Toxicity in Clay Sediments
with Batch and Stream Recirculating Flume Experiments. C.E.
Cloran, G. Burton, K. Taulbee, K. Custer, C. Hammerschmidt, Earth
& Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH; C.
Schlekat, Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA),
Durham, NC. Suspended solids (SS) and nickel (Ni) were manipulated
as fundamental stressors in batch and stream recirculating ume (SRF)
experiments to investigate ux and toxicity. A dilution series of turbid
suspensions (12.5, 25, & 50 NTU) of three Ni-spiked sediments (Warden
Ditch (WD), montmorillonite, and kaolinite) in batch experiments were
sampled in time series for dissolved Ni, sorbed Ni, and dissolved organic
carbon (DOC). Acute toxicity for the 48 h exposures was evaluated by
enumerating survival of the cladoceran Daphnia magna (<24 h old).
Survivals for WD, montmorillonite, and kaolinite were as follows: 50 NTU
38, 23, and 65%, 25 NTU 48, 33, and 80%, 12.5 NTU 100, 43, and
93%, respectively. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in WD sediment was
expected to have an attenuating eect on Ni toxicity, yet this inuence, as
compared to kaolinite, was not evident. For more realistic exposures, Ni-
SS suspensions at 50 NTU were introduced into the SRF in a simulated
metals spill. Te ux of montmorillonite-sorbed Ni-SS to dissolved Ni
was faster (maximum at <24 h) than in the batch experiment (maximum
at >24 h). Consequently, D. magna exposure in SRF to the highest sorbed
Ni-SS was between 12 and 24 h of the 48 h period. Te recirculating ow
assuaged the Ni toxicity as compared to batch experiments. Easily desorbed
Ni was released rather quickly from the SS as shown in water column Ni
concentrations. An empirical model was used to predict the solid-liquid
distribution coecient, Kd. Perhaps due to organic carbon, there was a
signicant dierence between WD and montmorillonite. Preliminary
conclusions support the hypothesis that SS and Ni interactions may act as
stressors in streams.
MP164 Oxidization of Contaminated Sediments and Release of
Metals in Response to Reservoir Drawdown. J. Eldridge, Black & Veatch,
Woodinville, WA; C. Zeller, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Atlanta, GA; T. Moyer, T. Reeves, Black & Veatch, Denver, CO. Te Ocoee
River in southeastern Tennessee historically received acid mine drainage,
mining wastes, and soil eroded from the Copper Basin Mining District over
a period of several decades. Much of this material was deposited in eastern
Parksville Reservoir where a delta of approximately 260 acres of sediment
is exposed during winter pool drawdown. Te sediment contains sulde
minerals and iron compounds that oxidize as air enters the upper few feet
of the sediment column during winter drawdown. Oxidation reactions
create acidity that strips metals such as copper, lead, and zinc from sediment
particles and presumably stores these contaminants in pore spaces as soluble
acid salts. When the reservoir pool is raised each spring, inltrating surface
water dissolves the salts and creates interstitial pore water with low pH
and elevated concentrations of metals and sulfate that greatly exceed water
quality standards. Aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc have been measured
in concentrations up to four orders of magnitude higher in oxidized pore
water than in collocated reduced pore water samples. As the reservoir pool
is lowered in the fall, some of the contaminated pore water drains into
the surface water column. Surface water samples collected adjacent to the
drainage seeps and near the toe of the sediment delta have elevated levels of
copper, lead, manganese, zinc, and acidity relative to river water upstream of
the delta. Data available to date show that redox reactions in sediment play
a signicant role in the fate and transport of metals in Parksville Reservoir.
Greater understanding of the mechanisms of contaminant release and
cycling is critical for assessing potential long-term risks from contaminated
sediment and for evaluating options to reduce the mobility of metals into
the water column.
MP165 Non-Site Specic Product Environmental Risk Assessments. S.
Giese-Bogdan, S.A. Beach, T.L. Hateld, EHS Operations - Environmental
Laboratory, 3M Company, St.Paul, MN; S.B. Strand, J. Mohs-Davis,
PACE Analytical, Maplewood, MN. Sustainable Product Development
has been and is increasingly the focus of many companies. In addition,
more product environmental regulatory requirements are established
globally. 3M is utilizing a complex environmental assessment process
to assist product development as well as to ensure that regulatory and
customer environmental requirements are taken into account early in
product development. Tis assessment process supports identication of
environmentally preferred chemistry to be utilized in product development.
Tis focus for a risk assessment requires a non-site specic semi-quantitative
approach. Te assessment covers evaluation of toxicity, persistence,
bioaccumulation potential, fate/transport, properties of degradation
products, product use and disposal practices in the market/country in which
the product is intended to be sold, regulatory requirements (examples:
REACH, EU Detergent Regulation), and market specic customer
requirements. In addition the assessment process enables identication/
evaluation of environmental advantages associated with a specic product.
Te presentation will explain the process used for non-site specic Product
Risk Assessments and how the assessment is an integral part of a Life Cycle
Management program. Te benets of utilizing such a non-site specic risk
assessment will be identied.
MP166 A Tiered Approach for Assessment of PBT, vPvB and
Equivalent Level of Concern under REACH. A. Grosso, M. Crane, C.
Watts, A. Peters, WCA Environment Ltd, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, United
Kingdom. REACH requires manufacturers and importers of chemicals
to assess the Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT) of each
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substance as part of a Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) and Chemical
Safety Report (CSR). CSA/CSR will need to be prepared for all substances
manufactured or imported above ten tonnes per year, but this process
will take some time to complete. For this reason, many companies have
decided to conduct PBT assessments on substances they currently require as
downstream users. Tis allows them to evaluate their supply chain critically
and plan eectively for the future. In this presentation we describe the
criteria used under REACH to identify whether a substance is PBT, vPvB,
or of an equivalent level of concern. We then provide a practical example
of a large scale, tiered PBT screening exercise in which we conducted
assessments on 700 substances used as raw materials and processing aids
for a large multinational company. After removal of substances exempt
from Registration under Annex IV, 688 substances remained on the list.
Some of these substances could be excluded because they are polymers and
do not need to be registered under REACH. PBT information searches
were conducted on the remaining substances and empirical information
from reliable studies was collated in a database. A data gap evaluation
was conducted and, where possible, gaps were lled by using QSAR or
read-across to estimate missing parameters. Tere were a large number of
substances for which no data were available or for which QSAR estimates
alone indicated potential PBT properties. In a second phase of assessment
for these substances we determined whether they were indeed a potential
concern for our client. Tis was achieved by using more detailed and
analytically robust criteria to determine if these substances would fail the B
criterion of the PBT evaluation. We were then able to advise our client on
what substances they needed to prioritise for discussion with their suppliers.
MP167 Use of Blocking Approaches under REACH in a Chemical
Safety Assessment of Heavy Fuel Oils. C. Watts, A. Grosso, WCA
Environment Ltd, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; T. Mallett,
Experien Health Sciences, Bridport, Dorset, United Kingdom; P. Fisk, A.
Girling, R. Wildey, PFA, Herne Bay, Kent, United Kingdom. REACH
requires industry to carry out Chemical Safety Assessments (CSA) for all
substances that have not been assessed under other regulations. Although
the CSA and related Chemical Safety Report (CSR) are not required for
some time yet under REACH, forward-looking organisations have already
started to prepare for this requirement. A CSA was produced for a major
petroleum product, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), to the requirements of the
REACH regulations. Te complexity of mixtures of hydrocarbons present
in HFO means that a straightforward single substance risk assessment is not
possible, so the hydrocarbon blocking approach was used. Tis approach
examines the components of the HFO and assigns them to blocks that
encompass a range of physicochemical properties and eects. Each block is
then dealt with as a separate entity in respect of fate, behaviour and eects,
and the overall eect of the substance is determined by summing the eects
associated with the blocks, using a weighting based on the proportion
that each block contributes to the overall composition of the HFO. Tis
presentation provides details on the hydrocarbon blocking approach used in
the HFO CSA.
MP168 REACH: Scientic, Legal and Business Challenges. A. Grosso,
M. Crane, C. Watts, WCA Environment Ltd, Faringdon, Oxfordshire,
United Kingdom; M. Penman, Penman Consulting, Brussels, Belgium;
P. Jones, Hammonds LLP, Manchester, United Kingdom. Te European
Unions REACH regulation presents novel scientic, legal and business
challenges for small, medium and large businesses manufacturing or
importing chemicals into the EU. Although REACH is currently only in
its Pre-Registration phase, forward-looking companies worldwide have
already gained substantial experience in the organization of consortia and
preparation of Registration dossiers. Tis poster describes some of the main
scientic, legal and business challenges identied to date, and the ways in
which these challenges can be met eciently and eectively. We provide
REACH-related examples of grouping and read-across of data for metals
and organic chemicals, intelligent/integrated testing strategies, PBT/vPvB
assessment, development of exposure scenarios, preparation of Chemical
Safety Assessments and Reports, and organization of SIEFs and consortia.
MP169 Do current chemical assessment methods eectively identify
chemicals of greatest concern?: implications and importance to REACH.
J.A. Arnot, D. Mackay, CEMC, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada. Te implications of using existing methods and criteria in chemical
assessment programs such as REACH are illustrated with a case study of the
Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) categorization. Existing methods
used to screen chemical inventories for hazardous substances that may pose
risks to humans and the environment are evaluated with a holistic mass
balance modeling approach. Te holistic approach integrates persistence
(P), bioaccumulation (B), toxicity (T), and quantity (Q) information for a
specic substance to assess chemical exposure, hazard and risk. P and B are
combined in an exposure assessment factor (EAF), P, B and T in a hazard
assessment factor (HAF), and P, B, T and Q in a risk assessment factor
(RAF) providing single values for transparent comparisons of exposure,
hazard and risk for priority setting. Tis holistic approach is illustrated
using 200 Canadian DSL chemicals and 12 United Nations listed Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs). Te holistic priority setting results are compared
with current screening methods that use cuto criteria in multiple categories
(P,vP,B,vB,T and Q) to identify hazardous chemicals of concern for more
comprehensive evaluations. Existing methods have categorized the DSL
chemicals as either higher priority (requiring further assessment; screened
in), or lower priority (requiring no further action at this time; screened
out). Te priority setting results of the cuto based categorization are
largely inconsistent with the proposed holistic method. In this case study,
approximately 85% of the chemicals screened out using existing methods
have equivalent or greater risk potential than chemicals screened in.
Decisions on the basis of cuto criteria can be awed and complementary
holistic methods for priority setting evaluations such as the one proposed
should be considered. Reasons for the discrepancy in methods are discussed
and a defensible strategy for the prioritization of data requirements for
chemical assessments is illustrated using the holistic approach.
MP170 REACH Chemical Safety Assessments: Comparison of the EU
& USEPA Ecological Risk Assessment Process. J. Giddings, Compliance
Services International, Rochester, MA; W. Scott, Compliance Services
International, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; B. McGaughey,
Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA. REACH is based on
the principle that industry should manufacture, import or use substances
or place them on the market in a way that, under reasonably foreseeable
conditions, human health and the environment are not adversely aected.
Within REACH, the Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) is the means to
assess the intrinsic hazards of all substances manufactured or imported in a
quantity of 10 tonnes or more per year, including determining the hazard
classication, derivation of no-eects- levels (Derived No-Eect-Level for
human health or Predicted No-Eect-Concentration for environment), and
assessing properties relating to persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity
(PBT or vPvB). Te aim of the CSA is not to establish whether or not there
is a risk, but to identify and describe the conditions under which the risks
are controlled. Risks are regarded controlled when the estimated exposure
levels do not exceed the predicted no eect levels (DNEL or PNEC). For
substances for which such no-eect levels cannot be determined, the risk
characterization consists of semi-qualitative or qualitative assessment of
the likelihood that adverse eects are avoided. For substances fullling the
PBT or vPvB criteria, the risks can be considered to be controlled when the
emissions and exposures are minimised by the implementation of exposure
scenarios which set out specic operational conditions and risk management
measures appropriate to that substance. All relevant CSA data, judgements,
justications and conclusions must be documented in a Chemical Safety
Report (CSR) which forms part of the substance registration dossier to be
submitted to the European Chemicals Agency. In this presentation, the
REACH CSA process pertaining to environmental eects will be compared
and contrasted with the ecological risk assessment framework under U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.
MP171 Data Readiness for Chemical Hazard Classication under
REACH and GHS. C.A. Pittinger, A.D. Shelton, R. Niemeier, M.L.
Langefeld, A.N. Mylius, ARCADIS, Cincinnati, OH. Te availability and
quality of toxicological and environmental data are key to accurate chemical
hazard classications under GHS and REACH. Extensive data retrieval and
interpretation is underway by corporations to prepare for REACH, and to
migrate MSDSs and product labels to global GHS criteria by 2010. Te
current status of data for health and environmental endpoints will largely
determine the costs of new data generation under REACH. Tis paper
summarizes data availability and data quality for over 800 organic and
inorganic chemicals representing multiple chemical classes and industrial
sectors. Over 16,000 health and environmental endpoint classications were
developed under GHS criteria for 15 distinct health and environmental
GHS endpoints. Of these, approximately 16% could be supported by
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existing data while 84% lacked sucient data for denitive classication
(without applying read-across conventions). In addition, over 5,000 data
sources were assessed for Klimisch data quality. Of these, the distribution
of data quality codes was: K1 (highest quality data), 13%; K2 (reliable with
restrictions), 34%; K3 (uncertain or unreliable), 9%; and K4 (secondary
data reference), 44%. Te distributions of classication categories were also
proled for each endpoint. Te observed trends varied between health and
environmental endpoints, and can be explained by factors including the
nature of the endpoints, the data quality criteria, and the costs of certain
tests. Tis assessment provides insights into ecient and cost-eective
strategies for data retrieval and endpoint interpretation under GHS and
REACH.
MP172 Te 2008 Amendments to the Environmental Emergency
Regulations. K. Hradecky, A. Hazra, J. Shrives, C. Laviolette, E. Dowdall,
Environment Canada, Government of Canada, Gatineau, Quebec,
Canada. In 2003, the Environmental Emergency (E2) Regulations
came into force under the authorities of section 200 of the Canadian
Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999). Tese regulations
require the development and implementation of environmental emergency
plans for 174 substances with associated thresholds that, if released to the
environment as a result of an environmental emergency, may harm human
health or environmental quality. Te Environmental Emergencies Division
is mandated to review new and existing substances of concern, including
CEPA toxic substances and Chemicals Management Plan substances, to
determine whether they should be added to the regulations. Tis paper
will review the proposed amendments to the regulations, including an
identication of certain CEPA toxic substances that are being recommended
for inclusion in the regulations. In addition, the poster will identify the
substances from the Chemicals Management Plan that have been assessed
using environmental emergency criteria and have been found to be
candidates for possible future addition to the regulations. An indication of
proposed future assessments of CEPA toxic and Chemicals Management
Plan substances will also be presented.
MP173 Assessment of the Pertinence and Relevance of the IRIS
Database. F.A. Jones, ENVIRON International Corp., Wauwatosa, WI. Te
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is the de facto source of human
health toxicity values that govern most hazardous waste investigations and
remediation. Te IRIS database currently has listings for 544 chemicals.
Given our continually evolving and expanding knowledge of the toxicity of
these hazardous chemicals, the IRIS database is intended to be evaluated,
updated, and revised on a regular basis. Review of the current IRIS database
identies that most chemicals have received periodic reviews and updates.
However, a number of chemicals that have been identied as priority
hazardous substances by the ATSDR are in need of evaluation and updating
to incorporate current toxicological studies, and re-evaluation of the
uncertainty factors, especially those applicable to sensitive subpopulations
identied in the FQPA.
MP174 Modeling Venice Lagoon fate and transport of POPs and
Metals in two dierent wind regimes. C. Mugnai, J.K. Sommerfreund,
M.L. Diamond, Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; C. Mugnai, S. Giuliani, L.G. Bellucci, M. Frignani,
Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy.
Te Venice Lagoon (Italy) has being aected from many years by direct
industrial and municipal sources of contaminant, in addition to external
inputs from the watershed and the atmosphere. Consequently, elevated
concentrations of persistent organic contaminants and metals can be found
in environmental matrices, especially in sediments and biota. In order
to identify the relative importance of contaminant sources, inter-media
exchange and removal pathways a multi-segment fugacity/aquivalence
multimedia mass balance fate and transport model was developed for
PCB-180, OCDD/Fs and metals Cu and Pb. In its rst formulation the
model considered reference scenario of no wind, mean annual tributary
ow and idealized sinusoidal tide level at inlets, which reects steady-state
hydrologic circulation patterns in the lagoon. In this research the model was
adapted to account for two typical wind regimes: bora, a strong, cold NE
wind (speed 10 m s-1) and scirocco, a warmer wind from SE (wind speed
5 m s-1) responsible of ooding events in Venice. Modeling results suggest
that contaminant fate is dominated by particle movement (deposition-
resuspension) in the Lagoon through sediment-water exchange in the no
wind and in scirocco scenarios, and in a lower amount in bora simulation.
Te export of contaminant from the Lagoon to the Adriatic Sea is enhanced
by the two wind regimes compared to the reference, being the main removal
mechanism especially in the bora scenario. As a consequence, the residence
times of all the contaminants in the system are the lowest for bora.
MP175 Responsible Pest Management Practices in the Department of
Interior. T. Parson, G. Masson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington,
VA; C. DiSalvo, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., DC. To
emphasize reduced risk pest management practices, the Department of
Interior (DOI) recently adopted a policy on integrated pest management
(IPM). Te policy directs all eight DOI bureaus to incorporate IPM into
their pest management activities. Although the DOI bureaus manage a
broad spectrum of pests including Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), German
cockroaches (Blattella germanica), and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha),
all bureaus are directed to use IPM to manage pests using sound science and
a risk reduction decision-making process. As part of an integrated approach,
pesticide applications may be necessary to manage certain pest species.
Most bureaus have a pesticide use proposal process which is a conservative,
tiered approach to approving pesticide use, based on analysis of factors
such as pesticide and adjuvant toxicity, application distance from water,
application method, and probability of leaching. Additionally, the bureaus
are developing guidelines for certifying contract pest control operators using
a standardized approach in IPM to ensure IPM practices are implemented
on DOI facilities.
MP176 Hazard Assessment of Medium Production Volume Industrial
Chemicals under U.S. EPAs Chemical Assessment and Management
Program (ChAMP). T. Henry, K. Mayo-Bean, Oce of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC; J. Tunkel, Environmental Science Center, Syracuse Research Corp.,
Syracuse, NY. In August 2007, as part of the Security and Prosperity
Partnership, the governments of Canada, Mexico and the U.S. committed
to coordinate eorts to assess and take action on industrial chemicals to
ensure they are produced and used in ways that minimize risks to health
and the environment. Te U.S. commitment under the SPP is to complete
assessments and take needed action on 9,000 chemicals, encompassing the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) work on High Production
Volume (HPV) chemicals and extending its eorts to Moderate Production
Volume (MPV) chemicals. Te U.S. commitments will be realized through
EPAs Chemical Assessment and Management Program (ChAMP). MPV
chemical hazard characterizations will be developed from available public
data, data on analogous compounds from the US and OECD HPV
Programs, publicly available data on analogous non-HPV supporting
chemicals, predictive methods, and professional judgment of EPA scientists
with experience in the New and Existing Chemicals Programs at EPA. Te
rst step in this project is to organize MPV chemicals with analogous HPV
chemicals and supporting chemicals into structurally related groups using a
computerized clustering algorithm developed by the EPA. Te second step
is to identify compounds within each cluster that have existing measured
data, which will be retrieved and used to inform decisions on the hazard
characterization of the MPV chemicals. Data gaps for physical-chemical
properties, fate, ecological and human health toxicity endpoints will be
lled using a variety of EPAs predictive tools and read across techniques.
Te purpose of assessing the MPV chemicals using a group approach is to
leverage the most information and data possible on similar chemicals to
make scientically informed decisions on the hazard proles of the MPV
chemicals. Te MPV chemical hazard characterizations are developed
according to established New Chemicals Program and HPV Program
practices and EPA risk assessment guidance. Te MPV chemical hazard
characterizations will be used by EPA to prioritize chemicals for additional
action, where warranted. An overview of the MPV chemical clustering
approach as well as the hazard characterization work ow and report outputs
will be provided. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect EPA policy.
MP177 Food for Tought: Enhancing Risk Communication Skills
Trough Multi-Disciplinary Service Learning. D. Henshel, School of
Public and Environmental Aairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; V.
Getty, G. Rehrey, J. Reidhaar, H. Reynolds, W. Schlegel, Indiana University,
Bloomington,, IN. Te Food for Tought project is a multi-course, multi-
community partner learning community that used interdisciplinary direct
service and service learning projects to enhance student learning and
civic engagement. Focused around a common theme of food in society,
looking at the food from multiple perspectives (local, global, social,
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economic and environmental). Four courses participated in the project:
Risk Communication, Dietetics, Graphic Design, and Urban Ecology.
Students from the four courses participated in multi-disciplinary service
learning project teams, as well as multi-disciplinary reection sessions with
a goal of enhancing their understanding of the multi-dimensionality of
the role of food in society and our world. Food issues were integrated into
all the courses, from a disciplinary perspective. Te risk communication
students virtually all took leadership roles within the project teams, and
project management and leadership skills were addressed as part of the
course content. Te multi-disciplinary teamwork on the service learning
projects combined with the course focus on project management and team
leadership skills were cited by the risk communication students as being
an eective tool for enhancing their understanding of, and their skills
in, risk communication. Tis model was built upon work demonstrating
that service learning enhances student engagement. Our qualitative and
quantitative assessment supports the previous research and also indicates
that risk communication education specically was enhanced as a result of
the multi-disciplinary teamwork model.
MP178 Ad Hoc Habitat Restoration Monitoring in the Elizabeth
River, Virginia. W.I. Priest, IMSystems Group, NOAA Restoration Center,
Gloucester Point, VA; S. Hahn, NOAA Assessment and Restoration
Division, Philadelphia, PA; J. McCloskey, M. Drummond, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Gloucester, VA; J. Rieger, Elizabeth River Project,
Portsmouth, VA. An ad hoc monitoring program was developed by case
team members, NOAA and USFWS, and the Elizabeth River Project
to document the success of a wetland habitat restoration in an urban
setting. Te relative value of creating wetlands in the midst of a highly
industrialized river like the Elizabeth is often questioned because of the
lack of other habitats in the landscape to help support it. Te monitoring
program that was developed used existing agency resources on an as-
available basis to provide boat, sampling gear and sta for the eort. It
was a volunteer initiative because there were no resources for monitoring
formally committed to the project. Te CERCLA site was a former calcium
hydroxide lagoon that was also contaminated with PAH debris from an
adjacent property owner. After removal of the contaminants, the area
was backlled to intertidal elevations and 1.3 acres of tidal wetlands were
planted. Fish utilization of the planted marsh was used as a functional
parameter for monitoring purposes. A hoop net was set across the mouth of
the inlet to the marsh at high tide and allowed to capture the sh utilizing
the marsh as they exited during the ebb tide. Te sampling was conducted
in the Fall of 2005 and 2007. Te semi-qualitative results indicated a high
diversity of sh species using the restored marsh and its habitat value. Two
sampling events are planned for 2008, early Summer and Fall.
MP179 Fort Wayne Reduction Dump (FWRD) Restoration, Allen
County, Indiana. J.R. Smith, Oce Legal Counsel (NRDA Program),
Indiana Department Environmental Management, Indianapolis, IN;
D. Sparks, Environmental Contaminants, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
Bloomington, IN; S. Fetters, JF New & Associates, Walkerton, IN; J.
Forney, Closed Sites, Waste Management, Inc., Okemos, MI. Te Indiana
Co-Trustees entered into a natural resource damage assessment Consent
Decree with Waste Management, Inc. and several other settling defendants
in the summer of 2000. As part of this settlement, Waste Management, Inc.
agreed to implement restoration of an 82 acre farm eld in the oodplain
of the Maumee River, just east of Fort Wayne, Allen County, Indiana. Te
restoration plan detailed the goals, objectives, and success criteria of the
project and the management/implementation plan necessary to accomplish
these goals. Monitoring of the reforestation work was required for 5 years.
In the rst 3 years of monitoring, it was clear that the reforestation eorts
had exceeded all restoration criteria relating to survivorship, stems per acre,
and species diversity per acre. In January 2008, approximately 18 months
after the trustees had certied that the restoration was complete, there
was a signicant ooding event followed by several days of extremely cold
weather. Floodwaters froze several inches thick in this ood prone area and
signicant damage (but not mortality) occurred to the restoration site. An
evaluation of the success of this restoration eort and the eects of naturally
occurring events will be presented.
MP180 Coeur dAlene Basin biological monitoring: evaluating
success and guiding remediation. B.L. Spears, J. Hansen, Environmental
Contaminants, USFWS, Spokane, WA. Te Coeur dAlene Basin in
northern Idaho includes one of the largest historical mining districts in
the world. Over more than 100 years of commercial mining, milling,
smelting, and related activities resulted in widespread metals contamination
in the soil, sediment, and water. Te estimated total mass of and extent of
contamination exceeds 100 million tons dispersed over thousands of acres,
including upland, wetland, riparian, palustrine and lacustrine environments.
Metals contamination has injured birds, sh and other natural resources.
Addressing the extent of metals contamination is problematic in terms
of logistics, opportunity and funding. Biological monitoring plans were
collaboratively developed by USEPA, the Coeur dAlene Basin Natural
Resource Trustees and other stakeholders to evaluate habitat recovery and
ecological exposure by representative receptors. Monitoring plans were
designed as long-term eorts to evaluate post-mining status and trends,
incorporate ecological variability and determine the need for and the
success of habitat remediation and restoration actions in terms of exposure
to contaminants of concern by representative receptors. Basin-wide, this
approach is not unlike the Strategic Habitat Conservation approach being
undertaken by the USFWS. Monitoring was designed as both site-specic
measurements of remedial success and a multimetric index of the overall
status of the basin as work proceeds. An adaptive management framework
helps ensure that monitoring will evolve appropriately as data is collected
and interpreted to allow the program to eectively capture indicators
of change. Monitoring data will provide EPA and other stakeholders
information with which to guide a selective remediation and restoration
process in a timely fashion. To this end, biological monitoring is a key
component in Superfund remediation in the basin and is being used as an
eective tool in guiding remedial programs toward protection of sh and
wildlife resources. Initial results of select biological monitoring activities will
be presented.
MP181 Use of Tin Layer Placement for Sediment Remediation in
Ward Cove, Alaska: Results after 7 Years of Ecological Recovery. J.E.
Sexton, D. Becker, L.A. Jacobs, Integral Consulting Inc., Mercer Island,
WA. In 2001, thin layer placement (TLP) technology was used to remediate
28 acres of the bottom of Ward Cove, Alaska, by covering native sediments
with 1530 cm of clean sand. Te treated areas were located oshore from a
former pulp mill. Te primary chemicals of concern (CoCs) were ammonia
and 4-methylphenol. Te objective of the remedial action was to 1) reduce
the toxicity of the native sediments and 2) stimulate colonization by benthic
macroinvertebrates. It was expected that colonization would follow the
classical patterns identied for disturbed marine environments. In 2004 and
2007, the rst and second monitoring events were conducted, and included
evaluations of sediment chemistry, sediment toxicity (using the 10-day
amphipod test with Eohaustorius estuarius), and benthic macroinvertebrate
communities. Te 2004 results were presented at the 2005 SETAC
meeting and the results of the 2007 monitoring event are described in this
presentation. Te 2007 results showed that CoC concentrations were low
at all stations in the TLP areas, indicating that the TLP technology was
successful in reducing the CoC concentrations. Tese results also indicated
that the clean placement material was not being aected by upward
migration of the CoCs from underlying native sediments. For sediment
toxicity, amphipod survival at all three TLP areas was very high (i.e.,
9295%) and did not dier signicantly (p>0.05) from reference values for
any TLP area. For benthic macroinvertebrate communities, results based on
community metrics, key benthic species, temporal patterns in community
characteristics, multivariate analysis, and taxa richness at individual stations,
showed that diverse communities inhabited most parts of the TLP areas.
Te benthic communities in the TLP areas continued to be characterized
primarily by species commonly found in transitional areas with respect
to disturbance, including the polychaete Prionospio steenstrupi and the
bivalves Axinopsida serricata and Parvilucina tenuisculpta. With respect to
the number of benthic taxa that accounted for more than 5 percent of total
abundance at any station, the 28 taxa found in 2007 were nearly three times
greater than the 11 taxa found in 2004, indicating that many more species
were becoming numerically important in 2007. Based on the results of the
2007 monitoring event in Ward Cove, it was concluded that TLP was a
successful remediation technology.
MP182 Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and zinc
in blood and llet samples of northern hog sucker from streams
contaminated by lead-zinc mining: implications for restoration
monitoring. C.J. Schmitt, W.G. Brumbaugh, T.A. May, CERC,
USGS, Columbia, MO. Non-lethal alternatives may be important for
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monitoring the success of remediation and restoration activities at mining
sites. Lead and other metals can accumulate to high concentrations in
northern hog suckers (Hypentelium nigricans) and other sucker species,
which are harvested in large numbers by recreational shers. Suckers
are also important in the diet of riparian wildlife. Suckers from streams
contaminated by historical lead-zinc mining in southeastern Missouri are
presently the subject of a consumption advisory due to lead. We evaluated
blood sampling as a potentially non-lethal alternative to llet sampling
for lead and other metals in suckers. Scaled, skin-on, bone-in llet and
blood samples were collected from northern hog suckers (n=75) at nine
sites representing a wide range conditions relative to lead-zinc mining in
southeastern Missouri. All samples were analyzed for metals. Fillet samples
were also analyzed for calcium as an indicator of the amount of bone, skin,
and mucous included in the samples. Concentrations of lead, cadmium,
and cobalt in blood and llets were signicantly correlated; log-log linear
regressions between the two sample types explained up to 94% of the
variation for lead, 87% for cobalt, and 61% for cadmium. Fillet lead and
calcium concentrations were correlated (r=0.83), but only at the most
contaminated site. Conversely, llet cadmium and calcium were correlated
across the range of sites (r=0.78). Collectively, the results indicate that
blood sampling could provide reasonably accurate and precise estimates of
llet lead, cobalt, and cadmium concentrations and would be suitable for
monitoring and evaluating recovery of species and ecosystems following
remediation and restoration, but some llet sampling might be necessary at
contaminated sites for evaluating consumption advisories.
MP183 Using a Logic Model Framework to Develop an Eective Post-
Restoration Monitoring Plan. D. Lane, J. Lipton, Stratus Consulting,
Boulder, CO. Post-restoration monitoring is a key step in the restoration
process. An eective post-restoration monitoring plan will help to identify
implementation problems that could be corrected, quantify benets, and
provide information that can be communicated to policy-makers and the
public about the benets of restoration. Tis poster describes an approach
for developing an eective post-restoration monitoring plan, drawing on
the conceptual framework of a project logic model. A logic model should
clearly delineate the restoration action, the expected intermediate outcome,
and the pathway/process by which the intermediate outcome will lead to the
desired long-term results for the project. An eective monitoring plan then
takes advantage of this model to establish the specic monitoring action,
timing of monitoring, and monitoring location that will achieve a specic
monitoring goal for each stage of the project. Te poster also describes the
importance of simultaneously monitoring reference sites together with
project sites to be able to interpret monitoring results in the context of
changing baseline conditions. Tese concepts are illustrated with an example
of a restoration project to restore sh passage as compensation for surface
water injuries at a mine site.
MP184 Assessing and monitoring the eects of mining-derived
metals on craysh and sculpin. A.L. Allert, J.F. Fairchild, C.J. Schmitt,
J.M. Besser, W.G. Brumbaugh, BRD, US Geological Survey, Columbia,
MO; R.J. DiStefano, Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia,
MO. Lead-zinc mining in the New Lead Belt (NLB) of southeast Missouri,
USA has resulted in extensive contamination of water, sediment, detritus,
and biota. We studied the ecological eects of mining-derived metals (Pb,
Zn, Cd, Ni, and Co) on free-ranging craysh (Orconectes spp.) and sculpin
(Cottus spp.) populations at 16 sites in and near the NLB. Craysh and
sculpin densities were reduced at sites directly downstream of mines. In a
56-d laboratory study, survival and growth of Orconectes hylas was reduced
at the highest concentration of a mixture of metals (190 g Pb/L:190 g
Zn/L:2 g Cd/L:380 g Ni/L:380 g Co/L) that simulated metal exposure
in mining-aected habitats. A 56-d in-situ cage study revealed an inverse
relationship between survival of craysh (O. hylas) and metal concentrations
in water, sediment, and detritus. In-situ leaf processing by craysh was also
negatively aected by metals. In both eld and lab studies, weight loss of
leaves was greater with than without craysh, and weight loss of all leaves
was reduced with increasing metal concentrations. Weight loss of leaves
from only microbial decomposition was greatest for cottonwood (Populus
deltoids) > willow (Salix nigra) > sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) in both
eld and laboratory studies. Te absence or reduced abundance of craysh
may have negative eects on leaf processing and therefore, on ecosystem
processes such as nutrient and energy cycling in Ozark streams. Tese results
indicate that craysh and sculpin are aected by metals in the Black River
watershed. Craysh and sculpin may be useful indicators or sentinel species
for assessing and monitoring the eects of mining in aquatic ecosystems.
MP185 Monitoring and Assessing Performance and Impact of Grant-
funded Watershed Restoration, Conservation and Planning Projects in
the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. A.T. Bassow, National Fish and Wildlife
Foundation, Washington, DC. Trough its Chesapeake Bay Stewardship
Fund, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) awards 50 to 85
grants annually to accelerate local implementation of the most innovative,
sustainable and cost-eective strategies for restoring and protecting water
quality and vital habitats within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Tese
grants total between $3 million and $15 million each year, and are awarded
through three distinct grant programs, including the most longstanding
program -- the Chesapeake Bay Small Watershed Grants (CB SWG) which
began in 1999. A recent third-party evaluation of the CB SWG Program
recommended NFWF implement a more rigorous program-wide approach
to monitoring the success of individual projects, and assessing their
collective impact. In response, this year NFWF is implementing a CB SWG
program-wide monitoring and assessment program. Te purpose of the
monitoring and assessment program is threefold: 1) to provide information
to NFWF about how to continually improve management of the grant
program, 2) to provide immediate feedback to grantees about their project
success based upon an assessment against known benchmarks, and 3) to
provide a regular schedule of information to policy makers and program
managers about the types of restoration activities that are most successful
on-the-ground. Te monitoring and assessment program includes four
key elements: 1) Pre- and post-project assessment protocols for the range
of projects types funded under CB SWG. Tese protocols will include:
assessing physical conditions at project sites; assessing the degree to which
projects are implemented as planned and agreed to in grant agreements and/
or against the appropriate standard or Best Management Practice; assessing
extent (acres/linear feet) and quality (survival, biodiversity) of restoration
projects; assessing community-based collaboratives that can sustain the
project; assessing technology transfer; assessing long-term sustainability.
2) Pre- and post-project site visits for all on-the-ground projects. 3)
Collaboration with grantees during the pre-project site assessment to
identify potential areas in which additional technical assistance may be
needed to help secure project success. 4) Assessment of environmental
impact in the longer term (three-to-ve years post-project completion).
MP186 Te inuence of compensatory restoration project scaling
on the development of performance criteria for biological monitoring.
J. Rapp, Restoration Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD; J. de Mond, LA
Dept. of Environmental Quality, Baton Rouge, LA; J. Cowan, Restoration
Center, NOAA, Baton Rouge, LA. Natural Resource Trustees in Louisiana
evaluated various restoration alternatives in western Louisiana that have
been proposed to compensate for liability associated with historical
hazardous substance releases. One of the proposed alternatives is the
hydrologic restoration of a marsh, created in 1999, by degrading strategic
portions of the substantial containment dikes that still exist. Tis project
showed promise for providing the necessary compensation in a way that is
economical and easy to implement, but the Trustees found it challenging
to scale its benets. From all outward indications the marsh vegetation
appeared healthy and appropriate in species composition; therefore, the
Trustees sought to identify ecological parameters that could be expected to
improve as a result of the proposed restoration action. Te list of parameters
started broadly with the most apparent potential improvements, (e.g., plant
and benthic prod., etc.) but quickly narrowed to the following: increased
accretion, improved sh access, and algal productivity. Trough the use of
historical data available in the published literature and through personal
communication with technical experts, the Trustees were able to quantify
the expected response of the above parameters, with consideration for the
inuence of reported regional rates of sea-level rise and subsidence. As a
result, the Trustees were able to quantitatively forecast the expected response
of the marsh to the proposed project, as well as the expected project life and
service ows. An unexpected outcome of this work was the development of
a performance criterion for sediment accretion (based upon the predicted
response) that is explicitly linked to proposed components of the project.
Tis criterion, if met, would assure the Trustees that natural resource services
were provided to the public via the proposed compensatory alternative.
Further, if the criterion for the proposed project is not met, there are several
known options for corrective actions that may be taken, as informed by
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the monitoring results. Te steps that the Trustees employed to scale the
proposed project to compensate for the liability, develop corresponding
performance criteria, and create a monitoring plan that will allow results to
inform the need for and types of corrective actions will be presented.
MP187 Continuing the Cooperative Approach: Monitoring a Riverine
Restoration Project in Delaware. S.K. Krest, A.D. Rizzo, Chesapeake
Bay Field Oce, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD; R.
Stahl, Engineering Corporate Remediation, DuPont, Wilmington, DE; C.
Alderson, Restoration Center, NOAA, Sandy Hook, NJ; K. Hendershot,
SIRB, DNREC, New Castle, DE; P. Knight, Oce of Response and
Restoration, NOAA, Philadelphia, PA; B. Bayne, URS, Blue Bell, PA. Te
site is located along a historically channelized reach of the Mispillion River
between Kent and Sussex Counties in Delaware. Tis 38-acre privately-
owned property included an extensive tidal wetland complex with river
bank erosion, substantial sedimentation of a former river meander (oxbow)
and low marsh that was overgrown by an invasive plant (Phragmites).
Restoration activities involved: 1) the stabilization of 2,090 feet of river
bank using large woody debris (LWD), cables, and concrete deadman; 2)
limited hydraulic excavation to restore tidal exchange within the oxbow and
enhance sh habitat within existing marsh ponds; 3) Phragmites control;
and 4) purchase of a conservation easement on the property to ensure long-
term protection of the habitat. Construction was completed in spring 2008,
before the anadromous sh migration and nesting bird period. Te initial
Monitoring and Maintenance Plan addressed four categories of project
success metrics including: restoration stability (stability of the shoreline
construction and dredged pools and channel); biology (overall vegetative
cover and plant species and sh use); wetland hydrology (volume and
quality of water in channel and pools); and ecological functions (based on
Evaluation for Planned Wetlands or EPW methods). Te Trustees, together
with the Responsible Party and their contractor, are revising the monitoring
plan and its parameters. Te DuPont Newport Natural Resource Damage
Assessment and Restoration case was a cooperative eort between the
Trustees and the Responsible Party. Te monitoring will be conducted
jointly as well.
MP188 Monitoring restored wetlands: Identifying the best metrics
for evaluating services. J. Salatas, P. Booth, S. Law, N. Gard, Exponent,
Bellevue, WA. In NRDA, success of wetland restoration is determined
by whether ecological or human use services have returned to baseline
conditions. Success of wetland restoration needs to be demonstrated
through monitoring to determine if wetlands are progressing towards
goals established prior to restoration. Based on case studies, we evaluated
relationships between ecological structure and function to determine the
feasibility and defensibility of using various structural metrics to assess the
success of restoration eorts for the services the restored wetlands were
intended to provide. A summary of restoration goals for each project are
discussed, along with a summary of how ecological structure and function
relationships were monitored. Te relationships are categorized into the
services that wetlands provide, including provision of habitat for support
of wetland dependant sh and wildlife, moderating eects of oods,
improving water quality, preventing erosion, pollution abatement, carbon
sequestration, and recreation or intrinsic aesthetic value. Te metrics, and
their relationship to structure and function of wetland ecosystems, for
each of the services discussed above are placed in context of usefulness and
eectiveness for measuring success.
MP189 Adaptive management of the habitat replacement and
reconstruction program for the Hudson River PCBs Site. R. Davis, QEA,
Glens Falls, NY; A. Ayers, Corporate Environmental Programs, General
Electric, Albany, NY. A habitat replacement and reconstruction program
has been developed for the Upper Hudson River that will be implemented
following the completion of the rst phase of dredging and backlling
activities. Once the Phase 1 habitat replacement/reconstruction has been
completed, an Adaptive Management Program will be implemented
with the objective of creating the desired range of habitat characteristics
by applying site-specic habitat information in an iterative framework
of measurement and response. Tere are two levels of measurement and
response under this program: 1) small scale with immediate responses;
and 2) larger scale with adaptive responses. Te former are short-term
adaptive management benchmarks, which were developed for each habitat
type to address obvious deciencies and to assist in achieving the success
criteria. Te latter are the success criteria themselves and are applied at a
larger scale and used to ultimately determine the success of the Phase 1
habitat replacement/reconstruction program. Te benchmarks consist of
a series of specic objectives for certain habitat parameters, e.g., percent
cover, at specied time periods after completion of the habitat replacement
/ reconstruction. Tese benchmarks are based on non-destructive
measurements to be collected each year for several years after habitat
replacement/reconstruction from each reconstructed area. Tey are linked
with specic response actions if the benchmarks are not met. Benchmarks
are not alternative success criteria, but rather are tools for managing the
replaced/reconstructed areas, and taking corrective action where appropriate,
to assist in achieving success. Monitoring for success criteria will begin
in the year after dredging and will be conducted on an annual basis. If
the success criteria are not achieved in a given year, the available adaptive
management options include the continuation of monitoring (without
other action) to assess trends over time, the performance of immediate
response actions, consideration of additional responses, or a re-evaluation
of the habitat type for a given area. Specic examples of additional response
actions will be discussed.
MP190 Impacts of Hurricane Katrina on seagrass beds in Grand Bay,
Mississippi. M. Slattery, K.L. Willett, D.J. Gochfeld, J. Weston, C. Easson,
Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi,
Oxford, MS; G. Easson, J. Janaskie, UM Geoinformatics Center, University
of Mississippi, Oxford, MS; A. Boettcher, B. Ehmen, Biological Sciences,
University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL; C.A. May, Grand Bay NERR,
NOAA, Moss Point, MS. Seagrass communities are critical nursery habitats
for many coastal and pelagic species, important economic resources for
tourism and sheries, and natural barriers to storm surge. Tus, maintaining
the health of seagrass communities, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, is a
high priority for coastal resource management. Te year 2005 represented
one of the most violent hurricane seasons on record. Te direct impact of
these extreme storm events on lives and businesses received considerable
attention, however the impacts to environmental health are becoming
more apparent with time. To better appreciate the impacts of hurricanes on
seagrass beds, we consolidated sampling methodologies used in assessing
Grand Bay NERR, a site approximately 50 miles east of where Hurricane
Katrina made landfall. We used direct measurements of productivity to
assess the community and modeled this endpoint through time using
changes in environmental parameters that are directly related to seagrass
productivity. Te data were then used to ground-truth remote sensing
satellite records so that gaps in seagrass productivity proles could be lled
with archived data and images. Furthermore, water quality data from
estrogenicity bioassays and analysis of hydrocarbon contaminants were
compared to the seagrass productivity at specic time-points post-Katrina.
Te eects of these stressors on seagrass productivity were analyzed using
multidimensional statistical techniques. While seagrass beds exhibited
short-term eects from storms, they appeared to recover relatively quickly.
Storm-related anthropogenic stressors were also ephemeral and may have
less of an impact on seagrass productivity than continuous exposures. Our
results to date provide important insights into seagrass community health
and resilience in the context of climate change and anthropogenic multi-
stressors. Tis research was supported by NOAA #NA16RU1496 and
NASA #NNS06AA65D.
MP191 Levels of Major Toxic Elements in Soil/Sediment in Post-
Katrina New Orleans and Louisiana Peninsula. T. Su, H. Shi, S. Shi,
J. Wang, C. Adams, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla,
MO; E. Witt, United States Geological Survey, Mid-Continent Geographic
Science Center, Rolla, MO; T. Su, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. Tis
study analyzed levels of seven major toxic elements (As, Pb, V, Cr, Cd, Cu,
and Hg) in the post-Katrina soil/sediment of New Orleans and Louisiana
peninsula, and assessed the impact of Katrina on the distribution of these
toxic elements in this area. Sampling was carried out one month after the
ood water receded, and covered a broader range than existing studies of
the Hurricane Katrina devastated residential, commercial, and industrial
areas in southeastern Louisiana. Analytical results of the concentrations
of these seven toxic elements in the soil/sediment samples were compared
with multiple environmental regulations and the pre-Katrina backgrounds
levels. Signicant As and V contamination was observed in most sampling
sites, but there was no signicant contamination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg or Pb.
Except for As, the concentrations of all other elements had greatly increased
throughout our sampling area as compared to the updated USEPA Region 6
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soil background inorganic level. St. Bernard Parish and Louisiana peninsula
had higher toxic element levels than other sampling regions. As and V
were signicantly correlated to the total iron concentration in all samples.
Te comprehensive assessment on the seven toxic element concentrations
suggested that more detailed study of As and V contamination on identied
locations is needed, and Katrinas impact on the toxic element distribution
in the soil/sediment of the studied area is not signicant.
MP192 Fractionation of Toxic Trace Elements in Sediment and
Soil Samples Collected from Great New Orleans Region following
Hurricanes Katrina. H. Shi, S. Shu, T. Su, J. Ding, C.D. Adams, J.
Wang, Environmental Research Center, Missouri S & T, Rolla, MO; S.
Shu, T. Su, J. Ding, C.D. Adams, J. Wang, Dept. of Civil, Architectural
and Environmental Engineering, Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO; H. Shi,
Department of Chemistry, Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO; E.C. Witt, Mid-
Continent Geographic Science Center, United States Geological Survey,
Rolla, MO. We analyzed 157 sediment and soil samples collected from
Great New Orleans region in October 2005, nearly one month after
Hurricane Katrina for trace element contaminations, including lead,
vanadium, chromium, copper, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. Sequential
extraction was completed on 6 of the 7 trace elements and iron to determine
the binding properties of each element with its host matrix and the
partitioning among the various forms in which each element might exist.
A subset of 51 samples was selected from the 157 samples for sequential
extraction to determine the fractionation of trace elements. Tis sequential
extraction provided the information of the origin, mode of occurrence,
biological availability, mobilization, and transport of trace elements in the
environment. Te extraction includes 5 fractions: exchangeable, bound to
carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual.
Te elements extracted were detected by inductively coupled plasma-mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS), graphite atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAA),
and ame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAA). Results indicated that
39.1% of the total lead was associated with the Fe-Mn oxide, the extremely
mobile fraction under reducing environmental conditions, thereby making
lead a potential health hazard. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.84 to
49.1 mg/kg in 157 samples, exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agencys Human Health Medium-Specic Screening Level (HHMSSL)
of 0.39 mg/kg. Sequential extraction analysis indicated that 54.5% of the
total arsenic was contained in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction. Approximately
17% of the vanadium was associated with the Fe-Mn oxides and 75.2% was
associated with the crystalline non-mobile fraction. Most of the chromium
tended to be tightly bound and rather insoluble. Most of the copper was
associated with organic matter. Te Cd level was low in all samples and the
sequential extraction result was not consistency. Approximately 21% of the
iron was found in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction indicating that a substantial part
of the iron was in oxidized form.
MP193 Toxic metal evaluation on soils and sediments in New Orleans,
LA. Following hurricane Katrina. M.T. Abel, S.M. Presley, T.R. Rainwater,
G.P. Austin, S.B. Cox, L.N. McDaniel, T.A. Anderson, R.J. Kendall,
G.P. Cobb, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
TX; M.T. Abel, B.D. Leftwich, Analytical Science, TraceAnalysis, Inc.,
Lubbock, TX. Long-term environmental impact and human health hazards
resulting from hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana have yet to
be completely assessed. Several government agencies and many academic
facilities have worked in cooperation to collect environmental samples and
document toxic contaminants that exceed critical human health screening
values. Our initial assessment revealed that soil and sediment samples
contained concentrations of aldrin, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and seven semi-
volatile compounds that exceeded one or more United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) thresholds. Furthermore, high numbers of
Aeromonas, Vibrio, and other coliform bacteria were present in oodwaters.
Based on the known susceptibility of humans to toxic metals particularly
Pb exposure to children we felt a more extensive assessment of metal
concentrations in soils was warranted. Over a two year period 129 separate
samples were collected in New Orleans and analyzed for up to 26 dierent
metals. Our study ultimately focus on Pb and As. Arsenic concentrations
were elevated intermittently throughout the city and coincided with elevated
recoveries published by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC).
Pb concentrations ranged from 6 g/g to 7450 g/g, had a geometric mean
of 86.1 g/g, and a ninety-ve percent condence interval of 69.4 g/g to
107 g/g. Fifteen soil samples contained Pb concentrations greater than 400
g/g which is the USEPA limit to prioritize soil for remediation. Finally,
environmentally relevant Pb concentrations and geographic information
systems (GIS) were used to create a spatial model so that Pb concentrations
could be predicted across the entire city. New Orleans soil Pb concentrations
may pose a signicant health risk and therefore further investigations should
be conducted to obtain the bioavailability of this metal.
MP194 Sediment characterization along the Mississippi Gulf Coast
in samples collected following Hurricane Katrina. C. Warren, N.S.
Duzgoren-Aydin, J. Weston, K.L. Willett, Environmental Toxicology
Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, MS; N.S.
Duzgoren-Aydin, National Center for Natural Product Research, University
of Mississippi, Univerisity, MS. Our ongoing research has been monitoring
the environmental contaminant eects and concentrations in response
to Hurricane Katrinas landfall. We collected water and sediment samples
monthly at ten sites along the Gulf coast including: Mobile Bay, AL and
Biloxi, Grand Bay, Gulfport, Ocean Springs, and Pascagoula, MS. We
have previously reported that estrogenic and CYP1A-mediated biomarker
responses from extracted water samples were not signicantly dierent
between sites. Our current focus is on sediment characterization including
particle size, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and trace metal
(including Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations. PAHs and metals are being
quantitated with GC-MS and ICP-MS (in progress), respectively. PAH
concentrations measured to date suggest high between sample variability.
At the highly impacted Back Biloxi Bay site high molecular weight PAHs
made up 15 34% of the total PAHs. Grain size analyses revealed that
ne-sand (> 1 mm) and silt (> 63 m, including clay size) size fractions
dominate the samples, but their relative concentrations change spatially
and geographically. Back Biloxi Bay had the highest silt content (61 %)
of the ten sites, while the three sites in Gulfport (Gulf Side, Courthouse
Rd, Marina) showed the highest ne-sand content (average 94 5%). Te
Ocean Springs site showed a signicant variation in particle size distribution
between the month following the storm (September 2005) and the
following dry season (November 2005 February 2006). Te silt content
decreased from 70% to 55 2%, and the ne-sand content increased from
27% to 43 2%. As trace metals concentrations can vary drastically with
the grain size variation, size-dependent trace element concentrations of the
sediments are also being determined. Supported by NOAA-NCDDC and
NOAA-NIUST.
MP195 Eects of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and
decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) on the expression of genes
associated with xenobiotic metabolism and thyroid function in chicken
embryo hepatocyte cultures. C. Eglo, D. Crump, S. Chiu, S. Kennedy,
NWRC, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; C. Eglo,
S. Kennedy, Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Brominated ame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into consumer
products to impede their ammability. Most BFRs are persistent in the
environment and are detected in tissues of humans and wildlife. For
example, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabromodiphenylethane
(DBDPE) were recently detected in free-living avian species, including
eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Great Lakes of North
America. Our laboratory is currently developing methods to screen for
the potential toxic and biochemical eects of BFRs in birds. One of our
general approaches is to determine the eects of BFRs on the expression
of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism (e.g. CYP2H1, CYP3A37
and UGT1A9), thyroid function (e.g. transthyretin, thyroid hormone-
responsive spot 14-) and lipid regulation in primary cultures of avian cells.
In the present study, the eects of HBCD on the expression of several genes
in chicken embryo hepatocyte (CEH) cultures were evaluated. Changes
in mRNA levels were quantied by real-time RT-PCR assays. Hepatocyte
viability was not aected by either HBCD- or HBCD-technical mixture
(HBCD-TM; >75% HBCD-) at the highest concentration tested (30
M) after 24 or 36 hours exposure. Signicant induction of CYP2H1 and
CYP3A37 was observed upon exposure to 1M HBCD- or HBCD-
TM at both time points, while transcriptional activity of the chicken
xenobiotic receptor was not altered. In addition, the maximal fold induction
of CYP3A37 after 36 hours was much greater than at 24 hours for both
HBCDs. UGT1A9 was up-regulated by HBCD- only at both time points.
Transthyretin, thyroid hormone-responsive spot 14- and liver fatty acid
binding protein were all down-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to either
HBCD- or HBCD-TM at 1M. Te same suite of genes will also be
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measured in CEH cultures exposed to DBDPE, and the relative potencies
of HBCD and DBDPE will be compared. Accordingly, the susceptibility
of these target genes to HBCD exposure makes them potential markers
for assessing the toxicity of emerging BFRs in the environment, such as
DBDPE, and may provide insight into mechanisms of toxicity in vivo.
MP196 Peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) toxicity in domestic
chicken (Gallus domesticus) embryos in the absence of eects on
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR)-regulated
genes. J.M. OBrien, A.C. Carew, S.G. Chu, R.J. Letcher, S.W. Kennedy,
National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada; J.M. OBrien, A.C. Carew, S.W. Kennedy, Centre for Advanced
Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University
of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
is a widely distributed industrial compound that has been reported in the
eggs of various wild avian species. Laboratory studies have indicated that
PFOS is embryotoxic to domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus), though the
mechanisms of toxicity in the developing avian embryo remain unknown.
In laboratory rodents, PFOS acts as a peroxisome proliferator by activating
the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR), which
subsequently up-regulates the transcription of various genes, many of
which are involved in lipid transportation and metabolism. We recently
demonstrated that PFOS causes increased expression of PPAR regulated
genes in cultured primary chicken embryo hepatocytes. Te goal of the
present study was to determine if PPAR-regulated genes were aected
in chicken embryos exposed in ovo to PFOS. White leghorn chicken eggs
were injected with 0.1, 5.0 or 100.0 g PFOS/g egg into the air cell prior
to incubation. Embryos were incubated until pipping, after which the
expression of PPAR regulated genes was measured in the liver tissue of
surviving embryos using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR). A dose-dependant decrease in embryo pippability was
observed with an LD
50
of 93 g/g. Hepatic PFOS concentration increased
contingently with dose, as determined by HPLC-MS. PPAR regulated
genes measured were peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase, bifunctional enzyme,
lipid fatty acid binding protein, and peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl thiolase. PFOS
exposure did not aect the transcriptional activity of any of these genes at
any of the concentrations examined. Tese results suggest that the toxicity
of PFOS in developing avian embryos may not be due to that activation of
PPAR.
MP197 Polybrominated Diphenylethers (DE-71) Reduce de novo
Testosterone Synthesis in Juvenile Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis
Gonads. D.J. Fort, R.L. Rogers, Fort Environmental Laboratories,
Stillwater, OK; P.D. Guiney, J.A. Weeks, SC Johnson & Son, Racine,
WI. Te impact of the brominated ame retardant mixture, DE-71, on
gonadal steroidogenesis during sexual dierentiation in Xenopus tropicalis
was examined because of its ubiquity in the environment, bioaccumulative
nature, and potential to disturb endocrine activity. In previous studies,
exposure of Xenopus tropicalis to DE-71 during development increased
the proportion of phenotypic females, decreased mean plasma DHT
and T, and increased mean E2 levels compared to controls. Further,
mean gonadal aromatase activity in X. tropicalis exposed to DE-71 was
not appreciably aected, but decreased mean 5-reductase and CYP17
activities were observed compared to control frogs. To further examine the
potential anti-androgenic eects of DE-71, de novo testosterone synthesis
in dierentiating gonads was evaluated. Samples from the gonads were
collected for testosterone synthesis measurement from juvenile control
specimens and organisms exposed to DE-71 (control, 0.65, 1.3, 2.5, and
5.0 g/L DE-71) from early embryo through metamorphosis. Decreased
testosterone synthesis was found in X. tropicalis evaluated in the 1.3, 2.5,
and 5.0 g/L DE-71 treatments compared to the control. Further, the
decrease in testosterone synthesis was concentration-dependent and ranging
from 1.2-fold reduction in synthesis in the 0.65 g/L treatment to 3.1-
fold reduction in synthesis the 5.0 g/L DE-71 treatment. Te decrease in
serum testosterone levels measured and the increase in the proportion of
phenotypic female frogs in our previous studies appears to be the result of
decreased testosterone synthesis resulting from DE-71 exposure. Overall,
these results demonstrate the anti-androgenic eects of polybrominated
diphenylethers in X. tropicalis.
MP198 Enantioselective biotransformation of chiral polychlorinated
biphenyls by mammalian cytochrome P-450 isozymes and formation
of hydroxylated metabolites. C.S. Wong, Richardson College for the
Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; N.A.
Warner, Polar Environmental Center, Norwegian Institute of Air Research,
Tromso, Norway; J.W. Martin, Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Enantiomer
enrichment of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the formation of
hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) incubated with rat cytochrome P-450
(CYP) 2B1 and human CYP 2B6 isozymes demonstrates enantioselective
metabolism of chiral PCBs in vitro. Enantiomer enrichment was observed
for PCBs 45, 84, 91, 95, 132, and 136, with enantiomer fractions (EFs)
ranging from 0.353 to 0.822 when incubated individually with rat CYP
2B1. Enantioselective metabolism was also observed for PCBs 45 (EF =
0.437) and 132 (EF = 0.537) when incubated with human CYP 2B6.
Hydroxylated PCBs were unambiguously identied for all individual
chiral PCBs enantioselectively degraded by rat CYP 2B1 and human CYP
2B6 by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. Semi-
quantitative analysis indicated that OH-PCBs formed accounted for
more than half of the total congener metabolized by rat CYP 2B1. Similar
decreases in concentration were observed for congeners incubated with
human CYP 2B6. However, OH-PCBs were formed to a lesser extent
by human CYP 2B6 compared to rat CYP 2B1, possibly indicating a
dierent biotransformation mechanism. Tese OH-PCB congeners did not
correspond to any available authentic standards, suggesting that some of the
many unidentied OH-PCBs detected in wildlife may have arise from in
vivo biotransformation of the chiral PCB congeners. Both enantiomers of
chiral PCBs were metabolized simultaneously by the rat CYP 2B1 isozyme
except for (+)-PCB 132, but at dierent rates, resulting in enantiomer
enrichment. Tis is the rst study to show that both enantiomers can
be transformed simultaneously by a single isozyme. Dierent metabolic
rates between chiral PCB enantiomers, and similar enrichment patterns
compared to eld observations, supports that metabolism is a prime
mechanism responsible for enantioselective processing of chiral PCBs in
mammals. Formation of OH-PCBs via an enantioselective OH insertion
mechanism was suggested, and may represent a source of the unidentied
OH-PCBs currently found within the environment.
MP199 Potential Sources of Hydroxylated PCBs in the Indiana
Harbor and Ship Canal. R.F. Marek, K. Norstrm, K.C. Hornbuckle, A.
Martinez, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA; K. Norstrm, Dept. of Applied Environmental Science (ITM),
Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. We have measured OH-PCBs
in the sediments of the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) and have
examined their potential sources. Te IHSC is heavily contaminated
with PCB Arochlor 1248 and is designated as an Area of Concern by the
International Joint Commission. It has previously been shown that the
PCBs in IHSC sediments have undergone both anaerobic and aerobic
weathering. We hypothesize that some PCB weathering results in the
production of OH-PCBs. PCBs can be metabolized to the hydroxylated
form (OH-PCBs) by humans and other organisms, and it is probable that
PCBs in the sediment are metabolized by microbial activity. Tey may also
be produced by abiotic processes in the atmosphere and during industrial
use of the commercial PCB mixtures. An alternative hypothesis is that
OH-PCBs entered the system simultaneously and their presence not a
result of in situ weathering. For example, it is possible that the OH-PCBs
were present in the original Aroclor or that the OH-PCBs were produced
when the Aroclor was in use. Here we report the method for the extraction
and analysis of OH-PCB in sediment and preliminary assessment of the
sources of OH-PCB congeners in surcial sediment of Indiana Harbor and
Shipping Canal.
MP200 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Air over the Atlantic and
Southern Oceans. J.L. Luek, Natural and Physical Sciences, Chatham
University, Pittsburgh, PA; J.L. Luek, R. Dickhut, M. Cochran, H.
Geisz, Department of Physical Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester, VA; H. Kylin, Department of Aquatic Sciences and
Assesment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) have widespread uses in
electronics and household products as ame retardants, and are known to
undergo long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulation in aquatic
and terrestrial organisms. As dierent PBDEs are now being restricted
across Europe and North America, their levels in the oceanic atmosphere
will uctuate as they attempt to reach equilibrium with ocean surface
waters. Te Atlantic Ocean and the Western Antarctic Ice sheet are sinks
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for currently used agricultural and industrial organohalogen compounds,
while they may be sources for persistent organic pollutants that have been
severely restricted and banned. Air samples were collected aboard the
Research Vessel Oden as it traveled from Goteberg, Sweden to McMurdo
Station in Antarctica during Oct. - Dec. 2007. Air samples were collected
using two high volume air samplers mounted on the upper deck of the bow.
Tese samples are being analyzed for PBDEs and other persistent organic
pollutants to examine the current global distribution of these contaminants
in the marine atmosphere.
MP201 Phytoextraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from
Contaminated Soils using Weeds: Greenhouse and Field Studies. S.A.
Ficko, B.A. Zeeb, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military
College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; A. Rutter, Queens
University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
are a group of persistent organic contaminants that can adversely aect
animals and humans. Due to their physical and chemical properties, the
uptake of PCBs by plant roots and translocation into shoots was largely
ignored by researchers for many years. Recent greenhouse and eld studies
focusing on the phytoextraction of PCBs from soil using various Cucurbita
pepo (pumpkin & zucchini) species have shown encouraging results. Te
observation of prolic weed growth at two industrially contaminated
PCB sites initiated the current investigation into the feasibility of using
weeds to phytoextract PCBs. Advantages of using weeds include that they
are easy to cultivate and propagate, they tend to be self-sustaining, are
inexpensive, and are less likely to be consumed by animals than many crop
plants. In addition, there are thousands of dierent species of weeds that
are physiologically unique, having dierent root systems, growth patterns,
stems, and leaves. Furthermore, as many weeds are perennials, they can grow
for longer time periods in a given year compared to annuals, and also for
multiple years. In this study, we investigated the uptake of Aroclor 1248,
and a mixture of Aroclors 1254 and 1260 in weeds over several growth
seasons at two eld sites in southern Ontario. Preliminary results indicate
that a wide variety of weeds from both sites are capable of extracting PCBs
from soil, demonstrating their potential as future phytoremediators. Results
also indicate a dierence in uptake ability between similar weed species at
the two sites, reecting dierences in PCB soil concentration and Aroclor
mixtures. Promising species that transport PCBs from roots into shoots,
include Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy) (3.7 g/gshoot),
Sonchus asper (spiny annual sow thistle) and Amaranthus retroexus
(redroot pigweed) (5.8 g/gshoot), Vicia cracca (tufted vetch) (9.3 g/
gshoot), and Solidago canadensis (goldenrod) (11 g/gshoot). Tis poster
will summarize the results from our weed PCB survey, as well as discuss
current eld experiments using monoculture plots of some of the most
promising species.
MP202 Assessment of the POPs Migration Level From the Places
of Storage into the Soil and Ground Waters. T.G. Stratulat, R.F. Sircu,
A.V. Volneanscaia, National Scientic and Practical Center of Preventive
Medicine (NSPCPM), Chisinau, MOLDOVA. During the 70 80s of
the last century, in Moldovan agriculture, dierent plant protection agents
were used with an intensity of more than 15 kg/ha. In 1970 in USSR, the
prohibition of the use of organochlorine and simtriazine pesticides led
to the accumulation of approximately 2000 tons of unutilized pesticides.
Among these pesticides, HCH, DDT, heptachlor, HCB and other POPs
constitute the greatest toxicological and environmental threat. 450 tons
of the mentioned substances are stored in depots that got out of order.
Taking into consideration Moldovas small territory and a big population
density, the solution of the problem related to the impact of obsolete and
prohibited POPs over ecosystems and human health is of high priority for
hygienists, ecotoxicologists and ecological chemistry specialists. Te goal
of the given investigations was to assess the POPs migration level from the
storage places into the environment. Soil and surface water samples were
collected at a distance of up to 1500 m from the depots. Te analyses were
carried out on a gas chromatograph HP 6890 + ECD. It was determined
that all soil samples contained - and - HCH, DDE and heptachlor, 92%
of samples dicofol, 75% - DDT, DDD, 33% - - HCH. Te frequency
of positive detection was higher in the samples gathered from the depth of
40 cm, while the maximal concentrations of POPs were accumulated in the
soil surface at a distance of 1 10 m from the storehouse, decreasing at a
distance of 100 m in hundreds and thousands of times. 50 % of drinking-
water samples, collected from the wells situated on the territory of depots
and within the localities, contained residues of - and - HCH. In 33% of
cases p, pDDT and p,pDDD were detected, while in 41.5 % of samples
heptachlor and dicofol. Te residues of - HCH and p,p DDE were not
discovered in potable water. Up to 75% of water samples from lakes and
rivers contained residues of - and - HCH. DDT and dicofol metabolites
were present in 50% of samples. In summary, the obtained data show that
currently the remains of unutilized pesticides, storehouses, and the soil in
its surroundings are a source of POPs accrual into the ecosystems. Trough
the soil and water, the POPs get into the plants, hydrobionts, and animal
organisms.
MP203 Occurrence, Fate and Interaction Eects of Microplastic
Marine Debris and POPs in the Ocean: Recommendations from an
International Workshop. C.D. Arthur, H.A. Bamford, Marine Debris
Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring,
MD; J.E. Baker, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA. Persistent
marine debris, including lost shing gear, plastic bags, and monolament
line, have been a concern for at least fty years. More recently, small pieces
of plastic <10 cm in length (microplastics) have been observed in remote
regions of the worlds oceans, garnering much attention within the scientic
community, the public and the media. Tese microplastics may impact
marine ecosystems by at least two mechanisms. First, microplastic debris
is ingested by marine organisms, especially birds, and may damage their
digestive systems or interfere with feeding. Second, microplastic debris
may contain relatively high levels of persistent organic pollutants, which
are either components of the original plastic material or are adsorbed and
enriched from the marine waters. Te role of microplastics in that marine
cycling of these POPs, including inuencing exposure to marine organisms,
is unknown. Recognizing the need for a cohesive understanding of this
issue, the University of Washington Tacoma and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration Marine Debris Program are coordinating an
international workshop on the occurrence, eects and fate of microplastic
marine debris on September 9-11, 2008 in Tacoma, WA, USA. Topics
include areas of occurrence and sources of microplastics in the environment;
direct biological impacts of microplastics on marine biota; exposure impacts
of POPs sorbed to microplastics; and the eect of oceanic microplastics on
biogeochemical cycling of POPs. Tirty scientists from around the world,
representing academia, government, industry and the private sector are
addressing two goals, (1) to identify and synthesize current knowledge of the
occurrence and eects of microplastics on the marine environment, and (2)
to develop a set of research initiatives to ll identied gaps in knowledge.
Tis presentation will include background information on the four topic
areas listed above, outline all major questions addressed at the workshop,
and present recommendations to be used as a guide for future research in
the area of microplastic marine debris.
MP204 PCBs and Pesticides as Novel Tracers for Determining Bluen
Tuna (Tunnus thynnus) Population Mixing in the North Atlantic.
R. Dickhut, M. Cochran, R. Brill, Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, VA; A. Deshpande, NOAA National Marine Fisheries,
Sandy Hook, NJ; A. Cincinelli, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; S.
Corsolini, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. North Atlantic bluen tuna,
a prized recreational and commercial sh, is distributed from subtropical
to subarctic regions of both the eastern and western North Atlantic. Two
separate stocks of bluen tuna are thought to exist in the North Atlantic;
a western stock with breeding grounds in the Gulf of Mexico, and an
eastern stock, which breeds in the Mediterranean Sea. Te International
Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) regulates the
bluen tuna shery as two units, assuming little intermixing, separated by
the 45
o
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tuna undergo extensive and complex migrations, including trans-Atlantic
migrations, and that stock mixing could be as high as 30%. Te uncertainty
of stock structures due to mixing makes it dicult for the sheries
managers to assess and project the rebuilding eorts of the dwindling stocks
of Atlantic spawning biomass of bluen tuna. We evaluated the use of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlordanes as tracers for determining
the extent of mixing of bluen tuna stocks in the North Atlantic Ocean.
PCBs and chlordanes persist in the environment and turnover very slowly
in bluen tuna. We demonstrate that PCB/chlordane ratios are dierent
in Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico bluen tuna, and therefore, may be
unique chemical tags for distinguishing sh originating from these two
spawning grounds.
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TP1 Treasures in Archived Histopathology Collections: Preserving
Te Past For Future Understanding. D.B. Horowitz, Atlantic Ecology
Division, U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI; E.C. Peters, Dept of
Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA; I.
Sunila, Dept of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture, State of Connecticut,
Milford, CT; J.C. Wolf, Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, VA.
Extensive collections of histopathology materials from studies of marine and
freshwater sh, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, and other organisms
are archived in the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals (RTLA), the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, NOAAs National Marine Fisheries
Service, and other agency or academic institutions. Tese collections are
valuable resources for scientists seeking to understand health and disease in
diverse species, train new aquatic pathologists, predict risks from biotic and
abiotic stressors (e.g., toxicant impacts on organisms in multiple locations),
determine disease status through DNA extraction and analysis, supply data
for historical reconstructions (e.g., when a virus rst aected a host species),
examine trends in parasite distribution and prevalence, and improve
interpretation of host and parasite population uctuations for modeling
ecosystems. However, they are in danger. For example, RTLAs collection
(www.pathology-registry.org) now at Experimental Pathology Laboratories,
Sterling, VA, formerly National Cancer Institute funded, lacks current
funding for maintenance or processing of additional case submittals. To
ensure future availabilities of these irreplaceable resources, online databases
with cross-linking records of materials for search and retrieval as is being
developed for the EPAs Atlantic Ecology Divisions collections can
provide access, but these collections need cross-agency support to improve
their database capabilities, maintain histoslides, and provide hands-on
examination and study.
TP2 Occurrence of intersex in sh from U.S. rivers based on a
national monitoring program. J. Hinck, C.J. Schmitt, D.E. Tillitt, USGS
Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO; V.S. Blazer,
USGS Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV. Intersex is a general
term used to describe the presence of female and male characteristics in sh
that are normally gonochoristic. Te intersex condition in sh has been
suggested as an indictor of exposure to endocrine modulating compounds.
Te occurrence of intersex was one of the reproductive biomarkers included
in a national program to examine chemical contaminants and their eects
on sh. Te intersex condition was present in 97 of 3429 sh examined,
representing 34 of 110 sites, and was more common in some species.
Intersex was observed primarily in smallmouth (Micropterus dolomieu; n
= 23) and largemouth (M. salmoides; n = 70) bass but was also found in
channel catsh (Ictalurus punctatus; n = 3) and common carp (Cyprinus
carpio; n = 1). Gonadal tissue of all intersex sh except common carp was
primarily testicular tissue with mild to moderate numbers of immature
oocytes; the gonads of the intersex carp contained primarily ovarian tissue
with some spermatozoa. At sites where intersex sh were found, the intersex
condition was usually observed in a small percentage of sh. However, the
percent intersex occurrence was 50% at twelve sites, which were in the
Apalachicola (n = 1), Columbia (n = 2), Colorado (n = 2), Mississippi (n =
1), Pee Dee (n = 3), Rio Grande (n = 1), and Savannah (n = 2) River basins.
Te greatest percentage of intersex bass (67-91%) were from sites in the Pee
Dee River basin, which may have been due to a dierent sampling protocol.
For most sites, ve pieces (ca. 5 grams) of gonad, randomly selected
throughout the length of the gonad, were collected for histopathological
examination of intersex. At Pee Dee River sites, an entire gonadal lobe was
collected and examined; therefore, more total tissue was examined in these
sh with the higher percent of intersex found. Te presence of intersex in
sh was not related to maturational stage, vitellogenin concentration, or sex
steroid hormones. Method considerations for contaminant studies will be
discussed.
TP3 Aromatase Activity of the sheepshead minnow, (Cyprinodon
variegatus), exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals through
multiple generations. R.E. Gutjahr-Gobell, G.E. Zaroogian, L.J. Mills,
U.S. EPA, ORD, NHEERL, AED, Narragansett, RI; G.M. Cripe, U.S.
EPA, ORD, NHEERL, GED, Gulf Breeze, FL; S.C. Laws, N.S. Tinfo,
U.S. EPA, ORD, NHEERL, RTD, Research Triangle Park, NC. Side by
side display with Cripe et al: Changes in phenotypic sex ratio and fertility
of sheepshead minnows exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals through
multiple generations. We tested the hypothesis that endocrine-disrupting
chemicals (EDCs) that alter sh reproduction will also modulate activity
of the steroidogenic enzyme aromatase. Tere are two distinct isozymes
of aromatase that have been characterized in sh, one predominating in
brains and another in ovaries. Te androgen, 17-trenbolone(-TBOH)
and the estrogen, 17-estradiol (E
2
) aect sh reproduction in laboratory
exposures. Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed in
the laboratory in two experiments to -TBOH or E
2
using early life-stage
and chronic exposure guidelines. Multi-generational experiments began
with 3 week exposures of actively spawning adults (F0) and continued
through the rst (F1) generation. Brains ( and ) and ovaries of both
F0 and the F1 generations were dissected and ash-frozen. Brain ( and
) and ovary microsomes were isolated and assayed for aromatase activity
using the tritiated water method. In the -TBOH exposed F0 generation,
results indicate a signicantly lower aromatase activity in F0 brains for all
doses, while there were no signicant dierences in aromatase activity in F0
brains at any dose. In the -TBOH exposed F1 generation, there was a
signicantly lower aromatase activity in F1 brains and brains. Ovarian
aromatase activity was signicantly higher in the F0 generation exposed to
-TBOH, but, not in the F1 generation. On the other hand, sheepshead
minnow ovaries exposed to E
2
had a signicantly lower aromatase activity in
both the F0 and F1 generations. In summary, our results show that exposure
of sheepshead minnow to -TBOH: 1) alters brain aromatase activity in
both the F0 and F1 generations; 2) alters brain aromatase activity in the
F1 generation, but not F0 generation; and 3) alters ovary aromatase activity
in the F0 generation, but not the F1 generation. Exposure to (E
2
), alters
ovary aromatase activity in both the F0 and F1 generations. Our results
suggest that EDCs that alter sh reproduction may dierentially aect the
activity of the two distinct isozymes of aromatase in sheepshead minnow.
TP4 Toxicity Identication and Conrmation of Chlorine Dioxide
in Aqueous Samples. P. Downey, FTN Associates, Ltd., Little Rock, AR;
B. Huther, Huther and Associates, Denton, TX; D. White, J. Bindel,
Associated Electric Cooperative Inc., Springeld, MO; G. Beckinghausen,
Siemens, Inc., Springeld, MO. TIE procedures were conducted on plant
euent made up primarily of cooling tower (CT) blowdown. Te CT
source water is river water obtained from a potable water treatment facility
which adds chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Results of Phase I TIE tests showed
1) Acute toxicity to Daphnia pulex and not to Pimephales promelas; 2)
Acute toxicity to D. pulex in the plant intake water after, but not before,
ClO2 addition; 3) Toxicity reduction after either anion or cation exchange
treatment; 4) Low Total Residual Chlorine (TRC) measurements (< 0.05
mg/L), and 5) Inconsistent toxicity reduction using sodium thiosulfate.
In aqueous solutions at neutral pH, ClO2 is reduced to chlorite (ClO2-),
chlorate (ClO3-) and then to chloride (Cl-). ClO2- and ClO3- are both
oxidants and are potentially toxic. Tere was a strong correlation between
measured ClO2-, the dominant form of ClO2 in aqueous solutions, and
levels of toxicity in various waste streams. However, reducing reagents such
as H2SO3 or Na2SO3 did not reduce reduce toxicity or measured ClO2- in
toxic samples. Further investigation into the properties and chemistry of
ClO2 in aqueous solutions indicated that reduction of ClO2 to Cl- at pH
> 7 involves 3 simultaneously existing valence states (ClO2, ClO2- and
ClO3-) in equilibrium. Addition of a reducing reagent such as H2SO3
or Na2SO3 causes cyclic reactions such that no signicant reduction in
oxidant species occurs. Te detailed electron transfer steps that actually
occur are complex involving two possible mechanisms (Griese et al. 1991)
and include competition between oxygen and other oxidants (i.e., ClO2,
ClO2- and ClO3-) for the electrons made available by the reducing agent
(i.e., SO2 or SO3). Tis cyclic regeneration of oxidants does not occur at
acid pH. Accordingly, the TIE protocol was modied to include addition of
reducing reagents at acid pH. Tis modication eliminated both measured
ClO2- and toxicity. While ClO2 is an oxidant it does not chlorinate (i.e.
no hypochlorous acid is formed). Terefore the behavior of ClO2 in
TIE characterizations is not the same as chemicals that oxidize through
chlorination. Modication of the oxidant reduction test in the Phase I TIE
procedure is necessary to indicate the presence of ClO2 and its oxidation-
reduction products.
TP5 Acute Toxicity of an Epoxy Coating System Applied Under
Water. R.M. Sherrard, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, TN; C.L.
Russell, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL; S.D. Turley, D.T.
Burton, University of Maryland Wye Research and Education Center,
Queenstown, MD. Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate
eects levels (mortality) on the early life stages of six freshwater aquatic
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species exposed to an epoxy coating applied under water. BioDur

560
displaces water from wet surfaces and forms a permanent bond, but its
potential to elicit adverse eects to freshwater organisms during the curing
process has not previously been evaluated. In each experiment, 96-h
exposures were performed with daily renewal of freshly-coated panels (19.4
cm
2
) but without water renewal to simulate worst-case eld applications.
Five exposure concentrations with two replicates each were tested to
estimate 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h eects levels (LC
01
to LC
99
) based on the
coated surface area to water volume ratio (cm
2
/L). A wide range of eects
levels was observed between the six species, as demonstrated by 24-h LC
50

values (8.2 to 128 cm
2
/L) and 96-h LC
50
values (4.0 to 73.5 cm
2
/L). Te
order of sensitivity, from most to least sensitive, was Daphnia magna >
Pimephales promelas > Lampsilis cardium > Lepomis macrochirus > Hexagenia
bilineata > Oncorhynchus mykiss. Test organisms did not demonstrate
an avoidance reaction to the coated panels. Te minimum eects levels
estimated in this study, ranging from 24-h LC
01
= 5.8 cm
2
/L to 96-h LC
01

= 2.5 cm
2
/L for D. magna, will be used to conservatively assess potential
adverse eects to aquatic life for site-specic BioDur

560 applications in
the Tennessee Valley. Tese data help to establish guidance for minimizing
impacts that could arise from these coating projects.
TP6 Identication of Androgen Receptor Antagonists in Fish using
a Simple Bioassay with the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas).
K.M. Jensen, E.J. Durhan, M.D. Kahl, E.A. Makynen, D. Martinovi,
D.L. Villeneuve, G.T. Ankley, U.S. EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division,
Duluth, MN. Considerable eort has been expended on the development
of bioassays to detect chemicals that aect endocrine function controlled
by the vertebrate hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis via dierent
mechanisms/modes of action (MOA). Antagonism of the androgen receptor
(AR) is an important mechanism through which the HPG axis of sh can
be aected by environmental contaminants. However, there are few in
vivo tests specic for the detection of chemicals that act as AR antagonists.
Te suite of responses produced by these chemicals in sexually-mature sh
can be somewhat ambiguous, making it dicult to diagnose this MOA
as responsible for reproductive toxicity. In this presentation we describe a
short-term assay with the fathead minnow which can be used to identify
AR antagonists. Te basis of the approach lies in evaluating the ability of
test chemicals to block occurrence of an in vivo response mediated through
the AR. Studies in our lab and elsewhere have shown that the synthetic
androgen 17-trenbolone (TB) binds with high anity to sh AR(s) and
masculinizes female fathead minnows causing the development of cranial
nuptial tubercles, external structures which can be visually detected and
easily quantied. Exposure (via the water) to several well-characterized AR
antagonists (utamide, vinclozolin, cyproterone acetate) eectively inhibited
induction of nuptial tubercles in female fathead minnows simultaneously-
exposed for 14 d to TB (500 g/L). Exposure of the sh to ammonia, a
common environmental contaminant with no known HPG activity, did
not block TB-induced nuptial tubercle formation in females. Inhibition of
tubercle formation by TB in female fathead minnows provides the basis for
a sensitive, specic, and relatively simple assay to identify AR antagonists.
Such an assay could be used to conrm MOA for a chemical suspected of
possessing anti-androgenic properties, or could be used to test complex
mixtures (e.g., euents) for the presence of chemicals that interact with the
AR. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect ocial Agency policy.
TP7 Evaluation of Methods for Cell Disruption and Microcystin
Measurement from Microcystis aeruginosa. V. Molina, B.M. Johnson,
W.M. Bishop, J.H. Rodgers, A.R. Johnson, Clemson University, Clemson,
SC. Algal blooms of Microcystis can, and have, led to concentrations of
microcystin toxic to a variety of plant, invertebrate and vertebrate species.
Te World Health Organizations (WHO) guideline for total microcystin
in drinking water as well as recreational waters is 1ppb total microcystin.
With the advent of changing climate and widespread drought, microcystin
concentrations of surface waters have become increasingly problematic
in the United States and elsewhere. Because of this concern, many water
resource managers need to measure and record microcystin concentrations.
To accurately measure total microcystin in samples containing Microcystis,
ecient and eective techniques for disrupting cells and measuring
microcystin are needed. Te objective of this research was to contrast
sonication, freeze-and-thaw at -80C, freeze-and-thaw with liquid nitrogen,
and methanol extraction followed by evaporation to dryness techniques for
disrupting cells and measuring total microcystin. Specic objectives of this
research were to: 1) measure total, aqueous, and cell associated microcystin
using each of the four cell disruption procedures, and 2) to compare these
techniques for cell disruption to measure total, aqueous, and cell associated
microcystin in terms of eciency of extraction, recovery of internal
standard, and precision of repeated analyses. Based on results of these
comparisons, implications for monitoring strategies were considered.
TP8 Use and misuse of signicance testing in biomonitoring: An
example involving mercury in periphyton. M.C. Newman, E. Holloman,
K.R. Tom, College of William and Mary - VIMS, Gloucester Point, VA.
A Critical Review published in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
(Vol. 27, No. 5) highlighted pervasive errors in current signicance testing
that result in incorrect inferences and indefensible regulatory decisions.
Te associated conclusions are particularly germane to the analysis of data
from biomonitoring studies as illustrated here using mercury accumulation
in procedurally-dened periphyton of the South River, Virginia USA. Te
conventional application of p-values and a Type I error rate to infer that a
signicant increase in mercury concentration has occurred is shown to be
wrong: the more appropriate use of positive predictive value is illustrated.
Tis illustration underscores the need to establish a prior probability
estimate, and also a priori error rates (Type I and II) and eect sizes. Also
illustrated is the advantage of inferences emerging from a research program
relative to a single sampling or experiment.
TP9 Comparative toxicity of endosulfan and its degradation
product endosulfan sulfate in two life stages of the model
estuarine crustacean, Palaemonetes pugio. P. Key, M. Fulton,
NOAA,NOS,CCEHBR, Charleston, SC; K. Chung, J. Venturella, JHT
Inc., Orlando, FL. Te cyclodiene insecticide, endosulfan, is used in
commercial agriculture for both food and non-food crops in many parts of
the world. Endosulfan is neurotoxic and inhibits nervous system function
by blocking the GABA-gated chloride channels. Endosulfan sulfate is
rapidly formed from the biological degradation of the parent compound in
soil and water. It is more persistent than the parent isomers and typically
represents the largest fraction of total endosulfan measured in aquatic
systems. Te EPA acute and chronic saltwater quality criteria (WQC) for
the parent isomers are 0.034 and 0.0087 mg/L, respectively. No WQC has
been developed for endosulfan sulfate. Te grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)
is a common inhabitant of salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the US
and, because of its ecological relevance and sensitivity, it is used as a model
test species for a wide range of contaminants. In this study, the toxicity of
endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate was compared in adult and larval grass
shrimp. After 96h exposure to endosulfan, the grass shrimp adult LC50 was
1.01 g/L (95% CI 0.72 1.43) compared to the 96h endosulfan sulfate
LC50 of 0.86 g/L (95% CI 0.56 1.31). In grass shrimp larvae, the 96h
LC50 was 2.56 g/L (95% CI 1.82 3.59 g/L) for endosulfan and 1.64
g/L (95% CI 1.09 2.47) for endosulfan sulfate. Te toxicity of the
two compounds was similar for both life history stages with adult animals
more sensitive than larvae. Tese results indicate that given the persistence
and toxicity of endosulfan sulfate, future risk assessments should consider
the toxicity potential of the parent compound as well as this degradation
product.
TP10 Toxic eects of Roundup (glyphosate) in three nsh
species of Colombia. J.F. Gonzlez, D.M. Ochoa, D.E. Figueredo, C.A.
Gonzlez, Aquatic & Environmental Toxicology Research Group - School of
Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
Bogot, COLOMBIA. Te purpose of this research was to investigate the
toxic eects of waterborne exposure to Roundup (RP) (glyphosate) in
three nsh species of importance in Colombia: red tilapia (Oreochromis
sp.), bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) and yam (Brycon amazonicus).
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide used to eradicate
illegal crops (coca and poppy plants) in Colombia. Four experiments were
carried out to evaluate symptoms, mortality and biochemical changes after
the exposure. In the 1st experiment, red tilapia specimens were exposed
to RP (1, 5, 15, 45, 90 ppm). Fish in 45 and 90 ppm died in less than
3 h 25 m displaying erratic swimming and hiperexcitability. Aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) were signicantly
higher in these two treatments. Brain lipid peroxidation (BLP) increased
in all but the 45 ppm treatment. In the 2nd experiment, juveniles of
bocachico were exposed to 10 and 30 ppm RP. Fish in 10 ppm died showing
nervous signs as those in tilapia. Te 30 ppm-exposed sh had respiratory
distress (e.g. gasping). In both treatments, sh were sacriced after 3 h 40
210 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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m of the exposure. Brain ChE was signicantly inhibited in 10 ppm and
markedly increased in 30 ppm. For the 3rd experiment, juveniles of yam
were exposed to 10, 30 ppm RP and a mixture of RP and chlorpyrifos,
an organophosphate insecticide. In all but the 30 ppm RP treatment,
sh had lower ChE activity. In 30 ppm, respiratory distress was the most
notorious eect. In the 4th experiment, an in vitro incubation using yam
red blood cells (n=10) mixed with either RP or nitrite (positive control)
was performed to evaluate likely methemoglobin eects. Results indicate
that RP caused the oxidation of the hemogobin molecule although to a
lesser extent than nitrite. In this work, increased or reduced ChE was linked
to either the species or the herbicide concentration. Te increased BLP in
tilapia exposed to RP conrms previous evidence by our group regarding
oxidative stress caused by the herbicide. Respiratory distress displayed by
sh could be linked to methemoglobin eect caused by the commercial
mixture of the herbicide. High or low mortalities also provided information
regarding sensitivity of each species to this herbicide.
TP11 Oxidative stress and changes in transaminases of two
indigenous nsh species of Colombia: white cachama (Piaractus
brachypomus) and yam (Brycon amazonicus) after acute exposure
to glyphosate (Roundup). D.M. Ochoa, J.F. Gonzlez, Aquatic &
Environmental Toxicology Research Group - School of Veterinary
Medicine & Animal Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot,
COLOMBIA. Juveniles of white cachama (n=36) (Piaractus brachypomus)
(22,7 2,9 g) and yam (Brycon amazonicus) (n=36) (11,7 1,1 g) were
exposed to 3 dierent concentrations of Roundup (glyphosate) (0, 5 and
15 ppm) for 96 hours. Enzymes linked to oxidative stress responses in
liver and gills, as well as plasmatic transaminases, were measured after the
exposure. Neither symptoms nor mortality due to the herbicide exposure
happened during the experimental time in either of the two species. Te
main biochemical changes were present in glyphosate-exposed white
cachama gills and liver as well as in yam liver. In both species, there was
a signicant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-s-
transferase (GST) activity. Gills GSH in cachama(nmols/mg protein)were
for controls = 29.6 2.8, 5 ppm = 19.8 1.6 and 15 ppm = 5.3 0.9.
Catalase activity (nmols H2O2 consumed / min / mg protein) was also
signicantly reduced in livers of exposed cachama (controls = 90.7 6.8, 5
ppm = 69.1 5.2, and 15 ppm = 30.2 2.9). Lipid peroxidation (nmols
malondialdehyde MDA / hour / mg protein) had a remarkable increase in
exposed cachama (liver and gills) and yam (liver). Yam had a higher lipid
peroxidation in the liver (liver: control = 5.4 0.4, 5 ppm = 11.1 0.8, 15
ppm = 12.3 1.4) as compared to cachama (control = 0.3 0.02, 5 ppm
= 0.3 0.03, 15 ppm = 0.5 0.06). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
and alaninaminotransferase (ALT) were higher in exposed sh than in
controls, particularly in cachama. Te sublethal concentrations of Roundup
that were tested caused a signicant increased in the production of MDA
as an indication of lipid peroxidation. Tis suggests the pro-oxidative
characteristics of the commercial presentation of this herbicide. Changes
in AST and ALT were good indicators of tissue damage, particularly in
the liver, that could be correlated to the lipid peroxidation that was found.
Biochemical changes found in both species were good indicators of primary
responses in target organs that reect the onset of toxicological eects due to
the herbicide exposure.
TP12 Sediment Recolonization Study to Examine Potential Fipronil
Eects on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Freshwater Ecosystems in
the Southern United States. J.L. Slye, T.W. La Point, Department of
Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX; P. Smith, G.
Burton Jr., Wright State University, Dayton, OH; C.M. Holmes, BASF
Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC; L.S. Ortego, Bayer CropScience,
Research Triangle Park, NC. An extensive sediment recolonization study
was undertaken to assess the potential eects of pronil on benthic
macroinvertebrates at eight sites in the southern US at doses of 0.75g/kg
and 1.5g/kg. Benthic macroinvertebrates colonizing trays were monitored
at intervals up to one year post application. With over 137,000 individuals
observed and nearly 70 taxa identied at eight geographically distinct sites,
only three taxa at two sites were potentially aected by pronil treatment
and the eects appear to be transient. Most sites showed no impacts to the
benthic macroinvertebrate communities that could be attributed to pronil.
At Lake Tuscaloosa, a reduction in rie beetle populations was observed
which may not be pronil-related and is dicult to interpret. At another
site, populations of ceratopogonids and chironomids appear to be impacted
by pronil. However, this site was confounded by multiple stressors.
Tis work suggests that the potential for signicant impact on benthic
macroinvertebrate communities from currently labeled uses of pronil is
minimal.
TP13 Physiological consequences of selenomethionine- induced
larval deformities in zebrash. J. Kallarakavumkal Tomas, D.M. Janz,
Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; D.M. Janz, Dept. of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Organoselenium
compounds such as selenomethionine (SEM) have been recognized as a
threat to aquatic organisms, especially juvenile sh. Maternal transfer of
organoselenium compounds is considered to be the major cause of selenium
(Se) toxicosis in juvenile sh. Previous studies have reported a relationship
between egg Se concentration and development of larval deformities. Fin,
cranio-facial, skeletal deformities and edema are commonly encountered
Se- induced eects in juvenile sh. A sh with a severe deformity may die in
early stages of development, however the long- term eects on sh with less
severe deformities are not well understood. Te objectives of this study are
to (1) determine a dose- response relationship for SEM induced deformities
in juvenile zebrash, and (2) investigate long term eects of subtle
deformities in the sh. Increasing concentrations (10, 30, 100, 300 ng) of
SEM were injected into the yolk of zebrash embryos by microinjection,
followed by analysis of the frequencies of individual deformities. Long term
eects of subtle deformities will be determined by measuring dierences in
ecologically relevant parameters such as swimming performance, oxygen
consumption, bioenergetics (triglyceride and glycogen) and cortisol levels in
deformed and control sh. Te results of this study may assist in assessing
the potential risks of aquatic Se contamination on sh populations.
TP14 Changes in phenotypic sex ratio and fertility of sheepshead
minnows exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals through multiple
generations. G.M. Cripe, B.L. Hemmer, L. Goodman, U.S. EPA, Gulf
Breeze, FL; K. Dannielle, Student Service Contract, U.S. EPA, Gulf
Breeze, FL. Please place in Aquatic Toxicology section/General, next to
poster: Aromatase Activity of the estuarine sh, Cyprinodon variegatus,
exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals through multiple generations
by Ruth E. Gutjahr-Gobell Sustainability of wildlife populations exposed
to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in natural water bodies is
dependent on their potential for reproduction. Tis experiment describes
changes in phenotypic sex ratios and spawning performance of the estuarine
sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, exposed to either the estrogen,
17-estradiol, or to the androgen, 17-trenbolone. Exposures were initiated
with actively spawning adults (F0) and continued through spawning
of the F2 generation. Lowest observed eect concentrations (LOECs)
for each endpoint were compared to determine if dierential sensitivity
occurred across generations with either chemical. An increased incidence of
phenotypic females and an inhibition of fertility occurred at signicantly
lower estradiol concentrations in F1 and F2 sh, as compared to the F0
generation. In contrast, continuous exposure to trenbolone caused numbers
of phenotypic males to increase and fertility to decrease in each subsequent
generation exposed. Tese results suggest the importance of evaluating
suspected estrogen and androgen agonists using test protocols which
incorporate spawning through two complete generations.
TP15 Acute Toxicity of Six Synthetic Pyrethroids to Ceriodaphnia
dubia and Hyalella azteca. J. Westfall, C. Barton, J. Bottomley, Technical
Services, County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Whittier, CA.
Synthetic pyrethroids have been established as the primary successor to the
phased out pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos. In recent years, numerous
studies have conrmed the presence of synthetic pyrethroids in urban/
residential runo and have identied them as a signicant source of toxicity
in sediment and water bioassays. In this study, we investigated the acute
toxicity of six commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (bifenthrin, lambda-
cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyuthrin, cypermethrin, and esfenvalerate)
to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. Te response of each test
organism was compared in 96-hour, static, water-only, exposures. While
these compounds were extremely toxic to both organisms, with all C. dubia
EC50s being below 0.30 g/L, H. azteca was 1-2 orders of magnitude
more sensitive, with all EC50s below 0.01 g/L. Tese preliminary results
highlight the extreme toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids to invertebrates.
Furthermore, these results point to H. azteca as an extremely useful
indicator organism for low levels of synthetic pyrethroids in surface water.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 211
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TP16 Toxicity of PB and Zn Spiked Baltimore Harbor Sediments
to Leptocheirus plumulosus. G. Ziegler, D.J. Fisher, M. Osborn, Wye
Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, Queenstown, MD;
A. Heyes, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center
for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD. Sediments from urban harbors
such as those found in Baltimore Harbor often contain high concentrations
of pollutants including metals. Existing sediment quality guidelines (SQGs),
however, may have limited use for application in specic geographical
locations due to dierences in sediment composition and chemistry. Whole
sediment bioassays were conducted on Pb and Zn spiked Baltimore Harbor
sediment in an attempt to establish dose response relationships specically
applicable to Harbor sediments. Test sediment was a combination of
sediments from two Baltimore Harbor locations characterized by a silty-
clay consistency and high AVS values exceeding 60 mol/g. Both 10-d and
28-d L. plumulosus toxicity tests were performed on both a series of metals
spiked Baltimore Harbor and clean control sediments. After spiking, the
metal spiked sediments were allowed to equilibrate for approximately 30
days under anoxic conditions prior to test initiation. Standard chronic
28-d amphipod tests used survival, growth and reproduction endpoints
while a modied 10-d test, with feeding, had both survival and growth
endpoints. At least ve metals concentrations were tested for each test
series in an attempt to establish mortality as well as sub-lethal NOECs
and LOECs for each sediment/metal combination. Nominal dry weight
metals concentrations ranged from 400 to 20,000 mg/kg and 62.5 to 4,000
mg/kg for Pb and Zn respectively. Te high end of these nominal metals
concentrations exceeded the highest concentrations of metals found in
Baltimore Harbor sediments. Bioassay results as well as sediment chemistry
will be presented.
TP17 Web-ICE provides validated models for acute toxicity
estimation and species sensitivity distributions. S. Raimondo, D.N.
Vivian, M.G. Barron, Gulf Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL. Web-based Interspecies Correlation Estimation
(Web-ICE) is an internet application that provides a suite of models to
predict acute toxicity (LC50/LD50) of a chemical to a species, genus, or
family. ICE models are least squares regressions of the relative sensitivity
between the taxa of interest and that of a surrogate species. Web-ICE
includes a total 2081 models for aquatic taxa and 852 models for wildlife
taxa. Models predict within 5-fold of the measured acute toxicity value with
90% certainty and within 10-fold with 95% certainty for two taxa within
the same order. For both aquatic and wildlife taxa, model certainty decreases
with increasing taxonomic distance. Web-ICE provides a module to
generate species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) from ICE-estimated toxicity
data. Web-ICE SSDs yield hazard levels that are similar to those derived
from measured toxicity data and are protective of most species for ecological
risk assessment. Web-ICE is available at http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/
fchain/webice/.
TP18 Teratogenic Eects in Embryos of Japanese Medaka Exposed
to the Golf Course Fungicide, Quintozene. T. Metcalfe, P. Dillon, C.D.
Metcalfe, J. Ataria, Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; J. Ataria, Centre for Environmental
Toxicology, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand. Quintozene is
a fungicide containing the active ingredient, pentachloronitrobenzene
(PCNB) that is used to control snow mold on golf courses in temperate
regions of North America. In this study, quintozene and a formulation of
quintozene widely used on golf courses, FFII were tested for toxicity to early
life stages of the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. For medaka exposed in
static non-renewal assays to quintozene for 17 d from the fertilized egg stage
to yolk resorption at the fry stage, the LC50 for mortality was a nominal
concentration of 707 ug/L and the Eective Concentration for 50% hatch
(i.e. EC50) was a nominal concentration of 71 ug/L. Eggs and fry showed
developmental abnormalities, including ocular malformations and retarded
development of the brain, notochord, organs and body segmentation,
which were interpreted as teratogenic responses to exposure to PCNB. For
medaka exposed to quintozene, the LOECs for abnormalities of the eye and
all other developmental abnormalities were 750 and 100 ug/L, respectively.
In medaka exposed to the FFII formulation, similar patterns of mortalities,
reduced hatching success and developmental abnormalities were observed,
but at higher test concentrations that were consistent with the proportion of
quintozene in the formulation. Studies are currently underway to evaluate
the toxicity and developmental responses to degradation products of PCNB.
Overall, these data indicate that studies should be conducted to assess
the risk of exposure of early life stages of sh to quintozene in watersheds
impacted by golf courses.
TP19 Mercury Concentrations of the Rio Grande Fish Community:
Spatial Variation and Inuence of Food Web Structure. A. Smith, W.H.
Nowlin, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX;
M. Chumchal, Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Ft.
Worth, TX. Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic ecosystems is a global
environmental problem and high levels of Hg can cause adverse health
eects on wildlife. Methyl mercury (MeHg), the toxic and bioaccumulative
form, is produced by aquatic bacteria. Organisms at the base of the food
web absorb MeHg directly from water, while sh are primarily exposed
to MeHg through their diets. While there is abundant data on Hg
contamination and factors that aect Hg bioaccumulation in lake food
webs, there is comparatively little data on large river systems. Tis study
examines Hg concentrations of sh from the Lower Rio Grande, Texas and
several of its major tributaries in order to assess: (1) the overall level Hg
contamination and potential risk to piscivorous wildlife (2) whether there
is spatial variation in Hg concentrations in shes of the lower Rio Grande
drainage, and (3) if patterns of Hg contamination of Rio Grande shes are
related to abiotic and/or biotic factors that vary among sites (i.e., dissolved
organic carbon (DOC), sulfates, and food web conguration). We sampled
sh at 12 sites from the Big Bend reach to the lower Rio Grande Valley and
found that 62% of small-bodied trophic level 3+ sh had Hg concentrations
exceeded EPA Wildlife Criteria ( 77 ppb). However, there was signicant
spatial variation in sh Hg concentrations with the highest concentrations
found in the Big Bend reach. Hg concentrations of sh were positively
correlated with river DOC and sulfate concentrations, two factors known
to facilitate bacterial production of MeHg. In addition to factors associated
with enhanced MeHg production, we hypothesize that high levels of
inorganic Hg inputs to the Big Bend reach, such as runo from abandoned
cinnabar mines, Hg-rich rock formations, and atmospheric deposition from
coal burning power plants in Mexico exacerbate Hg contamination of the
sh community.
TP20 Toxicity of dispersed oil to early life stages of Atlantic
herring (Clupea harengus). S.E. McIntosh, P.V. Hodson, Biology,
Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; P.V. Hodson, School of
Environmental Science, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Chemically dispersing oil spills may protect shoreline habitats from oating
oil, but doing so may also expose sensitive forms of marine life to lethal
concentrations of hydrocarbons. For early life stages of Atlantic herring
(Clupea harengus), a chemically enhanced water accommodated fraction
(CEWAF) of Medium South American crude oil (MESA) dispersed with
Corexit 9500 caused blue sac disease in embryos exposed for 48 hours
to concentrations 0.32% (vcewaf /vwater). While the same level of
exposure was lethal to 50% of free-swimming embryos, the LC50s for
continuously exposed embryos and larvae were 0.086% (v/v) and 0.032%
(v/v), respectively. CYP1A activity in larvae increased in proportion to
both exposure and lethality, linking toxicity and poly-cyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. Additionally, exposing gametes to 0.1%
(v/v) CEWAF for one hour signicantly impaired fertilization success.
Since hydrocarbon concentrations measured at depth under dispersed oil
slicks encompass those tested here, sh spawning times and areas should be
carefully considered before deciding when and where dispersants should be
used.
TP21 Testing the Individual Eective Dose (IED) Hypothesis. H.T.
Vu, S.J. Klaine, Clemson Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson
University, Pendleton, SC. Methods used to t dose-response data are often
based on individual eective dose (IED, the smallest dose needed to aect
any particular individual). Another theory (stochasticity hypothesis) suggests
that individuals do not have uniquely innate tolerance; deaths result from
stochastic processes occurring similarly among individuals (Newman and
MacCloskey 2000). Te toxicity of copper to Daphnia magna has been
well characterized; both continuous and pulsed exposure bioassays have
been performed. Te present study tested if the individual eective dose
hypothesis or stochasticity hypothesis was a better descriptor of D. magna
response to copper sulfate (CuSO4) exposure. Te 24-h LC50 value was
determined for D. magna of dierent ages (24 h, 6 d, 9 d, 12 d, and 18
d). A large population of D. magna was exposed to the 24-h LC50 for
24 h. Surviving organisms then were exposed to the appropriate 24-h
212 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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LC50 at dierent times during a 21-d bioassay. Te result showed that
both hypotheses contributed to the explanation of organisms response to
contaminant exposure.
TP22 Accuracy of Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Estimates Determined
from Acute Toxicity Data and Two TimeResponse Models. M. Barron,
S. Raimondo, D.N. Vivian, S. Yee, Gulf Ecology Division, EPA, Gulf
Breeze, FL; C. Russom, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US EPA,
Dultuh, MN. Traditionally, chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms and
wildlife has been determined from either toxicity test data, acute to chronic
ratios, or application of safety factors. A more recent alternative approach
has been to estimate chronic toxicity by modeling the time course of
mortality determined in standard acute toxicity tests, but these approaches
have received limited validation. Te accuracy of chronic toxicity estimates
from two time-response models, linear regression analysis (LRA) and
accelerated life testing (ALT), was investigated using a dataset of over 150
matched species pairs of standard acute toxicity test data and measured
chronic no observed eect concentration (NOEC) values. Chronic survival
was more accurately modeled by both ALT (69%) and LRA (76%), than
reproduction, growth or the most sensitive endpoint (50 to 60% accuracy).
In general, LRA estimates of chronic toxicity were less conservative than
ALT, with 66 to 79% of LRA estimates greater than the measured NOEC.
Acute datasets with early mortality produced estimates of chronic survival
that were more accurate (ALT: 92%; LRA: 89%) compared to all datasets,
but were less conservative (ALT: 84% overestimated; LRA: 93%). Acute
datasets with late mortality resulted in poor ALT and LRA estimates of
chronic toxicity for all endpoints. Additional survival time measurements
did not improve the accuracy of ALT or LRA estimates of chronic toxicity
over the standard four acute measurement times (24, 48, 72, 96 h). Te
time course of mortality should be considered when applying time-response
models to estimate chronic aquatic toxicity, with greater accuracy likely for
chronic survival than for growth or reproduction.
TP23 Insight into a stream food web by analysis of chiral PCBs.
V.D. Dang, C.M. Lee, Environmental Engineering and Earth Science,
Clemson University, Anderson, SC; D.M. Walters, National Exposure
Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
OH. PCB contamination from a former capacitor plant has continued to
be a major concern to the ecosystem of Lake Hartwell, which is a reservoir
on the South Carolina/Georgia border, over the past three decades. Much
less attention, however, has been paid to the aquatic system of Twelve
Mile Creek, a tributary of Lake Hartwell in South Carolina. Aquatic
samples including Stenonema, yellown shiner, Corbicula, periphyton (or
biolm), coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), and semi-permeable
membrane devices (SPMD) were collected in Fall 2005 at four sites along
Twelve Mile Creek. Analysis of PCBs concentration and separation of eight
PCB atropisomers (PCBs 84, 91, 95, 132, 136, 149, 174, and 176) were
performed on capillary gas chromatography- electron capture detector (GC-
ECD) with a 60-m achiral and 30-m Chirasil-Dex column, respectively.
Conrmation data were also collected by the use of a second column
(Cyclosil-B) with the ECD and a second detection method (MS/MS) with
the Chirasil-Dex column. Te highest PCB concentration was measured in
sh, while the lowest concentration was measured in sediment indicating a
trend of biomagnication from lower to higher trophic levels. However, no
general pattern corresponding with distance from the source was observed.
Enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of PCBs 95, 91 and 149 were less than 0.5
in all media except for SPMDs, in which the EF of PCB 95 was close to
racemic (0.5) and the EF of PCB 149 was greater than 0.5. PCB 84 was
only observed in Corbicula and SPMDs, while PCBs 136 and 174 were
observed only in periphyton and sh, respectively. EFs of PCBs 95 and 91
in CPOMs and SPMDs were dierent from that in Stenonema, Corbicula,
and sh suggesting enantioselective metabolism or excretion of PCBs. EF
values of all media were not signicantly dierent among sites implying
similar biotransformation at all four sites. Values of EFs measured with both
columns and detection methods were found to be similar.
TP24 Re-assessment of liver tumour incidences in wild sh from
Canadian Areas of Concern. M.E. McMaster, J. Sherry, S. Brown,
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; B. Evans, B. Park,
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; C.
Portt, C. Portt and Associates, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. In 1987, the
International Joint Commission identied 43 Areas of Concern (AOC) in
the US-Canadian Great Lakes. To qualify as an AOC, the area contained
one or more benecial use impairment (BUI). One of the BUIs that was
identied at a number of locations was sh tumors or other deformities. It
was dened as when the incidence rates of sh tumors or other deformities
exceed rates at unimpacted control sites or when survey data conrm the
presence of neoplastic or preneoplastic liver tumors in bullheads or suckers.
Over the last several years Environment Canada has undertaken studies in
Canadian AOCs to determine the current state of sh and wildlife health.
Collaborations were developed with specialists at the Department of
Fisheries and Oceans who were experts on histological techniques in order
to evaluate properly data collected on tumour presence. Phase One was
focusing on conditions in AOCs of the lower Great Lakes. Tis presentation
will compare liver tumour incidences with those of specic reference sites
sampled for the various AOC studied. It will also evaluate the use of lake
wide reference site data in order to assess the relevance of the ndings at
individual AOCs. Tis data will be used by individual AOCs in order to
determine whether improvements have occurred within the AOC and
whether it can eventually be delisted.
TP25 Assessment of Endocrine Disruption in Smallmouth Bass
(Micropterus dolomieu) and Largemouth Bass (M. salmoides) in
Northeast U.S. National Wildlife Refuges. A.E. Pinkney, C.P. Guy,
Chesapeake Bay Field Oce, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis,
MD; L.R. Iwanowicz, V.S. Blazer, National Fish Health Research
Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV. Members of our
research team have reported a high (33-100%) prevalence of intersex,
specically testicular oocytes, in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu)
in the Potomac River basin, USA. Tese ndings coincide with worldwide
concern about endocrine disruption in sh and wildlife resources. Because
of this concern, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological
Survey have launched a multi-year investigation of this phenomenon on
Northeast U.S. National Wildlife Refuges. Our goal is to evaluate the extent
and magnitude of endocrine disruption (including intersex) in smallmouth
and largemouth bass (M. salmoides) in rivers and impoundments on or
adjacent to refuges. To the extent possible, the river sampling included
an upstream/downstream design with one collection point at or near a
suspected source of endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as wastewater
treatment plants and a pulp and paper mill. Endpoints include gonad
histopathology including intersex; hormone concentrations; and plasma
vitellogenin concentrations. Tis poster describes the sampling design and
locations for this project, which is just completing its rst year of data
collection. We anticipate presenting the ndings of this multiyear study at
future SETAC-NA meetings.
TP26 Comparative Responses (Survival and Reproduction) of
Ceriodaphnia dubia to Aqueous Exposures of Sodium Selenate and
Sodium Selenite. M. Osborne-Koch, D. Eggert, J.H. Rodgers, Department
of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
Reproductive responses to selenium exposures in some species of sh
and waterfowl can occur at lower concentrations than those which cause
mortality and these responses are inuenced by selenium form. Tere
may be similar responses in sensitive, aquatic invertebrate species such
as Ceriodaphnia dubia. Data in the USEPA Draft Aquatic Life Water
Quality Criteria for Selenium (2004) indicate that responses of C. dubia
to oxyanion selenate and selenite forms are not signicantly dierent.
However, survival of C. dubia exposed to sodium selenate measured at
dierent laboratories diered by a factor of approximately ve. Te results
of these studies indicate considerable uncertainty in responses of C. dubia
to selenium forms and this uncertainty is reected in our ability to predict
risks in aquatic systems. Te objective of this study was to measure responses
of C. dubia to aqueous exposures of sodium selenate and selenite. Range
nding experiments were performed with seven concentrations of sodium
selenate and sodium selenite, and subsequently, denitive 7-day static
renewal tests were conducted using arithmetically spaced concentrations
spanning the eective ranges. Test concentrations for sodium selenate
were 600 to 800 g Se/L and 900 to 1400 g Se/L for reproductive
eects and mortality, respectively. Test concentrations for sodium selenite
were 150 to 230 g Se/L and 100 to 400 g Se/L for reproductive eects
and mortality, respectively. Using hydride generation atomic absorption
spectroscopy, mean recovery for test concentrations was 100.31% with a
standard deviation of 6.9. LC
50
s of 1494 g/L and 453 g/L were estimated
using Probit analysis for sodium selenate and sodium selenite, respectively
and EC
50
s for C. dubia reproduction were 778 g/L and 224 g/L,
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 213
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respectively. Hypothesis testing (ANOVA with parametric or nonparametric
multiple comparison models) was used to discern lowest observed eect
concentrations (LOEC = 650 g/L for selenate and 190 g/L for selenite)
and no observed eect concentrations (NOEC = 600 g/L for selenate and
170 g/L for selenite). C. dubia reproductive responses occur at selenium
concentrations approximately half of those which elicit mortality for both
selenate and selenite. C. dubia is approximately three times more sensitive
to sodium selenite than to sodium selenate for both reproductive eects and
mortality.
TP27 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Piperonyl Butoxide to Larvae
of the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. T.R. Garner, Institute of
Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC; T.R.
Garner, J.E. Weinstein, Department of Biology, Te Citadel, Charleston,
SC. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a commonly used synergist in many
pyrethroid formulations due to its ability to interfere with cytochrome P450
monooxygenases. Because of the potential for PBO to occur in the estuarine
environment following mosquito spraying, the overall objective of this
study was to investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of PBO on larvae of
the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Acute toxicity was determined using
two 96-hour toxicity tests: one toxicity test was conducted under simulated
sunlight (UV-A=211.07.0 W/cm
2
, UV-B=9.82.4 W/cm
2
), while the
second toxicity test was conducted in the dark. In both acute toxicity tests,
PBO was not particularly toxic to grass shrimp larvae. Under simulated
sunlight and in the dark, 96-h LC50 values were similar (814.4 g/L and
888.6 g/L, respectively), suggesting that PBO toxicity is not enhanced
in the presence of sunlight. Chronic toxicity was determined using a 24-
day toxicity test assessing larval growth, median transformation time,
transformation weight, and juvenile growth. Larval weights, as measured
on day 14, were signicantly reduced at the two highest PBO treatments,
50 and 100 g/L, (2.682 and 2.759 mg/ind, respectively) compared to that
of the control (3.313 mg/ind) (p=0.0001). Also, at these same two PBO
treatment levels, median transformation time was signicantly increased 0.9
and 2.0 days, respectively, compared to that of the controls. Transformation
weight did not vary among the treatments or controls. Juvenile weights,
as measured on day 24, were also signicantly reduced in the 100 g/L
treatment (6.532 mg/ind) compared to that of the control (9.809 mg/ind)
(p<0.0001). Tese ndings suggest that grass shrimp larvae are sensitive to
environmentally-relevant concentrations of PBO, and chronic exposure to
these concentrations can adversely eect their growth and development.
TP28 Response of submersed aquatic plants to eld exposure to
military fog oil obscurant. T. Smith, D. Cropek, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Champaign, IL; C. Lembi, K. Wilkinson, Botany and Plant
Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; D. Soucek, Illinois
Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL. Military training and testing can be
land use intensive and thus can have a resultant but generally unquantied
eect on aquatic ecosystems. Battleeld obscurants are used as part of U.S.
Army and other military training. Eects of military obscurants on aquatic
environments have not been adequately investigated. As a component of
broader aquatic ecology and chemical and toxicological investigations of
military smokes, this study was conducted to determine possible acute and
sub-lethal eects of military fog oil obscurant on submergent aquatic plants
and algae, representative of food and cover sources for aquatic threatened,
endangered and other species, under actual eld exposures. We measured
fog oil obscurant deposition on water under typical and seasonal eld usage
conditions. We also measured the eects of fog oil obscurant exposure at
varying distances and times on growth and chlorophyll content of Stuckenia
pectinatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Fog oil obscurant deposition
was greatest close to the source but was not detected at 50 m and beyond.
Deposition amount but not necessarily rate also increased with increased
obscurant generation time. In our eld experiments, we were not able to
detect any dierences in growth of S. pectinatus or chlorophyll a content
of S. pectinatus or P. subcapitata attributable to fog oil obscurant exposure.
Tis evaluation provides evidence that fog oil obscurant as currently used by
the U.S. Army does not measurable aect submerged aquatic plants.
TP29 Eects of mercury on Florida marine sh populations: a
preliminary assessment of liver, kidney, blood, and nervous system
health. D.H. Adams, Fish & Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish &
Wildlife Conservation Commission, Melbourne, FL; C. Sonne, R. Dietz,
Dept. of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute,
Roskilde, Denmark; N. Basu, J. Carrothers, Dept. of Environmental Health
Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; P.S. Leifsson, Dept.
of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg,
Denmark; A.L. Jensen, Dept. of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark. Marine shes in south Florida
waters (e.g. the Florida Keys-Florida Bay-Everglades region) accumulate
relatively high concentrations of total mercury (THg) when compared
to similar sh from other areas of the southeastern USA. Here, an equal
number (n = 14 per region) of mature spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus,
were sampled from south Florida, where muscle THg concentrations are
high (mean=0.562; range= 0.115-0.901 g/g w.w.), and from the Indian
River Lagoon (reference area), where muscle THg concentrations are
signicantly (t-test, p<0.001) lower (mean=0.291; range=0.237-0.467
g/g w.w.). Our blood plasma biochemistry results indicated that 17 of 22
measured parameters were lowest in sh from south Florida. Of these 17
parameters; fructosamine, ALP and LDH showed a trend towards being
non-signicantly lower in the south Florida group (t-test, all 0.09>p>0.05)
while iron, inorganic phosphate and ASAT were signicantly lower in the
south Florida group (t-test, all p<0.03). In reference to the 5 parameters that
were higher in the south Florida sh, only BUN was noticeably higher (ca.
1.6 fold) although the dierence was not signicant (t-test, p=0.62). Tese
preliminary ndings provide strong evidence that THg may be impacting
the biochemistry and organ health of spotted seatrout. We will continue
this work and examine liver and kidney histology, several neurochemical
biomarkers, as well as THg in multiple tissue types (dorsal muscle, liver,
kidney, gonad, brain, red blood cells) to determine whether higher THg
may cause quantiable pathological and neurochemical changes in a model
marine sh species. Tese ndings have considerable implications as other
species, such as mackerels (Scomberomorus spp.), billsh (Istiophoridae),
swordsh (Xiphias gladius) and tunas (Tunnus spp. and Euthynnus spp.) can
carry even higher THg body burdens and may show even more expressed
health eects. BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen ALP: alkaline phosphatase
(ALP; ALKP; BASP) LDH: lactate dehydrogenase ASAT: aspartate
aminotransferase
TP30 Bioavailability of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds to
Daphnia magna. T.G. Loes, A.J. Cole, M.L. Julius, H.L. Schoenfuss,
Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St Cloud, MN.
Daphnia magna form an important link in the aquatic food chain that
could be interrupted by the exposure of endocrine disrupting compounds
(EDCs) through multiple pathways. We utilized three experimental
methods to answer a variety of questions to address the bioavailability
of EDCs to Daphnia magna. (1) a chronic toxicity assay involved the
exposure of Daphnia magna to a chemical stimulus through exposure via
a statically renewed media for 21 days. We hypothesized that exposure of
Daphnia magna to endocrine-active compounds at environmentally-relevant
concentrations will have adverse eects on reproduction and survival. (2) a
chemical passage experiment in which the chemical is introduced to the
Daphnia magna through chemical exposure of the daphnid food source
(exposed diatom-algae) rather than by way of the environment (media).
Tis exposure demonstrated whether or not the survival and reproductive
success of Daphnia magna are aected by exposure to anthropogenic
chemicals through a food source rather than by direct exposure to the
compound. (3) a food preference experiment or specicity evaluation.
In this assessment daphnia are allowed to selectively choose which food
source they wish to consume, either chemically-exposed or healthy control
diatoms. Te importance of such an exposure is to determine whether
Daphnia magna can detect either a deteriorated or detrimental food
source. One such food specicity assay demonstrated that there were
signicantly more daphnids present on the non-exposed Melosira varians
lters as compared to the 4-nonylphenol-exposed Melosira varians. (n=20,
p=0.0245) at the 18 minutes. Tere was no signicant dierence between
the number of daphnids present in each quadrant or the total number of
daphnids on each quadrant and lter combined at the 18 minute mark (last
photo). Experimental results with all three testing methods will be given
for exposures to alkylphenol mixtures as well as the outcomes for chronic
toxicity testing with an estrogen mixture and pharmaceutical mixture.
TP31 Inuence of temperature on copper toxicity and accumulation
in gills of the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides: in vivo and in vitro
studies. C.M. Martins, S.E. Martins, M.B. Jorge, J.L. Ruiz, C.L. Paganini,
A. Bianchini, Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; M.M. Souza, Departamento de
214 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Cincias Fisiolgicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, RS,
Brazil. Copper accumulation and toxicity in aquatic organisms are not
only dependent on the waterborne metal concentration, but on other
environmental and biological factors. Studies on chemical speciation show
that the activity and bioavailability of metalic species generally increase
at higher temperatures. It is also known that the bioavailable metal can
competes with ions for active binding sites at tissues, like gills, being
transported and accumulated. Terefore, it would be expected a higher
copper accumulation in aquatic animals exposed at higher temperatures.
However, we found that gills of the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides
collected at the Mar Grosso Beach (Southern Brazil) in winter (12
o
C)
showed a higher copper accumulation than those collected in summer
(27
o
C). Terefore, copper toxicity and gill accumulation, as well as the
concentration of metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) were investigated
both in vivo and in vitro in clams acclimated to 10
o
C and 20
o
C. Acute
toxicity (96-h LC50) was higher at 10
o
C (0.269 mg/L) than at 20
o
C (0.505
mg/L). Copper accumulation was also much higher in gills of clams exposed
to the 96-h LC50 at 10
o
C than at 20
o
C. MTLP concentration was higher
in gills of clams acclimated to 10
o
C, suggesting an inuence of temperature
on the MTLP synthesis in non copper-exposed clams. In vitro studies were
performed on isolated gill cells exposed to 1, 10 and 100 M Cu for 1 or 6
h at 10
o
C and 20
o
C. Toxicity was measured considering cell viability after
copper exposure. MTLP concentration in gill cells was also measured after 1
h of exposure to 100 M Cu. Results showed a higher copper accumulation
and MTLP concentration in gill cells of clams acclimated to 10
o
C. On the
other hand, copper toxicity after 1 and 6 h of exposure was only observed
in cells from clams acclimated to 20
o
C. Taken all ndings together, our
studies indicate that copper is more accumulated by gills of M. mactroides at
lower environmental temperatures. Also, they suggest that the higher copper
accumulation paralleled with a lack of eect on copper toxicity in gill cells
from clams acclimated to the lower temperature (10
o
C) can be associated
with a higher availability of detoxifying molecules, such as metallothioneins.
TP32 Multi-generational eects of 4-tert-octylphenol on sex
dierentiation and reproduction in Japanese medaka. N. Tatarazako,
N. Hirai, M. Koshio, R. Nakagawa, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Tsukuba, Japan; R.D. Johnson, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN; C. Eto, Chemical
Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; T. Iguchi, Okazaki
Institute for Integrative Bioscience and National Institute for Basic Biology,
Okazaki, Japan. Estrogenic substances can inuence sexual dierentiation,
maturation, and reproduction in sh when exposed at non-lethal
concentrations. Multi-generation tests are being developed for evaluating
estrogenic substances, as well as other endocrine disruptors, to determine
the relative sensitivities of dierent life-stages and generations. Furthermore,
to evaluate test protocols it is useful to compare the test results obtained
when dierent labs perform similar test protocols using the same estrogenic
substance. In this study, conducted by National Institute for Environmental
Studies in Japan (NIES), we evaluated the results from a multi-generation
test protocol, developed by US-Environmental protection agency (US-EPA).
Te sh, Japanese medaka, were exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol, a known
estrogenic substance in sh, at ve dierent test concentrations ranging
from 6.25 to 100 g/L, including NOEC and LOEC level in previous
studies. Te exposure started with reproductive phase adult sh in the F0
generation and was continued to the end of the reproductive phase of the F2
generation (36 weeks). In the F1 generation, the hatching rates (84-92%)
and survival at 8 weeks post-fertilization (96-100%) were not signicantly
dierent from the control rates. In the F2 generation, the hatching rates
were also not signicantly dierent than control rate, even though the mean
levels in the 12.5 g/L treatments and higher (76-77%) were lower than
control level (87%). Fecundity measured in F0 indicated no signicant
dierence among test groups (31-36 eggs/day*pair), but the fecundity
in F1 sh was signicantly decreased in the 100 g/L treatment (0.04
eggs/day*pair). Fertility was also not signicantly dierent in the 50g/L
treatments and lower, in both F0 and F1 generations (93-99%). But, the
fertility in 100g/L treatment was signicantly decreased with respect to
control (0.81%). Tese responses in reproduction in F0 and F1 sh tested
in NIES were similar of those measured by the US-EPA, suggesting that
the protocol for multi-generation test was reproducible. (Funded by the
Ministry of Environment, Japan)
TP33 Lethal and Sublethal Endpoints in Larval Fathead Minnow
(Pimephales promelas): A Comparison of Commercial Pesticide
Formulations versus pure active Ingredients. S. Beggel, R. Connon, I.
Werner, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; S. Beggel, J. Geist,
Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Freising, Germany. Residues of a great
number of insecticides used in agricultural and urban areas can be found
in surface water bodies throughout California at concentrations potentially
hazardous to aquatic ecosystem. Toxicity thresholds such as LC/EC50 for
aquatic species are generally determined using the pure chemical ingredient
of these insecticides, whereas a signicant proportion of available insecticide
formulations consist of so called inert ingredients. Tese ingredients
serve several functions, acting as solvents, surfactants or preservatives and
may therefore increase the toxicity of the active ingredient. We chose a
pyrethroid, bifenthrin, and the phenylpyrazole pronil and compared
the pure insecticide with one of the commercially available formulations,
Talstar and Termidor. Mortality and swimming performance in larval
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were used as toxicological endpoints
to test the hypothesis that the toxicity of pure active ingredient diers from
the toxicity of their respective insecticide formulation.
TP34 Mesocosm evaluation of the toxicity and fate of three
potential PBDE replacement BFRs: Determination of the risk to
aquatic organisms. B. de Jourdan, K. Solomon, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada; M. Hanson, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; D. Muir, National Water Research
Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Legacy and
some current use brominated ame retardants such as polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)
and penta-, and octa- BDEs have now be phased out. Assessments by
Environment Canada and by the European Union indicate deca-BDE is
clearly persistent and numerous studies have detected deca-BDE in the
atmosphere, sediment, water and biota at steadily increasing levels. Current
concern regarding deca-BDE is based on its potential to biotransform
into more toxic, lower brominated PBDEs in biota. Tis has prompted
the search for PBDE substitutes; however, the PBT properties of these
replacement chemicals are poorly characterized. Tetrabromobisphenol A
bis(2,3-dibromopropylether), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and
3,4,5,6 tetrabromo-bis(2-ethyl(hexyl)ester), have been identied as potential
replacements for PBDE, based on their bromine content and physical
properties, and as such they have been selected for further assessment in
this study. As of 2002 these compounds were being produced at a rate of 10
million lbs/yr. To address the environmental fate and toxicological eects of
these substitutes, in July 2008 the water column in twelve 12,000-L outdoor
mesocosms, 3 mesocosms per compound with 3 controls, at the University
of Guelph were treated with the compounds at concentrations designed to
give a maximum load 1000 ng/g in the upper 5 mm of the sediment. Caged
fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas (n=192, 16 sh per mesocosm)
were added to the mesocosms and acclimated for 2 weeks prior to exposure.
Te exposure period was for 42 days, followed by 28 days of depuration
with tissue and serum samples taken throughout both periods. Growth and
development endpoints were compared for each treatment using a one-way
ANOVA, with signicant ndings compared to controls using Dunnetts
test. Te fate and partitioning of these compounds between water and
sediment was also examined. Detailed results of analyses will be presented,
as well as ongoing and future work.
TP35 Assessment of Upper Danube River sediments toxicity
using new fractionation techniques and the Danio rerio embryo
assay and the Ames uctuation assay. E.B. Higley, J. Giesy, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; T. Seiler, J. Wolz,
N. Best, H. Hollert, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; S. Grund, University
of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; M. Hecker, Entrix, Okemos,
Saskatchewan, Canada; J. Giesy, University of Hong Kong, Hong kong,
China; U. Lubcke-von Varel, W. Brack, T. Schulz, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
Te worlds river systems provide fresh water to the people, irrigation for
agriculture, many recreational activities and support thousands of species
but despite this and because of it the worlds river systems have been
polluted though out history. Possible sources vary from personal wastewater
(i.e. urine and feces, detergents, pharmaceuticals), industry (i.e. PCBs,
dioxins, and metals), agricultural runo (i.e. pesticides and fertilizers), to
storm water runo from urban areas (i.e. salts, oil, and antifreeze). Severely
contaminated sediments from many rivers and lakes have been shown to be
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acutely and chronically toxic to sh and benthic invertebrate species. For
example, sediment samples from the Upper Danube River were analyzed
in six separate assays and found to have considerable genotoxic, cytotoxic,
mutagenic, embryotoxic and estrogenic eects (Keiter et al., 2006). Also,
along the Upper Danube River sh stocks have been in decline since the
start of the 1990s. In this study, we intend to analyze extracted sediment
samples from the Danube River on the Danio rerio embryo assay and assess
lethal and sub lethal endpoints. In addition, mutagenicity was assessed using
the Ames uctuation assay. For the sediment samples that shown toxicity,
fractionation of each sample will be performed by separating compounds
according to their polarity, planarity and the size of the aromatic ring
system. 18 fractions for each sediment sample will be tested separately in the
Ames uctuation assay and Danio rerio embryo assay to assess which group
of chemicals within the sediment sample caused the original toxicity.
TP36 Assessment of Aqueous Solubility Using Dierent Preparation
Techniques and Diluents. C. Mead, Department of Ecotoxicology,
Safepharm Laboratories, Derby, United Kingdom. Te aqueous solubility
of poorly-water soluble materials in test media used for Ecotoxicology
tests is often found to be dierent to water solubility values determined
using standard water solubility determinations e.g. OECD Guideline 105.
Factors which can inuence these dierences include, but are not limited
to, i) Dierences in diluent e.g. distilled water used in water solubility
determinations versus test media containing various inorganic salts. ii) Te
vigour of the test media/test material mixing e.g. shake-ask techniques
employed in water solubility determinations versus slow stirring methods of
test media preparation. iii) Duration of mixing, stirring or shaking. A study
was undertaken to assess the aqueous solubility of a poorly-water soluble
material when using dierent preparation techniques and dierent diluents.
Te material used had a reported water solubility of 1.44 mg/l. Previously
conducted Acute Ecotoxicology tests had given dissolved test material
concentrations of between approximately 0.80 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l.
TP37 Novel cardiac and hepatic blood ow data in sh: critical
information for bioconcentration/bioaccumulation modeling. L.H.
Petersen, E. Dzialowski, D. Huggett, Department of Biology, Institute
of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Current
techniques for bioconcentration/bioaccumulation (BCF/BAF) modeling
of contaminants in sh rely heavily, if not solely, on a compounds octanol-
water partitioning coecient (Kow). Extensive eorts are underway to
incorporate and scale in vitro metabolism data into the current BCF/
BAF models. A sensitivity analysis revealed that scaling of in vitro data is
greatly inuenced by cardiac output (Q) and net hepatic blood ow. In vivo
cardiac output data are somewhat available for rainbow trout, but these in
vivo data has previously been provided by: 1) using Transonic ow probes
but opening the pericardium or 2) using doppler ow probes and thereby
providing relative ow. Tus few studies have used Transonic ow probes
on trout without disrupting the pericardium. Furthermore, cardiac output
(Q) and net hepatic blood ow are not available for commonly tested
species such as common carp and channel catsh. Consequently, the aim
of this study was to measure cardiac output and hepatic ow (i.e. portal
and venous ow) in the large sh species using Transonic ow probes. Tis
study will therefore provide useful data regarding blood ow in sh that is
valuable for BCF/BAF modeling. Novel blood ow parameters and methods
will be presented for the species of interest.
TP38 Characterization of the sorption of oil sands naphthenic
acids to engineered polymers using electrospray ionization mass
spectrometry. J.V. Headley, K.M. Peru, Water Science and Technology
Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
M.H. Mohamed, L.D. Wilson, Department of Chemistry, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Vast quantities of oil
sands processing water (OSPW) containing toxic naphthenic acids (NAs)
are produced by industry. NAs are saturated carboxylic acids with general
formula CnH2n+ZO2, where n is the carbon number and z is the hydrogen
deciency. Selective sorption of some NAs is known to occur for organic
soils, biolm and wetland plant species. However, it is not established to
what extent NAs can be removed from OSPW by engineered polymers.
Te current study presents a preliminary investigation of the sorption of
NAs to three cylcodextrin polymers, along with granular activated carbon
(GAC). Equilibrium sorption isotherms for total NAs in aqueous solution
were measured using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS).
For all surfaces investigated, there was a reduction in concentration of total
NAs in solution. Te sorption capacities for GAC ranged from 100-160 mg
NAs/g of material whereas the polymeric materials ranged from 20-30 mg
NAs/g of material. In general, dierences in the sorption properties between
GAC and the CD-based sorbents were related to dierences in the surface
areas of the materials and the chemical nature of the sorbents. Te CD-
based materials displayed sorption capacities ranging from 36.2-657 m2/g
as compared to that for GAC (795 m2/g). In addition to the reduction
of total NAs from solution, there was evidence for selective sorption of
some components. Te selective sorption was dependent on the dierent
classes of NAs, and varied with molecular weight, and z series or cyclicity
of the NA. Depending on the nature of the surface of the polymer, there
was also ESI/MS evidence for selective inclusion of some NA components
within the polymer materials. Te latter was indicated by a shift to higher
molecular weight of the NAs prole corresponding to the mass of the CD-
based sorbents. Te selectivity for inclusion of components in the NAs
mixture was also a function of the class of NAs, and varied with molecular
weight, and z series or cyclicity of the NAs. Tese results provide insight on
fundamental properties controlling the selective sorption of NA mixtures for
development of materials for removal of NAs from OSPW.
TP39 Chemical and Ecotoxicological Characterization of Athabasca
Oil Sands Coke Leachates. N. Puttaswamy, K. Liber, Toxicology Centre,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Termal
upgrading of oil sands bitumen in Alberta, Canada, produces an enormous
volume of coke as a by-product. Tis large volume of coke may someday
be integrated into reclamation landscapes for future recovery. Trace
elements associated with coke could be released into the surrounding
landscapes under dierent environmental conditions. Terefore, in this
study, coke leachates collected from the two eld lysimeters and leachates
generated in the laboratory were subjected to chemical and ecotoxicological
characterization. Te main objectives were to evaluate the toxicity response
of Ceriodaphnia dubia to coke leachates collected from two eld lysimeters
with dierent cover depths (i.e. shallow vs. deep) and to perform toxicity
identication evaluations (TIEs) on the leachate generated in the laboratory
to determine the cause(s) of toxicity. Chronic toxicity of key metals (e.g. Ni
and V) found in lysimeter coke leachate was evaluated separately. Toxicity
results of coke leachates from both lysimeters revealed LC50 values to be
<25% (v/v) at all sampling times. Te deep lysimeter leachate was generally
signicantly more toxic than the shallow lysimeter leachate, likely because
of signicantly (p0.05) higher concentrations of V found in the deep
lysimeter leachate. To identify the exact cause of toxicity, coke leachate was
subjected to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition and anion
exchange resin (AER) treatments in separate tests. With the addition of
EDTA, the reproduction of C. dubia improved marginally. However, the
AER treatment signicantly decreased (p0.05) leachate toxicity. Metals
forming anionic species (e.g. V) could therefore be, at least partially,
responsible for the observed toxicity in both lysimeters and in the laboratory
generated leachate. Evidence gathered from ecotoxicological and chemical
characterization of oil sands coke leachate, suggests that V was likely the
main cause of toxicity in the deep lysimeter leachate, whereas V and Ni
could both be responsible for the observed toxicity in the shallow lysimeter
leachate. Further TIE manipulation tests will be performed using specic
metal chelators to conrm the cause of leachate toxicity.
TP40 UPLC and High-Resolution QTOF-MS for Understanding
the Oxidative Fate of Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process-Aected
Water. T.A. Barri, X. Han, J.W. Martin, Division of Analytical and
Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Te oil
sands industry in Canada is currently experiencing tremendous growth
and it is important that the process for extracting oil from bitumen be
conducted sustainably. Te industry relies heavily on withdrawals of fresh
water from the Athabasca River for this process, and the resulting oil sands
process-aected water (OSPW) cannot be returned to natural systems
because it has acute and chronic toxicity which is largely attributable
to high concentrations (20-120 mg L-1) of naphthenic acids (NAs); a
complex mixture of aliphatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids. To enable
studying the fate of complex mixtures of NAs in OSPW under various
remediation techniques, an analytical method was required that could
fully and simultaneously characterize parent NAs and their predicted
oxidized products (OH-NAs) in a single analytical run. An ultra-high
performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/high-resolution QTOF mass
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spectrometry method was developed and applied to the characterization of
NA mixtures including ozonated and un-ozonted OSPW and commercial
NAs. Disappearance of parent NAs could be followed quantitatively, and
ozonation of commercial NAs at 10 and 20 ppm O3 (pH=8) resulted in
50% and 80% degradation, respectively. NAs in OSPW were degraded to
12%, 52%, 75%, and 83% when the samples were ozonated for 0.5, 1, 1.5,
and 2 min, respectively. NA degradation products were tentatively identied
as mono, di-, tri-, and tetra-OH-NAs and were found at detectable levels in
both samples; however quantication of these products was dicult using
a C18 stationary phase. Nevertheless, the total response of mono OH-NAs
after 10 and 20 ppm ozonation of the commercial NAs mixture was 3.2-
and 2.9-fold higher, respectively, than the total response parent NAs in the
starting mixture. Ozonation of OSPW, which contains OH-NAs to begin
with, for 0.5 and 1.0 min showed an increase of the total response mono-
OH-NAs of 15% and 11%, respectively. Chromatographic separation
and characterization of the same mixtures using HILIC stationary phases
will be contrasted to reverse-phase. Te greatest challenge when working
with complex mixtures was making full use of the wealth of data provided
by UPLC/QTOF MS. Te use of metabolomic software for non-targeted
characterization of oxidation products, and minor OSPW constituents will
be presented.
TP41 Proposing narcosis as the mode of acute toxic action for
naphthenic acids. R. Frank, Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada; R. Kavanagh, K.R. Solomon, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada; B. Burnison, Environment Canada, Burlington,
Ontario, Canada; J.V. Headley, Environment Canada, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; G. Arsenault, Wellington Laboratories, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada. Te oil sands of north-eastern Alberta, Canada contain
the second largest oil reserve on Earth, with an estimated 173.2 billion
barrels of recoverable bitumen. Te alkaline water used for the Clark
hot water extraction of bitumen is recycled, resulting in the release and
concentration of naphthenic acids (NAs) from the sediment. Field studies
have demonstrated that microbial degradation of lower molecular weight
(MW) NAs leads to decreased acute toxicity, although the mechanism by
which lower MW NAs would elicit a greater toxic response has not been
described. Kugelrohr distillation was used to separate an extracted mixture
of methylated NAs by dierences in boiling point. Subsequent toxicity tests
with Vibrio scheri using the Microtox assay revealed that toxicity decreased
from the lowest MW fraction (41.9 95% condence interval (CI) of 5.5
mg L-1) to the highest (64.9 95% CI of 14.5 mg L-1). Proton nuclear
magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis of the collected methylated NA
fractions revealed an increasing ratio of methyl ester hydrogen atoms to
remaining aliphatic hydrogen atoms from the lowest MW fraction (0.130)
to the highest MW fraction (0.214). Tese results, coupled with analysis by
ESI-MS, indicate greater carboxylic acid content within NAs of higher MW
and a greater degree of cyclicity. To investigate the inuence of multiple
carboxylic acid groups as well as increased MW on NA toxicity, eight NA-
like surrogates (four mono-carboxylic; four di-carboxylic) were assayed in
V. scheri and Daphnia magna. Te acute toxicity of the NA-like surrogates
increased with higher MW, however, the toxicity signicantly decreased with
the presence of an additional carboxylic acid group. Tese results suggest
that acute toxicity of NAs is dependent upon hydrophobicity, therefore
the probable mode of action is narcosis, also referred to as membrane
disruption. Predicted toxicities generated by a QSAR model were similar to
observed toxicities in V. scheri and D. magna assays, indicating that QSAR
models have potential to serve as a prioritization tool for identifying NA
structures likely to have an increased toxicity.
TP42 Eective Remediation of Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands
Process Water by Combining Biodegradation and Ozonation. X.
Han, T. Barri, J.W. Martin, Division of Analytical and Environmental
Toxicology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; H. Fu, M. Demeter, M. Gamal El-
Din, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; D. Coy, A.C. Scott, P.M. Fedorak,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada. Large volumes of toxic aqueous tailings, containing high
concentrations of naphthenic acids (NAs), are produced in northern Alberta
by the rapidly expanding oil sands industry. NAs, the main contributor to
the toxicity, are a complex mixture of cyclic and non-cyclic carboxylic acids
(CnH2n+ZO2), where Z is a negative even integer related to the number
of rings in the molecule. Due to the persistence of NAs, biodegradation
alone can not fully remediate the recalcitrant NAs in oil sands process
water (OSPW), thus, there is an urgent need to examine alternative
remediation techniques. Our previous studies indicated that NAs with more
rings or more alkyl branching increased recalcitrance to biodegradation.
However, we hypothesized that these same structural features would lead
to preferential oxidation by hydroxyl radical mediated advanced oxidation
or ozonation. In this study, quantitative structure-persistence relationships
and kinetics for NA ozonation were investigated using HPLC-high
resolution mass spectrometry. NAs oxidation was found to vary with
increasing pH. Te optimal pH was 8, which is also the pH of OSPW,
thus it might be practical to treat OSPW in situ. Half lives of NAs ranged
from 25 to 100 seconds and NAs with more rings were depleted faster by
ozonation. Advanced oxidation, and/or ozonation, may be complimentary
to biodegradation for OSPW remediation. In order to further substantiate
our hypothesis, two NA mixtures, commercial Rened Merichem NAs and
OSPW NAs, were both ozonated to reduce the NA concentration by
50% and 75%, and biodegradation kinetics and toxicity were subsequently
followed. It is anticipated that the two methods will be complimentary, and
will be practical for implementation.
TP43 Biodegradation of Naphthenic Acids in Simulated Wetlands:
Relationship Between Congener Proles and Aquatic Toxicity. N.
Toor, E. Franz, K. Liber, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; X. Han, J. Martin, Division of
Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada; M. MacKinnon, Edmonton Research Centre, Syncrude
Canada Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Te toxicity of process aected
waters (OSPWs) from the Athabasca Oil Sands (AOS) in northern
Alberta, Canada, have been shown to be, at least partially, related to a
relatively persistent group of dissolved organic acids known as naphthenic
acids (NAs). Naphthenic Acids are a complex mixture of saturated alkyl-
substituted acyclic and cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids, with a general
formula C
n
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O
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, where n indicates the carbon number and z species a
homologous family related to the number of rings in the molecule. In this
research, we evaluate the potential for the biodegradation and associated
reduction in aquatic toxicity of OSPWs using ow-through laboratory
wetland microcosms, and identied changes in NA composition over
a period of 52 weeks. Experimental manipulations included two types
of OSPWs (Syncrude and Suncor), increased nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorus enrichment), and short and long hydraulic retention times
(HRT) (40 and 400 days). Te reduction in total NA concentration
was enhanced under longer HRTs for both types of OSPW, whereas the
inuence of nutrient addition was minimal. Tree-dimensional bar graphs,
produced by HPLC/QTOF analysis, were used to track the changes in NA
mixture proles or ngerprints over time. Based on rst order kinetics, the
selective biodegradation of the more labile and less persistent NA fractions
were associated with the lower z families (lowest degrees of cyclization). Te
relative persistence of NA compounds with the highest number of rings
and carbon numbers, n, may potentially explain the lack of a correlation
between the observed reduction in total NA concentration and the relatively
unchanged toxicological response as measured by Microtox

. Te results
of this research will contribute to the design criteria and understanding of
the eectiveness of aquatic reclamation strategies proposed to mitigate the
potential impacts of the enormous volumes of tailings water produced and
stored at the AOS.
TP44 Assessment of algae for bioremediation of oil sands process-
aected water. B. McConkey, R. Frank, A. Woodworth, G. Dixon, K.
Muller, Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; M.
Chappel, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are the principal toxic constituents of wastewater
resulting as a by-product of the extraction of bitumen from oil sand.
Research has demonstrated that microbial degradation of NA mixtures leads
to a decrease in aquatic toxicity, however, this process can take months,
and in some cases years, before signicant reduction in mixture toxicity
is observed. While NAs in oil sands process-aected water (OSPW) are
toxic to many forms of biota, certain species of phytoplankton have been
observed to thrive in oil sands tailings ponds. Uptake of NAs by high-
density algal cultures has been proposed as an alternative remediation
technique. Absorption and adsorption of NAs by algal species could reduce
the toxicity of OSPW in a much shorter time span than biodegradation
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strategies. Furthermore, it is possible that extracted algal biomass can be
used for co-production of biodiesel or as a soil additive in land reclamation
eorts. To determine the potential for NA remediation using algae, we
have identied indigenous species of algae tolerant of NAs in oil sands
tailings ponds, and are investigating the relative accumulation of NAs by
these species. Phytoplankton were sampled from OSPW as well as natural
water bodies in the area surrounding Fort McMurray, Alberta. Te algal
community structure was identied and has been exposed to a mixture of
NAs previously extracted from OSPW. Te NA content of the test solutions
was characterized using ESI-MS, identifying qualitative and quantitative
dierences following uptake of NAs by the algal species. Te toxicity of the
NA extract will be assessed using laboratory bioassays (i.e., Daphnid 48-h
acute lethality assay, Microtox 15-min basic test), pre- and post-algal uptake
of NAs. Species of algae leading to the most signicant decreases in toxicity
will be further investigated as potential test species for an OSPW treatment
system.
TP45 Interaction of salinity and naphthenic acids in the toxicity
of oil sands process water to freshwater invertebrates. D. Turcotte,
A.K. Pasloski, K.M. Alm, K. Liber, Toxicology Centre, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Te oil sands mining
industry in the Athabasca River area, Alberta, uses large quantities of
water during the oil extraction process. Te resulting oil sands process
water (OSPW) is proposed to be part of future reclamation landscapes so
understanding its toxicity to freshwater aquatic invertebrates is important
in order to develop environmentally acceptable OSPW reclamation
plans. Te OSPW typically contains elevated concentrations of salts and
naphthenic acids (NAs), but low levels of other contaminants such as PAHs
and metals. Tis project investigated the combined toxic eect of NAs and
salinity on freshwater invertebrates. Te toxicity of OSPW from selected
water bodies was rst determined using laboratory cultured Ceriodaphnia
dubia, and then with a clone of Daphnia pulex isolated from a test pond
in the oil sands mining area. Te pond waters that elicited a toxic response
had elevated levels of NAs and salinity, but the concentrations of salinity
ions varied greatly among ponds. Results suggested that ion composition
may be a factor in toxicity, not just total ionic content. Te D. pulex clone,
which is more tolerant to salt than C. dubia, was subsequently used to
perform bioassays with single salts and with mixtures representing major
ion combinations present in the OSPW (carbonate, sulfate, chlorine and
sodium). Te interaction between NAs and salinity was assessed by exposing
D. pulex to mixtures of NAs extracted from OSPW and relevant major
ions chosen based on results from the salt toxicity tests. Both survival and
reproduction were used as tests endpoints.
TP46 Oil sands constituents and their eects on the reproductive
physiology of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). R. Kavanagh,
K. Solomon, G. Van Der Kraak, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada; R. Frank, A. Farwell, G. Dixon, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada; M. MacKinnon, Syncrude Canada Ltd., Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada; K. Burnison, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada; J. Headley, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. In the process of extracting bitumen from oil sand, large volumes
of uid tailings are produced. Developers plan to eventually transfer these
tailings to mined-out pits and cap them with clean water to create a self-
contained aquatic environment. Previous work suggests that the oil sand
constituents that are present in these lakes may alter the reproductive
physiology of sh. In order to determine if uid tailings would impair
reproduction, 21 day fathead minnow reproduction assays were conducted
in Northern Alberta. Fathead minnows were held in Gregoire Lake water
(reference site) for 14 21 days to gather baseline data on fecundity, fertility,
and hatching success. Fathead minnows were then held in oil sands process-
aected waters (OSPW) or Gregoire Lake water (reference) for 21 days.
Spawning was reduced in sh that had been held in OSPW. Follow-up
experiments were conducted in order to identify the oil sands constituents
responsible for the reproductive impairment observed in these sh. A
naphthenic acid extract was produced from uid tailings in a settling basin
at Syncrude Canada Ltd. A naphthenic acid extract was found to impair
fathead minnow reproduction at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/l and
reduce male secondary sexual characteristics. When fathead minnows were
exposed to a naphthenic acid extract and sodium bicarbonate, there was no
reduction in male secondary sexual characteristics but spawning was still
impaired. Collectively, these studies show that OSPW has the potential to
aect the reproductive physiology of sh and that naphthenic acids may be
one of the constituents that is responsible.
TP48 Comparing Chromium Concentrations and Benthic
Macroinvertebrate Assembly in a Texas Freshwater Stream System.
C.L. Benes, C. Harman, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc., Somerset,
NJ. A Tier 2 Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment was conducted
in accordance with the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission
ecological risk assessment program for a site in southeast Texas. Te SLERA
evaluated the potential for ecological risks to result from the presence of
chromium in surface waters and sediments of the Escondido Creek system.
A total of 938 benthic macroinvertebrate organisms were collected and
identied, representing 60 dierent taxa. In general, there were no clear
trends from upstream to downstream with regard to benthic community
metric calculations or habitat quality index scores. Sediment chromium
concentrations were compared to some of the more vital community
metric results in order to isolate trends. Te plotted results showed no
visible correlation between the metric evaluations and the chromium
concentrations. In order to conrm that there were no statistically
signicant correlations, the community metric results were plotted as
a function of sediment chromium concentrations and linear regression
calculations were made. Tere were no statistically signicant correlations
between any of the community metric results and the chromium
concentrations in the collocated sediment samples. Because there were no
statistically signicant correlations between any of the community metric
results and sediment chromium concentrations, chromium was ruled out
as a factor inuencing benthic community metric results. Terefore, it was
concluded that a number of natural factors (e.g., immaturity of the ditch
system, life cycles, substrate composition), and not sediment chromium
concentrations, inuence the Escondido Creek stream system benthic
community.
TP49 Bioamplication of PCBs in yellow perch eggs during embryo
development. J. Daley, T. Leadley, K.G. Drouillard, Great Lakes Institute
for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario,
Canada. Bioamplication is the condition where an animal losses body
mass and/or lipids at a rate that exceeds chemical elimination. From an
ecotoxicology perspective, this internal tissue focusing of contaminant
can result in enhanced toxicity during an animals life cycle. From an
ecological perspective, bioamplication tends to occur during bioenergetic
bottlenecks and can reect a marker of ecological stressors due to nutritional
constraints and/or ontogenetic physiological changes. Bioamplication of
persistent organic pollutants has been demonstrated for several species and
life stages including adult birds during spring weight loss, developing avian
embryos, metamorphosizing amphibians, migrating salmon and emerging
mayies. Bioamplication has been hypothesized to be applicable to all
oviparious species during embryo development. To date, the process has
only been demonstrated in birds and there is debate as to whether chemical
elimination attenuates embryo bioamplication in eggs incubated in
water. Te objective of this study was to validate embryo bioamplication
in an aquatic species using yellow perch. Egg masses were collected from
an aquaculture pond and incubated in a ow through system receiving
the same pond water at in-situ temperatures. Replicate egg masses were
collected for analysis at 7 time points during incubation, ranging from day
0 (newly fertilized eggs) to 2 d hatched larvae. Yolk sac volume, measured
under microscopy, showed declines throughout incubation, while neutral
lipids decreased by 27%, from an initial value of 26.93.7% dry weight in
fresh eggs to 19.7%0.8% in hatched larvae. Lipid normalized PCB 153
concentrations increased in concentration from 0.100.02 ug/g lipid at
day 0 to 0.140.01ug/g lipid in 2d larvae. Te results validate a fugacity
gradient for highly hydrophobic PCBs is produced in sh eggs due to use
of yolk lipids by embryos to satisfy bioenergetic demands. Bioamplication
will increase embryo exposures to organic contaminants beyond the initial
fugacity established at egg laying due to maternal deposition. Te technique
also indicates that certain highly hydrophobic PCBs can be used as an inert
marker for lipid utilization by sh embryos.
TP50 Eects of chemical exposure on sexual reproduction in the
experimental population of Daphnia magna. S. Oda, N. Tatarazako,
Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for
Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan; T. Iguchi, National institutes
of Natural Science, Okazaki, Japan. Juvenile hormones are known to be
playing a major role in production of male neonates in cyclical parthenogen
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Daphnia. In the present study, eects of a juvenoid insect growth regulator
(IGR) fenoxycarb and of an herbicide atrazine on the production of male
neonates and ephippium formation through population dynamics were
studied using experimental populations of Daphnia magna. Experiments
were conducted by spiking test chemicals once a week to genetically
identical populations in a 2-L glass beaker. During the experimental
period of three months, males in the control were kept at around 10%
of the total population. Te population sex ratio elevated as high as
about 50% at a concentration of 2g/L of fenoxycarb. Tis was probably
caused by induction of male neonate production by juvenile hormone
activity. Exposure to 200g/L of atrazine also increased population sex
ratio, resulting in 20-30% of total population being male. Formation
of ephippium was observed in all the experimental groups. However, it
was kept in lower number in the fenoxycarb group than in the control,
while atrazine exposure increased the number of females with ephippium
as high as about 30% of total females. Few resting eggs yielded in the
populations exposed to fenoxycarb may be partly because there were some
environmental factors lacking, which Daphnia requires for the ephippium
formation. Atrazine, on the other hand, increased both the percentage of
males and of females with ephippium in the population. Further exploration
will be needed to understand the mechanisms associated with enhancement
of ephippium formation by atrazine. Te results in the present study suggest
that chemicals other than juvenoid IGRs may also have some impacts on
the population of cladoceran crustaceans through disturbance in sexual
reproduction even though the modes of action are dierent. Modeling and
simulation would be useful tools for the better understanding of ecological
consequences of changes in population sex ratio and in resting egg
production by these chemicals.
TP51 Trans-generational exposure to poultry litter leachate causes
endocrine disruption in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). S.
Pollack, W.O. Lamp, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park,
MD. Anthropogenic sources of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)
are prevalent in aquatic ecosystems. Tese compounds target the most
vulnerable physiological mechanisms for reproductive development in sh.
Te main focus of this study was to assess the impact of an agricultural
source of an EDC mixture, poultry litter leachate, on the reproductive
mechanisms of the fathead minnow. Adult fathead minnow breeding groups
were exposed to the leachate or a positive control 17-estradiol (E2) for 21
days. Ospring from the breeding groups were also exposed to the leachate
or a control treatment for 21 days, then removed from the treatment,
and grown up to 6 months of age. Eects measured included assessment
of fecundity, steroid hormone levels, gonadosomatic index (GSI), male
secondary sex characteristics and vitellogenin expression in males for adult
sh. For ospring, GSI values and aromatase activity were assessed. Te
adult breeding groups had compromised fecundity (74 9 mean number
of eggs) in the controls compared to 35 6, 38 7, and 24 4 in the
Low, High, and E2 treatments, respectively; p < 0.0001). For poultry litter
exposed sh, females experienced a signicant decline in the endogenous sex
steroid, E2 for controls (54.8 pg/mL) compared to 13.3 pg/mL, 12.1 pg/
mL and 29.7 pg/mL in the Low, High, and E2 groups, respectively. Males
had more breeding tubercles (17 0.7) in the control group compared
to 11 2.1, and 11 1.6 in the High and E2 groups, respectively. Male
sh in the highest poultry litter leachate treatment and the E2 treatment
produced a signicant amount of vitellogenin (17.2 6.9 mg/mL and 26.1
3.5 mg/mL, respectively) compared to controls. Te ospring from these
breeding groups also experienced compromised reproductive development
where female sh in the Low poultry litter and E2 positive control groups
had signicantly lower GSI values (LowLow = 4.9 1.4 and E2E2 = 2.3
0.8) compared to their control counterparts(LowControl = 8.9 0.9,
E2Control = 8.2 2.7; p = 0.04). Aromatase activity was lower among Low,
High and E2 poultry litter treated groups (HighHigh = 339 55 fmol/hr/
mg, LowLow = 563 73 fmol/hr/mg, and E2E2 = 243 35 fmol/hr/mg)
compared to the control (604 55 fmol/hr/mg). Tis study demonstrates
the potential of EDCs to disrupt the health and tness of adult exposed sh
and their ospring, living in urban and agricultural watersheds.
TP52 Survival analysis of mosquitosh (Gambusia anis) and
least killish (Heterandria formosa) exposed to endosulfan sulfate. J.
Carriger, T.C. Hoang, G.M. Rand, Florida International University, Miami,
FL. Single species ow-through toxicity tests were conducted to determine
the time-to-death of mosquitosh (Gambusia anis) and least killish
(Heterandria formosa) from acute exposure to endosulfan sulfate. Mortalities
were recorded within eight hour periods from test initiation to termination
at 96 hours. An accelerated failure time model was used to estimate times to
death at selected concentrations. Data from both toxicity tests were t to log
normal, log logistic and Weibull distributions. Acute toxicity data t to the
Weibull distribution produced log likelihood statistics that were higher than
log normal and log logistic distributions for both toxicity tests. Te trimmed
Spearman-Karber estimated 96-h LC50s were 2.3 g/L for mosquitosh and
2.0 g/L for least killish. Survival proles will be presented to illustrate the
benet of considering exposure duration as well as intensity when predicting
risk to species populations.
TP53 Performance of Activated Carbon and Organoclay as Reactive
Cap Sorbents for Adsorption of PAH and PCB in Presence of Organic
Acids. K. Gardner, B. Sharma, J. Melton, Environmental Research Group,
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH; G. Tracey, SAIC, Inc,
Newport, RI; A. Hawkins, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center,
Port Hueneme, CA. Te performances of activated carbon and organoclay
were evaluated as reactive cap sorbents that can be used to sequester
organic contaminants in the presence of natural organics that are present in
sediment porewaters. Experiments were conducted to determine the eect of
Aldrich humic acid, Suwannee River humic acid, fulvic acid, natural organic
matter and pore water extracted from sediments of the Passaic and Hudson
Rivers. Studies were also conducted with a sorbent mixture (containing
35% organoclay, 35% activated carbon and 30% apatite) that was retrieved
from reactive core mats deployed in the eld for six months to determine
the eect of natural organic matter present in the eld. Te inuence of
these natural organic materials was determined on the adsorption of 2, 2,
5, 5-tetrachlorobiphenyl and phenanthrene. Results showed signicant
eect of Aldrich humic acid on 2, 2, 5, 5-tetrachlorobiphenyl adsorption
on both the sorbents. Tere was slight enhancement in the adsorption
capacity of organoclay for 2, 2, 5, 5-tetrachlorobiphenyl in the presence
of fulvic acid but no eect was observed for activated carbon. Tere was no
eect of NOM on 2, 2, 5, 5-tetrachlorobiphenyl adsorption on both the
sorbents. In case of phenanthrene adsorption, no eect of any fraction of
natural organics was noticed for organoclay. In the case of activated carbon
the eects of Aldrich humic acid, Suwannee River humic acid, Suwannee
River fulvic acid and Suwannee River NOM were found to have similar
reducing eect on phenanthrene adsorption. A signicant eect of Hudson
River porewater (high humics) was observed on the performance of both the
sorbents for both the contaminants, although only small eect was found
for the Passaic porewater (which was low in humics). Column experiments
have also been conducted using sorbent mixtures contained within
geotextile mats to investigate mass transfer implications for thin reactive
capping techniques.
TP54 Eect of AquaBlok, a sediment capping technology, on
environmental quality and benthic macroinvertebrates. C.S. Bentivegna,
A. Brown, A. Gerardi, Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South
Orange, NJ. Capping is one strategy for reducing biota exposure to
sediment contaminants. Tis investigation studied the ability of a novel
capping substrate, AquaBlok (AB), to improve the environmental health
of Kearny Marsh, an oligohaline wetland located in the New Jersey
Meadowlands, USA. AB was placed over sediments in 60 by 60 foot plots.
Treatments included AB with or without 2% peat moss incorporated and
control (uncapped) sediment. Environmental health was assessed by benthic
macroinvertebrate (BMI) abundance and diversity. BMI were collected
using Hester-Dendy at the following times: pre-capping, July 2005, and
post-capping, September 2005, May 2006, August 2006, November
2006, May 2007, July 2007 and November 2007. Te eect of AB was
determined on sediment and water contaminants (heavy metals, PCBs and
OCPs) and water quality parameters (pH, temperature, DO, redox, salinity,
conductivity, and depth). Contaminants were measured once a year. Water
quality data was measured during BMI collections. Results for organics
showed that PCBs and OCPs were about 9x lower in AB than control
sediments. PCBs and OCPS in water overlaying AB and sediments were
similar and variable over time. Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and
Zn) were about 5-18x lower in AB than sediment. Heavy metals in water
overlaying AB and sediment were similar; however, concentrations spiked
right after capping then declined over time. Biodiversity was low with no
improvement for any treatment: Shannon-Weiner Index equaled 0 0.733.
Compared to sediment control, AB did increase BMI total abundance
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3-7x in summer and fall. Tis increase was associated with higher levels
of DO and redox. In summary, AB contained lower contaminant levels
than uncapped sediment over time. Heavy metal concentrations in water
improved after an initial spike. Biodiversity did not improve over 2.5 years;
however, abundance of dominant fauna increased on AB plots.
TP55 Uncertainty-Based Modeling of Cap Eectiveness in the
Presence of Advection and Ebullition. P. Adriaens, R. Vannela, S. Wright,
P. Cakir, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; P. Adriaens, J. Wolfe, N.
Barabas, T. Redder, J. DePinto, LimnoTech, Ann Arbor, MI; C. Gruden,
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH. We have developed an uncertainty-based
customized sediment ux model (SFM) to integrate eld and laboratory
data aimed at predicting cap eectiveness in the presence of advection
and ebullition. It has the following features: (i) layer-variable properties,
including sediment organic carbon fraction, bulk density, and hydraulic
conductivity; (ii) Amenable to Monte Carlo specications for the input-
parameter functions; and (iii) Water column boundary conditions to
x the desired sediment and PAH settling/deposition uxes. Te model
inputs are represented by a combination of literature-based ranges of
values (e.g. biodegradation, partitioning, deposition rates), eld-measured
parameters (e.g. groundwater ow rates, contaminant concentrations), and
experimentally-derived functions describing sediment resuspension and
ebullition. Te model outputs are contaminant concentration proles that
inform cap performance design indicators (e.g. thickness, conductivity,)
to ensure long term protectiveness of the cap. Te model outputs can be
projected on various spatial supports to accommodate spatial variability
in cap thickness, contaminant concentrations and microbial metrics. Te
model, currently specied using eld data from the Anacostia River capping
project, has been cross-validated using laboratory-derived data from ux
chambers (PAH uxes measured in semi-permeable membrane devices,
SPMD). Data analysis indicates that the model is capable of predicting PAH
uxes through the sand cap within an order of magnitude of those measured
with SPMD in the laboratory ux chambers (e.g. 36 g/m2/d modeled vs.
2 g/m2/d observed after 10 weeks under similar advection rates). Further
specication using recirculating ume (sediment resuspension) data, and
laboratory-based gas production rates will be applied to complete the
internal validation of the SFM to predict cap eectiveness in the presence of
advection and ebullition.
TP56 Characterizing Mixture Eects Of Environmental Androgens
Using A Cell Line. L. Blake, J. Cavallin, E. Durhan, D. Martinovic,
D. Villeneuve, G. Ankley, USEPA, Duluth, MN; L. Blake, Integrated
Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN; V. Wilson, USEPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Complex mixtures of synthetic and natural
androgens and estrogens are commonly released to the aquatic environment
in the excrement of livestock. It is important to understand the potential
interactive eects (i.e., additive, synergistic, antagonistic) of these mixtures
in order to properly assess their risk. Known estrogen receptor agonists, as
well as androgen antagonists, exhibit concentration addition in mixtures
when tested in vivo and in vitro. Little is known, however, concerning
possible mixture interactions of androgen receptor agonists. In these
studies we used a human breast cancer cell line with endogenous androgen
receptors and a stably-transfected luciferase reporter gene construct (MDA-
kb2) to quantify the androgenic activity of natural and synthetic androgens
likely to be found in animal waste, including testosterone, 17-trenbolone,
17-trenbolone, androstenedione, and trendione. We tested combinations
of these androgens and compared the expected versus observed androgenic
activity based on a concentration addition model. Te results of our studies
conrm the utility of the MDA cell line for quantifying the activity of
mixtures of androgens in complex wastes such as municipal euents and
feedlot discharges.
TP57 Bioavailability and degradation of the veterinary antibiotic
erythromycin in an aquatic and sediment microcosm. A.M. Jessick,
J.R. Coats, Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; T.B. Moorman,
National Soil Tilth Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames,
IA. Tere is increased concern of the presence of veterinary antibiotics
in the environment due to their widespread use in livestock, feed for
the prevention of disease, and growth promotion. Veterinary antibiotics
fate in environmental ecosystems is not well understood. In this study,
the bioavailability of radiolabeled erythromycin was evaluated in aquatic
and sediment microcosms using C8-EmporeTM extraction disks and
comparing uptake to the oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus. Te Empore
disks and the aquatic worms were incubated in treatment water at various
concentrations and time points. At the conclusion of the study, the disks
and worms were extracted and uptake of radioactive erythromycin was
determined. Comparisons of relative uptake between disks and the more
traditional bioassay were made, including assessments between the two
systems. Degradation of erythromycin throughout the course of the studies
was examined.
TP58 Applicability of Cyanobacteria as test species for the algal
growth inhibition test for pharmaceuticals. T. Niino, S. Yamada, Y.
Niikura, Y. Sato, H. Saito, Mitsubishi chemical safety institute ltd.,
Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. Cyanobacteria are generally considered to be
more sensitive to antimicrobials than green algae, and recommended for
the algal growth inhibition test of antimicrobials by EMEA guideline on
the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use.
In this study, Synechococcus leopoliensis (S.leopoliensis), which is one of
the test species listed in OECD TG201, was used to assess the applicability
for the algal growth inhibition test. Te sensitivities of S.leopoliensis to
seven pharmaceuticals including four antimicrobials were compared with
those of green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (P.subcapitata) which
is widely used in ecotoxicology. All tests were performed in accordance
with OECD TG201. S.leopoliensis showed logarithmic growths under the
same culture conditions for P.subcapitata during exposure periods. Before
the exposure test, both specic growth rates for two species were compared
under the same culture conditions. Te coecient of variation of average
specic growth rates of S.leopoliensis was 2-13% (n=9) while 1-7% (n=9)
or less for P.subcapitata. It was found that S.leopoliensis has a more wide
range of variation in the growth rate than P.subcapitata under controlled test
conditions. Tere were signicant correlations between ErC50 values and
NOECr values for both species. Te ratios of ErC50 values and NOECr
values were within about 10-fold. S.leopoliensis was more sensitive to six
pharmaceuticals (including four antimicrobials) than P.subcapitata. Tese
results suggest that the algal growth inhibition test with S.leopoliensis (in
conjunction with P.subcapitata) would give useful information for the
environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals.
TP59 Sublethal eects of pharmaceutical industry euent on sh
and rat blood chemistry, histopathology and hepatic gene expression.
L. Gunnarsson, C. Rutgersson, D. Larsson, Neuroscience and Physiology,
the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gteborg,
Sweden; E. Kristiansson, L. Frlin, Department of Zoology, University
of Gothenburg, Gteborg, Sweden. Very high concentrations of a variety
of active pharmaceutical ingredients have been detected in euent from
a treatment plant receiving process water from about 90 pharmaceutical
industries located near Hyderabad, India (Larsson DGJ, de Pedro C, Paxeus
N. 2007. J Haz Mat 148:751-755). How sh, livestock and humans could
be aected by exposure to this euent is yet unknown. To start addressing
this issue, rainbow trout and rats were exposed (via water and force-
feeding, respectively) during ve days and several physiological endpoints
together with eects on global gene expression patterns were analyzed.
Clinical blood chemistry analyses revealed a consistent increase in plasma
phosphate levels in sh exposed to 0.2 % euent, suggesting an impaired
kidney function. A dilution of 0.2 % corresponds to almost 1 billion liters
of water per day contaminated to a level that aects sh. In contrast, the
serum chemistry in the rats was not aected after ve days, possibly due to
the dierent exposure setups between the two species. Microarray analyses
of hepatic gene responses related to drug exposure and toxic eects are
ongoing. Furthermore, the histopathology of liver, kidney and gills is also
characterized.
TP60 Tubercle resorption and epithelial remodeling in fathead
minnows exposed to ethinylestradiol. A.S. Kane, Emerging Pathogens
Institute; and Environmental Health Program, College of Public Health
& Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; J.D. Salierno,
Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson
University, Madison, NJ; J.C. Wolf, Experimental Pathology Laboratories,
Sterling, VA. Te reduction of nuptial tubercles in male fathead minnows
resulting from exposure to environmental estrogens is well documented.
However, knowledge regarding tubercle alterations at the cellular level is
poorly understood. In this study, histological tubercle data was analyzed
from a study in which male fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were
exposed to 0, 20 or 40 ng/L 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for 21 days. Te
focus was to investigate EE2-exposed alterations in male fathead minnow
220 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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nuptial tubercle morphology. Fish exposed to EE2 had fewer tubercles
compared with control sh (ANOVA, p 0.001). Tis, in turn, was related
to the increased incidence of tubercle resorption (Kruskal-Wallis AOV, p
0.001). Upon further histological evaluation of resorbed tubercles, several
signicant dierences were observed between non-exposed and EE2-exposed
sh. EE2-exposed sh exhibited increased tubercle hypoplasia and atrophy
(Kruskal-Wallace AOV, p = 0.007), along with decreased stratum spinosum
cellular hypertrophy and keratinization (Kruskal-Wallace AOV, p 0.009).
In addition, dermal cellular pigmentation was marginally increased in
EE2-exposed sh (Kruskal-Wallace AOV, p = 0.06). Tese alterations
occurred concurrently with signicant decreases in 11-ketotestosterone,
testosterone, and estradiol (11-KT, T, and E2 respectively, ANOVA, p
0.03). Tis analysis conrmed the regression in tubercles observed under
light microscopy and describes signicant cellular changes in tubercle
structure resulting from hormonal alterations in sh exposed to estrogenic
compounds. In addition, this is the rst report to describe tubercle
regression through the use of histological analysis in fathead minnows.
Extensive remodeling of these secondary sex characteristics, known to be
under hormonal control, has ramications for male reproductive success
and provides novel insights into the cellular physiology that underpins the
formation and regression of keratinized tubercles in sh.
TP61 Investigation of the Multixenobiotic Resistance (MXR)
Mechanism in Selected Aquatic Species. C.L. Damare, K.N.
Baer, Toxicology, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA.
Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) in aquatic organisms is mediated by
the overexpression of a transmembrane P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which is
responsible for the eux of both endogenous and exogenous compounds.
Tis Pgp may be a rst-line defense mechanism for aquatic organisms,
which frequently encounter a wide range of contaminants. However,
it may be sensitive to xenobiotics that act as inducers or inhibitors
(chemosensitizers) of this system. Modulation of this defense mechanism
may have deleterious eects on aquatic organisms, resulting from the
inhibition of Pgp; or, it may provide a protective role, in the case of
induction. Tis investigation focuses on characterizing the MXR system
in the selected aquatic species, Gambusia anis and Lepomis macrochirus
for its utility as a biomarker of exposure to contaminants. A model was
modied to characterize the activity of Pgp via the accumulation and eux
of a known Pgp substrate, the uorescent dye rhodamine B. In G. anis,
a seven-day pre-exposure to the inducing agent rhodamine 123 resulted
in a 62.9% decrease in substrate accumulation after 18 hours, compared
to a 60.1% decrease for controls. Continuous exposure to verapamil, a
known Pgp inhibitor, resulted in a decrease in substrate accumulation by
4.7% within 18 hours, whereas controls decreased substrate accumulation
by 42.5%. Seven days of exposure to dexamethasone, a known Pgp
inducing agent in mammalian systems, resulted in a decrease in substrate
accumulation of 57.1% within 18 hours, compared to 60.1% in controls.
Contrary to data that supports the Pgp modulating ability of these
compounds, there were no statistical dierences found between controls
and the compounds tested. In L. macrochirus, a seven-day pre-exposure
to rhodamine 123 also resulted in no dierences in substrate eux within
18 hours between treated and controls. Additionally, continuous exposure
to verapamil resulted in no dierence in substrate eux within 18 hours,
compared to controls. Te results from this study show that the application
of an in vivo model to be used as a biomarker of exposure may not be a
reliable indicator of contaminant exposure, due to the variability between
species. Tus, more research should be performed to fully characterize the
Pgp activity among aquatic species.
TP62 Wild sh exposed to Municipal Wastewater Euents in a
small receiving environment in Canada. G. Tetreault, B. Knight, M.
Servos, Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; G.
Tetreault, M. McMaster, J. Bennett, S. Spina, Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Municipal Wastewater Euent discharge
(MWWE) is the largest by volume discharge into the Canadian aquatic
receiving environments. MWWE or sewage is a mixture of domestic and
industrial wastes, and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
which have been detected in environmental samples. Previous studies by
Environment Canada on Wascana Creek in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada,
have determined that during the winter low ow periods, the creek is 100%
treated sewage. Tis creek does not receive any other major discharges
making it a simpler model system to understand. With these studies, we
are interested in determining whether MWWE eects normal reproductive
development in sh in Canada, and if so, does impaired reproductive health
inuence the survival of sh populations, and alter the sh community.
In 2007 and 2008, eld studies assessed sentinel sh species under pre-
spawning, spawning and post-spawn conditions in terms of growth
(condition factor), reproduction (in vitro sex steroid biosynthetic capacity,
gonadosomatic indices, and histology) and survival. Comparisons were
made in sh collected upstream and downstream of the City of Reginas
Wastewater Treatment Plant. Abundant species in this system are the fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) and brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans).
Both sexes of spawning fathead minnow collected downstream of the sewage
discharge were smaller, had reduced condition and larger liver somatic
index when compared to sh collected upstream of the City of Regina.
STP exposed males also had signicantly lower scores of secondary sexual
characteristics (fewer nuptial tubercles, little or no development of the
dorsal pad, and the lack of presence of a dorsal n dot). Brook stickleback
females exposed to STP euent had increased gonad size and corresponding
increased testosterone levels but decreased 17b-estradiol steroid production
capacity when compared to levels produced by reference sh. Post-spawning
collections revealed an absence of sucient mature fathead minnows
downstream of the STP discharge for site comparisons, although stickleback
where abundant and did not demonstrate any signicant site dierences in
performance. A scan of histologically prepared testicular tissue indicates the
potential for the intersex condition in STP exposed male fathead minnows.
TP63 Investigating the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to human
prescription pharmaceuticals present in wastewater discharges. A. Batt,
M. Kostich, J. Lazorchak, National Exposure Research Laboratories, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Our group has recently
prioritized a list of the most prescribed active pharmaceutical ingredients
(API) in the US based on the potential of their wastewater residues to cause
biological eects. A method using selective solid phase extraction and liquid
chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry has been
developed for the analysis of the top rated APIs from that process, which
includes 48 APIs and 6 selected metabolites. Tis is the rst environmental
pharmaceutical analysis method targeting a list of analytes derived to
reect ecological importance, several of which to our knowledge have
not previously been included in an environmental monitoring method.
Te method has been applied to a variety of sources, including several
samplings of wastewater discharges and surface waters, and a sampling of
treated discharges from hospitals, nursing homes, and assisted living care
facilities. More than 35 of the 54 target analytes were consistently detected
in wastewater discharges, with concentrations ranging from low ng/L to low
g/L. Te majority of the target analytes were also detected in the healthcare
facility wastewaters, with detections ranging from low ng/L to 650 g/L.
Te method will continue to be used in future studies to assess the exposure
of ecosystems and aquatic organisms to APIs present in WWTP discharges.
TP64 An examination of the PhATE and GREAT-ER models used
to predict concentrations of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic
environment. C. Holmes, Waterborne Environmental, Inc., Leesburg,
VA; K. Barrett, Huntingdon Life Sciences, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire,
United Kingdom. Te fate and transport of pharmaceuticals in aquatic
systems after discharge from waste water treatment plants is crucial to
evaluate the potential risk of such compounds to the environment. Two
GIS-based watershed models are in use within the US and Europe. Te
Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation (PhATE) model
contains 11 scenario watersheds in the US to calculate environmental
concentrations based on product use, sewage treatment methods and
hydrologic information within the watershed. Te Geographically
Referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers
(GREAT-ER) model includes 16 scenario watersheds across 7 countries. For
this poster a sample compound was modeled using similar watersheds from
both PhATE and GREAT-ER. A discussion on the methods and results
from each model will be presented.
TP65 Invertebrate and Small Mammal Bioavailability Study at the
USDA Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. A. Bernhardt, P. Smith,
Tetra Tech NUS, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA; M. Bowersox, J. Roberts, Tetra Tech,
Owings Mills, MD; D. Prevar, USDA, Beltsville Agricultural Research
Center, Beltsville,, MD; B. Pluta, K. Davis, J. Tuttle, USEPA, Region 3,
Philadelphia, PA. A study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of
pesticides in soil to invertebrates and small mammals at the United States
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 221
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Department of Agriculture (USDA) Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
(BARC) in Beltsville, Maryland. In particular, the study was conducted at
two sites; BARCs 4 and 19, which are areas where pesticides were stored,
mixed, and/or applied to the soil. Results of previous investigations at
BARCs 4 and 19 indicated the presence of the pesticides dieldrin, 4,4-
DDT, 4,4-DDE, and 4,4-DDD in surface soil at elevated levels compared
to previously developed site-specic ecological cleanup goals. Because
these screening levels were based on limited data from BARCs 4 and 19,
the purpose of this study was to collect additional site-specic data and
rene and reduce the uncertainties in the ecological cleanup goals. As
part of this study, the following were done: (1) invertebrate tissue samples
and co-located soil samples were collected for chemical analysis, (2) a
laboratory earthworm bioaccumulation study was conducted, and (3)
small mammal samples were collected for chemical analysis. Te data were
used to determine the bioavailability of pesticides to earthworms, eld-
collected invertebrates, and small mammals, to determine whether pesticides
were causing an unacceptable risk to mammals and birds, and to develop
preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) to protect the receptors at risk. Based
on the results of the study, it was determined that risks were greater for
vermivorous mammals and birds than for carnivorous mammals and birds.
Terefore, PRGs were calculated using bioaccumulation factors developed as
part of this study to protect vermivorous mammals and birds ingesting soil
and invertebrates from the site.
TP66 Development of a Simulated Earthworm Microbial Ecosystem
Digester (SEMED) as a surrogate measure of metal bioavailability
in eld soils. W.K. Ma, B.A. Smith, S.D. Siciliano, Soil Science,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; G.L.
Stephenson, Biology, University of Waterloo, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
G.L. Stephenson, Stantec Consulting Ltd, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Soil physico-chemical characteristics and contamination levels alter the
bioavailability of metals to terrestrial invertebrates. Current laboratory
derived benchmark concentrations used to estimate risk do not take
into account site-specic conditions, such as contaminant sequestration;
therefore, it is necessary to develop tools tailored for use at sites that
account for these factors. Te Simulated Earthworm Microbial Ecosystem
Digester (SEMED) was developed to measure the bioavailability of metal
contaminants in soil to invertebrates by mimicking the gastrointestinal
uid composition of earthworms. Tree formulations of the SEMED
(enzymes; microbial culture; enzymes and microbial culture) were developed
and used to digest eld soils with varying physico-chemical characteristics
and contamination levels from a former mining site. When compared to
chemical measures (water and 0.01 M calcium chloride extractions) of
metal bioaccessibility, extracts of soils digested with SEMED formulations
containing enzymes had two to three times more As, Cu, Pb and Zn. Tis
was likely caused by the breakdown of soil organic matter by the added
enzymes leading to the release of sorbed metals. Metal concentrations
in extracts from SEMED formulation with microbial culture alone were
not dierent from values for chemical extractions. Tis may be caused by
low extracellular enzyme activity in the microbial culture or sorption of
released metals onto microbial cell surfaces. Te relevance of these SEMED
results will be validated through further comparison and correlation with
bioaccumulation tests, alternative chemical extraction tests, and a battery of
chronic toxicity tests (i.e., invertebrates and plant tests).
TP67 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation of waste incineration ash
eluate by column test lled by soils. Y. Ueda, R. Shoji, Tokyo National
College of Technology, Tokyo, Japan; M. Yamada, H. Asaskura, Research
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, Te National Institute
for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba-shi, Japan; M. Abe, Akita Prefectural
University, Akita-shi, Japan. Waste incineration ashes are generally
dumped in landlls mixed with soil. Heavy metals found in the ashes pose
signicant environmental hazards for ecosystem. Te objective of this study
is to evaluate the toxicity reduction of waste incineration ash eluate by a
column (15mL) lled with soil or chemically inert sand. Toxicity test has
been performed by algal growth inhibition test using Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata. Copper concentration discharged from the soil column is
higher than that from the sand column in the initial term (until 100min.
at 0.3mL/min. of ow rate). Te EC50 of leachate from sand column was
38.5mg/L, while the EC50 of leachate from soil column was 42.0mg/L.
In environment, waste incineration ash eluate is always contacting with
other ashes, wastes and soils in the landll layers. Many kind of organic
matter, such as humic acid can be found in the covered soil layers. It is
well-known that the speciation of metals is strongly aected by Humic acid.
Additionally, heavy metal speciation is aected by pH. Te soil pH is the
main factor controlling the solubility and bioavailability of metals.
TP68 Comparison of a Simulated Earthworm Microbial Ecosystem
Digester (SEMED) with surrogate measures of metal bioavailability in
eld soils. B.A. Smith, B. Greenberg, Department of Biology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; W.K. Ma, S.D. Siciliano,
Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; B.A. Smith, G.L. Stephenson, Stantec Consulting
Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Ecological risk assessments are often
driven by the soil contact exposure pathway for terrestrial invertebrates.
Te approach of using laboratory derived benchmark concentrations to
estimate risk does not take into account site-specic conditions, such as
contaminant sequestration, and therefore there is an inherent uncertainty
with their use. Soil physico-chemical characteristics and contamination
levels alter the bioavailability of metals to terrestrial invertebrates; it is
necessary to develop tools tailored for use at sites that account for these
factors. An in vitro test, the Simulated Earthworm Microbial Ecosystem
Digester (SEMED), was developed to measure the bioavailability of
contaminants in soil to invertebrates by mimicking the gastrointestinal uid
composition of earthworms. Te test was validated with other chemical
and biological measures of bioavailability. Field soils with varying physico-
chemical characteristics and contamination levels were collected from a
former mining site. Bioaccumulation tests (following draft Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidance), chemical
extraction tests (i.e., calcium chloride and cyclodextrin), and a battery of
chronic toxicity tests (i.e., invertebrates and plant tests) were performed
using the eld soils. Te SEMED test was performed with the same eld
soils. Te results of the SEMED test were compared to the results of other
surrogate measures of bioavailability. Tese comparisons will contribute to
the development of a suite of tools to assess metal bioavailability in eld
soils.
TP69 Mesocosm studies on the bioavailability and loss of
Compound-B derived TNT and RDX in vegetated and bare soils. E.P.
Best, Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army ERDC, Vicksburg, MS; J.C.
Smith, SpecPro, Inc., Vicksburg, MS. Explosives have been released from
military operations in the environment of military ranges. Te long-term
environmental impacts of exposure to elevated levels of these compounds
are of concern. Te U.S. Department of Defense recognized the need for
information on the environmental impact of explosives and is involved
in studies aimed at minimizing their environmental eects. Promising
in-situ technologies for contaminated soils include phytoextractionthe
use of plants to take up (accumulate) and remove contaminants from the
soiland phytostabilizationthe use of both plants and soil amendments
to prevent the contaminants from migrating from the source area. Either
phytoextraction or phytostabilization or a combination of both would
be cost-eective, aesthetically pleasing, and not disruptive of range use,
but the fate and transport characteristics of energetics in vegetated soils
must be understood before phytoremediation can be eectively used with
condence. We report on an ongoing study to advance the capabilities
for phytoremediation of explosives-contaminated soil using common
herbaceous plants. First, rapidly colonizing, resilient, and potentially
explosives-tolerant grasses and forbs were identied. Subsequently, a
pot study was conducted in which ve grass and ve forb species were
evaluated for their tolerance towards TNT and RDX, respectively, uptake,
degradation and (plant-assisted) microbial degradation in the soil using a
mass balance approach. In the current study, the bioavailability and loss of
Compound-B derived TNT and RDX were evaluated in 0.5-m deep, bare
and vegetated soil columns contained in lysimeter-mesocosms, using a mass
balance approach as well. Te soil columns were amended with Comp-B
up to a nal concentration of 250 mg kg-1 soil, after settling of the soil and
establishment of the vegetation, composed by two, previously identied,
explosives-tolerant species of the uptaker-degrader type. Te mesocosms
underwent a rainfall regime mimicking conditions in Kosciusko, MS. TNT,
RDX, and metabolite concentrations were measured in leachate, plant
organs, root-mimicking SPMEs, and soil for a period of up to 120 days.
Te collected data will form the basis for the calculations of TNT and RDX
phytoremediation, (plant-assisted) bioremediation, transport in the vadose
zone of the soil, and potential loss under eld-mimicking conditions.
222 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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TP70 Relationship between heavy metal contents in soil and in body
of adult female Pardosa astrigera (Araneae: Lycosidae). M. Jung, Y. Kim,
J. Lee, Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; S. Kim, J. Lee, Research
Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul,
South Korea. Some terrestrial invertebrates are used as biological indicator
for heavy metal pollution in soil due to their bioaccumulation ability.
Spiders can highly accumulate heavy metals in their body. Tis study was
conducted to determine the relationship between heavy metal contents (Cd,
Cu, Pb, and Zn) in soil and their accumulation in adult female Pardosa
astrigera. Tis study was carried out at four (May 2006), ve (September
2006), eight (May 2007), and ve (September 2007) dierent sites. Tree
topsoil samples were taken and adult female P. astrigera with egg sac were
collected by hand. Total heavy metal contents in soil and in spiders were
measured using ICP-MS. Te total heavy metal contents in soil varied
among sampling sites and varied seasonally within the same site. Te heavy
metal contents of spiders were signicantly dierent among sites. Heavy
metal levels appeared to be higher in spiders collected in September than
in spiders collected in May although it depended on heavy metals and
sites. Te content of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn was 71.4, 8.7, 0.1, and 4.8 times
higher in the body than in soil, respectively. Te Cu and Zn content in the
body tended to increase as those in soil increased although no signicance
was found. However, the Cd and Pb content in the body were signicantly
positively correlated with those in soil. Te dierences in heavy metal
bioaccumulation patterns may be caused by dierent metal kinetics and
regulation mechanisms. Overall, these results suggest that P. astrigera may be
useful as a Cd accumulator indicator species.
TP71 Toxicity proling of sediments: monitoring instruments for
water quality. C. Schipper, Deltares, Delft, Netherlands. Cor Schipper,
Juliette Legler, Pim Leonards, Dick Vethaak, Timo Hamers. Deltares, PO-
box 177, 2600 MH Delft, Te Netherlands; email cor.schipper@deltares.
nl. Sediment quality assessment is traditionally based on a substance-
based approach in which analyzed concentrations of a set of pollutants are
compared to substance specic quality criteria. Because more and more
chemicals are emerging in the aquatic environment, water managers are
currently searching for new quality assessment methods, which are no
longer based on levels of an increasing number of individual substances
but on the overall ecological relevant eects of the mixture found in situ.
Bioassays t in the paradigm shift from a substance-based approach to
an eect-based approach. By testing sediment extracts in a battery of in
vitro bioassays, sediment-specic toxicity proles can be obtained, which
can be used as an indicator for location-specic sediment quality. Toxicity
proling is a promising tool for sediment quality assessment. It is a rapid
and cost-ecient method, which is based on possible threats to ecological
status and is therefore in line with the ecological objectives of the EU-Water
Framework Directive (WFD), Natura 2000 and EU-Marine Framework
Directive (MFD). Objectives: To explore how sediment toxicity proles can
be applied as an indicator for sediment quality, using sea ports as a testing
ground.
TP72 Inuence of Activated Carbon on the Accumulation and
Elimination of PCBs from Unsaturated Soil. P. Paul, S. Fagervold, U.
Ghosh, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland
Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD. Cleanup strategies for contaminated
soils follow a risk based approach that takes into account several exposure
pathways linking sources to potential receptors. Typical exposure
pathways for terrestrial environments include contaminant leaching from
soil to ground or surface water, contaminant release from soil due to
volatilization, ingestion of contaminated soil or food that has accumulated
contaminants from soil. Past research has demonstrated the feasibility of
PCB bioavailability reduction in water-saturated sediments through the
amendment of activated carbon. Tis research is evaluating the eect of
activated carbon on PCB exposure from unsaturated soils through leaching,
volatilization, and bioaccumulation in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida.
Earthworms are representative organisms at the base of the terrestrial food
chain and live in close contact with soil where they may be exposed directly
to bioaccumulative chemicals. In this research the accumulation and
elimination of PCBs from an articially contaminated soil was studied with
and without amendment with activated carbon (80-325 mesh). A 28-day
soil exposure study demonstrated 95% reduction in the bioaccumulation
of PCBs when activated carbon was mixed in the soil and 68% reduction
when activated carbon was layered on top of the soil. Rapid elimination
of dichlorobiphenyls was observed in the activated carbon amended soil
as compared to clean articial soil. Te elimination process of tri and
tetrachlorobiphenyls were fast for the rst three days and then slowed
down. Overall a greater elimination of PCBs was observed in activated
carbon amended soil. Results from this study indicate that treatment of the
biologically active layer of contaminated soil with activated carbon may be
a promising in-situ stabilization method for reducing the bioavailability
of PCBs and other hydrophobic organic compounds in a terrestrial
environment.
TP73 Comparison of Passive Sampling Devices for Measuring
Dissolved PCBs in the Water Column of a Marine Superfund Site.
R.M. Burgess, U.S. EPA, Narragansett, RI; Y. Zhang, M.P. McKee,
Battelle, Duxbury, MA; R. Lohmann, P.J. Luey, C.L. Friedman, Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett,
RI; J.P. Schubauer-Berigan, U.S. EPA, Cincinnatti, OH; L. Lefkovitz,
ARCADIS, Duxbury, MA. Te presence of contaminated sediments in
aquatic environments results in several potential sources of ecological risk.
Tese risks include the release of contaminants into the water column
causing exposure to pelagic organisms. Possible adverse biological eects
of this exposure include trophic transfer of contaminants to sh, wildlife
and humans. Biomonitoring with water column deployed organisms is
frequently used to quantify the magnitude of this type of exposure. More
recently, several passive sampling technologies have been developed to
complement biomonitoring including semi-permeable membrane devices
(SPMDs), solid phase microextraction (SPME) and polyethylene devices
(PEDs). In principle, these samplers collect organic contaminants only from
the dissolved phase and thus contaminants bioavailable to organisms. In
this study, the uptake of 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by SPMDs,
SPME and PEDs was compared in deployments at a marine Superfund
site (New Bedford Harbor, MA, USA). Deployments were performed at
two stations for 7, 14, 21 and 29 days to evaluate PCB uptake kinetics and
equilibrium concentrations. After 29 days of deployment, concentrations
in passive samplers compared well to one another and, depending upon
the congener, ranged from undetectable to 10,000 ng/mL. Further, when
passive sampler PCB concentrations were used to calculate dissolved
phase PCB concentrations, we found the samplers generated similar
concentrations within a factor of two to three, ranging from undetectable
to 100 ng/L. Finally, comparison of dissolved phase PCB concentrations
based on the passive samplers to dissolved concentrations based on mussel
concentrations from organisms deployed at the same stations in NBH
showed the samplers under-predicted mussel exposures by a factor of two
to ve. Research is currently underway to better understand this dierence
between organism and sampler uptake. Tis study found, in general, the
three passive sampling technologies generated similar results and suggests
users of the samplers should consider the advantages and disadvantages of
each in selecting which one(s) to deploy at contaminated sites.
TP74 Uptake and Bioavailability of Dioxins/Furans from Open
Burning and Wood Ash Sources in Plants and Soil Invertebrates. J.
Nedo, ARCADIS, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA; B. DeShields, ARCADIS,
Inc., Petaluma, CA; D. Edge, ARCADIS, Inc., Golden, CO; S. Holm,
Georgia-Pacic LLC, Atlanta, GA. At a site where open burning occurred
and wood ash containing dioxins was used for ll, biota were collected
and analyzed to provide a site-specic estimate of dioxin/furan uptake to
quantify exposure in an ecological risk assessment. Biota samples (plants and
soil invertebrates) were collocated with soil sample locations and analyzed
for the 17 dioxin/furan congeners in two site areas (Area 1 and Area 2) with
diering sources (open burning vs. ash ll), soil characteristics, and plant
communities. For each area and biota type, a bioaccumulation factor (BAF)
and a regression equation were developed using both mammalian and avian
toxic equivalents (TEQs). Linear and Log
10
transformed regression graphs
were plotted and analyzed for goodness of t (r
2
>0.4) and signicance
(p-value<0.05). In Area 1, only the mammalian invertebrate TEQ Log
10

transformed regressions yielded strong correlations and signicant goodness
of t. For the other paired TEQs and biota, the goodness of t was not
signicant even when outliers were removed. In Area 2, for all but avian
invertebrate TEQs, most Log
10
transformed regressions yielded strong
correlations and signicant goodness of t. BAFs were lower for Area 2
than Area 1, likely due to dierences in soil type. Five invertebrate and
plant samples from Area 2 were split and half rinsed to assess the eect of
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 223
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adhered soil on tissue concentrations. Median BAFs for plants were fairly
similar (within 25%; BAF
plant
unrinsed: 0.0015; BAF
plant
rinsed: 0.0019).
For invertebrates, the unrinsed BAF was 58% higher (BAF
soil_inv
unrinsed:
0.030; BAF
soil_inv
rinsed: 0.019). Tus, exposure from ingestion of soil
invertebrates could be overestimated by using unrinsed samples. Uncertainty
regarding the use of regressions was addressed by rejecting plots that did
not possess adequate goodness of t and signicance in conjunction with
visual examination of data distribution, and basing uptake on median BAFs
instead. Because BAFs assume that accumulation is linear and constant
across all soil concentrations and do not account for variable uptake with
soil concentration, regression models are generally recommended over
median BAFs for estimating bioaccumulation.
TP75 A Framework for Establishing Soil Ecotoxicity Guidelines for
Complex Petroleum Substances Using Target Lipid and Equilibrium
Partitioning Models. A. Redman, J. McGrath, HydroQual, Mahwah,
NJ; T. Parkerton, ExxonMobil, Annandale, NJ; D. Di Toro, University
of Delaware, Newark, DE. Hydrocarbon contaminated soils are dicult
to evaluate due to the complex chemical composition of petroleum
substances. An extension of the hydrocarbon block method is used to
derive soil predicted no-eect concentrations (PNECs) as a means to
perform environmental risk assessments. Tis method uses a database
of physicochemical properties for nearly 1500 individual, representative
hydrocarbons to dene larger hydrocarbon blocks, or fractions, in terms
of individual compounds as a function of the chemical class and boiling
point characteristics of a petroleum substance. Soil PNECs are calculated
using a combination of Equilibrium Partitioning Model with the Target
Lipid Model (TLM). Te TLM provides a toxicity database that is used
to estimate PNECs for each structure assigned to a hydrocarbon block.
Tis framework allows soil guidelines to be established for individual
hydrocarbons or as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) fractions that are
characteristic of crude oils or rened petroleum products (e.g., gasoline,
diesel, etc). An important modication to the TLM is the introduction of a
lipid membrane-water partition cut-o for hydrocarbon constituents with
log(KOW) > 6 that accounts for processes that reduce the bioavailability
of very hydrophobic compounds. Te PNECs calculated with this model
are compared to measured soil toxicity data for terrestrial plants, microbes
and invertebrates. Te model is evaluated against eect data for individual
hydrocarbons as well as complex petroleum substances. Tis approach oers
improvement for environmental site assessments by allowing the risks posed
by dierent TPH composition in contaminated soils to be taken into proper
consideration.
TP76 Distribution and Binding of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-
Dioxin/Dibenzofurans in Floodplain Soils. J.W. Davis, Y. Chai, M.
Wilken, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI; S. Hawthorne, Energy &
Environmental Research Center, Univ. of North Dakota, Grand Forks,
ND. Understanding the fate, transport and bioaccessibility of hydrophobic
organochlorines (HOC) in soils and sediments is an important component
of the risk management decision process. HOC compounds such as
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are strongly
associated with soil matrices, and particularly with the organic carbon
matter of ne sediments with larger surface area. Terefore, the distribution
of these HOC in various grain size fractions in soil/sediments may provide
insight into both the transport and the bioaccessibility of PCDD/Fs. In
this presentation we report on the distribution of PCDD/Fs in dierent
size factions (e.g., sand, silt and clay) of soil samples collected along
the oodplain of a local river containing elevated levels of PCDD/Fs in
selected areas. Floodplain soil samples were separated into dierent size
fractions (53-2000 m, 5-53 m, and <5m) by wet sieving combined
with sedimentation and were subsequently analyzed for 2,3,7,8-substituted
PCDD/F congeners. Te distribution of PCDD/Fs varied depending on the
soil texture. Elevated levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the ne fractions
(silts and clay) which correlated well with the higher organic carbon
contents of these fractions. In contrast the PCDD/F levels in the sandy
fraction (>53 m) of these soils ranged from 10% to as much as 36 times
higher of that present in the bulk soil sample. Te variability in these results
indicates that the sandy fraction may contain some particles with high levels
of PCDD/Fs. Te sandy fraction was further subjected to density separation
using cesium chloride to separate light and heavy fractions. Te purpose
for this separation was to determine if the lighter density organic fractions
contained more PCDD/Fs than the heavier mineral fractions. Te heavier
siliceous material comprised ~99% of the sample mass but <2% of the
PCDD/F concentration. Te light organic fraction, which was comprised
of woody and black carbon like particles, represented ~1% of the sample
mass but contained 98% of PCDD/Fs measured in the fractions. Finally,
the comparative binding strengths of PCDD/Fs to the oodplain soils, as
well as from individual soil constituents, are currently being examined using
selective supercritical CO2 extraction. Results from these analyses will be
presented.
TP77 Factors aecting the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for
cadmium by earthworms: A literature review. S. Yu, R. Lanno,
Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; H. Anderson,
N. Basta, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH. Te bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of a
chemical is considered a simple tool to estimate the bioaccumulation of
contaminants in a particular organism in a specic medium. BAFs were
originally developed in aquatic systems for organic compounds with a
high log Kow (>5) that are recalcitrant to environmental degradation and
metabolism, thus allowing the accumulation of relatively high levels in
organisms relative to the chemical concentration in water. However, there
can be considerable uncertainty associated with the application of BAF
to metals in soil systems due to fundamental dierences in the physical,
chemical, and toxicological properties between inorganic metals and organic
substances and modifying factors specic to the soil environment. Tis
study exhaustively summarizes existing studies on the bioaccumulation of
cadmium (Cd) by earthworms. A literature search was performed for studies
that reported Cd concentration in earthworms and soil samples so that
BAFs could be estimated. Seventy-ve papers from 1973 to 2007 with 728
observations from both lab and eld studies were collected. Studies that
included data on earthworm species, soil pH, organic matter content, cation
exchange capacity, soil texture, and measured total soil calcium and Cd
concentrations were included in the data set. Due to inconsistent reporting
of chemical/physical test medium properties, statistical analyses of the more
commonly reported factors (i.e., species, depuration time, and experiment
type; eld vs. laboratory) were performed separately. Analyses of all eects
and interactions were performed using a generalized linear model in SAS.
Various transformations (e.g., bioavailability due to Cd estimated in soil
extracts and pH adjustments) were applied to the data set to determine if it
was possible to decrease the variability associated with these relationships.
Te general results suggest that earthworm species, study type (lab or
eld), and soil pH were the three most signicant factors that aected
BAF. Statistical models relating BAF to these factors are currently being
developed.
TP78 Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin/
Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Field Collected Sediments to the
Freshwater Oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. R.J. Currie, J.W. Davis,
Y. Chai, J.R. Najar, A.M. Yaroch, TERC, Te Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, MI. Oligochaetes have been widely used in evaluating the
bioavailability and biomagnication of contaminants in soil and sediment.
In the present study, the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus
was utilized to determine the aquatic bioavailability of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in sediment collected
from a local river. Te sediment was contaminated predominantly by
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (collectively referred to as furans, 799 g/
kg) and a small amount of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (collectively
referred to as dioxins, 0.284 g/kg). Prior to testing, the organisms were
synchronized to ensure that all organisms were at similar reproductive stage.
After exposure to sediment for 28 days, the organisms were allowed to
depurate for 24 hours in clean laboratory dilution water and then assessed
for survivorship, reproduction, biomass, and PCDD/Fs concentrations in
tissues. No organism mortality or abnormal behavior was observed in either
control or contaminated river sediment. For oligochaete tissues, furans
concentrations were higher than dioxins concentrations with values of 135
and 46.8 g/kg for total homologs of TCDFs and PCDFs, while dioxin
concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 g/kg. Some dioxin homologs and
congeners were close to or below detection limits. Of the 10 toxic furan
congeners, 2,3,7,8-TCDF had the highest mean concentration in sediments
and tissues with 127 and 60 g/kg, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PCDF with
sediment concentrations of 70 g/kg and oligochaete tissue concentrations
of 14 g/kg. Te lipid content of the organisms ranged from 1.3 to 1.5%
and the organic carbon content of the sediment was 2.2% resulting in
224 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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biota-sediment-accumulation factors (BSAFs) for the 10 toxic PCDFs
congeners (2,3,7,8-substituted) that ranged from 0.07 to 0.83 resulting
in an average BSAF for furan congeners of 0.25. Tese laboratory derived
values are well below the theoretical BSAF value of 1.7 predicted from
the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) model and suggest limited biouptake
and partitioning of the PCDFs into lipids. Te BSAFs decreased as the
degree of chlorination increased for both dioxins and furans. Tese data
suggest that for the sediments used in this study, where the furan congeners
predominate, the theoretical BSAF value predicted by the EqP model would
likely overestimate the bioaccumulation potential of total PCDD/Fs to L.
variegatus.
TP79 Development of bioaccumulation test method utilizing
the estuarine amphipod,Leptocheirus plumulosus. J.G. Sims, J.D.
Farrar, G.R. Lotufo, Environmental Lab, US Army Engineer Research
and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Standard bioaccumulation
test methods (i.e., Macoma nasuta, Neires virens) require large amounts
of sediment and require large amounts of laboratory space to conduct.
Recent developments in micro chemistry analysis techniques have resulted
in a lower tissue mass requirement for compounds such as PAHs and
PCBs. Lower tissue mass requirements allow for the development of
new bioaccumulation test methods using species such as L. plumulosus.
Evaluating bioaccumulation with L. plumulosus requires much less
sediment and laboratory space to conduct, resulting in a cost savings
to the researcher. A bioaccumulation test method is currently under
development, at the ERDC using L. plumuosus. To establish optimum test
conditions for the test method, organism response to three test conditions
were evaluated. Test conditions included; density (25/50 organisms per
chamber); water exchange frequency (once/three times a week); and food
ration level (no feeding/20 mg per chamber two times a week). Survival
was signically greater with 9 to 90% higher survival in chambers that
were fed twice weekly relative to chambers fed once weekly. Based on study
results, the optimum test conditions are 50 organisms per chamber, fed
twice weekly with a single weekly water exchange. Future research will
focus on renement of the method and direct comparisons to establish
bioaccumulation methods.
TP80 Te human bioaccessibility of four nickel species in
contaminated soils. A. Amendola, B. Hale, Land Resource Science,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; A. Amendola, Toxicology
and Risk Assessment, Golder Associates Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Te uncertainty associated with the risk assessment of contaminated sites
can be reduced by conducting site-specic bioaccessibility testing on metal-
contaminated soils. Tis study examined both naturally contaminated soils
and articial OECD soils (70% sand, 20% kaolin clay, and 10% sphagnum
peat) spiked with various nickel species. Te naturally contaminated soils
contained a mixture of insoluble nickel compounds (nickel oxide, nickel
sulde, nickel subsulde) and the articial OECD soils contained a mixture
of the insoluble nickel compounds at similar ratios to those observed
naturally. Te OECD soils were also spiked with four nickel species: nickel
sulfate, nickel oxide, nickel sulde, and nickel subsulde. Te human
gastric and intestinal bioaccessibility of these soils was estimated and
compared using several established bioaccessibility methods (e.g. Relative
Bioaccessibility Leaching Procedure, Bioavailability Research Group
Europe method) to determine the optimal method for determining the oral
bioaccessibility of nickel from soil. A parallel in vivo study is currently being
undertaken.
TP81 Toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in water to
amphipods, midge and oligochaetes. J. Mwangi, B. Deng, Civil
and Environmental, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; L. Hao,
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia,
MO; N. Wang, C.G. Ingersoll, D.K. Hardesty, E.L. Brunson, US
Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia,
MO. Te single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are hexagonally
arranged graphine cylinders with diameter range from 0.7 to 3 nm. Because
SWCNTs are hydrophobic and essentially non-biodegradable, they tend
to agglomerate in water and when released into the environment would
most likely accumulate at water sediment interfaces. Previous studies
conducted at our laboratory had determined that multi-wall carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs) are toxic to amphipods (Hyalella azteca), midge
(Chironomus dilutus) and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus). Te
objective of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of SWCNTs
to the four invertebrates in 14-d water-only tests. Te invertebrates were
exposed to SWCNTs from Shenzhen Nanotech Port, China in diluted well
water adjusted to 100 mg/L hardness. Te treatments in four replicates
each included 200 mg of sonicated or 200 mg of non-sonicated SWCNTs
in 300-ml glass exposure beakers containing 200 ml of water each and
controls with 200 ml of water. After 14-d exposures, mean survival was: (1)
amphipods 100% in controls, 20% in non-sonicated SWCNTs, and 0%
in sonicated SWCNTs, (2) midge 83% in controls, 10% in non-sonicated
SWCNTs and 0% in sonicated SWCNTs. Te mean ash-free biomass of
oligochaete was: 17 mg/treatment in controls, 8.5 mg/treatment in non-
sonicated SWCNTs, and 4.6 mg/treatment in sonicated SWCNTs. Tese
results indicated that the SWCNTs were toxic to the three tested species.
Evaluation of the surviving organisms by light microscopy indicates that
they consumed substantial amounts of the SWCNTs and the material may
have caused toxicity by either smothering the organisms or by reducing their
consumption of food. Further tests will be conducted to further evaluate the
toxicity of the SWCNT or MWCNTs spiked into sediment to these three
species and freshwater mussels.
TP82 Dispersion of TiO
2
Nanoparticle Aggregates by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. A.M. Horst, A.C. Neal, P.A. Holden, Donald Bren School
of Environmental Science and Management, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA;
W.H. Suh, G.D. Stucky, Chemistry, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara,
CA; P. Sislian, L. Madler, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. Te incorporation of synthetic nanoparticles into
mainstream industrial and commercial products has raised concern about
the possible eects of nanoparticles in humans and in the environment.
Nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) is a widely produced metal oxide
that has been introduced into many commercially available products
including cosmetics, pigments and plastics. While bulk TiO
2
is considered
biologically inert, nanoscale TiO
2
has been shown to exert toxicity in
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells even under dark conditions. Once
released into the environment, the persistence, bioavailability and mobility
of TiO
2
nanoparticles will depend on the degree of particle aggregation.
However, stability of nanoparticle aggregates may be altered by changes
in environmental chemistry or microbial processes. Here, we provide
evidence that Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces dispersion of preformed TiO
2

nanoparticle aggregates. Dispersion was observed visually by environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and image analysis software was
used to quantify a shift from large to small aggregates in the presence of
bacteria. While cellular metabolism of aggregate-stabilizing growth media
contributed somewhat to aggregate destabilization, the dominant dispersion
mechanism was preferential association of nanoparticles with cell surfaces.
TP83 Use of a Dynamic Model System to Evaluate the
Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Food Chains. H. Henson-Ramsey,
S. Oyen, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID; S.K. Taylor, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad, CA; D. Shea, J. Levine, S. Kennedy-
Stoskopf, M.K. Stoskopf, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Tis project investigates the use of a dynamic model to estimate malathion
bioaccumulation in a food chain and tests the ability of the model to
make predictions assuming that a limited number of animal subjects are
available for parameterization. Using the earthworm species, Lumbricus
terrestris, and salamander species, Ambystoma tigrinum, this research
evaluates if bioaccumulation will occur in the salamanders when exposed
to two possible sources of malathion: soil contamination and ingestion of
a contaminated earthworm. Te model was parameterized by expanding a
previously developed model (Henson-Ramsey et al, 2007, Environ Model
Assess, on-line) that explored the toxicokinetics of malathion absorption
into L. terrestris from contaminated soil. To incorporate the salamander
portion of the food chain model, toxicokinetics assays were performed on
A. tigrinum, however, sampling was limited because of their threatened
status. Salamander body burdens and malathion concentrations in the soil
were measured 24 and 48 hours after exposure to soil contaminated with
50 g/cm2 of malathion. Salamander body burdens at 24 hours (n=3)
were 1.46 ppm, median, with a range from 0.35 ppm to 1.61 ppm. After
48 hours of exposure (n=6), the median value for the salamander body
burdens was 1.42 ppm with a range of 0.18 ppm to 3.73 ppm. Malathion
contamination of the soil was measured to allow for the calculation of a
bioaccumulation factor and a half-life. Te half-life of malathion in this
system was determined to be 39 hours or a rate of degradation of 0.017
ppm/hr.. Input of this data into the model resulted in an estimated rate of
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absorption of 0.0041 ppm/hr and an estimated rate of elimination of 0.04
ppm/hr. Exposure to soil concentrations of malathion at this magnitude
did not result in bioaccumulation in the tiger salamanders. Te model
will be used to explore the eect of ingestion of contaminated earthworms
and various concentrations of malathion exposure on bioaccumulation in
the salamanders. Te model usefulness will be further tested by inputting
previously published data that provides information on bioaccumulation of
dierent xenobiotics in a variety of food chains.
TP84 Eects of variable exposure on the green algae Desmodesmus
subspicatus -Model predictions and experimental results-. D. Weber,
T.G. Preuss, H. Ratte, Institute of Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany; M. Dorgerloh, D. Schaefer, E. Bruns, G.
Goerlitz, O. Kielack, Bayer CropScience AG, Monheim, Germany. Te
simple exposure assumptions during ecotoxicological tests are dicult
to relate to the complex exposure patterns of pesticides under realistic
conditions, which often show multiple pulsed-exposure peaks, driven by
dierent entry routes and variable hydrology of water bodies. Population
level eects of these exposure patterns, including the ability and time to
recover are questions of increasing importance that need to be addressed.
Population models are a promising tool to assess the eect of time-variable
predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) on representative aquatic
organisms in quantity and quality. Green algae are of particular importance
for the aquatic risk assessment of herbicides, since they are often the most
sensitive group of species, are a key functional group in aquatic ecosystems,
and on the other hand have a high potential for recovery from short-term
eects. A mechanistic dierential equation-based population model was
used to predict the eects of variable exposure of two toxicants on the
growth of the green-algae D. subspicatus. Te model results were then
compared with experimental data raised up under laboratory conditions. An
innovative experimental approach to investigate complex exposure patterns
was developed.
TP85 Variability in the Sensitivity of Several Amphibian Species
when Exposed to Sediment-Associated Lead and Copper. J.A. Bleiler,
C. Archer, ENSR Corporation, Westford, MA; A. Hawkins, NFESC,
Port Hueneme, CA; D. Barclift, Navy LANTDIV, Philadelphia, PA; D.
Pillard, ENSR Corporation, Fort Collins, CO; D. Anders, AFCEE, Brooks
City-Base, TX; M.S. Johnson, US Army Center for Health Promotion &
Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. A series of short-
term (10-day) laboratory toxicity studies were conducted to investigate the
dierential sensitivities of larval amphibians to sediment-associated copper
and lead. Te results of this study were compiled in an eort to predict
concentrations of metals which may aect an array of amphibian species
in an ecological community. Toxicity testing was conducted through the
use of an ASTM International Standard (ASTM E-2827-07) previously
developed by the project team. Tis 10-day test provides measurements
of mortality and growth. Toxicity tests using spiked sediments were
conducted on newly hatched larvae of several anuran (Rana pipiens, Rana
palustris, Rana sylvatica, Rana clamitans, Rana sphenocephala, Bufo
americanus Hyla chrysoscylis, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis)
and one caudate (Ambystoma maculatum) species. Lead and copper
were selected as the constituents for this study since they are commonly
co-located at military sites and ranges, and are often found at elevated
concentrations in hydric soils and sediments at these sites. For each of the
two metals being evaluated, the test program included 5 to 7 dilutions per
test, plus a laboratory control. Tested concentrations of copper ranged up
to approximately 500 mg/kg, whereas concentrations of lead ranged to
approximately 2000 mg/kg. In addition to collection of toxicological data,
the testing program included collection of sediment and surface water
chemistry during the course of the tests. Relationships between metals
concentration(s) and adverse eect were evaluated, and screening values
were developed to support screening level risk assessments. Use of the
species sensitivity distribution data (or the individual test species data) to
predict amphibian toxicity will permit risk managers to select risk-based
amphibian screening values based on site-specic circumstances. High value
wetlands with sensitive taxa would presumably warrant further protection
than lower value wetlands with relatively insensitive taxa.
TP86 An Excel-based Tool for Fitting and Evaluating Species
Sensitivity Distributions. S.I. Rodney, D.J. Moore, S.R. Teed, Intrinsik
Environmental Sciences Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; M.J. Demers,
National Guidelines and Standards Oce, Environment Canada,
Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. In 2007, the Canadian Council of Ministers
of the Environment (CCME) introduced a new national protocol for the
derivation of water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Te
previous protocol relied on a safety factor being applied to the most sensitive
species eects endpoint. Although this methodology is retained in the new
protocol when data are limited, the preferred approach makes use of species
sensitivity distributions (SSDs). SSDs represent the variation in sensitivity
of species to a substance, or other physical variable. Te basic assumption
of the SSD concept is that the sensitivities of a set of species can be
described by a statistical function relating the concentration of a substance
to the proportion of species aected. In the new CCME protocol, the
concentration associated with a predicted low proportion of species aected
is used as a basis for a guideline (e.g., an HC5, or hazardous concentration
at which 5% of species are aected). Te new CCME protocol recommends
that several models be t to each dataset, and that the best-tting model
be used as the basis for a guideline. Tus, we undertook development of an
Excel-based tool for tting and evaluating SSDs (SSD Master v2.0). Te
Excel maximum likelihood engine add-in, Solver, is used in SSD Master
to t ve models (normal, logistic, Gompertz, Fisher-Tippet and Weibull)
to species eects endpoints (e.g., EC10s). Te application automatically
generates residual plots, residual normality statistics, p-p and q-q plots,
goodness-of-t statistics, as well as gures of the SSDs t to the data with
ducial limits. SSD Master v2.0 also allows the user to specify arithmetic
or logarithmic concentration metameters, units, plotting position and
gives the option to truncate a specied number of tolerant species. Tese
features make SSD Master v2.0 a complete tool for generating, assessing and
selecting appropriate SSD models.
TP87 Development of the State of Floridas Proposed Bioassessment-
Based Water Quality Criterion for Specic Conductance. L. Wolfe,
D.D. Whiting, S. Levings, Bureau of Laboratories, Florida Department
of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, FL; X. Niu, Department of
Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Specic conductance,
or conductivity, is the measure of a solutions ionic activity or content and
is positively correlated with increasing human disturbance measurements
in Floridas freshwater streams. Te upper threshold for Floridas current
water quality criterion for specic conductance (Shall not be increased more
than 50% above background or to 1,275 mhos/cm, whichever is greater)
was based upon several acute toxicity tests with sodium chloride. Since the
ions present in surface waters are highly variable and are dependent upon
the source water, a criterion based upon sodium chloride or any other
simple compound is not very applicable. An alternative bioassessment-based
approach was developed to determine if the current criterion was protective
of aquatic life uses and to develop an alternative criterion if it was not.
Te correlative relationships between Florida freshwater stream benthic
macroinvertebrate community metrics and specic conductance were
examined using a variety of statistical techniques (general linear modeling,
quantile regression, conditional probability) and datasets (minimally
disturbed sites only, all sites). Te results of these analyses indicated that
the 1,275 mhos/cm upper threshold was not protective of the benthic
macroinvertebrate communities in a signicant portion of Floridas
freshwater streams and rivers. Te analyses did support the continued use
of the limitation of increasing the specic conductance not more than 50%
above natural background.
TP88 Criterion Assessments and Risk Assessments are Forms of
Risk-based Predictive Assessments. S.M. Cormier, G.W. Suter, Oce of
Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. Criteria for the
quality of water and other media are often said to be risk-based. However,
the relationship between the process of criterion setting and risk assessment
has not been explicit. We have modied the conventional framework
for risk assessment to illustrate the similarities and dierences between
risk assessment and criterion development. Risk assessments use existing
or projected exposure, to predict potential ecological eects. Criterion
assessments use an environmental goal to predict exposures that are expected
to achieve that goal. Both predict future or likely scenarios and are thus
predictive assessments. In the analysis phase, the critical dierence is that
conventional risk assessments solve an exposure-response model for an
expected exposure to estimate an eect, but criterion assessments solve the
same model for a benchmark eect to estimate an upper limit to acceptable
exposures that are predicted to achieve a desired eect. Hence, the critical
step in criterion setting is the determination of an eect measure that can
226 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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be modeled and that represents the environmental goal. Te same process
applies to equivalent assessments such as deriving screening benchmarks
and remedial goals. Furthermore, both conventional risk assessment and
criterion assessment can use a weight of evidence to balance the synthesis of
dierent data sets, studies, and types of cause-eect relationships.
TP89 Ecotoxicity Testing in the 21st Century Applying the
National Research Council Vision and Strategy to Ecological Risk
Assessment. D.L. Villeneuve, G.T. Ankley, R. Bennett, L.P. Burkhard,
P.M. Cook, S.A. Diamond, S.J. Degitz, R.J. Erickson, D.J. Ho, M.W.
Hornung, US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN. Rodney
D. Johnson
1
, Janet R. Keough
1
, David R. Mount
1
, John W. Nichols
1
,
Teresa J. Norberg-King
1
, Carl Richards
1
, Christine L. Russom
1
, Jose A.
Serrano
1
, Patricia K. Schmieder
1
, Joseph E. Tietge
1
. In 2007, the National
Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of
Environmental Agents published a report outlining a vision and strategy for
toxicity testing in the 21st century, focused specically on human health risk
assessment and associated regulatory activities. Te purpose of the strategy
was to provide maximum depth and breadth of information to support risk
assessment while minimizing the amounts of money, time, and animals
used for regulatory testing. Te proposed paradigm would shift away from
primary reliance on direct animal testing with traditional apical endpoints
such as mortality, development, growth, reproduction, and carcinogenesis,
and toward batteries of in vitro assays representing toxicity pathways with
established causal links to adverse outcomes. Additionally, testing would
be focused in a manner appropriate to the regulatory aim or risk context
and incorporate relevant modeling approaches (e.g., quantitative structure
activity relationships, metabolism, dose-response and dose-extrapolation).
While the NRC vision is broadly applicable to ecotoxicology as well as
human health toxicology, unique aspects of ecological risk assessment
will shape the translation of the NRC paradigm to regulatory ecotoxicity
testing. For example, human health assessments require extrapolation from
laboratory models to a single species. Conversely, ecological assessments
require extrapolation from the few tested species to many phylogenetically
diverse species. Risk to ecological receptors is commonly expressed in
terms of protecting populations and ecosystem functions, rather than on
protection of individuals. Additionally, some eects of high concern in
humans, such as cancer, have less emphasis in an ecological risk context.
Using the NRC report as a starting point, this presentation will highlight
research challenges that must be addressed in order to adopt and implement
a parallel paradigm in the eld of ecotoxicology. Tis abstract does not
necessarily reect EPA policy.
TP90 Eects of nutrient enrichment on stream ecosystems in the
Snake River Basin: challenges for nutrient criteria development. C.
Mebane, T. Maret, R. Dickinson, D. MacCoy, U.S. Geological Survey,
Boise, ID; J. Bales, U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, NC; M. Munn, U.S.
Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. In summer 2007, the U.S. Geological
Surveys National Water Quality Assessment program (NAWQA) began
investigating nutrient enrichment eects on stream ecosystems in the
upper Snake River basin, Idaho and Nevada, USA. Te study is providing
nationally consistent and comparable data and analyses of nutrient
conditions, including how these conditions vary as a result of natural
and human-related factors, and how nutrient conditions aect algae and
other biological communities. Te upper Snake is one of eight agricultural
regions being studied nationwide. Te objectives of the study include (1)
determining the total algal biomass and the abundance, type, and diversity
of algal and invertebrate communities in streams with dierent nutrient
conditions, watershed characteristics, habitat, climate, and other natural
factors, and (2) determining the interrelations among nutrient conditions
and stream metabolism. Tis study spans a two year period with the rst
year involving a one time large-scale synoptic study across the study area
(n=30) and the second year involving temporal sampling at a subset of the
sites (n=8). Preliminary review of data collected in summer 2007 indicates
that algal and macrophyte standing crops are only weakly correlated with
phosphorous or nitrogen concentrations in water, suggesting that other
variables such as stream velocity or shading may be important co-factors.
Algal nutrient limitation assays roughly agreed with predictions from
molar nutrient ratios. Background concentrations of phosphorous in the
study area appear to be about 2 times higher than recommended USEPA
criteria for the Snake River basin ecoregion, whereas background nitrogen
concentrations in streams other than spring creeks are more or less similar
to suggested USEPA criteria. Background nitrogen concentrations in
spring creeks appear to be about 2-3 times higher than that of surface water
streams; whereas background phosphorous concentrations in the spring
creeks appear to be about 0.3 to 0.5 times that of background in surface
water streams.
TP91 Relating sublethal toxicity to mine euent chemistry. B.
Vigneault, S. Krack, M. King, M. Desforges, Natural Resources Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Sublethal toxicity testing is required under both
the Canadian Metal Mining Euent Regulation Environmental Eects
Monitoring program and the U.S. Clean Water Act National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System as part of the suite of Whole Euent
Toxicity (WET) tests. Both regulations include the use of Ceriodaphnia
dubia, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Fathead minnow as short-term
chronic test species, while Canada also requires the use of the freshwater
macrophyte, Lemna minor. Chemistry data are collected at operating
Canadian metal mines to monitor euent quality. To identify potential
toxicants, the recently collected chemistry data were compared to available
toxicity responses, and correlation analyses were conducted on the chemistry
and toxicity data. Te analysis suggested elevated hardness and some
metals as potential toxicants. In addition, the analysis indicated that for
metals, the actual toxicity is much less than predicted based on total copper
concentration, for example for copper and fathead minnow growth. Overall,
the data review suggests that elevated hardness is a potential toxicant of
general concern in mine euents.
TP92 Identication of Water Quantity and Quality Trends
Contributing to Cumulative Eects in the Athabasca River Basin. A.J.
Squires, M.F. Bowman, M.G. Dub, Toxicology Centre, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; C.J. Westbrook, Centre
for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. Novel approaches addressing aquatic cumulative eects over
broad temporal and spatial scales are required to track changes and assist
with sustainable watershed management. Cumulative eects assessment
(CEA) requires the assessment of changes due to multiple stressors both
spatially and temporally. Te province of Alberta, Canada is currently
experiencing signicant economic growth as well as increasing awareness of
water dependencies. Tere has been an increasing level of industrial, urban
and other land-use related development (pulp and paper mills, oil sands,
agriculture, and urban development) within the Athabasca River basin.
Much of the historical water quantity and quality data for this basin have
not been integrated or analyzed from headwaters to mouth, which aects
development of a holistic, watershed-scale CEA. Te main objectives of this
work were to 1) quantify spatial and temporal changes in water quantity and
quality over the entire Athabasca River mainstem across pre-development
(1966-1976) and current day (1996-2006) time periods and 2) to evaluate
the signicance of any changes relative to existing benchmarks (e.g. water
quality guidelines). A 14-30% decrease in discharge was observed during the
low ow period in the second time period in the lower three river reaches
with greatest decrease occurring at the mouth of the river. Dissolved sodium,
sulphate, chloride and total phosphorous concentrations in the second time
period were greater than, and in some cases double, the 90th percentiles
calculated from the rst time period in the lower part of the river. Our
results show that signicant changes have occurred in both water quantity
and quality between the pre-development and current day Athabasca River
basin. It is known that in addition to climatic changes, rivers which undergo
increased agricultural, urban and industrial development can experience
signicant changes in water quantity and quality due to increased water
use, discharge of euents and surface run-o. Using the results from this
study, we can begin to quantify dominant natural and man-made stressors
aecting the Athabasca River basin as well as place the magnitude of any
local changes into an appropriate context relative to trends in temporal and
spatial variability.
TP93 Photodegradation of Multiple classes of antibiotics by
Simulated Solar Radiation. S. Batchu, V. Panditi, P.R. Gardinali,
Department of chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International
University, Miami, FL; P.R. Gardinali, Southeast Environmental Research
Center, Miami, FL. Antibiotics are the drugs used to treat infections caused
by bacteria and other microorganisms. As antibiotics reach domestic sewage
treatment plants, many conventional wastewater management practices are
not eective in the complete removal of antibiotics and their discharges
have a potential to aect the receiving aquatic environment. Antibiotics
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 227
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are one of the most important classes of Pharmaceuticals and Personal
Care Products found in surface waters. Since biodegradation is key part
of Sewage Treatment Plants and is often ineective, photo degradation is
likely to be the main mechanism controlling the persistence of antibiotics
after the point of release. Tis work reports the evaluation of the direct and
indirect photolysis of roxithromycin (Macrolide), erythromycin (Macrolide)
and its metabolite, sulfamethoxazole (Sulfonamide) and ciprooxacin
(Fluoroquinolone) using a Rayonet photochemical reactor and Sun Test
XLS/XLS+ Tabletop Xenon exposure system in distilled deionized water and
natural fresh and marine waters as a tool to investigate their environmental
persistence and their value as tracer of wastewater intrusions. As an example,
roxithromycin substantially degrades at 254nm with a calculated half-life
of 8.9 hours but is extremely persistent at less energetic wavelengths (t1/2
>1000h at 350 nm and 121h under simulated solar radiation) these values
are orders of magnitude slower than cephalexin and about half of rate for
trimethropim which is often detected in surface waters. Water matrices had
complex eects on the photolysis and both ltering and indirect photolysis
eects were observed for most of the compounds tested.
TP94 Comparison and Evaluation of Procedures for Calculating
Detection Limits for Organic ResidueMonitoring Methods by LC/
MS/MS. J.W. Pritt, M.R. Burkhardt, M. Noriega, J.W. McCoy, National
Water Quality Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO. Te U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Laboratory is a principal
source for trace organic chemical data for national water-quality information
databases and occurrence, fate, and transport studies. An important
requirement for validation of analytical method performance used to
identify and quantify organic residues in environmental samples is the
detection limit. Published procedures for calculating detection limits vary in
statistical approach and whether single or multiple levels of spiked matrices
are used for the calculation. Te procedures fall into two major categories:
(1) single-level spiked matrices using a condence level calculation and (2)
multiple-level spiked matrices using a prediction interval bounded Least
Squares modeling approach. Both approaches use variation of data from
either detector response or calculated concentration determined from the
calibration model. Detection limits were calculated and evaluated for LC/
MS/MS methods for the determination of pesticides and pharmaceuticals
in water currently (2008) under development and validation. Te calculated
detection limits are compared to compound identication capabilities of the
methods that follow the European Union guidelines. A logistic regression
approach for estimating detection limit using organic identication
criteria and instrument response variation data is proposed. Although
the common approaches require variation of detector response data from
known spike concentration levels, this alternate procedure uses compound
identication criteria and response variation data from known multiple
spike concentration levels to estimate a detection limit. Procedures using
only detector response variation data produce calculated detection limits
at much lower levels than the concentration levels needed for compound
identication by the LC/MS/MS methods.
TP95 Total Mercury Concentrations in Flora and Fauna near
Common Contaminant Sources in the Gulf of Mexico. C. Chancy, M.
Lewis, USEPA, Gulf Breeze, FL. Understanding the fate of mercury in near-
coastal ecosystems has been a research focus for many years but information
is still less available that that for freshwater habitats. Tis presentation
summarizes total mercury concentrations for environmental media collected
from near-coastal areas including those impacted by contaminant sources
common to the Gulf of Mexico. Water, sediment, sh, blue crabs, oysters,
clams, mussels, periphyton and seagrasses were collected during 1993 - 2002
from targeted areas aected by point and non-point source contaminants.
Mean concentrations in water and sediment were 0.02(0.06)ug/l and
96.3(230.8)ng/g dry wt, respectively.Total mercury concentrations(ng/g dry
wt) averaged 23.1 (two seagrass species), 220.1 (oysters),287.8 (colonized
periphyton), 604.0 (four species of mussels), 772.4 (brackish clams), 857.9
(blue crabs), and 933.1 (nine sh species). Mean concentrations in sh, blue
crabs, clams and mussels were signicantly greater than those in sediment,
seagrasses, colonized periphyton and oysters. Spatial and biotic variability
in results limited most generalizations concerning the relative mercury
contributions of dierent stressor types. However, mercury concentrations
were signicantly greater for some biota collected from areas receiving
wastewater discharges and golf course runo (sh), agricultural runo
(oysters) and urban stormwater runo (periphyton and sediment). Marine
water quality criteria and sediment quality guidelines were exceeded in 1 to
12% of total samples. At least one seafood consumption guideline, criteria
or screening value was exceeded in edible tissues of blue crabs (6% total
samples) and sh (8-33% total samples). All residues were less than the U.S.
FDA action limit of 1.0 ppm. Mercury concentrations in water and oyster
tissues were less than the few reported toxic eect concentrations.
TP96 Assessment of mercury wet-deposition in rural area of Korea.
A. Myung-Chan, K. Sun-Young, K. Sung-Rak, H. Young-Ji, College
of Natural Science, Department of Environmenatal Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, South Korea. Tis paper
will present the preliminary result of an on-going research with regard to
mercury wet-deposition in rural area of Korea. Total cumulative mercury
wet-deposition ux was 13.85 g/m2 during the sampling period of 15
months. Mercury wet-deposition was highly related with precipitation
depth while Hg concentrations in precipitations were negatively correlated
with precipitation depth. In Korea more than 50% of annual precipitation
took place in intense rainy season from June to August, resulting that about
40% of annual Hg wet deposition occurred in that season. In winter we
often took snow samples, and higher Hg concentrations frequently appeared
in snow than in rain. Tis higher Hg concentration in snow was possibly
due to the higher surface area and slower settling velocity of snow than
those of rain. Dierent precipitation type aected dierently to scavenging
eciency. Hg concentrations were the highest in snow, followed by in mixed
type and in rain, with similar precipitation depth. Another possible factor
is that fossil-fuel combustion, which is a major mercury source, has a small
seasonal variation with a maximum in winter. In fact there was statistically
positive relationship between PM2.5 concentrations in ambient air and Hg
concentrations in precipitation. Since we have not analyzed atmospheric
particulate Hg (Hg(p)) samples, we could not directly compare the Hg in
precipitation with Hg(p) in ambient air. However, no relationship between
RGM in ambient air and Hg in precipitation was found, making us suspect
that Hg(p) was the main contributor to Hg wet deposition, rather than
RGM in this area. In order to identify the relative contribution of RGM
and Hg(p) to total Hg wet deposition, the scavenging ratio as well as size
distribution of Hg(p) will be identied in future. Keyword Mercury, Wet-
deposition, Precipitation type, PM2.5
TP97 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Mercury and
Methyl Mercury in Sediments of Shihwa Lake in Korea. S. Oh, M. Kim,
Y. Lee, S. Yi, K. Zoh, Dept. of Environmental Health, Seoul National
University, Seoul, South Korea. Total mercury (TM) and methyl mercury
(MeHg) concentrations were determined for sediments of the heavily
polluted Shihwa Lake in Korea. Shihwa Lake is an articial salt lake located
in west coast of Korea, and was constructed for the purpose of supplying
water to industrial and agricultural areas in 1994. Te watershed of the lake
includes two industrial complexes and large residential areas. Many studies
have reported severe contamination of sediments with organic pollutants in
Shihwa Lake (Koh et al., 2005; Li et al., 2004; Rostkowski et al., 2006), but
there is little information about heavy metals including mercury species. In
this study, surface sediment samples were collected from 8 points of the lake
in summer, fall, 2007, and spring, 2008. TM concentrations in summer,
fall, spring were in the ranges of 21.2~124.0, 20.7~32.5, 16.3~278.4 g/
kg d.w., respectively. Overall, the spatial distribution of TM concentration
showed consistent trend of which the closer to the industrial area sampling
point, the higher mercury concentration achieved. Te concentrations
of MeHg in summer, fall, and spring were in the ranges of 62.7~459.3,
6.4~190.1, 19.7~668.3 ng/kg d.w., respectively, which is in the comparable
ranges with other foreign studies (Goulet et al., 2008; He et al., 2007,
Heim et al., 2007). Seasonal distribution of MeHg was similar with TM
concentrations except the summer results, indicating that other factors
might involve in the methylation process in summer season. Organic matter
(OM) content, which is known to aect the mercury speciation, ranged
from 0.92 to 17.44%. Te OM content in spring showed relatively low
concentrations compared to the results in the summer and fall. Tere was
no clear relationship between TM and MeHg with OM content, indicating
that other major environmental factors can be related in the distribution
of mercury species. Te ratio of MeHg/TM in summer, fall and spring
was 0.086~2.161%, 0.012~0.273%, 0.020~0.512%, respectively. Te
overall distribution of MeHg concentration was positively related with TM
concentration (r2 = 0.32), especially in the fall and spring (r2 = 0.53 in fall
and r2 = 0.91 in spring). Te additional sample analysis for identifying the
228 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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eect of intensive precipitation in rainy season on the mercury distribution
is ongoing now, and the analysis of other environmental parameters and
core samples are also underway.
TP98 HERMES model estimation methods. A.L. Ethier,
Environmental Protection Branch, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada; A.L. Ethier, D.R. Lean, Biology, University
of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; T.M. Scheuhammer, Environment
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Te Mercury (Hg) Environmental
Ratios Multimedia Ecosystem Sources (HERMES) mass balance model
predicts Hg ux and fate in lakes (a Microsoft Excel Workbook with
no macros) and can be used by researchers with little to no modeling
experience. No recalibration is required when the model is applied to
other lakes and few input variables (i.e., concentration of Hg in air and
inow water, lake and inow water suspended particulate matter (SPM),
lake temperature, mean depth, surface area, volume, precipitation rate,
sedimentation and resuspension rate) need to be changed for any given
location. Te HERMES model will be introduced in an oral presentation
at the Mercury Session for SETAC North America 29th Annual Meeting.
Estimation methods were incorporated into the HERMES model from
experimental research and literature in order to estimate the most sensitive
model input variables (i.e., water inow (stream) Hg concentration, SPM,
sediment resuspension rate, water inow rate) when measured values are
missing, along with estimates for the relative amount of methylated Hg in
water inow, water, and sediment. Te HERMES model also contains a
double-check for total Hg concentration in water and sediment to enable
model output to be directly compared against experimentally derived
equations to increase overall condence in model estimates when reapplied
in regions where no Hg data is available. Tese estimation methods and
double-checks should increase the broad applicability and acceptance of the
HERMES model, particularly to lakes with limited datasets.
TP99 Dierent characteristics of ambient mercury concentration
measured in urban, in rural, and in background areas of Korea. S.
Kan, Y. Han, S. Kim, M. Ahn, Environmental Science, Kangwon national
university, Gangwon-do Chuncheon, South Korea; E. Choi, Y. Seo, S.
Lee, Environmental Public Science, Seoul National University, Seoul,
South Korea. In general, mercury is emitted to atmosphere as on inorganic
form from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Element mercury
is fairly inert and has a low solubility. Its resident time is estimated to
be approximately 0.5 to 2 years. On the other hands gaseous divalent
mercury and particulate mercury have a short life time (from hours to
several days) due to higher wet and dry deposition velocities, so that the
proximity to the sources is very important to determine their atmospheric
concentrations (Schroeder et al., 1998). Te rst objective of this study is
to characterize the speciated atmospheric mercury concentrations at three
dierent locations including urban, rural and background sites. Te second
objective is to identify the relationship between mercury concentrations and
other pollutant concentrations. Finally, this study was designed to evaluate
the long-range transport of Hg by comparing the Hg concentrations
measured among in urban, in rural, and in background areas. Te average
concentrations of TGM and RGM were 1.961.64 ng/m3 and 2.991.78
pg/m3, respectively, which were lower than those measured in urban
area, Seoul, Korea (TGM = 3.59 ng/m3, RGM = 11.50 pg/m3). Also,
contribution of RGM to TGM was the greatest in urban area, probably
due to the proximity of monitoring site to the sources. Daytime RGM
concentrations were compared with nighttime RGM, and the daytime
concentrations were higher than in nighttime at all locations. Tis result
indicated that considerable portion of RGM was created by oxidation
reactions. According to the previous studies, the major oxidation pathway of
Hg0 is reaction with ozone in both gas and aqueous phases (Pyahkov, 1949;
Slemr et al., 1985; Iverfeldt et al., 1986; Hall, 1995). However, we did not
nd a signicant correlation between RGM and ozone concentrations. Tis
result did not indicate that there was no oxidation pathway involving ozone,
but simply showed that Hg oxidation mechanisms are rather complicated
and not linear. Also, long-range transport of Hg was identied using
correlation method between Hg0 and CO concentrations, and the results
will be shown in conference presentation. Keywords TGM, RGM, ozone,
long-range transport, CO
TP100 Mercury and methylmercury distributions of freshwater sh,
sediments and human bloods in South Korea using newly adopted
Purge & Trap GC-MS detection method. Y. Kim, J. Lee, J. Park, J. Cha,
H. Kang, J. Cho, E. Hong, K. Jung, Inorganis Analysis Division, National
Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea; G. Kim,
Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Institute of Environmental
Research, Incheon, South Korea. To evaluate ecological changes that
may occur as a result of changes in atmospheric emissions of mercury
and subsequent deposition, there are growing needs of methylmercury
measurements for environmental samples using more simplied and
popularized analytical methods. Tus, in this study, it was considered
appropriate to develop the accurate and simplied methylmercury analytical
method using popularized analytical instrument such as purge & trap GC-
MS. Te GC-MS detection system was combined with dithizone extraction
method for biological samples, which has been successfully used to alleviate
matrix interference problems especially in blood samples. For sediment and
soil samples, commonly used distillation method is adopted to GC-MS
detection system. Te method was validated by analysis of CRMs such as
SRM 966, BCR 463, IAEA 407, BCR CC580 and IAEA 405. Further, the
performance of the GC-MS method was tested on various eld samples.
Total mercury concentrations in the freshwater sh were in the range of
20.4 ~ 454 ng/g (mean 175.1 ng/g) and methylmercury concentrations
were in the range of 12.9 ~ 424 ng/g (mean 143.2 ng/g). For largemouth
bass, the relationship between methylmercury concentration and body
weight were divided into two groups, which implied that methylmercury
concentration of in freshwater sh were found to be correlated with body
weight, diet habit and food availability. Additionally, in this study, total
mercury and methylmercury concentrations of 126 primary school children
residing near incineration facilities were determined. Average levels of total
mercury and methylmercury were found to be 2.560.77 and 2.010.78
ng/g, respectively. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in
sediment which were categorized plant euent, urban stream, river, lake
and reservoir were in the range of 2.43~1,564.17 ng/g and N.D.~5.95
ng/g, respectively. Total mercury concentrations of plant euent were
relatively high compared to those of lake or reservoir (p<0.05) whereas
methylmercury concentrations were not showed any dierences between
sampling sites. Te relationships between concentrations of methylmercury,
mercury and other metals in sediments and soils will be presented in detail.
TP101 Factors inuencing NET methyl mercury formation in
mercury contaminated sediments. L.M. Avramescu, E. Yumvihoze, D.
Lean, D. Fortin, Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
H. Hintelmann, Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada. High concentrations of monomethylmercury in sh have triggered
a large body of scientic studies and led to major policy decisions related
to safe consumption. Our study focuses on the biogeochemical factors that
aect NET methylmercury formation, more specically the role played
by methonogens, iron and sulfate reducing bacteria. Methylation and
demethylation were measured by using enriched stable isotopes of mercury
200Hg2+ and Me199Hg in microcosms treated with specic bacterial
inhibitors. Sediments were sampled in July and August 2007 from the St.
Lawrence River in Cornwall and incubated in the dark at room temperature
in an anaerobic chamber for 96h. Te amounts of Me200Hg+ produced
and Me199Hg+ remaining were measured and ux rates calculated.
Methylmercury concentrations increased linearly during the rst 24h then
stopped for all treatments, indicating that the small amount of mercury
added was probably the only bioavailable form or that the processes of
methylation and demethylation rapidly equilibrated. Stimulation of
methylmercury production was observed when methanogens were inhibited,
and methylation was only partially limited by sulfate-reducing bacteria
inhibition suggesting that iron reducing bacteria might be involved in
the methylation process. Tis information suggests that these sediments
should not be exposed to oxygen, as the sulde concentrations, which likely
immobilize mercury, would be converted to sulfate and liberate mercury.
TP102 Characteristics of Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Total
Mercury (TM) in Seoul, Korea in 2006 and 2007. Y. Seo, Seoul National
University, Seoul, South Korea. Yong-Seok Seo, Jong-Bae Huh, Eun-Mi
Choi, Seung-Muk Yi; Department of Environmental Health, Graduate
School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. Te
objective of this study was to characterize the seasonal variations on
atmospheric wet deposition ux of total mercury (TM) in Seoul Korea
between 2006 and 2007. Atmospheric wet deposition of TM was measured
with a modied MIC-B sampler on the roof of Graduate School of Public
Health building in Seoul, Korea from January 2006 to December 2007. Te
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 229
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samples were analyzed using Tekran 2600 system equipped with cold vapor
atomic uorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). Average volume weighted TM
concentration in precipitation in 2006 and 2007 were 10.20 16.76 ng L

-1
and 16.63 16.81 ng L
-1
, respectively. Total Hg wet deposition ux in
2006 and 2007 were 16.84 g m
-2
and 20.20 g m
-2
, respectively. Tere was
a signicant positive correlation between wet deposition ux and rainfall
depth (r
2
= 0.26) (p<0.01), while there was a signicant negative correlation
between wet deposition ux and TM concentration in precipitation
(r
s
= -0.44) (p<0.01). Wet deposition ux of TM was highest during
summer 2007 (9.66 ug m
-2
) and lowest during winter 2007 (1.21 ug m
-2
).
Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) was used to identify potential
source areas of TM wet deposition ux. LPDM result identied central and
eastern industrial areas in China as possible source areas.
Acknowledgements
Tis work was supported by the Ministry of Environment (Ecotechnopia
12001-0050-1) and Ministry of Education, Science and Technology,
Republic of Korea (R01-2008-000-11165-0).
TP103 An Investigation of Mercury Concentrations in the South
River, Virginia Floodplain. W.C. Jordan, Water Division, Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality, Harrisonburg, VA; T.W. Morrison,
URS Corporation, Ft. Washington, PA; J.W. Green, W.R. Bertie, DuPont
Co., Wilmington, DE. From 1929 to 1950, DuPont used mercury as a
catalyst at their Waynesboro, Virginia (USA) plant. During the 1970s,
it was discovered that sh in the South River, which ows past the plant,
contained elevated levels of mercury. In the spring of 2008, Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality in cooperation with the DuPont
Co. and URS Corporation performed an extensive oodplain soil sampling
project testing for mercury concentrations in the 100 year oodplain of the
South River. Te objectives of this project were to develop an understanding
of the oodplain soils as a source of mercury to the South River; determine
the spatial distribution of mercury in the oodplain soils; determine to
what extent the mercury concentration in oodplain soils changes spatially
under similar and diering land use conditions; to further develop an
understanding of relationships between soil mercury concentrations and
soil depth, elevation relative to the river, and distance from the river; and
to provide valuable information for other projects examining mercury in
the South River ecosystem. A stratied random sampling design was used
to determine sampling locations from the plant at Waynesboro to the
conuence of the South River with the North River to form the South
Branch of the Shenandoah River at Port Republic, which is approximately
40 river-km from the plant. Te river was divided into sections based on
bridge crossings, ooding frequencies (i.e., 0 to 2, 2 to 5, and 5 to 100
year ooding frequencies), and land-use (i.e., wetlands, open space, forest,
pastureland, and cropland). Total mercury (THg), moisture content, grain
size, and organic carbon (Loss on Ignition) were determined on soil samples
collected from the surface to 15-cm depth and 15 to >60-cm depth. A total
of 600 sites were sampled with 1200 samples analyzed. Te poster will
provide an overview of the project and analysis of the data.
TP104 Loading Analysis Reveals Sources of Inorganic Mercury
and Methylmercury in the South River Watershed. J.R. Flanders,
T. Morrison, G. Murphy, URS Corp., Fort Washington, PA; J. Dyer,
DuPont Engineering Research and Technology, Wilmington, DE; R. Stahl,
DuPont Corporate Remediation Group, Wilmington, DE. A watershed-
wide loading analysis was completed for the South River, VA to generate
material balance estimates for both methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic
mercury (IHg). Surface water samples were collected over a 2-year period
during baseline (non-storm conditions characterized by linearly increasing
discharges over the length of the South River) and storm conditions. Loads
were calculated using drainage-area-weighted discharges interpolated from
15-minute discharge data collected at three USGS stream gages along the
South River. A maximized nonlinear-regression sediment-loading model was
used to estimate particulate IHg (PIHg) and lter-passing IHg (FIHg) mass
balances during four storms in 2006 and 2007. As predicted, the results
of the storm loading analysis for PIHg and FIHg contrasted. Te South
River reach farthest from the historical source of mercury (32 to 37 km)
had the highest PIHg storm load. In contrast, the reach where the highest
FIHg storm load occurred was located 8.2 to 15.9 km downstream of the
historical source. Partitioning of IHg over the duration of a storm suggests
that the elevated loads in downstream reaches are due to resuspension of
particulate-bound mercury. Te strong particle concentration eect in
upstream reaches suggests the presence of colloidally complexed IHg on
the falling limb of storms. No particle concentration eect is observed in
downstream reaches. Te methylmercury loading analysis, on the other
hand, focused on baseline sampling events between April and September,
the period during which MeHg concentrations are highest in South
River sediment and surface water. Samples were collected during baseline
conditions in the spring and summer of 2006, 2007, and 2008, and during
the falling limb of two storms in June 2006 and April 2008; tributary
contributions were measured in April 2008 only. Methylmercury loads
are highest in reaches characterized by a low slope, a high volume of ne-
grained sediment deposits, and a high degree of bank erosion. Te results of
both IHg and MeHg loading analyses were used to create material balance
summaries for watershed sources.
TP105 Characteristics of high concentration event of Total Gaseous
Mercury (TGM) and contribution from long-rang transport in
Seoul, Korea. E. Choi, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Eun-Mi Choi, Seung-Muk Yi Department of Environmental Health,
Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Korea. Total
gaseous mercury (TGM) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured in
Seoul, Korea from February 2005 through December 2006. Te mean
concentrations of TGM and CO were 3.44 2.13 ng m
-3
and 613.21
323.24 ppbv, respectively. TGM concentration was highest during the
winter and the lowest during the summer. Seasonal and diurnal variations of
CO concentrations were similar to those of TGM. In order to identify the
contribution of long-range transported mercury to the enhanced mercury
concentration in Korea, a high concentration event was dened as a period
with an hourly average TGM concentration larger than average monthly
TGM concentration and with signicant enhancement of both TGM and
CO concentrations for at least ten hours. Ten, the event was classied into
long-range transport event and local event using linear regression analysis
between TGM and CO concentrations. TGM and CO concentrations were
well correlated during every long-range transport events with correlation
coecient lager than 0.5, while those were weakly correlated during local
events. Long-range transport events and local events accounted for 56%
and 44% of total high concentration events, respectively. Five-day backward
trajectory analysis during long-range transport events showed four potential
source regions; China (79%), Japan (13%), Russia (6%), and Yellow sea
(2%). Te result indicated that long-range transported mercury from China
contributed signicantly to high TGM concentration events in Korea.
Te mean TGM/CO during China long-range transport events was
0.0052 0.0043 ng m
-3
ppbv
-1
and TGM emission estimated using several
CO emission uxes of China was 632~749 ton yr
-1
. Te estimated TGM
emissions were about 9~26% larger than TGM emission (575 ton yr
-1
) from
previous study indicating that TGM/CO can be used to estimate TGM
emission in China.
Keywords
long-range transport, CO, TGM/CO, emission ratio
Acknowledgements
Tis work was supported by the Ministry of Environment (Eco-technopia
21 project 12001-0050-1) and Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology, Republic of Korea (R01-2008-000-11165-0).
TP106 Small-scale Gold Mining and Mercury Contamination in
the Upper Cuyun River Basin, Venezuela: An assessment in aquatic
biota, river water and sediments. O.D. Farina, M. Gonzlez, Laboratorio
de Mercurio, Estacin de Investigaciones Hidrobiolgicas de Guayana,
Fundacin La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Ciudad Guayana, Bolvar,
Venezuela; D.G. Pisapia, Laboratorio de Fsico-Qumica, Estacin de
Investigaciones Hidrobiolgicas de Guayana, Fundacin La Salle de
Ciencias Naturales, Ciudad Guayana, Bolvar, Venezuela; C.A. Lasso, Museo
de Historia Natural La Salle, Fundacin La Salle de Ciencias Naturales,
Caracas, DC, Venezuela. Te Cuyun basin has been subjected to small-
scale gold mining activities since late XIX century. Te Hg commonly used
in gold recovery is loss to the environment. In order to assess the extent of
mercury contamination in the upper Cuyun river basin, we determined
the total mercury concentration in 145 samples of freshwater sh and
invertebrates (crabs, shrimps and snails). We also analyzed 35 water samples
for dissolved and TSS-associated mercury, as well as the metal concentration
in 25 sediments samples from 5 focal areas. Te Hazard Quotient (HQ) was
applied to determine the threat of MeHg intake from sh consumption.
Te sediment Hg concentrations obtained values range from 6.55 to
230 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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421.53 ppb, with enrichment factors (EF) >1 in 16 stations, indicating an
anthropogenic mercury input. Te minimal and maximal concentrations
of total Hg in water were 2.01 and 20.13 ppb respectively, where the metal
associated to suspended solid represented the 1.30 to 63.35%. As a general
rule, the mercury concentration in the sh muscle tissue was higher than
in invertebrates. Te shs species having metal contents above the WHO
guideline for human consumption (>500 ppb) were the carnivorous regimes
(ichtyophagous and entomophagous) with Hg values up to 27 times higher
than in herbivorous sh, suggesting a metal bioaccumulation process. Even
further, a strong correlation was obtained between the total length, weight,
food regimes of organisms and their Hg concentration. Te elevated Hg
levels observed in sh from headwater of the Uey river (a Cuyuns river
auent found in Sierra de Lema) suppose an important metal transport
from the small-scale mining areas. Te high HQ values obtained suggest a
serious health risk situation due to sh consumption by local population.
TP107 Reconnaissance Survey of Mercury in Water, Streambed
Sediment, and Fish from US Streams. B. Scudder, D. Krabbenhoft, US
Geological Survey, Middleton, WI; L. Chasar, USGS, Tallahassee, FL;
N. Bauch, USGS, Lakewood, CO; D. Wentz, USGS, Portland, OR; P.
Moran, USGS, Tacoma, WA; M. Brigham, USGS, Mounds View, MN;
W. Brumbaugh, USGS, Columbia, MO. Between 1998 and 2005, the
USGS examined mercury occurrence in water, streambed sediment, and
sh from 367 stream basins that spanned regional and national gradients
in mercury source strength (deposition, mining) and factors thought to
inuence mercury bioaccumulation. Land-use/cover included mined (gold
and mercury), urbanized, agricultural, and minimally-disturbed settings;
the latter represent forested, grassland, and wetland land cover. Minimally-
disturbed sites were chosen based on wetland abundance (locations of
known greater methylation) to represent a range of expected low to high
concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg). Each site was sampled one time
during low ow. Samples of water and streambed sediment were analyzed
for total mercury (THg), MeHg, and characteristics thought to aect
mercury methylation such as pH, dissolved organic carbon, and sulfate.
Predator sh (largemouth bass) were targeted for collection, and composited
skin-o llets were analyzed for THg. In areas where largemouth bass
were not readily caught, alternate predator sh were collected. Mercury
concentrations in unltered water ranged from <0.01 to 4.11 ng/L MeHg
and from 0.27 to 446 ng/L THg; concentrations in streambed sediment
(dry weight basis) ranged from <0.10 to 15.6 ng/g MeHg and from 1.33
to 4518 ng/g THg. Highest THg concentrations in water were found
in streams in mined basins; however, MeHg concentrations in water
from many of these same streams were not high. Concentrations of THg
in sh ranged from 0.01 to 1.95 ug/g (wet weight basis); the highest
concentrations in sh among all sampled sites occurred in streams in mined
basins in the western US and in blackwater coastal-plain streams draining
forested lowlands or wetlands in the eastern US. Mercury concentrations
in largemouth bass positively correlated with MeHg in water, upstream
wetland area, and distance-weighted woody-wetland and evergreen forest.
Concentrations of MeHg in water from several blackwater coastal-plain
streams were similar to those of streams in mined basins, although THg
concentrations were much lower than for mined basins. Tis dierence in
the ratio of MeHg to THg highlights the importance of methylation as a
controlling environmental factor in the bioaccumulation of mercury in food
webs.
TP108 A First-Order Mass Budget for Methylmercury in San
Francisco Bay, CA. D. Yee, L. McKee, J. Oram, San Francisco Estuary
Institute, Oakland, CA. Te San Francisco Bay is a water body listed
as impaired due to mercury contamination in sport sh for human
consumption. A legacy of mercury mining in local watersheds and mercury
used in gold mining in the Sierra Nevada in addition to more recent and
ongoing inputs from urban areas have contributed to contamination seen
in the Bay, but even without continued mercury inputs, it would likely
be decades or centuries before ambient mercury concentrations return to
pre-industrial levels. Because methylmercury is the mercury species most
directly responsible for contamination in biota, a better understanding
of its sources, loads, and processes is sought to identify the best means to
potentially manage its impact in the Bay in the near term. A simple one box
model of San Francisco Bay is applied to evaluate uncertainties in estimates
for methylmercury loading pathways and environmental processes, to
identify major data gaps, and test various management scenarios. External
loading pathways considered in the mass budget include loads entering via
atmospheric deposition, and discharges from the Sacramento/San Joaquin
Delta, local watersheds, industrial and municipal wastewater, and fringing
wetlands. Internal processes considered include exchange between bedded
sediment and the water column, degradation, in situ production, and losses
via hydrologic transport to the Pacic Ocean. Te largest uncertainties and
potential approaches for reducing them will be explored.
TP109 Modied Method for Methylmercury Isotopes Quantication
in Sediment Samples. L.M. Avramescu, E. Yumvihoze, D. Lean, Biology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J. Zhu, H. Hintelmann,
Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Among all
mercury species monomethylmercury is the most toxic that bioaccumulates
and biomagnies in the food chain. Produced naturally in the freshwater
and estuarine systems the monomethylmercury is found in the nature
at ng/g levels. Many methods were developed over time to measure the
concentration of monomethylmercury from dierent sample matrices.
We, here, propose a modied method for measuring monomethylmercury
isotopes that uses the acidic KBr and CuSO4 extraction method to isolate
and purify the methylated mercury forms from matrix (Cai et al.1997),
followed by ethylation with sodium thetraethylborate, purge and trap on
Tenax, GC separation of ethylated mercury compounds, and ICP-MS
detection. Te modied method links together two well known methods
Cai et al. 1997 and Hintelmann et al, 1995 and oers the advantages of
no artifact formation (Cai et al 1997), low detection limits in measuring
monomethylmercury isotopes (Hintelmann et al. 1995). Te modied
method avoids the distillation step, which is laborious and expensive,
because of the cost of installation and the time consuming cleaning process.
Also, many samples can be analyzed in a very short time.
TP110 Survey of Total and Methyl Mercury Content in Earthworms
and Soils Collected from the South River (Virginia USA) Floodplain.
W.R. Berti, DuPont Co., Newark, DE; J. Cianchetti, D. Cocking, James
Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. Mercury was released from an
industrial point source located in Waynesboro, Virginia (USA) between
1929 and 1950 and entered into the ecosystem of the South River. We
conducted a survey to evaluate the relationship between total mercury
(THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in paired earthworm
and soil samples and to understand the extent to which mercury may
bioaccumulate in earthworms. Twelve vegetated, relatively undisturbed
locations were selected along the South River oodplain. Tese locations
included a control that was 1.6 km upstream from the industrial point
source and eleven other sampling locations between Waynesboro, VA
and the conuence with the North River forming the South Fork of the
Shenandoah River at Port Republic, VA. Te conuence is about 40 km
downstream of the source. In fall 2006, 10x10m plots were established
at each of the twelve locations and subdivided into 100 1x1m quadrats;
ve were randomly selected for sampling. A surface layer 50-cm deep
was excavated at each quadrat to collect a minimum of 30 individual
earthworms. Te earthworms were rinsed with DI water and a sub-sample
of at least 12 earthworms from three quadrats was frozen undepurated.
Furthermore, earthworms from all ve quadrats were rst depurated for 24
hours in a container with moist lter paper and then frozen. Additionally,
a representative soil sample was collected from the surface layer at each
quadrat from which earthworms were collected. Earthworm and soil samples
were analyzed for THg, MeHg, and moisture content. THg concentrations
measured in the earthworm samples ranged from about 10% to less than
60% of that measured in paired soil samples and were well correlated (R
2

= 0.72) with THg measured in the soil samples. In contrast, MeHg was 15
to 70 times greater in earthworm samples compared to that measured in
paired soil samples but were not well correlated with MeHg in soil samples
(R
2
= 0.42). Te survey demonstrated that THg and MeHg concentrations
are highly variable among quadrats within a location for both soils
and earthworm samples. It also demonstrated that MeHg occurred in
earthworms collected from oodplain soils at a higher concentration than
that measured in soil from which they were collected. THg concentrations
in earthworms, however, were lower than that measured in the soil.
TP111 Determination of Break Points Between Baseline and
Enriched Concentrations of Mercury in Water and Bed Sediment of U.S.
Streams. D.A. Wentz, U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, OR; B.C. Scudder,
U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, WI; L.C. Chasar, U.S. Geological
Survey, Tallahassee, FL; M.E. Brigham, U.S. Geological Survey, Mounds
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View, MN. Break point concentrations of mercury in stream water and
bed sediment were estimated by application of a procedure commonly used
in geochemical prospecting. Break points are dened by changes in slope
that are apparent when the logarithms of mercury concentrations from
dierent statistical populations are plotted against a linearized cumulative
probability axis. Baseline concentrations (for example, from global
deposition or chemical weathering of country rock) are expected to be
from one statistical population and should be represented by a straight line.
Samples from a dierent source with enriched concentrations (for example,
urban areas or ore deposits) are expected to be from a second statistical
population represented by a separate straight line of greater slope on the
same probability plot. Te point where the two lines intersect is the break
point concentration. Statistically signicant break point concentrations were
determined by piecewise regression for water and bed sediment samples
collected from 367 streams across the Nation by the U.S. Geological
Survey during 1998-2005. Te stream basins span a range of land-use/
land-cover and mercury source strength (deposition, mining). Land-use/
land-cover includes mined (gold and mercury), urbanized, agricultural,
and minimally disturbed settings; the latter represent forested, grassland,
and wetland land cover. Streams were sampled once during low ow,
thus minimizing eects from runo processes. Methylmercury (MeHg)
concentrations in unltered water ranged from <0.01 to 4.11 ng/L, and
total mercury (THg) concentrations ranged from 0.27 to 446 ng/L. Break
point mercury concentrations were 0.6 and 4.9 ng/L, respectively. Fourteen
streams exceeded the MeHg break point, with most having high wetland
abundance. For THg, 60 streams exceeded the break point, and most were
from mined basins. Concentrations of mercury in streambed sediment
ranged from <0.10 to 15.6 ng/g MeHg and from 1.33 to 4518 ng/g THg
(dry weight basis); break point mercury concentrations were 3.7 and 350
ng/g, respectively. Most exceedances of the MeHg break point in bed
sediment were for stream basins with high wetland abundance or urban
impacts, whereas most exceedances of the THg break point were for streams
draining mined or urbanized basins.
TP112 New tools for tracking nanomaterials in living tissues. E.
Wild, K.C. Jones, Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster,
United Kingdom. Engineered nanomaterials express remarkable mechanical,
chemical electronic and optical properties, with applications as sensors
or drug delivery vehicles to yarns and sheets. Te increasing use of
nanomaterials in every day products from cosmetics to coatings is generating
a need for innovative detection methods for their continued development,
environmental and toxicological monitoring and risk assessment. Tere
is currently a lack of data on the fate of engineered nanomaterials within
the environment, which has generated an urgent need for novel detection
methods, capable of monitoring their fate and behaviour. In-vivo
visualisation techniques are increasingly becoming important in applications
where cellular fate and behaviour within environmental organisms is
unknown and of potential importance. Soils, sediments, and sludges
represent likely sinks for many nanomaterials; the organisms inhabiting
these including, plants and their associated microorganism communities
are thus key for research. Here for the rst time we present novel results
on the in-vivo imaging of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and cerium dioxide
(CeO2) nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
with living wheat roots using two-photon excitation microscopy(TPEM).
We detail the interaction of MWCNTs with traditional soil pollutants,
including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the piercing of the root
cell walls by the MWCNTs; and increased PAH uptake into cells pierced
by MWCNTs. We outline the potential of this technique for the in-vivo
visualisation of certain nanomaterials within the environment, and highlight
future applications with bacteria, fungi, lung tissues and skin.
TP113 Comparison of Manufactured and Black Carbon Nanoparticle
Concentrations in Aquatic Sediments. A.A. Koelmans, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, Netherlands; A.A. Koelmans, Wageningen
IMARES, IJmuiden, Netherlands; B. Nowack, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Testing and Research, Gallen, Switzerland; M.R. Wiesner,
Duke University, Durham, NC. In this paper we show that concentrations
of manufactured carbon based nanoparticles (MCNP) in aquatic sediments
will be negligible compared to levels of black carbon (soot) nanoparticles
(BCNP). Tis is concluded from mass balance model calculations
accounting for MCNP sedimentation uxes, MCNP removal rates due to
aggregation or degradation, and MCNP burial in deeper sediment layers.
Te resultant steady state MCNP levels are compared with BCNP levels,
which are calculated from known measured soot levels in sediments, and
typical weight fractions of nano-sized size fractions of these soot particles.
It appears that typical MCNP/BCNP ratios range from 10E-7 10E-4
(w:w). Tis does not imply that MCNPs as such are no hazardous materials.
However, the often acclaimed eect of MCNPs on organic pollutant
binding and bioavailability will likely be below the level of detection if
natural BCNPs are present, even if binding to MCNP is one to two orders
of magnitude stronger than to BCNPs. Most probably this also will hold
for NP concentrations in the water column and in soils. Furthermore,
direct exposure and toxic eects of MCNPs to aquatic biota such as benthic
invertebrates will be negligible compared to that of BCNPs.
TP114 Using NMR-based metabolomics to assess the toxicity of
titanium dioxide nanoparticles on Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
embyros. D.C. Burns, Worsfold Water Quality Centre, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; J.M. Ataria, Landcare Research, Lincoln,
New Zealand; G. Paterson, T. Tran, C.D. Metcalfe, Environmental and
Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Nanomaterials belong to a class of chemicals that have diverse and
widespread industrial application. Many of these applications are emerging
and have only recently been made available to the consumer and to the
environment. As a result, the ecotoxicological impact of nanomaterials that
are associated with these processes have not been thoroughly investigated.
For instance, titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) nanoparticles (NPs), which are
often used as whitening agents in foodstus and coatings, have been found
to induce apoptosis in mammalian cells, cause oxidative stress and organ
pathologies in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and increase mortality
in Daphnia magna. Yet the impacts of TiO
2
on metabolism, a key marker
of organism health and function, have not been fully assessed. In this study,
NMR-based metabolomics was used to assess the response of a model teleost
to TiO
2
NPs. NPs were generated by sonicating a bulk TiO
2
dispersal, and
then characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and by transmission electron
microscopy. Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to varying
TiO
2
NP concentrations during embryogenesis. Te metabolic proles of
the control and exposed embryos were then characterized using 2D
1
H
J-resolved NMR spectroscopy, which allowed the impact of TiO
2
NPs to be
established.
TP115 Stability of Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media.
X. Xu, E.R. Carraway, Dept. of Environmental Engineering and Earth
Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC; E.R. Carraway, Clemson
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC.
Nanoparticles such as metal salts and oxides are subject to processes such
as solubilization and aggregation when placed in aqueous or other media.
Tese processes can be controlling factors in the fate of nanomaterials in
environmental settings, including bioavailability to organisms. Tis study
has focused primarily on measurement of the solubility of metal-based
nanoparticles in aqueous media of varying composition (e.g., pH and ionic
strength). Other measurements performed on the particles and aggregates
include images (size and shape), bandgap energies, surface composition,
surface area, hydrodynamic radius, and particle surface charge. Nano-
sized HgS, ZnO, CuO, TiO2 and Fe2O3 have been synthesized in the
laboratory using modications of published methods and approaches
including sonication, solvent condition and pH control. Typical results
show nano-sized primary particles forming aggregates approximately
microns in diameter. For example, the as-prepared nano-size HgS exhibited
an oval shape with an average size of 30nm20nm. Te primary nano-HgS
particles aggregated into clusters of approximately 300 nm, as determined
by dynamic laser scattering analysis. Te solubility of nano-size HgS at pH
values of 4, 7, 10 was signicantly increased compared to natural cinnabar,
with Hg2+ detected as high as 12 mg/L at pH 10. Addition of natural
organic matter generally enhanced the extent of particle solubilization
greatly. Evaluation of surface charges of nanoparticles was carried out by
acid-base titration and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Results are
interpreted in terms of particle surface speciation and nanoscale eects.
TP116 Stabilization of Organic-Soluble Quantum Dots in the
Aquatic Environment by Natural Organic Matter (NOM). D.G.
Navarro, S. Banerjee, D.F. Watson, D.S. Aga, Department of Chemistry,
University at Bualo, Bualo, NY. Te increasing interest and imminent
commercialization of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) has raised
concerns regarding their potential environmental impact. As these
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remarkable materials approach commercialization for applications such as
photovoltaics, biological imaging, medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and
optical displays, their release in the environment is inevitable. However,
as with other engineered nanomaterials, very limited information is
available regarding the transport and eventual fate of these materials
in the environment. Understanding the partitioning, mobility, and
persistence of QDs in water and air will likely have a signicant impact on
understanding and preventing potential hazards posed by these systems. Te
interactions of QDs with natural organic matter (NOM) will undoubtedly
play an important role in the transport of these materials in the aquatic
environment. Here, the remarkable NOM-mediated phase transfer of CdSe
QDs from organic solvents to water is reported. Te studies indicate that
humic and fulvic acids (HA and FA) facilitate the stabilization of organic-
capped QDs in water with kinetics that is measurable in less than 24 h.
Signicantly, these results appear to be generalizable to QDs of dierent
sizes. Te results observed for model systems based on Suwannee River HAs
and FAs have also been found to be generalizable to natural surface water
samples collected from local creeks. Tis study presents the rst evidence of
the stabilization of QDs in water by humic substances in real environmental
samples, illustrating that interactions with NOM will play a signicant role
in the fate and transport of QDs in aquatic systems.
TP117 Bioavailability of Gold Nanoparticles to a Rooted, Submerged
Aquatic Vascular Plant. J. Glenn, S.A. White, S.J. Klaine, ENTOX,
Clemson University, Pendleton, SC. Nanoparticles (NPs) are introduced
into the environment from a variety of sources, whether intentionally
by using iron NPs to remediate ground water or unintentionally such
as byproducts of industry, varying from tumor therapy that uses gold
NPs as vectors, to use of NPs contained within personal health products.
Eventually, after entering watersheds via drainage or storm water runo,
NPs can migrate into surface and ground water. As they enter into water
bodies they agglomerate, aggregate and settle into the sediments, where
benthic organisms may be exposed. Previous research in our lab has shown
that hydrophobic contaminants can be absorbed from sediments and
translocated into plant stems and leaves. As such the contaminants are then
available to herbivores. Tis research evaluated the potential of gold NP
uptake by the submersed rooted aquatic plant, Elodea canadensis. Gold NPs
were incorporated into an agar-nutrient matrix at various concentrations.
Electron microscopy conrmed homogeneous distribution of gold NPs in
the agar-nutrient matrix. Uptake and distribution of gold NPs into plant
roots, shoots, and leaves were quantied using inductively coupled plasma
mass spectroscopy.
TP118 Te Eects of Silver Nanoparticles on Development of Fathead
Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Embryos. G. Laban, J. Bickham, M.
Sepulveda, Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN; R. Turco, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN; L. Nies, M. Sepulveda, School Of Civil Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN; J. Bickham, Center for the Environment,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Nanomaterials are part of a
commercialcrevolution that has resulted in an explosion of hundreds of
novel products due to their malleable properties, thus enabling usage in a
wide range of innovative applications. Assessing the environmental impact
of such a great variety of products is of prime importance; however, there is
little published information in this regard. Tis study investigates toxicity
and uptake of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) in developing fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas) embryos. We describe toxicity of small (30-50nm)
and larger (41-100nm) nanoparticles in fathead minnow embryos exposed
to varying concentrations of either sonicated or stirred AgNPs. Size,
distribution, and concentration of NPs were characterized during 96 hr
exposure using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic
Light Scattering (DLS). LC50 of larger Ag NPs was 10.6 mg/L stirred and
1.36 mg/L sonicated; and for smaller Ag NPs was 9.4 mg/L stirred and
1.25 mg/L sonicated causing a dose-response increase in the prevalence
of larval deformities. Uptake of nanosilver into embryos was observed by
TEM within a 24hr period. Tis high-throughput toxicity test can perform
future risk assessment and dose response relationships of any nanoparticles
in fathead minnows, a standard sentinel organism in aquatic environmental
toxicity analyses.
TP119 Association of
14
C-labeled single-walled carbon nanotubes
with natural particulate matter from aqueous solution. L. Ferguson, B.A.
Englehart, A.L. Moore, Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, SC; L. Ferguson, NanoCenter, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT)
possess unique physicochemical properties (i.e. structural rigidity, electrical
conductivity, and thermal and chemical stability) that have led to the use
of these nanomaterials in electronics and composites. Due to increases
in commercial production and subsequent release to the environment,
SWNTs are emerging as potential environmental hazards. In order to
accurately assess the risk that these carbon nanomaterials pose to aquatic
systems, it is necessary to examine the fate and transport (i.e. sediment/
water partitioning, acute toxicity in organisms, and environmental
mobility) of these materials under simulated environmental conditions.
Te current study was designed to test the association of SWNT-based
carbon nanomaterials with environmental particulate matter from aqueous
solutions. Te agglomeration of
14
C-SWNT to natural particulates
was evaluated using batch sediment-water partitioning experiments
under simulated estuarine conditions. Te particulate materials tested
were estuarine sediment, sand, kaolinite, Na-montmorillonite, Ca-
montmorillonite, and combusted estuarine sediment. Variables included
ionic strength (monovalent and divalent electrolyte concentrations) and
dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations (0.5 ppm 50 ppm).
Soil column experiments were also conducted with
14
C-SWNT materials
under various ionic strength conditions and DOM loadings in order to
observe the relative mobility of
14
C-SWNTs in saturated media. Carbon
nanomaterial agglomerated strongly to estuarine sediment under high
ionic-strength conditions. Monovalent electrolyte concentrations as low
as 25mM partitioned over 25% more
14
C-SWNTs to the sediment than
in fresh solution, and divalent ionic strengths as low as 0.5mM resulted in
nearly complete association of
14
C-SWNT with sediment; however, the
presence of DOM stabilized the nanomaterial in the colloidal phase even
at a monovalent ionic strength of 45mM. Tese results suggest that natural
particulate matter will be an important sink for carbon-based nanomaterials
in aqueous systems.
TP120 Modelling Cytotoxicity and Aqueous Behaviour of
Nanoparticles in the Environment using Silicon Quantum Dots. M.K.
Dang, J.A. Kelly, J.G. Veinot, Department of Chemistry, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; K.J. Ong, G.G. Goss, Department of
Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; C.S.
Wong, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. We have prepared silicon quantum dots
(Si-QDs) with tunable uorescence to use as a model for investigating
nanoparticle fate in aquatic environments and toxicological eects in
zebra sh, Danio rerio. Despite current concerns and numerous studies
regarding nanoparticles in the environment, very little is known about
their environmental fate and the ecological risk they may pose. To assess
eectively nanoparticle interactions in the ambient environment, many
variables must be considered, including size, dose, dispersion, and surface
chemistry of the particles, as well as taking interferences with indigenous
materials into account. Si-QDs are an ideal model for this study as we
have developed methods for tailoring their size, providing a convenient
uorescent tag for optical imaging in biological and environmental systems.
Tese inherent photoluminescent properties of Si-QDs eliminate the need
for photobleachable organic dyes or additional sensors ligated to its surface.
We also have identied methods for covalently bonding functional groups
to the surface, to mimic nanoparticulate matter created via industrial
sources. Tese functionalizations also hold the advantage of stabilizing
our photoluminescent systems from harsh surroundings, both cellular
and environmental. We are also extending our methodology to study the
cytotoxicity and aquatic behaviour of a host of nanoparticles including CdSe
and Au. However, to date no single, well-dened method of characterizing
nanomaterials dispersed in aqueous solutions has been developed.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a promising technique in the analysis
of wet nanomaterials, whereby a light is scattered by the nanoparticles,
delivering a time-dependent scattering intensity based on its Brownian
motion. Te light intensities provide an accurate size distribution prole
to determine dispersibility and/or agglomeration patterns of nanoparticles
under varied aqueous conditions. Te aggregation dynamics attained
from DLS, combined with that of ex situ techniques such as transmission
electron and confocal microscopy, will allow us to determine the fate of
these nanoparticles in aqueous solution and assess the characteristics of
nanoparticle exposure to aquatic organisms as previously described.
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TP121 Comparative Eects and Fates of Cd(II) Ions versus Bare
CdSe Quantum Dots in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. Holden, J. Priester,
University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. Among the
environmental fates for engineered nanomaterials are bacterial interactions
with subsequent toxicity and fate outcomes. For nanomaterials such as
CdSe quantum dots (QDs), dissolution and release of heavy metal ions
may partially explain toxicity, but specic nanomaterials eects may also be
important. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown with similar
total cadmium concentrations in the form of either Cd(II) ions or bare
CdSe QDs, and cellular morphology, growth parameters, plus metals
assimilation were measured. Both Cd(II) ions and CdSe QDs resulted
in dose-dependent reductions in growth rates and cellular yield, and
similar amounts of free cadmium accumulated intracellularly. However,
QDs uniquely caused severe membrane damage and growth rates were
substantially decreased when related to available dissolved cadmium. Besides
constituent metal and metalloids, in tact QDs were observed in cells,
suggesting that QD toxicity was comparatively much greater as compared to
Cd(II) ions.
TP122 Separation of C60 Colloidal Suspensions into Particle Size
Classes by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. C. Isaacson,
X. Ma, D. Bouchard, US EPA, Athens, GA. Te lack of methods for the
fractionation and size determination of nanomaterials has limited studies
on the toxicology and environmental behavior of nanomaterials. Methods
for the separation of nanomaterials use conventional chromatography
techniques such size exclusion chromatography, which have an upper size
limit, determined by pore size of the separation column and are not suitable
for polydisperse suspensions. Current methods for the determination
of colloid size use light scattering methods which are limited by poor
resolution, or electron microscopy (EM) or atomic force microscopy
(AFM) which both require extensive sample preparation that may change
colloidal size. Asymmetric ow-eld ow fractionation (AF4) is a separation
technique for fractionating particles ranging from 1 nm to 10 m. In AF4
a parabolic ow sweeps particles down a thin channel, while a second
uid ow perpendicular to the parabolic ow forces particles against a
membrane. Small particles with large diusion coecients diuse farther
back into the channel (away from the membrane) than large particles with
smaller diusion coecients. Closer to the center of the parabolic ow,
smaller particles experience higher velocities than large particles and elute
earlier from the separation channel. Upon elution from the channel particle
size is easily determined by light scattering techniques. AF4 methods were
developed for the separation and size determination of C60 aggregates
generated by solvent exchange and extended mixing techniques. Colloidal
C60 suspensions generated by solvent exchange from tetrahydrofuran and
ltered (0.45 m), ranged in size from a lower size cut-o of 50-70 nm to
180 nm. Colloidal C60 suspensions generated by extended stirring in water
and ltered (0.45 m) were much more polydisperse than those generated
by solvent exchange with colloidal sizes ranging from a lower cuto of
50-70 nm to greater than 500 nm. Te observation of lower cuto is
unexpected and is thought to result from the decreased scattering of smaller
particles. Ongoing work is aimed at verifying the observed lower cuto and
determining the eect of ionic strength and presence and type of surfactant
on colloidal size. Disclaimer: Although this work has been reviewed by EPA
and approved for this presentation, it may not necessarily reect Agency
policy.
TP123 Utilization of Oral Bioavailability in Risk Assessment. C. Liu,
N. Luke, D. Keil, CDM, Edison, NJ. Majority of risk-based soil cleanup
levels are currently based on total contaminant concentrations assuming
that they are 100% bioavaible. In most instances, the assumption of 100%
bioavailability is conservative because most toxicity tests utilize forms
of a chemical that tend to be readily absorbed. However, it is generally
recognized that the rate of absorption of a chemical of highly insoluble
forms existing in soil is much lower than that of more soluble forms via
oral route. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that some chemicals,
such as metals and pesticides, undergo an aging process in soil whereby
the contaminants are sequestered in the soil so as to further decrease their
bioavailability and toxicity to biological receptors. Tey are therefore less
available than it is suggested by their total concentrations, such that cleanup
levels expressed as bulk concentrations may not correlate with actual risk.
Tis paper presents two case studies of applying oral bioavailability factors
in risk assessment. One is a railroad site where elevated arsenic levels are
broadly distributed across a majority of the site, resulting from the possible
historical use of arsenic-laced slag as a structural base for the railroad
tracks. Te other site was historically utilized as a formulating facility for
DDT. Both arsenic and DDT are not subject to signicant volatilization,
leaching, or degradation and thereby persistent in soil. Te immobility and
of these contaminates are supported by their limited vertical distribution
in soil and the lack of presence in groundwater. Because of inaccessibility,
these chemicals are unlikely to cause harm to biological receptors than is
suggested by their total concentrations. Bioavailability factors obtained
from literature were applied to the former pesticide manufacturing site. An
in vitro bioavailability and chemical speciation study is used at the railroad
site to quantify relative bioavaibility of these contaminants. Te results are
integrated into risk calculation to characterize a more representative estimate
of risks.
TP124 Te eects of copper and cadmium stress on glutathione
cycling genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. T.L. Stoiber, M.M. Shafer,
D.E. Armstrong, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; M.M. Shafer, Wisconsin State
Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
Copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) metals pose a threat to aquatic organisms
as they are known environmental stressors and present in the environment
in large concentration ranges. Terefore, it is important to understand the
mechanisms of toxicity for these two metals. We are specically interested
in the eects of these metals on glutathione cycling at the transcriptional
level. Glutathione readily undergoes oxidation-reduction reactions to
protect cells from oxidative stress as well as directly binding with trace
metals. Glutathione thus serves as an important indicator of cell health and
a useful biochemical toxicity endpoint. Cu and Cd concentration-response
bioassay experiments were conducted and novel glutathione endpoints
were examined using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as the model organism.
Total glutathione (TGSH), the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione
(GSH/GSSG), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity were
measured following metal exposures. In previous studies, a stark contrast
was observed in measured glutathione endpoints following Cu exposure
compared to Cd exposure. Total glutathione levels and glutathione redox
ratios (GSH/GSSG) decreased in response to increasing Cu concentration,
but total glutathione levels increased and redox ratios were unchanged
following cadmium exposure. Measured GR activity followed trends similar
to measured TGSH. To investigate the mechanisms of toxicity and the
contrasting glutathione response to Cu and Cd metal stress, we examined
the genes coding for key enzymes in the glutathione homeostasis pathway.
We measured relative mRNA abundance levels of these target genes [GR
and -glutamyl cysteine synthetase (-GCS)] along with housekeeping genes
using quantitative PCR methods. -GCS is the rate-limiting glutathione
synthesis enzyme. Primers for -GCS have been optimized and initial
results indicated increased -GCS mRNA expression in response to Cu
exposure, and decreased levels in response to Cd exposure. mRNA levels
did not follow GSH trends, so regulation of glutathione levels may be more
important in other steps in the pathway.
TP125 Metal Contamination and Land Use Characteristics in
Wadable Streams of South Carolina. A.J. Jones, E. Carraway, S.
Klaine, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC; M.C. Scott, South Carolina
Department of Natural Resources, Clemson, SC. At present, little data is
available concerning the overall quality of small aquatic ecosystems in South
Carolina. A study of wadeable streams in South Carolina is currently being
conducted in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Natural
Resources. Te overall goal of this work is to assess overall ecosystem
quality in order to provide information needed for improved management
strategies. Te project assesses sh population and health and in addition
performs measurements of stream characteristics, chemical contaminants
present, and sh exposure to chemical contaminants. Tis presentation
focuses on metal contaminants found in water and sediments in 2006 and
2007 and relationship between metals and land use in the drainage areas
or watersheds of the sites sampled. Sites were randomly selected using
known streams and GIS-determined watersheds of appropriate size (less
than 150 km
2
). GIS and the National Land Cover Data Set were used to
determine the land use distribution for each sampled watershed. Water and
sediment samples were collected and analyzed using ICP-MS, ICP-AES and
Cold Vapor AAS. Among the metals of interest are aluminum, cadmium,
chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, and
234 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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others. Results indicate that a small number of sites exceed the published
US EPA constant contaminant concentration and contaminant maximum
concentration for a few waterborne or dissolved metals (e.g., cadmium,
copper and nickel). In addition, a small number of sites exceed published
risk threshold values for metal-contaminated sediments. Linear regression
was used to correlate individual dissolved metal measurements with land
use activities in individual and combined watersheds. Results indicate that
changes in land use can change pollutant loads and impact the quality
of the stream. Te strongest relationships were observed for agricultural
and forest land use with several metals (e.g., chromium, nickel, selenium,
and potassium). Developed land area has not shown signicant eects in
these small and largely rural watersheds. Correlations are also considered
for the whole study and are separated by watershed and ecoregion.
Principle components analysis is applied to watershed land uses to simplify
interpretation and to reveal parameters responsible for metal contamination
variability.
TP126 Binding Potential of Weathered Coal Mining Waste for
Metals Occurring in Acid Rock Drainage (ARD). I. Twardowska, K.
Janta-Koszuta, E. Miszczak, S. Stefaniak, Institute of Environmental
Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland. Suldic mine
wastes are generally recognized as a source of high sulfate, metal-rich
Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) of a high pollution potential to the aquatic
environment caused by suldes (mainly pyrite FeS2) oxidation and lasting
for decades. Optimization of protective measures requires adequate
knowledge of metals release, but also of their possible binding onto waste.
In this study, weathered coal mining wastes were selected to evaluate their
binding capacity for metals for the following reasons: (i) better developed
specic surface than in freshly generated waste; (ii) decrease of protons
generation due to declining sulde decomposition; (iii) enrichment in
secondary products of sulde oxidation (amorphous Fe and Mn oxides)
that enhance sorption capacity for metals. At the same time, a reduced
content of carbonates is anticipated due to decomposition during the
buering process. A 1-years cycle of ow-through column experiments on
binding-release of metal ions (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) onto
weathered coal mining waste from poly-metallic ARD of pH 1.5 showed
mobilization of a residual buering capacity and increase of a leachate pH
from 5.7 to 9.4, with further decrease to pH 3.25 at the end of the cycle.
Phase of full sorption of all studied metals occurred up to pH 5.25 (Fe) -
pH 6.8 (Cd), while the eciency of sorption ranged from 94% (Fe, Mn) to
99-100% of input load (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn); Cr(III), Cu and Pb were
the best sorbed onto waste. Sorption of metals of high mobility (Mn, Cd,
Ni and Zn) was the lowest, while Mn, Zn and Ni showed susceptibility to
remobilization in the full sorption phase. Speciation analysis of euents
and their saturation index in all stages of sorption allowed for a mechanistic
interpretation of ARD interaction with a solid phase. Although sorption
capacity of coal mining wastes appeared to be much lower than e.g. clay
minerals or lignite, their ability to bound metals gives an opportunity to
utilize these properties for optimization of dump/ civil engineering facilities
construction, environmental impact assessment and development of
preventive measures.
TP127 Cu Complexation by Natural Organic Matter: Linking
Chemical Properties with Biological Eects. K. Hicks, A. Mancini, E.
Costa, J. McGeer, Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada; S. Smith, Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada; B. Vigneault, M. King, CANMET MMSL, Natural
Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Te interactions of Cu
with natural organic matter (NOM) in soft water were characterized
both chemically and biologically. NOM from dierent soft water lakes
were concentrated using reverse osmosis and for comparison NOM was
also sampled from a hard water source. NOM complexation capacity
was assessed directly in Cu spiked solution (with and without additions
of NOM) by measuring free Cu activity using an ion selective electrode.
Additional chemical characterizations of NOM include specic absorbance
coecient (SAC; at 340nm), excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy,
protein content, and molecular weight fractionation. Te biological
characterization of NOMs ability to complex Cu was measured in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using short term (3h) gill accumulation,
96h-LC50, and the inhibition of gill Na/K ATPase. All NOM sources
reduced Cu accumulation on the gill after 3h exposure to 2M Cu with
either 2.5, 5 and 8 mg/L (DOC). Brandy Lake was consistently more
protective compared to other sources. Bannister Lake NOM was the least
protective while Echo Lake and Lake Nipissing were moderately protective
compared to Brandy Lake. Ion selective electrode measurements at a total
Cu concentration of 1.25M showed that the Cu complexation capacity
of NOM from Lakes Brandy, Echo and Nipissing were similar but that
the complexation capacity of Bannister Lake was much lower, which is
consistent with the gill binding results. A trend was observed between gill
binding and two chemical measurements, SAC and protein concentration.
Brandy Lake which reduced Cu accumulation on the gill the most, had
the highest SAC value (24 cm2/mg C) and protein concentration (56 g
protein/mg C). Bannister Lake had the lowest SAC value (11 cm2/mgC)
and lowest protein concentration (14 g protein/mgC). Tese results on
uptake and toxicity of Cu in soft waters will be used to validated the biotic
ligand model approach and, if necessary, rene the inuence of NOM
quality on toxicity reduction. Tis research has been funded by Metals in
the Human Environment Strategic Network (MITHE-SN).
TP128 Trace Metals and Sulfates in Water Samples from the Florida
Everglades: occurrence trends and potential relationships. V. Caccia, E.
Nhuch, P. Gardinali, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida
International University, Miami, FL; V. Caccia, E. Nhuch, C. Cantos, P.
Gardinali, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International
University, Miami, FL; J. Castro, Department of Interior, Everglades
National Park, Miami, FL. As part of the Contaminant Assessment and
Risk Evaluation (CARE) project, the concentrations of 6 metals of concern
(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb) and sulfates were measured on surface
freshwater samples collected at 30 stations in the Everglades National
Park between November 2006 and February 2008. Concentrations of
metals were determined directly by ICP-MS. Sulfates were analyzed by IC-
Chromatography. Te evaluation of these set of metals is important to assess
environmental degradation. Typical metal sources located around these
protected areas include: highly urbanized cities, and the Homestead and
Imolakee agricultural areas that require the application of large quantities
of chemicals containing various heavy metals. Our results showed elevated
concentrations of certain metals in regions of the study area that have
anthropogenic inuences. For Example: Cu, Zn and Pb were above the
median at many stations along the East Boundary of Everglades National
Park (E1, E3, E4, E5,). Tis area is adjacent to the Homestead Agricultural
Area and it has also been used for practice shooting in the past likely
contributing to the high levels of these metals. Te station C111-4 which
drains the C111 canal had high concentrations of As, Cr, Ni, and Cu.
In general, southern stations had higher sulfate than the northern likely
inuenced by limited tidal exchange. 21 stations sampled revealed low
concentrations of sulfate ranging from 0-20 mg/L, the rest were between
60 to 2400 mg/L. Metals generally showed poor correlation with sulfate
content in freshwater areas. Four stations in the brackish water zone (C111-
4, SRS4, WB2, WB3) presented concurrent elevated concentrations of
sulfates and two metals (Cr and Cu).
TP129 Understanding selenium cycling in a Northern Saskatchewan
freshwater environment that receives treated mining euent using
a combination of speciation and whole metal measurements. C.I.
Wiramanaden, J. Bird, K. Liber, Toxicology, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; C.I. Wiramanaden, I.J. Pickering,
Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. Selenium accumulates in sediments and lower trophic level
organisms. Terefore, seemingly innocuous water-borne concentrations
can result in high selenium concentrations in sediments, and even higher
concentrations in benthic macro-invertebrates and sh. However, the route
and magnitude of accumulation cannot be predicted using water-borne total
Se concentrations alone. Instead, the bioavailability and transfer of selenium
among all environmental compartments of the whole ecosystem must be
understood. Bioavailability and transfer are controlled by environmental
conditions and thus by the speciation of the element itself. Te Key Lake
system in Northern Saskatchewan has experienced decades of low level
releases of Se from metal ore milling. However, the transfer and factors
aecting selenium distribution among environmental compartments are not
well understood. In order to predict selenium exposure and accumulation,
we must discern its cycling through the ecosystem. Synchrotron X-ray
absorption spectroscopy provides a unique method for determining
speciation in complex samples such as sediments with little pretreatment. In
an attempt to describe selenium cycling through this northern environment
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the work presented here will focus on linking selenium speciation
measurements, made using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy to
whole metal determinations made using inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry.
TP130 Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) by
Liquid Chromatography with Negative-Ion Atmospheric Pressure
Photoionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/NI-APPI/MS/MS).
Method Validation and Application to Automobile Dust. A. Lagalante, T.
Oswald, F. Calvosa, Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA. Eight
polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners of primary interest to the
US EPA were separated using reverse-phase liquid chromatography on an
octadecylsilane column. BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153,
BDE-154, BDE-183, and BDE-209 were baseline resolved under isocratic
conditions in 92:8 methanol/water (v/v). Negative-ion atmospheric pressure
photoionization (NI-APPI) with a toluene dopant produced precursor
ions corresponding to [MBr+O] for the eight congeners studied. Each
congener was quantied by tandem mass spectrometry through a unique,
multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition. On-column limits of
detection were between 2.4 and 27.8 pg for the eight congeners studied
with an intra-day method precision of 9%. Te liquid-phase separation of
the LC/NI-APPI/MS/MS method is not prone to the thermal degradation
issues that plague splitless GC based analyses of highly brominated PBDEs
such as BDE-209. Te LC/NI-APPI/MS/MS method was validated for
the analysis of the eight PBDE congeners in NIST SRM 2585 (Organics
in House Dust). Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with subsequent LC/
NI-APPI/MS/MS analysis aorded quantitative recovery for all eight PBDE
congeners with recoveries ranging from 92.7 to 113%. Sixty automobile
dust samples were collcted at pre-owned car dealerships and were analyzed
for PBDE congener levels by LC/NI-APPI/MS/MS. Results indicate that
the dust is primarily comprised of BDE-209 with median levels of 48 ppm.
Additionally, PBDE congeners of the PentaBDE mixture are present in
all samples at percentages corresponding to the pecentages of commercial
formulations. Contributions of automobile and indoor dust ingestion
pathways to mean daily PBDE intake by adults and children will be
presented.
TP131 Eect of 1,2-dibromo-4(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane
on testosterone and estradiol levels in sh. B. Gemmill, G. Tomy,
K. Pleskach, L. Peters, V. Palace, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; B. Gemmill, G. Tomy, L. Peters,
Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada. 1,2-dibromo-4(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane or
tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (TBECH, C8H12Br4) is a polybrominated
ame retardant used commonly as an additive ame retardant in polystyrene
beads used for thermal insulation in homes. Concentrations of TBECH
in these insulation products are at approximately 1% w/w. TBECH is also
incorporated as a ame retardant into extruded polystyrene foam, adhesive
in fabric and vinyl lamination, electrical cable coatings, high-impact plastic
parts of appliances, and some construction materials. TBECH consists of
four stereoisomers; , , and ; with only the -isomer detected to date
in the environment. One study has shown that TBECH binds to and
activates the human androgen receptor in vitro. To test whether TBECH
aects steroidogenesis in sh an in vitro bioassay was conducted on ovarian
and testicular tissues from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To
each well, 20 follicles were added and TBECH was fortied at varying
concentrations (100, 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 pg/uL). Production of
reproductive steroid hormones over an 18 hour period was determined
under basal conditions and when the tissue was stimulated using 10 IU
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Testosterone and estradiol levels
were determined by injecting diluted amounts of the incubation medium
directly onto a C18-reverse phase liquid chromatography column (50 x 2.1
mm, 4m) with detection based on tandem mass spectrometry.
TP132 Hydroxylated isomers of hexabromocyclododecane in
marine mammals from the Canadian Arctic. G. MacInnis, C. Marvin,
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; K. Pleskach, G. Tomy,
DFO, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD,
C12H18Br6) is an aliphatic brominated ame retardant (BFR) and the
third largest BFR in global production volume. It is the principal ame
retardant in extruded and expanded polystyrene foams used as thermal
insulation in the building industry. Technical synthesized mixtures contain
three predominant isomers: -, - and . Over the last 5 years we have been
assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of the isomers in beluga
from the Canadian Arctic. Because of their high trophic position and well-
developed metabolic system, we hypothesize that these animals might have
the capacity to metabolize HBCD into its hydroxylated (-OH) forms. To
test that hypothesis, and in the absence of authentic OH-HBCD standards,
a highly specic multiple reaction monitoring transition examining the
molecular ion arising from the substitution on a H-atom by OH to HBCD
(m/z 656.6) to the bromide ion (m/z 78.9) was adopted as a rst approach.
In our ion chromatogram we observed a peak that eluted ~ 2 minutes before
the rst eluting -isomer that was ~5x less intense; we tentatively assigned
this peak to be an OH-HBCD isomer. Further work will be presented on
the distribution of the proposed isomer in Canadian Arctic animals.
TP133 Food and dust as the major routes for the human exposure
to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). L. Roosens, H. Neels,
A. Covaci, Toxicologic Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;
M. Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, S. Harrad, Division of Environmental Health
and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Kingdom; A. Covaci, 3 Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and
Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. Due to their ame
retardant properties, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely
used in a variety of consumer products. As re regulations get more
stringent, production, use, but also environmental detection rates of these
compounds are increasing. Whereas two technical mixtures (PentaBDE
and OctaBDE), identied as endocrine disruptive, have been banned in
the EU since 2004, legislation on the most used mixture (DecaBDE) has
only recently been updated. Indeed, the DecaBDE mixture is to be banned
in the EU from 1st July 2008, while its use is only partially restricted in a
few US states. Te present study was undertaken to estimate the current
human exposure to PBDEs via two major exposure pathways, e.g. food and
dust ingestion/inhalation. Volunteers were selected randomly in a university
community and consisted of 20 students aged between 20 and 25 years old.
Te dietary intake of PBDEs was calculated from the analysis of duplicate
diet samples taken during a week from each volunteer. Dust samples from
their housing were collected in a standardized manner and subsequently
analyzed. At the end of the study, blood samples (10 ml) were collected
from each volunteer who also agreed to ll in a questionnaire concerning
lifestyle and other habits and analyzed. Te relative importance of food
and dust ingestion/inhalation as exposure pathways was evaluated for all
major PBDE congeners, including BDE 209, the main component of the
DecaBDE mixture. Te total intake of PBDEs resulted from these exposure
routes was correlated with concentrations of PBDEs measured in the blood
samples.
TP134 Benthic Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability of
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) from Surcial Sediments
Near Rochester, New York, USA, on Lake Ontario. S.W. Pickard,
Technical Services Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bualo, NY;
G. Lotufo, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Engineer Research
and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) are ame retardants used in a wide range of consumer products
including paints, plastics, textiles and electronics. Tey are environmentally
persistent, highly hydrophobic organic compounds that largely resist
degradation, and are known to bioaccumulate and have toxic, carcinogenic,
and hormone-disrupting eects. Te Lake Ontario Lakewide Management
Plan (LaMP) identies PBDEs as emerging chemicals of concern due to
their bioaccumulative nature and potential to cause lakewide impairments.
Few studies have investigated the bioaccumulation of sediment-
associated PBDEs in benthic organisms, and studies on congeners found
predominantly in biota have been recommended to obtain information
concerning their environmental fate, and ecological and human risk. Tis
investigation quantied and assessed the benthic bioavailability of PBDEs
in sediments near Rochester, New York on Lake Ontario. Bottom surface
sediment samples collected from the lower Genesee River and a nearby lake
area were subjected to 28-day PBDE bioaccumulation experiments using the
aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. While BDE-28, BDE-153 and
BDE-154 were the only congeners detected among the sediment samples,
many were detected in several of the tissue replicates. Empirical data were
used to quantify the benthic bioavailability of nine PBDE congeners
through the calculation of biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs).
For those congeners for which BSAFs could be calculated using detected
tissue residues, lake BSAFs were substantially higher than the Genesee River
236 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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BSAFs. Te Genesee River and lake BSAFs ranged from 4.0 for BDE-154 to
11.1 for BDE-28, and 13.0 for BDE-66 to 61.9 for BDE-209, respectively.
BDE-99 is one of the most frequently reported congeners in freshwater
biota and has been shown to be toxic to invertebrates at relatively low
aqueous concentrations. Te lake BDE-99 and BDE-47 BSAF of 13.0 was
over three- to four- fold those reported in the literature. BSAFs for at least
nine of the PBDE congeners in lake sediments far exceeded empirical and
theoretical values for highly hydrophobic chlorinated compounds. Future
studies should investigate the mechanisms inuencing such inordinately
high bioavailability of PBDEs in the lake sediments.
TP135 Te Role of Human Deiodinase Type 2 Enzyme on
Debromination of BDE-99. J. Bearr, C. Mitchelmore, Toxicology,
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD; H. Stapleton, Duke
University, Durham, NC. Polybrominated diphenyl ether ame retardants
are increasingly ubiquitous in the environment. Sources of ingestion
include diet and other matrices (i.e., sediment, dust). Debromination of
these compounds does occur in animals, but the precise route has yet to
be conclusively elucidated. Previous metabolic studies we conducted with
carp liver microsomes indicated that the polybrominated diphenyl ether
(BDE)-99 (2,2',4,4',5-Br5) was debrominated to BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-Br4)
in the presence of type 1 and 2 deiodinase enzymes. In human liver, which
contains only type 1 deiodinase, BDE-99 was not debrominated to BDE-
47, suggesting that debromination may be driven by the type 2 deiodinase
enzyme. In this study, we puried human type 2 deiodinase that was
transfected in 293-HEK cells and exposed them under various substrate
and enzyme concentrations to generate kinetic models of debromination
and deiodinase activity. Enzyme concentration from 0.02 to 20 ug/mL
was varied to determine the rate of debromination under dierent levels
of substrate availability. Competition rates with radio-labeled thyroid
hormone, rT3, were also generated by changing the concentration from
0.01 to 10 uM rT3. Debromination signicantly decreased with the
addition of 0.01mM iodoacetate, a deiodinase and glutathione s-transferase
inhibitor. Treatment with op to 10mM propylthiouracil, a type 1
deiodinase enzyme and glutathione S-transferase inhibitor, did not reduce
debromination, suggesting that the type 2 enzyme was driving the reaction.
TP136 Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans and
Polychlorined Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans in Human Adipose Tissues
from New York, USA. B. Johnson-Restrepo, Chemistry, University of
Cartagena, Cartagena, COLOMBIA; K. Kannan, Environmental Health
Sciences, State University of New York State at Albany, Albany, NY; T.
Kunisue, R. Addink, K. Kannan, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Albany, NY. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin/
furans (PBDD/Fs) are formed from photochemical degradation of
brominated ame retardants and are also found as impurities in technical
mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are ame
retardants used in consumer products. PBDD/F and chlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxin/furan (PCDD/F) concentrations were measured in adipose
tissue samples collected from New York in 2004 (n=54). PCDD/F and
PBDD/F were extracted from adipose fat using Soxhlet extraction. Extracts
were cleaned to remove the bulk of sample matrix using multilayer silica
gel column and sulfuric acid treatments. Dioxin/furan compound were
isolated from PBDEs, PCBs, and other interfering compounds by silica gel
impregnated carbon column fractionation. Te measurement of tetra- to
octa- BDD/F and CDD/F congeners was accomplished by use of a Termo
Finnigan Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph-MAT95XP high resolution
mass spectrometer (HRGC-HRMS). Measurements were carried out at a
resolution of >900010 000. PBDD/F and PCDD/F concentrations in
New York population were correlated with demographic/biological factors
such as age, gender, ethnicity, and occupation. Concentrations of these
two kind of halogenated compounds were compared. Both PBDD/F and
PCDD/F concentrations were detected in the range of pg/g in human
adipose tissue samples from New York.
TP137 Oral exposure to brominated ame retardant (BDE-47)
causes growth impairment in juvenile zebrash (Danio rerio). L.
Torres, Biology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; R. Patio, Texas
Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, USGS, Lubbock, TX; C.
Orazio, Columbia Environmental Research Center, USGS, Columbia, MO.
Brominated ame retardants (BFRs) have been added to a great variety of
products during the last several decades with the purpose of reducing re-
related incidents. BFRs are released to the environment and can be easily
absorbed through the diet in living organisms, leading to bioaccumulation,
bioconcentration and possible disruption of the thyroid endocrine axis.
In sh, a potential consequence of thyroid disruption is inhibition of
somatic growth. To assess the eects of orally administered BDE-47 on
somatic growth, juvenile zebrash (4 weeks old) were fed with ve dierent
treatments: control, solvent, and 1, 5 and 25 g/g BDE-47/diet. Each
treatment was conducted in triplicated 30-L tanks containing 50 juvenile
zebrash. Fifteen sh per treatment (5 per replicate aquarium) were sampled
and euthanized at days 40, 80 and 120. Te sampled sh were measured
for body weight, standard length, depth of head, and length of head. Te
measured variables were analyzed separately by one-way nested ANOVA
(beaker/tank replicates nested into treatment; replicates = 3, treatments
= 5). After 120 days of exposure, a decrease in body weight was observed
in response to the concentration gradient of the BDE treatment, with
signicant dierences found between the solvent and the highest dose of
BDE-47 (25 g/g BDE/diet). Te eect of BDE-47 on growth may be due
to its eects on the thyroid axis; we are currently conducting histological
analysis of the thyroid follicles to assess this possibility.
TP138 Teleost species dier in their capacity to debrominate BDE
99 in vitro. E. Browne, E. Gallagher, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; S. Tilton,
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; H. Stapleton,
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are additive ame retardants that
persist in the environment and have been detected in high concentrations
in sh tissues. Of particular concern in the Pacic Northwestern US are the
high concentrations of BDE 47 (a tetrabrominated congener) observed in
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and other sh species. Tese
data are consistent with reports of BDE congener tissue residue proles
in freshwater and marine sh, which are often dominated by BDE 47.
Tetrabrominated PBDEs such as BDE 47 are not produced commercially
in large quantities relative to other PBDEs, and other teleost species such
as common carp (Cyprinus caprio) rapidly debrominate BDE 99 to BDE
47. Accordingly, we hypothesized that Chinook salmon may also rapidly
debrominate BDE 99 to BDE 47. Subcellular fractions from mature male
Chinook liver (hatchery captives and salt-water returning) were analyzed
for their debromination capacities in vitro under conditions supporting
thyroxine deiodinase (DI), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), or glutathione
S-transferase (GST) catalytic activities. Chinook microsomal fractions slowly
converted BDE 99 to BDE 49 (<2 picomole/hr/mg), but no debromination
to BDE 47 was observed. Tese data support a unique debromination
pathway in Chinook, and are in contrast to previously reported studies
in carp. Similar to carp, the absence of an NADPH regenerating system
did not aect the debromination of BDE 99 by Chinook microsomes,
suggesting that CYP450s do not debrominate BDE 99 in Chinook
liver. Carp cytosolic fractions converted 57(3) % of BDE 99 to BDE
47, and cytosolic debromination was not dependent upon glutathione,
suggesting that a non-GST enzyme mediates this reaction. Te enzymatic
origin of these reactions in both species is being further investigated, and
suggests a potential role for deiodinases or reductases. Collectively, these
studies highlight signicant dierences among teleosts in their ability to
debrominate BDE 99, and potentially other PBDE congeners. Our data
indicate that the high levels of BDE 47 in Puget Sound Chinook are likely
not a result of enzymatic debromination of BDE 99. Supported by NOAA
Coastal Ocean Program NA05NS4781253.
TP139 Fate of Decabromodiphenyl Ether added to Mesocosms in
a Boreal Lake. D. Orihel, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada; D. Muir, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada;
G. Tomy, M. Paterson, B. Park, V. Palace, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Whereas some polybrominated diphenyl
ether products have been banned, decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE)
continues to be widely used as a ame retardant. Te use of DecaBDE is
controversial because of its potential to break down into lower brominated
congeners, which tend to be more readily absorbed and more toxic to
organisms. Debromination of DecaBDE has been clearly demonstrated
under laboratory conditions, but whether this process occurs in the natural
environment is less certain. We are examining the fate of DecaBDE in
aquatic mesocosms at the Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario. Te objectives
of our experiment are to determine: i) the extent to which DecaBDE is
debrominated in the littoral zone of a boreal lake; and ii) the bioavailability
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of DecaBDE and its potential breakdown products to aquatic invertebrates
and sh. In August 2007, we installed four 10-m diameter mesocosms in a
3-m deep area of Lake 240. We added a single dose of DecaBDE (BDE-209
congener) to three mesocosms to achieve nominal sediment concentrations
of 24, 240 and 2400 ng/g dw. A control mesocosm received no DecaBDE
dose. We are collecting samples of water, particles, sediment, periphyton,
zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and yellow perch over a 2-year period.
Our study will be the rst to determine, under realistic eld conditions,
if DecaBDE is signicantly debrominated in the aquatic environment
and whether these more toxic breakdown products are subsequently
bioaccumulated by aquatic biota.
TP140 Lessons Learned from a 10-Year Monitoring Program of a
Sediment Cap and Experimental Enhanced Natural Recovery Area on
an Urban Waterfront. J.A. Colton, J.H. Stern, Natural Resources and
Parks, King County, Seattle, WA. In 1992, a three-foot sediment cap and
one-foot sand layer were placed oshore of Piers 53 through 55 in Elliott
Bay on Seattles downtown waterfront. Unique aspects included capping
on a relatively steep slope (3H:1V), experimental thin layer placement
adjacent to the three-foot cap to study enhanced natural recovery (ENR),
and monitoring of both for stability, sediment chemistry, and benthic
community composition throughout the 10 year monitoring program.
Included in the goals of the monitoring program were 1) determine if
the two remedial alternatives maintain function on the steeper slope, 2)
document how the ENR area succeeded in enhancing natural attenuation,
and 3) determine dierences in benthic recolonization rates between the
three-foot cap and the ENR area. Sediment thickness and settlement
measurements indicated that both the cap and ENR area were stable and
experiencing marginal erosion and deposition. Chemistry data indicated
that a nearby piling removal project caused contamination of part of the
cap and ENR area with PAHs and metals during year 1. Concentrations of
these contaminants in both areas dropped substantially within three years
and were close to baseline after nine years providing a measure of natural
recovery. Changes in all sediment chemistry over the monitoring period
were similar between the three-foot cap and ENR area, suggesting both
were equilibrating to surrounding surface sediment concentrations. Core
chemistry results conrmed both were isolating contaminants. In addition,
benthic community data indicated that recolonization had largely occurred
during the rst three years in both areas, regardless of sediment thickness.
Benthic invertebrates in the ENR area were essentially smothered by the
clean sediment and recolonized at the same rate as the three-foot cap.
Based on this project, it is concluded that sediment caps can be successfully
engineered and placed in urban waterways on steep slopes. Also, a one-foot
thin layer placement may act to isolate sediments similar to a sediment cap
instead of enhancing natural attenuation. Tis combined with the absence
of bioturbation-driven mixing of thin layer with underlying sediments and a
benthic recolonization rate comparable to the three-foot cap indicate that a
thin layer placement for ENR may function best at some thickness less than
one foot.
TP141 Te Development and Utilization of a Large-Volume Direct
Injection LC/MS/MS Method for the Analysis of PFCs in Water.
S.T. Wolf, C. Jacoby, W.K. Reagen, 3M Environmental Operations,
Environmental Labs, St. Paul, MN. A simple, sensitive method for the
quantitation of various peruorocarboxylic acids and peruorosulfonates
in clean water samples was successfully developed using high performance
liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy detection (LC/
MS/MS). Tis method has proven to be appropriate for the C4 to C12
peruorocarboxylic acids, PFBS, PFHS and PFOS analytes in ground
water samples. Te LC gradient used in this method has also been shown
to resolve the isomers of the longer chain acids. A large volume injection
(100 L) is used to achieve a detection limit of 0.025 ng/mL, with a linear
range to 25 ng/mL. Tis method eliminates the need for tedious sample
preparation procedures such as solid-phase extraction (SPE). Te precision,
accuracy and sensitivity of this method will be presented, along with data
collected from ground water sources.
TP142 A Study of Peruoroalkyl Anion Fragmentation Pathways
for Branched Peruorooctanoic Acids During LC/ESI-MS/MS. G.
Arsenault, B. Chittim, A. McAlees, N. Riddell, Wellington Laboratories,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada; R. McCrindle, Department of Chemistry,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. LC-electrospray
ionization-MS (LC/ESI-MS) and LC/ESI-MS/MS can be considered the
current standards for analysis of peruorinated compounds. It is known that
under LC/ESI-MS/MS conditions, the peruoroalkyl carboxylate anion
(R
F
CO
2-
) rst loses CO
2
to give a peruoroalkyl anion R
F-
, [(M-H)-CO
2
]
-
,
which subsequently fragments to give (inter alia) lower mass carbanions. It
has been suggested in a previous study that such secondary fragmentation
involves cleavage of C
n
F
2n
segments. However, we recently published the
results of a study of the LC/ESI-MS/MS of a series of linear
13
C-labelled
peruoroalkylcarboxylic acids (PFCAs) which revealed that fragmentation of
the R
F-
anion does not entail simple unzipping of a primary peruoroalkyl
anion of the type F
3
C(CF
2
)
x
CF
2-
. Te fragmentation mechanism
proposed involves rapid uorine shifts, after the initial decarboxylation,
which generate a series of new anions prior to secondary and tertiary
fragmentation. We have now extended this work to branched PFOA
isomers. Analysis of the LC/ESI-MS/MS spectra of a series of branched
PFOA isomers conrms that fragmentation of the R
F-
anions, after initial
loss of CO
2
from the [M-H]
-
ions, proceeds via rapid uorine shifts thus
generating a series of new anions prior to secondary fragmentation. Te
favored pathway is dictated by the order of stability of peruoro carbanions
which is known to be 3 > 2 > 1. Branching also has an inuence on
relative response factors under SIM and SRM conditions since it impacts
fragmentation eciencies. Te response factors for many of the branched
PFOA isomers dier from those of linear PFOA under both SIM and SRM
conditions.
TP143 LC/ESI-MS & LC/ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Individual
Branched Isomers of PFOs. Dierences in Response Factors and the
Impact on Quantication Data for PFOs. G. Arsenault, N. Riddell, B.
Chittim, A. McAlees, Wellington Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
R. McCrindle, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada; J. Benskin, J. Martin, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada. Interest has been steadily increasing regarding the wide spread
distribution of uorinated chemicals, including peruorooctanesulfonate
(PFOS), in the environment and their accumulation in humans. Te
production of PFOS derivatives from linear alkyl precursors using
electrochemical uorination is not a clean process but, instead, gives
complex mixtures. For example, the commercial PFOS formerly produced
by 3M was a mixture of ca 70% linear and ca 30% branched isomers.
Concern regarding the presence of the branched isomers of PFOS in the
environment has been growing due to issues relating to quantication of
total PFOS as well as possible dierences in bioaccumulation potential
and toxicity between the linear and the branched isomers. Te common
analytical method used for the analysis of peruoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs)
is LC-MS/MS. Typically, a single chromatographic peak is integrated when
analyzing for PFOS. Tis could lead to a systematic quantication bias of
unknown proportions. We have isolated and characterized ten branched
isomers of PFOS. Te objective of the present work was to determine the
response factors for the individual PFOS branched isomers using LC/
ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS/MS. It was determined that the response factors
for many of the branched PFOS isomers dier from those of linear PFOS
under both SIM and SRM conditions. However, this would create only
minor discrepencies if a laboratory were just interested in quantifying total
PFOS. Conversely, for laboratories interested in quantifying the individual
isomers, the dierent response factors must be taken into account to obtain
reliable data.
TP144 Peruorinated Compounds in Environmental Samples
Collected from Inner-Mongolia, China. J. Naile, J. Khim, P.D. Jones,
J.P. Giesy, Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; T.
Wang, W. Jiao, C. Chen, Y. Lu, Research Center for Eco-environmental
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; M. Zwiernik,
Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, National Food
Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI; K.
Kannan, 4Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and
Department of, School of Public Health, State University of, Albany, NY;
J.P. Giesy, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong
Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Inner-Mongolia is a remote region of
China which historically has seen little development and industry. Sediment
(n=8), water (n=8), and biological (n=13) samples were collected from
Inner-Mongolia to determine the extent of peruorinated compound (PFC)
pollution in a remote region and to shed light on their long-range transport
238 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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and ultimate fate of these compounds. Our results indicate that PFCs
are only moderately concentrated in sediments and water samples. Some
biological samples contained detectable concentrations of several PFCs
including PFOS (0.48-1.1 ng/g) and PFOA (0.09-1.2 ng/g), however, their
concentrations were mostly below the detection limit. Tere is currently
some debate as to whether soil and sediment are the ultimate sink for PFCs
as they are for many neutral organic compounds. PFCs detected in these
environmental samples from Inner-Mongolia likely represent background
globally distributed concentrations in China. Overall, the detection of PFCs
and their precursors in various environmental matrices from remote regions
suggest their long range transport and distribution.
TP145 Understanding the pharmacokinetics of polyuoroalkyl
phosphate surfactants (PAPs) and the implications for human
exposure. J.C. Deon, S.A. Mabury, Chemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Although PFOA is ubiquitous in the North
American population at low ng/mL concentrations, assigning the source of
peruorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in human blood has been dicult.
A potential source of this contamination is exposure to polyuoroalkyl
phosphates (PAPs) from their use as grease-proong agents in food-contact
paper applications. Migration from paper into food and food simulants has
been observed for PAP materials. Te biological stability of 8:2 monoPAP
and 8:2 diPAP was investigated using a rat model. Biotransformation into
PFOA was observed in both the 8:2 monoPAP and 8:2 diPAP exposed
animals. Tese studies together suggest human exposure to PAPs through
food may be an important indirect source of PFCAs to the human
population. In addition to the observed transformation products, both 8:2
monoPAP and 8:2 diPAP were observed in the blood of the dosed animals,
demonstrating that direct uptake of PAPs from food is possible. Human
sera analysis here revealed diPAPs at concentrations of similar magnitude
to the PFCAs monitored. Te full series of diPAPs from 4:2 through 10:2
were detected in human sera, with the 6:2 diPAP dominating the congener
prole. Results will also be presented from follow-up studies using rats to
elucidate whether the observed congener distribution in human sera results
from the distribution present in PAPs-containing commercial products, or
whether it results from the uptake, transformation and excretion kinetics
of the specic congeners. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of PAPs
materials could provide insight into which congeners should be enriched in
commercial products to reduce human exposure.
TP146 Peruorinated Compounds in San Francisco Bay Harbor
Seals. M. Sedlak, San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA; D. Grieg,
Te Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA; R. Grace, P. Riley, AXYS
Analytical, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In marked contrast
to the increased numbers in seal populations along the California coast,
seal populations in San Francisco Bay have remained relatively constant.
Te reasons for the stagnant population are not known with certainty.
Hypotheses include reduced number of haul-out sites, increased human
disturbance, and a potential increase in the chemical contaminant burden in
seals. Te Marine Mammal Center (TMMC) has embarked on a three-year
project to determine the health of harbor seals by measuring contaminants
and physiological parameters in blood, blubber, and hair. SFEI collaborated
with TMMC to determine concentrations of peruorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS) and related compounds in blood of Pacic harbor seals (Phoca
vitulina richardsi). As apex predators that eat a diet primarily composed of
sh, seals are also good indicators of the presence of emerging contaminants
in aquatic food webs. Harbor seals were captured in 2006, 2007, and 2008
from haul-out sites within the Bay and at a reference site (Tomales Bay)
approximately 45 miles to the north. Preliminary results suggest that the
concentrations of PFOS observed in blood collected from San Francisco Bay
seals are an order of magnitude higher than the reference site.
TP147 Peruorinated Compounds in Sediment and Water from
Bohai Bay and Its Vicinity, China. J. Khim, J.E. Naile, Y. Wan, P.D.
Jones, J.P. Giesy, Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and
Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; T. Wang, W. Jiao, J. Geng, C. Chen, Y. Lu, Research Center
for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing,
China; J.P. Giesy, Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology,
National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI. Concentrations of peruorinated compounds (PFCs)
including peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and peruorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) were measured in sediment and water samples from Bohai Bay and
the Guanting Reservoir, China. PFCs were concentrated from sediment
and water by use of solid phase extraction, identied and quantied by
liquid chromatography interfaced with a triple quadrapole tandem mass
spectrometer. Out of 17 PFCs measured, PFOS and PFOA were found
to be the predominant compounds in both sediment and water samples.
Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in sediment were as great as 2.15
ng/g DW (mean=0.41, n=19) and 0.74 ng/g DW (mean=0.32, n=19),
respectively. While, the concentrations of PFOS (mean=1.79 ng/L, n=15)
and PFOA (mean=4.18 ng/L, n=15) in water samples were generally
three orders of magnitude less than sedimentary concentrations. Tere is
currently some debate as to whether soil and sediment are the ultimate sink
for PFCs as they are for many other organic compounds. Looking at the
spatial distribution, PFCs from Bohai Bay were generally greater than those
from the Guanting Reservoir indicating possible localized sources of these
compounds in the bay area. However, none of the water samples exceeded
water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. Overall, the PFCs
detected in environmental samples from these areas were relatively low to
moderate compared to other studies in Asia and likely represent background
globally distributed concentrations of these compounds.
TP148 Peruorooctane Sulfonate and other Fluorochemicals in
Soils from Bohai Bay, China. T. Wang, W. Jiao, C. Chen, Y. Lu, L.
Wei, W. Guang, L. Jing, State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology,
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China; J. Khim, J.E. Naile, Y. Wan, P.D. Jones,
J.P. Giesy, Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences and
Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; J.P. Giesy, Zoology Department, National Food Safety and
Toxicology Center, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI. Peruorinated compounds (PFCs), such as
peruorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and related compounds, have recently
been identied in the environment and become the subject of increasingly
intense environmental research. Despite their detection both in biota and
in aqueous media, little attention has been paid to their possible presence
in soils. Te limited available data indicates that some PFCs such as PFOS
and peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA) may strongly sorb to solids, thus soil
may be suspected to be an important sink for PFCs as they are for many
other organic compounds. In the present study, the concentrations and
distribution of 17 PFCs were quantied in soil samples (n=18) collected
from the Beijing and Tianjin regions of China; the latter being the biggest
industrialized coastal city of Bohai Bay. Among the PFCs measured, PFOS
and PFOA were found to be the most predominant compounds with the
greatest concentrations. PFOS and PFOA concentrations in soil ranged
from 0.01 to 4.69 ng/g and from 0.01 to 2.77 ng/g, on a dry weight basis,
respectively. Other PFCs showed relatively lower concentrations compared
to PFOS and PFOA and most were below the detection limits. PFCs
concentrations detected in this study were not likely sucient to induce
ecological or human health eects, however, the present data would provide
some insight into the potential sources of PFCs in Chinese industrialized
costal areas. Further studies are needed to elucidate the occurrence, exposure
and possible sources of PFCs in dierent environmental media in these
areas.
TP149 PFA isomer proling in ocean water by large volume
injection-HPLC-MS/MS. J.P. Benskin, J.W. Martin, Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; N.
Yamashita, S. Taniyasu, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology, Grand Forks, ND; P. Lam, Biology and Chemistry, City
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; G. Tomy, Fisheries and
Oceans, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; D. Muir, B.
Scott, C. Spencer, B. Rosenburg, Environment Canada, Aquatic Ecosystem
Protection Research Branch, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Among the
prominent environmental peruorianted acids (PFAs), each may exist as
several structural isomers resulting from the electrochemical uorination
(ECF) manufacturing process. While ECF-derived uorochemicals were
largely phased out in 2002, the production of others was continued by
a telomerization process that yields exclusively the linear isomer. Recent
data has demonstrated that preferential elimination of branched PFA
isomers in rats results in isomer proles enriched with the linear isomer.
Tus, while biological samples may be of limited use for source tracking,
isomer patterns in abiotic samples are likely to be a better indication of
PFA manufacturing source. Environmental models predict that historic
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 239
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releases of ECF PFAs, and their subsequent slow transport in oceans, are
the dominant source of global PFA transport, however little empirical
evidence exists. To validate these model predictions, we examined the PFA
isomer patterns in various ocean waters. Te greatest practical challenge
however, is the very small concentrations in ocean water, thus we rst
developed a large-volume injection-HPLC-MS/MS method for ultra-trace
isomer proling. We applied the method to coastal ocean water from Japan,
China, India, UK and the Arctic Ocean. In Japan, PFOA isomer proles
were unlike anything observed to date in biota, with the ratio of linear :
branched isomers closely matching what was observed in a technical 3M
ECF PFOA standard. iso-PFNA and branched PFHxS isomers were also
observed at relative concentrations above what was previously observed in
human serum. Interestingly, PFOS isomer proles from around Tokyo Bay
showed remarkable similarities to a 3M ECF PFOS standard. While ECF-
based manufacturing of peruorochemicals is known to have taken place
in Japan, and may still be occurring, it is not clear whether isomer patterns
in and around the sampling location are indicative of recent emissions
or, alternatively, legacy ECF manufacturing which is hypothesized as the
dominant global source of PFOA.
TP150 Development of a Conceptual Model for Groundwater
Discharge of Cyanide and Risk Evaluations Associated with a Tidally
Inuenced Freshwater River at a Former MGP Facility. J. Edwards,
Anchor Environmental, LLC, Portland, OR; A.E. Nelson, Anchor
Environmental, LLC, Andover, MA; C. Stivers, Anchor Environmental,
LLC, Wenatchee, WA; R. Wyatt, NW Natural, Portland, OR. Tis paper
presents the development of a site conceptual model and risk assessment for
potential groundwater discharge to the Willamette River at a former MGP
in Portland, Oregon (Site). Total cyanide was detected at high frequency
and magnitude in shoreline groundwater and hydrogeological information
indicated groundwater was discharging to the river. Comparisons of
shoreline groundwater total cyanide results to conservative surface water
screening values indicated potential toxicity in the absence of any mitigating
discharge processes. However, shoreline groundwater data do not likely
represent actual discharge to and exposures in the river Sampling and
chemical analysis of river transition zone water (TZW) and near-bottom,
mid-depth and shallow surface water was conducted to obtain a direct
evaluation of potential conversion of total cyanide to free cyanide (the most
toxic form) along the discharge path and potential risks associated with
exposure to free cyanide in the river. Results for the TZW showed no risk of
cyanide toxicity to benthic life from groundwater discharge. Additionally,
results from surface water showed no risk of cyanide toxicity to surface
water aquatic life (e.g., sh) from groundwater discharge and no measurable
total cyanide conversion to free cyanide in the surface water photic zone
was observed. Te surface water data also indicated no unacceptable risk
to human health via sh consumption due to Site cyanide and no risks to
human health from the consumption of river water or TZW. In addition,
the low levels of free cyanide in TZW and groundwater at the Site relative to
total cyanide supports the hypothesis that total cyanides in Site groundwater
are predominantly complexed (e.g., with iron) and that they are not being
measurably converted to free cyanide in river water due to photolysis or
other geochemical changes. Te evaluation concluded that even relatively
elevated total cyanide levels in MGP groundwaters do not likely equate to
TZW and surface water risks from free cyanide where these groundwaters
discharge to large surface water bodies. In this case, this appears primarily to
be due to the common geochemical properties of MGP site groundwaters
and the dilution processes inherent in groundwater to surface water
discharges.
TP151 A Case Study Showing Bulk Sediment PAH Concentrations
Do Not Adequately Reect Macroinvertebrate Community Endpoints.
S.R. Clough, Risk Assessment, Haley & Aldrich, Inc., Manchester, NH;
M.D. Kelley, Energy & Infrastructure, Haley & Aldrich, Inc., Boston, MA.
A benthic community evaluation was performed as one facet of a post-
remedial Operations, Maintenance and Monitoring Plan for a former MGP
facility located in an industrial harbor in the northeast coastal United States.
Te study was designed to evaluate the temporal recovery of infaunal and
epifaunal organisms in near-shore sediments (adjacent to a bulkhead that
forms the southern seawall of the MGP Site). A total of ve stations were
chosen (2 reference and 3 Site-related), with 4 replicate grabs (Ponar)
taken at each station. After carefully mixing each sediment grab, a sample
was taken for sediment chemistry (tPAH, TOC and grain size) and the
remainder was sieved, preserved and sent to a laboratory for sorting and
identication of macroinvertebrates. Te results of Pearsons correlations
between bulk sediment PAH concentrations and benthic community
metrics showed the opposite of what might be expected, i.e. most of the
benthic metrics showed a positive response despite an increase in bulk
tPAH concentrations. Tese results indicate that although bulk sediment
concentrations still serve as an appropriate indicator of the relationship
between a potential source and its spatial distribution, they can be
misleading in terms of predicting biological response or recovery. Although
bioavailability was not measured in this study, the results of this evaluation
appear to support recently published laboratory tests which show that bulk
sediment concentration may be a relatively poor predictor of toxicity to
macroinvertebrates.
TP152 A strategy for using bioavailability and other measures to
dene exposure zones for sediments contaminated with MGP residuals.
C. Menzie, M. Kierski, Exponent Inc., Alexandria, VA; R. Fox, J. Kahler,
Natural Resource Technology Inc., Pewaukee, WI. A multi-site approach
for site investigation and risk assessment has been developed and applied to
MGP sites in the mid-west. Te approach includes a combination of in-eld
and laboratory methods to assess and dene potential exposure zones for
sediments. Several measures of bioavailability are built into the design of the
program and are used to rene the exposure zones. Te zones are dened in
a manner consistent with the USEPA Sediment Managememnt Guidance
and as such serve to guide subsequent sediment management. We will
describe applications for the rst few sites.
TP153 Dierentiating Petroleum Product and MGP-Waste Coal Tar
Volatile Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soils, Groundwater, and Soil
Vapor. T.C. Sauer, ARCADIS, Cary, NC. Contributions of hydrocarbon
contaminants from MGP wastes are often mistaken in contaminated soils,
groundwater, and soil vapor at sites formerly occupied by MGP facilities.
In many instances, former MGP facilities are erroneously held responsible
for exceedances in BTEX and other volatile hydrocarbon ecological or
human health criteria from MGP operations when in fact, after a more
complete hydrocarbon characterization, the presence of these volatile
hydrocarbons originated from non-MGP waste sources. In this presentation
the compositional characterization of volatile constituents in petroleum
and MGP-waste coal tar by the determination of over 50 individual
volatile paranic, isoparanic, aromatic, naphthenic, and olenic
(PIANO) compounds are presented in contaminated soils, groundwater
and soil vapor. Te PIANO compositional dierences and similarities of
petroleum products and coal tar are evaluated and compared, and diagnostic
compositional characteristics are provided that allow dierentiation and
apportionment of petroleum product and coal tar mixtures in each of these
matrices.
TP154 Adsorption characteristics of uoride onto activated alumina
with or without competing ions. Y. Tang, J. Wang, T. Su, Department
of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Missouri University
of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO; Y. Tang, T. Su, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai,
China. Te adsorption characteristics of uoride onto activated alumina
(AA) were studied using batch methods. Te uoride adsorption process
followed a pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics, and reached equilibrium
after 9 hours. At equilibrium, the maximum uoride adsorption occurred
in the pH range of 5 to 7. A speciation-based model was used to quantify
the equilibrium uoride adsorption. Tis model can satisfactorily describe
uoride adsorption in a broad pH range from 4 to 10.5, and a wide
uoride loading range from 0.5 to 15 mg/g sorbent. Eects of pH and
uoride surface loading were examined. Te impact of competing elements,
selenium, arsenate and vanadium was also qualied. Tis model oered
a substantial improvement and simplication over existing models that
include surface electrostatic eects.
TP155 Isomer-specic biotransformation of a PFOS-precursor
produces unique peruorinated acid isomer patterns. J.P. Benskin,
J.W. Martin, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; A. Holt, Pharmacology, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; L. Martin, School of Public Health,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Peruorooctane
sulfonate (PFOS) isomer proles of up to 50% branched have been recently
reported in environmental samples, despite that PFOS was historically
240 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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manufactured as a 30% branched (stdev 0.8%) / 70% (stdev 1.1%) linear
mixture by its primary manufacturer. While preferential elimination
of branched PFOS isomers reportedly occurs in rats, and may explain
branched isomer proles of <30% in some samples, it does not explain
enrichment (i.e. >30% branched) in others. One possibility is isomer-
specic biotransformation of peruoroctane sulfonamides-chemicals
used historically as surface treatments which can contribute to PFOS
concentrations through atmospheric and/or metabolic pathways. Here we
report the isomer-specic biotransformation of a PFOS-precursor, N-ethyl
peruorooctane sulfonamide (NEtFOSA), to perurooctane sulfonamide
(FOSA) by cytochrome P450 isozymes and human liver microsomes.
Substrate depletion and product formation was monitored by solid phase
microextraction-gas chromatography-electron capture detection and
conrmed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Incubation of 5-200 ng NEtFOSA with
CYP 2C9 and CYP 2C19 resulted in isomer-specic elimination and
unique product isomer proles at all concentrations. Incubation of 200ng
NEtFOSA with human liver microsomes also resulted in isomer-specic
elimination and formation of unique FOSA isomer proles. In addition,
preferential formation of some PFOS isomers (presumably via deamination
of FOSA) was observed, further demonstrating that altered PFOS isomer
proles are possible from isomer-specic metabolism of PFOS-precursors.
Te implications of these results to both source tracking and toxicological
endpoints (i.e. isomer-specic protein binding) are discussed.
TP156 Physical Property Determinations of PFCAs and
Environmental Implications. D.A. Ellis, C. McMurdo, E. Webster, D.
Burns, M. Jasinski, H. Li, Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada. In order to fully understand the environmental fate
of peruorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) it is essential that the governing
physically properties be accurately known. As PFCAs are frequently not
amenable to existing standard methodologies for the determination of
such properties, these measurements often require the development of new
analytical techniques. New techniques have been developed and employed
to determine the pKa, Kow and KAW of various PFCAs. Te environmental
implications of the magnitude of these physical properties will be presented.
TP157 Aerosol Enrichment of the Surfactant PFO and Mediation
of the Water Air Transport of Gaseous PFOA. D.A. Ellis, C.
McMurdo, L. Reid, E. Webster, R. Christensen, J. Butler, Chemistry, Trent
University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Aerosol-mediated transport
of peruorooctanoate (PFO) from a water body to the atmosphere and
the subsequent emission of gas phase peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was
investigated. Te potential for this process to facilitate long-range transport
of PFOA/PFO was assessed. Aerosols were found to have signicantly higher
concentrations of PFO than the parent water body ( 80 times for ocean
waters). Te PFOA, at equilibrium with the PFO in the aqueous aerosol,
partitioned rapidly (t1/2 = 7.2s) out of the aerosol droplet. Tis suggests
that rainout rates are likely to be longer than previously hypothesized. Tese
results imply that water bodies are not a permanent sink for atmospheric
PFOA as previous studies have suggested.
TP158 Te Global Dissemination Peruorooctanoic Acid (PFOA).
Modelling the Fate and Long-Range Transport as a Multi-species
Chemical. D.A. Ellis, L. Reid, E. Webster, C. McMurdo, Chemistry,
Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Peruorooctanoic
Acid (PFOA) and peruorooctanoate (PFO) are modelled as separate
substances simultaneously existing at equilibrium with each other using
a multi-species modelling approach. Te fate of these chemicals in the
Lake Ontario watershed is simulated as a simple 1-region, 7-compartment
model, including a surface micro-layer water compartment with aerosol
generation and deposition to accommodate the surfactant nature of PFO.
Te model shows good agreement with observed levels of PFO(A) in the
environment, and a signicant long-range transport potential due to the
accumulation of PFO in the bulk aqueous phases that acts as a source for
volatile PFOA to enter the atmosphere and disperse. Te concentration
in precipitation is estimated and compares favorably to observed values,
indicating that PFOA is not entirely scavenged from the atmosphere during
rain events. Te potential for lake sediments to act as a source to the water
column is explored by including estimates of the contribution and behavior
of atmospheric particulate in the water-sediment system. By considering
both forms of PFO(A) simultaneously, this work provides insight into the
long-range transport potential and may explain observed levels in distant,
relatively un-populated locations.
TP159 Evidence for the Potential Importance of the Neutral Acid
in the Environmental Fate of PFCAs. D.A. Ellis, Chemistry, Trent
University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; D.A. Ellis, E. Webster,
Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Environmental partitioning processes of
peruorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are thought to be completely dependent
upon the physical properties of their corresponding conjugate bases
(PFCs). Tis assumption is challenged and the potential role of the neutral
species is explored. Tis postulate was tested by its application to reported
experimental abiotic sediment water partitioning and showed excellent
agreement. Further, this allowed the experimental abiotic sediment water
partitioning study to be directly correlated to an independently reported
experimental biotic water partitioning system. Correlating the two systems
also allowed the constraints on the magnitude of various physical properties
of the PFCAs to be deduced (e.g., pKa and KOW). Tese derived physical
properties were in excellent agreement with the independently measured
and QSAR based values of the properties. Further, application of a routine
BCF model with QSAR predicted KOWs for the neutral PFCAs yielded
calculated BCF values for four long-chain PFCAs that were essentially
identical to those independently measured. Tese results suggest that
the theory applied within environmentally models to date, in which the
environmental fate is eectively dominated by the anionic form, should be
re-evaluated.
TP160 EPAs Design for the Environment Program: Partnerships
for Safer Chemistry. E.T. Lavoie, M. Cushmac, D. Diore, K. Hart,
E. Sommer, M. Vrabel, C. Davies, Design for the Environment, EPA,
Washington, DC. Te Design for the Environment (DfE) Program at the
EPA engages a broad group of stakeholders to generate voluntary approaches
to reduce use of chemicals of concern. DfEs projects use green chemistry
principles to encourage informed substitution to safer chemicals, based
on the best available and estimated information. Te Formulator Program
oers DfE recognition to manufacturers for products with low health and
environmental hazards. DfE has allowed use of the DfE mark to distinguish
more than 500 products as safer chemical formulations, providing
direction for green purchasing programs and consumer dierentiation of
safer products at the store shelf. Te substitutions made to achieve DfE
recognition resulted in improved health and environmental characteristics
of 160 million pounds of chemicals in 2007. Partnership with the Green
Blue Institute has yielded the CleanGredients database and development of
screening criteria for safer choices of surfactants and solvents. Partnerships
evaluating ame retardants in furniture foam and printed circuit boards
have provided hazard information to inform industry in choices of
chemicals. Best practices in auto-renishing have reached numerous
businesses and schools across the country through workshops that train
painters on more ecient and safer techniques for their work. Adoption
of best practices reduces toxic emissions of lead, hexavalent chromium,
diisocyanates, and organic solvents in the workplace and surrounding
communities. Life cycle assessments for wire and cable materials, electronic
solder and computer displays have identied ways to reduce releases of
toxic chemicals, provided analyses of alternatives and identied areas for
further research. Te Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative will recognize
companies who commit to the use of safer surfactants, for moving away
from nonylphenol ethyoxylate surfactants that degrade to increasingly
aquatically toxic by-products, such as nonylphenol. DfEs projects engage
stakeholders across industry, government and non-prot groups leading
to tools and resources that reduce chemical use and recognize products
with low inherent human health or environmental toxicity. Reports and
recognition programs are accessible and understandable to the public and
industry resulting in educated decisions in selecting chemicals and products
with reduced environmental impacts yet eective results.
TP161 Regional Citizens Advisory Councils: Advocates for
Stakeholder Driven Science. J. Banta, J.S. French, PWSRCAC,
Anchorage, AK. Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council
(PWSRCAC) is one of two self-governing citizens councils enabled by
the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA90). PWSRCAC is responsible to the
citizens and resources in the region impacted by the T/V Exxon Valdez
oil spill. Tis includes Prince William Sound, lower Cook Inlet, and the
northern Gulf of Alaska from the Copper River delta southwestward past
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Kodiak Island. Te council has a paid sta, committees composed of
volunteers, including a variety of subject matter specialists, and a Board of
Directors representing 19 governmental and topical stakeholder entities.
Tis councils duties include providing advice, recommendations on policies,
and regulations, and monitoring the environmental impacts associated with
the Valdez Marine Terminal at the terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline,
and associated crude oil tankers. PWSRCAC is authorized to undertake an
independent research and monitoring program which avoids unnecessary
duplication with other programs. To assure the relevance and scientic
quality of PWSRCAC-funded projects, project ideas may arise from within
the sta, committees, or directly from stakeholder entities. Brief project
descriptions implementing these ideas are built into the annual budget
which is extensively reviewed before it is approved by the Board. Funded
projects may include reviews of the current status of on-going external
research, a synthesis of research ndings, or support for new research or
monitoring projects. Te initial direction of a funded project is often
proposed by an internal PWSRCAC Project Team which solicits advice
from the appropriate PWSRCAC Committees. Responsive proposals are
reviewed by a project team prior to negotiation of a contract. Contracts over
$30K require approval of the Board before going forward. Tis helps assure
the relevance of the project to the stakeholder entities. Once completed,
project reports are subjected to both internal and external peer review. Final
reports must also be approved by the Board as having fullled the contract
objectives. Many project reports include lay summaries which aid the
understanding of non-technically trained citizens. Tis process helps assure
both the scientic integrity and independence of PWSRCAC projects but
also the relevance to stakeholder entities. PWSRCAC believes strongly in
the importance of science being made understandable to interested citizens.
TP162 A Web-Based Mapping Application for the Delivery of
Geographically-Specic Product Use Instructions. M. Winchell, N.
Floersch, Stone Environmental, Montpelier, VT; K.H. Carr, D.I. Gustafson,
J.L. Honegger, G.S. Schuessler, J.A. Winkle, Monsanto Company, St.
Louis, MO. Humanity is faced with the increasingly dicult challenge
of meeting the worlds growing needs for food, feed, fuel, and ber in an
environmentally sustainable manner. Herbicides are an important tool for
growers; however, geographically-specic product use instructions may be
appropriate to address sensitive areas. Monsanto Company has partnered
with Stone Environmental to develop an interactive web-based mapping
program that could be used by growers to determine if their elds fall
within areas where such specic practices are necessary. Development of this
website involved extensive spatial analysis of land use, cropping practices,
and other information to identify areas potentially in need of special
use instructions. Tese datasets were assembled into an ArcSDE spatial
database and integrated with additional web-mapping services through an
ArcGIS Server mapping application. Te web tool allows users to choose
one of several methods to identify the location of their eld and print any
applicable geographically-specic product use instructions. Te presentation
will include a live demonstration of the web tool.
TP163 Characterization of 14C-labeled atrazine residues after
22 years of aging under outdoor conditions. N.D. Jablonowski, S.
Kppchen, D. Hofmann, P. Burauel, Agrosphere Institute, ICG 4,
Forschungszentrum Jlich GmbH, Jlich, Germany; A. Scher, Institute
for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University,
Aachen, Germany. Since its introduction to the market in 1958 the
s-triazine herbicide atrazine [2-chloro-4- (ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-
s-triazine] was used worldwide for agricultural and industrial purposes.
Although atrazine was forbidden in several countries because of increased
ground and drinking water contamination, carcinogenic and endocrine
eects it is still widely used for weed control in the US and particularly
in fast developing countries like Brazil, Russia, India and China and
must further be seen critically for future soil management worldwide.
Long-term behaviour of the herbicide atrazine and its metabolites in the
environment is of continued interest in terms of risk-assessment and soil
quality monitoring. Aqueous desorption and detection of atrazine and
possible metabolites from an agriculturally used soil 22 years after the last
14C-atrazine application was performed. Te long-term aged lysimeter soil
was subdivided into 10 cm layers (0-60 cm depth) to distinguish qualitative
and quantitative dierences of aged atrazine residues depending on the soil
prole and physico-chemical conditions of the individual soil layer. Due to
small quantities of desorbed residues LC-MS/MS was the method of choice.
With increasing soil depth the amount of applied 14C-activity decreased
signicantly from 8.8 to 0.7 % whereas the percentage of desorbed 14C-
residues in each soil layer augmented from 2 to 6 %. Te only detectable
metabolite in liquid was 2-hydroxy-atrazine while most of the 14C-atrazine
residues were bound to the soil and could not be desorbed. Te amount of
desorbed 2-hydroxy-atrazine decreased with increasing soil depth from 22
to 10 % of the total desorbed 14C-residues fraction. Since atrazine is still
widely used the presented results may provide important information with
respect to environmental risk assessment strategies.
TP164 Should assessment of risks associated with global warming
consider the possibility of genetic adaptation? Results from a study in
least killish. P.L. Klerks, C. Doyle, Department of Biology, University
of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA. When assessing the risks associated with
global warming, the potential for populations to genetically adapt to
elevated water temperatures generally receives little consideration. Yet the
selective pressure exerted by the heat stress can potentially result in an
increased ability of populations to deal with elevated water temperatures.
We investigated the potential for adaptation to global warming using the
least killish as a model organisms and determining the following: 1) Is
there genetic variation for heat tolerance present in natural populations? 2)
Will laboratory populations respond to selection for an increased thermal
tolerance? Termal tolerance was quantied as temperature-at-death when
water temperatures were increased at a rate of 2 C/day. Te questions were
addressed using populations from two or three dierent locations, with for
each a regular laboratory line and one that had undergone a population
bottleneck. Te latter assessed whether the potential for adaptation would
be aected by a drastic reduction in population size (e.g. by habitat loss or
various stressors associated with climate change). Heritability determinations
showed that there is some genetic variation for resistance to heat present
in least killish populations, with heritability estimates averaging 0.230
for the regular lines and 0.168 for the bottlenecked lines (heritabilities
can range from 0 to 1), indicating some potential for adaptation and a
reduction in this potential in populations following a drastic reduction in
population size. When the laboratory lines were subjected to actual selection
for increased thermal tolerance during four generations, most lines showed
a signicant increase in heat resistance. Consistent with the heritability
estimates, the selection response was lower for bottlenecked lines than for
regular ones. However, the magnitude of the response was relatively small;
after four generations of strong selection the average thermal tolerance
had increased by just under 0.1 C. Taken together, these results indicate
that least killish populations may be able to adapt to global warming but
that the capacity could be insucient to keep up with the rate of warming
- especially if other stresses associated with climate change cause strong
reductions in population size.
TP165 COPOL Contaminants in Polar Regions: Te Eects of
Climate Variation on Contaminants in Polar Marine Ecosystems. N.A.
Warner, D. Herzke, E.S. Hemistad, Norwegian Institute of Air Research,
Troms, Norway; I.H. Hallanger, G.W. Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar
Institute, Troms, Norway; M. Tessmann, A. Evenset, G. Christensen,
Akvaplan-niva, Troms, Norway; A. Ruus, K. Borg, Norwegian Institute
for Water Research, Troms, Norway. Te eects of climate change have
been most pronounced in the Polar Regions. Ice content/thickness, water/
air temperatures, water mass boundaries and ocean/atmospheric circulation
are subject to change with variations in climate causing increased stress
on delicate Arctic ecosystems. However, what is not clear is how the
movement of contaminants into and within Arctic ecosystems will be
aected by climate variations. COPOL is a project under the auspices
of the International Polar Year (IPY) where its objective is to understand
the dynamic range of man-made contaminants in marine ecosystems of
the Polar Regions. Tis information will be used to predict how future
alterations caused by climate change will aect transfer of contaminants
through food webs. Te main focus of this study is concentrated in
Kongsforden (Spitzbergen). Tis ford has been identied as particularly
suitable as a study site of contaminants processes, due to the remoteness
of sources, and for inuences of climatic changes, due to the documented
relation between Atlantic water inux and the climatic index North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO). Variable Atlantic water inux will not only inuence
abiotic contaminant exposure, but also food web structure, food quality
and energy pathways, as dierent water masses carry dierent phyto- and
zooplankton assemblages. Tis may aect the ux of contaminants through
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the food web to high trophic level predators such as seabirds and seals.
Results from three eld campaigns conducted in 2007 (spring, summer and
autumn) as well as preliminary results from 2008 eld campaign will be
discussed.
TP166 Predicting the eect of climate change on population
dynamics of Aedes albopictus. R.A. Erickson, S.B. Cox, S.M. Presley,
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
TX. From the mid-1980s until present, Aedes albopictus has been one of
the fastest spreading animal species in the world. It arrived in the United
States in 1985 via the used tire trade. Tis species vectors several diseases
including dengue, West Nile Virus, and La Crosse encephalitis, and because
climate change may have a signicant impact on the range of this species, its
role in disease dynamics has been projected to increase. To better understand
the possible impacts of climate change on this species, and to investigate
the inuence of environmental constraints on the mosquitos population
dynamics more generally, a stage-structured, time dependent population
model was constructed. Tis model uses a dierential equation for each
of 5 life stages: eggs, larvae, pupae, immature adults, reproducing adults,
and feeding adults. Four variations of the model were constructed. Te
rst included only temperature-dependent parameters. Te second also
contained a developmental delay based on degree development days. Te
third contained the temperature dependent model as well as precipitation.
Te fourth model included all of these eects. To validate the model and
determine the most parsimonious model variation, model outputs were
compared to mosquito eld collection data. Daily mean temperatures and
rainfall from Lubbock, Texas, USA were used as model inputs. Preliminary
results suggest that, despite the relatively arid environment, temperature
is the most important driver of A. albopictus populations. Future research
with this model will use downscaled data from the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change to simulate future A. albopictus population dynamics
under a variety of climate change scenarios.
TP167 Climate Change Resource Guide - Eectively Communicate
on Climate Change Terminology and Understand Applicable Regulatory
Drivers and Initiatives. A. Rosecrance, J. Miller, Conestoga Rovers &
Associates, Emeryville, CA. To eectively address the growing movement
towards mitigating climate change in multiple sectors, it is essential to
have a common foundation and language for discussion of climate change
terms and concepts. Implications of climate change control measures
will impact all areas of business and commerce throughout the public
and private sectors, thus necessitating the need for understanding of the
applicable regulatory drivers and initiatives in order to meet the pending
expectations of climate change compliance. Although uncertainties exist in
various climate change scenarios, measures to mitigate climate change are
being introduced through both State and Federal legislation and agency
policies. Immediate steps range from initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions such as the California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32)
to consideration of Climate Change in Environmental Impact Reports
under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), as well as the
Western Climate Initiatives 2007 Climate Change Work Plan. A Federal
initiative, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act (SB 2191), directs
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to establish a
program to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases, and for other purposes.
Te purpose of this paper is to provide a resource guide on climate change
terminology (such as greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide equivalent, cap and
trade, osets, etc.), common acronyms, and example on-line resources.
In addition, the guide will provide information on what to expect in
terms of State and Federal climate change initiatives and regulations,
including a timeline for compliance with AB 32. Tis guide will assist
technical and management professionals in applying climate terminology
to their vocabulary and informing them of potential regulatory changes
and initiatives that may impact the way that they develop and manage
environmental resources.
TP168 Comparing climate change mitigation versus adaptation
strategies and their impacts on human health: a case study on extreme
heat events and air conditioning. J.L. White-Newsome, M. ONeill, O.
Jolliet, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public
Health, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor,
MI. Tis paper aims to develop a method to compare in a consistent way
mitigation of climate change versus adaptation strategies. Te method
feasibility is then evaluated on a case study on extreme heat health damages
and resulting adaptation using air conditioning. Climate change tends to
increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme heat event and the weather
related mortality that include among other cerebrovascular, ischemic heart
and hypertensive diseases. On the one hand, the use of air conditioning has
been shown to reduce extreme heat mortality risks. On the other hand, air
conditioning contributes to increase both greenhouse gas as well as primary
and secondary particulates. Tis raises two main questions: How does
the reduction in risks compares with the increase in risk due to primary
and secondary particulate. On a global scale who benets and who suers
from the use of air conditioning? To address these questions, both damage
and benets are rst quantied on a common scale of Disability Adjusted
Life years (DALYs) as dened by the World Health Organization. Based
on De Schryver et al. 2008, the CO2 emitted to produce the electricity
produced to supply the air conditioning system of 80 million households in
US may generate 290000 DALYs per year, mostly in developing countries
(wide potential range from 19600 to 1380000 DALY depending on the
considered time horizon and scenario). Using epidemiological data, the
primary and secondary particulates associated with air conditioning are
estimated to generate 136000 additional DALY/year. In comparison,
epidemiologic data also show that air conditioning potentially reduces
mortality due to extreme heat by approximately 13000 DALY/year in North
America. Tis case study demonstrates the feasibility of the approach and
suggests in a rst estimation that adaptation using air conditioning generates
(up to 30 times) more impacts on human health than avoided, both in
North America and in developing countries. In this respect actions that
contribute to both mitigation and adaptation may be more ecient. Te
study ends by showing the long term impact of air conditioning in USA
using adaptive wedges compared to mitigation wedges. Further research
is required to systematically assess uncertainty propagation in the various
models in order to further test result robustness.
TP169 A critical review of soil ingestion study methodologies as
they apply to Canadian populations and people following traditional
northern lifestyles. J.R. Doyle, J.M. Blais, Biology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; P.A. White, Healthy Environment
and Chemical Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Assessing the risks of adverse health eects posed by contaminated land in
Canada is essential for decisions regarding site access, and prioritization
for remediation. Routine human health risk assessment (HHRA) methods
require knowledge about both hazard and exposure. Unintentional dietary
ingestion is a signicant source of potential exposure to contaminated
soil particles. However, ingestion rates used in HHRAs are the subject of
considerable controversy. Ingestion rate values used in Canadian HHRAs
were rst established by a working group of Health Canada in the 1990s
and they have not been updated since that time. Several studies have been
conducted that have quantied soil ingestion rates in adults and children
using tracer-based mass-balance methodologies. Te majority of the studies
were conducted using subjects living in urban or suburban environments.
However, many of the contaminated sites in Canada where HHRAs may
be used to direct soil cleanup criteria are located in rural and wilderness
areas. A review of the published studies to date show that there remain
uncertainties in the soil ingestion rate estimates related to study design,
input/output misalignment of tracers, and tracer source error. Moreover,
published soil ingestion studies do not provide sucient information to
derive soil ingestion rates for traditional land use scenarios that would
be more typical of populations in rural and wilderness areas. Tis work
provides a critical review of soil ingestion studies and identies areas where
methods for estimation of soil ingestion rate could be improved or modied
to facilitate studies of populations following traditional land use practices.
Te presentation will also propose changes to methods for estimating soil
ingestion that may address uncertainties inherent in previous studies. Te
proposed methods employ naturally occurring radionuclides (i.e., the
primordial radionuclides of the 238U and 232T decay series) as readily
detectable tracers.
TP170 Deriving Cleanup Goals Using the TEQ Approach. E. Ebert,
N. Bonnevie, ARCADIS, Portland, ME. Te toxic equivalency (TEQ)
approach for evaluating the potential risks associated with mixtures of
2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and furans and selected polychlorinated biphenyl
congeners has been gaining momentum over the past 25 years due to the
fact that there is limited information available on the carcinogenic potential
of most of those congeners. Because of this, the TEQ approach is often used
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to estimate the carcinogenic potential of combinations of congeners that
have been detected in the environment. While much attention has been
paid to the scientic supportability of the toxicological assumptions that
underlie the TEQ, little attention has focused on the practical implications
of the approach when attempting to develop health protective cleanup
goals. Diculties in applying the approach for this purpose arise from the
substantial limitations in empirical data concerning the food chain transfer
and bioaccumulation of the individual congeners, which are important
considerations when attempting to backcalculate cleanup goals. It is often
the case that the primary route of human exposure to these congeners is
through the food chain (e.g., consumption of poultry, sh and beef ) but
that the source of these congeners is another medium (e.g., sediment or
soil). Generally, it is assumed that all congeners have the same bioavailability
and potential for transfer as TCDD. However, empirical evidence indicates
this is not the case, that the bioavailability and transfer of congeners dier
substantially, and that this dierential transfer and bioaccumulation grows
more complicated with each step along a food chain. To calculate a soil or
sediment cleanup goal to reduce human exposure, it is necessary to work
backward through the food chain to identify an acceptable concentration
in the source medium. To resolve these uncertainties, it will be necessary to
conduct additional research to map the movement of the dierent congeners
through various food chains and increase the available body of scientic
knowledge concerning their tendencies to transfer and bioaccumulate
within food webs. Once this information is more complete, it will be
possible to develop cleanup goals for individual congeners rather than make
assumptions about entire mixtures. Tis will allow more realistic and health
protective cleanup goals to be developed while reducing the uncertainties
associated with them.
TP171 Particulate matter emitted from diesel-powered vehicles
during Carnival in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: diagnosis for a risk
communication management. N.A. Vianna, Medicina Preventiva,
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia,
Brazil; N.A. Vianna, Vigilancia e Saude Ambiental, Secretaria Municipal
de Saude, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; P.H. Saldiva, P. Novaes, Laboratorio de
Poluio Atmosfrica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de So Paulo,
So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil; N. Gnoatto, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e
Saude Publica, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; L.R. Andrade, Instituto de Ciencias
Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. Particulate matter emitted from vehicle exhaust, principally
diesel particles, is the major atmospheric contaminant in urban areas.
Tese particles with an aerodiameter less than 2.5m (PM2.5) have been
associated with chronic and acute toxicity. Carnival in Salvador, Bahia,
Brazil, the biggest popular party in the world - as listed in the Guinness
Book of Records joins a crowd of approximately 2 million people and
over 170 thousand workers a year in a 11-kilometer long circuit through
the city. Te parade follows the bands playing samba on vehicles equipped
with diesel-powered engines and generators during the 7-day party, with an
individual exposure to exhaust that can reach 12 hours a day. OBJECTIVE:
Tis study aimed to measure ne particulate matter (PM2.5) along the
parade circuit in cooperation with local government risk communication
actions. METHODS: PM 2,5 was measured with a nephelometer through
dierent locations in carnival tour and in a control location. Comparisons
were undertaken concerning diesel engine maintenance. RESULTS: Te
maximum concentration of PM 2.5 was 800 g/m3 in areas close with
truck engine concentrations. PM 2,5 concentration was higher around
vehicles in decient maintenance patterns. CONCLUSION: Particulate
matter concentrations emitted by diesel-powered vehicles during carnival are
very high considering comparing to control area. Tese results indicate that
the population can be exposed to for at least 7 days to the very toxic PM
2.5 that can reach the lungs and can promote respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases. Is necessary a public policy management related to air pollution
control.
TP172 A proposed Rapid Toxicity Identication Evaluation
approach. J. Allen, J. Lazorchak, D. Macke, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH; K.
Rogers, U.S. EPA, Las Vegas, NV. Toxicity Identication Evaluation (TIE)
techniques are important tools in eorts to identify unknown contaminants.
However, in the context of early warning systems and emergency response,
current TIE methodologies could be of greater value if the time to
completion was shortened. To that end, researchers at the EPAs Oce of
Research and Development are proposing a modication of current Phase
I TIE methods to identify the class of suspected unknown contaminants of
both source and drinking water in a rapid, cost ecient manner. Tis would
provide event responders with greater information allowing appropriate
remediation. Te proposed protocol diers from the EPAs Phase I TIE
methods in four signicant ways; the 24 hour mortality bioassay component
of the established methods will be replaced by a rapid (1 hour) toxicity assay
like IQTox (enzymatic inhibition) or Rapidtoxkit (feeding inhibition) to
assess the eectiveness of the sample manipulations; assessment of initial
toxicity will occur alongside manipulations; anions will be removed using
a ion exchange resin; and pH manipulations will be dropped. Te entire
procedure, from receipt of sample to communication of results should
be completed in 6 hours or less. Initially, this eort is a demonstration of
the ecacy of the protocol modications. Following this initial methods
development period, a series of unknown samples will be analyzed using the
modied TIE methods. Endpoints of interest include ability of methods
to characterize known and unknown samples, time required to perform
modied procedures, and level of eort required. Use of a rapid bioassay
and streamlined manipulation methods would allow for class identication
within hours of the initial event observation. First responders and decision-
makers could proceed with the knowledge of at least the class of toxicant
with which they are dealing. Phase 2 TIE eorts could then follow with
a focused eort to identify and quantify the contaminant while reducing
costs by eliminating unnecessary analytical work. Secondarily, we will also
consider the application to identifying exposure proles for ecological
exposure considerations. Te proposed modications and laboratory eorts
will be described.
TP173 An integrated assessment of dredging remediation of
a Midwestern stream using sediment chemistry, water quality,
bioassessment and sh biomarkers. J.R. Meier, D. Gordon, P. Wernsing,
J. Lazorchak, Ecological Exposure Research Division, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
OH; S. Snyder, Ohio EPA, Bowling Green, OH; P. Baumann, Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH; V. Sigler, D. Altfater, M. Gray, B. Batin, Ohio
EPA, Columbus, OH. A comprehensive biological and water quality study
was undertaken in July, 2007 to evaluate the eectiveness of dredging of
creosote-contaminated sediment from the Little Scioto River near Marion,
Ohio. Te study area covered 7.5 river miles (RM), including a dredged
section between RM 6.0 and 6.8. Remedial dredging and removal of
creosote-contaminated sediment from the river section most-impacted by
the contaminant source (a historic wood preserving/creosoting site) was
completed in two phases over a period of four years (2002-2006). Biological
parameters (sh and macroinvertebrate assemblages, sh biomarkers),
sediment chemistry and water quality were assessed at ve locations
upstream (RM 9.2), adjacent (RM 6.5) and downstream (RM 5.7, 4.4,
and 2.1) of the primary source of PAH contamination. Bile samples were
collected from two benthic sh species, white sucker and common carp,
and examined for napthalene-type and benzo(a)pyrene-type metabolites
by HPLC-uorescence. DNA damage was assessed in blood and liver by
the Comet assay. Surcial sediments were analyzed for PAHs and selected
metals. Sediment PAH levels (ug/kg) were found to be 205 (RM 9.2), 239
(RM 6.5), 214,710 (RM 5.7), 32,985 (RM 4.4) and 3,440 (RM 2.7).
Overall, the biomarker results were consistent with the sediment PAH
results showing a pattern of low levels of PAH metabolites, and DNA
damage at the upstream control location as well as the remediated section,
but high levels at the two immediate downstream sites, and somewhat lower
levels at the furthest downstream site sampled. Patterns of types of bile
metabolites were very similar for both sh species across the sites. Blood cell
DNA damage levels in individual sh correlated with bile B[a]P metabolite
levels, but not with naphthalene metabolites. Te remediation was eective
in reducing sediment contaminant concentrations and exposure of sh to
PAHs, and in improving sh assemblages (60% increase in IBI scores) in
remediated river sections, but additional dredging is needed to improve the
downstream benthic sh community that is still heavily exposed to PAH
contaminants. Although this work was reviewed by USEPA and approved
for publication, it may not necessarily reect Agency policy.
TP174 Especially sensitive or unique habitats of the Upper Hudson
River. L. Rosman, OR&R/ARD, NOAA, New York, NY; J. Field, G.
Graettinger, OR&R/ARD, NOAA, Seattle, WA; T. Brosnan, OR&R/ARD,
NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. Te Hudson River is highly contaminated
with PCBs discharged from 2 capacitor manufacturing plant sites located
in Hudson Falls and Ft Edwards, New York. Te rst phase of the remedy
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selected in 2002 is planned to start in 2009. Design eorts suggest that
491 acres will be remediated removing 1.8 million cubic yards of PCB-
contaminated sediments in the Upper Hudson. As part of the remedial
design process, NOAA and its co-trustees, New York State and the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service identied 57 especially sensitive or unique habitats in
the Upper Hudson River between Fort Edward, New York and the Troy
Dam. Tese habitats consist of nearshore, shallow, and vegetated areas;
mouths of deltas formed by tributaries, riparian forests and wetlands, and
riparian/transitional zones. Te location, characteristics and attributes of
these areas will be discussed. In addition, estimated surface sediment PCB
concentrations will be presented in these habitats and within each river
pool created by the lock and dam system. Tese ndings will be used by the
Trustees in partially evaluating injury to natural resources and identifying
appropriate on-site and/or o-site natural resource restoration.
TP175 Characterizing the Uptake, Degradation, and Long-Term
Fate of Atrazine in Above-Ground Switchgrass Biomass. J.A. Anderson,
J.R. Coats, Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; V.L. Williams,
SWAMP Communications & Citizen Monitoring Program, California
EPA, Sacramento, CA. Widespread use of atrazine in row crop agriculture
has contributed to the decline of surface and groundwater quality
throughout the rural Midwest, largely as a result of non-point source
(NPS) contamination from agricultural runo. Agricultural management
strategies are needed to reduce NPS contamination from runo. Plant-
based technologies using switchgrass (Panicum viratum L) and other
native grasses have been eective at removing atrazine from soils in
laboratory and greenhouse studies. Additionally, switchgrass lter strips
have decreased runo in agricultural eld studies. While the potential for
switchgrass buers to help restore watersheds compromised by agricultural
runo exists, questions remain about the mechanisms driving the uptake,
degradation, and biotransformation of atrazine by switchgrass. Te goal of
this study was to characterize 1) the uptake of atrazine into above-ground
switchgrass biomass; 2) the degradation and biotransformation of atrazine
over time; and 3) the fate of atrazine and atrazine metabolites in switchgrass
throughout a growing season and following senescence. Twenty-four
soil columns (30 by 8) were constructed using soil collected from an
agricultural eld in Clarke County, Iowa. Switchgrass was planted in the
fall of 2006. Switchgrass plants were allowed to senesce overwinter, and
were grown under greenhouse conditions for 18 months prior to atrazine
application. On day 0, articially-created agricultural runo containing 4
ppm atrazine, was sprayed over the top 4 of soil in each column. Following
treatment, columns were maintained under greenhouse conditions for
the rst six months and were forced into senescence during the nal two
months of the eight-month study. Tree columns were sacriced each
month, and the concentration of atrazine and atrazine metabolites were
monitored in the soil and in above-ground plant biomass by GC-NPD.
Monitoring of atrazine uptake, degradation and fate in these switchgrass
soil columns is ongoing. Preliminary results indicate the presence of both
atrazine and atrazine metabolites in above-ground plant biomass. Results
from this greenhouse study will help determine the capacity for switchgrass
to remove atrazine from agricultural soil and will provide insight into the
fate of plant-accumulated atrazine over time.
TP176 Components of a switchgrass, Panicum vergatum, remediation
system and their ability to degrade atrazine. I.J. Murphy, J.R. Coats,
Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Atrazine is a widely used
herbicide in agriculture that may pose a signicant threat to humans,
wildlife, and the environment. Phytoremediation may provide a cost-
eective strategy to reduce contamination of surface and groundwater
from atrazine runo. Previous studies have shown several prairie grasses
including Panicum vergatum (switchgrass) to be eective in remediating
sites of atrazine contamination. It is thought that microbes located in
the rhizosphere are primarily responsible for degrading atrazine into its
metabolites which are thought to be less harmful to the environment.
Questions however remain about the role of the grasses to take up and
degrade atrazine in a remediation setting. Te goal of this study is to
determine if other components of a switchgrass remediation system, aside
from the rhizosphere, signicantly contribute to atrazine degradation.
Tis question will be addressed in the following way. Soil from the ABE-
Agronomy Research Farm in Ames, Iowa will be combined with sand to
form a 50/50 mixture. Tis mixture will be used as the growth medium for
all treatments as follows: 1.3 kg of soil-sand mixture will be added to plastic
pots, creating a total of 36 identical pots. Half of these will be sterilized
and 9 planted with switchgrass. Of the unsterilized, 9 will also be planted
with switchgrass. Pots will be placed in environmental chambers and grasses
grown for eight weeks prior to application of atrazine. On day 0, a 10 ppm
atrazine solution will be applied to all 36 pots, and one pot from each of the
treatment groups will be sacriced to assess the amount of atrazine applied.
On days 15 and 30, 4 pots from each of treatments will be sacriced to
determine levels of atrazine and metabolites present. Areas of interest where
concentrations of atrazine will be assessed are leaf and root material, and
soil within and below the rhizosphere. Tese various components will be
extracted with ethyl acetate and quantied by GC-NPD. It is hypothesized
that atrazine will be signicantly metabolized in the rhizosphere, and also
show that switchgrass does have a limited capacity to degrade atrazine on
its own. Tis study will provide a better understanding of the remediation
capacity of a Panicum vergatum remediation system.
TP177 Biowaste as Metal Sorbents for Preventive/ Remediation
Applications. I. Twardowska, K. Janta-Koszuta, E. Miszczak, Institute of
Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland.
Potential of various low-cost biosorbents for contaminants, mostly metal
binding is known for a long time, though interest to their application in
the permeable reactive barriers or for a degraded lands remediation has
grown recently, in conjunction with implementing sustainable development
principles and increasing stringency of the legislation with respect to water
and soil protection. Tis applications require abundance, cost-eectiveness,
and eciency of a material. Natural resource protection, and a role of
wetlands in the environment lead to restrictions for use of peat and wetlands
for metal control, and a wider application of biowaste for this purposes. A
comparative study on metal sorption onto two kinds of biowaste, i.e. source-
collected and composted green municipal waste (GC) and stabilized sewage
sludge (SS) has been carried out, in order to evaluate sorption properties
of these materials compared to natural organic matter (peat). Both kinds
of biowaste originated from the historical area of steel plants and metal ore
mining and smelting in Zabrze city (Upper Silesia Industrial Region) in
Southern Poland. In the representative samples of these materials, content
and binding strength of Potentially Toxic Elements - PTE (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni,
Pb, Zn) and of elements that take an active part in PTE binding (Ca, Fe,
Mg, Mn) were assessed. Sorption capacity of these biowaste for metals was
evaluated by batch isotherm studies in single component systems at pH 4.0
of input solutions of Me-Cl and Me-SO4. Contents of mobile/ mobilizable
PTEs in GC represented a declining sequence Zn>Pb>CuCr>Ni>Cd and
were considerably lower than in SS, while concentrations and chemical
forms of Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn occurrence were similar. Due to much lower
contents of PTEs in GC and their occurrence in a stronger bound forms,
GC appeared to be a more attractive material for degraded land remediation
than SS, although sorption capacity of both organogenic materials for
metals was similarly high, in a range from 25 g/kg (Ni, Zn, Cr) to 50 g/
kg (Cu, Cd), and 150 g/kg (Pb) and comparable to natural organic matter
(peat). Both materials were found to be applicable for remediation and
reclamation of degraded lands, as sorbents for metal control in wastewater
treatment systems and in permeable reactive barriers.
TP178 Adopting the Precautionary Principle for Sustainable Design:
A New Evaluation and Innovation Framework based on Life Cycle
Tinking. C. Cucuzzella, P. De Coninck, Facult de lAmnagement,
Universit de Montral, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; C. Cucuzzella,
CIRAIG, cole PolyTechnique Montral, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; P.
De Coninck, cole de Design industriel, Universit de Montral, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada. Tis presentation suggests that an operationalization
of sustainable design within a perspective of precaution can complement
existing preventive operative methods for evaluation and innovation. It will
seek to demonstrate how a precautionary approach can be used with the
logic of suciency to complement the traditional preventive approaches for
establishing and assessing sustainable solutions. Te main reason for this
approach is that at the worldwide level, evidence shows that environmental
gains from technical improvements in product eciency (a preventive
approach) have historically been outweighed by an overall increase in
consumption (rebound eects). Tis implies that preventive approaches
alone cannot lead development towards sustainability because of its limited
perspective (both spatial and temporal). New methods for evaluation and
innovation within a precautionary framework with the intent to improve
this process in a context of sustainable design can complement existing
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approaches. Deterministic methods (such as Life Cycle Analysis) are often
very advantageous in economic and risk analysis and provide justications
for nal decisions since they provide measures to make preventive
decisions. Tis type of operational reasoning is embedded in the certitude
of knowledge. Such tools are predominantly used within eco-design
approaches. Tese tools depend on existing norms and conventions as a
basis for guiding decision making processes and seek to optimize situations
through the logic of eciency (or more specically, eco-eciency). As a
consequence of a decision taken, a transfer of new problems may result,
perhaps to other levels of society or the environment. Terefore prudence,
which encapsulates the three dimensions of foresight, prevention and
precaution, is essential for sustainable design. Tis implies that over and
above the dominant measurable preventive methods used for eco-design,
prudent approaches become fundamental, allowing designers to develop
new areas of insight and inuence. Terefore designers can not only discover
new possibilities for living systems, but can then also evaluate how these can
contribute to a better quality of life of individuals and state of the world.
TP179 Embracing Cognitive Diversity in the Progression of
Science. S.D. McDonald, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., King of Prussia, PA;
K.W. Jablokow, Te Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley School of
Graduate Professional Studies, Malvern, PA. Science, like other scholarly
domains, often travels a rough road as discoveries and new ideas are
introduced, accepted or rejected, brought into the main stream, and then
replaced with other ideas as the process begins again. Tis Kuhnian struggle
between ordinary science and science in crisis is powered by a diversity
of cognition that both supports the prevailing scientic paradigms and
identies the counter instances that will lead to paradigm shifts. Cognitive
diversity describes the dierences in how we solve problems as we manage
this scientic progression. Tese dierences include level (intelligence, skills,
experience), motivation (why we choose to solve a problem), and style
(preferred approach to problem solving). Of all these factors, style is often
the least well understood. Te highly regarded theory of Dr. M.J. Kirton
relates cognitive style to the amount of structure preferred by an individual
when he/she solves problems. People who prefer more structure when
solving problems are referred to as more adaptive, while people who prefer
less structure are more innovative. For large general populations, the style
distribution is normal, with a wide range. Studies have shown that style is
stable in individuals by their mid-teens and remains unchanged throughout
life. When looking at Kuhns scientic paradigm progression, the more
adaptive can be relied on to build structure that will bolster the paradigm
and dene its boundaries, making it operate more smoothly and eciently.
In contrast, the more innovative are more likely to test the paradigms
structure, looking for counter instances that will require more radical shifts.
Both of these approaches are necessary for science to maintain its forward
progress overall; however, it is easy to see how scientists with signicantly
dierent styles could create the sparks often seen in scientic debate. In this
presentation, we will present key concepts from Kirtons problem solving
framework and discuss their impact within scientic collaboration. Our
ultimate aim is to introduce and explore principles that will help us all
manage the cognitive diversity of a scientic team wisely and well, so that a
wide range of problems can be solved successfully and eectively.
TP180 Sediment Associated Contaminants Urban Stream
Studies: III. Toxicity to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge
Chironomus dilutus. N.E. Kemble, D.G. Hardesty, C.G. Ingersoll, CERC,
Columbia, MO; D.L. Calhoun, USGS, Atlanta, GA; R.J. Gillom, K.M.
Kuivila, USGS, Sacramento, CA; P.W. Moran, USGS, Tacoma, WA. Te
objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate the toxicity of contaminants
in stream sediments in select urban areas across the United States and (2)
evaluate association of toxicity to contaminants measured in the same
sediment, including PAHs, organochlorines, trace elements, and pyrethroid
insecticides. Composited sediment samples were collected from recently
deposited sediments from 12to 21 sites in each of 7 metropolitan areas,
representing a wide range of watershed urbanization in each area. Sediment
toxicity was evaluated in sediment samples collected from 98 sites using
28-d whole-sediment exposures with H. azteca and 10-d whole-sediment
exposures with the midge Chironomus dilutus. Endpoints measured in
these toxicity tests included survival, growth (average weight or length
per individual), or biomass (total weight per replicate) of test organisms.
Overall, 35% of the sediment samples were toxic to amphipods or midge
(signicant reduction in survival or growth relative to control sediment).
Survival, growth, or biomass of amphipods were reduced with increasing
concentrations of PAHs, metals, or pyrethroids in sediment (normalized
to total organic carbon concentrations in sediment). In contrast,
concentrations of organochlorine compounds were typically low and not
related to the observed toxicity of sediments to amphipods or midge.
Pyrethroids are hydrophobic compounds that accumulate in sediment and
have been found to be toxic to sediment-dwelling organisms, including
H. azteca at other locations across the United States. For the pyrethroid
bifenthrin, 69% of the 13 sediment samples with concentrations of
bifenthrin above an estimated sediment eect concentration of 1 ng/g of
bifenthrin (normalized to 1% TOC in sediment) were toxic to amphipods.
In contrast, toxicity of sediments was not related to other less frequently
detected pyrethroids (cypermethrin, cyhalothrinpermethrin, or resmethrin).
An evaluation of the contributions of pyrethroids, PAHs and metals to the
observed toxicity of the sediment samples is ongoing.
TP181 Sediment-Associated Contaminants in Urban Streams: I.
Characterization and Distribution of Synthetic Organics and Trace
Elements in Relation to Urbanization. P. Moran, Washington Water
Science Center, US Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA; D. Calhoun, Georgia
Water Science Center, US Geologica Survey, Atlanta, GA; L. Nowell, K.
Kuivila, B. Gilliom, California Water Science Center, US Geologica Survey,
Sacramento, CA; N. Kemble, C. Ingersoll, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, US Geologica Survey, Columbia, MO. In an eort to
evaluate the quality of urban stream sediments, a study was undertaken by
the US Geological Survey at ninety-eight sites around the United States. Bed
sediment samples were collected in the summer of 2007 and analyzed for
trace elements (TE; 30 elements), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH;
28 compounds), organochlorine compounds (OC; 22), and pyrethroid
insecticides (18). [For detailed pyrethroid results see Hladik et al. abstract].
Additionally, sub-samples from these sediment samples were sent to the
USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center for toxicity evaluation
using the larval midge Chironomus dilutus (10-Day) and Hyalella azteca
(28-Day) bioassays. [For toxicity results see Kemble et al. abstract.]
Contaminant detection frequency was highest for TEs > PAHs > OCs >
Pyrethroids. Contaminant concentrations were compared to the consensus-
based Probable Eect Concentration (PEC) benchmarks of MacDonald et
al. 2000. Twenty-eight percent of the sites had contaminant concentrations
that exceeded one or more PECs, with exceedences most frequent in the
PAH class (pyrene 15%, chrysene 13%, phenanthracene 11%) followed by
TEs (Pb 14%, Ni 12%, Zn 11%). While organochlorine exceedences of
the PEC benchmarks were infrequent (<5% of sites), 22% of these urban
sites had DDT concentrations greater than either DDD or DDE. For the
21 TEs measured which lack available PEC benchmarks, 7 (T, Ba, Co,
Mn, Mo, Sc, St, Y) appeared to be elevated above median values in the
USGS National Geochemical Dataset. Te New England coastal basins
had the highest probability of exceeding the PEC benchmarks for three
classes of contaminants (PAHs, TEs, and OCs). On the other hand, Texas
sites consistently had the highest concentrations and frequency of detection
for the 18 pyrethroids analyzed. Te relationships between contaminant
detections and basin characteristics such as land use are discussed.
TP182 Sediment-Associated Contaminants in Urban Streams: II.
Distribution and Sources of Pyrethroid Insecticides. M.L. Hladik, K.M.
Kuivila, R.J. Gilliom, L.H. Nowell, US Geological Survey, Sacramento,
CA; D.L. Calhoun, US Geological Survey, Atlanta, GA; P.W. Moran,
US Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA; C.G. Ingersoll, N.E. Kemble, US
Geological Survey, Columbia, MO. Pyrethroid insecticides are being used
increasingly in urban environments with the mandated phaseout of diazinon
and chlorpyrifos (organophosphate insecticides) in 2001. Applications of
pyrethroid insecticides include commercial use on golf courses, landscapes,
and structures, homeowner use on lawns and gardens, and public health
agency use for vector control such as for West Nile virus. In contrast to the
organophosphate insecticides being replaced, pyrethroids are more likely
to sorb to sediments, which changes their fate and eects in the ecosystem.
As part of a 2007 national study of sediment-associated contaminants in
urban streams, depositional bed sediments (98 samples) were analyzed for
14 pyrethroids (allethrin, bifenthrin, cyuthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin,
deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, uvalinate, permethrin,
resmethrin, sumithrin, teuthrin and tetramethrin). Samples were collected
from urban areas near seven major U.S. cities: Atlanta, Boston, Dallas/Fort
Worth, Denver, Milwaukee/Green Bay, Salt Lake City, and Seattle/Tacoma.
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Te sampling sites in each area spanned a wide range of urbanization.
Bifenthrin had the highest detection frequency (41%), and occurred in
every urban area. Four other pyrethroids were detected, but much less
frequently: cyhalothrin (11%); permethrin (5%); resmethrin (3%); and
cypermethrin (1%). Detected concentrations of individual pyrethroids
ranged from 0.2 to 38 ng/g, dry weight. Te Dallas/Fort Worth area had
the highest pyrethroid detection frequency (20%), the greatest number of
pyrethroids (4) and some of the highest concentrations. Distributions of
pyrethroids were compared to levels of urbanization and potential sources
[for details on within-basin characteristics and patterns of other sediment
contaminants, see Moran et al. abstract]. Pyrethroid concentrations were
also compared to sediment toxicity in whole-sediment exposures using the
amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus dilutus [for details on
sediment toxicity results, see Kemble et al. abstract].
TP183 Pesticides in California residential runo. S. Bondarenko, J.
Gan, Env. Sci. Department, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA; R. Mazalewski,
L. Oki, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA; T. Majcherek,
D. Haver, University of California Cooperative Extension, UC Davis,
Davis, CA. Pyrethroids and pronil, replacements to organophosphate
compounds, are used by professional and non-professional applicators to
control pests in and around structures as well as in landscaped areas. As
result of these uses, pyrethroids have been frequently found in urban streams
and estuaries in California and their occurrence is a signicant emerging
concern. Tis statewide project conducted by researchers from University
of California and funded by the State Water Resources Control Board
aimed to understand use trends and the levels of pesticides in runo from
single family homes. Water samples have been collected weekly during
dry season, biweekly during wet season and during rain events from 8
neighborhoods located in northern and southern California and analyzed
for a range of insecticides. A large number of current-use pesticides were
detected in both irrigation and rain induced runo. Fipronil (n/d-656
ng/L), bifenthrin (n/d-709 ng/L), permethrin (n/d-434 ng/L), cyuthrin
(n/d-368 ng/L), and cypermethrin (n/d-49.5 ng/L) were frequently detected
in both northern and southern sites. Occurrence of these pesticides appears
to correlate well with the use patterns in those areas. Results from this study
show that residential runo is a signicant source of pesticides to urban
waterbodies.
TP184 Uptake of Estradiol by Hornyhead Turbot (Pleuronichthys
verticalis) and Eects on Oxidative DNA Damage in Gonads.
M. Rempel-Hester, Nautilus Environmental, Tacoma, WA; J. Gully,
Los Angeles County Sanitation District, Whittier, CA; J. Armstrong,
Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA; D. Schlenk,
Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA.
Previous eld studies o the coast of southern California showed a direct
relationship between plasma 17-estradiol (E2) and DNA damage in the
gonads of hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis). To evaluate whether
E2 exposure via sediment would be eective in eliciting feminizing eects
as well as DNA damage, the bioavailability of E2 in sediment to hornyhead
turbot collected from a reference location was examined by measuring
eects on plasma E2 levels, plasma vitellogenin levels, and oxidative DNA
damage. Tough signicant increases in E2 and vitellogenin levels were
observed, the correlation between plasma E2 concentrations and oxidative
DNA damage in gonads seen in the eld could not be reproduced. Two
possible reasons were that the eects were transient and therefore could not
be measured with the study design used, or there is a dierence in response
between sh residing near an outfall versus sh from a reference location.
To address these issues sh collected from both an outfall and a reference
location were exposed in tandem to E2 in a time-course experiment. Te
results indicated a dierential response in the two populations of sh.
Fish collected from the outfall location produced vitellogenin earlier than
sh from the reference location. DNA damage appeared to be transient
in reference sh but possibly longer-term in outfall sh. Results indicated
that sh from a wastewater outfall might be more susceptible to estrogen
exposure than sh from less impacted sites.
TP185 Subcellular Compartmentalization of Lead and Copper:
Relationship to Survival and Reproduction in the Earthworm, Eisenia
Fetida. R.P. Jones, L.S. Inouye, Environmental Risk Assessment Branch,
US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS;
A.J. Bednar, Environmental Chemistry Branch, US Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; L.S. Inouye, Dept. of
Ecology, Washington State Government, Lacey, WA. Metals are detoxied
and sequestered into subcellular compartments when accumulated by
earthworms. Dierential centrifugation was used to quantify subcellular Pb
and Cu in relation to lethality and reproductive endpoints in spiked-soil
exposed earthworms, Eisenia fetida. Elevated total body Pb but not Cu
was found in the detoxied metals-rich granule (MRG) fraction, and the
supernatant (toxic) fraction provided concentration-dependent and time-
course relationships with toxicity for Pb but not Cu. No Observable Eects
Residues (NOER) for the toxic fraction were 42.3 and 5.7 ug Pb/g wet wt
for lethality and reproductive endpoints, respectively. Total Pb NOER values
were 65 and 13 ug Pb/g wet wt for lethality and reproduction, respectively.
Toxic fraction concentrations reached a nonlinear regression-derived plateau
of 72 16 ug Pb/g wet wt following a 90-d sublethal exposure; at 1,650
mg Pb/kg dry wt soil. By comparison, total earthworm Pb from the same
exposure series increased to 256 10 ug Pb/g wet wt and did not reach a
plateau maximum. Total and toxic fraction Pb 95% condence intervals
generally showed signicant overlap below 50 ug Pb/g wet wt, suggesting
subcellular fractionation may not be useful below this level. Exposures in
other Pb-contaminated soil types showed all toxic fraction Pb data (but not
total Pb) within 95% condence intervals of our spiked-soil study cocoon
count regression curve. Tis approach allows assessment of Pb toxicity as
a function of body burden, overcoming matrix-dependent bioavailability
dierences that complicate the use of soil concentrations for quantifying
toxic responses to Pb in earthworms. Terefore, subcellular fractionation
could provide a valuable tool for assessing the potential eects of Pb in
contaminated soil.
TP186 Reproductive variation according to heavy metal accumulation
in Pardosa astrigera (Araneae: Lycosidae). Y. Kim, M. Jung, J. Lee,
Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul
National University, Seoul, South Korea; S. Kim, J. Lee, Research Institute
for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South
Korea. Maternal energy investment strategy for reproduction might change
under dierent environmental conditions. In the stressful environment,
models of trade-o life history theory predict lower growth and fecundity,
and larger egg size. Tese results are assumed to be due to increased energy
consumption for detoxication, and eorts to produce stronger ospring
for better survival. We examined relationships between reproductive
patterns and heavy metals body contents of wolf spider, P. astrigera. Adult
female P. astrigera with egg sac were collected by hand in seven sites in
2007. Body contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in P. astrigera
were determined by ICP-MS. Fecundity was determined by counting the
number of eggs in the egg sac. To compare the egg size (mm3), ten eggs
were randomly selected from the each egg sac and then egg length (mm)
and width (mm) were measured to the level of 0.01 mm. In the laboratory
experiment, adult or sub-adult female P. astrigera were fed with four fruit
ies in a ratio of 1:0, 1:1, and 0:1 (ies reared on CdCl2 contaminated
medium: ies reared on CdCl2 free medium) every third day during 4
weeks. Ten female P. astrigera were mated with males that fed on CdCl2
free medium to produce egg sacs. Fecundities, egg size of all eggs produced,
and heavy metal body concentrations were measured by the same method of
the eld experiment. Egg sizes were positively correlated with heavy metal
(Cu, Cd, and Zn) concentrations in body, but fecundities do not show clear
correlation with any heavy metal content in the eld populations. In the
laboratory study, higher egg size and lower fecundity were found in the Cd
treated P. astrigera compared to the Cd non-treated P. astrigera.
TP187 Eects of wet harvesting on mercury dynamics in
Northwestern Ontario peatlands. S.E. Walford, P.F. Lee, Biology,
Lakehead University, Tunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; R.W. Mackereth,
Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, OMNR, Lakehead
University, Tunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Te atmospheric deposition
of mercury coupled with the cyclic aerobic/anaerobic conditions prevalent
in peatlands has resulted in these areas becoming a sink for mercury (Hg)
and methylmercury (MeHg) in the environment. Economic pressures
and renewed interest in alternative energy sources for the coal red energy
plants in Northwestern Ontario have led to the proposed wet harvesting
and subsequent rehabilitation of the peatlands in the Upsala corridor,
raising concerns over the potential release of Hg and MeHg into aquatic
systems. Tis project will focus on evaluating the impacts of the harvesting
process on Hg and MeHg dynamics in peatlands and receiving waters. It
is hypothesized that the harvesting activities will result in the mobilization
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of Hg and MeHg bound to organic matter ligands into receiving waters,
where bioaccumulation and biomagnication to toxic levels may occur.
An intensive survey and monitoring program involving eld sampling
for water, porewater, peat and sediment chemistry in the harvested
and reference area of the peatland, in addition to the receiving water is
underway. Controlled laboratory bioaccumulation studies with Lumbriculus
variegatus are being used to assess the bioaccumulation of mercury species
from the peatlands before and after the spring 2008 experimental harvest
and reclamation. Results from this study will aid decision makers involved
with the environmental management of future harvesting of peatlands in
Northwestern Ontario.
TP188 Assessment of Copper Bioavailability in Constructed Wetland
Euents using a Water Eects Ratio Approach. S.M. Harmon, Biology
and Geology, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken, SC; G.L. Mills,
B.L. Temple, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia,
Aiken, SC. Constructed wetland treatment systems designed for metals
removal attempt to capitalize upon the biotic and abiotic mechanisms
within natural wetland systems that enhance immobilization of metal
contaminants from the water column. Tis includes the production of
suspended and dissolved organic material which can chelate metal ions,
reducing their bioavailability to aquatic organisms. Water Eects Ratios
(WERs) have been proposed by the U.S. EPA as a method for evaluating the
eect of site-specic water quality characteristics on the toxicity of metals
to aquatic biota. Tis study examined the outow from two constructed
wetland treatment systems: one that has been operating for nine years
and one that has been operating for one year. Both treatment systems
were planted with Schoenoplectus californicus in an eort to control copper
toxicity in their respective waste streams. Copper was spiked into ltered
(0.45 m) and unltered euent samples from each wetland, and standard
48-hour acute toxicity tests were performed using Ceriodaphnia dubia. LC
50

values indicated little dierence between ltered and unltered samples
(42.9 and 45.3 ppb Cu, respectively) from the newly constructed wetland,
but a stronger dierence was noted in the more mature wetland (LC
50
=
5.2 ppb Cu in ltered samples and 17.0 ppb in unltered). Lower DOC
concentrations, as well as lower LC
50
s, were observed in the more mature
wetland. WER values (2.8 for the mature wetland and 7.5 for the 1-yr
old wetland) indicate that the copper toxicity is ameliorated by the water
chemistry in water owing from each wetland, but at varying levels. Results
also suggest that both dissolved and suspended organic constituents play a
role in the transformation of copper ions to a less-toxic form.
TP189 Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model for Cadmium Accumulation
in Soybean. L. Arthur, OMAFRA, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; B. Hale,
D. Chan, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; E. Berkelaar,
Redeemer University College, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada. Of all the
trace metals in the environment, cadmium (Cd) poses the greatest
concern to terrestrial food safety. Te accumulation of Cd in crops is
not a straightforward outcome of the Cd level in soil. Tere are several
other soil characteristics that have previously played an important role in
determining Cd accumulation in crops. Te degree of importance of each
of the soil characteristics is heavily dependent on genetics, with crop species,
and cultivars within species demonstrating signicant dierences in Cd
accumulation. Tis research will develop a Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model
(TBLM) to predict the accumulation of Cd into soybeans, following the
principles demonstrated by Di Toro et al. (2001). Its intent is to support the
development of government standards and guidelines for Cd in agricultural
soils, and provide producers with information on agronomic practices
that will reduce the uptake of Cd into crops. Four cultivars, two of which
have previously shown to accumulate Cd at low levels, and the other two
at high levels, were assessed at two Ontario sites during year one and ve
Ontario sites, during year two. Soils were analyzed for factors previously
known to inuence Cd bioavailability to soybean roots: total and extractable
Cd and Ca, Zn, Mg, Cl, soil pH and organic matter with each site being
classied as per their soil type. Year one and two conrmed heritable
and relative dierences among cultivars in Cd accumulation in beans, as
relative dierences persisted regardless of soil characteristics. Te degree of
accumulation of all cultivars at each site was not consistently determined by
total and available Cd in the soil at each site; with pH playing a signicant
role which is complexed by a relationship with anions, competing cations,
organic and inorganic ligands present in the soil.
TP190 Upland plant bioaccumulation testing of a predominantly
clay sediment with naturally high cadmium content. W.L. McCulloch,
C.W. Leasure, W.L. Goodfellow, P.A. Derrick, K.A. OIsen, Ecotoxicology,
EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc., Sparks, MD. Sediments
in portions of Savannah Harbor have Miocene clay deposits which have
naturally elevated concentrations of cadmium (>30 mg/kg Cd). For
proposed dredging operations, ocean disposal was not an option due to
the cadmium content, thus upland placement became the most viable
disposal option. As a component of an ecological risk assessment performed
to evaluate risks to plants and wildlife at the upland placement site, a 45-
day plant bioaccumulation study was conducted to quantify cadmium
bioavailability from the Miocene clays. Sediment samples were collected
from the Savannah River navigation channel, and were composited into two
samples: a high cadmium conposite (30 mg/kg Cd); and a low cadmium
composite (15 mg/kg Cd). Te composite samples were rst washed (to
reduce salt content), then were dried and ground prior to testing. A 45-
day plant uptake study was performed with the yellow nutsedge, Cyperus
esculentus, to quantify the bioaccumulation of metals from the high
cadmium and low cadmium composites, compared to an upland reference
site. Te bioaccumulation test results were incorporated into the overall risk
assessment, which concluded that, at the upland site, there was a potential
for cadmium to adversely impact bird and mammal receptors.
TP192 Selenium Hormesis in Birds - Implications for Developing
Dietary and Egg-based Toxicity Tresholds. D.K. DeForest, A.
Fairbrother, Parametrix, Bellevue, WA; W.J. Adams, Rio Tinto, Magna,
UT. Selenium is a naturally occurring element with a narrow range between
levels that are essential and toxic. Te critical selenium exposure route for
birds is via the diet, with the most sensitive endpoint being egg hatchability.
Accordingly, selenium toxicity thresholds for birds are typically expressed
based on the selenium concentration in the bird diet or bird eggs. Mallard
ducks are known to be a relatively sensitive bird species to selenium and
various laboratory toxicity studies have evaluated the eects of selenium on
egg hatchability. Te lowest dietary selenium concentration tested in one of
these studies (~1.1 mg/kg dw) resulted in 70.7% egg hatchability, compared
to 59.6% hatchability in the control. It has been argued that the increased
hatchability at the low dietary selenium concentration could be indicative
of a hormetic response. To investigate this possibility we asked two general
questions: (1) Are there sucient selenium toxicity data for mallards to
dene a hormetic concentration-response curve?; and (2) Is it appropriate
to base a selenium toxicity threshold based on the best performing
treatment regardless of whether the stimulation measured was random or
indicative of hormesis? We conclude that selenium toxicity data available for
mallards at low dietary concentrations are too limited to dene a hormetic
concentration-response curve and that there is no clear mechanistic basis
for low level selenium stress to increase hatchability. Tus, it is uncertain
whether a dietary selenium concentration of ~1.1 mg/kg dw results in low
level stimulation in hatchability or whether the control hatchability resulted
from selenium deciency in the eggs. Conceptually, there are uncertainties
in extrapolating this observation from the laboratory to the eld because
background selenium concentrations are often greater than 1.1 mg/kg dw.
If the hormetic laboratory response is due to low level stress at a dietary Se
concentration of 1-2 mg/kg dw, but wild birds are continuously exposed to
these dietary Se concentrations, it is unlikely that the birds are experiencing
continuous low level stress from these concentrations. To assess the potential
implications of dierent egg selenium thresholds, egg-based toxicity
thresholds calculated from dierent approaches are compared to egg Se
concentrations from several locations in North America.
TP192.5 Role of iron and sulfate reducers on removal of arsenic from
wastewater. R. Chowdhury, Civil Engineering, University of Toledo,
Toledo, OH. Arsenic is a metalloid that attracts world wide attention due
to its presence in groundwater sources all over the world. Arsenic is also
produced from anthropogenic activities such as mining, galvanization,
ue gas desulfurization. Cost eective and ecient treatment of arsenic
contaminated water is not fully evolved. Constructed wetland is a promising
approach for treating arsenic contaminated water. Microbial activities,
adsorption and plant uptake in a wetland play the key role for the eective
removal of arsenic. Among these processes adsorption of the media can be
exhausted within a short period of time. Arsenic is adsorbed mostly on iron
oxide that is present in soil. In an anoxic conditions, iron reducers reduce
Fe (III) to soluble Fe (II). In this process adsorbed arsenic in iron can also
248 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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solubilize. Microorganisms especially sulfate reducers and iron reducers play
the major role of arsenic chemistry in the sediment water interface. Sulfate
reducers precipitate Fe (II) as iron sulde. Arsenic may also precipitate as
arsenic sulde (AsS) or as iron arsenic pyrite (FeAsS). However, precipitation
of arsenic pyrite is most unlikely because it has higher solubility compared
to iron pyrite. Hence, in anaerobic conditions, freshly formed iron sulde
works as an adsorbent for As (III). Terefore, for eective removal of
arsenic retention of iron as iron sulde is necessary. For precipitation of
iron sulde, sulde is necessary which is generated by sulfate reducers. Te
goal of this study was to better understand the above described mechanisms
and especially the role of these microorganisms on arsenic removal. Arsenic
tolerant sulfate and iron reducers were isolated from a site where arsenic has
been present in high concentrations for decades. In anaerobic conditions the
rate of solubilization of adsorbed arsenic from iron oxide was measured in
the presence of (i) iron reducers (ii) sulfate reducers and (iii) sulfate and iron
reducers together. Later same experiment was conducted with a soil which
had adsorbed arsenic in it to gauge the ability of these microorganisms
to dissolute iron from a complex matrix. From the above mentioned
experiments rate constants of iron and arsenic solubilization were estimated.
Results from these batch experiments will be presented.
TP193 Oribatid Mites as a New Test Species for Soil Toxicity Testing.
J.I. Princz, S.D. Siciliano, University of Saskatchewan, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada; R. Scroggins, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
V. Behan-Pelletier, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada. As part of Environment Canadas objective to develop standardized
soil toxicity test methods for non-temperate regions, research has been on-
going to derive a new toxicity test using oribatid mites for the assessment
of contaminated boreal forest soils. Te development of such methods will
promote the responsible development and protection of Canadas natural
resources, particularly for those regions aected by industrial activities (e.g.,
petroleum). Oribatid mites are soil arthropods ubiquitous in soil and litter
that signicantly contribute to soil organic matter decomposition, nutrient
cycling and soil formation. Oribatid species have been used as indicators
of soil disturbance in eld situations and are recommended for further
assessment as suitable test soil arthropods. As part of the initial method
development, several oribatid mite species were collected from the eld and
used to establish laboratory cultures. Aspects of soil toxicity test method
development included elements such as (i) an evaluation of the applicability
of the species to various reference soils; (ii) the evaluation of the species,
and repeatability of tests using a standard reference toxicant; (iii) the
applicability of the species in the evaluation of the toxicity of contaminated
soils; and (iv) a comparison of the response of this species to other standard
species used frequently in soil toxicity tests. Te results of such testing, as
they have been derived to date, are presented using Oppia nitens (C.L.,
Koch), which have been maintained under laboratory culture conditions,
and used as a model oribatid mite test organism.
TP194 A new soil screening method for use in ecological risk
assessment using net reproductive reduction of soil collembolan
Paronychiurus kimi. J. Son, K. Cho, Environmental Science and Ecological
Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; K. Shin, Statistics,
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-in, South Korea. It is expected
that the ecological soil screening levels (Eco-SSLs) will be presumed to
provide adequate protection of ecological receptors from unacceptable
harmful eects for contaminants of concerns. However, metal toxicity is
often not directly related to the total concentration of metals present due
to a number of modifying factors that depend, in part, on soil chemical
properties. Soil organic matter, pH, and clay content are soil chemical
properties that inuence metal toxicity and bioavailability as well as act
as stressor themselves. In this study, we used 28-days ideal reproduction
values (IRVs) of collembolan Paronychiurus kimi which were developed
in the previous study as functions of soil properties. We also conducted
28-days reproduction tests of P. kimi for several contaminated mine soils
for the purpose of determination of their observed reproduction values
(ORVs) and soil physicochemical properties of these mine soils were
analysed. On the basis of predicted IRVs at a certain soil properties, we
determined relative dierence ratios (RDRs (%)=(ORVs-IRVs)100/IRVs)
as integrated risk indices for several contaminated mine soils in Korea. We
also analysed the relationship between RDRs and soil metal concentrations
and/or soil physicochemical properties using a multiple regression model.
Our approach will enhance our understanding for the potential eect of
contaminated eld soil in risk-based ecological soil screening approach.
*Funded by Korea Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (No.
2008-09001-0043-0)
TP195 Derivation of a Bioassay-Based Site-Specic Cleanup Value for
Weathered Bunker C-Contaminated Soils. T. Gendusa, Arkansas, CDM,
Hot Springs, AR; K. Tobiason, Nautilus Environmental, Tacoma, WA;
L. Auster, King County Solid Waste Division, Seattle, WA; D. Sternberg,
Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA; L. Peterson,
Washington, CDM, Bellevue, WA. Te Ellisport Creek Greenspace Project
site on Vashon Island, Washington contains Bunker C oil contamination
from past industrial use, complicating transfer of this wetland site for use
as open space. A site-specic Terrestrial Ecological Evaluation (TEE) was
performed pursuant to the Washington State Model Toxics Control Act
(MTCA) to ensure protection of plants and animals from exposure to
environmental contamination at levels likely to cause signicant or adverse
toxic eects. In the absence of available ecotoxicity data for Bunker C,
bioassay testing was used to determine potential impacts to ecological
receptors. Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
represented indigenous soil invertebrates and terrestrial plants in laboratory
bioassay tests that measured toxic eects from exposure to samples of
contaminated soil collected at the site. Earthworm exposure to soil samples
containing the highest concentrations of Bunker C (18,000 milligrams per
kilogram [mg/kg]) produced a mean survival rate of 26.7% over the 14-day
exposure, but exposures at all other test concentrations produced survival
rates of 80% or higher, and no signicant eect at exposures of 6,700 mg/
kg or less. After consulting with the Washington State Department of
Ecology it was agreed that the soil cleanup value for Bunker C be based
on protection of apparently more sensitive soil invertebrates represented
by earthworms. Te no eect level of 6,700 mg/kg Bunker C in soil is a
conservative threshold at which adverse eects may begin to be observed
in resident soil invertebrates and, as such, would adequately protect
soil organisms at the site. Tis study represents the rst use of bioassays
under MTCA to develop a site-specic soil cleanup level for a weathered
hydrocarbon. Te 6,700 mg/kg site-specic cleanup level for Bunker C is
signicantly higher than the 200 mg/kg default ecological indicator soil
concentration in MTCA.
TP196 Eects of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials on Structure
and Function of Soil Microbial Communities. J.L. Pierce, J.E.
Canas, Department of Environmental Toxicology/ Te Institute of
Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
TX; J.A. Anderson, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA. Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing industrial and
scientic interests in the world. Tis eld involves the production of
many novel compounds and substances that bear unknown toxicity and
biocompatibility. In fact, many products currently on the market contain
nanomaterials that have yet to undergo toxicity analyses. Zinc oxide, for
example, is used in many products such as sunscreen formulas and rubber
mixtures. As a result of their unknown toxicity, regulations have not been
created and implemented to control the release of these substances into
natural ecosystems, specically soil and groundwater. Yet, it is possible
that these nanomaterials are being released into the environment and thus,
should be evaluated. Microbial communities are vital components of soil
and are increasingly being used as indicators of soil health and overall
soil ecosystem stability. We chose to evaluate the toxicity of zinc oxide by
characterizing its eects on microbial community structure, function, and
activity in soil. Soil microbial communities were exposed to seven zinc oxide
concentrations: 0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 5000, 10,000 mg/kg. Samples were
collected for analysis on days 7, 21 and 63 to determine the eects of acute
and chronic exposure. Microbial biomass, characterized by chloroform-
fumigation extraction, was employed to characterize the eects of zinc oxide
on microbial population size. Biolog Microtiter Plates were used to monitor
shifts in microbial activity and functional diversity via carbon substrate
utilization. Lastly, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used
to monitor shifts in microbial community structural diversity (i.e., number
and abundance of species) following exposure to zinc oxide. By day 63,
nano zinc oxide showed a signicant negative eect on microbial biomass
as a function of increasing concentration in soil. In addition a statistically
signicant correlation between the concentration of zinc oxide present in
the soil and its eect on microbial functional diversity was observed by day
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 249
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63 with trends evident on day 21. DGGE results will be discussed later as
research is still underway.
TP197 Ecotoxicological Eects of Abamectin on Soil Invertebrates
in Dierent Test System. X. Diao, Animal Science, Hainan University,
Haikou, Hainan, China. J Jensen3, ZJ Sun2 2 China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100094, China 3 Danish National Environmental
Research Institute, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark Abamectin is widely used
in livestock production. It can be excreted in the feces of treated animals
and enter the environment. Nevertheless, only very little information
on eects of abamectin on soil fauna is known. Te aim of this study
was to evaluate the sublethal toxicity of abamectin on three species of
soil dwelling organisms (springtails, enchytraeids and earthworms) in
single species system and prey - predator test system and to elucidate the
possible environmental risk of this veterinary pharmaceutical to non-target
organisms. In the single species system, springtails were the most sensitive
and reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint for all test species
among the three tested species. Te reproduction of the springtail species
Folsomia metaria was signicantly aected at abamectin concentrations
of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. Abamectin had no eect on the
survival of enchytraeides, whereas the number of juveniles was reduced at
concentrations above 10 mg/kg. Te EC10 values for reproduction were in
the range of 0.05 mg/kg for springtails and 12.75 mg/kg for enchytraeids.
Abamectin also had signicant eect on the reproduction of earthworms.
However, no change in the survival and growth of juvenile earthworms
was observed following 70 days of exposure. Te results showed that direct
toxic eects of Abamectin are likely to occur at environmental realistic
concentrations. In a prey-predator test system, survival and reproduction
of both the predator H.aculeifer and the prey F. femitaria and their
relationships were studies after 21 days exposure of abamectin. Additional
math model was been run to analysis the population dynamics of predator
and prey. Numbers of prey were reduced by both abamectin exposure and
predation. Te number of adults and juveniles of F.femitaria varied with
LOEC 1mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg respectively. No changes for the number of
juveniles of predator were found after exposure of abamectin. Te variation
of predator population was possible due to food depletion caused by a
decreased availability of prey, rather than to the lethal eects of abamectin
on adults and juveniles mites. Such an eect of abamectin application could
not be derived from single-species toxicity experiment.
TP198 Improved life-stage recovery for sediment-based copepod
bioassay using xable vital-staining of Amphiascus tenuiremis. J.K.
Blanks, G. Chandler, Environmental Health Sciences, University of South
Carolina, Columbia, SC. Copepod-based bioassay of contaminated eld
sediments has been limited in use because recoveries of all but the largest
copepod life stages are dicult in sediments having abundant particles
>250 microns. Most meiobenthic copepods are 50500 microns in size, so
coarse sediments easily block visual recognition and counting of individuals
at the end of a test. We conducted mock copepod bioassays in coarse <1-
mm fresh eld sediments to compare counting eciencies of two methods
for staining and counting meiofaunal life stages in sediments: CellTracker
Green (CMFDA, Molecular Probes) and Rose Bengal red (Sigma, 4507).
CellTracker Green (CTG) is a non-toxic vital uorogenic probe that
selectively labels only living cells; Rose Bengal (RB) is a general protein
colorimetric stain often used to indicate potentially alive or at least recently
dead cytoplasm in sediments at the time of xation. CTG is de-esteried to
a green uorescent product in live esterase-active cells. It glows brightly in
ne to coarse sediments on an epiuorescence dissection stereomicroscope.
RB stains the cytoplasm of meiobenthos a dark red color, aiding in their
recognition among sediment particles under incident or transmitted full-
spectrum lighting. Six replicate 50-mL test chambers were loaded with a
1-cm layer of sediment and inoculated with 125 Amphiascus tenuiremis
(25 gravid females, 50 adult males, 50 copepodites) for 96 hours. At
termination, three test chambers were incubated in ~1 M CTG for 4 hours
and then xed in 5% buered formalin for 24 hours. Te remaining test
chambers were stained for 24 hours with 1% Rose Bengal in 5% buered
formalin. Stained individuals from each sediment treatment were sieved at
0.063 mm and counted to developmental stage including hatched larval
nauplii. Te counting eciency for adult and copepodite developmental
stages from CTG-labeled sediments (97.9 5.1 %) was signicantly
improved (~15%; p<0.02) over RB-stained sediments (83.5 3.6 %).
Recoveries of the smallest hatched-naupliar life stages were considerably
faster, easier, and as accurate (p=0.08) as RB using the CTG-staining
method; n=77 29 versus n=225 107 for CTG. CTG-labeled nauplii
glow brightly against a dark sediment background under epiuorescent
illumination. RB, while useful, oers no biochemically-based evidence that
copepods staining positive were alive at the end of the test.
TP199 Toxicity of molybdenum compounds to ryegrass (Lolium
perenne) and earthworms (Eisenia fetida). S.M. Pargee, J.W. Chadwick,
C.L. Fordham, GEI Consultants, Inc., Littleton, CO. Toxicity of
molybdenum to terrestrial receptors such as plants and invertebrates has
not been well studied. Te purpose of this study was to examine the eects
of elevated levels of soil molybdenum on ryegrass (Lolium perenne) growth,
and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) survival and reproduction. Tests were
conducted using two forms of molybdenum, the insoluble more naturally
occurring form, molybdenite (MoS
2
), and the soluble salt commonly used
in toxicity tests, sodium molybdate (Na
2
MoO
4
2H
2
O). Articial soils were
spiked with measured molybdenum concentrations ranging from 21 mg/
kg to 756 mg/kg Mo. Te ryegrass test was conducted for 21 days and the
endpoints examined were seedling emergence and root elongation. At test
termination the molybdenum content was measured in the plant biomass to
determine uptake. For the earthworm test, both 14-day and 28-day survival
and growth tests were conducted, and a 28-day reproduction test was also
conducted to measure cocoon production. Molybdenum concentrations
in the earthworm tissue were measured at test termination to determine
uptake. Te data collected in this study will be useful for performing
ecological risk assessments in areas containing high concentration of
molybdenum in the soils.
TP200 Soil contamination by trace elements in e-waste recycling
sites in Bangalore, India. N.N. Ha, S. Horai, K. Ramu, S. Murata, S.
Takahashi, A. Subramanian, S. Tanabe, Center for Environmental Studies
(CMES), Ehime University, Ehime, Japan; T. Agusa, Faculty of Medicine,
Shimane University, Izumo, Japan; P. Parthasarathy, E-Parisaraa Pvt. Ltd.,
Bangalore, INDIA; K.A. Bulbule, Nijalingappa College, Bangalore, INDIA.
Environmental pollution by toxic chemicals including trace elements (TEs)
from recycling activity and disposal of electronic waste (e-waste) is one of
the serious problems in the world. In this study, concentrations of 16 trace
elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Hg, Tl, Pb, and
Bi) were measured in soils collected from e-waste recycling sites, urban sites,
and control sites in Bangalore, India. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, In,
Sn, Sb, and Pb in soils from e-waste recycling sites were higher than those
from urban and control sites. Especially, higher Ag levels were observed in
soils around recycling site in slum. Furthermore, concentrations of Cu, Zn,
Ag, Cd, Sb, Hg, and Pb in soils collected from open e-waste recycling sites
exceeded standard guideline values by US EPA for soil screening benchmark
and intervention values by Netherlands. Tese results indicate that open
e-waste recycling leads to contamination by trace elements in these areas.
Daily intakes of trace elements from soils of open e-waste recycling sites
were estimated by assumption of soil ingestion values for children as
recommended by US EPA and the values of Cd, Sb, Pb, Co, Cu, and Hg
were above the tolerable daily intakes (TDI). Te results suggest that soils in
open e-waste recycling site may pose signicant risks through contamination
by many trace elements to children and thus the health of the children
living in and/or around these locations is of great concern.
TP201 Te eects of geochemical factors on arsenic accumulation
in earthworm, Eisenia fetida. B. Lee, K. Kim, Gwangju Institute of
Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea. As contamination is being
increased from anthropogenic sources, for examples, wastewater discharge,
mining, smelting ore, and agricultural activities (Murdoch and Clair,
1986; Diazbarriga et al., 1993; Welch et al., 2000). As has achieved great
notoriety because of the toxic properties of a number of its compounds.
Scientists and government pay attention to As regulation and concentrate
eorts to protect environment from As. Earthworms have been reported
to inhabit As-rich soils (Geiszinger et al., 1998; Langdon et al., 2005).
Also, earthworms can bioaccumulate As from soils. Langdon et al. (2002)
reported that the total As concentration in Lumbricus rubellus was up to
18.26 mol g-1 in As contaminated soil. Geiszinger et al. (1998) found that
earthworms (Lumbricidae) collected from As-containing soils (ranging from
0.06 to 1.06 mol g-1) had As tissue burdens 0.24 mol g-1. In general,
it is well known that the inorganic forms of As are more toxic than the
organic forms and readily accumulate in living tissues due to their anity
for proteins, lipids, and other cellular components (Fergusson and Gavis,
250 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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1972). Previous researches showed the eects of soil characteristics on metal
accumulation in earthworms (Janssen et al., 1997a; 1997b; Peijnenburg et
al., 1999a; 1999b; Saxe et al., 2001). Te studies developed the regression
models empirically to predict metal accumulation in earthworms and the
models showed that the metal accumulations are signicantly correlated
to several factors (pH, clay content, Feox or Alox, organic matter, etc.).
Unfortunately, little is known about As accumulation in earthworms.
Additionally, the eects of soil characteristics were not considered in the
previous researches. Understanding the As accumulation in earthworms with
regard to both kinetics and metabolisms can make it possible to determine
the bioaccessibility (or environmental availability) of As in soils. Te study
was aimed to determine the eects of soil characteristics on As toxicity,
accumulation and metabolisms in earthworms and derive the geochemical
factors on As accumulation.
TP202 Comparing the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Potential of
Bulk and Nano Aluminum Oxide Using Eisenia fetida. J. Coleman, D.
Johnson, A. Bednar, J. Steevens, US Army Corp of Engineers Research
and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Nano aluminum is increasingly
used in commercial and military technology applications such as coatings,
propellants, and thermites. Few studies have been conducted to determine
the eects of nanoparticles on terrestrial organisms such as the redworm,
Eisenia fetida. Te acute and chronic toxicity of bulk (50-200m) and nano
(11 nm) Al2O3 was assessed using E. fetida. Acute contact exposures were
conducted for 72 h using glass scintillation vials lined with Whatman #1,
9 cm lter paper. Dispersions of nano and bulk Al2O3 were prepared in
Milli-Q water and distributed into vials (tested range:0-10 mg/ml). One
organism was placed in each vial. In a preliminary study, lter paper was
spiked with a solution of nano Al2O3 and de-ionized water (test range:
0-10 mg/ml). Body burdens were higher in nano Al2O3 treatments relative
to controls. Increased concentrations of Al2O3 in exposed E. fetida suggest
nano Al2O3 has potential for dermal absorption. A chronic toxicity and
bioaccumulation study was conducted comparing eects of bulk vs nano
Al2O3 in spiked soil. Soils were spiked in treatments of 0-10,000 mg/kg
for both nano and bulk Al2O3, and a additional treatment of 13,000 mg/
kg for bulk Al2O3. At termination, no signicant mortality was found.
A signicant decline in reproduction (determined by number of cocoons
recovered) was observed at the 10,000 mg/kg concentration of nano
Al2O3 relative to the control (p=0.007) and bulk Al2O3 treatments at the
same concentration (p=0.001). Body burdens of Al were higher in nano
Al2O3 exposures relative to E. fetida recovered from control and bulk
soil exposures. Additionally, 48-h soil avoidance behavioral bioassays were
conducted comparing bulk and nano Al2O3 amended soils to control soil.
E. fetida showed a signicant preference for control soils relative to the
nano Al2O3 treatments of 5,000 (p=.028) and 10,000 mg/kg (p=.004).In
contrast, a signicant number of E. fetida were recovered from nano Al2O3
soil 2,500 mg/kg (p=.013) relative to control soil. Tere was no signicant
preference for control soils in bulk Al2O3 treatments. Nano Al2O3
exposure resulted in a signicant reduction in E. fetida reproduction relative
to bulk Al2O3. However, reproduction eects were observed only at highest
treatments levels which may not be indicative of environmentally realistic
exposure concentrations.
TP203 Use of Ecological Risk Assessment Tools to Evaluate Potential
Risks and Develop Preliminary Remedial Goals. C. Archer, J.A. Bleiler,
ENSR, Westford, MA; B. Burgess, ENSR, Florence, AL; D. Pillard,
ENSR-Toxicology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO. An investigation of a
cadmium-contaminated palustrine wetland in the southeastern USA was
recently conducted to evaluate cadmium bioavailability, determine whether
a potential risk to ecological receptors was present, and develop risk-based
preliminary remedial goals (PRGs). Cadmium was detected in a 15 acre
area of hydric soils at concentrations ranging up to approximately 160 mg/
kg. After conducting a screening level ecological risk assessment, a biological
and chemical testing program was conducted in order to further evaluate
the potential for ecological risks and derive site-specic PRGs. Tis program
included 14-day toxicity testing with a hydrophytic plant (Echinochloa
crusgalli), 10-day toxicity testing with an early life stage amphibian (Rana
pipiens), Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) procedures to evaluate the
potentially bioavailable fraction of cadmium, 28-day bioaccumulation
testing with earthworms (Eisenia foetida), and eld collection of adult
amphibians for tissue residue analysis. Potential risks associated with
cadmium exposure were evaluated using a weight-of-evidence approach,
which considered strengths and weaknesses of various endpoints. Following
the risk assessment, the data were used to support the derivation of a
cadmium PRG. Te sub-lethal toxicity data from the amphibian and plant
toxicity studies and the tissue residue analysis indicated that a cadmium
concentration of approximately 100 mg/kg in the soil was protective of
the majority of ecological receptors at the site, and therefore this value was
selected as the PRG. Tis site-specic cadmium PRG reduced the size of
the potential remedial footprint and limited the need for remedial activities
within a valuable wetland ecosystem.
TP204 Chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of sewage
sludges for agricultural use. J. Sierra, School of Pharmacy, University
of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; L. Vilavert, M. Nadal, M. Schuhmacher,
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Rovira i Virgili
University, Tarragona, Spain; M. Schuhmacher, Chemical Engineering,
Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain. Te use of sewage sludge
for the management of agricultural soil is being an increasing practice all
over Europe. About 2.7 million tonnes of dry matter, representing about
38% of total sludge production in the EU, are used yearly in agriculture.
Moreover, this gure is increasing because agriculture is one of the
preferential fates for the treatment of sewage sludge. Regulations made on
this topic have normally taken into account heavy metal concentrations.
However, in the established environmental policies other important issues
are missing. Among them, the content of persistent organic pollutants
(POPs) and/or emerging contaminants might have a great eect on the
global toxicity of the sludge due to these pollutants load. In fact, groups
of chemicals can interact and have a notable inuence on soil functioning
and biodiversity. Te aims of the present study were the chemical,
physical-chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of dierent types
of sewage sludges from urban wastewater treatment plants of Spain that
have been treated in dierent degree. Correlations between parameters and
treatments were performed to determine the most inuent variables on
the sludge toxicity. Some guidelines will be given for the establishment of
sewage sludge quality standards based on the content of pollutant (heavy
metals and POPs) and toxicity for agricultural reuse. Te sewage sludge
ecotoxicity depends on not only the treated wastewater, but also the sludge
treatment. Toxicity decreased with organic matter stabilization rate on the
sludge, being the composted ones the least toxic. Te utilization of simple
bioassays (Microtox, germination index and mesofauna tests) allowed the
determination of the sludge toxicity. Te content of phenolic compounds
in the sludge showed a signicant positive correlation with sludge toxicity.
Terefore, the phenol content could be a good indicator to determine the
organic matter maturity
TP205 Risk based validation of soil quality criteria for the protection
of ecosystems (Qc, Canada). G. Triault-Bouchet, L. Martel, Division
cotoxicologie et valuation du risque, CEAEQ, MDDEP, Sainte Foy
(Qubec), Quebec, Canada; R. Gauthier, Service des lieux contamins,
MDDEP, Direction des politiques en milieu terrestre, Qubec, Quebec,
Canada. Te Politic for soil protection and rehabilitation of contaminated
lands of the Qubec Environmental Ministry (MEF, 1998) denes 2
levels of soil quality criteria to protect receptors in 2 types of land uses:
residential, and commercial/industrial. Tese criteria are generic numerical
concentrations mainly based on toxicity to plants and soil invertebrates,
mainly exposed by direct contacts with soil. Te purpose of the present work
was (1) to validate those criteria by taking into account other biological
receptors, birds and mammals, mainly exposed by ingestion of soil and
food; and, (2) to recommend new soil quality criteria when appropriate. For
this work, the residential criteria represent a no signicant ecological eect,
which corresponds to a 20% of eects on individuals (natural variability).
Te commercial/industrial criteria represent a low signicant ecological
eect with no risk for population maintenance, which corresponds to a
40% of eects on individuals. Te approach used to validate new criteria
includes: (1) literature searches and analyses (acceptability criteria), (2)
determination of toxicity reference value (the GM of toxicity values
for plants and soil invertebrates, the lower toxicity value for birds and
mammals), (3) determination of the concentration for an hazard quotient
of 1.0 (directly derived for plants and invertebrates, use of an ecosystem
model for birds and mammals), (4) determination of hazard quotients
for the actual criteria. Ecological validation and recommendations are
based on these hazard quotients, the degree of condence in the database,
and professional judgment. Criteria for 49 contaminants were subjected
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to validation. 22 were successfully revised, and recommendations were
addressed. Environmental managers will now assess the results in context of
economic, technological, and political factors to assess the need to modify
the actual criteria. Te approach and the results will be presented as well as
the limits of the method. Management decisions are not the subject of this
presentation, and therefore, will not be addressed.
TP206 Binary mixture toxicity of copper, manganese, and nickel
to soil collembolan Paronychiurus kimi. J. Son, N. Yang, K. Cho,
Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University,
Seoul, South Korea. In soil ecosystems, chemicals are often found as
mixtures. Terefore, the toxicity data generated by single toxicity tests are
inadequate for assessing the potential risk of complex mixtures of chemicals
for soil ecosystems. In the present study, the eects of copper, manganese,
and nickel, alone and in all the possible binary equitoxic combinations of
them, on the reproduction of collembolan Paronychiurus kimi were tested
after 4 weeks of exposure in an articial soil. For each combination, sum
of a toxic unit (TU50) at 50% reduction for the mixture (EC50
mix
) was
calculated from the dose-response relationships by the logistic model.
Based on the predicted EC50
mix
, the binary mixture toxicity of heavy metal
combinations of Cu+Mn, Cu+Ni, and Mn+Ni were determined as follows;
concentration additive (EC50
mix
=1TU), synergistic (EC50
mix
<1TU), and
antagonistic (EC50
mix
>1TU) responses. Also, values of the mixture (TU
i
)
at i % reduction found were predicted to get more insight regarding the
relationship between mixture toxicity and various eect levels (ranging from
EC10 to EC90). Tis study showed that TU approach appears to be a good
model to estimate the joint eect of heavy metals on soil collembolan P.
kimi, and the patterns of TU
i
over the entire eect level should be assessed
to understand the joint eect of heavy metals. *Funded by Korea Institute of
Environmental Science and Technology (No. 2008-09001-0043-0)
TP207 Study on the risks associated with metals in abandoned bomb
area to soil collembolan Paronychiurus kimi using net reproductive
reduction. J. Son, K. Cho, Environmental Science and Ecological
Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; K. Shin, Statistics,
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea. Risks of
metals to ecological receptor in soil ecosystems are directly related to metal
bioavailability, which depend upon metal concentrations as well as many
other physical and chemical characteristics of the exposure environment. It
is also true that the heterogeneous traits of soil ecosystems themselves can
pose a negative eect to soil microinvertebrates. In this study, we used 28-
days ideal reproduction values (IRVs) of collembolan Paronychiurus kimi
which were developed in the previous study as functions of soil properties
as a tool of separate the adverse eects associated with soil physicochemical
properties from the adverse eects of contaminants in abandoned mine area
(ABA). We conducted 28-days reproduction tests of P. kimi for regularly
collected several soil samples at a slanting, where located in the vicinity
of ABA for the purpose of determination of their observed reproduction
values (ORVs). And we also analyzed soil physicochemical properties as
well as easily bioavailable metal concentration (water-soluble and 0.01M
CaCl
2
exchangeable metal concentrations) of the ABA soils. On the basis of
predicted IRVs at a certain soil properties, we determined relative dierence
ratios which mean net reproductive reduction (RDRs (%)=(ORVs-
IRVs)100/IRVs) as integrated risk indices for the ABA soils. Te calculated
RDRs were varied with depending on the sampling sites of the ABA soil.
Moreover, RDRs seemed to be intercorrelated with the spatial patterns of
metal concentrations. Our approach will enhance our understanding for
the potential risk associated with contaminants of contaminated sites in
risk-based ecological soil screening approach. *Funded by Korea Institute of
Environmental Science and Technology (No. 2008-09001-0043-0)
TP208 Developmental Eects of Auxin Herbicides on Ceratopteris
richardii Gametophytes. M.A. Tosiano, R. Fisher, Biology, Chatham
University, Pittsburgh, PA. Several features of Ceratopteris ferns make
them an ideal model for plant biology. Tey are homosporous ferns with
a biphasic life cycle and distinctly documented developmental stages.
Since plant development is highly conserved, simple plants can be used
to model the development of higher plants. Auxin herbicides have been
used widely for over 50 years to kill broadleaf pests in monocot crops.
Hormone mimicking and endocrine disruption is highly studied and
documented in animals. However, hormone mimicking in plants has
not been extensively studied even though it could have huge ecological
and economic consequences. Tis study provides insight to any possible
eects of auxin-herbicide run o and residues in non-target species. Te
C. richardii gametophytes were grown in culture and exposed to an assay
of various molar concentrations of auxin mimicking herbicides. Te
extent of developmental various eects were measured qualitatively and
quantitatively. General morphological observations were made along length,
width, length, length to width ratio, and female to male ratio, were used to
assess the extent of any developmental eects. Previous studies exposing C.
richardii gametophytes to synthetic auxins resulted in ferns with reduced
lateral growth, extraneous rhizoids and abnormal gender ratios. In this study
similar results were observed in a specic range of herbicidal concentrations.
TP209 Contaminated sites within the Yukon Delta National Wildlife
Refuge, Alaska. D.D. Rudis, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK; P.
Johnson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. National Wildlife
Refuges in Alaska often experience a variety of uses in addition to sh and
wildlife conservation and human subsistence use. Te Yukon Delta National
Wildlife Refuge (YDNWR) is the largest unit of the National Wildlife
Refuge system, encompassing 19.2 million acres within the northern boreal
zone of southwestern Alaska. Stretching from Nunivak Island in the Bering
Sea, east for 300 miles to the village of Aniak, this refuge spans more than
26 million acres of the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta. Te YDNWR has
past and current military use and a history of oil and mineral exploration.
Tese activities can result in contamination of trust resources and their
habitats, and require remediation. In addition, the refuge has a history of
complex land ownership. Te dual purpose of wildlife conservation and
protection of human subsistence use makes scrutiny of contaminant issues
doubly important. In 2005, we traveled to numerous sites within the refuge
to document contamination conditions. Former military and mineral
extraction activities often left facilities and other development remains
on-site after operations ceased, often due to costs for material removal,
transport and cleanup. At some sites, hazardous materials were spilled
with inadequate or no cleanup. Te United States Air Force has operated
the Cape Romanzof Long Range Radar Site since 1953. Past disposal
practices and frequent spills created a patchwork of contaminated soils at
this site. Remediation to date includes building and drum removal, landll
excavation, soil treatment in biocells, and monitoring. Another former
military installation, an Air Warning and Control facility, was subsequently
used as the headquarters for the Bureau of Indian Aairs in Bethel. Tis site
has been partially remediated, however a re in 2002 released additional
contamination and is one of the YDNWRs most signicant unresolved
cleanup issues. Remediation has also been done at some Army National
Guard sites fuel spills. Mining and oil exploration sites have a mixed history
of cleanup action. Oil and hazardous materials spills remain a potential
threat to the YDNWR.
TP210 Fate of Chlorinated Ethenes in Landll Microcosms. J.
Loudon, B. Ravit, U. Krogmann, D. Fennell, Environmental Sciences,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; L. White, K. Cooper, Biochemistry
and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Landlls
contain diverse waste materials from households, businesses, industry,
construction and demolition sites, and other sources. Halogenated organic
compounds are widely used as solvents, pesticides and ame retardants, and
are often detected in leachate from landlls. While leachate is a complex
mixture of contaminants, the overall toxicity may be inuenced by the
presence of halogenated organic compounds. Furthermore, biological
transformation could have an impact on the toxicity of landll leachate
if these compounds are transformed or degraded. Landlls are generally
anaerobic and support a diverse methanogenic microbial community.
Tis study is examining whether bacterial reductive dehalogenationan
important anaerobic process controlling the fate of halogenated organic
compounds in the environmentmay be supported in landlls, and
whether this activity may aect the toxicity of landll leachate on zebrash
(Danio rerio) as a model organism. Biological microcosms were developed
in anaerobic minimal medium using elutriated landll solids and were
amended with tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) as
model halogenated compounds. Microcosms produced methane and loss
of PCE and TCE was observed concomitant with dichloroethene (DCE)
production, indicating the presence of dehalogenating microorganisms.
DCE and methane were not produced in killed controls. Te bacterial
communities in landll materials and microcosms were compared using
polymerase chain reaction amplication of 16S rRNA genes followed by
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). A diverse bacterial
252 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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community was observed. Landll leachate was assayed for whole euent
toxicity to zebrash at dierent dilutions. Te embryo-larval assay illustrated
100% mortality for embryos exposed to solutions containing 32% and 16%
leachate by volume over an exposure period of 24 hours. Various sublethal
eects were also observed. A toxicity assay performed on microcosm
supernatant yielded similar results. Our results suggest that dehalogenating
microorganisms are present in the landll and that landll leachate toxicity
may be assayed using zebrash. Further work will examine whether activity
of dehalogenating bacteria could change the toxicological nature of landll
leachate.
TP211 Seabird-mediated transport of trace elements to a High Arctic
coastal pond system at Cape Vera, Devon Island, Canada. S. Brimble, J.
Blais, Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; M. Mallory,
Canadian Wildlife Service, Iqualuit, Nunavut, Canada; B. Keatley, J. Smol,
Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Seabirds are an
important link between their marine feeding areas and their terrestrial
breeding environments, transporting both marine-derived nutrients
and contaminants to land via their excreta, feathers and carcasses. Te
importance of seabird-derived nutrients is particularly evident in nutrient
poor regions, such as the Canadian High Arctic, where biological oases form
in the area surrounding a colony. While providing the nutrient subsidies
that shape the terrestrial ecosystem of many Arctic sites, seabirds have also
been shown to focus contaminants into their nesting sites at toxic levels.
Here, the impact of a large northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) colony
on the water chemistry of 26 nearby ponds spanning a broad gradient of
seabird inuence was investigated at Cape Vera, Devon Island. Principal
components analysis axis 1 scores relating to chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen,
total phosphorus, pH, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic
carbon and 15N, were used as a proxy of ornithogenic inuence. Te
Wilks lambda test criterion indicated that the water chemistry of ponds
aected by the fulmar colony diered signicantly from control ponds.
Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni and Sb were signicantly
higher in the aected ponds than in control ponds. Bioenrichment was
further supported by the close association between these same elements and
the ornithogenic gradient. Tis indicates that trace elements were not only
markedly bioenriched in ponds receiving guano compared to control ponds,
but that the most contaminated ponds were those in closest proximity to
the clis. Tis study adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that
biotransport can be an important pathway of contaminant transfer between
food webs.
TP212 Biodegradation in Soil of Selected EPA Reassessed Inert
Surfactant Adjuvants. G.L. Russell, N. Valashiya-Mdleleni, R&D, Sasol
North America, Westlake, LA. In mid-2006, EPA revoked a large number of
tolerance exemptions for approximately 130 inerts (or classes of inerts), but
allowed manufactures two years to submit data needed for reassessment. Te
data is almost exclusively repeat dose toxicity studies. Classes of chemicals
for which revocations have been published include several classes of popular
surfactants. Te data set on the biodegradation of these chemicals does not
require further testing. However the data is derived from OECD methods
which are based on biodegradation in water systems. In actual practice, the
rst environmental contact is made when the surfactant is washed from the
plant onto the soil through rain water or irrigation. Tus, it seems more
important to understand the fate of these surfactants in soil as the contact
with aquatic bodies would not come until much later. A test has been
developed to determine the biodegradability of a select group of surfactants
in agricultural soil. Te test method utilizes an electrolytic respirometer and
the oxygen utilized and carbon dioxide generated to determine the degree
of biodegradation based on the % theoretical oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Te surfactants derived from dierent starting alcohols and employed in this
study are a water and an oil soluble example of a nonylphenol ethoxylate
(NPE), and similar ethoxylates derived from a C12-C13 methyl branched
primary alcohol (SAFOL 23 alcohol). Te results from this study shows
that 1) a biodegradation prole for each surfactant can be obtained using
the soil degradation method described herein; 2) this degradation prole
is repeatable; and 3) the soil degradation method is able to dierentiate
between degradable and non-degradable compounds.
TP213 Comparison of Genetic Diversity in Mouse Populations
Historically Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J.K. Leet,
M.J. Kovach, J. Shaw, S.M. Richards, Biological and Environmental
Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN.
Chattanooga Creek ows from northern Georgia through southern
Chattanooga, TN to the Tennessee River. Tis creek has been the site of
industrial dumping for over 100 years, particularly the dumping of coal tar.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other contaminants from the coal tar
have been found in south Chattanooga, and are bioavailable to mammals
in the area. Teoretically, mice living in this area have been exposed for
hundreds of generations. Exposure could result in three types of eects on
this population: increased advantageous mutations, increased deleterious
mutations, or death of individuals in each generation from the contaminant
toxicity. Tese eects could result in alterations in genetic diversity, which
would indicate population-level eect. Te purpose of this study is to
evaluate the genetic diversity of mouse (Peromyscus spp.) populations
historically exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and compare those populations
to reference (relatively un-exposed) populations. Mice were collected from
three contaminated sites and three reference sites in south Chattanooga.
DNA was extracted from liver tissue and microsatellite markers were used
to evaluate dierences in gene diversity between populations. FSTAT
was used to calculate deciency or excess of average heterozygotes in each
population (F
IS
) and gene dierentiation, or the genetic variability within
and between populations (F
ST
). Te preliminary combined F
IS
values of all
the microsatellite loci for each population indicate that the contaminated
populations are more homozygous than the reference populations. Tis
suggests inbreeding is occurring in the contaminated populations, possibly
due to a bottleneck eect. Te F
ST
pairwise comparison of each of the
contaminated sites to the reference site populations indicated statistically
signicant gene dierentiation among these populations. A previous
study at the same site showed that BaP is signicantly more prevalent and
bioavailable to mice at the contaminated site and that exposure is occurring.
Tus, the shift to a more homozygous population could mean that the BaP
contamination is causing an increase in deleterious mutations, or death
of individuals in each generation from the contaminant toxicity. Tese
results suggest that eects from this exposure are occurring at a level of high
signicance (altered genetic variability).
TP214 Identication of priority conservation areas using GIS
and habitat assessments. J.L. Bouldin, Ecotoxicology Research Facility,
Arkansas State University, State University, AR; J.L. Bouldin, J.M.
Conrad, Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State
University, AR; E.M. Inlander, C.G. Gallipeau, Te Nature Conservancy,
Fayetteville, AR; J.C. Wilkie, Parks and Recreation Department, City of
Jonesboro, Jonesboro, AR. Urbanization and agricultural practices have
led to a decrease in biodiversity and conservation agencies are taking
active roles in identication and protection of lands to conserve remaining
regional diversity. Identication of lands sustaining high biodiversity is a
primary objective of progressive communities interested in local and state
conservation. Te city of Jonesboro, AR and Te Nature Conservancy
employed a variety of GIS data layers to screen 38,984 land parcels for
aquatic and terrestrial features to identify high priority conservation areas.
Initial screening produced 2,816 parcels suitable for further review; most
unsuitable land was ranked as impacted from row crop agriculture (75%)
and urban growth. Forty ve predetermined attributes, dened as benets
and impacts, were used to further screen riparian and upland portions of
land parcels. Benets included presence of water bodies, size of riparian
zone, vegetative and animal diversity, while impacts used for screening
included presence of roads, urban development, and presence of grazing
and agricultural cropping. Parcels were ranked according to these benets
and impacts, and ground surveys were used for validation and to determine
nal ranking of the top 50 land assessments. Tis information was used to
further identify land parcels suitable and available for conservation areas.
Ground assessments revealed highest species diversity located on parcels
furthest from the city limits; however, high-quality areas adjacent to city
parks were identied within the Jonesboro city limits. While community
interest in conservation is increasing, expanding urban areas should consider
protecting parcels of land supporting local biodiversity.
TP215 Eects and Comparison of Varying Concentrations Two
Herbicides on Target and Non-target Agricultural Plant Classes:
Monocots and Dicots. C.H. Scott, School of Public Health, USC,
Columbia, SC; C.N. Horn, Biology, Newberry College, Newberry, SC;
G.I. Scott, NOAA/CCEHBR, Charleston, SC. Commercial herbicides
often have signicant potential to aect non-target plants due to their
environmental persistence and bioconcentration potential in plants.
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Additionally, their ready availability and low cost to consumers make them
widely used in the environment. Both targeted pest species of weeds and
non-target crop plants have the potential to be adversely aected. Tis study
examined the eects of 2 commercial herbicides [Aryloxyphenoxy propionic
acids (Grass-B-Gons) and Chlorinated phenoxy and benzoic acids (Lawn
Weed Killer with Trimec)] on non-target agricultural plants. Grass-B-Gons
targets monocots while Lawn Weed Killer targets dicots. Te objective
of this study was to determine the adverse eects (seed germination
and root length) of each herbicide following 96h of exposure on both
representative monocots [Rye (Secale cereal (L.) and corn (Zea mays (L.)]
and dicots [Lima beans (Phasdus limensis (L.) and peas (Pisum sativum
(L.)] which served as representative target and non-target agricultural plants
for each respective herbicide. Results for monocots generally indicated
that: (1) Grass-B-Gon signicantly reduced percent germination at all
concentrations at both 48 and 96 hours of exposure, and adversely aected
root growth for corn and rye; (2) Lawn Weed Killer additionally caused
adverse eects at all concentrations on both 96 hour germination and
root growth of corn and rye. Results for dicots indicated: (1) statistically
signicant (p < 0.05) reductions in percent germination and root length
at all concentrations for lima beans with Grass-B-Gon and Lawn Weed
Killer; (2) Grass-B-Gon also reduced seed germination and root growth
at 100% and 50% concentrations for peas; and (3) Lawn Weed Killer
reduced seed germination and root growth for peas at all concentrations
except at the 10% concentration at 96 hrs. Grass-B-Gon at 100% and 50%
concentrations presented notable adverse eects on percent germination and
root growth for target (moncots) and non-target (dicots) plants. Results for
the Lawn Weed Killer at the same concentrations also reduced germination
and root growth, but the eects were not as pronounced as those produced
by the Grass-B-Gon. Overall, results illustrated evidence of the adverse
eects of tested herbicides on both target and non-target agricultural plant
species.
TP216 Soil enzyme activity in response to management practices in
a forested ecosystem. T. Woodru, Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State
University, State University, AR; J.L. Bouldin, S. Green, Environmental
Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR; S.A. Angima,
Oregon State University, Lincoln, OR. Forested ecosystems are often
managed for maximum biomass production. Soil quality measured through
microbial enzyme activities and biological parameters are indicators of
nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and production quality.
Starker Forest, is a forested ecosystem in Oregon, USA that is managed
for timber production. Soil samples were sent to Kinsey Laboratories in
Missouri for nutrient analysis. From these analyses ve dierent treatments
were developed and applied to 10 plots. Soils were then sampled in each
of the plots and were tested for beta-glucosidase, aryl sulfatase, acid
phosphatase, active carbon and potential nitrogen mineralization. In year
one of this multi-year study there were no signicant dierences between
treatments. However, it is believed that in subsequent years a dierence
between treatments will develop. Dierences in these measured parameters
will help dene the best management practices for timber production. Te
comparison of soil biological parameters as a result of management practices
in these ecosystems will help timber producers maximize soil quality. Using
these soil biological parameters to measure soil quality allows producers
to make educated decisions concerning management practices, thereby
increasing yield.
TP217 Foliar Perchlorate and Tropospheric Ozone Is Tere a
Connection. G. Harvey, USAF, Wright Pat Air Force Base, OH; K. Burkey,
USDA, Raleigh, NC; A. Jackson, S. Rajagopalan, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock, TX; M. McGrath, Cornell University, Riverhead Long Island,
NY. Perchlorate has been found in numerous dierent environmental
media from a variety of dierent air and watersheds world wide. Spatially
environmental perchlorate is a global phenomena. Temporarily perchlorate
has been found in several dierent carbon age dated water and subsurface
samples that pre-date the industrial age and agricultural use of Chilean
nitrate fertilizers by thousands of years. While anthropogenic sources of
perchlorate exist the accumulating spatial and temporal evidence suggests
that perchlorate must have a signicant natural source. Tis natural source
of perchlorate under the appropriate geochemical and climatic conditions
is contributing a natural background level of perchlorate. Concentrations
of perchlorate in soils appears to be inuenced by soil geochemistry. High
levels of foliar perchlorate have been found in remotely located xerophytes
growing in aridosols and in deciduous phreatophytes growing in humid
densely populated areas. Often the amount of perchlorate in a plant cannot
be explained by the amount of perchlorate in either the soil or precipitation.
Investigations into the relative source contribution of tropospheric ozone
suggest that plants such as common milkweed, grape leaves, snapbeans,
and peanuts susceptible to the phytotoxic eects of ozone can have elevated
levels of foliar perchlorate when compared to ozone tolerant plants species
growing under similar climate and moisture conditions.
TP218 Plant interactions modied by pesticides as determined by
a simple eld test. T. Peeger, D. Olszyk, H. Lee, M. Blakeley-Smith,
WED, US EPA, Corvallis, OR. Pesticide registration under FIFRA uses a
tiered approach. Registration for the protection of non-target plants requires
vegetative vigor and emergence tests using greenhouse grown, agricultural
seedling plants at the tier I and II levels and a eld test at the tier III level. In
response to criticisms of wildlife eld tests, we have designed a simple, low
cost and easy to interpret eld test using a simulated plant community of
four plant species to determine if plant process and interactions are modied
by exposure to herbicides. Tree Willamette Valley native species, (Festuca
roemeri Roemers fescue, Clarkia amoena farewell-to-spring, Prunella
vulgaris self-heal), and one introduced species (Cynosurus echinatus bristly
dogstail grass) were started in the greenhouse in individual containers
prior to transplanting as seedlings in 2007 and 2008. Tree weeks after
transplanting, aminopyralid was applied one, two or three times every other
week at 0.0037, 0.136 and 0.5 times the recommended eld application
rate (FAR) of 7 oz/A; 0.5 Kg/ha. Glyphosate was also applied one to
three times at 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 times the FAR of 32 oz/A; 2.2 Kg/ha.
Te control was a no spray treatment. Every two weeks after transplanting,
canopy volume was measured for each plant until frost. When present, the
number of owers were counted and seed pods were collected every two
weeks. Te 2007 results indicated small dierences in plant volume and
reproduction between single and multiple applications. Results between
the two sites generally were not dierent. Plant volume decreased under
most treatments with glyphosate except at the 0.01 treatment where it had
no eect on Festuca and caused a slight increase in volume with Clarkia
at one site (Botany farm). Clarkia died at the highest concentration of
glyphosate, while Cynosurus died at the middle concentration. Clarkia
died when exposed to Aminopyralid at all concentrations used. Festuca and
Prunella had an increase in plant volume regardless of concentration when
compared to the controls. Cynosurus increased in volume at the lowest,
had no response at the middle and decreased at the highest concentration
of aminopyralid. Tese results indicate that simple eld tests can be
successfully performed to investigate the ecological eects of herbicides on
plant interactions.
TP219 Diphacinone and diphacinone metabolites in Wistar Norway
rats exposed to diphacinone baits and diphacinone/tetracycline baits
compared to liver microsome experiments. T.M. Primus, K. Horak, C.
Wermager, J.J. Johnston, NWRC, USDA, Fort Collins, CO. Diphacinone
is an anticoagulant used in formulated products to control populations
of pest rodent species such as rats, ground squirrels and pocket gophers.
To determine the potential secondary hazard to scavengers, the residues
of diphacinone in the carcasses must be determined and a risk assessment
completed. A study was conducted to assess the eect of tetracycline
hydrochloride in conjunction with the anticoagulant diphacinone as a
means of lowering diphacinone residues and associated non-target secondary
hazards while maintaining bait ecacy. Wistar Norway rats were the test
species for the study. Te residues in liver and whole body tissue samples
were typically determined by ion-pairing reversed-phase high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) after liquid extraction of the sample
combined with a solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up procedure with
the addition of chlorophacinone as a surrogate. Te hydroxy metabolites
produced as part of the phase I metabolism of diphacinone were also
observed and their ratio to the parent peak measured. Liver microsomes
puried from Wistar rat livers incubated at 37 C produced the same
metabolites. Te in vitro experiments can generate data much more
eciently and multiple interactions can be studied much more eectively
than with live animal studies. Identication of these hydroxy metabolites
was conrmed by HPLC/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) with atmospheric
pressure chemical ionization and an ion trap detector. Extracts were analyzed
in full scan and MS/MS modes to conrm the presence of diphacinone and
to identify the metabolites of diphacinone.
254 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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WP1 Components of an Index of Well-Being: Identifying What
Really Matters. L.M. Smith, K. Summers, ORD/NHEERL/GED,
USEPA, Gulf Breeze, FL. Over the past year, EPAs Oce of Research
and Development (ORD) has been redirecting research within the
Ecological Research Program (ERP) to focus on ecosystem services and
their associated benets to human well being. Tis new direction may
appear very human-centric, but the valuation approach is an integration
of environmental protection, sustainability and human well being, all of
which are dependent upon eective environmental policy. Te overarching
goal of the developing ERP is to improve the way we account for the type,
quality and magnitude of the goods and services we receive from ecosystems
in every day environmental management decisions. To gauge this new
accounting approach, the quantifying endpoint of this research must reect
overall human well-being. Te literature suggests that descriptive measures
of individual, regional and national well-being need to be categorical and are
best evaluated using indices. For an index of well-being (IWB) to be most
useful, it must integrate indicators that capture aspects aecting common
basic needs and basic qualities of well being. Building upon national well-
being indices developed by some European Union (EU) countries, Canada,
and Australia, we suggest components for inclusion in an IWB for the
US. We present a sub-index approach based on four domains of human
well-being: basic human needs, the economy, the environment and life
satisfaction. A generalized IWB, independent of time, place and culture,
is necessary to unify these domains into a measurement that captures the
elements that matter to humans and to evaluate well-being for future
generations.
WP2 Dening exposure areas that are relevant to the biology
of populations. C. Meyer, ARCADIS, Lakewood, CO; N. Bonnevie,
ARCADIS, Portland, ME; K. Jenkins, B. DeShields, ARCADIS, Petaluma,
CA. Ecological Risk Assessments (ERA) evaluate exposure of representative
receptor species to contaminants. When determining dose, the size of the
soil or sediment exposure areas over which contaminants are averaged is
often arbitrarily determined and unrelated to the biology of the animal
population being evaluated. For populations that are spatially disjunct
within a project area, the exposure area should be dened as the area
inhabited by each population (e.g., frogs in ponds). But for populations
with contiguous habitat throughout the project area, the exposure area
should be dened as the area required to sustain the smallest population
unit having a strong chance of remaining extant for a long period of
time, despite foreseeable eects of natural catastrophes or demographic,
environmental, and genetic stochasticity. Te literature provides estimates
of these smallest population units for dierent species based on models and
empirical data. Animal densities expected in each habitat type can be used to
calculate the size of the exposure area required to support these population
units. Even if the population is currently not isolated, protection of such
population units from declines by contamination will conservatively ensure
population viability in the future should an isolating event occur. Such an
approach works well for small generalist species with small home ranges
that inhabit large, contiguous areas of habitat, which includes many small
mammals and birds commonly evaluated in risk assessments. Conceptually,
this approach works with larger animals, but the exposure area may exceed
the project area. We provide an example using the deer mouse to establish
the exposure area and a population model to evaluate the eects of the
exposure.
WP3 A Resource Equivalency Analysis Model for Estimating
Injuries and Damages Associated with Small-Scale Fish Kills in
Missouri. A.E. van Geel, T.N. Chamoy, Industrial Economics, Inc.,
Cambridge, MA; D.P. French McCay, M.M. Schroeder, Applied Science
Associates, Inc., Narragansett, RI. Small-scale sh kills in Missouri may
occur up to several dozen times a year. Tese events may be the result of
chemical, thermal, or physical pollution events resulting from agricultural,
industrial, municipal, or transportation operations. For events that are
suciently modest in scope and severity, the costs of a full natural resource
damage assessment can outweigh the likely extent of associated damages.
In these circumstances, a model can be a cost-eective approach to assess
biological injuries and determine monetary damages. Te presented model,
developed for the Missouri Department of Conservation, provides the
state with a way to rapidly and cost-eectively assess injuries and estimate
damages based on readily-available information (i.e., the number, size, and
species of killed sh). Te model uses these inputs combined with built-in
libraries of sh growth and mortality parameters to estimate the foregone
production and catch of the killed sh throughout their natural lifespan.
Te model also estimates the number of sh of a user-determined size
class that must be restocked in order to provide an equivalent quantity of
biomass, in present value terms, to that which was lost due to the kill. Te
model estimates damages based either on the cost of restocking or as the
lost net economic value of the foregone catch. Although the model has been
developed with a wide range of built-in libraries of information, it is also
designed to allow the user maximum exibility with respect to the use of
these values or alternate information that the user may have, or that may be
developed in the future.
WP4 Results of SETAC Workshop on Te Nexus Between
Ecological Risk Assessment and Natural Resource Damage Assessment
Under CERCLA: Understanding and improving the common scientic
underpinnings. R.G. Stahl, Corporate Remediation, DuPont Company,
Wilmington, DE. Tis is the latest in a series of SETAC Workshops
to review and rene the state of environmental science. Tis workshop
was held August 18-22, 2008 where participants examined the linkage,
nexus, and/or overlap between ecological risk assessment (ERA) and
natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).
Tree work groups examined this subject in relationship to the major
principles that dene the subject. Te Steering Committee assembled
experts from a broad range of relevant scientic, legal and policy disciplines
to promote the cross-fertilization of ideas needed to evaluate process
overlaps and the potential for better harmonization of ERA and NRDA.
Results of this workshop will be discussed as well as plans for distribution /
publication of the ndings. (presented on behalf of the Workshop Steering
Committee and Workshop Participants)
WP5 Ecological Asset Inventory and Management Tool (EcoAIM):
A screening approach for identifying and managing ecological assets. S.
Law, P. Booth, N. Gard, EcoSciences, Exponent, Inc, Bellevue, WA; K. von
Stackelberg, EcoSciences, Exponent, Inc, Winchester, MA. Rapid growth in
markets for ecological services is changing the way landowners think about
property value. Managers are increasingly looking for ways to turn site
remediation or ecological conservation eorts into net economic benets
for the company. Ecosystem services have been overlooked as assets, because
they were considered common goods, that were free for the taking. Tis
poster outlines the EcoAIM framework for screening properties according
to their ecoasset potential. Te EcoAIM framework evaluates ecoassets by
considering various physical and biological characteristics within a regional
human and ecological landscape. Te EcoAIM framework is also intended
to quantify the value of the eco-services on each property to aid managers
in decision-making regarding land management options such as restoration
or conservation. Restoration/conservation eorts typically provide public
benets such as recreational and educational opportunities as well as
ecological benets, and can enhance a companys environmental stewardship
reputation. Restored properties can also generate savings by preventing or
osetting potential future liabilities such as remediation costs or natural
resource damages, providing tax benets from conservation easements,
increasing future property value, and reducing costs of future monitoring
and maintenance. In cases where there are markets for ecological services
(e.g., mitigation banks), the EcoAIM framework is intended to generate
monetized estimates of the value of ecoassets. If a landowner were trying
to decide to rent, sell, or develop unused property, the EcoAIM framework
incorporates the value of eco-service credits with current real estate price or
revenue-generating capability of the land. Non-monetary methods include
habitat or resource equivalency analysis (HEA/REA), trades, and osets.
Te EcoAIM framework can help landowners establish trades and osets
by characterizing and integrating the eco-services at dierent sites and
determining whether the eco-assets are similar enough for market trading,
or to serve as a mitigation oset for another property.
WP6 Antioxidant physiology and mercury (II) bioaccumulation
in four aquatic insects. L. Xie, J. Flippin, D. Buchwalter, Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as a
consequence of aerobic metabolism, and species have suites of enzymatic
and non-enzymatic antioxidants to ameliorate potential damage by ROS.
Tese systems are poorly understood in aquatic insects. Exposure to
environmental pollutants such as Hg can also generate oxidative stress by
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 255
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either modulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes, or scavenging non-
enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione. Global antioxidant activities
were measured in four insect species two mayies and two caddisies.
In unexposed larvae, caddisies generally exhibited higher antioxidant
capacity than did mayies. We were able to account for these dierences
by examining the constitutive activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase
(SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and
glutathione reductase in four species of aquatic insects. We also examined
glutathione and cysteine titres and their ratios to their oxidized counterparts.
Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants were markedly dierent
among species. We further exposed larvae to 203Hg and examined uptake
and elimination kinetics, subcellular compartmentalization, and the
activities of antioxidant enzymes. Glutathione peroxidase and SOD were
the most responsive to Hg exposure, with GPx catalytic activity increasing
between 145 to 412%. Superoxide dismutase activity was suppressed
between 32 and 94%. Tis SOD suppression was shown to be strongly
dose-dependent in the caddisy Hydropsyche betteni, which exhibited
the fastest Hg uptake rate constant (Ku = 0.99). Understanding species
variations in bioaccumulation and antioxidant physiology may lead to
a better understanding of why some aquatic insects respond to stressors
dierently than others in their natural environments.
WP7 Toxicity Monitoring and Identication of Euents
from Wastewater Treatment Plant. X. Yi, H. Jo, J. Jung, Division of
Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul,
South Korea; E. Kim, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju, South Korea. Te aims of this study were to monitor
the biological toxicities of wastewaters from wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP) and its receiving waters, and to trace the source of toxicants
by conducting toxicity identication evaluation (TIE) procedures. Water
samples were monthly collected from four dierent processes of the WWTP,
namely, raw wastewater (RW), primary euent after otation (PE),
secondary euent after sedimentation (SE) and nal euent (FE), and
two points of receiving water, including upstream and downstream of the
outow from WWTP. Physicochemical properties and concentrations of
metals of each sample were investigated, and toxicity tests were performed
using Daphnia magna. Euent toxicity was increased in a large amount
compared to that of secondary sedimentation euent, and showed a high
average value of 10.0 TU (between 3.7 and 16.0). Te inow of the FE
into receiving water increased the toxicity of downstream water, in the
range of 1.5 to 7.7, while almost no toxicity was found in upstream. In
order to identify the causative toxicants in FE, TIE was conducted for the
FE collected in March, 2008. In TIE phase I test and metal analysis, zinc
was found to be the key toxicant, with the dissolved concentration of 25.05
mg/L. In addition, toxicities of FE were well correlated with the dissolved
concentration of zinc, with r2 equaled to 0.66. Te results of toxicity tests
and metal analyses indicated that zinc was originated from FeCl2 reagent
used in Fenton process, which is installed after sedimentation process.
WP8 Palladium (and other Platinum Group Elements (Pd, Pt and
Rh)) in an urban stormwater runo. A risk assessment using a green
alga. G. Roy, C. Fortin, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, Institut
national de la recherche scientique, Qubec, Quebec, Canada. During
the last few decades, an increasing abundance of platinum group elements
(PGEs) has been observed in the environment, especially in urban areas;
PGEs are known as automobile trac related metals and their release
from catalytic converters is well documented. Although these metals are
emitted in poorly soluble particulate forms, their dissolution may be
favoured in the presence of complexing ligands such as chloride (e.g. from
de-icing salts), thus increasing their mobility. Te main aim of this study
is to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk of PGEs to urban ecosystems. More
precisely, the objectives are to characterize the point sources of these metals
to surface waters, to assess indigenous phytoplankton exposure and to
measure the eects of chronic exposure to PGEs on the freshwater algal
species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To reach these objectives, two sites
located near highways with heavy trac (102 000 and 142 000 cars/day)
in Quebec City were sampled on several occasions over a one-year period.
Te water collected was ltered, acidied and analyzed for metals by ICP-
MS. In parallel, algal growth inhibition tests were used to assess the toxicity
of Pd. Te ongoing analysis of samples show the presence of signicant
concentrations of PGEs at both sites (5-750 ppt Pd, 1-160 ppt Rh and
1-7 ppt Pt). In addition, toxicity tests have revealed a very narrow range of
Pd concentrations (10-20 ppb) within which the growth of C. reinhardtii
is severely inhibited. Tests currently running with added Pt show that the
algal cells can tolerate concentrations up to 100 ppb Pt with no apparent
eects. Clearly, Pd and Pt concentrations found in situ are several orders
of magnitude lower than those that are toxic to the tested alga and indicate
that trac-related emissions of PGEs may pose little ecotoxicological risk.
WP9 Modeling Mercury Transfer to Help Manage River
Contamination. K.R. Tom, M.C. Newman, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA. Mercury
trophic transfer in a contaminated river was modeled using stable nitrogen
isotopes. Predictive models were intended to guide river management
towards acceptable sh mercury concentrations. Methylmercury transfer
through the food web was clearer than total mercury, so it was used to
build the predictive model (R
2
predition
=.76). Methylmercury concentrations
increased with trophic position (
15
N) and distance down river (river
mile). Te model slopes of methylmercury concentration versus
15
N were
similar among the sites, but intercepts increased with distance down river.
Methylmercury concentrations in sh increased with river mile due to
methylmercury input at the base of the food web. Quantitative models for
percent methylmercury of total mercury showed an increase in the percent
of organic mercury with trophic position. Inorganic mercury was diluted
during trophic transfer.
WP10 Mass mortality and trace element residues of Isaza
(Gymnogobius isaza) collected from Lake Biwa, Japan. S. Horai,
D. Hayase, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Center for Marine Environmental
Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; M. Kumagai, T.
Ishikawa, Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, Shiga, Japan. Isaza
(Gymnogobius isaza) is a sh species peculiar to Lake Biwa, Japan. Mass
mortality of Isaza was occurred at the bottom of Lake Biwa in December
2007. Te number of dead specimens noticed was over 1,800. Tis
phenomenon was found for the rst time since the year 2000 when regular
observation of the lake bottom by AUV Tantan was begun. Te present
study measured the concentrations of 23 elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu,
Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Zn, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi)
throughout the body of Isaza and compared the values with the specimens
from the mass mortality event (MMS) and normal fresh sh samples (NFS)
collected from Lake Biwa. While mean Se, Rb, Cs and Hg levels were
signicantly higher in NFS than in MMS, mean V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ga,
As, Sr, Mo, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, Tl and Pb concentrations were statistically
higher in MMS than in NFS; especially, the mean levels of Mn and As were
notably higher in MMS than in NFS. Tese results suggest that exposure to
Mn and As might have been one of the reasons for the mortality of Isaza as
well as low dissolved oxygen.
WP11 Comparative analysis of subcellular distribution of zinc
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill, liver and intestine
during waterborne and dietary zinc exposure. C. Kamunde, R. Sappal,
Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince
Edward Island, Canada. A comparative analysis of zinc (Zn) distribution
at the subcellular level in rainbow trout gill, liver and intestine following
waterborne and dietary Zn exposures was carried out. Juvenile rainbow trout
(1530 g) were exposed to 150 and 600 g/l waterborne Zn and 1000 and
4000 mg/kg dietary Zn singly and in combination for 40 days. Subcellular
compartments were isolated by dierential centrifugation and their Zn
burdens were categorized as metabolically active (nuclei, mitochondria,
lysosomes-microsomes and heat-labile proteins) or detoxied (heat-stable
proteins and NaOH-resistant granules). Generally Zn accumulation was
within 2-fold of the background levels and despite organ-dependent
variability in the contribution of dierent subcellular compartments, the
majority of Zn in the three organs was metabolically active. Te estimated
metabolically active pools were: gill 81-90%, liver 65-78%, and intestine
59-75%, while the respective detoxied pools were 10-19%, 22-35%,
and 25-41%. In the two primary organs of Zn uptake (gill and intestine)
the nuclei fraction contained the highest amount of Zn while in the liver
the heat-stable proteins fraction was dominant. A shift in Zn distribution
between the metabolically active and detoxied pools with Zn exposure was
most evident in the intestine for dietary exposures in which the proportion
of detoxied Zn increased from 25 to 41%. Tere was minimal interaction
between waterborne and dietary pathways of uptake; only the branchial
heat-stable, hepatic heat-labile, and intestinal microsomes-lysosomes
fractions showed some level of additive accumulation. We also found that
256 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Zn accumulated via dietary uptake was preferentially detoxied in the
intestine while that accumulated via waterborne uptake was detoxied
both in the gill and intestine. Overall these data demonstrate high internal
bioavailability of Zn in rainbow trout and indicate that in this species Zn is
regulated mainly by the gill and intestine.
WP12 Oxidative stress and ionoregulatory disturbance in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to a metal mixture in the presence
and absence of dissolved organic carbon. R. MacPhail, C. Kamunde,
Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown,
Prince Edward Island, Canada. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and
ionoregulatory impairment have been proposed as early warning signs of
toxicity with a potential for monitoring metals impacts in aquatic systems.
Few studies, however, have concurrently investigated oxidative stress and
ionoregulatory responses in sh exposed to mixtures of metals and the
possible ameliorative eect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on those
responses. Juvenile rainbow trout (initial weight 10 g) were exposed to a
metal mixture containing (in g/l: Cu 30, Cd 15, and Zn 112.5) in hard
water (260 mg/l as CaCO3) with and without 5 mg/l dissolved organic
carbon (as humic acid) for 28 days. Ionoregulatory status (plasma and
tissue sodium and calcium concentrations, and branchial Na
+
-K
+
-ATPase
activity) and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA, a product of
membrane lipid peroxidation) were measured weekly. Plasma and tissue
sodium and calcium concentrations were reduced by the metal mixture
early in the exposure and DOC completely reversed this eect. Similarly,
branchial Na
+
-K
+
-ATPase was inhibited early in exposure but recovered
after 14 days of exposure, and DOC protected against the early inhibition.
However, contrary to our expectation, concentrations of MDA in the gill
were reduced in sh exposed to the metal mixture and DOC had no eect
on this response. In addition, plasma concentrations of MDA were not
aected by either the metal mixture or DOC exposure. Tese data show
that ionoregulatory impairment is a more sensitive indicator of eects of a
waterborne Cu-Cd-Zn mixture in sh than oxidative stress. We speculate
that the unexpected results relating to oxidative stress are due to the
contrasting eects of the constituents of the mixture; while Cu and Cd are
pro-oxidants, Zn is an anti-oxidant and likely nullied the oxidative stress
response under the conditions of this study. Because DOC ameliorated only
the ionoregulatory responses, our data suggest that the protective eect of
DOC on metals toxicity may be specic to the mechanism of toxicity.
WP13 Erythropoietin gene expression in larval Cyprinodon
variegatus exposed to cadmium under hypoxia. A.J. Dangre, J.A. Roling,
M.S. Peterson, R.A. Ryan, N.J. Brown-Peterson, S. Manning, K.M. Ryan,
A.E. Pozhitkov, M. Brouwer, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University
of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS; Y. Deng, Biological Sciences,
University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS. Little information
is available on the combined eects of hypoxia and metals on early larval
development in sh. Te LC
10
for cadmium is 0.3ppm in a 96hour
exposure. To identify dierentially expressed genes due to cadmium and
hypoxia, one day old Cyprinodon variegatus larvae were exposed for 7 days to
0.3ppm cadmium and 1.2mg/l hypoxia. Cadmium and hypoxia responsive
genes were identied by suppression subtractive hybridization. We obtained
over 700 sequences unique to cadmium and over 600 sequences unique
to hypoxia. About 400 sequences were common to both cadmium and
hypoxia. Out of these, 8 sequences were identied to be and globins.
Tese globin sequences were found to be down-regulated by cadmium and
up-regulated by hypoxia. We focused on erythropoietin (Epo) as our gene
of interest, since it is known to be a regulator of erythrocytes that carry
hemoglobin. Terefore, we hypothesize that Epo levels will maintain at
steady state when exposed to cadmium/hypoxia combined stress. mRNA
levels of Epo, HIF-1 and HIF-2 will be quantied by real-time RT-PCR.
Total larval hemoglobin will be measured by histological staining. Cadmium
body burden will be determined in whole larvae to potentially correlate
cadmium uptake, total hemoglobin, and Epo mRNA levels.
WP14 Eects of Selected Metals on Early White Sturgeon (Acipenser
transmontana) Life-Stages. D. Vardy, A. Tompsett, M. Hecker, J.
Duquette, K. Liber, D. Janz, J.P. Giesy, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences &
Toxicology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
M. Adzic, Environmental Engineering, Teck Cominco American Inc.,
Spokane, WA. Poor recruitment of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontana)
in the Columbia River has been documented since the 1970s. Tere are
many possible causes for this phenomenon, including exposure to metals
released by Teck Cominco and other industrial and municipal facilities
into the river over the past century. In general, little is known about the
potential toxicity of metals such as Cu, Zn, and Cd to white sturgeon. Te
purpose of this study was to establish baseline laboratory toxicity data for
the exposure of early life-stages of white sturgeon to Zn, Cu and Cd that
can be used in risk assessments, and, in combination with eld experiments
conducted in a parallel study (Tompsett et al., 2008), to identify toxicity if
present and caused by metals of concern in the Columbia River. Laboratory
studies were conducted using a ow-through exposure system adapted for
controlled experiments of white sturgeon. Eggs and early life-stages of white
sturgeon were exposed to increasing concentrations of dissolved Zn, Cd
and Cu for 90 days bracketing environmentally relevant concentrations.
Laboratory water was used as a control. Endpoints included hatchability,
mortality, growth, and development of larvae. In addition, 96 h LC50 static
toxicity tests were conducted for each metal, in varying degrees of soft and
hard water, in order to gather information to calculate water eect ratios
(WER) between laboratory and separate concurrent eld studies (Tompsett
et al., 2008). Te species-specic dose-response relationship will be used
to establish metal toxicity threshold values for white sturgeon for Zn, Cu
and Cd. Tis information will be used along with metal speciation models
to predict thresholds for eects of these metals on eggs and larvae of white
sturgeon under eld conditions.
WP15 Dissimilar short-term and long-term acclimation mechanisms
to cadmium in least killish, Heterandria formosa, revealed by sub-
proteomic analysis. F. Silvestre, V. Gillardin, P. Kestemont, Biology,
University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; J. Adeyemi, P. Klerks, Biology,
University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA. Impacts of chronic exposure to
environmental pollutants are only poorly understood. Organisms in contact
for a relatively long duration with a xenobiotic, can develop increased
resistance to this chemical. We used the freshwater least killish Heterandria
formosa 1) to determine the acclimation window to cadmium exposure;
2) to investigate underlying molecular acclimation mechanisms. Newborn
sh (1 to 7 days old) were acclimated for 1 to 3 weeks to 0, 1 or 5 g Cd/L,
followed by a 0, 1 or 3 week decontamination period. Afterwards, time to
50% mortality (TTD) was estimated using a lethal Cd exposure of 6 mg/L.
Fish exposed for 2 weeks to 1 g Cd/L expressed the strongest increased
resistance with TTD values boosted by 29%. Surprisingly, a subsequent
3 weeks decontamination period maintained and even enhanced their
resistance (by 44%). A sub-proteomic analysis was performed on cytosolic
proteins from those groups of acclimated sh (2 weeks exposure at 1 g
Cd/L followed by 0 or 3 weeks decontamination) and their respective
controls. Two dimensional dierential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE)
revealed the over-expression of 10 protein spots and the under-expression
of 28 protein spots (p<0.05) after 2 weeks exposure. On the other hand, 18
protein spots (9 over and 9 under-expressed) were dierentially expressed
in the sh decontaminated for 3 weeks. Interestingly, only one protein
spot was shared between both conditions. Tis approach, along with
mass spectrometry-based protein identication, is providing new insight
into the molecular acclimation of aquatic organisms exposed to chronic
pollution. Our results showed that the duration of both the exposure and
decontamination periods aects the degree of acclimation to Cd, as well
as the associated protein expression patterns. Tis argues for the need to
investigate both short- and long-term molecular acclimation mechanisms in
order to understand the eects of chronic pollutant exposure.
WP16 Examining links between manganese exposure and
reproductive failure in lake trout using LA-ICP-MS analysis of
archived otoliths. L.C. Carroll, V.P. Palace, Fisheries and Oceans,
Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; N. Halden, V.P.
Palace, Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada; N. Tebault, Ministry on Natural Resources, Province
of Ontario, Red Lake, Ontario, Canada. Recruitment in a northern
Canadian population of lake trout began exhibiting reproductive failure
after 1989-90, as evidenced by increased mean age and proportionally
fewer young sh in the population. Eggs stripped from these sh, fertilized,
and reared in the laboratory develop normally, while those incubated in
situ do not hatch. Tese observations have led investigators to suspect
that contaminants may play a continued role in preventing normal
embryological development. Analysis of sediment cores obtained by divers
from the spawning shoals and consideration of the redox conditions
suggest that Mn concentrations may have become elevated To examine the
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 257
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possibility that increased exposure to Mn may have played a role in the
reproductive failure of lake trout, a retrospective analysis of Mn in archived
otoliths was performed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Manganese concentrations were determined
in concentric annual growth zones in otoliths collected from lake trout
captured at the site exhibiting early mortality as well as from lake trout
captured at reference locations where reproductive failure is not evident.
WP17 Speciation of Selenium Compounds in the Liver of Hawksbill
Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Y.
Anan, N. Suzuki, K. Ishiwata, K.T. Suzuki, Y. Ogra, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; S. Tanabe, Center
for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals including human,
and appears in various forms such as selenoproteins and low-molecular
weight metabolites. It has been suggested that Se detoxies inorganic
mercury (Hg) by forming complexes containing the two elements at an
equimolar ratio, and hence Se and Hg co-accumulate at high levels in
the livers of higher trophic marine animals. One of our previous studies
showed that high levels of Se were found in some specimens of sea turtles
which had low levels of Hg in their liver. However, only very few data
are available on Se speciation in marine animals expect the forms related
to Hg detoxication. In this study, we have identied Se compounds
in the liver of hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtle
(Chelonia mydas) using HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Se was
found to be accumulated in the liver of hawksbill and green turtles, and
its concentrations were 11.4 and 42.0 g/g wet weight, respectively. 96.6
% and 61.0 % of total Se were present in the cytosol fraction of the liver,
although Se is known to be mainly present in the insoluble fraction in the
liver of various marine mammals and seabirds. Multi-mode size exclusion
and anion-exchange HPLC-ICP-MS analyses showed that cytosol fraction
contained selenoproteines and two low-molecular weight selenocompounds;
and one low-molecular weight selenocompounds was also predominant in
both turtles. Te smaller one (less than 5 % of cytosolic Se) was assigned
as the selenosugar (1-methylseleno-N-acetyl-d-galactosamine), the major
urinary metabolite of human and rodents, while the retention time of larger
peak (around 90 % of cytosolic Se) did not match with any authentic Se
standards that we used in our study. Further analysis using HPLC-ESI-
MS/MS showed that it might be a new Se compound yet to be described.
Hence, it is suggested that sea turtles possess specic mechanisms for Se
metabolism and/or accumulation; thus apparently dierent from that of
marine mammals and seabirds.
WP18 Te role of heavy metal speciation in the determination of
toxicity in aquatic systems. K.S. Jensen, P.E. Holm, O.K. Borggaard,
Dept. of Natural Sciences, LIFE, Uni of CPH, Frederiksberg, Denmark;
K.S. Jensen, M.Z. Hauschild, Dept. of Management Engineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. Te fate, bioavailability and
resulting exposure of aquatic organisms to toxic metals is strongly inuenced
by the metal speciation. Te heavy metal speciation is strongly dependent on
the physicochemical conditions in the medium such as pH, ionic strength,
and presence of ligands ranging from small ions and minor molecules
(e.g. citrate, EDTA) to highly complex compounds such as soluble humic
substances (dissolved organic carbon, DOC). Ecotoxicity laboratory tests
are typically required for metals and organic compounds for species at three
trophic levels, algae, crustaceans and sh and often done in the laboratory
with media developed specic for the test organism. Guidelines have
been made by OECD to establish a common ground for all researchers,
consultants and governments when decisions are made in relation to
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment
(LCIA). Te test media prescribed by these guidelines are, however, not
representative of the media of natural environments potentially leading to
important dierences in the speciation patterns, and when testing potential
eect of metals it has a huge impact on the outcome. Te model Visual
Minteq version 2.53 has been used to estimate the chemical speciation
in dierent synthetic media and media from natural aquatic systems.
Calculations showed that the distribution of the metal is very dependent on
the concentration of the metal and the composition of the given media and,
that there is a large variation between the toxicities of a metal found for the
same test organism in dierent media. Tis work reects the poor ability of
articial test media to reect the natural conditions. Our main hypothesis
is that it is possible to correlate the EC50 for the free ion species with the
measured and reported EC50 for the total metal concentration for three
trophic levels in both natural waters and synthetic media. Te hypothesis
has been tested by comparing studies carried out in natural waters and in
testmedia containing synthetic ligands such as nitrilotriacetate (NTA), Tris
or EDTA and analysing correlations between the free metal concentration
and the toxicity reported for a number of dierent metals (Ni, Cu, Co, Zn,
Pb, Cd. Cr) to various aquatic organisms. Results will be shown for systems
representing natural waters.
WP19 Determination of Chronic Trace Metal Toxicity from Chicken
Litter Application in a North Carolina Agricultural Watershed. J.E. Pack,
S. Tuberty, Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Chicken
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are having a dramatic
impact on water conservation issues in NC communities and a growing
number nationwide due to the growth in chicken demands. Wilkes County
is ranked 18th in broiler chicken production with 91.7 million produced in
2006 and an estimated 250,000 tons of chicken litter produced annually.
Chicken litter is spread onto elds as a means of disposal and a source of
cheap fertilizer. Recent research has found that Poultry Litter-Associated
Contaminants (PLACs) include not only high levels of nutrients (N and
P) but also trace metal feed additives such as copper, zinc, and arsenic and
natural hormones (e.g. 17-estradiol) that are present at levels toxic to
aquatic organisms. Because metals are fed to chickens as an anti-coccidial
treatment and growth supplement and estrogens are excreted naturally,
spreading the litter on agricultural elds introduces metals and estrogens
into the environment. Although signicantly elevated nutrient levels from
chicken litter have been established in adjacent aquatic ecosystems, the
biological impacts of metals and natural estrogens present in chicken litter
are not known. Te purpose of this work is to assess the long-term impact
of poultry litter on surface water quality using biomarkers of metal and
estrogen exposure in sh or invertebrates. Eects of environmental levels
of 17-estradiol will be assessed by testing for production of the egg yolk
protein precursor, vitellogenin (Vtg), in male sh. Vtg will be detected
in blood samples by gel electrophoresis followed by Western blot. Metals
from agricultural soils, chicken litter, stream water and sediments, sh and
invertebrate tissues will be determined by inductively coupled plasma-
optical emission spectrometry following microwave digestion using EPA
protocol 3051. Fish tissue homogenates will be used to determine protein
biomarkers of chronic metal exposure (glutathione S-transferase and
superoxide dismutase). Results from this study may be used to determine
the eectiveness of current grazeland BMPs or the environmental risk to
stream environments adjacent to application sites of chicken litter and
provide hard data for regulatory agencies to enforce changes to current
CAFO practices.
WP20 White sturgeon growth, morphology, and survival after
exposure to Columbia River surface water at two sites in British
Columbia, Canada. A.R. Tompsett, D. Vardy, M. Hecker, S. Wiseman, X.
Zhang, K. Liber, J.P. Giesy, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; M. Hecker, ENTRIX, Inc., Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada; M. Adzic, Teck Cominco American, Inc., Spokane,
WA; J.P. Giesy, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of
Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Te subpopulation of white
sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) that resides in the Columbia River
between the Hugh L. Keenleyside dam in British Columbia, Canada and
the Grand Coulee dam in Washington State, USA has suered nearly 30
consecutive years of poor recruitment. Factors such as altered ow regime
due to damming, loss of critical habitat, predation, and pollution have
been suggested as causes for the lack of recruitment, but none has been
convincingly linked with the disappearance of young-of-the-year sturgeon.
In the current study, surface water toxicity up- and downstream of a large
metal smelter was examined as a possible contributor to the life-stage
specic bottleneck in the white sturgeon population. Hatchery fertilized
eggs from wild brood stock were exposed to Columbia River surface water
from 2 d post-fertilization to 70 d post-hatch at two sites, one upstream and
one downstream from the smelter euent outows. A well water control
group was also examined to characterize any eects of inputs upstream of
the study area not related to the smelter. Te exposures took place in mobile
laboratories outtted with ow-through exposure chambers that allowed
the white sturgeon to be exposed to the river water in real-time, a close
representation of the natural exposure scenario. Concentrations of 18 metals
in the water and growth, morphology, and survival of the larval sturgeon
258 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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were examined over the course of the experiment. Histological evaluation of
the larvae is also ongoing.
WP21 Validation of chromium and copper toxicity-prediction
model using newly developed biological-toxicity index (ATI). H. Mo,
J. Son, H. Jo, J. Jung, K. Cho, Division of Environmental Science &
Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; K. Shin,
Department of Statistics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin,
South Korea. Chromium and copper are abundant in metal plating waste
water, and if they ow into aquatic ecosystem they can be very harmful to
many organisms. But the toxicity of these two heavy metals is aected by
various kinds of physicochemical properties, such as pH, DOC (dissolved
organic carbon), and hardness in water. Terefore we studied the eect
of physicochemical properties on the ecological toxicity of chromium
and copper and developed mathematical model to predict chromium and
copper toxicity using 3 test species, Daphnia magna Straus, Chironomus
yoshimatsui Martin et Sublette and Heterocypris incongruens Ramdohr.
Besides this research group developed a new biological toxicity index (ATI:
Area upper curve Toxicity unit Index) in 2005 to overcome the weakness of
TU (Toxicity Unit). Toxicity Unit (TU) is easy to understand instinctively
the strength of toxicity and calculated easily by 100/LC50. But, if the LC50
is extremely large or small, reversely the TU is extremely small or large. In
addition, when we use multi species to assess euent toxicity, total TU is
just the sum of each TU of each test organism. On the other hand, ATI
value ranges from 0 to 1 and is not aected largely by one extreme value
in multi-species test. We validated the chromium and copper toxicity-
prediction model on 3 dierent led samples, the euent from wastewater
treatment plant, the euent from metal plating industry and urban stream
water. To predict their toxicity, the concentration of chromium, copper, pH,
DOC, and hardness in water were measured, and then predicted ATI was
obtained. After comparing the predicted ATI from the prediction model
and the observed ATI from bioassay tests, their correlation coecient was
78%. Tis study was funded by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation
(KOSEP) grant funded by the Korea government (No. R01-2005-000-
10317-0).
WP22 Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Tungsten and Tungsten
Compounds. A.D. Shelton, S.T. Giolando, M.J. Pardus, ARCADIS,
Hamilton, OH; J.M. Skeaf, Metals and the Environment Program,
Environmental Group, CANMET Mining and Mineral Sciences
Laboratories, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa K1A 0G1, Ontario,
Canada. Te sodium tungstate ion is the soluble form of tungsten metal and
is the central focal point of a research program evaluating the ecotoxicology
of the tungsten family of compounds. Potential environmental toxic eects
of tungsten metal and associated compounds have been limited and little
is known about the associated mechanisms of toxicity of this complex
metal. Although some researchers have addressed the environmental
eects of tungsten, there still exists very limited empirical data to make
denitive hazard assessments. In order to elucidate the toxicity of tungsten
compounds in the environment, we are conducting acute and chronic
aquatic and terrestrial tests. Tis hazard assessment is further confounded
by the diculty in accurately determining the toxicity of insoluble materials
to aquatic organisms. In addition to aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicological
studies, the development of methods to more accurately determine the
availability of soluble tungstate ions in solution via the Transformation/
Dissolution Assay is being applied consistent with successful applications for
other metals such as copper, iron and nickel. Ultimately, the data that will
be generated from the sodium tungstate ecotoxicological program, coupled
with solubilization data for a variety of tungsten substances captured from
the T/D Assay will be useful in generating the environmental risk assessment
of tungsten. Tis paper will present the latest results of these studies which
are being performed according to OECD Guidelines and under Good
laboratory practices (GLP) guidelines.
WP23 Oxidative stress produced by aluminium on limphocytes
and liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). M. Galar-Martinez, C.
Razo-Estrada, S. Garca-Medina, Pharmacy, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias
Biolgicas, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico; E. Madrigal-Bujaidar, Morphology,
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolgicas, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico; L.
Gmez-Olivn, A. Amaya-Chvez, Facultad de Qumica, Universidad
Autnoma del Estado de Mxico, Toluca, Mexico. Aluminium is one of
the most abundant elements in nature. It is used in many human activities,
such as kitchen and can production, and as organic matter coagulant in
order to obtain drinking water, among others. Te toxic mechanisms are
still unclear, but it is assumed that this metal could act as an oxidative
agent, forming complexes with functional groups, damaging diverse
biomolecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Several studies realized
in sh had demonstrated that this metal may produce hypoxia, hypercapnia,
metabolic acidosis and respiratory failure. In lymphocytes, morphological
abnormalities and decrement in immunological activity had been observed.
Nevertheless, there are only few oxidative stress data, and they are
indispensable in order to identify the action mechanism by which it acts.
In the other hand, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an omnivorous
sh commonly used in commercial cultures and it has been proposed as a
test organism in toxicological assays due to its economical importance and
wide geographical distribution. Te aim of this work was to evaluate the
oxidative stress produced by aluminium on lymphocytes and liver of the
common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Organisms were exposed to three dierent
concentrations of Al (0.05, 120 and 239.42 mg/L) in a static intoxication
system by 96 h. After the exposure time blood and liver were extracted
and lymphocytes were separated. Te lipid peroxidation levels, oxidized
proteins concentration and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were
measured. Te obtained results showed that the Al tested concentrations
modied the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and produced increments
in lipid peroxidation levels and oxidized proteins concentration. Te damage
degree was dependent on concentration used and evaluated tissue.
WP24 Copper accumulation and toxicity in isolated cells from
gills and hepatopancreas of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. C.L.
Paganini, Ps-Graduao em Oceanograa Biolgica, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; A. Bianchini, Departamento de
Cincias Fisiolgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande,
RS, Brazil. In the present study, we used fresh preparations of mixed-cell
populations to evaluate accumulation and toxicity of dissolved copper (1,
10 and 100 M) in isolated cells from posterior gills and hepatopancreas
of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. For both gill and hepatopancreatic
cells, signicant increases in copper accumulation were only observed
after exposure to 100 M copper. In gill cells, a linear increase in copper
accumulation was observed over time. In hepatopancreatic cells, a maximum
level of copper accumulation was achieved after 1 h of exposure, remaining
unchanged up to 6 h. After 6 h of exposure, copper content in gill cells
was 6.6-fold higher than in hepatopancreatic cells. In both cell types,
copper accumulation always followed a linear relationship with copper
concentration in the incubation medium. Signicant decreases in cell
viability were observed after exposure to either 10 (gill cells) or 100 (gill
and hepatopancreatic cells) M copper. Furthermore, an exponential rise
to maximum relationship between copper accumulation and toxicity was
observed in gill cells. Altogether, these ndings indicate that the premise
behind the BLM approach is veried in isolated cells from posterior gills of
the blue crab C. sapidus, i.e., toxicity is driven by copper accumulation in
the biotic ligand, the gill cell. Terefore, these cells can be used as a model
for the development of an in vitro BLM version for marine conditions.
However, isolated cells from the hepatopancreas could be used as a model
to better understand the mechanism of copper tolerance at a cellular level in
crustaceans.
WP25 Eects of Dynamic Flow on the Toxicity of of Zinc Stream
Benthic Macroinvertebrates. L.A. Hale, D. Jackson, E.L. Morgan, Biology,
Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN. Our research objective
was to design and test an articial stream channel system allowing current
velocity of toxicant solutions to be controlled and varied. Emplaces was
placed on testing the null hypothesis that water current velocities would not
inuence metal toxicity to representative stream benthic macroinvertebrates.
Preliminary studies demonstrated that mortalities of Stenonema spp.
nymphs subjected to manganese treatments at various ow rates was
elevated in acute and chronic tests. Results of manganese treatments showed
that ows as low as 14cm/sec can cause an increase in toxicity by a factor
of 1.7. Eects of ow on zinc toxicity to mayy nymphs and water penney
beetle larva will be the focus of this presentation. Comparing results to those
obtained in conventional static and continuous ow tests will be addressed
in supporting the assumption that increasing current velocity of metal
solutions induces an increase in toxicity.
WP26 Geochemical Speciation of Copper in Soft Water with Low
Alkalinity and Low pH. M.L. Pringle, D.R. Ownby, Environmental
Science, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX; D.R. Ownby,
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 259
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Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD. Te biotic ligand model
(BLM) provides a way to produce site-specic ambient water quality criteria
for metals through an equilibrium geochemical modeling framework. Since
copper is now the third most used metal in the world, more information is
needed to understand its speciation, and in turn its toxicity to organisms in
soft water with neutral to low pH and low alkalinity. Tese characteristics
are found in samples collected from eight dierent rivers and streams in the
East Texas area. Analysis conrmed the pH of the samples ranging from
3.75 8.65 with alkalinity as CaCO3 ranging from 22 56mg/L and total
hardness ranging from 40 78mg/L. Concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+,
Cl-, and Cu2+ were measured in the samples with ion selective electrodes.
Te water-quality parameters found in each of the natural waters have been
used in the chemical speciation program, Visual MINTEQ to evaluate how
copper complex concentrations in these waters. Te two copper complexes
in the highest concentrations were Cu2+ and CuCO3. Results from 24
h Daphnia magna toxicity tests in synthetic waters mimicking the water-
quality parameters of the natural waters will be discussed in relation to
predicted results from the Cu-BLM.
WP27 Nickel eects examining bioavailability factors in sediments
and water-only tests. K.W. Custer, G.A. Burton, C. Cloran, P. Anderson,
K. Taulbee, C. Hammerschmidt, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Wright State University, Dayton, OH; C. Schlekat, Nickel Producers
Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), Durham, NC. Metal
toxicity can be attenuated when acid volatile suldes (AVS), organic carbon
(OC), and hardness levels are increased. AVS and OC vary spatially in
Southwest Ohio (USA) streams, but hardness values are more stable and can
be characterized as very hard (>300 mg/L CaCO
3
). Nickel bioavailability
was examined in both sediment and water-only tests while varying
AVS, OC, and hardness. Sediments (Mad River) with low AVS and OC
concentrations were spiked with Ni, and Hyalella azteca were exposed for
6 d. Sediments received overlying water changes with culture water (CW)
(hardness 170 mg/L CaCO
3
) and Warden Ditch (WD) water (hardness 368
mg/L CaCO
3
) twice daily. Ceriodaphnia dubia populations were exposed
to Ni and tested during a 7 d chronic reproduction test with two dierent
hardness levels and pH values: formulated water (FW) (hardness ~90 mg/L
CaCO
3
, pH 8.0) and ion enriched water (IEW) (hardness ~190 mg/L
CaCO
3
, pH 8.4). In the Ni sediment tests there was a hardness protection
eect with CW having a lower NOEC (<34 mg/kg), and WD with a higher
NOEC (58 mg/kg). Te CW EC
10
values were also lower (33.3 (16.5-
47.9 mg/kg)) versus the WD (40.8 (23.2-52.1 mg/kg)). Te C. dubia Ni
tests showed reproduction EC
50
values for FW (3.6 (3.1-4.1 g/L)) were
signicantly dierent than IEW (5.0 (4.3-5.6 g/L)). Te C. dubia 48 h, 96
h, and 7 d EC
50
values are all lower for the FW versus the IEW tests. Tere
appears to be a Ni hardness protection eect on H. azteca when AVS and
OC are low in sediments. Nickel toxicity to C. dubia appears to respond
to increasing hardness levels, and increased pH eects were not seen.
Additional testing will evaluate Ni toxicity and these bioavailability factors
with indigenous organisms (Anthopotamus verticis, Isonychia spp., Psephenus
herricki, Stenonema spp.) and predictions of the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM)
and sediment BLM.
WP28 Eect of Herbicide Mixtures on Microbial Communities
from Prairie Wetlands: A Mesocosm Approach. S. Sura, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; M. Waiser, N. Glozier,
V. Tumber, National Hydrology Research Center (NHRC), Environment
Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; D. Donald, Environment
Canada, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Wetlands in the prairie pothole
region (PPR) are regularly interspersed among intensive agricultural
operations where herbicides are commonly used. Herbicides entering
wetlands may have direct and indirect eects. Te main objective of this
study was to determine the response of wetland microbial communities
to a range of environmentally relevant concentrations of mixtures of the
seven most prevalent herbicides found in prairie aquatic ecosystems. In
late May 2007, a wetland mesocosm experiment was set up at St. Denis
National Wildlife Refuge, 45 km east of Saskatoon, SK, CAN. Eight
holding tanks were positioned adjacent to Pond 79. Herbicide mixtures of
MCPA, clopyralid, dicamba, dichloroprop, mecoprop, 2,4-D, bromoxynil,
and glyphosate at 1, 500 and 1000 times the environmentally occurring
concentrations, were added to each tank. Attached algae and bacteria
(biolms) were harvested on days 8, 14 and 21, while free-living microbial
communities were sampled at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post-treatment.
Samples were taken for bacterial and primary production, bacterial and algal
biomass, biolm bacterial diversity, algal protein to carbohydrate ratios,
and water chemistry parameters. Preliminary results indicate an initial
decline in primary production, bacterial production and sestonic protein to
carbohydrate ratios with recovery noted from 14 to 21 days after treatment
at 1 and 500 times.
WP29 Eects of Pesticide Formulation and UV Radiation on
Survival of Green Frog Tadpoles. H.J. Puglis, M.D. Boone, Zoology,
Miami University, Oxford, OH. Commercial formulations of pesticides
contain both active ingredients and other ingredients. In some instances, the
other ingredients have had detrimental eects on non-target species. Other
factors such as UV radiation and predator cues have been shown to modify
the toxicity of pesticides. In a laboratory study we compared the eects of
the technical grade active ingredients to the commercial formulations of
seven common pesticides in the presence or absence of UV radiation on
the survival of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles over 96 h. We found
a signicant dierence between the survival of tadpoles in technical grade
active ingredients and commercial formulations in all of the pesticides we
tested. We also found that either the presence or absence of UV radiation
also aected the survival of the tadpoles in ve of the seven pesticides
tested. Tese results suggest that there is a need to test the eects of both
active ingredients and commercial formulations of pesticides and to also
include relevant abiotic factors like UV radiation treatments in the testing of
pesticides because they can have a dramatic impact on the potency of some
chemicals.
WP30 Biomonitoring of Saxitoxin in a Brazilian Reservoir. H.C.
Silva de Assis, Z. Clemente, R.H. Busato, Departamento de Farmacologia,
Universidade Federal do Paran, Curitiba, Paran, Brazil; A.C. Wosiack,
Instituto Ambiental do Paran, Curitiba, Paran, Brazil. Te reservoir
of Alagados (Paran, Brazil) is important to supply water for three cities
and also to be used for recreation and shery. Te impacts associated
with human wastes, agricultural activities and domestic euents are the
eutrozation. Consequently, since 2002 it has been registered occurrence of
cyanobacteria blooms (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii), saxitoxin producers.
Te aim of this study is to monitor the water quality and to analyze the sh
response through biomarkers as glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase
(CAT) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) in liver and acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
in muscle and brain. Up to the moment only two samplings have been
carried out. In November (spring) of 2007 and February (summer) of
2008, water and sh (Geophagus brasiliensis) of the Reservoir have been
sampled. In each time, a group of sh was sacriced in the day (local group)
and other was kept in aquaria at the lab during 20 days for depuration.
Te cyanobacteria counting in November and February, in the eufotic
zone of the deepest point of the reservoir, was respectively 28,237 cels/
ml (C. raciborskii and Mougeotia sp.) and 135,296 (C. raciborskii). Te
number was above the allowed by Brazilian legislation (20,000 cels/ml).
Te shes from November did not present signicantly dierences in the
GST and CAT activities between the groups. Te LPO and the muscular
AchE activity were reduced in the depuration group. Although, the AchE
cerebral was inhibited in the local group. In February, an increasing of
the GST and CAT activities was observed, as well as in the LPO, in the
depuration group compared with the local group. Te AchE activity
reduced in the depuration group. Te preliminary results indicate that in
the spring the lipoperoxidation level reduced after 20 days in clean water.
Terefore, in summer, it seems to have induction of oxidative stress, since
the LPO and CAT activity were higher, perhaps for the mobilization of the
bioacumulated contaminants. Other biomarkers and water chemical analysis
will be carried out to elucidate and to complete these results.
WP31 Evaluation of Waterborne Exposure to Oil Spill Five Years after
the Accident in Southern Brazil. H.C. Silva de Assis, C.A. Silva, E.M.
Zandon, G.P. Costa Silva, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade
Federal do Paran, Curitiba, Brazil; C.A. Oliveira Ribeiro, A. Katsumiti,
M.P. Araujo, J. Maschio, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade
Federal do Paran, Curitiba, Brazil; H. Roche, Universit Paris-Sud, Orsay
Cedex, France. Fish (Astyanax sp.) were exposed to sample water from
Arroio Saldanha, Paran, Brazil, locality of an oil spill in 2000 and Barigui
River (upstream and downstream of the conuence of the river and Arroio
Sandanha), Brazil. Histopathological (gills and liver) and biochemical
biomarkers, as acetylcholinesterase (AchE), ethoxyresorun-O-deethylase
(EROD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, lipid
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peroxidation (LPO), and amounts of polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAHs) residues in bile were used as biomarkers after exposure. Also, PAHs,
metals and surfactants were investigated in the water samples. CAT and
GST activities increased in Arroio Saldanha sample, whereas CAT activity
and LPO levels were incresaed in the upstream and downstream sites. Tese
results suggest a toxic action of the free radicals and disturbance of the
antioxidant defense mechanisms in individuals exposed to water from both
Arroio Saldanha and Barigui River. However, the EROD and AchE activities
were not aected. Liver and gills histopathology revealed severe lesions
despite of an acute exposure. Te spilled oil is still bioavailable to biota
aecting the health of aquatic organisms, moreover, other pollution sources
continue to aect the water in the Barigui River.
WP32 Toxicological implications of dietary carotenoid compounds
in zooplankton. M. Kovach, A. Roberts, Institute of Applied Sciences,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Carotenoid compounds are the
naturally occurring, reddish coloration found in many crustaceans and
salmonids. Many of these compounds (including astaxanthin, alpha-
tocopherol, and beta-carotene) are potent antioxidants. Animals cannot
synthesize carotenoid compounds de novo and therefore must rely on
dietary sources such as plants and bacteria. Te accumulation of these
carotenoid compounds is important for many alpine aquatic organisms,
enabling them to better cope with multiple stressors, including ultra
violet radiation. Tis study demonstrated the antioxidant properties of
dietary carotenoid compounds. Ceriodaphnia dubia were raised on a high
carotenoid diet, by supplementing their normal selenastrum + YTC media
with ltered 1mg/L low-sodium V8 juice. To determine the antioxidant
properties of a high-carotenoid diet on C. dubia, a 7-day toxicity test was
performed by exposing C. dubia to copper. Four treatments (control,
carotenoid, copper, copper + carotenoid) were tested. Treatments were
compared by measuring reproductive success per brood. C. dubia showed
no signicant change in reproductive rate between the control, carotenoid,
and Copper + carotenoid treatments. C. dubia exposed to the copper
treatment had decreased reproductive rate compared to all other treatments,
indicating that dietary carotenoids enabled the C. dubia to ameliorate
the eects of exposure to copper. Alterations in ecological factors such as
climate, productivity, and food webs may alter carotenoid levels in aquatic
systems, thus, increasing the sensitivity of aquatic biota to environmental
contaminants. Current work is being carried out to determine the types
and forms of carotenoid compounds present in alpine aquatic ecosystems
which may be particularly at risk to climate change-induced alterations in
carotenoid levels.
WP33 Longn eels as bioindicator species on the Mataura River,
New Zealand. J. Ataria, O. Champeau, G. Kume, L. Tremblay, Landcare
Research, Lincoln, New Zealand; R. Trainor, Te Ao Marama, Invercargill,
New Zealand; G. Northcott, HortResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Te Mataura River (South Island, New Zealand) is 190 km long and
ows through several towns whose industry and sewage treatment plants
have outputs into it. Management of a 10 km section was returned to
Mori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) who have engaged with
researchers to investigate the impacts of several point source inputs. Results
of the biomonitoring study, using the longn eel (Anguilla dienbacchi),
a species of high commercial, nutritional and cultural value, are presented.
Te study was carried out in late spring and late summer 200708. Eels
of mixed sex and size were obtained from tributaries of the Mataura River
and maintained in bore water for at least 3 weeks. Ten animals were caged
at each of 6 sites along the Mataura River for 3 weeks. During sampling,
10 resident eels were trapped at each site for comparison. Te ecological
characteristics of each individual, i.e. body weight, total length, liver
weight were recorded for the determination of the Fulton and hepato-
somatic indices, and age was determined by otolith observation. To assess
the pollution status of the river, a battery of biomarkers was analysed in
liver and gills, to determine whether biological eects may be exerting
upon the caged and resident eels. Enzyme activity (EROD and GST) and
biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase activity and lipoperoxidation) were
measured. Ecological characteristics and biomarker analyses were averaged
and incorporated into an integrative tool to deliver results in a user-friendly
format to environmental managers. Measurements of chemical residues
in eel tissue, river water and sediment were obtained to complement the
biological data and are also presented. Tis study also critically assesses
the value of these two approaches, and provides recommendations for
incorporating biomarkers determinants into riverine monitoring programs.
WP34 Use of causal evidence to assess the eects of contaminated
sediments on freshwater ecosystems. V. Pettigrove, Research &
Technology, Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; M.
Carew, M. OBrien, S. Marshall, K. Townsend, A. Homann, Centre for
Environmental Stress & Adaptation Research, University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Biological assessment is commonly used
throughout the world to assess the status of freshwater aquatic ecosystems.
Tese studies can provide a good indication of the status of an aquatic
ecosystem but cannot identify the stressors. Aquatic ecosystems may be
aected by a variety of physical factors, including ows, in-stream and
riparian habitat and from pollutants that are present in sediments and
surface waters. Identifying the source of any observed stress is problematic,
as it usually relies on correlating environmental changes with changes in
the status of a biological assemblage. We present a method, using eld-
based microcosms, whereby it is possible to isolate the eects of polluted
sediments on freshwater macroinvertebrates. Several examples of this
approach are presented from four streams in south-eastern Australia. Te
majority of the Yarra River did not appear to be aected by sediment
pollution, whereas sediment pollution did aect macroinvertebrates from
the Murray River and Dandenong and Merri Creeks. Using a weight of
evidence approach, it was possible to identify the likely contaminants
present in sediments that were toxic to macroinvertebrates. Tis approach is
a useful means of isolating the eects of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems,
identifying point sources of pollution and to assist stream management
agencies in understanding what are the most important factors inuencing
ecosystem health.
WP35 Ionic liquid and parasite eects on freshwater snail survival,
egg production, and shell strength. R. Bernot, Department of Biology,
Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Benthic animals are exposed to multiple
stressors that may disrupt their vital rates or survival. I studied the eects of
two chemical stressors, nitrate and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide
(bmimBr), a room temperature ionic liquid, and a parasite, the trematode
Acetodextra amiuiri, on the survival, growth rate, egg production, and shell
strength of the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Room-temperature ionic liquids
(ILs) are a new class of chemicals being proposed as environmentally-
friendly solvent substitutes for industrial applications. While ILs are
relatively benign to the atmosphere because they are non-volatile, their
impacts on aquatic organisms and communities are largely unknown. An
experimental regression design was used to model the eects of stressors on
Physa vital rates. Lethal concentrations (LC50) of chemical stressors were
lower in combination with parasites than when presented to snails alone.
Nitrate and bminbr alone and in combination aected Physa growth rates.
Physa egg production increased with increasing nitrate concentrations, but
was unaected by sublethal bminBr concentrations. bminBr signicantly
reduced Physa shell strength. Tese results suggest that IL toxicity to Physa is
modied by environmental factors and more realistic tests of IL toxicity are
necessary to understand their potential impact on aquatic organisms.
WP37 Impact of the Nutrient Input on the Toxicity of an Insecticide
on Larval Amphibian Populations. M.D. Boone, N.H. Sullivan, E.B.
Boone, Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH. Nutrient input via
leaf litter and other sources can set the stage for the productivity of the
aquatic community. Te level of nutrients in an aquatic community
could also inuence the relative impact of a pesticides eects by altering
UV exposure, food availability, and predator abundance. Understanding
how environmental conditions alter the toxicity of pesticides is a basic
question that needs to be addressed to predict a pesticides eect in natural
environments. In two studies, we raised tadpoles of the green frog (Rana
clamitans) for approximately 5 months in outdoor mesocosm ponds that
varied in the amount of leaf litter and nutrient input in the presence or
absence of a sublethal exposure to the insecticide carbaryl. We predicted that
the direct negative eects of the insecticide would be more consequential
when environmental conditions were poor (i.e., lower nutrient input).
We found that lower nutrient input had negative eects on survival and
development, while insecticide exposure generally had positive eects
on survival and development. However, the eect of the insecticide was
negative with low nutrient input, while it was positive with high nutrient
input. Current studies are examining how ephemeral nutrient sources
interact with leaf litter input and insecticide exposure on green frog
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tadpoles. Our studies suggest that the amount of nutrients in a system can
inuence whether an insecticide has a positive or negative impact on a larval
amphibian population.
WP38 An adaptive optimal design for evaluating acute multiple
stressor eects on Daphnia pulex. S. Glaholt, J. Shaw, Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN; C. Chen, E. Demidenko, D. Bugge, C. Folt,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH. At present, water quality criteria and
risk assessments are based largely on toxicity tests for individual stressors.
Yet, in situ metals interact with other metal stressors and water chemistry
which can alter their eects or promote strong interactions. In spite of their
importance, multiple stressor studies have been restricted by factors such
as (1) the great number of treatments needed to test more than one or two
stressors and (2) the limitations of current statistical theory for optimal
design in the framework of non-linear models used in multi-factorial acute
tests. We examined whether using adaptive optimal design (AOD) provides
a more ecient and accurate assessment of greater or less than additive
eects in standard acute toxicity tests than traditional models. We assess
eects of three metals (Cd, Zn, As) and two water chemistry parameters,
(pH, hardness) on survival of the aquatic crustacean, Daphnia pulex. Te
AOD process we employ is iterative: (1) estimate parameters of the dose-
response curve using existing data, (2) compute an optimal design and
determine the next optimal stressors concentration values, (3) carry out the
experiment to augment the existing data and return to step (1). We found
that after two iterations of identifying new dose values, the dose response
model was optimized and stable. Of all possible combinations, only binary
interactions were signicant. Of all signicant binary combinations, Cd*Zn
was the optimal model for predicting the survival response of daphniid to
the combined eects of the 5 stressors. Te negative interaction term found
in the Cd*Zn combination indicated that there was a less than additive
eect of these two metals on mortality. Te optimal model also revealed
the eect of each stressor on daphniid survival individually. Stressors pH,
As, Cd and Zn all negatively aect survival, while hardness and combined
eects of Cd and Zn increased survival. Te results suggest that the AOD
model can be eective for characterizing greater and less than additive
eects of multiple stressors on a non-continuous response variable such
as mortality. Additional applications of this approach may include using
multiple stressor acute toxicity data from prior experiments to identify
additional sequential treatment points for testing and incorporation, which
could result in developing improved models.
WP39 Determination of acute toxicity endpoints of atrazine and
lambda cyhalothrin to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas
in a laboratory exposure. I. Mundali, J.L. Bouldin, Environmental
Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR. Many pesticides are
used simultaneously or in a design that could eventually result in an aqueous
mixture of chemicals. Pesticide combinations may occur in agricultural
runo waters and each unique mixture of pesticides may pose adverse eects
to aquatic organisms dierent from each pesticide individually. Although
agricultural receiving systems may possess attributes that have the potential
to mitigate pesticides, a percentage of these pesticides and their residues
may be exposed to aquatic organisms causing unforeseen toxicity. Although
pesticide proles include measures of acute toxicity, limited research
has determined the risk of environmental mixtures of pesticides to non-
target aquatic organisms. In a 48-h acute bioassay, laboratory organisms
were exposed to pesticides individually and in combination to compare
toxicological endpoints. Te LC50 of lambda cyhalothrin to Pimephales
promelas decreased from 2.60 to 2.18 g/L when exposed in combination
with 100 g/L of atrazine and Ceriodaphnia dubia LC50 decreased from
0.16 to 0.14 g/L when exposed in the same combination. Tis toxicity
study demonstrates that combinations of atrazine and lambda cyhalothrin
produce adverse eects when exposed to laboratory test organisms due
to potentiation eects. Pesticides that act in a potentiative manner might
portray detrimental eects to aquatic plants and animals through increased
toxicity even in very low concentrations in water bodies. Based on the
results of this bioassay, interactions between various pesticides at expected
environmental concentrations should be considered in the establishment of
risk assessments and water quality guidelines.
WP40 Reproductive and Endocrine Eects for Largemouth
Bass Exposed to Pulp-and Paper Discharge: Diminished Responses
Following Mill Process Modications. T. Gross, Environmental Resource
Consulting, Gainesville, FL; S. Holm, J. Noggle, Georgia Pacic, Atlanta,
GA. Our laboratory has been evaluating reproductive and endocrine
eects of exposure to pulp-and-paper euent from Georgia Pacics
Palatka Operation since 1998. Tese eorts have focused on largemouth
bass exposed under both controlled and natural (eld) conditions. Tis
paired exposure scenario has been conducted annually during 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2008; before and after a series
of modications which included: conversion to elemental chlorine-free
bleaching, conversion of secondary treatment to aerobic degradation,
reduction in mill black liquor losses, addition of condensate stripping,
reduction in water usage from 36 to 22 mgd, installation of new brown
stock washers, and oxygen delignication Te objective of this long-term
eort was to utilize Georgia Pacics Palatka Mill to test the hypothesis that
mill process modications would result in diminished biological eects.
Controlled exposure studies utilized a mill on-site shery facility and the
exposure of 2 yr old largemouth bass to 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80% euent
concentrations for 56 days during the reproductive season (2 replicates per
treatment and 10-15 male and female bass per replicate). Concurrently,
largemouth bass were collected from the euent discharge site (Rice Creek)
and multiple main stream St Johns River (non-exposure) sites. Fish were
evaluated for plasma sex steroids and Vtg; GSI, fecundity, and sperm quality
to evaluate reproductive tness. Eects of exposure to mill discharge were
evident for all years, with an initial threshold for eects at 20% exposure
and above, however, by 2008, following the completion of all process
upgrades, eects were signicantly diminished with a threshold of response
at 60% and greater. Eects for naturally exposed bass were always less than
that predicted by dilution in Rice Creek alone, and bass populations and
species diversity have increased from 1999 to 2008 in Rice Creek. Tese
data clearly demonstrate that pulp-and-paper mill upgrades and process
modications will result in reduced biological responses in receiving streams.
WP41 Masculinization of Eastern Mosquitosh (Gambusia)
and Exposure to Pulp-and Paper Discharge: Diminished Responses
Following Mill Process Modications. T. Gross, Environmental Resource
Consulting, Gainesville, FL; S. Holm, J. Noggle, Georgia Pacic, Atlanta,
GA. Te abnormal induction of anal n elongation (masculinization)
in female gambusia was reported in the 1980s for Florida streams
receiving pulp-and-paper euents. Although, these early reports indicated
masculinization responses that were similar to complete development
of a gonodpodium (male secondary sex structure), additional evaluations
throughout the 1990s demonstrated signicant reductions in this response.
Tese historic data suggested that mill process modications may have
been responsible for reduced masculinization responses. Te objective of
the current study, was to utilize Georgia Pacics Palatka Mill to monitor a
series of mill process modications and their eects on masculinization
responses in gambusia. Gambusia were collected from upstream, discharge,
and downstream sites in the Palatka receiving stream, Rice Creek, and
masculinization evaluated. Collections were conducted annually during
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2008, before and
after a series of modications which included: conversion to elemental
chlorine-free bleaching, conversion of secondary treatment to aerobic
degradation, reduction in mill black liquor losses, addition of condensate
stripping, reduction in water usage from 36 to 22 mgd, installation of
new brown stock washers, and oxygen delignication. Masculinization
responses were evaluated using the anal-n index (ratio or anal n rays
4 and 6). Reductions in this masculinization response were observed
gradually across 1999 through 2008, with an absence of response in female
gambsuia during 2004, 2006, and 2008. Tese data indicate that pulp-
and-paper mill upgrades and process modications have resulted in the
elimination of this biological response in gambusia.
WP42 Te Application of Biomarkers to Evaluate Land Use in
Coastal South Carolina. A.N. Sayer, Environmental Toxicology, Clemson
University, Clemson, SC; P. van den Hurk, Biological Sciences, Clemson
Univeristy, Clemson, SC. Te 2007 State of South Carolina resident
population is over 4.4 million people and has increased at a rate of around
9% over the last decade. While the population density per sq. mile is still
relatively low compared to other states, it seems certain that the population
will further increase in years to come. Te environmental impact of this
growth is expressed in a changing land use, which can have dramatic eects
on natural environments and associated wildlife. One aspect of changing
land use is the eect it has on smaller streams and creeks. To study eects of
changing land use on sh health we started measuring a set of biochemical
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biomarkers in a group of abundant sh in wadeable streams in South
Carolina. During the summer of 2007 the liver, gall bladder, and other
tissues were obtained from sunsh (Lepomis sp.) species from 22 sites in
the coastal ecoregion of South Carolina. Te S9 fraction of the liver from
Lepomis sp. was evaluated for polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure using
the ethoxyresorun-O-deethylase (EROD) assay. Bile uorescence, a second
indicator for PAH exposure, was measured using a spectrophotometer.
Oxidative stress was measured from the S9 fraction of the liver using a
glutathione-S-transferase (GST) assay. Te EROD assay results ranged from
17.6 to 158.4 pmol/mg/min. Bile uorescence for two and three-ringed
PAHs ranged from 315 to 2463 units. Four-ringed PAHs ranged from
128 to 2252 units, and ve-ringed PAHs ranged from 17 to 308 units.
Oxidative stress ranged between the sites from 63 to 492 nmol/mg/min.
Based on our data, several sites demonstrated positive correlations between
EROD induction, bile uorescence, and GST activity. Te next objective
in our investigation will be to identify areas of increasing anthropogenic
inuence and link them with environmental impact, as assessed through
our biomarkers. Preliminary investigations reveal a relationship between
increasing human population and a negative eect on sh health. Te
information obtained from this research will be used to draw correlations
between land use, areas of pollution, and sh health to establish the overall
anthropogenic inuence on the stream ecosystems.
WP43 Watershed-scale Evaluation of Agricultural Best Management
Practice Eectiveness in Tree California Estuaries. K. Siegler, B. Phillips,
B. Anderson, H. John, V. Jennifer, C. Sara, R. Tjeerdema, Environmental
Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA; K. Smalling,
K. Kuivela, United States Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA; M. Adams,
Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Luis Obispo,
CA. Coastal estuaries are among the most ecologically important and
critically threatened habitats in world-wide. Along Californias Central
Coast, the three largest watersheds drain to coastal estuaries that provide
essential habitat for early life stages of commercial marine sh species,
threatened anadromous sh species, migratory birds, and other wildlife.
Each of these watersheds contains year-round, intensively cultivated
agricultural land that supports a $5 billion/year industry producing most of
the nations lettuce, artichokes, and crucifer crops. Farm groups are initiating
management practices to control pesticide runo, but there is currently
no designated eort to document the cumulative loading and eects of
pesticides in these coastal estuaries. Tis project is designed to provide
a scientic, statistically rigorous baseline assessment to support future
evaluations of the watershed-wide eectiveness of BMP implementation.
Te Pajaro, Salinas, and Santa Maria River estuaries are being monitored
over a two-year period to measure contaminant concentrations and eects in
estuarine water, sediment, and biota, and to link contaminant proles with
those from the main rivers and adjacent tributaries. Biological measurements
at the molecular, organismal, and community levels are being measured
synoptically to determine associations with contaminants. Preliminary
results show that water column and sediment toxicity to invertebrates
demonstrates spatial and temporal variability in these watersheds, and
toxicity occurs at stations with elevated concentrations of current-use
pesticides.
WP44 Is the thyroid status of wild-sh impaired in the St. Clair Area
of Concern. S. Brown, M. Villella, L. Brown, M. McMaster, J. Sherry,
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. As part of a broader
assessment of wildlife health in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs)
we are examining wild-sh for evidence of exposure to thyroid disruptors.
Tyroid microfollicular hyperplasia was a continuing problem in Great
Lakes salmonids as recently as 1995. For the presentation, we shall focus
on the St. Clair AOC, although we also have data for the other Lake Erie
AOCs: Wheatley Harbour and the Detroit River. We divided the AOC
into upstream, impact zone, and downstream sites. At each site, we captured
adult males and females of a pelagic and a benthic species. We assessed the
external and internal state of the sh by visual estimation of malformations
such as deformities, eroded ns, lesions, tumours, and parasites (DELTs).
We used a suite of assays to detect perturbations in the thyroid axis. We
used radioimmunoassay to measure plasma concentrations of T
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de-iodinase enzymes in the liver microsomal fraction. We used histology
measures to assess the status of the thyroid gland: epithelial cell height,
follicle shape, and colloid content relative to epithelial cell area. We shall
discuss the results, which showed some evidence of hormonal perturbation,
within the context of the thyroid systems ability to compensate for stress on
its component parts.
WP45 Community, Population and Individual Responses of Wild
Fish Exposed to Multiple Municipal Wastewater Euents in Canada. G.
Tetreault, M. Servos, Biology, University of Waterloo, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada; G. Tetreault, M. McMaster, J. Bennett, S. Spina, Environment
Canada, Burllington, Ontario, Canada. Municipal Wastewater Euent
discharge (MWWE) is the largest by volume discharge into the Canadian
aquatic receiving environments and discharge rates will rise with projected
increased human population density in urban areas. MWWE or sewage
is a mixture of domestic and industrial wastes, and Pharmaceuticals and
Personal Care Products (PPCPs) which have been detected in environmental
samples. Te Grand River watershed in the province of Ontario receives
the outow of 26 sewage treatment plants in addition to runo from
agriculture, aggregate and industrial activities. At low ow periods, the
Grand River below Brantford is a high percentage of treated sewage,
making it an excellent location to study a gradient of sewage euents
in Canada. In 2005 and 2007, eld studies assessed sh community
(diversity and abundance), population (age-distribution, growth rates) and
individual responses in terms of growth (condition factor), reproduction
(in vitro sex steroid biosynthetic capacity, gonadosomatic indices, and
histology) and survival. Comparisons were made in sh collected upstream
and downstream of the 2 municipal wastewater treatment plants where
existing National Water Research Institute (NWRI) studies have measured
detectable levels of a number of pharmaceuticals. Feral sh [greenside
darter (Etheostoma blennioides) and Rainbow darters (Etheostoma
caeruleum)] collected downstream of both plants were longer and heavier
when compared to reference sh collections, and demonstrated increases in
condition downstream of the Kitchener and Waterloo municipal wastewater
plants. Tis could be a reection of the increase diversity and abundance of
the benthic invertebrate community observed downstream of the discharges.
Individual exposed sh of both sexes demonstrated reductions in sex
steroid production capacity. Fish community assessment also demonstrated
increases in sh abundance and diversity in the composition of the river
fauna downstream of the STP euent discharges when compared to sh
reference communities with similar habitat characteristics.
WP46 Eects of predator cue on toxicity of pyrethroid and
organophosphate pesticides to Ceriodaphnia dubia. G. Qin, J.D. Maul,
Te Institute of Environmental and Human Health and Department of
Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Stressors
typically occur simultaneously and have the potential to interact in the
aquatic environment. Recently, predation stress has been shown to inuence
the eects of contaminants in freshwater invertebrates and vertebrates.
Tese ndings indicate that predatory stress plays an important role in how
contaminants exert their eects in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the
inuence of predatory sh cues on the toxicity of a pyrethroid (bifenthrin)
and two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (tribufos and malathion)
was examined. Te receptor species was the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia
dubia and the endpoint was survival. Dose-response experiments were
conducted for each compound alone and in the presence of a predatory
sh (Pimephales promelas) cue. Predatory sh cue increased the toxicity
of malathion: the 48-h malathion LC50 with and without the predator
cue was 1.8 ug/L (95% CI: 1.6-1.9) and 2.1 ug/L (95% CI: 1.9-2.3),
respectively. Predator cue and 2.16 ug/L malathion resulted in a 34%
increase in mortality compared to malathion alone (p = 0.045). Predator
cue also aected malathion toxicity on a temporal scale with C. dubia
LT50s shifting from 8.7 h (3.6 ug/L malathion) to 6.4 h (predator cue
and 3.6 ug/L malathion). Alternatively, predator cue reduced the toxicity
of bifenthrin. Te 48-h LC50 values of bifenthrin with and without the
presence of predatory cue were 0.36 ug/L and 0.22 ug/L, respectively. Te
combination of predator cue and 0.06 ug/L bifenthrin resulted in a 44%
increase in survival compared to bifenthrin alone (p = 0.019). For tribufos,
predator cues did not inuence toxicity to C. dubia. Tese results indicate a
possible synergistic interaction between predatory cue and malathion and an
antagonistic interaction between predatory cue and bifenthrin. We suggest
the latter may be a result of increased organic matter and organic predator
kairomones inuencing bioavailability of bifenthrin, while the former
supports previous work that the toxicity of some OPs may be increased
by predatory stress. Overall, these results provide further evidence that
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ecological factors, such as species interactions, should be considered when
assessing the risk of pesticides within the aquatic ecosystem.
WP47 Assessment of multiple stressors using mixture modeling
approaches. J.C. Fisher, J.B. Belden, Zoology, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK. Aquatic organisms rarely experience single environmental
stressors. Toxicants, multiple toxicants, or unfavorable physical and
ecological conditions may all occur simultaneously, confounding
environmental assessments. Tis study examined the interactive eects
of pentachlorophenol and starvation, two environmental stressors
with dissimilar modes of action, but similar physiological eects. Both
pentachlorophenol, a persistent organic pollutant, and resource limitation
(starvation) may occur in aquatic ecosystems across the United States.
Pentachlorophenol uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and leads to
an ATP decit, similar to that resulting from starvation. Chronic 7-d
toxicity tests utilizing the Cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead
minnows allowed the examination of these two stressors in combination.
Treatment combinations were arranged in full factorial design such
that multiple mixture modeling approaches, including concentration
addition, independent action, isobolic surfaces, and logistic regression
with interactions, could be employed and compared. Tese results will aid
in the understanding and assessment of multiple stressors in the aquatic
environment.
WP48 Spatial Variation in Nitrogen Isotope Values of Low-Order
Stream Biota: Contaminant Exposure or Nitrate Source. H.A. Brant, C.S.
Romanek, J.C. Seaman, W.L. Stephens, University of Georgia, Savannah
River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC; A. Bryan, Tetra Tech NUS, Inc.,
Aiken, SC. Te unusual nitrogen isotope signatures of aquatic biota that
inhabit polluted ecosystems can be caused by a number of factors including
source term inputs or organismal stress as a result of contaminant exposure.
Tese isotopic markers may be useful for evaluating how contaminants
are transported through impacted ecosystems and how organisms respond
to them. For example, Fourmile Branch is a low-order stream located on
the Department of Energys Savannah River Site that has been historically
impacted by discharges of nuclear processing euent. Prior monitoring
has documented the movement of contaminants (primarily radionuclides
and metals) into water, sediments and, to a lesser extent, biota. To better
understand the impact of contaminant movement throughout this
ecosystem, ve beaver ponds were sampled for multiple species of sh and
invertebrates along a gradient that included locations above, adjacent to,
and below historically impacted areas the stream. Lyophilized, homogenized
whole organisms were analyzed for radiocesium (
137
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3
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arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, uranium,
and the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (
15
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14
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13
C/
12
C).
Te results indicate signicantly higher
15
N values for organisms within
two beaver ponds located adjacent to and below an area that is impacted by
contaminated groundwater seepage (avg. 18 3 versus 9 2 , 1 std.
dev.). Tritium, cadmium, copper, mercury and uranium concentrations were
also elevated within these same beaver ponds. Disruption of the nitrogen
dynamics may either be a stress response to contaminant exposure, or an
indication of an elevated nitrate that is also a component of the contaminant
plume. Disturbances of either kind may alter important ecological functions
that are better understood by the use of isotopic signatures.
WP49 Water and Sediment Quality Survey of Treatened and
Endangered Freshwater Mussel Habitat in the Chipola River Basin,
Florida. J.M. Hemming, K. Herrington, P. Durkee, D. Scollan, Ecological
Services and Fisheries Resources, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama
City, FL; P.V. Winger, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Athens, US
Geological Survey, Athens, GA; H. Rauschenberger, Ecological Services,
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Jacksonville, FL. Reduced habitat quality
may be contributing to the decline of freshwater mussels in southeastern
rivers. As part of an ongoing evaluation of the quality of freshwater mussel
habitat in Gulf Coastal Rivers, the Chipola River was assessed during 2006
and 2007. Sediment samples were collected at 8 sites along the Chipola
River on May 2-3, 2006 and analyzed for contaminants and tested in the
laboratory for toxicity to Hyalella azteca using 29-d exposures to solid-
phase sediment and 96-h exposures to sediment porewater. In addition,
benthic macroinvertebrate populations were sampled at each site. Using the
Sediment Quality Triad approach (chemistry, toxicity and in-situ benthic
assemblages) in assessing habitat quality, 3 sites had lower habitat quality.
Sites 1, 4 and 8 were considered impaired, with Site 4 being most impaired.
H. azteca survival in porewater exposures was reduced and trace elements
were elevated in sediments at these sites; however, concentrations were not
considered exceedingly high. Water quality samples collected did not violate
of the State of Floridas water quality standards. Te lack of concordance
among the test metrics (in-situ benthic assemblages were not impaired) at
these sites suggests marginal habitat impairment.
WP50 In situ bioassays using rainbow trout embryos for evaluation
of stormwater receiving environments a pilot test of a new biological
monitoring tool. S. Tobiason, Brown & Caldwell, Seattle, WA; H. Bailey,
C. Knight, C. Curran, Nautilus Environmental, Tacoma, WA; H. Kibbbey,
Public Works and Utilities, Pierce County, Tacoma, WA. As a more eective
means to assess stormwater impacts on the benecial uses of local streams, a
new water quality monitoring program for Pierce County (WA) emphasizes
receiving water monitoring over episodic outfall sampling. Among several
methods that provide evidence of potential receiving water impacts from
stormwater, the plan includes in situ bioassays for rainbow trout early life
stages. Tis method, based on Environment Canada guidance, exposes
salmonid embryos in hatchboxes in the stream. Exposure durations
extend for 60 days or more through fry stage depending on temperature,
thus integrating multiple stormwater events. Test endpoints include
survival, development, lengths, weights and hatch success. Tis method
provides insights for multiple stormwater impact (e.g., physical stress,
scour, sedimentation, toxins, and habitat loss). Because the in situ method
is relatively new, a pilot test was used to evaluate logistical needs and
determine which of two egg stages is most appropriate for the test. Te pilot
test was conducted in four small streams in the spring of 2008, using four
replicate hatchboxes of eyed eggs (approximately 20-days post fertilization)
in each stream, and a parallel exposure of four replicates of freshly fertilized
eggs in two streams. Installations at each stream took about an hour, while
the bi-weekly inspections took about 20 minutes to complete. Continuous
temperature and periodic water quality measurements were within typical
ranges and control survival averaged over 95%. Multiple storm events
occurred during the ve to nine week exposures. Similar to a laboratory test,
the in situ method allows for some control over the testing conditions, but
in contrast incorporates the dynamic habitat and receiving environment
variables that would be dicult to mimic in a lab exposure at a reasonable
expense. Te in-situ test directly assesses receiving water eects on sensitive
salmonid life stages; thus providing a more valuable line of evidence than
episodic outfall sampling to assess conditions for salmonid spawning
and rearing. Moreover, because the test registers direct eects, relevant
investigations can be eectively targeted to evaluate chemical eects (e.g.
TIEs, outfall sampling, and organism tissue) or physical stressors (scour,
sedimentation, and habitat).
WP51 Eectiveness of Vegetated Agricultural Ditches in Removing
Pesticide Toxicity in Irrigation Runo from Tomato and Alfalfa Fields in
Yolo County, California. I. Werner, L.A. Deanovic, VM:APC, UC Davis,
Davis, CA; J. Wryzinski, P. Robbins, Yolo County Resource Conservation
District,, Woodland, CA; D. Denton, USEPA Region 9, Sacramento, CA.
Tis study was performed to test the hypothesis that vegetated drainage
ditches may reduce the toxicity of agricultural irrigation runo on aquatic
organisms, and provides information on the eeciveness of vegetated
ditches as a best management practice. Runo toxicity from three elds
(tomato, alfalfa) was monitored using a continuous ow in situ exposure
apparatus containing larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and
juvenile amphipods (Hyalella azteca), located at the top and bottom of
the ditches. An identical control system was set up with laboratory control
water. Organism survival was recorded every two hours. When irrigation
runo ended (or after 12 h), surviving organisms were transported to the
laboratory and held under control conditions for the remainder of the 48-h
experimental period. Sediment samples were collected before and after
irrigation runo occurred and tested using H. azteca. Results show that
irrigation runo was not toxic to larval fathead minnow during the exposure
period. However, runo from all three elds was highly toxic to H. azteca.
Our results indicate that toxicity of irrigation runo from an alfalfa eld
and concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos were
reduced after passage through the vegetated ditch. Te toxicity of irrigation
runo from tomato elds treated with pyrethroids was not reduced after
passage through the vegetated ditch, in part potentially due to release
of toxic contaminants from the ditch itself. Toxicity of ditch sediments
264 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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increased with time after runo ended at two sites, while sediments from
one site were highly toxic to H. azteca before and after the runo event.
WP52 Results of Water Toxicity Monitoring in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta, California: 2006-2008. I. Werner, Aquatic Toxicology
Laboratory, UC Davis, Davis, CA. In the last several years, abundance
indices of numerous pelagic sh species residing in the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta of California, USA, have shown marked declines and record
lows for several pelagic sh species including the endemic delta smelt
(Hypomesus transpacicus).While several of these species have shown
evidence of long-term declines, there appears to have been a precipitous
step-change to very low abundance during the period 2002-2004. It is
presently unclear what might have caused this critical population decline,
but toxic contaminants may be one of several factors acting individually
or in concert to lower pelagic productivity. A toxicity monitoring program
was initiated in 2005. Seventeen sites were selected among the California
Department of Fish and Game survey stations and in accordance with the
prevalent distribution patterns of sh species of concern. Biweekly 10-d
toxicity tests were performed using the resident amphipod Hyalella azteca
with and without the addition of PBO. In addition, testing protocols were
developed for larval and juvenile delta smelt, and water samples from 6-7
sites tested during late spring/early summer of each year. Toxicity data
obtained to date suggest that water quality is at times compromised in the
lower Sacramento River/Deep Water Shipping Channel and Carquinez
Strait near Benicia. Insecticides and ammonia were likely contributing
to the observed toxicity to H. azteca. Te results of this project will be
used to geographically focus management actions in the Delta and assist
in identifying the sources and quantifying the eects of contaminants on
aquatic species of concern.
WP53 Stream mesocosm and laboratory responses of Lemna gibba
to triclosan at dierent phosphorus levels. B.A. Fulton, R.A. Brain, S.
Usenko, B.W. Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco,
TX; B.A. Fulton, R.A. Brain, J. Back, S. Usenko, R.S. King, B.W. Brooks,
Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University,
Waco, TX; J. Back, R.S. King, Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX.
Standardized aquatic toxicity protocols for macrophytes and algae include
optimal physicochemical conditions (e.g., light, temperature, nutrients) to
maximize laboratory growth rates, but these conditions do not characterize
site-specic inuences of nutrient stressors on primary producers. Our
ndings indicate varied responses by Lemna gibba (duckweed) in the
laboratory following exposure to the antimicrobial agent triclosan at
dierent N:P ratios and concentrations. Tese observations suggest that
site-specic dierences in nutrients inuences triclosan risk estimates to
aquatic plants and algae. Subsequently, we performed an experimental
stream mesocosm study to examine L. gibba responses under eld
conditions, because mesocosms provide a useful tool in higher tiered
ecological risk assessment to reduce uncertainty associated with lab-to-eld
extrapolations. We examined responses of L. gibba exposed to triclosan
levels (0, 5, 50 g L-1) across a gradient of phosphorus (10, 20, 100 g L-1)
levels in pool sections of experimental streams at the Baylor Experimental
Aquatic Research (BEAR) facility. Prior to triclosan treatment, plants were
exposed to nutrient only treatments in BEAR streams for two weeks to
establish baseline dierences in growth and morphology as a function of
phosphorus availability. Growth and root length (inversely proportional
to phosphorus concentrations) of L. gibba diered signicantly (p<0.05)
among phosphorus treatment levels, indicating that morphological and
physiological responses of duckweed are distinct of these environmentally
relevant phosphorus concentrations. Triclosan treatments were then
continuously introduced to BEAR streams for 2 weeks; triclosan levels were
veried by GC-MS. Following triclosan exposure, no dierences in growth
were observed for plants exposed to any triclosan concentration at the low
phosphorus treatment level. However, negative growth eects were observed
at each triclosan concentration for both the medium and high phosphorus
levels. Tese results are consistent with our ndings in laboratory studies,
indicating that site-specic nutrient conditions should be considered during
ecological risk assessments of triclosan and potentially other contaminants.
WP54 Neurotoxic and oxidative stress biomarkers responses in
natural populations of Carcinus maenas from NW Portuguese estuaries
with diering contamination histories. L. Guimares, C. Gravato, C.
Borges, L. Guilhermino, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, CIIMAR/CIMAR-
LA, CIIMAR, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Carcinus maenas is an
euryhaline shore crab and ecologically relevant species of European estuaries
and coastal ecosystems. Te estuary of Lima River has a well known
history of pollution, being under the inuence of industrial activities,
including a paper mill industry and of a harbour at its terminal part. It is
noticeably contaminated by metals (e.g., mercury, zinc, chromium, lead)
and organic compounds, including oils from shipping activities. In contrast,
the estuary of Minho River is considered a low impacted estuary. In this
work, possible associations between biomarkers responses and exposure
of crabs to pollution in Lima estuary were investigated. Biomarkers of
neurotoxicity and oxidative stress (e.g., acetylcholinesterase, catalase,
glutathione-S-transferases, glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities)
were determined in adult males and females of crabs collected in Minho
and Lima estuaries during Winter. Te results indicate alterations in some
of the biomarkers in crabs from the Lima estuary, compared to those of
Minho estuary, suggesting that the Lima population is being aected by the
exposure to local pollution. Comparisons between female and male crabs
were also determined and discussed.
WP55 Assessment of pollution in estuaries of the NW coast of
Portugal and its eects on wild populations of Pomatoschistus microps.
L. Guimares, C. Gravato, A. Sousa, L. Guilhermino, Ecotoxicology
Laboratory, CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, CIIMAR, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal. A monitoring study was performed to assess the pollution by
metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its eects on
wild populations of Pomatoschistus microps, a sh with a key-function
in estuarine ecosystems. Te study was performed during one year (2006-
2007), with seasonal sampling (winter, spring, summer, autumn), in the
estuaries of Minho, Lima, Cvado, and Douro Rivers. Monitored variables
were water abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, salinity, phosphates, nitrites,
nitrates and others), concentrations of 16 PAHs and 8 metals, sh weight
and length, sh condition indexes and a battery of biomarkers including
the following parameters: lipid peroxidation, the activities of the enzymes
cholinesterases, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S- transferases, and
the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione
reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Data were analysed using
the analysis of variance and redundancy analysis. Signicant dierences of
environmental contamination by metals and PAHs and eects on wild sh
were found among estuaries. In addition, biomarkers provided information
regarding bioavailability of environmental contaminants, mechanisms of
toxicity and detoxication resulting from the exposure of complex mixtures
of pollutants not possible to assess by performing only chemical analysis.
Furthermore, the redundancy analysis integrating all the results conrmed
the suitability of the monitoring approach used and provided clues about
the pollutants causing the most important eects on sh in each estuary.
WP56 Eects of hypoxia on the response of sh to estrogen exposure.
R. Flick, J. Lazorchak, ORD, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH; J. Oris, Zoology,
Miami University, Oxford, OH. Natural and synthetic estrogens are
common contaminants in surface waters and have the potential to aect
reproduction in sh. Estrogens are likely to co-occur with low dissolved
oxygen (DO) levels, which results from inputs of organic material in
wastewater euents or from animal production facilities. Low DO, or
hypoxia, is a signicant cause of impairment in streams and rivers. Teir
co-occurrence is particularly signicant because the transcriptional responses
to hypoxia and estrogen share a common element in their pathways.
Terefore the production of vitellogenin, which is often used as a biomarker
of exposure to estrogens, may be aected by exposure to hypoxia. In
order to determine if exposure to hypoxia altered the response of sh to
estrogens, we performed laboratory exposures of sh to both hypoxia and
17-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and used real-time PCR to analyze vitellogenin
expression in liver tissue. In initial experiments fathead minnows were
exposed to DO levels of approximately 2.5 mg/L for up to six hours; EE2
was then added to achieve a nal concentration of 10 ng/L EE2, and
exposure continued for 16 to 24 hours. Results from these experiments
suggest that hypoxia does not substantially alter vitellogenin expression in
short-term exposures to EE2 in fathead minnows compared to EE2-only
exposed controls; however, larger sample sizes are necessary to verify these
results. We will also investigate whether the transcriptional response is
dependent upon duration of exposure and whether the expression of other
genes, such as HIF-1, is aected. In the future we hope to determine
whether these responses are species-specic. Understanding the inuence
of non-chemical stressors on estrogenic responses in aquatic organisms
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is essential for accurate ecological assessment. If vitellogenin expression
were found to be signicantly altered by exposure to hypoxia, then its use
as a biomarker to diagnose exposure to estrogens would require data on
DO levels in order to accurately assess the level of exposure to estrogenic
compounds.
WP57 Bisphenol A disrupts the stressor-induced cortisol and
glucose response in rainbow trout. L. Henrickson, N. Aluru, M. Vijayan,
Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; J. Leatherland,
Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Rainbow trout oocytes when exposed to Bisphenol A (BPA), an established
xenoestrogen, for 3 h prior to fertilization, impacts development and
long-term growth and metabolism. Also, BPA exposure impaired the stress
performance in these animals. Specically, juvenile trout reared from oocytes
exposed to 100 g/ml BPA showed a muted cortisol and glucose response
to an acute stressor (5-minute acute handling disturbance) compared to
the control group. Based on this result we hypothesized that BPA disrupts
cortisol-induced glucose production in rainbow trout. To this end, we
exposed trout hepatocytes in primary culture to dierent concentrations of
BPA (10-7 -10-9 M) either alone or in combination with cortisol (100 and
1000 ng/ml; mimicking stressed levels in trout) for 24 h and determined
glucose production capacity. Cortisol treatment resulted in a dose-related
increase in glucose production in trout hepatocytes. In co-exposed groups,
cortisol-induced glucose production was attenuated by BPA, as seen in
the in vivo study. We are currently measuring glucocorticoid receptor
protein expression in trout hepatocytes, as well as the activities of liver
gluconeogenic enzymes to test the hypothesis that BPA impact on the stress
axis involves disruption of glucocorticoid receptor signaling in rainbow
trout. Overall, environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA impair the
adaptive cortisol response and the associated cortisol-induced metabolic
response in rainbow trout.
WP58 Management of Lyngbya wollei, an Invasive Cyanobacterium
in Kings Bay, Crystal River, FL: Restoration of Ecosystem Services.
B.M. Johnson, W.M. Bishop, J.H. Rodgers, Forest and Natural Resources,
Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Lyngbya wollei, a mat forming
cyanobacterium, is adversely impacting critical habitat of the endangered
Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Kings Bay in Crystal River, FL.
Te objectives of this study were to determine risks of the invasive species
(stimulus), to estimate benets and risks of viable management tactics, and
to formulate a strategic plan to manage L. wollei in Kings Bay, a designated
Outstanding Florida Water. Heterogeneously dispersed throughout Kings
Bay, L. wollei achieves densities >2,150 g Lyngbya/m
2
dry weight. Tis
nuisance species intermittently produces sh and dermatitis toxins and
has competitively excluded aquatic macrophytes in some areas, decreasing
potential manatee feeding areas. Because of its heterogeneous distribution,
a uniform or homogeneous solution for the L. wollei problem is unlikely.
Kings Bay is comprised of management units based on L. wollei density
and site characteristics (e.g. ow, use, etc.). To decrease risks caused by L.
wollei, a scientically sound, ecologically viable, and socially acceptable
management approach is needed. Potential mechanical, physical, biological,
and chemical management options were identied and deemed viable if they
passed regulatory approval, were ecologically sound, and were commercially
available. Mechanical harvesting, the current management approach, can
decrease biomass up to 72%, but there are physical restrictions as well as
collateral damage to non-target plant and animal species. In laboratory
toxicity tests, this strain of L. wollei was sensitive to exposures of peroxide
based (31 mg sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate/g Lyngbya wet weight) and
copper based (4-8mg Cu/g Lyngbya wet weight) algaecides relative to other
strains of L. wollei. Physical management tactics such as hand harvesting or
raking are feasible only at a small scale (e.g. around docks). Combinations
of management tactics should be considered (e.g. algaecide application
followed by mechanical harvesting). Due to the complexity of this problem,
a one-size-ts-all solution is not possible. A site specic adaptive water
resource management strategy is necessary for each management unit and
ultimately the entire water resource.
WP59 Comparison of Passive Remediation Techniques in Two Acid
Mine Drainage Impacted Subwatersheds of the Powell River. M.K.
Chanov, B.S. Echols, D.S. Cherry, Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA; R.J. Currie, Te Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
MI; C.E. Zipper, Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA. In the Powell River watershed, two subwatersheds that were
documented as being severely impacted by Acid Mine Drainage (AMD),
Ely Creek in Lee County and Black Creek in Wise County, were remediated
by dierent passive remediation techniques. In Ely Ck, articial wetlands
or successive alkalinity producing systems (SAPS) were constructed by
the US Army Corps of Engineers. In Black Ck, specic AMD seeps were
removed by re-mining and two outlet control ponds were built by the
Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. Te Ely Ck results
illustrate that pH and conductivity at the SW-8 SAPS site improved from
a mean of 2.93 and 2420S/cm, respectively, prior to remediation to 6.80
and 607S/cm after remediation. Te SAPS ability to retain heavy metals
was documented as SAPS discharge levels of water column aluminum (Al)
were 0.040 mg/L, compared to 10.10 mg/L before construction. In Black
Ck, pH and conductivity increased from 7.48 and 791S/cm, respectively,
to 7.85 and 1187S/cm after remediation. Impacts were observed at the
lowest mainstem site where Al in the water column was 0.115 mg/L higher
than the acceptable level of 0.087 mg/L (WQC). Acute toxicity test data in
Ely and Black Ck had 80% survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia at all mainstem
sites. Asian clam (Corbicula uminea) in situ tests and Daphnia magna
sediment tests in Ely Ck had 94-100% and 80-100% survival, respectively,
at recovering sites. In Black Ck, Asian clam tests had improved survival
at all upper mainstem sites; however, toxicity was evident at the lowest
sites in Black Ck, where Asian clam mortality was 100%. Tis was later
supported by 40-47% mortality in D. magna sediment tests. Te benthic
macroinvertebrate data indicated impairment throughout both systems with
Virginia Stream Condition Index (VA SCI) scores of 20.7-33.9 for Ely Ck
and 13.3-46.4 for Black Ck, well below the threshold value of 60 expected
at unimpacted sites. Tese results suggest that while the SAPS in Ely Ck
have limited the eects of AMD, recovery has yet to take place, and in Black
Ck substantial toxicity issues still exist and need to be addressed for recovery
to begin.
WP60 A community-based restoration approach to binational
sediment control in the Tijuana River Watershed: Te Laureles/Goat
Canyon Project. M.F. Moreau, ENVIRON International Corporation,
Irvine, CA; S. Emerson, C. Peregrin, O. Romo, C. Phillips, Tijuana River
National Estuarine Research Reserve, Imperial Beach, CA. Although
designated as a Wetland of International Importance by the UN, the
Tijuana River Estuary Reserve, home to several listed species, has suered
signicant wetland loss over the past few decades mostly due to increased
sedimentation and run-o. With more than two-thirds of the watershed
located in Mexico, management, educational and scientic projects to
alleviate these impacts need a binational approach. An important trans-
border project engaging the local community and numerous businesses and
agencies, is the Los Laureles/ Goat Canyon Erosion and Sedimentation
Control Project. Located in the city of Tijuana, the canyon has undergone
intensive construction of squatter homes and illegal housing, resulting
in serious social, economic and environmental problems, including large
volumes of sediments and pollutants carried downstream into the estuary,
requiring the construction of sediment retention basins. As a management
option, a present study is determining with fate and transport models
whether sediments from these basins could be placed in the nearshore
zone instead of being disposed of upland. Te idea is that this material will
nourish the beach and subtidal zones, improve the mud budget, and oer
an opportunity to economically dispose of and benecially use material
taken from the basins or excavated during restoration projects. Te results
of this research may expand options for nearshore placement of sediment
along the entire Pacic coast. Other active restoration eorts within
the watershed are involving the community, volunteers, and numerous
governmental and non-governmental agencies, in a full-scale community-
based erosion control approach., including water quality monitoring and
habitat restoration programs, and the creation and installation of pervious
pavers. Tese pervious pavers, made of concrete and gravel, allow rainwater
to go through and to seep into the water table but eciently retain debris
and sediments during storm events. Vetted elsewhere, the eciency of the
paver will be tested on-site. Overall, this poster will present the various
restoration projects set forth to alleviate negative environmental impacts
within the Tijuana River National Estuary Reserve, and to improve the
living condition of an impoverished community.
WP61 Reduction of norurazon and simazine in surface water using
a vegetated ow-way. H. Lu, Y. Lin, B. Boman, C. Wilson, University of
Florida /IFAS-Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce,
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FL. Norurazon and simazine are pre-emergent herbicides detected
frequently in surface water associated with South Florida agricultural canals
and drainage water. Tis study investigated the potential use of a 1.34 ha
vegetated ow-way for removing norurazon and simazine from surface
water. Te system was constructed in an unproductive area of a citrus
grove in St. Lucie County, Florida. Te total length of the ow-way was
400 m and width was 35 m. A surface water ow rate of 740 L/min was
maintained in the system using a pump. Te plant community within the
system consisted primarily of Panicum repens, Atternanthera plodoxeroides,
and Bacopa caroliniana. Norurazon and simazine were injected directly to
the water pumped into the ow-way using an eighteen channel peristaltic
pump for two hours at a rate of 51.1 grams each. Samples were collected
from the ow-way upstream of the dosing system at 3 hr intervals from the
beginning through 360 hours and at the exit point at 1, 2, and 3 hr intervals
for the periods of 0-24, 25-48 and 49-360 hrs after dosing, respectively,
using cooled automatic water samplers. Te herbicides were extracted using
C-18 cartridges that were pre-washed using acetone and nanopure water.
Tey were analyzed by GC-TSD, using RTX-5 and RTX-50 columns
for conrmation and quantication. Te MDLs for each herbicide were
1.24 g/L for norurazon and 0.99 g /L for simazine. Percent recoveries
from spiked samples ranged from 99.6 to 117.4%. Te total mass of each
herbicide discharged from the system was estimated by multiplying the
concentration by the total volume discharged during the sampled period.
Norurazon was rst detected at the exit 18 hrs after dosing and simazine
after 23 hrs. Te maximum concentrations occurred from 46 to 75 hrs for
norurazon and after 38 hrs for simazine. Mean, minimum, and maximum
detected concentrations of norurazon and simazine were 3.9 g/L, 1.75
g/L, 8.1 g/L and 12.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 23.6 g/L, respectively. Preliminary
results indicated removal of approximately 36% of each herbicide applied.
WP62 Development and Application of Recreational, Ecological
and Conservation Reuse Risk Assessments for Contaminated Lands.
C.S. Warren, G.R. Biddinger, R.T. Zaleski, Toxicology & Environmental
Science, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ; C.G.
Johnson, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment,
Denver, CO. With the onset of state and federal Brownseld programs,
there has been a concerted eort to focus on managing chemical risk in the
context of future use. For residential and commercial uses this is a straight
forward process. However, as more eorts are focused on reuse of properties
to generate recreational amenities or upgrades in ecological services or
conservation values there is a need to develop a better understanding of
the risk scenarios that such reuses present. In an eort to better understand
the on-going practice of risk assessment related to recreational, ecological
and conservation use scenarios, we have reviewed the literature and existing
regulatory guidance in North America and Europe to assess the state-of-
the-practice. As might be expected there are few publicly available data for
model development and use associated with recreational and ecological
reuses. Recently, the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (www.
itrcweb.org) in partnership with the Wildlife Habitat Council (www.
wildlifehc.org) established a workgroup which produced a guidance
document, Planning and Promoting Ecological Land Reuse of Remediated
Sites (http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/ECO-2.pdf ), to further
promote these types of initiatives. Our purpose is to examine the progress,
current applications and future directions in recreational, ecological and
conservation reuse risk assessment. Te current focus is on the broad global
perspective (e.g. Europe and Asia) as well as individual state and provincial
(Canada) activities and existing regulations. We will provide an overview
of the current state-of-the-practice and report on the results of a survey of
regulators and practitioners on how they approach risk assessment for this
purpose. Available data to support risk-based analysis specic to recreational
reuse will be summarized, along with recommendations for key data
considerations when applying the risk assessment process for recreational
reuse of contaminated lands.
WP63 An Innovative Approach in Assessing the Aquatic Fate of
Cyclopentane. C. Lee, E.M. Gallagher, D.A. Winkelmann, E.J. Febbo,
ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences Inc., Annandale, NJ. As a class, smaller
ring and larger, alkyl substituted naphthenics are predicted to be persistent.
As the carbon number increases either by increasing ring size or alkyl group
addition, these hydrocarbons are predicted to be bioaccumulative as well
as persistent. Cyclopentane is widely used, and the assumption that it is
persistent and bioaccumulative would lead to signicant overestimation
of the environmental distribution of this substance. Further because
cyclopentane is widely dispersed due to its end-uses, erroneously high
human and environmental exposure would be predicted. Since cyclopentane
fate data were limited, a thorough investigation of biodegardation potential
was conducted. Te study objective was to develop an enhanced microbial
culture which could extensively biodegrade cyclopentane. Samples from
pond sediment, soil from a decommissioned renery site, and activated
sludge from a municipal facility, all from New Jersey, were pooled to prepare
an enriched microbial composite. Te inoculum, composited from these
multiple sources, was acclimated to cyclopentane as sole carbon source and
subsequently shown to be capable of rapidly biodegrading cyclopentane.
Te eciency of biodegradation was improved by re-exposing the inoculum
to fresh cyclopentane in sequential tests. Test results indicated that rapid
biodegradation occurred, with more than 70% of cyclopentane ultimately
oxidized, in 28 days or less. Inoculum preparation and acclimation and
comparison of test results to model hydrocarbon degradation will be
presented.
WP64 Database Development for Regional Scale Ecological Risk
Assessment in the Delaware Estuary. G. Murphy, T. Morrison, B. Baker,
V. Pellerito, URS Corporation, Fort Washington, PA; A. DeSantis, R.
Hoke, R. Stahl, DuPont Corporate Remediation Group, Wilmington,
DE. Traditional ecological risk assessment models are often insucient for
regional scale assessments due to the broad diversity of stressors, habitats,
and assessment endpoints that can exist in regional settings. Te Relative
Risk Model (RRM) is an adaptation of the traditional ecological risk
assessment paradigm that incorporates the interactions and impacts of
multiple stressors and their sources occurring in a given region using a rank
based approach. In support of a regional scale ecological risk assessment
using the RRM approach, we developed a searchable, spatial database of
current environmental information in the Delaware Estuary. Te database
design consists of two linked information systems, including a stand-
alone searchable Microsoft Access database and an ArcGIS geodatabase,
developed following best practice database design standards with integrated
use in mind. Te spatial database is built on the ESRI ArcHydro Data
Model, modied for the specic functional needs of the RRM. Information
relevant to the RRM was prioritized based on spatial coverage, electronic
accessibility, and age of information. Presently over 1.3 million records are
housed in the database including information from various categories such
as chemical, physiochemical, river ow, industrial/municipal water use
inventories, and biological stock assessments. Te extent of environmental
information incorporated into the database was facilitated by joint
participation among state and federal agencies, academic institutions,
non-governmental organizations, and industry. Te database provides the
information necessary to advance the RRM approach and regional scale
ecological risk assessment in the Delaware Estuary by increasing the models
functionality for future applications and iterations. Although the intent of
the database was to support the regional risk assessment, it has an array of
potential alternative applications for stakeholders involved in management
decisions throughout the Delaware Estuary, such as natural resource
management and restoration.
WP65 Diagnosis of ecosystem impairment is needed to attain
good ecological status. D. de Zwart, L. Posthuma, Lab Ecological Risk
Assessment, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Te protection of aquatic
communities has historically been evaluated via two main methods: 1)
benchmarking against water quality criteria and 2) biomonitoring to
determine ecological status. Te rst method assumes that the primary
causative agent for adverse eects to aquatic communities is chemical
presence and concentration. Te second method does not assume a
particular cause for adverse eects, but measures the ecological status
directly by comparison to ecological reference sites. Tese methods do not
identify the factors that can be considered possible causes of impact. Where
linkages have been made, they are often limited to qualitative weight-of-
evidence methods that are often value-laden and contingent upon the levels
of expertise and knowledge. Te end results of these pragmatic evaluation
methods are often inconsistent, resulting in unclear communication on
the role of contaminant mixtures and other stress-factors, and in disparate
management proposals for aquatic resources. Hence, what is needed is
a quantitative methodology that will enable appropriate assignment of
causality relative to measured and/or predicted biological impacts, and that
subsequently will assist a more consistent interpretation of causes if impacts,
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and more consistent management schemes. In an ongoing European
program, MODELKEY, a multidisciplinary approach is followed to analyze
impacts and probable causes in river catchments. Tis program aims at
developing interlinked and veried predictive modeling tools as well as
state-of-the-art eect assessment and analytical methods generally applicable
to European freshwater and marine ecosystems. Our target is to develop
innovative models for diagnosis, prediction and understanding eects on
biodiversity and approaches to calibrate and verify these models. Te aim of
this contribution is to introduce, describe and compare a set of approaches
that link the compound- and the ecology based evaluation methods in a
novel framework.
WP66 Predicting the toxicity, physical and chemical properties of
new polymers from a classication system based on their components.
R.F. Lawuyi, D. Porter, Environment Canada, Gatineau, Ontario, Canada.
Te toxicity, physical and chemical properties of polymers are essential for
their risk assessment. However, for many new polymers these properties
are not often available or known. We have been developing a classication
system based on the dierent components of polymers e.g. backbone
structure, endgroups and pendant groups along the polymer chain. One
of our main goals is to determine which of these components are the main
determinants of the dierent properties. In our study, several polymers were
selected and their endgroups, backbone, and pendant groups identied.
Te functional groups/organic elements of which they are composed were
entered in a database. Te gross properties of the polymers were then
compared based on certain structural components e.g. alkyl backbone.
WP67 Ecotoxicity of and Derivation of Preliminary Safe Water
Concentrations for Peruorobutryic Acid (PFBA). J. Newsted, Entrix,
Okemos, MI; S. Beach, M. Santoro, 3M, St. Paul, MN; H. Krueger,
Wildlife International Ltd, Easton, MD. Peruorobutyric acid (PFBA)
is a four carbon peruorinated chemical that can be released into the
environment from several sources such as manufacturing operations and
as a breakdown end-product of precursors. PFBA has been identied and
quantied at low concentrations (ppb) in a few water bodies including
several rivers that receive euents from industrial sources. However, the
ecotoxicological signicance of these water concentrations has not yet
been addressed. Tis paper reviews all relevant physical/chemical and
ecotoxicological properties of PFBA to evaluate the environmental fate in
aquatic ecosystems as well as to assess the potential impact on ecologically
relevant freshwater plants and organisms. Overall, these data indicate
that while PFBA may persist in the environment, it is not expected
to bioaccumulate into aquatic organisms or the aquatic food chain.
Ecotoxicological studies with nine freshwater organisms indicate that PFBA
is non-toxic to moderately toxic with LC50 values ranging from greater than
10,000 mg/L to approximately 100 mg/l. Algae appear to be slightly more
sensitive than aquatic organisms with no-eect concentration of 29 mg/L.
Using the methods of the USEPA (GLI) as well as the European Unions
REACH program, ecotoxicological benchmarks and predicted no eect
concentrations (PNECs) were calculated. Based on these values, measured
water PFBA concentrations are not expected to pose a signicant risk to
aquatic environments.
WP68 Eects of polychlorinated dibenzofurans on mink. D.P. Kay,
M. Shotwell, J. Newsted, ENTRIX, Inc, Okemos, MI; M. Zwiernik, S.
Bursian, J. Moore, J. Giesy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI;
K. Beckett, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc, Topsham, ME; L. Aylward,
Summit Toxicolgy, L.L.P., Falls Church, VA; R. Budinsky, Te Dow
Chemical Company, Midland, MI; J. Giesy, Univeristy of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Tis report compares the toxic eects
reported for lab and eld studies with exposures to dioxin-like compounds
and demonstrates that concentrations at which adverse eects occur cannot
be determined reliably for complex mixtures in which polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs) dominate the total calculated TEQ values. Tree
studies discussed herein include a 3-year eld study during which indicators
of individual health were determined for mink chronically exposed to
a mixture of PCDFs and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)
under eld conditions, a lab chronic exposure study in which mink were
exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF) through diet,
and an evaluation of the toxicokinetics of 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-
pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF). In the chronic eld exposure of
mink to primarily PCDF, there were no statistically signicant dierences
in any parameters between mink exposed to a median estimated dietary
dose of 31 ng TEQ
2006-WHO-mammal
/kg ww, and mink from a reference area
with a median dietary exposure of 0.68 ng TEQ
2006-WHO-mammal
/kg ww.
Similarly, chronic lab exposure of mink to TCDF as great as 2.4x10
3
ng
TCDF/kg ww feed (2.4x10
2
ngTEQ
2006-WHO-mammal
/kg ww feed) exhibited
transient decreases in body masses of kits as the only statistically signicant
eect observed. In both studies, concentrations of TEQ
2006-WHO-mammal

exposure exceeded those at which adverse eects, based on studies with
PCDD or PCB congeners, would have been expected. Te reason for this
is unknown, however, the results of the toxicokinetics study of 2,3,7,8-
TCDF and 4-PeCDF in mink demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-TCDF is
quickly metabolized relative to TCDD and 4-PeCDF. Tus, the apparent
discrepancy between predicted and observed relative potency for 2,3,7,8-
TCDF and mixtures containing 2,3,7,8-TCDF as compared to TCDD- and
PCB 126-containing mixtures may be in part due to dissimilar metabolic
transformation and elimination. Te results of these studies suggest
that hazard cannot be accurately predicted by making comparisons to
TRVs derived from exposure studies conducted with PCBs or PCDDs in
situations where mink are exposed to TEQ mixtures dominated by PCDFs.
WP69 Assessing the Ecological Risk of ULV Aerial Applications of
Permethrin to Control Mosquitoes in Florida using both Laboratory
and Field-Derived Measures of Exposure and Eects. M. Feken, Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, FL; H.
Zhong, C. Brock, Public Health Entomology Research and Education
Center, Panama City, FL; E. Hunter, Beach Mosquito Control District,
Panama City Beach, FL. Currently, several mosquito adulticide products
registered in Florida contain permethrin. While allowed by EPA for use in
all states, aerial applications of these products for adult mosquito control
are not permitted in the state of Florida by the Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services based on past concerns for adverse
eects to aquatic organisms. Previous risk determinations were often
made without environmental fate data or data associated with the use of
aerial ULV applications for mosquito control. Tis assessment attempts to
determine the ecological risk associated with the use of permethrin as an
aerial adulticide using laboratory, modeling and eld-derived measures of
exposure and eects. Our initial assessment utilized exposure factors that
would be expected under reasonable worst-case conditions. Te results
indicate that direct adverse eects to sh are not expected. For typical use
scenarios, adverse eects to aquatic invertebrates also are not expected, but
adverse eects may occur to sensitive aquatic invertebrates under worst-
case conditions (e.g., high deposition rate on a shallow waterbody). In
order to verify estimates of both exposure and eects, a eld study was
conducted under reasonable worst-case exposure conditions (shallow water
in open area). Te aim of the study was to achieve satisfactory mosquito
control (>90% mortality) via aerial ULV spray, while evaluating impacts
to sh. Laboratory-reared juvenile and adult of mosquito sh, Gambusia
holbrooki, were used for the eld non-target bioassay. Samples (water,
yarn and lter paper) from 12 experimental stations (9 treatment and
3 control stations) were collected and analyzed for permethrin residue.
Average mortality for adult sh was similar (i.e., no signicant dierence)
between control and treatment stations ranging from 5.3 to 16.8% during
the 5-day post application observation period. Less than 1% of the juvenile
sh died in permethrin-exposed bioassays compared to no mortality in the
controls. Tis research conrmed our initial hypothesis that the aerial ULV
application of permethrin, when applied according to the label, is eective
in controlling adult mosquitoes without causing unacceptable risk to non-
target sh.
WP70 Pesticide levels in vegetables and water and related health risk
assessment in Central Amazon - Brazil. P.S. Campos, A.V. Waichman,
Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus,
AMAZONAS, Brazil. Food consumption is an important route of human
exposure to pesticides. Te Brazilian Amazon, the use of pesticides in
oodplain areas, seasonally ooded land, where fresh vegetables are
produced for regional urban markets, is intensive and incorrect threatening
the environment and the health of farmers and consumers. Te study
was undertaken in oodplain areas near Manaus (Amazonas State), the
main urban center of the Brazilian Amazon. It focuses on 3 sites: Manaus,
Iranduba, and Careiro da Vrzea where the production of fruits and
vegetables are concentrated. In order to assess the potential health risks
associated with pesticides due vegetables and water consumption 10
communities and 5 farmers per community were selected in each site,
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where vegetables samples were collected. Pesticide residues were analyzed
in samples of cucumber, bunching onion, lettuce and cabbage, vegetables
with the larger consumption among the local population. Water samples
were collected in small streams near plantation areas or from wells used
by population. Te residual concentration of selected pesticides (methyl
parathion, malathion, delamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) in vegetables
and water use by the population were evaluated by headspace solid phase
microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography electron capture
detection (GC-ECD). Te concentration of pesticides in vegetables and
water were above the established limits for methyl parathion, malathion.
For the other pesticides the residue levels were below the safe limits. Te
analysis of health risk indicated that parathion methyl, malathion and
lambda cyhalotrin posed risk to human health. Detlamethin did not pose
acute risk but continuous consumption of vegetables and water even
with low contamination level can poses risk for population in the long
term. Te study is an initial screening of potential risk and could lead to
a sub-conservative risk assessment because we did not consider the risk of
contaminated sh consumption. Overall, despite the limitations associated
with the analysis, the assessment undertaken indicates a potentially high
risk and represents an important step toward a more comprehensive
understanding and evaluation of human health risks associated with
pesticide exposure in developing countries.
WP71 Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
and Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) Contaminants and Teir
Ecotoxicological Implications in Karachi Harbour Arera. N. Khan,
chemistry, National Institute of Oceanography, Karachi, sindh, PAKISTAN;
M. Muller, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology,
Brisban, Queensland, Australia; I. Bhanger, Centre of Excellence in
Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Janshoro, sindh, PAKISTAN.
Surcial sediment samples were collected from Karachi harbour area for
the assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides (OC pesticides) and Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and evaluate for biological eects-based
Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). A larger variation (>0.01 to 12.5 ng
g-1 dry wt) was observed in total OC pesticides contamination levels in
the sediment samples collected from various localities of Karachi harbour
area. Te residue of DDT mainly its metabolites DDE and DDD were
widely distributed and have been detected in most of the sediment samples
in relatively higher concentrations. It was observed that total DDTs
concentration (>0.01 to 6 ng g-1 dry wt.) contributed highest amongst all
analyzed OC pesticides contaminants. Te higher proportion (>4095%)
of pp'-DDE in of most the sediment samples suggests old inputs of DDTs
in the environment. Te concentrations of various PAHs in the Karachi
harbour area were in the range of >39-300 ng g-1 dry wt. Relatively higher
concentrations of higher molecular weight PAHs such as (Benz(b+k)
Fluoranthene, Benz(e)pyrene, Benz(a) pyrene and Perylene) were detected
at close proximity of the discharge points of Lyari river. Te lowest PAHs
concentration was found in the seaward stations. It was observed that mean
residual concentration of various OC Pesticides and PAHs are considerably
higher in semi enclose area of the upper Harbour. Te elevated levels of
OC pesticides and total PAHs were related to untreated euents from
coastal industries, domestic sewage and land run o in the Karachi harbour
area. Nevertheless, the concentration did not exceed the levels for Severe
Eects Level (SEL) and concentration of individual OC pesticide and
PAHs also found much lower than the levels dened by Canadian Sediment
Quality Guidelines for the protection of Aquatic Life (CCME, 2002). Tis
investigation reveals the declining trend on the environmental burden of
OC pesticides in Pakistan marine environment.
WP72 Ecological Risk Assessment for Onshore Oilelds in a
Tropical Rain Forest, Trinidad. S.C. Peterson, ERM, Exton, PA; D. Reyes,
Ecoengineering Consultants Limited, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Tropical environments present unique challenges for evaluating ecological
risks. Most available guidance focuses on species of temperate regions, and
there is little precedence for ecological risk assessments in tropical rain
forests. Eects of oil on terrestrial and freshwater species in tropical systems
have not been widely investigated. In Trinidad and Tobago, the regulations
mandate the performance of ERAs to support Environmental Impact
Assessments for certain development projects, including a proposed project
by Petrotrin to drill 20 wells in two existing oilelds in South Trinidad.
Given the type of operations that exist within the oilelds, as well as the
information available, a Screening Level ERA was conducted. Te elds are
adjacent to or within tropical forest reserves, and near to rivers. Terefore,
both aquatic and terrestrial pathways were investigated. Chemicals of
concern included petroleum hydrocarbons and other constituents in
crude oil, produced water, drilling uids and cement additives. Receptors
identied included terrestrial vegetation, birds, mammals, terrestrial
invertebrates and reptiles and amphibians. To address the potential risks
of the proposed development, an investigation of existing conditions was
conducted. Only the heavier fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were
found in soil. Barium, cadmium, lead, zinc and mercury were found
at concentrations in excess of applicable screening benchmarks in soil.
Lead was the only heavy metal found in the surface water in excess of the
screening benchmark, while both lead and arsenic were found in excess of
the available benchmarks in the sediments downstream of the oileld. Te
main concern for birds and other wildlife with respect to oil contamination
is by physical contact and ingestion. Several species noted in the study area
are considered more vulnerable to exposure due to their habits. Several
mammal species are considered particularly vulnerable to hydrocarbon and
metals contamination (lead and zinc) since they either burrow into the soil
or live on the soil surface. In the water column, invertebrates and sh were
considered vulnerable to lead contamination. Tese organisms are already
poorly represented in the nearby streams. In the sediment, arsenic and lead
were found at concentrations potentially toxic to the benthos which are
already poorly represented in nearby streams.
WP73 Te use of derived euent release limits to guide the
environmental design of a new uranium mine. E.L. Robertson, Cameco
Corporation, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; R.V. Nicholson, EcoMetrix
Incorporated, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Te Millennium project
is a potential uranium mine located in northern Saskatchewan, Canada
that has yet to enter the formal environmental assessment process. Project
approval under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Acts screening
and comprehensive environmental assessment processes is contingent on
showing that the project will not likely cause signicant adverse eects.
Although this determination is dependent on many factors, it is generally
accepted that if the predicted concentrations in the environment and/
or doses to Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) are less than toxicity
reference values (TRVs), signicant adverse eects are not expected. As
a result, one of the environmental design objectives for the Millennium
project was to have concentrations of constituents of potential concern
(COPCs) in the receiving environment less than TRVs. One of the highest
prole environmental impacts from mining is the long-term release of
treated mine euent into the aquatic environment. As such, euent
design (quantity, quality and point of discharge) is critical to ensure
signicant adverse eects are avoided. Te ecological risk model employed
can determine the assimilative capacity of the receiving environment and
back-calculate derived euent release limits (DERLs) based on the most
sensitive aquatic receptor. Because the Millennium project is still in the pre-
feasibility stage, this type of environmental screening analysis was used to
determine whether or not further mitigation and/or treatment is required.
Moon Lake (the purposed receiving environment) was considered in four
congurations to calculate DERLs and determine the optimal point of
discharge. Comparisons revealed that discharging into the Moon Lakes
northwest basin (the original design) would exceed more TRVs for selected
COPCs than discharging into the main body of Moon Lake. Based on
these results and the fact that the predicted euent quality is based on
best available practicable technology, relocation of the point of discharge is
currently planned. Future work is under way to move beyond the screening-
level assessment by rening the inputs and assumptions of the model. Tis
includes assessment of upper bound treated mine euent and contingency
releases and compartmentalizing the main body of Moon Lake to get a more
accurate representation of near eld and far eld eects.
WP74 Direct Extrapolation of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors
(BSAFs). L.P. Burkhard, P.M. Cook, M.T. Lukasewycz, NHEERL, MED,
US-EPA, Duluth, MN. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for
sh and shellsh were extrapolated directly from one location and species
to other species, to other locations within a site, to other sites, and their
combinations. Te median errors in the extrapolations across species at a
location were 2.0 fold for sh, mussel, and decapoda species groups. For
extrapolations within a site for a specic species and across species, the
median errors were 2.7 fold. For extrapolations across sites, slightly larger
median errors were observed, i.e., 6.6 fold. Te analyses were performed
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using a data set of more than 20,000 BSAFs spanning 393 chemicals/
chemical combinations, 97 species, and fresh, marine, and tidal ecosystems.
Tis was the rst step in a process designed to rigorously examine the
predictive power of reported BSAFs for estimating bioaccumulation in the
absence of site and species specic data. Tis abstract does not necessarily
reect EPA policy.
WP75 Investigating Groundwater Perchlorate Expression in
Wetland Plants in the Southeastern United States. J. Lindberg, Shaw
Environmental and Infrastructure, Knoxville, TN. Tis poster presents the
methodology used to determine whetherand to what extent-- perchlorate
in a known groundwater plume is being expressed in aquatic plant tissue
in a wetlands system in the Southeastern United States. Concentrations as
high as 1,000 parts per billion (ppb) of perchlorate in groundwater have
been detected within the RSA-146 groundwater unit at Redstone Arsenal.
Te perchlorate plume partially underlies an extensive wetland system to
the northeast of the source area. Groundwater is suspected to be connected
to the sediment and surface water media in the wetlands, and transport
of perchlorate into these media, and subsequently into plants, may pose
a risk to ecological receptors that ingest the plants as food items. Termal
infrared aerial photographs were used to identify potential spring locations
where groundwater and surface water may interact. A sampling strategy was
then developed targeting these areas for co-located surface water/sediment
and plant tissue (herbaceous and woody) to determine concentrations of
perchlorate in abiotic and biotic media. Tis study was designed as part of
a larger integrator-operable unit (IOU) investigation of potential impacts
from industrial source areas on ecological communities in surrounding
wetlands. Details of the study design and results of the analytical evaluation
are presented.
WP76 Te Inuence of Data Handling Decisions in Applying
Quantile Regression to Biosurvey Data. P. Shaw-Allen, M. Grith,
Oce of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. Quantile
regression for the analysis of bioassessment data is becoming more accessible
as software applications such as SAS now include it among their procedures.
At this point, it would be helpful for our science to systematically prod the
method in order to illustrate how our data handling decisions inuence
the outcome of an analysis. Primarily using EMAP data for the Colorado
metals belt, the implications of data handling decisions are explored. Data
handling decisions are critical as they will inuence the t of the model,
the number of data points available, the breadth of data points along the
X and Y axes and ultimately, the number of usable plots derived from the
data. For example, the Colorado Metals Belt data set identies which sites
have toxic sediment or water. Excluding these sites can dramatically reduce
the AB50 point estimate, have little eect on the AB50 point estimate or, in
some cases, obscure the stressor-response wedge. Tis exploration includes
approaches to classication, normalization, the use of polynomial, truncated
and segmented quantile regression and the treatment of outliers and leverage
points. Ultimately, transparency is of utmost importance when presenting or
applying quantile regression results.
WP77 Regional Extrapolation of GIS-Based WOE/WLR
Methodology for Tier-1 Watershed Risk Assessment. K. Kapo, G.
Burton, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University,
Dayton, OH; E. Pemberton, C. Wells, P. Whitehouse, Environment Agency
Science Group, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Te GIS-based weights
of evidence/weighted logistic regression (WOE/WLR) methodology for
ecological risk assessment, which has been previously applied to data for
rivers in the state of Ohio, was applied in a pilot study to river and land
use data from the United Kingdom for a study area consisting of England
and Wales. Te general applicability and success of the methodology when
applied to a completely dierent study region and set of data sources was
evaluated. Te GIS WOE/WLR method spatially relates the distribution
of biological patterns of interest with the spatial patterns of environmental
stressors using Bayesian statistics and logistic regression which incorporate
geographic study area. While biological and stressor variables diered
between the separate regional applications, both Ohio and the UK
applications of the method yielded signicant model ts in predicting the
location of biological impairment based on stressor patterns. Te metals
toxicity variable (msPAF, De Zwart et al.) used in both the Ohio and
UK applications were both signicant in specically urban land use. Te
regional extrapolation of the method to the UK study area provided a case
study demonstrating the applicability of the method to other geographic
regions, as well as potentially useful risk assessment information for England
and Wales, including macrofauna impairment probability maps and
hypothesized stressors. Additionally, the study compared the variability of
average water chemistry monitoring sample values over 10 years to within 1
year, as well as by season.
WP78 Benecial Use Impairment Investigation for Eighteenmile
Creek, Lockport, NY, USA. C. Mach, K. Erickson, M. Galloway, S.
Meegan, Ecology and Environment, Inc., Lancaster, NY; V. Digiacomo,
Niagara County Soil and Water Conservation District, Lockport, NY; C.
Sousa, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Bemidji, MN; J.
Wolf, Environmental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, VA. Tree potential
Benecial Use Impairments (BUIs) at Eighteenmile Creek (EMC), a
Great Lakes Area of Concern (AOC), were evaluated: (1) existence of sh
tumors and other deformities; (2) status of sh and wildlife populations;
and (3) status of bird or mammal deformities or reproductive impairment.
Each of these three BUIs has been identied as needing further assessment
in the EMC Remedial Action Plan. To evaluate impairment in EMC,
the following data were collected from EMC and an ecologically similar
background creek, Oak Orchard Creek (OOC), and compared: (1) sh
diversity, abundance, and condition; (2) wildlife diversity and abundance;
(3) concentrations of PCBs and dioxins/furans in brown bullheads
(Ameiurus nebulosus); and (4) prevalence of external, internal, and liver
tumors in brown bullheads. Both creeks are tributaries of Lake Ontario,
are of similar size and surrounding geography, and are subject to water
level uctuations due to changes in lake water levels. A weight-of-evidence
(WOE) approach was used to evaluate the status of each BUI. Te status of
the rst BUI was previously unknown. Data collected for this investigation
suggest that EMC is mildly impaired in this regard. Te impairment is
based on a three-fold greater incidence of barbel deformities in bullheads
from EMC compared with OOC sh. Te status of the second BUI also
was previously unknown. Te data collected for this investigation suggest
that bird and amphibian populations at EMC are not impaired, but that
sh populations likely are. Possible impairment of sh populations at EMC
is the result of high PCB levels in sh. Whole-body PCB concentrations in
bullheads from EMC were 10 times greater than in OOC bullheads and
exceeded critical PCB tissue concentrations for adverse eects on sh. Te
status of the third BUI was previously considered to be likely impaired. Our
investigation supports this suspicion. Specically, the present investigation
found that PCB levels in sh from EMC may be great enough to adversely
aect reproduction of piscivorous mammals. Tis poster will summarize the
data collected, illustrate how a WOE approach was used in the evaluation,
and discuss ways to improve conditions in the EMC AOC.
WP79 Renement of Chemicals of Potential Concern in Ecological
Risk Assessment. N. Luke, D. Klerides, CDM Federal Programs
Corporation, New York City, NY; C. Nace, S. Badalamenti, USEPA
Region 2, New York City, NY. Te Lawrence Aviation Industries (LAI)
Superfund site, located in the Village of Port Jeerson Station, Suolk
County, New York, was the location of a manufacturer of titanium sheeting
for the aeronautics industry. Past disposal practices resulted in a variety
of contaminant releases including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
acid wastes, oils, sludge, metals, and other plant wastes. Te Port Jeerson
Harbor, an outlet to the Long Island Sound, lies approximately one mile to
the north, in the direction of groundwater ow. Based on the ndings of the
remedial investigation and feasibility study, the volatile organic compound
(VOC) plume migrated toward the Port Jeerson Harbor. In addition, an
upward hydraulic gradient forced the plume upward, toward the ground
surface near Old Mill Creek and Old Mill Pond, which are directly south
to the Port Jeerson Harbor and north of the LAI site. Tus, surface water
and sediment in Old Mill Pond and Creek were also contaminated with
VOCs. A screening-level ecological risk assessment (SLERA) was prepared
to identify the potential environmental risks associated with contaminated
soil, surface water, and sediment. Based on the nature of the SLERA,
the most conservative assumptions were utilized and 30-50 chemicals of
potential concern (COPCs) were identied in soil, sediment and surface
water. Subsequently, these COPCs were reevaluated and rened by using
less conservative, and site- and species-specic assumptions. As a result, the
number of COPCs was reduced to ve or fewer in various media. Because
species-specic benchmarks were used in this renement, the risk managers
were able to determine that the remediation needed to consider only cis-1,2-
dichoroethene in surface water at Old Mill Creek and Pond, and only PCBs
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in soils at the LAI facility. Consequently, this COPC renement at the LAI
site also demonstrated that a costly and time consuming baseline ecological
risk assessment was unwarranted.
WP80 Establishing a multistakeholder group and applying
the relative risk assessment model to the Delaware River estuary
watershed, USA. R.A. Hoke, Haskell Global Centers for Health and
Environmental Science, DuPont, Newark, DE; A. De Santis, R. Stahl,
Corporate Remediation Group, DuPont, Wilmington, DE; J. Duda,
Integral Consulting, Inc, Annapolis, MD; T. Ianuzzi, Arcadis, US, Inc,
Annapolis, MD. Human activities have aected the Delaware River Estuary
watershed for more than four centuries. Since the early 19th century,
the riparian zone of the estuary and its varied habitats have been altered
by urbanization and industrialization and the accompanying physical,
chemical, and biological stressors and associated changes in water quality
and ecological communities. Understanding both the historical and
current stressors that have resulted in the current status of the watershed
is important in the Delaware Estuary as this is needed to help dene and
prioritize a range of possible local and regional restoration monitoring
and study options. In earlier presentations we have reported on segments
of the 2005-2007 DuPont study (i.e., the Delaware River Study) which
evaluated the historical background and present conditions in the Delaware
Estuary watershed. A relative risk model (RRM) for the Estuary watershed
was also developed in this initial eort as a tool to understand the relative
importance of existing stressors. Te initial results indicate that a host of
physical, chemical and biological stressors aect the Estuary watershed. Tis
presentation will describe a segment of Phase 2 of the study that is targeted
at establishing a public / private partnership or watershed group. We discuss
how such a group, once formed, could use the RRM and other tools to
track improvements in the Estuary resulting from restoration or other
management actions. A second presentation at this meeting by others on
our team will discuss the challenges faced in coupling the existing RRM for
the Delaware River / Estuary with GIS-referenced physical, chemical, and
biological environmental data.
WP81 Advantage of Ecological Risk Assessment-Derived Cleanup
Criteria Versus Regulatory Standards in Determining Sediment
Excavation Volumes at the Deloro Mine Site, Ontario, Canada. J.T.
Kroetsch, CH2MHILL Canada Limited, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada;
B. Sample, CH2MHILL, Sacramento, CA. Mining at the Deloro Mine
Site began in the mid 1860s and continued until 1961. Tese operations
resulted in large quantities of mine tailings, rening slag, and other wastes
contaminating sediment within Youngs Creek. Te Ontario Ministry of
the Environment (MOE), which assumed control of the site in 1979, is
developing a rehabilitation strategy and management plan for all wastes
at the site. Previous investigation indicated the most viable solution for
contaminated material at the site to be isolation and containment. Cleanup
to natural background was prohibitively costly and not considered a
prudent expenditure of public or private funds. A more pragmatic approach
was adopted, in which mitigative action was directed at risk reduction.
Risks to human and ecological receptors associated with the site following
rehabilitation were assessed. Site-specic sediment toxicity bioassays
were completed as part of the ERA and involved using two Environment
Canada recommended test species: Chironomus riparius and Hyalella
azteca. Logistic dose-response models were t to Hyalella and Chironomus
survival data to develop site-specic eect thresholds to be used as clean-up
goals. Sediment cleanup criteria were developed for nine metals (antimony,
arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc) identied
as COCs from the risk assessment or observed to display clear dose-response
relationships. Sediment chemistry data from Youngs Creek were compared
to the ERA derived sediment cleanup criteria as well as to regulatory
standards. Te volume of sediment required to be excavated to meet
regulatory standards was approximately 267,000 m3 compared to a volume
of approximately 128,000 m3 to meet the site-specic cleanup criteria.
Te ERA based criteria represent an approximate 50 percent reduction
in the volume of sediment to be removed resulting in decreased time and
expenditure to complete the remediation work.
WP82 Ecological Risk Assessment of water quality on health and
physiology of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Estero Bay Estuary,
Hendry Creek, Florida. E. Dykes, A. Volety, CWI, Florida Gulf Coast
University, Fort Myers, FL; J. Nelson, Environmental Assessment and
Restoration, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Fort Myers,
FL. Geohistorical analysis of sediment cores have shown oyster reefs were
once a signicant feature of Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Recent alterations
in freshwater inow resulting from watershed development and water
management practices have however impacted salinity and water quality
leading to declines in oyster populations within southwest Florida estuaries.
Tis project examined the relationship between contaminants and water
quality on the responses of American oyster, Crassostrea virginica in Hendry
Creek, Estero Bay. Various metals, pesticides, and PCBs were measured
in both the water column and in the oyster tissues and evaluated with
respect to oyster condition index, disease prevalence of Perkinsus marinus,
reproductive state of adult oysters, growth and survival of caged juvenile
oysters, and oyster spat settlement. Results indicate that oyster condition
index, spat recruitment, prevalence and infection intensity of Perkinsus
marinus showed a seasonal trend and increased downstream. Metal
concentrations varied between sampling locations and months. Average
metal concentrations were below national averages. Oyster responses closely
correlated with seasonality (salinity), rather than due to contaminant levels.
Tese results will support management decisions as to whether oyster
restoration would be successful in Hendry Creek as well as determine
desired water quality conditions for the estuary.
WP83 An Integrated Multi-Model Methodology for Determination
of Physical/Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate. T. Hateld,
3M Environmental Laboratory, St Paul, MN; J. Straka, H.D. Johnson,
Pace Analytical - LabOps Division, St Paul, MN. All molecular models give
correct predictions part of the time. Equally true, all models give incorrect
predictions part of the time. We have developed an integrated multi-model
approach to increase the reliability of the predictions. Te models used
include EPI Suite v3.20, ACD Log D, Oasis CATABOL, OASIS POPs,
OECD Toolbox, ChemAxon Marvin and Spartan Pro. Using this approach,
we have modeled in excess of 300 materials not currently in any of the
models training sets where the accuracy of the integrated approach was
validated. Accuracy was signicantly improved for all properties predicted
using integrated model approach versus the performance of any one
individual model.
WP84 A comparison of methods for estimating wildlife dietary
exposure concentration using measured concentrations of dietary
items. S.A. Roark, D.P. Kay, S.A. Newsted, ENTRIX, Inc., Okemos,
MI; M.J. Zwiernik, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; J.P.
Giesy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. In
ecological risk assessment, US EPA guidance recommends characterizing
exposure with measures of central tendency (CT) and reasonable maximum
(RM). However, the choice of parameters to represent these measures diers
depending on specic guidance and on characteristics of the data. To address
this issue, methods were compared for estimating parameters to describe
dietary concentration based on measured concentrations of dioxin and
furan TEQ (WHO 2006) in dietary items for mink on the Tittabawassee
River (Michigan, USA). Te rst approach was to estimate each parameter
(median, mean, 95% upper condence limit of the mean (95%UCL), 95th
centile, and maximum) for each dietary category, then weight by dietary
proportion, and nally sum each parameter across categories. Te second
approach was similar to the rst, but raw data were log-transformed. Te
third approach was to iteratively sample (with replacement) one item
from each category, weight by dietary proportion, and sum. Tis method
generates the distribution of possible dietary concentrations without
assumptions about the distribution of the data in each category. Te
fourth approach, a variation of the third, was to t a distribution to the
data in each dietary category with n15, then randomly sample from each
distribution, weight by dietary proportion, and sum. Where n<15 in a
category (two occurrences here), the data were sampled iteratively, as in the
third approach. Using the rst and second approaches, the median, mean,
95%UCL, 95th centile, and maximum dietary concentrations were 25,
31, 45, 71, and 104 ng TEQ/kg and 25, 21, 38, 68, and 104 ng TEQ/
kg, respectively. Using the third and fourth approaches, the median, mean,
95%UCL, 95th centile, and maximum were 29, 31, 31, 54, 82 ng TEQ/
kg and 29, 31, 31, 54, and 119 ng TEQ/kg, respectively. Te results for
mean and 95%UCL of the rst and second approaches were strongly
inuenced by the log-transformation. Te results of the third and fourth
approaches were similar, but use of unbounded distributions in fourth
approach overestimated the maximum. Te iterative sampling approaches
do not require making assumptions about the distribution of the data in
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each dietary category, and unlike the rst two approaches, the resulting
distribution of the dietary concentration can be readily described and
presented graphically.
WP85 Concentration-Response Analysis in Support of the Remedial
Investigation of the Bualo River. J. Schoeld, K. Miller, Computer
Sciences Corporation, Alexandria, VA; B. Jones, M. Ross, U.S. EPA Great
Lakes National Program Oce, Chicago, IL; R. Brent, Robert Brent
Consulting, Harrisonburg, VA. Te Bualo River has experienced pollution
problems from years of industrial activity, and contaminated sediments
continue to be a pressing problem. Te U.S. EPA Great Lakes National
Program Oce (GLNPO) and Bualo Niagara Riverkeeper are conducting
a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS) for the Bualo
River, as part of a Great Lakes Legacy Act project. To better understand
the nature of the contamination and risk associated with Bualo River
sediments, GLNPO conducted an integrated analysis of sediment toxicity
and sediment chemistry data generated from several studies of Bualo
River sediments. Concentration-response relationships were evaluated
using results of toxicity and chemistry laboratory analysis of collocated
sediment samples. Evaluating the relationships between concentrations of
individual chemicals (or mixtures) and toxic eects may assist in identifying
contaminants of concern at the site and may be helpful in establishing
preliminary remedial goals. A total of 107 chemical parameters with
collocated sediment toxicity results were initially screened for concentration-
response relationships. Te correlations between parameter concentrations
and three toxicity endpoints were evaluated. Te chemical parameters with
the strongest correlations were generally the same for the three sediment
toxicity endpoints. Tis consistency across toxicity endpoints provided some
reassurance that the correlations represented true concentration-response
relationships. Sediment toxicity data from the Bualo River samples were
conducive to concentration-response curve generation, because the data
were spread over the range of possible measurements. Te concentration-
response curve analysis suggested that the list of 107 chemical parameters
could be narrowed down to seven of the most probable parameters that may
be driving toxicity in Bualo River sediments. Te risk assessment identied
a total of 30 parameters that had hazard quotients greater than one for
benthic toxicity. Te concentration-response curve analysis provided one
line of evidence that may facilitate narrowing down the list of parameters to
those more likely to be causing toxicity. From the generated concentration-
response curves, preliminary cleanup targets also were estimated for key
contaminants.
WP86 Application of Wildlife Inhalation Toxicity Reference Values
for Soil Vapor at Contaminated Sites. L. Judd, S. Peterson, ERM, Inc.,
Exton, PA; M. Shibata, ERM, Inc., Sacramento, CA. While soil vapor
intrusion pathways are often a signicant concern for human health at
contaminated sites, only recently has greater attention been focused on
methods to address potential ecological risks associated with the inhalation
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by burrowing (fossorial) wildlife.
Tese species, such as gophers, mice, rats, ground squirrels, rabbits, foxes
and owls are important components of terrestrial ecosystems, and may
include federal or state protected species. Low air exchange rates within
burrows inhibit vapor-phase dispersal and may result in relatively high
exposures to VOCs by these species via inhalation. Advancements made in
this arena have grown out of ecological risk assessments performed at large
governmental facilities (e.g., Los Alamos National Laboratory, Edwards Air
Force Base, Vandenberg Air Force Base). Methods used to derive ecological
screening levels include the use of laboratory-derived inhalation toxicity
thresholds and the application of uncertainty factors to extrapolate wildlife
toxicity reference values (TRVs). Tese methods may also include the use
of factors to account for dierences in inhalation rate, body weight, home
range, burrow occupancy time, etc. both between test species and wildlife
species, as well as among dierent wildlife receptor species. Dierences in
how uncertainty or other factor are applied can result in TRVs that vary by
an order of magnitude or greater. Moreover, since direct sampling of vapor
levels from animal burrows is almost never conducted, the TRVs are often
compared to soil gas measurements, or to estimates based on vapor intrusion
modeling. Issues such as the depth of soil gas relative to the depth of animal
burrows can have a signicant inuence on risk estimates. A comparison of
the various methods used to develop mammalian inhalation TRVs in the
published literature is presented, and application of these TRVs to data at
contaminated sites is discussed.
WP87 Approaches to Developing Benchmarks for Data-limited
Substances for the Protection of Aquatic Life. S.I. Rodney, R.L. Breton,
T.M. Delongchamp, Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada; P.B. Jiapizian, M.J. Demers, Environment Canada,
Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. In 2007, the Canadian Council of Ministers
of the Environment (CCME) introduced a new national protocol for the
derivation of water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life
(WQG-PALs). Te preferred approach to guideline derivation under the
new protocol makes use of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs; Type A
Guideline), provided there are sucient acceptable toxicity data (n = 6 to
9). Alternatively, a safety factor approach is required for deriving Type B1
and B2 guidelines. However, these B guidelines also have minimum dataset
requirements (n = 4 to 8). New regulatory regimes aimed at protecting
human health and the environment from chemical exposure (e.g., DSL
Categorization and Screening, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and
Restriction of CHemicals REACH) will reduce the amount of toxicity
testing on animals and encourage the use of alternative methods such as
quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) and read-across.
Tus, it is expected that future toxicity data will be lacking for guideline
development. Moreover, toxicity data requirements for pesticides which
are registered under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act (PCPA) often
do not meet minimum data requirements for the derivation of a WQG-
PAL. Science-based benchmarks for environmental protection are needed
despite data limitations. A critical review of approaches which could be
used to derive benchmarks for substances that do not meet the minimum
data requirements for the derivation of WQG-PALs was undertaken. Te
review covers a spectrum of methods dealing with small datasets including
the use of safety or application factors, SSD-based approaches, and methods
of generating data such as QSARs. Tese methods were evaluated based on
their scientic and statistical merit. Preferred approaches are recommended
for deriving benchmarks for substances with limited data depending on the
type and acceptability of available toxicity data.
WP88 Environmental Hazard Characterization of High Production
Volume Chemicals. A. Kim, A. Kennedy, J. Suski, T. Ward, J. Ford, M.
Sonawane, M. Townsend, OPPT/RAD, US EPA, Washington, DC. In
1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the High
Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals Challenge Program, a voluntary
initiative aimed at making publicly available screening-level health and
environmental eects information on chemicals manufactured in or
imported into the United States in quantities greater than one million
pounds per year. Te focus of the HPV Challenge Program is to assess
adequacy of health and environmental toxicity data submitted by chemical
sponsors participating in the program. In 2007, the EPA started developing
screening-level Hazard Characterizations (HC) as the next phase of the
HPV Challenge Program. Submitted information is objectively analyzed to
assess hazard of each individual chemical or member of a chemical category
based primarily upon information submitted as robust summaries during
the information submission phase of the program. Te development of HC
documents consists of analyzing the following: physicochemical properties,
environmental fate, environmental toxicity and mammalian toxicity. Te
available HC reports are posted on the EPA web site (http://iaspub.epa.
gov/oppthpv/hpv_hc_characterization.get_report). Tis presentation is
intended to summarize the challenges and diculties of developing HCs for
ecological endpoints (sh, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants) and the
innovative ways that EPA deals with them. Discussion will focus on issues
related to environmental data that were reviewed to date and how EPA has
addressed them.
WP89 A GIS Analysis of Urban and Land Use Eects on Water
Quality along the Central Amazon. K. Hernandez-Roeder, C.L. Howard,
University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX. To determine the eect
of land use on water quality along the central Amazon River, a GIS analysis
was performed on data obtained from water samples collected from 1999
to 2008 along the Rio Solimoes and Rio Negro in Brazil. Water quality
parameters, including conductivity, pH, apparent color, turbidity, total
dissolved solids, N and P, were evaluated. Maps of water quality data were
developed in ArcGIS 9.1 using GPS coordinates of >370 water samples
in the central Amazon, plotted along with coordinates of urban centers
and other land use categories. Preliminary results indicate that human
population and land use patterns (e.g., urbanization, agriculture, ranching)
signicantly inuence water quality along the rivers path. High conductivity
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and elevated turbidity were found in the upper Amazon with decreasing
results downriver. Levels of dissolved solids were decreased in less populated
areas of the central Amazon as well as in less disturbed river regions. Higher
ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate levels were associated with human
activity (e.g., urban, pastures) or heavily vegetated natural areas. Tese
eects on water quality were more pronounced in successive years. Using
NASA satellite and Space Shuttle imagery, the eld data were incorporated
into a model describing the long term eects of human population and land
usage on water quality of the Amazon region.
WP90 Benthic Invertebrate Risk Assessment for the Lower
Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site conducted using Washington
State Sediment Management Standards and multiple lines of evidence.
K. Godtfredsen, H. Andersen, Windward Environmental, Seattle, WA; D.
Hotchkiss, Port of Seattle, Seattle, WA; J. Stern, D. Williston, King County,
Seattle, WA; J. Goldberg, City of Seattle, Seattle, WA; S. Fox, Te Boeing
Company, Seattle, WA. Te Lower Duwamish Waterway (LDW) is a
federal Superfund site that covers approximately 5 miles of the downstream
portion of the Duwamish River in Seattle, Washington. Te LDW is a
well-stratied, salt wedge estuary that is inuenced by river ow and tidal
eects. As part of the LDW remedial investigation, conducted under the
regulatory authorities of both Superfund and the Washington State Model
Control Toxic Act (MTCA), risks to benthic invertebrates were assessed
using multiple lines of evidence, including sediment toxicity testing, a
comparison of sediment contaminant concentrations with Washington State
Sediment Management Standards (SMS), a critical tissue-residue approach,
a site-specic evaluation of imposex in gastropods, and a comparison of
volatile organic compound concentrations in porewater with toxicity data.
Together, the sediment chemistry and toxicity testing indicated no adverse
eects to benthic invertebrates living in approximately 75% of the LDW
intertidal and subtidal areas and a higher likelihood for adverse eects to
benthic invertebrates in approximately 7% of these LDW areas. Risks in
the remaining 18% of the LWD area were less certain. Risks to benthic
invertebrates from volatile organic compounds in porewater were low and
limited to small areas. Risks to gastropods from TBT were low based on the
site-specic evaluation. Based on the critical tissue-residue approach, risks to
crabs were also likely to be low.
WP91 Major Enhancements to the NOAA SQuiRT Cards Unveiled:
Plus, Why NOT to Blame the Monkey Wrench When You Make a Hole
in the Wall Pounding In a Nail!. M. Buchman, NOAA OR&R, Seattle,
WA. Te Screening Quick Reference Tables, or SQuiRT cards, have become
an amazingly popular reference. Te SQuiRT cards primarily present a
variety of benchmark values for preliminary screening of contaminants in
soil, sediment, and water. Downloads of this handy reference from NOAAs
web site are in excess of 100,000 copies. Tey are in use by sta from
numerous government agencies ranging from local to federal, consultants,
businesses, academia, and more. Tey have been incorporated into
university and graduate level curricula, and have been used internationally.
A major revision of the SQuiRT cards has recently been completed. Te
new version adds three entirely new topics of information; lls a number of
previous gaps in table entries; draws upon new sources for information; and,
adds numerous, numerous chemicals. Te end result is a tripling in length,
plus a major redesign to the layout to accommodate these updates. Te
SQuiRT cards also now feature embedded web links direct to supporting
reference material on NOAAs Oce of Response & Restoration web site.
Tese links provide an expanded, more detailed explanation of terms than
allowed within the cards themselves. Tis expanded reference material
should allow for greater education of users with unfamiliar elements. Like
most any tool however, the SQuirT cards have not escaped their share of
misuse and abuse. And so, this presentation will not merely highlight the
recent updates, but more importantly, will focus on how the benchmarks
portrayed in the SQuiRT cards should be applied and how results from
such screening can be interpreted appropriately. Nuances behind many
of the benchmarks included will be described, and their inuence or the
limitations they impose on the proper application of that benchmark will be
emphasized.
WP92 Potential eects of freshwater and estuarine contaminant
exposure on Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) populations. J.A. Spromberg, L.L. Johnson, Environmental
Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA,
WA. Contaminant exposure is recognized as a factor contributing to the
decline of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations utilizing
the Lower Columbia River (LCR). In this study, we examined the potential
eects of sublethal contaminant exposure during the freshwater and
estuarine residence on the population growth rates and productivity of 22
populations of fall chinook salmon within the LCR chinook evolutionarily
signicant unit (ESU). Exposure was modeled by changing demographic
rates through: 1) reduced rst year survival; 2) delayed mortality; and 3)
reproductive inhibition to simulate toxicant eects documented in eld and
laboratory studies. We assessed the impacts of heterogeneous contaminant
distribution by connecting the LCR fall chinook populations by straying
into a metapopulation, and applying dierential contaminant exposure
scenarios across the metapopulation. Te output suggests that for the LCR
fall chinook metapopulation the low-level straying between populations may
be protecting some populations and depleting others, while simultaneously
masking the direct eects of contaminant exposure. Te exposure
scenarios predicted that the perturbations experienced by chinook salmon
populations at contaminant hot spots may inuence the abundance and
dynamics of unexposed populations elsewhere in the ESU. Exposure of
chinook populations to mixtures of contaminants has been ongoing for
generations and our results suggest that the sublethal eects resulting from
these exposures may be limiting productivity of the ESU in regions outside
of known contaminant hotspots. While contaminants may not be directly
impacting the majority of populations within the ESU, it is apparent that
their direct and indirect eects as well as the metapopulation dynamics
should be considered in ESU-wide restoration and management decisions.
WP93 Evaluation of the Safe Use of DuPont Advion Cockroach
Gel Bait in Zoos. W. Kenyon, DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health
and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE; K.E. Brugger, S. Kudile, DuPont
Crop Protection, Newark, DE. Te Professional Products business of
DuPont Crop Protection is aggressively expanding the utility of DuPonts
crop protection chemicals for use in non-agricultural pest control. A
potential opportunity was identied to use indoxacarb incorporated into
DuPont Advion Cockroach Gel Bait to control nuisance roaches in
zoos. Following good product stewardship principles, a safety assessment
was conducted to evaluate the risk to important non-target organisms.
Te potential risk to insectivorous animals in zoos from the incidental
consumption of cockroaches controlled by Advion Cockroach Gel
Bait products is described. Risk Quotients (ratios of estimated exposure
concentrations to eect endpoints) were calculated for representative
insectivores and compared to risk benchmarks (Levels of Concern)
established by the US EPA. It was concluded that the risk to insectivorous
animals, including birds, monkeys and reptiles in zoos from the use of these
products would be negligible.
WP94 Evaluation of Canadian Screening Level Risk Assessments
using a Quality Evaluation Tool. D. Wilke, Product Safety & Regulatory
Aairs, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH; P. Forristal, Imperial Oil
Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada; L.S. McCarty, L.S. McCarty Scientic
Research & Consulting,, Markham, Ontario, Canada; J. Soule, Industry
Coordinating Group for CEPA, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Canadian
government policy requires Science Advice to follow certain principles
including: early issue identication, inclusiveness, sound science and science
advice, reporting of uncertainty and risk, openness and transparency, and
review. A quality evaluation tool has been developed to assess the extent to
which these principles have been followed (Forristal. et.al. 2008; Regul. Tox.
Pharm. 50:336-344). Risk Assessments performed on substances included
in batches 1 - 3 of the Canadian Categorization and Screening program
have been evaluated against the criteria proposed in the tool. Results of
the evaluation have been used to identify areas for improvement, as well as
areas of excellence. Enhancements to the tool to make it more useful and
comprehensive are proposed.
WP96 Development of sediment target cleanup levels for a former
metal recycling facility. D.F. Mitchell, K. Nolan, ENSR Corporation,
Westford, MA. A Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP) Stage II
Environmental Risk Characterization (ERC) was conducted for a
former metal recycling facility. Te compounds of potential ecological
concern (COPECs) were metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin. Te Stage II ERC was
focused on the exposure pathways associated with aquatic habitats at
the site. Based on the Stage II ERC including the results of several lines
of evidence (i.e., comparison to benchmarks, toxicity testing, benthic
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community analyses, sh tissue collection), further investigation and/or
remedial activities were considered for on-site sediment metals and PCBs.
Site-specic target remediation goals were required that would be protective
of the benthic receptors, as well as o-site downstream wildlife receptors.
Remedial sediment target cleanup levels were proposed based on the lines
of evidence for the benthic risk evaluation and consideration of the size
and quality of the aquatic habitats involved. Probable eect concentration
quotients (PEC-Qs) were used as an approximate index of the average risk
to benthic receptors. An empirical relationship between the relative amount
of growth reduction observed in toxicity tests and the mean sediment
PEC-Qs developed (e.g., mean PEC-Q of < 2.0 corresponded to growth
reduction <20%). Based on these considerations, a mean PEC-Q of 2.0
was the basis for developing preliminary protective media goal for sediment
metals and PCBs. Based on this approach, the following site-specic
sediment target remediation goals for protection of benthic community at
the site were recommended: cadmium 10 ppm; chromium 220 ppm;
copper 300 ppm; lead 260 ppm; nickel 100 ppm; zinc 920 ppm
and total PCBs 1.35 ppm (no goal was set for dioxins.) If sediments are
remediated to these levels, it is judged that a condition of no signicant risk
to benthic communities would be achieved at the site.
WP97 Selenium - A global contaminant of potential concern. P.M.
Chapman, Golder Associates, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Selenium (Se) is a metal-like element (a metalloid) discovered in 1818 by
the Swedish chemist Berzelius, and named after Selene, the Greek goddess
of the moon. It is a naturally-occurring substance, and an essential element
required for the health of humans, other animals and some plants. Se has
become a contaminant of potential concern (COPC) in North America,
Australia and New Zealand, and is likely an unrecognized COPC in other
parts of the world. Se is unique among COPCs. It has the smallest range
between essentiality and toxicity of any of the essential elements. It has two
modes of toxicity in the aquatic environment acute via water exposure at
relatively high concentrations (e.g., >100 g/L), and chronic to egg-laying
animals via dietary exposure at lower concentrations (<10 g/L). To date
there have been a handful of documented cases of Se poisoning of water
bodies. In these cases inorganic Se present due to anthropogenic activities
has been biologically transformed into organic Se, accumulated through the
food chain to sh or water birds, and resulted in deaths or deformities in the
ospring. Tese deaths and deformities occurred because Se can substitute
for sulphur (S) during the development of amino acid chains necessary for
protein synthesis in developing embryos. Te present state-of-knowledge
regarding Se as a potential global COPC will be reviewed.
WP98 Benets of vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for water
quality improvement. D.L. Denton, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region 9, Sacramento, CA; J. Wrysinski, L.A. Deanovic, P. Robins,
Yolo County Resource Conservation District, Woodland, CA; M.T. Moore,
C.M. Cooper, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, Oxford, MS; I. Werner, Aquatic Toxicology Lab, University of
California at Davis, Davis, CA; J.L. Miller, AQUA-Science, Inc., Davis,
CA; D. Crane, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento,
CA; W.M. Williams, Waterborne Environmental, Inc., Leesburg, VA; M.
Huddleston, ENTRIX, Pendleton, SC. Vegetated agricultural drainage
ditches have been proposed as a potential management practice to improve
the quality of agricultural runo waters by reducing both pesticide and
suspended sediment loading at edge of farm eld. Te ditches have been
shown to be eective in mitigating simulated pyrethroid runo storm
events in the Mississippi Delta. However, California poses a dierent
scenario in eld management practices, winter storm vs. summer irrigation
runo, rainfall intensity, and ditch vegetation and soil types. Farm eld
demonstrations were conducted to validate the eectiveness of the ditches
to reduce pesticides and suspended sediment loadings at the farm level.
Results indicate that the vegetated ditch demonstrated a 20% reduction of
chlorpyrifos and a 68% reduction of permethrin from an alfalfa and tomato
eld, respectively. A laboratory mesocosm simulation study was conducted
to further evaluate the plant species eectiveness. Tis practice can be
an economical and environmentally successful management practice for
landowners a viable on-farm option for water quality improvement.
WP99 Development of a Simulation Model to Evaluate, Design,
and Implement Vegetated Agricultural Drainage Ditches. J.R. Trask,
W.M. Williams, R. Vamshi, Waterborne Environmental, Inc., Leesburg,
VA; D. Denton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9,
Sacramento, CA; J. Wrysinski, Yolo County Resource Conservation
District, Woodland, CA. A water quality model was developed to simulate
pesticide fate and transport from agricultural elds through a vegetated
agricultural drainage ditch (VADD). Te model can be used as a design tool
to calculate the optimum dimensions of a vegetated ditch for a particular
farm system to reduce the transport of pesticides into receiving waters or as
an evaluation tool to predict the ecacy of pesticide reduction for a ditch
of known dimensions. Water mass balance for the model includes inow,
precipitation, evaporation, seepage, and controlled overow or drainage
from the system while sediment mass balance incorporates settlement,
resuspension, and overow. Pesticide mass balance accounts for dilution,
outow, degradation, and partitioning between water, sediment, and
foliage. Tis paper provides an overview of model algorithms and model
performance against eld study data.
WP100 Selenium, Mercury, and Arsenic in Fish Exposed to Selenium-
Enriched Fly Ash Discharge: Seasonal Patterns, Elemental Associations,
and Interspecic Dierences Across Four Midwestern Sites. R. Reash,
Environmental Services, American Electric Power, Columbus, OH.
Regulatory implementation of tissue-based water quality criteria requires
careful consideration of site-specic factors when evaluating attainment
of a statewide or generic not to exceed threshold. We measured whole
body sh tissue levels of selenium (Se), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in
nine sh species from four receiving streams (IN,KY,WV) receiving power
plant y ash discharges. Te sites represented a gradient of y ash exposure
(low, moderate, high). Whole body tissue levels were measured in both
individual and composite samples during two seasons. Median receiving
stream water column concentrations of Se and As varied from 103 ug/L to
4 ug/L and 86.1 ug/L to 4.3 ug/L, respectively. Levels of Hg at all sites were
< 5 ng/L. In general, whole body Se levels (range = 65.13 to 1.81 mg/kg
dry wt.) increased as in situ y ash exposure increased. Levels of Se in most
sh from high exposure sites exceeded U.S. EPAs draft sh tissue criterion
(7.91 mg/kg). Whole body As levels (range = 3.82 to 0.27 mg/kg) were
elevated in sh from one high exposure site whereas whole body Hg levels
were low at all sites (range = 0.99 mg/kg to 0.012 mg/kg). Intraspecic
seasonal variation in tissue Se levels were marked at high and moderate
exposure sites; dierences ranged between a factor of 7.5 to 1. Tese results
indicate that as Se exposure increases, the higher the variability of tissue Se
levels, necessitating collection of sh during multiple seasons. Among all
sites, the species with the highest whole body Se concentration represented
a suite of feeding guilds, corroborating previous research indicating that
trophic level is not a good predictor of Se bioaccumulation. A signicant
negative correlation (rsquare=0.67)was observed between whole body Se
and Hg levels for all samples combined, suggesting that high tissue Se levels
antagonistically regulate the bioaccumulation of Hg. Our study provides
insights on various aspects of implementing a sh tissue criterion.
WP101 Practical considerations in deriving dose-response-based TRVs
from the toxicological literature. M. Luxon, J. Toll, L. Tear, S. Replinger,
Windward Environmental LLC, Seattle, WA. Te use of dose-response
data, rather than no-observed-adverse-eect levels (NOAELs) and lowest-
observed-adverse-eect levels (LOAELs) to derive toxicity reference values
(TRVs) for ecological risk assessment has been recommended as a way to
improve risk predictions. Te true test of a TRVs utility is whether it can
reliably predict adverse eects of a magnitude acceptable to risk managers.
Tis study evaluates the adequacy of toxicity data available in published
literature for deriving dose-response-based TRVs for sh. Fish studies that
relate dietary doses and whole-body tissue residues to adverse eects were
included in the study. Data for a variety of chemicals, including metals,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), butyltins, and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), were evaluated. For each chemical-receptor pair, dose-
response or tissue-residue-response data were compiled for the species and
the endpoint associated with the lowest LOAEL. Te adequacy of the data
to derive dose-response relationships was evaluated.
WP102 Recruitment decline of the threatened American eel, Anguilla
rostrata, to Lake Ontario. S.J. Kennedy, P.V. Hodson, Biology and School
of Environmental Studies, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;
J. Casselman, Biology, Queens Universtiy, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; S.
Brown, J. Byer, Chemistry and School of Environmental Studies, Queens
University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; M. Lebeuf, Fisheries and Oceans,
Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada; M. Alaee,
M. Keir, S. Backus, Environment Canada, Canada Center for Inland
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Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Te American eel (Anguilla rostrata)
population in Lake Ontario has suered a serious decline since the early
1980s. Tis has resulted in the closure of the shery in 2004 and it was
listed as a species of concern under the Canadian Species at Risk Act
in June of 2008. Due to its complicated life cycle, little is known about
eels once they leave their freshwater habitats and migrate to the Sargasso
Sea to mate. However, it is certain that all American eels as well as their
European cousins (Anguilla anguilla) are experiencing severe population
declines. Among the theories to explain this decline are ocean climate
change, habitat destruction, over-shing, physical barriers to migration,
(hydroelectric dams); disease, and chemical contamination, all of which may
act cumulatively to produce the staggering present-day loss. Our objective
is to determine if dioxin and dioxin-like contaminants are in high enough
concentrations in sexually mature silver eels to be embryotoxic to their
ospring. We have compared the toxicity of tissue extracts of large eels to
that of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, using the early life stages of Japanese medaka as a
surrogate test species. By injecting eel extracts into embryonic medaka we
can assess developmental problems, such as blue sac disease, associated with
the maternal transfer of toxicants to her ospring. Te ED50 of the extracts,
expressed as TCDD equivalents, should vary with the degree of chemical
contamination, as inuenced by the location of capture (contaminated
and reference sites, eastern North America, 2007-08), and the year of
capture (Lake Ontario archive (1985-2005). Tis study will help determine
whether eel extracts are toxic to sh early life stages, and contaminants
that are candidates for causing toxicity. Te results will be important for
management plans for restoring the American eel population and for
eective remediation of contaminated sites.
WP103 Heavy Metal Levels in Suspended Sediments, Crassostrea
gigas, and the Risk to Humans. J.R. Widmeyer, Risk Assessment, EBA
Engineering, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada; J.R. Widmeyer, L.I.
Bendell-Young, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,
British Columbia, Canada. In this study we examined dietary uptake
of heavy metals in the Wild Pacic Oyster and consequently uptake of
heavy metals in humans ingesting contaminated oysters. Wild Pacic
oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and sediment, both resuspended and suspended
(RSS) samples (<53 m), were collected over an 8-month period from
a coastal estuary in Baynes Sound, BC, Canada. Stable isotope analysis
(d13C, d15N) was used to determine, rst, if RSS sediments was an
important dietary source to C. gigas and, second, if so, whether it served
as a signicant dietary exposure route for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Although
RSS sediments were high in trace metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, and notably
Cu, stable isotope signatures for oyster tissues did not correspond to those
of RSS sediments. Tese results indicate that RSS sediments are not a
signicant source of metal to the oysters. In addition, we compared the
potential risk to humans ingesting C. gigas with levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and
Zn from this study to the current Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) chronic oral minimal risk levels (MRLs) using current
Canadian consumption guidelines of three oysters/week. Cu, Pb, and
Zn levels were below MRL levels, with Cd exceeding the recommended
0.2 lg/kg/day MRL level fourfold. Total daily intake levels (TDI) for Cd
were additionally calculated and either reached or exceeded the Food
and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAP/WHO)
reference dose of 1 lg/kg/day for Cd consumption in Canadians. Our
results indicate that the current Canadian Cd consumption guidelines do
not protect individuals consuming the maximum recommended levels of
wild oysters. Sediment metal levels were not useful for quantifying risk in
human and oyster ecological receptors. Oyster tissue levels were useful in
quantifying risk from dietary metal uptake in humans.
WP105 Relating the accumulation of trace-metals in aquatic insects
tissue to population eects. T.S. Schmidt, S.E. Church, R.B. Wanty,
C. San Juan, P.L. Lamothe, M. Adams, Mineral Resources Program,
U.S. Geologic Survey, Denver, CO; T.S. Schmidt, W.H. Clements,
K. Mitchell, Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO. We tested the hypothesis that accumulation
of trace-metals in individual benthic macroinvertebrates collected from
the eld, results in deleterious eects that propagate to a population-level
response. Specically, we developed models descriptive of the presence/
absence of selected aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera: Rhithrogena spp. and
Drunella spp. and Trichoptera: Arctopsyche grandis) collected from 149
sites as a function of whole body tissue concentrations (n = 889 individual
insects) and estimated the probable decline in occurrence at increasing
trace-metal concentrations. Whole body tissue concentrations, presence/
absence and density responses of taxa collected in the eld were evaluated
to determine if the unique information provided by these endpoints could
elucidate how these populations respond to trace-metal contamination. Te
ephemeropterans accumulated more metal than the trichopteran and their
population densities declined greatly at trace-metal concentrations below
the threshold for chronic toxicity. On the other hand, A. grandis population
density declined only at trace-metal concentrations that were 100 times
greater than the threshold of chronic toxicity. Surprisingly, the probabilities
of occurrence for some taxa were not descriptive of population sensitivity.
For example, Rhithrogena spp. could survive exposure to trace-metals
concentrations greater than 200 times ambient water-quality criteria while
suering a 57% decline in population density at trace-metal concentrations
below that thought to cause toxicity. Tis disparity in the data suggests that
native populations are comprised of subpopulations that show dierential
sensitivity to trace-metals concentrations. Tese data suggest one should
use caution when using tissue concentrations as an estimate for population
eects.
WP106 Bioaccumulation of Cu in Hydropsyche: Quantifying dietary
concentrations as a determinant of remediation success. M. Hornberger,
M. Croteau, D.J. Cain, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. One
goal of remediation in mine-impacted rivers is to improve biointegrity
by mitigating metal exposures. However, when establishing threshold
criteria for management goals, it is essential to understand the importance
of dierent exposure pathways. Resident aquatic organisms can integrate
bioavailable metals from both aqueous and dietary sources. We used the
lter-feeding caddisy Hydropsyche sp., (O: Trichoptera) to monitor metal
exposures in the Clark Fork River in Western Montana, USA. Laboratory
experiments using a stable Cu isotope (65Cu) were conducted to derive
physiological constants for a biodynamic model. Tis model allowed us
to characterize metal bioaccumulation from both dissolved and dietary
sources. Results indicate that dietary Cu inux in Hydropsyche is 3 times
higher than dissolved inux; thus, diet appears to be the most important
source of Cu for this insect in this system. Te model was also used to
calculate the range of dietborne Cu concentrations needed to achieve
observed concentrations from eld collected Hydropsyche. Predicted
metal concentrations in the food were less than half that measured in bed
sediments, but similar to that measured in the gut content of Hydropsyche.
Te biodynamic model allows us to quantify the link between Cu
bioaccumulation and dietary exposure in the eld and provides predictive
capabilities for determining appropriate exposure endpoints related to
remediation goals.
WP107 Simultaneous evaluation of uptake and elimination of PCBs
in Nereis virens using a 28-Day bioaccumulation test and a pulse-chase
isotopic tracer design. K.G. Drouillard, E.R. Bennett, Great Lakes Institute
for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario,
Canada; E.R. Bennett, Intertox Inc., Salem, MA; J. Steevens, G. Lotufo, J.
Sims, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg,
MS. Evaluation of dredged material requires assessment of bioaccumulation
potentials for benthic organisms using 28-day laboratory bioaccumulation
tests. Critical to the interpretation of these data is the assessment of steady
state for bioaccumulated residues needed to generate biota/sediment
accumulation factors (BSAFs) and to address the need for control correction
of day 0 PCB residues in animals supplied for the bioassay test. Tis study
investigated elimination of PCBs in Nereis virens by evaluating loss of
several
13
C-PCB congeners in pre-dosed animals added to three dierent
sediments (one clean, low OC sediment, one clean, high OC sediment
and one contaminated sediment). Te study simultaneously evaluated
the uptake of sediment-associated PCBs into bioassay organisms. Results
demonstrate that all
13
C-PCBs, with the exception of
13
C PCB209 (> 80%),
were eliminated from bioassay organisms by more than 90% after 28-d. Te
three substrate types yielded similar
13
C-PCB elimination rate coecients
(k
2
) despite dierences in sediment organic carbon content. Across the three
sediment types,
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C-PCB elimination rate coecients were predicted by the
equation: log k
2
= -0.089 * log K
OW
- 0.4542. Te rapid loss of
13
C-PCBs
from worms over the bioassay period indicated that control correction, by
substraction of day 0 residues, will cause underestimates of bioavailable
sediment residues. Signicant uptake of native PCBs was only observed in
the contaminated NY Harbor sediments. Uptake of native PCBs proceeding
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according to to kinetic model predictions with steady state BSAFs ranging
from 1 to 3 and peaking for congeners having log K
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and 6.5.
WP108 Aquatic Nanotoxicology: A preview. F. Gagn, C. Gagnon,
C. Blaise, Environment Canada, Montral, Quebec, Canada. Increasing
activity in the growing eld of nanotechnology will likely contaminate
aquatic ecosystems and perhaps adversely aect living organisms. Te
present review addresses the potential impacts of nanotechnology on
aquatic ecosystems. Te degree of the persistence of nanomaterials (NMs)
in aquatic compartments is largely unknown, but preliminary experiments
on selected NMs showed that they tend to partition, preferably rst to the
sediment, then to the water column. Cadmium telluride, fullerene (C60)
and strontium ferrite were the most soluble substances. Te toxicity of these
NMs was investigated using a multitrophic test battery, which revealed
that bacteria, invertebrates (Hydra) and trout hepatocytes responded to
many of them. Moreover, NMs were able to increase the toxicity of both
the sediment and elutriate of a certied reference sediment. Te toxicity
of NMs is likely to arise from the four fundamental properties associated
with colloids: 1) the leaching of small-molecular-weight molecules or
ions, 2) the eect of the size or shape of the NMs 3) the surface properties
(reactivity), and 4) the vectorization eect or transport of contaminants.
New biomarkers, some of them derived from toxicogenomics, are proposed
to measure the eects associated with the particle size and surface properties
of these colloids. Special attention is given to assessing their cumulative
eects on aquatic ecosystems. Key words: particle size and shape, leaching of
toxic molecules, surface properties, vectorization, toxicity tests, biomarkers.
WP109 Snail Bioaccumulation of Triclocarban, Triclosan, and
Methyl-Triclosan in a North Texas, USA, Stream Aected by Wastewater
Treatment Plant Runo. M.A. Coogan, T.W. La Point, Biology,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX; M.A. Coogan, Biology, Buena
Vista University, Storm Lake, IA. Freshwater snail grazing promotes
nutrient turnover in algal communities. Grazed algal compartments may
include antimicrobial agents and metabolites, such as triclocarban (TCC),
triclosan (TCS), and methyl-triclosan (M-TCS), which are incompletely
removed by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processing. Te present
study quanties snail bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCC, TCS, and
M-TCS at the outfall of Pecan Creek (TX, USA), the receiving stream for
the city of Denton, Texas WWTP. Helisoma trivolvis (Say) is ubiquitous
and thrives under standard laboratory conditions, which lead to its choice
for this bioaccumulation study in conjunction with Cladophora spp. Along
with providing substrate for epiphytic growth, Cladophora spp. provide a
source of food and shelter for H. trivolvis. After being caged for two weeks,
algae and snails were collected from the WWTP outfall, along with water
column samples, and analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry for TCS and M-TCS and liquid chromatography/
mass spectrometry for TCC. Algal and snail samples were analyzed before
exposure and found to be below practical quantitation limits for all
antimicrobial agents. Triclocarban, TCS, and M-TCS in water samples
were at low ppt concentrations of 40 to 200 ng/L. Triclocarban, TCS, and
M-TCS in caged snail samples were elevated to low ppb concentrations of
50 to 300 ng/g fresh weight and in caged algal samples were elevated to low
ppb concentrations of 50 to 400 ng/g fresh weight. Resulting snail and algal
BAFs were approximately three orders of magnitude, which supports rapid
bioaccumulation among algae and adult caged snails at this receiving stream
outfall. Results further support TCC, TCS, and M-TCS as good candidate
marker compounds for evaluation of environmental distribution of trace
WWTP contaminants.
WP110 Monitoring of PPCPs in Aquatic Environment and Chronic
Toxicity Study on Fish. R. Adachi, H. Fukui, J. Azuma, M. Seki, K.
Nakazono, Chemicals Evaluation and Resarch Institute, Japan, Kurume city,
Fukuoka, Japan; R. Kubota, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya,
Tokyo, Japan. Recently, global concern about the impact of pharmaceuticals
and personal care products (PPCPs) on ecosystem has increased markedly.
PPCPs are continually and widely introduced into aquatic environment
at detectable concentrations. However, no comprehensive study of PPCPs
has been conducted in aquatic ecosystem in Japan. In this study, we
monitored the occurrence of 13 PPCPs (chlortetracycline, erythromycin,
roxithromycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, diclofenac, ethenzamide,
mefenamic acid, bezabrate, clobric acid, fenobrate, carbamazepine,
triclosan) in water samples (river water) collected from six points at
quarterly intervals in north Kyushu area, Japan, determining their
concentrations. In addition, we also investigated the chronic eects of
diclofenac on sh with medaka (Oryzias latipes). Te exposure of medaka
to diclofenac was begun on embryos just after fertilization and continued
for up to 60 d posthatch; the assessment endpoints included embryological
development, hatching, posthatch survival and growth under ow-through
exposure to diclofenac at nominal concentrations from 100 to 10,000
g/L. As a result, PPCPs except erythromycin and oxytetracycline were
detected at monitoring points. Seven substances (roxithromycin, diclofenac,
ethenzamide, mefenamic acid, bezabrate, clobric acid and carbamazepine)
were detected at all monitoring points and through all seasons. Te
highest concentration was observed in diclofenac (1.5 g/L), however, the
concentrations of most of the PPCPs were around 0.10 g/L. In the chronic
toxicity study on medaka with diclofenac, mortality was increased after
40 d posthach, resulting in signicant dierence in all treatment groups.
Terefore, no observed eect concentration (NOEC) was estimated as <170
g/L. Tese results suggest that diclofenac may exert toxic eects on medaka
after chronic exposure at lower concentration. It is needed to conduct the
detailed monitoring and chronic toxicity study with PPCPs. Tis study was
supported by Grants-in-Aid from CERI Collaborative Research Program.
WP111 Changes in gene expression provide mechanistic insight into
the developmental toxicity of triclosan to Daphnia magna. D.W. Anick,
S. Tomson, G.A. LeBlanc, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Ecdysteroids play a
major role in regulating normal molting, reproduction, and embryonic
development in crustaceans. Disruption of ecdysteroid signaling has been
demonstrated with a number of compounds and results in a complex array
of reproductive and developmental abnormalities. Preliminary studies
have indicated that the highly lipophilic compound triclosan, a commonly
used household and industrial antimicrobial, disrupting normal embryo
development in the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna, consistent
with altered ecdysteroid signaling. Te purpose of this study was to
characterize the concentration/response relationship for triclosan with
respect to developmental toxicity during chronic exposure, and to evaluate
changes in gene expression that may be diagnostic of triclosans toxic mode
of action. Developmental eects of triclosan exposure included curvature
of the shell spine and underdeveloped antennae among neonates, and early-
stage developmental arrest of embryos. Preliminary analysis revealed that
triclosan elevated hemoglobin (HB2) expression, and reduced vitellogenin
gene (VTG2) expression. Triclosan also increased expression of the FTZ
gene. Te FTZ gene product is a transcription factor that participates in
ecdysteroid signaling. Triclosan exhibited signicant chronic toxicity with
an acute:chronic ratio (LC50/MATC) of >300 and a NOEL of ~1.0 ug/L.
Changes in gene expression indicate that triclosan may increase oxygen
demands of the organism (elevated hemoglobin) and reduces the provision
of nutrients to embryos (reduced vitellogenin) with involvement of the
ecdysteroid signaling pathway (elevated FTZ).
WP112 Passive sampling of organic contaminants in karst
groundwater systems inhabited by endangered Ozark cavesh. D.
Alvarez, W. Cranor, S. Perkins, R. Clark, USGS Columbia Environmental
Research Center, Columbia, MO; T. Jones-Lepp, US Environmental
Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV; V. Schroeder, Arctic Slope Regional
Corporation, Columbia, MO; D. Novinger, Missouri Department of
Conservation, Columbia, MO. Degradation of water quality poses the
most urgent threat to groundwater and aquatic biodiversity in karst
systems including resources for human consumption and agricultural
use as well as habitat used by endangered Ozark cavesh (Amblyopsis
rosae). Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic
chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in six cave systems
in southwest Missouri, USA, between May and July of 2006 to determine
concentrations of anthropogenic organic contaminants present in the
groundwater. Pesticides, including teuthrin, dacthal, chlorpyrifos,
endosulfan, the chlordanes, pronil, fonofos, and metolachlor were found
at measurable concentrations up to 5.2 ng/L. Te agricultural herbicides,
atrazine and prometon, and the atrazine metabolite desethylatrazine, were
identied at all sites with levels for atrazine from 0.6 to 5.4 ng/L. At three
sites, MDMA (Ecstasy) was detected at concentrations below the reporting
limit. Urobilin, a fecal contamination marker, was identied at two sites
at levels at the detection limit. Extracts from each site were tested using a
toxicity identication evaluation-yeast estrogen screen (TIE-YES) scheme
276 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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to isolate and potentially identify estrogens and/or estrogen-mimicking
chemicals.. At all sites, a series of phthalates (plasticizers widely reported
as known estrogenic mimics) were identied. Benzothiazole, an industrial
chemical and reported weak estrogen mimic used in the production of
rubber, asphalt, plastics, and some foodstus, was found at three sites.
Para-cresol, a wood preservative possibly resulting from dumping of old
wood in sinkholes, was identied at all sites. Te long-term eects on
Ozark cavesh or other organisms exposed to chronic low concentrations
of these contaminants separately or in combination are not known.
However, the data provide an important baseline for tracking future changes
in water quality in these sites, will be valuable for comparison to other
sites, and illustrate the potential usefulness of a multifaceted approach to
characterizing water quality that employs passive samplers.
WP113 Reconnaissance of Persistent and Emerging Contaminants
in the Shenandoah and James River basins, Virginia, During Spring of
2007. D. Alvarez, W. Cranor, S. Perkins, US Geological Survey, Columbia,
MO; V. Schroeder, Arctic Slope Regional Corp., Columbia, MO; S. Werner,
E. Furlong, US Geological Survey, Denver, CO; J. Holmes, Friends of the
North Fork of the Shenandoah River, Woodstock, VA; D. Kain, R. Brent,
Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality, Harrisonburg, VA. Fish kills,
sh exhibiting external lesions, and incidences of intersex have recently
been observed within the Shenandoah and James River basins in northern
Virginia, USA. Tese basins are characterized by widespread agriculture,
industrial and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, and urban,
transportation, and residential growth that has increased rapidly in recent
years. During the spring of 2007, eleven locations in the Shenandoah River
basin and two in the James River basin were sampled for chemicals that
may contribute to the observed sh health problems. Two passive sampling
devices, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) and polar organic
chemical integrative sampler (POCIS), were deployed during the spring and
early summer of 2007 to measure select organic chemicals. Concentrations
of persistent hydrophobic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (up to 17,000 pg/L), legacy pesticides (up to 510 pg/L),
and polychlorinated biphenyls (up to 1,600 pg/L) were characteristic of a
largely agricultural area. Chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and lindane were the
most commonly identied of the chlorinated pesticides. Atrazine, which was
present at concentrations much greater than any of the other agricultural
pesticides, ranged from <0.18 to 650 ng/L between March and June. A
few chemicals characteristic of WWTP euent or septic tank discharges
were found, including the fragrance components, galaxolide, indole, and
tonalide. At several sites we found caeine; the caeine metabolite, 1,7-
dimethylxanthine; the nicotine metabolite, cotinine; and the prescription
pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, venlafaxine, and trimethoprim. Common
hormones were present at a few sites with 17-ethynylestradiol measured
at concentrations up to 8.1 ng/L. A yeast estrogen screen run on POCIS
extracts revealed the level of estrogenicity of sampled chemicals similar to
levels reported for other rural areas with minor impact from wastewater
euents. Tis study has developed a contaminant prole for these rivers,
and is being used alongside concurrent sh pathology, bacteriological, and
other water quality studies to elucidate possible causes for recent sh kills
and declining sh health.
WP114 Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Milk from the United
States. J.L. Reiner, U.S. EPA, Raleigh, NC; J.L. Reiner, K. Kannan,
Wadsworth Center, NY State Department of Health, Albany, NY; C.M.
Wong, K.F. Arcaro, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Synthetic
musk compounds are used as additives in many consumer products,
including perfumes, deodorants, and detergents. Earlier studies have
reported the occurrence of synthetic musks in environmental and wildlife
samples collected in the United States. In this study, human breast milk
samples collected from Massachusetts, were analyzed for the determination
of concentrations of synthetic musks such as musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-3,5-
dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-
3,5-dinitroacetophenone), HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-
hexamethylcyclopenta[]-2-benzopyran), AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-
hexamethyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene), and HHCB-lactone, the
oxidation product of HHCB. In addition, we estimated the daily intake
of synthetic musks by infants based on the ingestion rate of breast milk.
Synthetic musks were found in most of the samples analyzed, and the
concentrations ranged from <2 to 150 ng musk xylene/g, <2 to 238 ng
musk ketone/g, <5 to 917 ng HHCB/g, <5 to 144 ng AHTN/g, and <10
to 88.0 ng HHCB-lactone/g, on a lipid weight basis. Te concentrations
of HHCB were higher than the concentrations of other synthetic musks in
breast milk samples. Te mean concentration of HHCB (220 ng/g, lipid
weight) was 5 times greater than the concentrations reported 10 years ago
for breast milk samples collected in Germany and Denmark. Maternal age
was not correlated with the concentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone,
HHCB, or AHTN. Tere was a trend of decreasing concentrations of musk
xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, and AHTN, with the number of children
previously breast-fed, although the correlation was not signicant. Based
on average daily ingestion rate of breast milk, an infant is estimated to
ingest 297 229 ng musk xylene, 780 805 ng musk ketone, 1830 1170
ng HHCB, 565 614 ng AHTN, and 649 598 ng HHCB-lactone per
day. Te ingestion rate of synthetic musks by infants in the United States
is lower than that estimated for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such
as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Based on the residue patterns and
accumulation features, it can be concluded that the exposure characteristics
for synthetic musks are dierent from those of POPs, and that the major
source of exposure to synthetic musks is probably via dermal absorption or
inhalation.
WP115 Evaluation of the Removal of Estrogens Following
Chlorination. K. Schenck, D. Williams, N. Dugan, H. Mash, T. Speth, L.
Wymer, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH; L. Rosenblum, Shaw Environmental
and Infrastructure, Inc., Cincinnati, OH; T. Wiese, Xavier University of
Louisiana, New Orleans, LA; B. Merriman, NCOA, Cincinnati, OH. A
number of estrogenic compounds have been shown to be present in surface
waters in the United States. Tese compounds have the potential to act as
potent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Consequently, it is prudent
to explore if strategies already employed to manage other drinking water
risks can also manage potential risks associated with EDCs. Chlorine,
commonly used as a disinfectant in water treatment, can also oxidize many
organic contaminants, especially if it is applied early in the treatment
process. Coagulation, one of the rst steps in surface water treatment, is
a convenient point of chlorine application. Bench-scale studies (jar tests),
which simulate the coagulation process, were conducted to evaluate the
ability of chlorine to remove three estrogens (estradiol, ethynylestradiol,
and estriol) from Ohio River water. Te estrogen to be evaluated was
added to the river water prior to treatment. Coagulant doses were selected
based on turbidity removal. Chlorine doses were selected based on the
chlorine demand of the raw water and the production of a post-treatment
chlorine residual of approximately 1 mg/L, within the range typical of
drinking waters in the U.S. A quenching agent, sodium ascorbate, was
added to each sample containing residual chlorine. Treatment ecacy was
evaluated analytically by comparing the estrogen concentrations in the
control and treatment jars using solid phase extraction followed by liquid
chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Two in vitro bioassays, the MVLN
reporter gene assay and the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay, were used to
determine the levels of estrogenic activity present in the water samples
before and after treatment. Previous jar test studies have shown that
coagulation alone, using alum or ferric chloride, did not result in estrogen
removal and that the eect of chlorine was independent of the presence
of coagulant. Present study results showed treatment of the estrogens
with chlorine resulted in approximately 98 percent reductions in the
concentrations of the parent estrogens. Tis reduction is due to chemical
transformation of the estrogens. Analysis of the in vitro bioassay data
suggests that the chlorination by-products do not contribute to the level of
estrogenic activity present in the treated water samples.
WP116 Reproductive Eect of a Progestin, Norethindrone on
Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. P.M. Paulos, T.W. La Point, D.B.
Huggett, Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Norethindrone
(NET), a commonly prescribed progestin, is the principal active component
in contraceptives. It is representative of a class of chemicals commonly
used in contraception. Given the persistent use of this chemical class, it
may be expected that progestins are present in aquatic environments, and
that NET would be a primary contributor. A synthetic progestin, NET
plays an important role in ovulation regulation and serves a key function
in spermatogenesis. It is this dual role, essential to male and female gamete
maturation that presents an intriguing potential for environmental eect.
To date, ecotoxicological studies of progestin eect are lacking. Due to
the metabolic role of NET, eects of exposure may be expected to be
androgenic and estrogenic. Indeed, NET is known to undergo metabolic
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transformation to low concentrations of estrogen, thereby allowing the
use of vitellogenin induction as a biomarker of exposure. Our research
has shown that while acute eects of NET are not especially toxic [LC50
Pimephales promelas, fathead minnow 96-h acute exposure > 1.0 mg/L;
NOEC FHM 7-d sub-chronic exposure =250 g/L], chronic eect of the
chemical on reproduction is signicant. In Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes,
21-d exposures signicantly reduced egg production at concentrations
greater than 25 ng/L. Indeed, in replicate studies, after three days exposure
egg production in treatments above 25 ng/L was shut down. Additionally,
because of the unknown target of eect, female or male, we conducted a
crosswise test pairing various groups of male and female medaka subsequent
to norethindrone exposure. Tis study demonstrated that the eect of
norethindrone is likely female, with signicant dierence in egg production
between exposure treatments.
WP117 Sorption of estrogens, caeine, and triclosan to a sandy loam
and a silt loam soil. A. Karnjanapiboonwong, Q. Cai, T.A. Anderson,
Te Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of
Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; A.N.
Morse, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Recently, pharmaceuticals and personal
care products (PPCPs) have been identied in the aquatic environment.
Several studies have focused on their potential eects on aquatic organisms.
Some estrogens, such as estriol and estradiol, are considered to be potent
endocrine disruptors while antimicrobial compounds, such as triclosan, are
believed to lead to antibiotic resistance. Interest in the occurrence and fate of
these compounds in soil and sediment compartments has also signicantly
increased. Tese emerging contaminants can reach the soil through land
application of wastewater, and agricultural runo including manure. It is
believed that these PPCPs sorb to soil and sediment; however, information
on sorption of PPCPs is still limited. In this study, the sorption of estriol,
estradiol, estrone, caeine, and triclosan to two loam soils was assessed using
the batch equilibrium method. Sorption isotherms were determined and the
respective sorption coecients (Kd) were calculated. Initial results indicated
that isotherms were linear over the range of concentrations tested. In
addition, caeine readily sorbs to both soil types: Kd = 46.6 mL/g for sandy
loam soil (1.3% organic carbon, pH = 8.3) and Kd = 75.5 mL/g for silt
loam soil (2.5% organic carbon, pH = 7.0). Te data obtained in this study
should provide useful information on sorption behavior and contribute to a
better understanding of the fate and transport of PPCPs in soil.
WP118 Biosorption of Triclosan and Triclocarban to Bacterial
Biomass and Its Impact on Teir Biodegradation. J. Kwon, K. Xia,
K.L. Armbrust, State Chemical Laboratory of Mississippi, Mississippi
State University, Mississippi State, MS; C. Ruhs, K. Xia, K.L. Armbrust,
Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State,
MS. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antibacterial agents which
are widely used in many consumer products. Both compounds are relatively
hydrophobic, with octanol-water partition coecients (log Kow) at neutral
pH of 4.8 for TCS and 4.9 for TCC. Because of their high hydrophobicity,
these compounds would be expected to adsorb to biological solids. Tey
are frequently detected in biosolids, which consist of mostly dead microbial
cells. Te goal of this research was to investigate TCS and TCC biosorption
by bacterial biomass and examine the relationship between their biosorption
and biodegradation. Biosolids sample diluted with sterile distilled water
was incubated on tryptic soy agar plate for 3 days at 30
o
C. Colonies on the
plate were transferred into an Erlenmeyer ask containing tryptic soy broth.
After incubation for 2 days at 30
o
C, bacterial biomass was harvested by
repeated washing with phosphate buer. Two separate harvested biomasses
were prepared: dead biomass for biosorption study and live biomass for
biodegradation study. TCS and TCC were added to biomass suspended
solution and incubated at 30
o
C with shaking (120 rpm) on a horizontal
shaker. Various doses of biomass and concentrations of TCS and TCC were
used. Te kinetics of TCS and TCC biosorption and biodegradation will be
discussed in detail.
WP119 Monitoring of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
(PPCPs) in Aquatic Environment in Japan and Evaluation of the
Removal Eciency on the Assumption of the Water Purication
Process. R. Kubota, M. Tahara, K. Shimizu, H. Tokunaga, T. Nishimura,
Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health
Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; M. Seki, Kurume Laboratory, Chemicals Evaluation
and Research Institute, Fukuoka, Japan. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Products (PPCPs) and their metabolites are continually ow into aquatic
environment and are detected widely at signicant concentrations. However,
comprehensive investigation has not been conducted on PPCPs in aquatic
environment in Japan. Moreover, in case of the water purication process
is insucient for removal of PPCPs in raw water for water supply, there
is a possibility of intake of PPCPs by the drinking water. However, the
information about removal eciency, such as chlorination and activated
carbon treatment, on PPCPs is limited. In this study, we investigated the
monitoring of fteen PPCPs in river water samples collected in rural areas
of Japan, and evaluated the removal eciency of PPCPs by chlorination,
powdered activated carbon (PAC) treatment, and combination of
chlorination and PAC treatment on the assumption of the water purication
process. PPCPs (except oxytetracycline, erythromycin, paroxetine, and
uvoxamine) were detected in almost all river water samples. Te highest
concentration of median was observed in bezabrate, and the value was
60.8 ng/L. Although dicrofenac concentration of one sample was high
(1.47g/L), concentrations of other PPCPs were similar to those of
bezabrate. Removal eciency by chlorination varied with PPCPs, and
percentage of relative residuals of brates, uvoxamine, carbamazepine,
and ethenzamide were more than 50% at four hours later. On the other
hand, reactivities to residual free chlorine of tetracyclines, triclosan, and
mefenamic acid were high and their removal eciency was satisfactory. In
case of PAC treatment, although removal rate was relatively slow compared
with those of chlorination, almost all PPCPs were satisfactory removed, and
same results were obtained in case of combination of chlorination and PAC
treatment. Tese results suggested that the combination of these treatments
could be eective for removal of PPCPs. Tis study was supported by
Grants-in-Aid from CERI Collaborative Research Program.
WP120 Determination of bisphenol-A, triclosan and
tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses. T.
Geens, L. Roosens, H. Neels, A. Covaci, Toxicological Center, University
of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; A. Covaci, Laboratory for Ecophysiology,
Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Bisphenol-A, triclosan and tetrabromobisphenol-A are three phenolic
organic compounds with a substantially use and a wide range of
applications in everyday life as plasticizer (bisphenol-A), antimicrobial
agent (triclosan) and ame retardant (tetrabromobisphenol-A, TBBP-A).
From these applications, they can release in the environment and thus be
present in dust. Because of their potential endocrine disrupting eect and
eects on metabolic systems, they can be a risk for human exposure after
aspiration or ingestion of dust particles. Here, we investigate the presence
of bisphenol-A, triclosan and tetrabromobisphenol-A in twenty indoor
dust samples collected with a vacuum cleaner in houses and oces from
Flanders (Belgium). For the analysis, we developed an analytical method for
the simultaneous determination of these three compounds in dust samples.
Samples were spiked with C
13
-standards and, after Soxhlet extraction
with hexane:acetone (3:1), the neutral and phenolic compounds were
separated on a Florisil cartridge. After evaporation, the phenolic fraction
was injected on a liquid chromatograph equipped with a triple quadrupole
mass spectrometer. Our results indicate a large concentration range for
the bisphenol-A (up to 2000 ng/g), suggesting the existence of multiple
contamination sources in an indoor environment. Te levels of triclosan and
tetrabromobisphenol-A had a lower range of variation which is consisted
with their well-dened applications (triclosan) and to the use of TBBP-A
chemically linked to the polymer in which it is used. Tis indicates that the
human exposure to phenolic contaminants through dust may be of greater
importance than previously thought. It warrants further investigations
in which serum (or urine) concentrations of phenolic contaminants are
correlated to the dust concentrations.
WP121 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) Concentrations in
Fish from Urban and Remote Lakes in Sweden. A. Kierkegaard, M.
Adolfsson-Erici, M. McLachlan, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;
A. Bignert, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a high volume production chemical
that is widely used in personal care products. Due to laboratory experiments
showing high bioaccumulation factors in sh and slow environmental
degradation rates, it is believed that it will accumulate in biota. As a
consequence, it is now being considered for regulatory control. However,
to date there are almost no environmental measurements demonstrating
that D5 does indeed accumulate in biota. Tis is in part due to the high
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detection limits of the published analytical methods. Here we employ a new
analytical method to analyse D5 in sh from urban lakes in the Stockholm
region and in remote Swedish lakes ranging from southern Sweden to north
of the Arctic Circle. D5 levels were close to or below the limit of detection
in all samples and did not exceed 1 ng/g wet weight.
WP122 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Toxicokinetics in
Freshwater Fish. G. Paterson, H. Van Bruinessen, C. Metcalfe, Worsfold
Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most widely
prescribed pharmaceutical compounds. Consequently, aquatic ecosystems
impacted by municipal wastewater discharges are predicted to receive
substantial annual loadings of these compounds. Although SSRIs have been
detected in sh tissues, little is known of their toxicokinetics in freshwater
sh species. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed
to aqueous concentrations of uoxetine and venlafaxine to investigate
SSRI accumulation kinetics by this species. Additionally, rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rabbit liver microsome preparations were
exposed to uoxetine to investigate the capacity of freshwater sh for
the metabolic transformation of this compound relative to mammalian
preparations. SSRI accumulation and concentrations of the uoxetine and
venlafaxine metabolites were detected in medaka by the end of the exposure
periods. A maximum uoxetine concentration was measured in medaka
by the third day of the uptake phase, yielding an uptake rate constant
(k
1
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-1
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a half life of 9.4 1.1 days was determined for uoxetine. Using these
data, SSRI bioconcentration factors ranging from 74 - 80 were estimated
for these compounds in the medaka. Trout liver microsomes previously
exposed to carbamazepine and incubated with 45 and 160 g/L uoxetine
metabolized this substrate, as indicated by the presence of the noruoxetine
metabolite within the rst 10 minutes of incubation. Following one hour
of incubation, approximately 16% of the initial amount of uoxetine
was detected as noruoxetine in tests with commercially available rabbit
microsomes, but 3% of the uoxetine substrate was detectable as
noruoxetine in the trout microsome treatments. Te rate of uoxetine
metabolism by trout microsomes was < 1% of that determined for the rabbit
preparations at the same substrate concentration. Tese results indicate
longer persistence and greater potential for the bioaccumulation of SSRIs
in sh tissues than would be predicted from prior half life estimates derived
using mammalian species. Further, this study demonstrates that rainbow
trout possess the CYP450 metabolic pathways associated with uoxetine
demethylation, but the rates of metabolism are much lower relative to
mammals.
WP123 Eect of the Antidepressant Venlafaxine on the Feeding
Behaviour of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). H. VanBruinessen,
C. Metcalfe, Environmental Resource Studies, Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; C. Metcalfe, Worsfold Water Quality
Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Te impacts of
pharmaceuticals released into surface waters are an area of emerging interest
in environmental toxicology. Venlafaxine is one of several drugs in a class
of antidepressants called Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-Uptake Inhibitors
(SNRIs). In vertebrates, serotonin is involved in several biological functions,
including regulation of appetite and libido. Tis study is designed to
evaluate the inuence of venlafaxine on food intake in the Japanese medaka
(Oryzias latipes). We have detected venlafaxine and its active metabolites
(i.e. O- and N-desmethylvenlafaxine) at low ppb concentrations in sewage
euents and in surface waters downstream of municipal wastewater
treatment plants in the Grand River watershed in Ontario. Fish were
exposed to venlafaxine at nominal concentrations of 3.2, 32 and 320 ppb,
with one control group. Food uptake was measured using two methods, a
clearance model and a tracer method using food spiked with enriched
110
Cd
isotope. Te dry weight of food consumed in a thirty-minute period was
calculated by determining the dierence between the dry weight of food
prior to feeding and that remaining after the feeding period. Te tracer
method involved feeding the medaka with
110
Cd labeled Daphnia magna
and collecting them to determine the uptake of the labeled material using
analysis by ICP-MS. Te results from two trials with the clearance model
indicate that there were no dierences in the food consumption of medaka
exposed to 3.2 and 32 ppb venlafaxine. In the highest venlafaxine treatment
of 320 ppb, the medaka consumed signicantly less food than sh in the
control treatment. Data are currently being analyzed to determine whether
the tracer method shows similar trends. Te concentrations of venlafaxine
and its active metabolites in the tissues of exposed medaka are currently
being determined. Future directions for this research include assessing
the eects of another commonly prescribed anti-depressant, uoxetine,
determining the localization of the anti-depressants and their metabolites in
brain tissue, and assessing serotonin levels in the brain of exposed medaka.
WP124 Sewage Euent and Environmentally Relevant Drugs Impair
Reproduction in Zebrash. A. Lister, C. Regan, J. Van Zwol, G. Van Der
Kraak, Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Pharmaceuticals enter the aquatic environment through the discharge of
euents from wastewater treatment plants where they may impact non-
target aquatic organisms. Tere is a paucity of information on the impact
that these drugs may have on sh. Tis study utilized three separate in
vivo experiments. Te rst experiment investigated the eects of uoxetine
(0.32, 3.2, 32 g/L; Prozac) and ethynyl estradiol (10 ng/L; EE2), and
the second examined the eect of nal sewage euents (1, 10, 50%) on
selected reproductive endpoints of spawning female zebrash over a 7 day
exposure. Te third exposure experiment examined similar reproductive
endpoints of sh exposed for 14 days to drugs belonging to three dierent
classes: diclofenac (1, 10, 100 g/L), Prozac (1 g/L), EE2 (1 ng/L), and
a combined treatment of diclofenac (10 g/L), Prozac and EE2. In the 7
day exposures, egg production was negatively aected by EE2 (10 ng/L)
and the highest doses of both Prozac (32 g/L) and sewage euent (50%);
the 14 day exposure indicated that lower doses of EE2 and Prozac, and the
highest dose of diclofenac reduced egg production. Prozac (32 g/L), EE2
(1 ng/L) and Diclofenac (1 and 100 g/L) reduced ovarian estradiol levels,
and varying eects on prostaglandin (PGF2) production were observed
in the diclofenac and combined drug treatments of the 14 day experiment.
Ovarian gene expression of enzymes within the steroid and arachidonic
acid (AA) biosynthetic pathways were examined in all sh. Tere were
few eects on genes within the AA pathway, with the exception that the
expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 was reduced to varying degrees by
selected treatments in the 14 day exposure. Of the genes examined in the
steroid pathway, Prozac and EE2 negatively aected the expression of StAR,
3-HSD, and aromatase. Sewage euent had little eect on the expression
of steroidogenic genes, but tended to increase the expression of 3-HSD
and P450 SCC. Collectively, these studies have demonstrated the utility
of zebrash as a lab model for investigating the impacts of environmental
drugs and sewage waste on various reproductive endpoints. Tis work also
demonstrates the complexity of the physiological mechanisms underlying
decreases in egg production mediated by dierent toxicants. Supported by
NSERC, Best In Science, CWN, and Salamander Foundation.
WP125 Bioaccumulation of Triclocarban in Lumbriculus variegatus.
C.P. Higgins, T. Chalew, R. Halden, Environmental Health Sciences,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; R.
Halden, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ; Z. Paesani, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, MD.
Te antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) has been detected in freshwater
streams across the U.S. as well as in municipal biosolids. In addition,
TCC and potential TCC transformation products have been detected
at high levels (ppm range) in sediments near major U.S. cities. Previous
work has suggested that TCC is relatively stable in these environments,
thereby raising concerns about the potential of chemical bioaccumulation
in sediment-dwelling organisms. Bioaccumulation of TCC from sediments
was assessed using the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus.
Worms were exposed to TCC in sediment spiked to simulate higher-end
environmental concentrations. Initial tests revealed a lack of acute toxicity of
TCC to L. variegatus at sediment concentrations as high as 100 ppm. Tus,
uptake from laboratory-spiked sediment was examined over 56 days with
sediments spiked to contain 50 ppm TCC. Te loss of TCC from worms
exposed for 28 days before being transferred to clean (unspiked) sediment
was also examined. Concentrations of TCC and its potential degradation
products were monitored in the worms, sediment, and the overlying water
using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Tese data were
used to calculate a lipid and organic-carbon normalized biota-sediment
accumulation factor (BSAF) for TCC in the laboratory-spiked sediment.
Overall, bioaccumulation of TCC from sediment in L. variegatus was
consistent with the traditional hydrophobic organic contaminant paradigm
for persistent organic pollutants.
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WP126 Eects of medroxyprogesterone and progesterone on larval
growth and survival in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
L.H. Petersen, C. Gomez, D. Huggett, Department of Biology, Institute
of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Estrogens
and progestins, which are synthetic sex steroid hormones used for human
therapies, have been measured in the aquatic environment. For instance,
Kolodziej et al. (2003) identied medroxyprogesterone at a concentration of
15 ng/L. Tough extensive information exists on the eects of estrogens, we
at present have very little knowledge of the eects of progestins on aquatic
organisms. As growth and development are crucial life-stages for all teleosts
these may be targeted by synthetic hormone compounds. Te aim of this
study was therefore to determine the eects of medroxyprogesterone and
progesterone on sh larval growth and survival and reproduction. Fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to 6 dierent concentrations
(1 mg/L; 0.5 mg/L; 0.25 mg/L; 0.125 mg/L and 0.0625 mg/L) of either
medroxyprogesterone or progesterone with survival and growth assessed
following 48 hr acute exposure and 7 day chronic exposure. Tis study
showed that, for instance, medroxyprogesterone (MP) did not aect
larvae survival following 48 hr acute or 7 day chronic exposure. However,
following 7 days exposure to MP larvae experienced reduced growth at
the two highest concentrations (1 mg/L and 0.5 ml/L) compared with the
controls. Additional data on medroxyprogesterone and progesterone will be
presented.
WP127 Triclosan Decreases Mammalian Tyroid Hormone via Up-
regulation of Expression and Activity of Hepatic Catabolic Enzymes.
K.B. Paul, M.J. DeVito, K.M. Crofton, Toxicology, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, ResearchTrianglePark, NC; J.M. Hedge, K.M.
Crofton, Neurotoxicology Division, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP,
NC; M.J. DeVito, Experimental Toxicology Division, NHEERL, ORD,
U.S. EPA, RTP, NC. Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)
phenol), a chlorinated phenolic antibacterial compound used in consumer
products, is an emerging global water pollutant. Te structural similarity
of triclosan to thyroid hormones (THs), in vitro studies demonstrating
activation of the human pregnane X receptor (PXR) and inhibition of
sulfotransferases, and dose-dependent decreases in vivo of total thyroxine
(T4), suggest adverse eects on TH homeostasis. Current research tested
the hypothesis that triclosan decreases serum T4 concentrations via
activation of PXR, constitutive androstane receptors (CAR), and subsequent
up-regulation of hepatic catabolism and transport of hormones. Female
Long-Evans rats (24 days old) were exposed po to triclosan (0-1000 mg/
kg/day) for four days. Whole blood and liver were collected 24 hr after
the last dose. Hepatic microsomal assays measured ethoxyresorun-O-
deethylase (EROD), pentoxyresorun-O-deethylase (PROD), and uridine
diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT) enzyme activities. Te mRNA
expression of cytochrome P450s 1a1, 2b2, and 3a1/3a3, UGTs 1a1, 1a6,
and 2b5, sulfotransferases 1c1 and 1b1, and hepatic transporters OATP1a1,
OATP1a4, MRP2, and MDR1b were measured by quantitative RT-PCR.
Triclosan caused a dose-dependent increase in PROD activity (up to 8-fold
at 1000 mg/kg/day), and no changes to EROD activity. T4-glucuronidation
increased ~2-fold at 1000 mg/kg/day. Triclosan activates CAR and PXR,
as CYP2b2 and CYP3a1/3a3 mRNA expression levels were induced 2-fold
and 4-fold at 300 mg/kg/day, respectively. UGT1a1 and SULT1c1 mRNA
expression increased in a dose-dependent manner, up to 2.2-fold and 2.6-
fold at 300 mg/kg/day. Te lack of signicant expression changes for the
transporters tested suggests that triclosan treatment does not aect T4 via
changes to transporter expression. Tese data demonstrate that upregulation
of hepatic catabolic expression and activity is a mode of action for triclosan-
induced hypothyroxinemia. Tis abstract does not necessarily reect the
policy of the US EPA. K. Paul supported by NIEHS T32-ES07126.
WP128 Development of an International Priority List of
Pharmaceuticals relevant for the Water Cycle. P. de Voogt, L. Puijker,
M. Mons, Chemical Water Quality and Health, Kiwa Water Research,
Nieuwegein, Netherlands; F. Sacher, TechnologieZentrum Wasser,
Karlsruhe, Germany; M. Janex-Habibi, CIRSEE, SUEZ-Environnement,
Le Pecq, France; P. de Voogt, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
Netherlands. A wide variety of pharmaceuticals (PhACs) are present in
wastewater euents, surface waters, and ground waters. Te large number of
compounds reported makes it dicult to evaluate the impact of all PhACs
on the water cycle. Te Global Water Research Coalition identied that the
rst step of the research agenda should be to consolidate a list of compounds
that can be used to judge risks for the water cycle. Te objective of this
desk study was to develop a list of representative priority PhACs that can
be used for further studies on analytical methods, occurrence, treatability,
and potential risks associated with exposure to PhACs in the water supply.
Major existing prioritization eorts in USA, Europe, Australia and East Asia
were identied and criteria used in those prioritization exercises evaluated. A
total of 25 reports were used which had the prioritization of PhACs as key
subject. Te number of appearances of PhACs in the 25 base documents
was scored. In total 17 dierent criteria were identied. Tese were
subjected to expert judgement and evaluation. Seven criteria were regarded
as being of special relevance and selected for drawing up a priority list. Te
number of criteria relevant for a chemical was scored, and a ranking based
on number of fullled criteria was made. Tis led to a classication into
three categories of 10 (high), 18 (medium) and 16 (low) priority PhACs.
Tis study provides assistance for selecting pharmaceuticals for future
studies. It will enable harmonization of the selection of compounds to be
studied and thereby contribute to comparability of results worldwide.
WP129 In vitro metabolism of Fluoxetine (Prozac) and its inhibition
of cytochrome P450 reactions in sh liver. E.M. Smith, J.Y. Wilson,
Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; C.D. Metcalfe,
Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough,
Ontario, Canada. Te emergence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater euent
is of increasing concern to aquatic organisms. Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), used to treat chronic depression, appear in measurable
concentrations in wastewater euent. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an SSRI that
is highly prescribed and is being used as a model compound in assessing
SSRI impacts on aquatic organisms. Fluoxetine is primarily metabolized
by cytochrome P450s (CYP), specically mammalian CYP 2D6 and to a
lesser extent CYP 2C9, 3A4 and 2C19. Fluoxetine is also a strong inhibitor
of mammalian P450s, including CYP 2D6, 3A4 and 2C19. In aquatic
environments, pharmaceuticals are found in mixtures and therefore,
drug-drug interactions are of concern. Studies of drug metabolism by sh
P450s are limited, as is our knowledge of compounds involved in enzyme
inhibition. Fluoxetine, over a range of concentrations, showed strong
P450 inhibition in in vitro experiments with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) liver microsomes induced with -napthoavone, as observed using
uorescent P450 substrates. Tis inhibition occurs in a dose-dependent
manner and ranged from 40-95% inhibition at the highest uoxetine
concentration. To our knowledge, this is the rst evidence of uoxetine
causing P450 inhibition in sh, outside of CYP1A activity. Preliminary
data on uoxetine metabolism by liver microsomes prepared from undosed
sh showed a range in species specicity. Zebrash (Danio rerio) and
killish (Fundulus heteroclitus), in particular, showed a greater capacity for
uoxetine metabolism, followed by goldsh (Carassius auratus) and rainbow
trout (O. mykiss). Tese results are important in identifying the eects of
pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments and particularly, possible drug-
drug interactions aecting P450 enzyme activity.
WP130 Use of polyuorinated compounds in consumer products in
Denmark. A. Jensen, Force Technology, Broendby, Denmark; P.B. Poulsen,
Force Technology, Lyngby, Denmark; R. Bossi, National Environmental
Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark; F. Jensen, L. Olsen, Danish
Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. Polyuorinated
compounds (PFCs) are surface active substances that repel water, grease,
and dirt and are used as detergents or impregnating agents in numerous
industrial products and consumer products under various trade names. A
search was carried out in the Danish Product Register to determine the
registered use of uorinated substances in consumer products in Denmark.
Te search was based on OECDs Preliminary lists of almost thousands
PFOS, PFAS, PFOA and related compounds and chemicals that may
degrade to PFCA. In total, condential information about commercial use
of 92 of these uorinated substances were identied in the Danish Product
Register. However, 48 substances were only registered with a very low
consumption. Te most important use areas in 2007 were: Releasing agents,
paint and lacquers, glue, surfactants and galvanic technical products. As a
supplement to the search in the Danish Product Register, information was
obtained on the content of uorinated substances in dierent consumer
products from Internet searches, from the ocial Danish statistics and from
contacts to several companies in Denmark as well as foreign producers/
suppliers of uorinated substances. Based on all information the annual
consumption of uorinated substances in consumer products in Denmark
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was estimated to between 14 tonnes and >38 tonnes. Te real amounts are,
however, most likely much greater, because the Danish Product Register
only includes products containing uorinated compounds on the Danish
market which are labelled as dangerous. In addition, contents of uorinated
compounds in imported nished products, such as all-weather clothes,
are not registered. Tat is also the case with residues of PFOA in nished
products, which are typically between 0.1 and 1% of the total content of
uorinated substances substance.
WP131 Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology: Challenges. N.
Luke, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., Edison, NJ. Nanotechnology is
becoming a growing presence in our daily life and a major player in our
global economy. It is dened as ability to measure, see, manipulate, and
manufacture products usually between 1 and 100 nanometers. Te eld
of nanotechnology has great potential applications, in consumer products,
health care, transportation, energy, and agriculture, for social, economic and
environmental benets. However, in addition to chemical properties, the
physical properties of nanomaterials, such as particle size, solubility, surface
area and characteristics, shape, state of dispersion and agglomeration, have
contributed to adverse eects on human health and the environment.
Furthermore, little is known of the long term toxicity eects to health
and of the fate of nanomaterials in the environment. Tus, nanomaterials
have been cited as a major concern to public and regulatory communities.
Consequently, a new science of nanotoxicology has emerged with the need
to study, investigate, evaluate, and determine whether and to what extent
these materials may pose a threat to human health and the environment.
Although nanotoxicology is still in its infancy, it has created an exciting
eld for toxicologists. Te immediate challenges facing nanotoxicologists
include: How to develop the scientic basis for evaluating and characterizing
exposure, toxicity, and risks associated with nanomaterials and how to
establish toxicity guidelines. How to communicate public understanding
of the benets of nanotechnology and the risk assessment of nanomaterials,
how to establish regulatory guidance and regulations to protect human
health and the environment, and how to direct research and resources to
investigate the impacts of nanomaterials and minimize the health and the
environmental risks, while supporting sustainable development. Answering
these questions constitute major challenges for global researchers and
regulators in the eld of nanotechnology.
WP132 Microbial Risk Assessment: Overview. T. Marcum, Camp
Dresser & McKee Inc., Denver, CO; C. Julias, N. Luke, Camp Dresser
& McKee Inc., Edison, NJ. Microbial risk assessment (MRA) evaluates
the adverse human health eects following exposure to pathogenic
microorganisms. In 1998 USEPA developed a conceptual framework for
assessing risks of waterborne pathogens with the information needed to
quantitatively assess health risks from exposure to microbial agents in water.
USEPAs 1998 MRA requires risk assessments to consider the microbial and
potentially hazardous chemical concentrations in nished water, tap water
intake rates, and dose-response assessments for the microbial and chemical
agents. Tis MRAs approach follows the four steps used in chemical risk
assessments: hazard identication, dose-response assessment, exposure
assessment, and risk characterization. However, this MRA framework has
not received the attention as a chemical risk assessment until recently.
Following the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Act of 2002 and
Homeland Security Presidential Directives 7, 9, and 10, USEPA is charged
to protect our nations critical water infrastructure and to monitor chemical,
biological, and radiological terrorism threats to public health and the
environment. Consequently, USEPA is working closely with other agencies,
e.g., DoD, USDA, and FDA, to develop a MRA guideline to estimate
plausible levels of risk that might result from exposure to environmental
pollutants, including microbes and pathogens. Te eects are to be
translated or expressed in terms of measurable human health conditions,
such as cases of cancer and infection and illness from infectious diseases.
Quantitative MRA enables direct measurement of pathogens in developing
acceptance and rejection guidelines for water sources of microbial exposure
to human populations. Te guidelines intend to be applicable to all types
of microbial pathogens and aqueous media. Tus, pathogen-specic MRA
could be developed to characterize the risk associated with each medium.
WP133 Land Application of Class B Biosolids: Microconstituent
Evaluation. P. Cline, T. Ptak, CH2M Hill, Gainesville, FL; P. Davis, R.
Hutton, Gainesville Regional Utilities, Gainesville, FL. Whistling Pines
Ranch (WPR) is an agricultural site located in Alachua County where Class
B biosolids from a municipal water reclamation facility have been applied
for the past 26 years. Tese biosolids supplement inorganic fertilizer used
in growing a variety of forage and row crops at the site. Te compliance
with the biosolids management plan includes meeting criteria on nutrients
and pollutant loading; pathogen reduction and vector attraction reduction.
As analytical methods have advanced, a number of microconstituents
(Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)) have been reported
in research studies at low concentrations in biosolids. Tese research studies
have raised questions about the potential presence of PPCPs at WPR. To
evaluate this issue, a sampling and analysis plan was developed with a focus
on potential migration of these chemicals to adjacent properties. Twelve
microconstituents were analyzed including estrogenic hormones and their
metabolites, pharmaceutical-related compounds, and potentially estrogenic
compounds including a common plasticizer and detergent/surfactant
compounds and their metabolites. One of these microconstituents,
Fluoxetine (Prozac), was detected in liquid phase of the biosolids at a
concentration of 0.11 micrograms per liter (ug/L). Domestic wells present
in the vicinity of the WPR site are used for drinking water and protection
of this resource was identied as a primary goal. Four groundwater samples
and four soil elutriate samples were analyzed to assess cumulative impacts
from historical use and potential future migration to groundwater. None
of the microconstituents were detected in these samples from the site.
Te challenges with evaluation of microconstituents in biosolids include
justication of a representative analytical suite, development of risk based
concentrations, and risk communication. Tis poster will summarize current
land application process at WPR, development of the sampling and analysis
protocols, and interpretation and communication of the results.
WP134 Acute to Chronic Ratios for Pharmaceuticals. J.G. Tell,
K.C. Silverman, L. Ziv, Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ. In
December 2006, the nal version of the European Medicines Agency
Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products
for Human Use came into eect. As a result of the Guideline, most new
Worldwide Marketing Applications for new medicinal products were
required to comply with a more rigorous testing protocol. As a result,
additional data are being collected and compiled that can provide insight
into the toxicity of pharmaceuticals to aquatic organisms. Te baseline set
of data to support an European Union registration now includes chronic
toxicity tests on three aquatic species, typically, an aquatic invertebrate,
an algae and a sh. A review of aquatic toxicity data for pharmaceuticals
is presented, summarizing datasets where both acute and chronic data are
collected. A comparison of acute to chronic ratios will be provided for a
range of active pharmaceutical ingredients having a variety of mechanisms
of action. Tis data can potentially be used to help better understand the
chronic aquatic toxicity of older compounds, where a more limited dataset
(e.g., acute studies) is available.
WP135 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) bio-concentrates in
Shorthead Redhorse Sucker (Moxostoma macrolepidotum). A. Al-Ansari,
A. Saleem, L. Kimpe, V. Trudeau, J. Blais, Centre for Advanced Research in
Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J. Sherry, M. McMaster, Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada. 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic
estrogen prescribed as an oral contraceptive. EE2 and the natural estrogens
estrone (E1), 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) have been frequently
detected as low ng/L or ng/g in wastewater treatment plant euents, rivers,
and sediments. Such low levels of environmental estrogens have been
strongly correlated to endocrine disruption in aquatic species. Critically
missing is environmentally relevant data on the uptake of EE2 in aquatic
wildlife. Te aim of this study is to determine the possibility of measuring
EE2 in whole sh tissues of Shorthead Redhorse Sucker (Moxostoma
macrolepidotum) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled
with mass spectrometry HPLC-APCI-MSD in selected ion monitoring
mode. Ten wild sh were sampled from St. Clair River, Stag Island, Ontario
in 2002. Sex and other physical characteristics were determined. Whole sh
tissue samples were prepared by grinding each sh followed by extracting
20 g of sh homogenates by accelerated solvent extraction for fat removal
using a preparative scale gel permeation chromatography. Sample fractions
were further cleaned up using Florisil column prior to the LC-MS analyses.
High concentration of EE2 was detected in the range of 0.47 to 2.30 ng/g
sh body mass. Previous published data indicate that EE2 is detected in
the 5 ng/L range in Canadian receiving waters. Based on this observation
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we estimate a bioconcentration factor of 460 for EE2. Tis is signicant in
that very few studies have estimated the uptake of human pharmaceuticals
in wild caught species. Funded by NSERC-Canada and King Abdulaziz
University, Saudi Arabia.
WP136 Investigation of Transformation Products from the
Chlorination of Estrogenic and Androgenic Compounds. H. Mash,
K. Schenck, WSWRD/TTEB, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH; L. Rosenblum,
Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Drinking
water sources are increasingly impacted by upstream anthropogenic
activities, including wastewater discharge, concentrated animal feeding
operations (CAFOs) and landll leachate. Androgenic and estrogenic
activities have been detected in surface waters downstream from such
discharges. A large portion of this activity can be attributed to the outow
of specic compounds, including natural and synthetic steroids. Chlorine
(specically, hypochorite) is a commonly employed disinfectant in
drinking water treatment and microbiological deterrent in distribution
systems. Bench-scale studies were conducted to identify transformation
products from the chlorination of several estrogenic compounds (estradiol,
ethynylestradiol, and estriol) and anabolic steroids (including trans-
dehydrotestosterone, testosterone and trembolone). Accurate mass analysis
employing a quadruple-time-of ight (Q-TOF) was used for identication
of the products. Results indicate that the estrogens are highly reactive in
the presence of chlorine forming a multitude of products. Results showed
treatment of the estrogens with chlorine resulted in approximately 98
percent reductions in the concentrations of the parent estrogens. Te
reactivity of the androgenic steroidal compounds with chlorine was highly
dependant on structural characteristics and functional substitutions. Several
of the selected steroids were unreactive under the chlorination conditions
used; many others were highly reactive resulting in the loss of measurable
quantities of the parent in a matter of hours. Te results have broad
implications for estimating human exposure to estrogens and androgens
from chlorinated community drinking waters.
WP137 Bioconcentration of Norethindrone, an Oral Contraceptive,
in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). G.C. Nallani, P.M. Paulos,
D.N. Hala, B.J. Venables, D.B. Huggett, Biological Sciences, Univ. of
North Texas, Denton, TX; L. Constantine, Pzer Global Research &
Development, Groton, CT. Te widespread detection of pharmaceuticals in
the aquatic environment has raised concerns over their potential undesirable
ecological eects. Regulatory agencies have been updating guidelines for
environmental risk assessment of this emerging class of contaminants
based on their occurrence. Laboratory based bioconcentration measures
are often considered an integral piece of information for risk assessment
and management. However, it may not be practical to obtain empirical
bioconcentration factor (BCF) data for thousands of pharmaceuticals due
to cost, time and animal welfare issues. It is, therefore, advantageous to
generate BCF data on select compounds based on their physical/chemical
properties, therapeutic class, known eects and/or environmental relevance.
Our current study focuses on determination of BCF for two compounds,
norethindrone (NET), a commonly prescribed oral contraceptive and
ibuprofen, a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inammatory drug. Due
to their widespread use, the two drugs have been detected in dierent
aquatic media. NET, a neutral compound with a logKow of 3.15, may
bioconcentrate in aquatic species. To test this hypothesis, male juvenile
rainbow trout were exposed to 100 g NET / L in a continuous ow-
through system for seven days. Plasma and muscle and tissues were collected
at the end of the experiment to measure bioconcentration. NET was
extracted either by liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction (SPE), cleaned up
by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), trimethylsilyl derivatized and
analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) under
Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM). Te results showed BCF values for plasma
ranging from 8-17, while the muscle tissue had lipid-normalized BCF
of 1200-1600. Studies are underway to obtain BCF values for ibuprofen
and other select pharmaceuticals using OECD 305 methodology and
environmentally realistic concentrations. Our overall goal in this project is
to examine how the laboratory determined BCF data will be correlated to
dierent model- predicted values.
WP138 Occurrence and fates of Sulfonamides Pharmaceuticals in
Han River and the Sewage Treatment plants in Korea. J. Oh, H. Son, K.
Hwang, K. Zoh, Dept. of Environmental Health, Seoul National University,
Seoul, South Korea. Tere is a growing concern that pharmaceuticals can
threat to water quality management due to their potential eects on humans
and the environment. Te pharmaceuticals contamination in surface water
may come from pharmaceutical industry, pharmacy, households, hospitals
as well as livestock excretion. Among pharmaceuticals, sulfonamides can
be applied to prevent infection in a variety of situations in both veterinary
and medical practices. In this study, sulfonamide type pharmaceuticals such
as sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole and their metabolites,
sulfamethazine-N4-acetyl were monitored from Han-River, and four major
sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Seoul, Korea. Total 20 samples from
Han River and 24 samples from STPs were analyzed using LC/MS/MS
(Shiseido Nanospace, Japan) after pretreatment with solid-phase extraction.
Te average recovery of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole,
and sulfamethazine-N4-acetyl extraction was 95.49.4%, 90.25.2%,
90.75.1%, and 80.23.1%, respectively. Te average concentration of
sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethazine-
N4-acetyl in Han-river was 19.58 g/L, 1.55 g/L, 4.71 g/L, 29.26 g/L,
respectively. Te concentrations of the inuents and euents from STPs
were in the ranges of ND~40.75 g/L and ND~7.12 g/L for sulfathiazole,
129.5~504 g/L and 91.35~280 g/L for sulfamethoxazole, 1.44~24.1 g/L
and 0.385~2.47 g/L for sulfamethazine, 10.7~36.5 g/L and 3.38~12.9
g/L for sulfamethazine-N4-acetyl, respectively. Tis result indicates that
sulfamethoxazole was detected in every sample, and showed the highest
concentrations. Also, the sewage treatment plants cannot eectively
remove these pharmaceuticals and its metabolites. Te concentrations of
sulfonamides in Han River can be comparable to studies monitored in other
countries (Ashton et al., 2004; Bentz et al., 2005; Xu et al, 2007).
WP139 An In Utero Human Health Risk Assessment Approach for
Pharmaceuticals Discharged With Wastewater. H.I. Lenoir, E. Tufariello,
R.P. DeMott, ENVIRON International, Tampa, FL; A.B. Santamaria,
ENVIRON International, Houston, TX. An expanding literature
demonstrates the extent to which pharmaceuticals have been detected in
surface and drinking water subsequent to wastewater discharge. Tere is
a potential for human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water
supplies and ingestion of sh. A number of studies have been conducted
to investigate potential risks to human health from pharmaceuticals in
the water supply. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) in
surface waters for these pharmaceuticals are used to estimate exposure for
risk analysis purposes. MECs are compared with predicted environmental
concentrations (PECs) from exposure models (such as phATE).
Several studies using this approach concluded that exposure to most
pharmaceuticals poses negligible human health risk. Te current study
evaluated approaches for incorporating toxicity values relating specically
to in utero eects. A number of pharmaceuticals and/or their metabolites
for which testing results for developmental endpoints are available were
selected. A limiting factor is the nature of toxicity testing generally
available. Pharmaceutical testing emphasizes characterizing ecacy for
producing specic desirable eects and mechanisms of cellular or receptor
action over describing dose-responses relevant to sensitive endpoints.
Mechanistic information, however, can serve as the basis for determining
toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs) relating to specic endpoints. We have
determined a series of TEFs for hormonally active, receptor mediated and
specic enzyme binding compounds based on developmental endpoints.
Potential in utero risk from the presence of trace concentrations of the
selected pharmaceuticals in the water supply was characterized as a test of
this approach.
WP140 Eects of Progesterone and Synthetic Derivatives on Xenopus
sp. Jamie A. Stine and Duane B. Huggett. Department of Biology
University of North Texas Denton, TX. J.A. Stine, D. Huggett, Biology,
University of North Texas Denton, Denton, TX; J.A. Stine, McNair,
University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Various drugs and their metabolites
are commonly being detected in aquatic environments. Synthetic forms of
progesterone, along with estrogen, are common ingredients in birth control
pills to block the production of LH and FSH in the brain. Both synthetic
estrogens and progestins have been identied in waterways in the United
States and Europe. However, few data are available regarding the eects
of progesterone or synthetic derivatives on the development of aquatic
organisms. Mammalian studies indicate that many of these synthetic forms
of progesterone are active at not only progestin receptors, but also androgen
and estrogen receptors. Tis study provides data regarding the lethal and
sub-lethal responses of Xenopus sp. to progesterone and the synthetic
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derivatives norethindrone and medroxyprogesterone. Xenopus fertilized eggs
were exposed to concentrations of progesterone and synthetic derivatives
ranging from 1 to 100 mg/L for 96 hours to determine acute lethality to
these organisms. Data from these acute studies, as well as metamorphosis
studies will be presented.
WP141 Early life stage (ELS) toxicity of norethindrone and ibuprofen
to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). D. Baxter, D.N. Hala, B.
Venables, D.B. Huggett, Department of Biology, Institute of Applied
Sciencs, University of North Texas, Denton, TX; L. Constantine, Pzer
Global Research and Development, Groton, CT. An increasing number of
studies are demonstrating the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic
environment. While many pharmaceuticals are tested using mammalian
test systems, there is growing concern as to whether these drugs could
elicit eects on aquatic organisms. Te updated regulatory guideline in
Europe requires evaluation of the potential eects of active pharmaceutical
ingredients on the early life stage (ELS) development of sh. Although
much consideration is being given to the 3Rs (rene, reduce, replace),
the number of sh utilized in this new testing paradigm will increase.
One approach to prioritizing testing needs in sh is to test representative
compounds from each major pharmaceutical class to determine the
representative toxicity. In order to build the database regarding the eects
of pharmaceuticals in sh, fathead minnows were exposed to the synthetic
progestin norethindrone and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen.
Exposure to these drugs bracketed eggs to 28d post-hatch. Te eects of
norethindrone on the juvenile fathead minnow growth and survival were
assessed at a concentration range spanning 62.5 to 1000 ppb. Preliminary
data suggest increased mortality and decreased growth at 500 and 1000
ppb. It is anticipated that these studies will help determine whether these
compounds are of environmental concern with regard to early life stage
toxicity in sh.
WP142 Te developmental eects of triclosan on the pickerel frog,
Rana palustris. A. Sowers, S. Klaine, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC.
Preliminary research in our laboratory showed that the northern leopard
frog, Rana pipiens, required a longer period of time to both initiate and
complete metamorphosis when exposed to wastewater euent from a
municipal wastewater treatment plant in Greenville, SC. Because of the
vital role thyroid hormone plays in the metamorphic process, this nding
suggests that thyroid homeostasis may have been disrupted. Triclosan is
a ubiquitous pollutant that is commonly detected in wastewater euents
and surface waters and has been shown to disrupt thyroid homeostasis
in mammals. In this study, we investigated the potential for triclosan
to interfere with thyroid hormone-mediated metamorphosis of the
pickerel frog, Rana palustris. Tadpoles were exposed to aqueous triclosan
concentrations ranging from 0-30 ug/L. Te time to reach forelimb
emergence and metamorphosis were recorded. Length and weight
were measured at metamorphosis and thyroid glands were prepared for
histological analysis. Serum levels of thyroid hormone were measured. Te
results of this study quantied the eects of triclosan at the whole organism
(forelimb emergence, metamorphosis), cellular (histological analysis) and
molecular (serum thyroid hormone levels) and will aid in assessing the risk
that triclosan exposure poses to ranid frogs.
WP143 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxin Equivalents in n-3
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplements. J.A. Bourdon, T. Bazinet, T.
Arnason, L. Kimpe, J. Blais, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
J.A. Bourdon, P. White, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation is becoming increasingly
popular in North America. Tese supplements consist of oils derived
from sh and other organisms that may have been exposed to persistent
pollutants including polychlorinated dioxins, dioxin-like compounds, and
polychlorinated biphenyls. Because of the tendency for these compounds
to accumulate in fatty tissues, contamination of fatty acid supplements may
present a considerable health risk to consumers. Tis research investigated
the total PCB concentration, as well as dioxin-like activity, expressed as
toxic equivalents to 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), in 17
of commercially available products. Te products analyzed included oils
from cod liver, ax seed, krill, salmon, sea herring, seal, triple sh (anchovy,
mackerel and sardine) and tuna. Total PCBs were measured using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and dioxin-like activity
for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like
PCBs (DL-PCB) was measured using the DR-CALUX assay. Results for
total PCBs ranged from 0.1 to 104.5 ng/g lipid, with salmon and cod
liver yielding the highest values and ax the lowest. Values for PCDD/F-
DL-PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 72.1 pgTEQ/g lipid, with salmon and tuna
yielding the highest values and ax the lowest. Considering the average daily
dietary intake of PCDD/F-DL-PCBs, the average body weight of 70kg,
and the manufacturers dosing recommendations, it was determined that
the toxic equivalence to TCDD resulting from dietary supplementation
surpassed the upper limit of the World Health Organization tolerable daily
intake of 4 pg kg-1 body weight day-1. A similar calculation indicated that
none of the total PCB values exceeded the tolerable daily intake of 20 ng/
kg body weight/day. Te benecial properties of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids in oily sh and the results of this study suggest that it is prudent to
consume sh oils from small, short lived fatty sh (e.g., anchovy, mackerel
and sardine). Such products maximize fatty acid benets and minimize risks
posed by exposure to PCBs and PCDD/F-DL-PCBs.
WP144 Integrated Ecological Risk Assessment of a Class of
Preservatives, Parabens. Y. Hirata, H. Yamamoto, M. Watanabe, Y.
Nakamura, K. Ikehata, S. Katuki, J. Sekizawa, Tokushima University,
Tokushima, Japan; Y. Kagami, Ecogenomics Co., Kurume, Japan; N. Hirai,
N. Tatarazako, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tukuba,
Japan. A class of preservatives, parabens are widely used in cosmetics such
as creams, lipsticks, skin lotions, shampoos, and bubble bath powders
but parabens have recently been known to be estrogenic. Batch activated-
sludge treatment and batch chlorination were conducted to roughly
determine the removal eciency of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).
Combining the removal eciency with the estimated annual consumption
and the unaltered excretion ratio, the maximum predicted environmental
concentration (PEC) was estimated for seven parabens (methyl-, ethyl-,
n-propyl-, i-propyl-, n-butyl-, i-butyl-, and benzylparaben) and compared
with the measured environmental concentration (MEC) in an euent of
a wastewater treatment plant and an urban stream in Tokushima, Japan
with no sewage service coverage. Acute (and chronic) toxicity tests were
performed using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), daphnia (Daphinia
magna), and green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) for the parabens
to determine 96 h-LC50, 48 h-EC50 (21 d-NOEC), and 96 h-EC50
(96 h-NOEC), respectively. Medaka vitellogenin (VTG) assays and DNA
microarray analyses were also conducted for some parabens. Te plasma
VTG concentration of male madaka signicantly increased as low as
200 g L-1 of n-butylparaben, whereas the estrogen related genes such
as choriogenin and VTG was upregulated at 4 g L-1 of benzylparaben
Finally, the predicted no-eect concentration (PNEC) was calculated using
the EC50, LC50, or NOEC divided by assessment factor and preliminary
environmental risk assessment was conducted using MEC(or PEC)/
PNEC ratio. Te MEC (or PEC)/PNEC ratios for individual parabens
were all below 1 and not in the level of emergent concern for the aquatic
ecosystem. However, it is important to integrate all seven parabens to assess
the total risk of this class of compounds with similar chemical structure
and toxicological eects. Tus, we assigned toxicity equivalence factor on
the basis of n-butylparaben for the other six parabens and re-assessed the
ecological risk, and found potentially high risk in those area with no sewage
service coverage.
WP145 Assessing the environmental impact of biosolids applied
on agricultural soils: fate and exposure of POPs. A.C. Passuello,
M. Schuhmacher, Chemical Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University,
Tarragona, Spain; M. Nadal, M. Schuhmacher, J.L. Domingo, Laboratory
of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus,
Spain. Te management of biosolids removed in wastewater treatment
plants is currently being a dicult and expensive problem in the eld of
wastewater engineering. According to the draft of the Spanish National
Plan of Wastewaters, until the year 2011, at least 70% of the biosolids
produced on the country should be disposed on agricultural soils. Te
biosolids disposal on agricultural land in Spain is only regulated according
to the concentrations of heavy metals in soils and biosolids, as well as the
annual maximum quantities of heavy metals which may be disposed on
soil intended for agriculture. However, there are no legally enforceable
restrictions related to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and/or other
emerging contaminants, which may also be present in biosolids. Because the
polluting agents move through dierent environmental compartments (air,
soil, water and crops) and they accumulate throughout the food chain, the
entire transference chain must be considered when evaluating the potential
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risk for the population health and the ecosystems. Te aim of this work
was to develop an environmental impact tool to indicate the health risks
towards human and ecosystems, derived from the biosolids application on
agricultural soils. A multicompartmental model was applied for predicting
pollutants distribution on the environmental compartments and evaluating
the risk through exposure and risk assessment models. A sensitivity analysis
was also performed to indicate the parameters and exposure routes of most
concern.
WP146 A Framework for the Environmental Safety Ranking of
Ingredients in Personal Care Products (PCPs): A Case Study with
Surfactants. M. Sharma, T. Verslycke, S. Takali, Gradient Corporation,
Cambridge, MA. Personal care products (PCPs) companies are increasingly
implementing product safety strategies to proactively reduce the
environmental impact of their products. While there is an established
framework for evaluating the environmental risks of chemicals as part of
chemical registration, pro-active strategies for making ingredient choices
based on environmental safety considerations are being developed under
a myriad of eco-schemes. Existing eco-schemes generally focus on the
intrinsic properties (e.g., acute aquatic toxicity and biodegradability) of
ingredients in a product without considering their expected environmental
fate and eects. Regulatory frameworks for product/ingredient
registration and evaluation are generally based on comparing the predicted
environmental concentration (which is dependent on an ingredients use
volume) with predicted environmental eects (i.e., the hazard quotient).
We developed an environmental ranking approach for PCP ingredients
that considers both their intrinsic properties and their environmental risk.
As a case study, we applied our environmental safety ranking framework
to 38 surfactants used widely in PCPs. Tis presentation will discuss our
environmental safety ranking approach for PCPs ingredients, its application
to surfactants, and its utility and limitations in selecting eco-friendly
alternative ingredients when formulating a product.
WP147 Fate and transport of contaminants in household euent
in small urban stream drainage area with no sewage service coverage:
construction of a simple mathematical model. I. Tamura, K. Nitta, K.
Nagashio, J. Sekizawa, H. Yamamoto, University of Tokushima, Tokushima,
Japan; H. Kassai, M. Tanaka, Kaihatsu Concrete Co., Kan-onji, Japan.
Mathematical models to simulate fate and transport of environmental
contaminants have extensively developed by several research groups in
the US, EU, and Japan but most of them have focused on large river
basins with sewage service coverage and can only roughly estimate the
concentration. In this study, we focused on the fate and transport of widely
used contaminants such as anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
(LAS) and an antifugal agent triclosan (TCS) discharged in household
euent and attempted to build a mathematical model to accurately simulate
the concentration in urban streams with no sewage service coverage.
Biodegradation of LAS and TCS was determined using a concrete plate
with attached biolm and river water sampled from two urban streams with
concrete coverage of there riverbed and with drainage area of no sewage
service, Tsumeta Creek and Tamiya Creek, in Tokushima-city, Japan. Results
of batch biodegradation experiments in the laboratory showed slightly
faster biodegradation of LAS than TCS; i.e., pseudo-rst order constants
for LAS and TCS ranged from 0.0050-0.21 (1/h) and 0.00086-0.039
(1/h), respectively. Direct sunlight photodegradation experiments were also
conducted and the no signicant degradation was found for LAS but slight
degradation was found for TCS. (i.e., rst order rate constant of 0.710.08
1/h) Te mathematical model was developed on the basis of sequential
continuous ow stirred tank reactors (CFSTRs) for the two urban streams
with biodegradation and photodegradation rate constant determined by our
experiments. Input of the contaminants was estimated using the registered
population and the ratio of septic tank use in the drainage area, and the
amount of water use and the estimated consumption of both contaminants
per capita. Te water ow rate, width and depth of the streams, and
the concentration of LAS and TCS were measured three times at more
than seven points in the simulated drainage area for the calibration. Te
estimated concentrations of both LAS and TCS were in the range of 50 to
190% of the measured concentrations and the dilution by the tributaries
plays more important role than the elimination by biodegradation and
photodegradation. Tese results suggest the existence of hot spots of LAS
and TCS potentially aecting ecosystem in those drainage areas with no
sewage service coverage.
WP148 Eects of Norethindrone, A Synthetic Progestin, on
Reproductive Parameters in Fish. P. Paulos, D. Hala, G. Nallani, B.
Venables, T. La Point, D. Huggett, University of North Texas, Denton, TX;
T. Runnalls, J. Sumpter, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.
Synthetic progestins, such as Norethindrone (NET), are common
ingredients in oral contraceptives that regulate LH and FSH levels. Given
the widespread use of oral contraceptives, it is not surprising that reports
have identied several progestins in aquatic environments. In sh, synthetic
progestins play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and serve
a key function in spermatogenesis. Given the pivotal role that progestins
play in reproduction, their dose (often > 1mg/d) and daily use pattern, it is
important to understand the hazard these compounds pose once discharged
into the aquatic environment. Since little data are available on this class of
compounds, our research will focus on the eect of NET on the fathead
minnow, rainbow trout and Japanese medaka. Testing to date demonstrates
that NET is not acutely toxic, with a 48 hrLC50 > 1.0 mg/L and a 7d
NOEC for P. promelas growth of 250.0g/L. Two 21 d reproduction
studies with Japanese medaka indicated that NET produces a signicant
decrease in reproduction in the low ng/L level. Two 21 d fathead minnow
reproduction studies from independent laboratories also demonstrated
that NET causes a signicant decrease in fecundity in the low ng/L level.
Physiological screening studies with sub-adult male trout suggest that NET
causes a decrease in gonad weight, and in increase in liver weight and plasma
vitellogenin. Tese data indicate that further investigation of synthetic
progestins may be warranted.
WP149 Environmental Risk Assessment for Products Containing
Ibuprofen and Diphenhydramine. J.K. Schupner, AMEC Earth &
Environmental, Somerset, NJ; C. Mackay, AMEC Earth & Environmental,
Portland, ME; P.D. Anderson, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Westford,
MA; P.D. Anderson, Department of Geography and Environment, Boston
University, Boston, MA; J. Goldring, Wyeth Consumer Healthcare,
Madison, NJ. Pharmaceutical development has innumerable benets,
producing medicines that treat disease, save lives, and enhance everyday
life. However, due to their incomplete removal by waste water treatment
plants, pharmaceuticals have emerged as compounds of potential concern
in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Some pharmaceuticals that have
been on the market for decades have few data on their environmental
fate and eects. Tis poster presents an environmental assessment of an
over-the-counter product consisting of the analgesic ibuprofen and the
sleep aid diphenhydramine. Methods utilized include: an assessment of
market penetration; a review of literature data and laboratory studies of
fate and eects; derivation of predicted environmental concentrations
(PECs) and predicted no eect concentrations (PNECs); and calculation
of risk characterization ratios (RCRs) and margins of safety (MOS, the
inverse of RCR). Projected environmental risk was determined with the
methods outlined in the European Chemicals Bureaus Technical Guidance
Document on Risk Assessment (TGD) using default values. Te models
were applied using the European Union System for the Evaluation of
Substances (EUSES) version 2.1. Point estimates were treated as constants
and input distributions were applied using randomized bootstrap with
replacement (Monte Carlo). Risk was expressed as RCRs based on
both regional and continental market projections. Te highest RCR for
ibuprofen was 1.55x10-4 (100th percentile) for the regional projection in
the marine aquatic environment (5th and 95th percentile = 2.13x10-5 and
6.03x10-5; median = 2.66x10-5). Te highest RCR for diphenhydramine
was 4.59x10-4 (100th percentile) for the regional fresh water aquatic
environment (5th to 95th percentile = 2.22x10-4 to 4.42x10-4; median
= 3.32x10-4). Among all the potentially aected environmental media
included in the analysis, the lowest MOS (2200 at the 100th percentile for
diphenhydramine), represents a substantial margin of safety. Tese results
indicate a negligible potential risk to aquatic, sediment or soil organisms
from use of a product containing these medicines.
WP150 Bounding Analysis for EE2 Concentrations in Surface Water
and the Sewage Cycle. P.D. Anderson, AMEC, Westford, MA; P.D.
Anderson, Geography and Environment, Boston University, Boston,
MA; V.J. DAco, Quantum Management Group, Inc., Clifton, NJ.
17 Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen used in combination
with other steroid hormones in oral contraceptives and by itself in the
contraceptive patch. EE2 is only partially metabolized and incompletely
removed by sewage treatment plants (STPs) and, therefore not surprisingly,
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has been detected in sewage treatment plant euents and occasionally in
surface waters in the US, UK, Canada, Brazil, Germany, and elsewhere.
Reported measured concentrations span several orders of magnitude
ranging from non detect at detection limits below 1 ng/l to detected
concentrations of greater than 200 ng/l. For researchers studying the eects
of EE2 in aquatic organisms, understanding whether this entire range
of concentrations is environmentally relevant is essential, otherwise they
might conduct experiments using EE2 concentrations that cannot occur
in the environment. Tis poster presents a series of mass-based bounding
calculations to establish a range of maximum possible EE2 concentrations in
various stages of the sewage cycle as well as in United States surface waters.
Te results will help researchers establish the upper limits of experimental
exposure concentrations for EE2 in surface water and help risk assessors to
estimate maximum potential risks to aquatic life.
WP151 An Assessment of Exposure to Nanoscale Materials in
Surface Water. P.D. Anderson, H.L. Ferland, AMEC, Westford, MA;
P.D. Anderson, Geography and Environment, Boston University, Boston,
MA. Te potential eects to the aquatic ecosystem of trace levels of
microconstituents present in wastewater treatment plant euents has been
receiving ever greater attention in recent months and years. Interestingly,
nanomaterials are not generally included in the suite of emerging trace
constituents that are the focus of this attention and potential concern,
despite the ever increasing use of nanoscale materials in consumer products.
Tis study uses the PhATE model to develop predicted environmental
concentrations (PECs) in surface water for two nanoscale materials (Multi
and Single Walled Carbon Nanotubules, as well as nanoscale silver). Te
nature of some nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubules, makes it
dicult to measure concentrations in surface water using existing analytical
methods. Using PhATE allows us to develop PECs for over 27,000
kilometers of rivers in the US. Te potential for these two nanomaterials to
pose a potential risk to the aquatic ecosystem is determined by comparing
PECs to available aquatic toxicity data to determine whether they exceed
concentrations that have been shown to have potential eects.
WP152 Toxicity of Triclosan and Triclocarban to Marine
Phytoplankton. K. Butler, W.H. Palefsky, A.M. Peck, Skidaway Institute
of Oceanography, Savannah, GA; K. Butler, Wesleyan College, Macon,
GA. Triclosan and triclocarban are antimicrobial compounds used in
consumer products such as toothpaste, antibacterial soaps and skin creams
and co-occur in the aquatic environment. Tese compounds are released
into waterways as euent from wastewater treatment plants and from the
discharges of private septic tanks. Previous studies have shown that that
algae are among the most sensitive non-target organisms to environmental
exposures of triclosan. Few previous studies have focused on marine species
and it appears no previous work has examined the toxicity of triclocarban
on freshwater or marine phytoplankton. In this study, we examined the
eects of triclosan, triclocarban on the growth rates and cell densities of
four marine phytoplankton species (Talassiosira pseudonana, Akashiwo
sanguinea, Skeletonema costatum, and Dunaliella tertiolecta). In addition, this
research was the rst to analyze the outcome of these tests with a mixture of
the two compounds. Tese experiments were conducted through standard
96-hour static bioassays that evaluated the eects of varying concentrations
of the compounds and the mixture. Cell densities were measured using a
hemacytometer.
WP153 Accumulation of Personal Care Products in Estuarine Food
Webs. A.M. Peck, W.H. Palefsky, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography,
Savannah, GA. Te presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
(PPCPs) in natural environments has been well documented over the
last decade. While signicant quantities of many of these compounds are
introduced into coastal and estuarine systems, little is currently known
about their fate or eects in these systems. Of particular concern are
compounds that are used in large quantities, persist in the environment,
have a designed bioactivity, or bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
Compounds from three contaminant classes have been selected based on
their use in the United States as well as their estimated bioaccumulation
potentials. Te selected compounds include topical antimicrobials and
their primary metabolites (triclosan, triclocarban, methyl triclosan,
4-chloroaniline, and 3,4-dichloroaniline), polycyclic musk fragrances
(HHCB, AHTN, ATII, ADBI, and AHMI), and active ingredients used
in sunscreens (octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, octocrylene, octyl
methoxycinnamate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, and homosalate).
Methods for the analysis of these compounds in water and biota have been
developed and applied to samples collected from the Savannah Rivers
Estuary.
WP154 Te eects of uoxetine on osmoregulation and nitrogen
excretion in a marine teleost sh. D. McDonald, Marine Biology and
Fisheries, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Te most commonly
prescribed antidepressants, including uoxetine, inhibit the reuptake of
serotonin (5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine) by 5-HT transporters in neurons,
human platelets and gastrointestinal tract. Tis inhibition results in an
increase in local 5-HT concentrations making the physiological action of
uoxetine analogous to 5-HT itself. After consumption, the metabolites
of uoxetine as well as 10-15% of the unchanged parent drug are excreted
from the body and enter sewage treatment facilities but are not degraded.
Consequently, these compounds have reached measurable quantities in
surface waters and the impact of pharmaceutical exposure on marine life
needs to be thoroughly examined. Te gulf toadsh, Opsanus beta, is a
benthic, marine teleost sh abundant along the Florida coastline and within
the Gulf of Mexico. Many 5-HT sensitive physiological processes have
been identied using toadsh that could be susceptible to environmental
uoxetine contamination. To test this potential, sh were treated with
uoxetine by intraperitoneal injection using slow-release coconut oil
implants. Tese sh were compared to a third subset of sh that were
exposed to uoxetine in the water (nominal concentrations of 0, 0.01 and
10 g/l) for 15 days. Circulating 5-HT and cortisol, an important stress
hormone in teleost sh, were monitored in these groups of sh as well as
acute and chronic changes in nitrogen excretion, a process that is regulated
by 5-HT in toadsh, plasma and intestinal uid osmolality and drinking
rate.
WP155 Triclosan and Triclocarban in Four Wastewater Treatment
Plants in Savannah, Georgia, USA- Clearance and Mass Loading. S.
Kurunthachalam, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA; A. Peck,
Skidaway Institute of oceanography, Savannah, GA; W.H. Palefsky,
Skidaway Institute of oceanography, Savannah, GA; K.S. Sajwan, Savannah
State University, Savannah, GA. Concentrations of triclosan (TCS) and
triclocarban (TCC) were measured in inuent and euent of President
Street, Wilshire, Travis Field and Georgetown wastewater treatment plants
in Savannah, Georgia (USA). Among treatment plants, Wilshire plant
showed elevated concentrations of TCS (inuent; 86,200, euent; 5370
ng/L), while TCC were greater in Georgetown plant inuent; 36,200 and
Wilshire plant euent; 4760. Clearance of TCS and TCC were 95% and
92% in President Street plant, 94% and 85% in Wilshire, 99% and 80%
in Travis Field plant, and 99% and 99% in Georgetown plant. Loading
estimate results showed that President Street plant WWTP discharge 28 g/
day TCS and 62 g/day TCC in to the Savannah River.
WP156 Peruorinated Organic Compounds in Sediment, Aquatic
Wildlife from Georgia Coast, USA. S. Kurunthachalam, M. Gilligan,
C. Pride, K.S. Sajwan, Department of Natural Sciences, Savannah State
University, Savannah, GA; Y. Zushi, S. Masunaga, Graduate School of
Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University,
Yokohama, Kanto, Japan. Sediment and aquatic animals were collected from
pond, lake, river and estuarine ecosystems in Savannah, Georgia Shelf (south
Atlantic Bight), and the LCP Superfund Site in Brunswick, GA (USA).
Samples were analyzed for 19 peruorinated compounds (PFCs) such as
peruorinated sulfonates (PFSs), peruorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs),
peruorinated sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-MeFOSAA and N-EtFOSAA)
and uoroteromer unsaturated calboxylic acids (FTUCA). PFOS were the
predominant contaminant with a concentration range of ND-320 followed
by its isomer ND-75, PFHxA (ND-40) and PFNA (ND-23) on ng/g wet
wt. Liver and muscle of Catsh collected from the Ogeechee River and Lake
Mayer had greater concentrations. Sharks contained lower PFCs than other
aquatic wildlife.
WP157 Investigating the Reactivity and Toxicological Signicance
of Fluorotelemer Unsaturated Acids and Aldehydes. A.A. Rand, S.A.
Mabury, Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are residual compounds created
in the process of manufacturing higher weight uoropolymers and
surfactants used for commercial products. FTOHs are released to the
environment through residuals. Tey have been shown to degrade via
abiotic and biotic mechanisms to peruorinated acids (PFCAs), which
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are environmentally persistent and have been found to bioaccumulate
in humans. Te biodegradation of FTOHs has been shown to form
intermediate saturated uorotelomer acids (FTCAs), which are more toxic
than PFCAs. Unsaturated uorotelomer aldehydes and acids (FTUALs and
FTUCAs) are other intermediate species that form from the degradation
of FTOHs and their toxicity may also be more signicant than PFCAs.
FTUALs and FTUCAs are strong electrophiles, likely to react with
biological nucleophiles. Past studies have shown that these intermediate
compounds form conjugates with a biological nucleophile, glutathione
(GSH), the depletion of which may eventually lead to protein oxidation.
Te purpose of this study was to further assess the reactivity and toxicity
of these intermediate compounds. In vitro experiments were carried out
in an aqueous buer system (pH 7.4), where FTUCAs and FTUALs were
synthesized and reacted with GSH. To quantify the reactivity of FTUCAs
and FTUALs, the unreacted GSH was derivatized with 5,5-dithiobis(2-
nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), its absorbance was measured at 412 nm, and
the percentage of unconjugated GSH was calculated and plotted over time.
Te results of this study, and the formation of FTUALs and FTUCAs under
oxidative conditions will be discussed, imparting a thorough understanding
of the intrinsic reactivity and toxicity of these intermediate compounds in
the presence of biological nucleophiles.
WP158 Sonochemical destruction of aqueous PFOS and PFOA:
Ultrasound Parameter Eects. C.D. Vecitis, H. Park, J. Cheng, M.R.
Homann, Environmental Science & Engineering, CalTech, Pasadena,
CA; B.T. Mader, 3M Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company, St. Paul,
MN. Te peruorinated surfactants, peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
and peruorooctanoate (PFOA) are widespread due to their environmental
persistence and recalcitrant toward most conventional water treatment
technologies. Acoustic cavitation as driven by high-frequency ultrasound has
been shown to mineralize dilute aqueous solutions of these peruorinated
chemicals. Te PFOS and PFOA rate constants have been determined
using various sets of ultrasound parameters. It is observed for both PFOS
and PFOA that the optimal acoustic frequency is 354 kHz. Sonochemical
degradation rates are observed to increase linearly with increasing power
density at both 354 kHz and 618 kHz. Tus, by increasing the applied
acoustic power, the degradation rate can be increased. Te ultrasound
energy eciency is evaluated in terms of chemical energy received from
energy applied. Tese results are evaluated semi-quantitatively in terms of
number of active bubble events per unit time.
WP159 A Baseline Assessment of the Bioavailability of Poly- and
Peruorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Apalachicola River and
Bay. A. Erhunse, D. Alvarez, R. Gale, Columbia Environmental Research
Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, MO; A. Erhunse, R. Gragg, L.
Robinson, Environmental Sciences Institute, Florida A&M University,
Tallahassee, FL. Estuaries in urbanized areas are well-documented to have
elevated contaminant levels in sediments, water and associated biota.
Most previous research eorts examining the eects of anthropogenic
contamination in urbanized estuaries has focused on persistent priority
pollutants, such as trace metals, pesticides, PCBs and PAHs. Recently,
concerns have been raised about the occurrence, transport and distribution,
and eects of emerging contaminants being released into coastal watersheds
through upland runo from both urban and agricultural lands, sewage
discharges, industrial releases, and aquaculture. Assessment of the
occurrence and bioavailability of emerging contaminants in estuaries and
associated aquatic ecosystems can be benecial for determining potential
human exposure. Furthermore, known associations between environmental
contaminants and ecological and human health impairments substantiate
the need for research eorts to investigate the role of emerging compounds
for inclusion in new regulatory, policy and management strategies. Te
purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of an emerging class
of compounds (poly- and peruorinated alkyl substances -PFAS) in the
lower Apalachicola River and estuary in Northwest Florida. Apalachicola
Bay is a major estuarine, commercial, and recreational seafood resource
at the endpoint of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin
in the Gulf of Mexico. Today the river basin encapsulates a vast and
evolving expanse of agricultural, urban, industrial, silvaculture, and natural
landscapes and activities. Given the dynamic growth and development up
stream of the Bay, input of organic substances (lipophillic and water soluble
compounds) are likely increasing and impacting the ecology of the Bay.
Methodologies for the isolation of PFAS from biota, sediments, and passive
samplers using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by analysis using liquid
chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were developed. Historic
biota (oysters) and sediment samples collected between 1990 through 2007
from the Bay were processed by these methods to determine the extent of
PFAS contamination. Te results will serve as a baseline assessment of this
system and will allow prediction of potential impacts in this ecosystem.
WP160 Investigations on the Biodegradation Behaviour of a Clariant
Fluorotelomer-based Acrylate Polymer Results from a Test on Aerobic
Transformation in Soil after 2 years of Exposure. V. Koch, Environmental
Safety Assessment, Clariant (Products) Germany GmbH, Sulzbach,
Germany; W. Knaup, R&D Fluorochemicals, Clariant (Products) Germany
GmbH, Burgkirchen-Gendorf, Germany; S. Fiebig, T. Geke, D. Schulze,
R&D, Noack Laboratories, Sarstedt, Germany. Fluorotelomer-based
substances like 8-2 Fluorotelomer alcohol (2-Peruorooctylethanol, 8-2
FTOH) are speciality chemicals being used to synthesize e.g. high molecular
weight Fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymers (FBAPs). FBAPs are used
for coating of textiles, paper and carpet to achieve oil, stain and water
repellency properties. Concerns that uorotelomer-based polymers may be
a source for low molecular Fluorotelomer-based substances which could be
transformed to peruorinated carboxylic acids like PFOA have triggered
investigations on the biodegradation potential of a puried FBAP in aerobic
soil. Te PFOA measured in soil during this test on Aerobic Transformation
may be residual PFOA in the FBAP and PFOA formed from degradation
of the FBAP as well as from degradation of 8-2 Fluorotelomer alcohol (8-2
FTOH). Detailed results from the 2 year study will be presented.
WP161 Results from a 8 Month Study on the Biodegradation
Behaviour of a Clariant Fluorotelomer-based Acrylate Polymer coated
on Polyester and Cotton Fabric under Landll Simulation Conditions.
V. Koch, Environmental Safety Assessment, Clariant (Products) Germany
GmbH, Sulzbach, Germany; W. Knaup, R&D Fluorochemicals, Clariant
(Products) Germany GmbH, Burgkirchen-Gendorf, Germany; S. Rainer,
H. Roeper, Institute of Waste Management, Hamburg Technical University,
Hamburg-Harburg, Germany; S. Fiebig, T. Geke, D. Schulze, R&D,
Noack Laboratories, Sarstedt, Germany. Fluorotelomer-based substances
like 8-2 Fluorotelomer alcohol (2-Peruorooctylethanol, 8-2 FTOH) are
speciality chemicals being used to synthesize e.g. high molecular weight
Fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymers (FBAPs). FBAPs are used for coating
of textiles, paper and carpet to achieve oil, stain and water repellency
properties. Concerns that uorotelomer-based polymers may be a source for
low molecular Fluorotelomer-based substances which could be transformed
to peruorinated carboxylic acids like PFOA have triggered investigations
on the biodegradation potential of a commercial FBAP coated on Polyester
and Cotton Fabric under landll conditions. Due to the long residence time
of waste in a landll and the unknown sources of the waste, the degradation
behaviour of FBAPs in a municipal landll is dicult to study. Instead a
Landll Simulation Study has been set up using articial waste which is
representative for the waste composition of municipal solid waste being
dumped on American landlls today. Experimental set up of the Landll
Simulation and results after 8 month of exposure are reported.
WP162 Te Degradation of Fluorotelomer-based Polymers in
Environmentally Relevant Conditions. P. Tseng, S.A. Mabury, Chemistry,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; J. Dinglasan-Panlilio,
Interdisciplinary Arts and Science, University of Washington at Tacoma,
Tacoma, WA. Fluorotelomer (FT) based polymers are widely used in textile
treatments, and upholstery and carpet industries as oil and water repellents.
Despite their wide industrial application, current scientic studies have
neither denitively supported nor dismissed uorotelomer based polymers
as potential contributors to the burden of peruorinated compounds in the
environment. Te purpose of the research was to investigate the degradative
potential of these polymers by probing the lability of the side chain ester
linkages in a model uorotelomer based polymer. Tis model FT based
polymer was prepared through radical initiated polymerization, in an ABAB
fashion, of the 8:2 uorotelomer acrylate and hexadecyl-acrylate monomers.
Te polymer was solubilized in an aqueous solution and potential residual
compounds such as 8:2 uorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) and 8:2 FT acrylate
were removed via aeration. Te solubilized polymer was subjected to two
studies: a waste euent mediated biodegradation study and hydrolysis study.
In the former study, control samples, each prepared in triplicate, included
autoclaved euent without polymer, autoclaved euent with polymer,
untreated euent without polymer, untreated euent with surfactant
286 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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only, and untreated euent spiked with 8:2 FTOH. Experimental samples,
prepared in quadruplicate, included untreated euent with polymer. In this
study, the evolution of 8:2 FTOH and its associated degradation products
were investigated in the headspace and aqueous layers respectively. Te latter
study investigated susceptibility of the polymer to hydrolysis. 8:2 FTOH
evolution from the polymer due to hydrolysis was monitored at four pH
levels: 4, 6, 8, and 10. Te hydrolysis study showed that the polymer is
susceptible to hydrolysis leading to the evolution of 8:2 FTOH. Te results
of a waste euent mediated biodegradation study further suggest that the
8:2 FTOH evolution in experimental vessels above those of control vessels
was responsible for the observed 8:2 FTOH degradative products in the
experimental vessels.
WP163 Preliminary analysis of peruorinated compounds in
environmental samples from the Lower Conasauga River, Georgia, USA.
R. Bringolf, R. Fauver, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; Q. Huang, Department of Crop and
Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Grin, GA; J. Smith, Environmental
Protection Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta,
GA. Peruorinated chemicals (PFCs) are a diverse group of compounds
that have been widely used as surfactants and repellants due to their unique
properties of repulsion of soil, water and grease. Common applications
for PFCs include stain guards for carpets, upholstery and textiles as well
as coatings on food containers and non-stick cooking surfaces. Due
to the strength of the carbon-uorine bond, PFCs are very stable and
persistent in the environment and they have been reported to biomagnify
in aquatic and terrestrial food chains and in humans. However, little
is currently known about the environmental fate and eects of PFCs
in the environment. Extremely high PFC concentrations were recently
reported in surface water samples collected in the lower Conasauga River
near Dalton, GA. Land application of treated industrial and municipal
wastewater is a potential route for contamination of the river; however, it
is unclear if PFCs are entering the river via groundwater or surface runo.
Additionally, concentrations of PFCs in sh and wildlife of this region have
not been investigated. Terefore, our objectives were to determine PFC
concentrations in sh and freshwater mussels from sample sites upstream
and downstream of the Dalton Utilities land application site (LAS) and
in groundwater and soil from monitoring wells at the LAS. Tese data
will provide a preliminary assessment of PFCs in environmental samples
collected near Dalton and will serve as a basis for additional PFC studies in
this region to determine environmental fate of PFCs and their toxic eects
on biota.
WP164 Sonochemical Degradation of Peruorooctane Sulfonate
(PFOS) and Peruorooctanoate (PFOA) in Landll Groundwater:
Environmental Matrix Eect. J. Cheng, C.D. Vecitis, H. Park, M.R.
Homann, W M Keck Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA; B.T. Mader, 3M
Environmental Laboratory, Maplewood, MN. Peruorinated chemicals such
as peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are
environmentally persistent and recalcitrant to most conventional chemical
and microbial treatment technologies. In this paper, we show that sonolysis
is able to decompose PFOS and PFOA present in groundwater beneath a
landll. However, the pseudo rst-order rate constant for the sonochemical
degradation in the landll groundwater is reduced by 61% and 56%
relative to MilliQ water for PFOS and PFOA, espectively, primarily due
to the presence of other organic constituents. In this study, we evaluate the
eect of various organic compounds on the sonochemical decomposition
rates of PFOS and PFOA. Organic components in environmental matrices
may reduce the sonochemical degradation rates of PFOS and PFOA by
competitive adsorption onto the bubble-water interface or by lowering the
average interfacial temperatures during transient bubble collapse events.
Te eect of individual organic compounds depends on the Langmuir
adsorption constant, the Henrys law constant, the specic heat capacity, and
the overall endothermic heat of dissociation. Volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) are identied as the primary cause of the sonochemical rate
reduction for PFOS and PFOA in landll groundwater, whereas the eect of
dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) is negligible. Finally, a combined
process of ozonation and sonolysis is shown to substantially recover the rate
loss for PFOS and PFOA in landll groundwater.
WP165 Biodegradation of Polyuoroalkyl Phosphate Surfactants:
Microbial Cleavage of P-O Bond as a Source of Fluorotelomer Alcohol.
H. Lee, J. Deon, S.A. Mabury, Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. Polyuoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS) are
commonly used as water/grease repellants in food packaging paper and as
anti-foaming additives in pesticides. As uorotelomer alcohol (FTOH)
is known to be a source of the environmentally persistent peruorinated
carboxylic acids (PFCAs), there is concern for these FTOH-based PAPS to
be potential PFCA precursors either by the presence of residual FTOHs in
PAPS-based products or from the breakdown of PAPS. To date, knowledge
of PAPS degradation is limited to one study where the phosphate linkages
in 8:2 FTOH mono- and diPAPs were shown to be biologically labile in
rats, thus biotransforming both congeners into PFCAs. What has not yet
been addressed is the direct pathway from PAPS to FTOH and the current
investigation demonstrated the biodegradation of 8:2 monoPAPS using
activated sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment facility. A purge-
and-trap system coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was
employed to monitor the production of 8:2 FTOH, which was collected by
intermittent sampling of XAD cartridges. 8:2 FTOH production leveled o
at day 44 in the 72-day experiment. Te eect of the length of the singly-
chained monoPAPS on the lability of the ester linkage was also probed in
which 4:2, 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 monoPAPS were biodegraded. Results showed
that 4:2 FTOH was produced the fastest and at the highest level, followed
by 6:2 FTOH, then 8:2 FTOH, and nally 10:2 FTOH, suggesting that the
microbial cleavage of the P-O bond in monoPAPS was sterically controlled
by chain length. As FTOH is known to be a prevalent PFCA precursor, the
biodegradability of PAPS to FTOH shown here conrms the compound as
a likely contributor to the load of PFCAs in the environment. As a follow-
up to this point, the next step will be to monitor the aqueous phases of
the previous experiments for any production of PFCAs and uorotelomer
acids (FTCAs). As well, the eect of the number of uorinated tails on the
relative biodegradability of 6:2 monoPAPS and 6:2 diPAPS will be explored.
WP166 Partitioning Behaviour of Persistent Peruorinated
Compounds between Pore Water and Sediment Particle in Two
Sediment Cores from Tokyo Bay, Japan. L. Ahrens, R. Ebinghaus,
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Coastal Research,
GKSS, Gesthaacht, Germany; N. Yamashita, S. Taniyasu, Y. Horii, Research
Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan; L. Yeung, P. Lam, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Scientic concern
about peruorinated compounds (PFCs) increased due to their global
distribution and ubiquitous detection in abiotic and biotic compartments
in the environment. Tere is a need to understand the fate and transport
of these contaminants in sediments. In this study, two sediment cores
were taken from Tokyo Bay, Japan in May 2008, in order to study the
partitioning behaviour of PFCs between the sediment particle and pore
water, temporal trend and uxes of these contaminants. Concentrations of
15 PFCs (i.e. peruorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), peruorooctanesulfonate
(PFOS), tetrahydro peruorooctane sulfonate (TH-PFOS), peruorooctane
sulfonamide (PFOSA), N-ethylperuoro-1-octanesulfonamidoacetic acid
(N-EtFOSAA) and C4 to C12 and C14 peruorinated carboxylic acids
(PFCAs)) have been quantied in sediment and pore water using HPLC-
ESI-MS/MS. Te greatest mean sum concentration in sediments was found
at the top 40 cm with a mean sum concentration of 348 pg/g dry weight. In
these layers the dominated PFCs were PFHxS (~25%), PFOS (~25%) and
NEtFOSAA (~33%). Te long-chain PFCAs (C9) could be detected in
lower concentration ranges, whereas C11 was the dominated PFCA (~8%).
Te deeper layers (>40 cm) were dominated by only PFOS. In comparison
to the sediment particle in pore water the short-chain PFCAs C4, C6 and
C8 dominated (each ~25%). Te greatest mean sum concentration was
found at 10 cm depth (~60 ng/L), with increasing depth the concentration
decreased by a factor of over 3. Beyond the 40 cm depth the concentration
level was relatively uniform. Tis indicates a vertical pore water transport
of these PFCs. Tis paper also discussed the possible role of partitioning
coecients, historical trends and uxes. Our ndings indicate that pore
water can be act as a carrier of short-chain PFCs in sediment core. It may
lead to possible migration of PFCs not only by particle but also pore water,
after discharge into bottom sediment in the hydrospheric environment.
WP167 Spatial and vertical distribution of peruorinated compounds
in Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic Ocean water. B. Rosenberg, J.
DeLaronde, A. MacHutchon, G. Stern, G. Tomy, DFO, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada; C. Spencer, B. Scott, E. Lopez, D. Muir, Water
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Research Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Manitoba,
Canada. Te objective of the current study was to examine the spatial
and vertical distribution of PFAs in Canadian Arctic seawater. Water
samples were collected o the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker CCGS
Amundsen in 2007 and processed on-board the ship using a novel SPE
approach. Both near and oshore seawater were examined as it has been
suggested that coastal waters may be contributing to the overall loadings
of PFAs to oshore waters. C6 to C11 PFCAs as well as PFBS, PFHxS
and PFOS were detected in almost all samples. PFOA was the major
PFCA with concentrations ranging from 7 pg/L measured at the mouth
of Nachvak Fjord to 234 ng/L near the town of Kuujjuarapik on Hudson
Bay. Our mean PFOA concentrations in water from the Labrador Sea at
the Makkovik Margin (n=2) were 182 pg/L. Concentrations of PFOS in
seawater ranged from ~ 10 pg/L from McClintock Channel to 424 pg/L
from Kuujjuarapik. PFOS was the dominant PFSA detected and accounted
for over ~ 75% of the PFSAs. Concentration proles of PFAs were similar
in Northern Ban Bay and coastal Labrador and show a rapid decrease and
a levelling out half-way down the water column. In the Northwater Polyna
water column PFOS concentrations decrease sharply followed by a peak in
concentration at the bottom of the water column. Conversely, in the water
column from the Labrador Sea, PFOS concentrations show a noticeable
increase followed by a rapid decrease at the bottom of column.
WP168 Anaerobic biotransformation of 8-2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol
(8-2 FTOH) in digester sludge under methanogenic conditions
results in the formation of 7-3 and 8-2 Fluorotelomer Acids but not
PFOA. N. Wang, R. Buck, P. Panciroli, B. Wolstenholme, J. Gannon,
DuPont, Newark, DE. 8-2 Fluorotelomer alcohol [F(CF
2
)
8
CH
2
CH
2
OH)
is a major raw material used in the manufacture of uorotelomer-based
products. Extensive studies have been conducted to understand its
aerobic biodegradation kinetics and pathways under aerobic conditions
in soil, activated sludge, bacterial culture, and sediment. Under aerobic
conditions, peruorooctanoate (PFOA, CF
3
(CF
2
)
6
COOH) and 7-3
Fluorotelomer Acid [7-3 Acid, CF
3
(CF
2
)
6
CH
2
CH
2
COOH] are two
stable transformation products (metabolites) with average molar yields of
between 5 - 25%. Little information is available on 8-2 FTOH fate under
anaerobic conditions such as in digester sludge of wastewater treatment
plants. It has been reported that 8-2 FTOH biodegradation in anaerobic
digester sludge led to little or no formation of PFOA (<1% molar yield)
with 8-2 Fluorotelomer Acid [8-2 FTA, F(CF
2
)
8
CH
2
COOH] as the
major metabolite (up to 40% yield after two months). However, in both
studies, mass balance was not achieved and a major metabolite reported
under aerobic conditions, 7-3 Acid, was not analyzed. Using a
14
C-labelled
8-2 FTOH [F(CF
2
)
7
14
CF
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH], the present study attempted
to achieve mass balance and thoroughly analyze potential metabolites in
anaerobic digester sludge. Te experimental system consisted of closed glass
serum bottles (70-mL volume) containing 25 mL of diluted digester sludge
(1 part sludge: 5 parts mineral media) and ~ 180 g L
-1
of
14
C-8-2 FTOH
introduced in 6 L of ethanol stock solution. Over the 181-day study
period,
14
C mass balance was nearly 100%. Under anaerobic methanogenic
conditions, 8-2 FTOH was readily converted to 8-2 Acid (18% molar yield
at day 181), 8-2 FTUA (F(CF
2
)
7
CF=CHCOOH, 6% yield), and 7-3 Acid
(27% yield). 40% of parent 8-2 FTOH remained in the test system at day
181. No peruorinated acids including PFOA, peruoroheptanoic acid,
peruorononanoic acid or any volatile metabolites were observed during
the 181-day study. Te study results suggest that negligible PFOA or other
peruorinated acids will be generated from 8-2 FTOH in digester sludge
of domestic waste water treatment plants where the sludge residence time is
typically much shorter than 181 days.
WP169 Aerobic Biotransformation of 6-2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol in
Closed and Flow-through Soil Systems. J. Liu, N. Wang, R.C. Buck,
P.K. Panciroli, L.M. Sulecki, C.A. Bellin, E.I. du Pont De Nemours &
Co., Newark, DE. Te widespread detection of peruorinated acids such
as peruorooctane sulfonate and peruorooctanoate in the environment
has led to numerous investigations about their potential origins, including
both direct and indirect sources. 8-2 Fluorotelomer alcohol (8-2 FTOH,
C
8
F
17
CH
2
CH
2
OH) is a key raw material used in the manufacture of
uorotelomer-based products and its transformation has been extensively
studied in activated sludge, soils, sediments and landlls. A shorter chain
length analog, 6-2 FTOH (C
6
F
13
CH
2
CH
2
OH), is also a major raw material
used to produce uorotelomer-based products and the environmental fate
and potential formation of peruorocarboxylic acids from this alcohol
are the subject of current studies. Te objective of this research was to
determine the aerobic transformation pathway and kinetics of 6-2 FTOH
in both closed and ow-through soil systems. In the closed bottle system,
6-2 FTOH was fractionally transformed into four uorinated acids. Te
major uorinated acid was the ve-carbon peruoropentanoate (34% yield),
representing signicant breakdown of the rst peruorinated carbon in
addition to two non-uorinated carbons. In contrast, 8-2 FTOH aerobic
biodegradation leads to 25% conversion to peruorooctanoate as a result
of removal of two non-uorinated carbons. Tis result suggests dierent
transformation mechanisms between 6-2 and 8-2 FTOHs. To conrm these
observations, additional biodegradation studies with radioactive 6-2 FTOH
[C
6
F
13
14
CH
2
14
CH
2
OH] were carried out in a ow-through system. Te
application of
14
C-labeled 6-2 FTOH enabled a better mass balance for the
test substance. In general, 6-2 FTOH showed much faster transformation
kinetics than 8-2 FTOH, yet a signicant fraction (>25%) of
14
C as either
parent compound or transformation products was irreversibly bound
to soil. For both 6-2 and 8-2 FTOH, the majority of
14
C from aerobic
transformation in soil is irreversibly bound. Te combination of relatively
rapid biotransformation and irreversible binding to soil greatly decreased the
fraction of 6-2 FTOH present in the air.
WP170 Sonolytic Decomposition of Peruorinated Chemicals: Chain
Length Eects. T. Campbell, C. Vecitis, M.R. Homann, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA; B.T. Mader, 3M Environmental
Laboratories, 3M Center, Maplewood, MN. We report degradation rates
on the ultrasonic irradiation of aqueous shorter chain peruorochemicals
(PFC), peruorobutanoate (PFBA) and peruorobutane sulfonate (PFBS)
as well as peruorohexane sulfonate (PFHS) and peruorohexanoate
(PFHA) to evaluate the eect of chain length and thus bubble-water
interface partitioning on the sonochemical degradation kinetics. Surface
tension measurements were used to determine quantitative chain length
eects on bubble-water interface partitioning from concentrations of
0.001 to 100 mM for PFBA and PFBS and 0.001 to 10 mM for PFHA
and PFHS. Te maximum surface concentrations were determined from
the surface pressure equation of state for PFBA, PFBS, PFHA and PFHS.
Te maximum surface concentration for PFBS was 2.2 times that of
PFBA. PFHA and PFHS had similar maximum surface concentrations.
Sonolysis was completed over a range of frequencies from 202 to 1060
kHz and also over a range of ultrasonic power densities from 83 to 333
W/L, at initial PFC concentrations of 100 ppb. Under all conditions,
the time-dependent PFC sonolytic degradation was observed to follow
pseudo-rst order kinetics. Rate constants exhibited a linear increase with
increasing power density for all species, thus indicating that rates can be
increased by simply increasing the power density. Te PFHX sonolysis rate
constant was observed to peak at 354 kHz, similar to the PFOX (where X
= A or S). However, the PFBX degradation rate constants had an apparent
maximum at 610 kHz. Determination of the kinetics over an initial PFBX
concentration range of 0.1 ppm to 50 ppm show a transition from pseudo-
rst order at low concentrations, [PFBX]i < 1 ppm, to zero order kinetics
at high initial concentrations, [PFBX]i > 10 ppm, indicating saturation
of bubble interfacial sites. Comparing the carboxylate and sulfonate rates
observed for PFHX with previously determined PFOX rates, we nd they
are quite similar suggesting that equilibrium bubble-water partitioning plays
a minor role in determining relative kinetics. Tis suggests that under low
concentrations, adsorption to the bubble-water interface is sonochemically
mediated. PFBX sonolysis kinetics show slightly lower rates for PFBS and
greatly diminished rates for PFBA as compared to their longer analogs
suggesting that PFBA is more water soluble.
WP171 Te nationwide survey of PFCs in Japan: Persistent
peruorinated compounds residues in wild rat and possible exposure
through river water. L. Yeung, P. Li, F. Lai, S. Taniyasu, N. Yamashita,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
Tsukuba, Japan; L. Yeung, F. Lai, P.K. Lam, Department of Biology and
Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; K. Kannan,
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department
of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York,
Albany, NY. A number of poly- and per-uorinated compounds (PFCs)
have been identied in the environment and biological samples. Most of the
earlier available biological monitoring data come from waterbirds, sh, and
cetacean samples, but data from terrestrial animals are scarce. Wild rats feed
288 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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on various food types, such as sh, fruit, grains, and leftovers from garbage,
and thus, wild rat samples can be excellent indicators of PFC exposure
in terrestrial mammals including humans. In view of this, wild rats were
collected from 47 prefectures (three locations from each prefecture) in Japan
between 2006 and 2008, and up to now over 1000 specimens have been
collected in our specimen bank. In the present study, wild rat inhabiting
dierent areas (i.e. industrial, dump site, shing port, and countryside) from
30 prefectures (n=4 for each prefecture) were studied. Recently improved
ACN extraction coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE-WAX) methods
are developed which enable faster and reliable determination of PFCs. Blood
samples of wild rat were analyzed for PFCs (C4-C12). Our preliminary
results showed that 6 PFCs (PFOS, PFHxS, PFDoDA, PFUnDA, PFDA,
PFNA, and PFOA) could be detected in all blood samples of wild rat
(n=27) in Japan (9 prefectures including, Hokkaido, Amomori, Ibraraki,
Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Osaka, Fukuoka, Okinawa). In
general, the concentrations of peruorosulfonates (mostly contributed by
PFOS) were greater than those of peruorocarboxylates (sum of PFDoDA,
PFUnDA, PFDA, PFNA, PFOA), followed by PFOSA. PFOS was the
dominant PFC measured in those samples (0.831 - 123 ng/mL). PFNA
was the second dominant PFC (0.139 to 29.3 ng/mL). Te rank of the
PFC concentrations measured in the blood samples of wild rat from Japan
was PFOS>PFNA>PFOSA/PFUnDA>PFDA>PFOA>PFDoDA>PFHxS.
Besides, river water samples near the rat habitats were also analyzed.
Correlation analysis on PFC concentrations between the wild rat blood and
the river water will be conducted to conrm any inuences of PFC from the
river water on PFC exposure in the wild rats.
WP172 Further Insights on the Metabolic Degradation Pathway of
8:2 FTOH in Rainbow Trout. C.M. Butt, S.A. Mabury, Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; D.
Muir, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada. In recent years, it has become evident that
peruorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) are detected in wildlife throughout
the globe. Despite this apparently ubiquitous presence, the source of
PFCAs in biota remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that precursor
compounds can be metabolized by humans and animals to yield PFCAs.
One potential precursor is the 8:2 uorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH)
which has been shown to yield peruorooctanoate (PFOA) and trace levels
of peruorononanoate (PFNA) in various biological systems. However,
this metabolic pathway is not well understood. Our previous research has
demonstrated that rainbow trout can rapidly biotransform another PFOA
precursor, the 8:2 FTOH uorotelomer acrylate (8:2 FTOH acrylate), to
initially form the 8:2 FTOH followed by the 8:2 saturated and unsaturated
uorotelomer acids (8:2 FTCA & 8:2 FTUCA), 7:3 FTCA and PFOA.
Te 8:2 FTCA & 8:2 FTUCA were rapidly depurated. In contrast, the 7:3
FTCA and PFOA showed a delayed depuration, suggestive of formation
from intermediate precursors. Te present study attempted to further
elucidate this metabolic pathway. Juvenile rainbow trout, purchased from
a local hatchery, were exposed via the diet to 103 g/g 8:2 FTCA, 51 g/g
8:2 FTUCA and 71 g/g 7:3 FTCA, separately. Fish were fed the dosed
food during a seven day uptake phase and were fed clean food during
a ten day depuration phase. Whole blood and liver were collected and
analyzed for suspected metabolites by LC-MS/MS. Results indicated that
exposure to the 7:3 FTCA yielded the 7:3 FTUCA and a novel metabolite,
peruoroheptanoate (PFHpA). PFOA was not detected during the 7:3
FTCA exposure. In contrast, PFOA was formed during 8:2 FTCA and 8:2
FTUCA exposure. In addition, delayed depuration of PFOA during 8:2
FTCA exposure was suggestive of PFOA formation from this intermediate
metabolite.
WP173 Te in vivo toxicity of uorotelomer acids to several common
North American freshwater organisms. R.J. Mitchell, K.R. Solomon, P.K.
Sibley, Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada; A. Myers, S.A. Mabury, Chemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Peruorinated acids (PFAs) are used globally in
a wide variety of industrial and commercial surface treatment applications
due to their unique ability to repel both oil and water, and their global
recalcitrance and pervasiveness have made them the focus of recent scientic
and public concern. Current evidence suggests that many PFAs form in
the environment as part of a degradation pathway beginning with the
uorotelomer alcohols. Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs) are the
dominant degradation products within this transformation pathway, and
due to their low volatility and high solubility, the primary matrix for these
compounds is thought to be aquatic environments. Preliminary research
has shown that the FTCAs can be up to two to three orders of magnitude
more toxic to freshwater invertebrate and plant species than their PFA
counterparts. While these results suggest the potential for a greater risk of
FTCAs in the aquatic environment, additional data on a broader spectrum
of organisms is required in order to fully evaluate their relative risk to the
environment. To build on our previous research we investigated the in
vivo toxicity of 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 saturated and unsaturated FTCAs to
two species of freshwater algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata, the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and the fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas. Preliminary work with the two algal species indicates
that toxicity thresholds are >50 mg/L. Results for the tests with algae, H.
azteca, and P. promelas will be presented, and future work will focus on
understanding the mechanism of action of the FTCAs and their role in
reproductive inhibition in vertebrate models.
WP174 Spatial and Temporal Trends of Peruorinated Contaminants
in Loggerhead Sea Turtles Along the East Coast of the United States.
S.G. OConnell, J.M. Keller, Organic Chemistry Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC; T. Kimmel,
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Oxford, MD; J. Braun-
McNeill, L. Avens, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC; M.
Arendt, A. Segars, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources,
Charleston, SC. Peruorinated compounds (PFCs), such as peruorooctane
sulfonate (PFOS) and peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA), bioaccumulate into
plasma and liver, biomagnify up food webs, and recent studies indicate some
PFCs are toxic to the liver and suppress the immune system. While PFCs
have been quantied in a range of organisms including sh, invertebrates,
birds, and mammals, only a few other studies have examined concentrations
in reptiles. Loggerhead sea turtle plasma was chosen in this study to
monitor temporal and spatial changes in PFC contamination. Loggerhead
turtle populations are threatened with extinction, so any hazard to their
health is important to assess, plus their large range, seasonal site delity,
longevity, and diet are good attributes for an environmental indicator
species. Loggerhead plasma samples were extracted for 13 PFCs by solid-
phase extraction and quantied using liquid chromatography tandem
mass spectroscopy. For the spatial study, plasma was collected from turtles
captured in 2005 and 2006 o of Cape Canaveral, FL, o of Charleston,
SC, inside Core Sound, NC, and inside Chesapeake Bay, MD. PFOS
concentrations were signicantly higher in turtles from higher latitudes
(p<0.01). To investigate potential responses to a major manufacturers
voluntary phase-out of PFOS in 2000, temporal trends were measured
in plasma from turtles captured o of Charleston, SC, from 2001-2007.
Concentrations of PFOS signicantly decreased during this time (p<0.001).
Future work will continue to examine trends of the other PFCs, and plasma
samples from 2008 will be added into the temporal analysis. By broadening
the knowledge of how these PFCs behave in the environment, this study
will help assess the environmental risks posed to loggerhead sea turtle
populations by these contaminants along the East coast of the United States.
WP175 Aqueous Photolytic Degradation of an Acrylate Polymer
Functionalized with 2-(N-Methyl-peruorobutanesulfonamido)
Ethyl Alcohol. T. Hateld, 3M Environmental Laboratory, St Paul,
MN; D. Hakes, 3M Chemical Product Stewardship, St Paul, MN. To
better understand environmental fate of polymers functionalized with
peruorobutane sulfonamide based materials, an articial light source
was used to study the photodegradation rates and mechanisms of a an
acrylate polymer containing 2-(N-Methyl-peruorobutanesulfonamido)
ethyl alcohol (N-MeFBSE alcohol). Tis study was based on guideline
requirements listed in the following documents: OPPTS 835.2210
Direct Photolysis Rate in Water By Sunlight, OECD Draft Document
Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water - Direct and Indirect
Photolysis, August 2000 and OPPTS 835.5270 Indirect Photolysis
Screening Test. Five separate matrices containing approximately 51 ppm
polymer each were tested for photolytic decomposition: pure water, water
containing added hydrogen peroxide, a synthetic humic material matrix,
a solution of Fe2O3 in water and natural lake water containing a well
characterized suspended sediment. In this study, both direct photolysis (the
interaction of light with the target molecule leading to a chemical change)
and indirect photolysis (the interaction of light with the sample matrix to
produce radical species that subsequently react with the target material)
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were examined. Te study established that the polymer will degrade by a
photolytic decomposition mechanism in all matrices studied. Quantitative
screening data from the hydrogen peroxide matrix was used to establish
degradation targets. Degradation products, rates of decomposition and
mechanisms will be presented. Half-lives of the polymer at 37 degrees South
Latitude Solar Spectral Direct Irradiance in each matrix under experimental
laboratory conditions will be presented.
WP176 Distincitve Proles of Peruorinated Compounds in
Skipjack Tuna from the Pacic Ocean. K. Kannan, K. Hart, L. Tao,
Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY; S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Center for
Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
Concentrations of nine PFCs were determined in the livers of 60 skipjack
tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) collected from oshore waters and the open
ocean along the Pacic Rim, including the Sea of Japan, the East China
Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Western North Pacic Ocean, during 1997-
1999. Peruorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and peruoroundecanoic acid
(PFUnDA) were the predominant compounds found in livers of tuna at
concentrations of <1-58.9 and <1-31.6 ng/g, wet wt, respectively. In livers
of tuna from several oshore and open-ocean locations, concentrations of
PFUnDA were greater than the concentrations of PFOS. Te proles and
concentrations of PFCs in tuna livers suggest that the sources in East Asia
are dominated by long-chain peruorocarboxylates, especially PFUnDA.
High concentrations of PFUnDA in tuna may indicate a shift in sources
of PFCs in East Asia. Te spatial distribution of PFOS in skipjack tuna
reected the concentrations previously reported in seawater samples from
the Pacic and Indian Oceans, suggesting that tuna are good bioindicators
of pollution by PFOS. Despite its predominance in ocean waters, PFOA was
rarely found in tuna livers, indicative of the low bioaccumulation potential
of this compound. Our study establishes baseline concentrations of PFCs
in skipjack tuna from the oceans of the Asia-Pacic region, enabling future
temporal trend studies of PFCs in oceans.
WP177 Time Trends and Transplacental Transfer of Peruorinated
Compounds in Melon-headed Whales Stranded Along the Japanese
Coast in 1982, 2001/2002, and 2006. K. Kannan, K. Hart, Wadsworth
Center, Albany, NY; T. Isobe, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Center for Marine
Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; T. Yamada,
Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo,
Japan; N. Miyazaki, Center for International Cooperation, Te University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. As a result of the phase-out of production
of peruorooctanesulfonyl-based compounds by a major producer,
concentrations of peruorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in marine mammals
from North American and European coastal waters have been declining
since the early 2000s. Nevertheless, temporal trends in peruorochemical
(PFC) concentrations in marine mammals from Asian coastal waters
have not been examined. In this study, PFCs were determined in livers of
melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) collected along the coast of
Japan, from three mass strandings that occurred during the past 25 years.
Concentrations of nine PFCs were determined in livers of 48 melon-
headed whales that were collected during strandings in 1982, 2001/2002,
and 2006. In addition, concentrations in liver tissues obtained from two
pregnant females and their fetuses were compared for determination
of transplacental transfer rates of PFCs during gestation. PFOS and
peruorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) were the predominant PFCs found
in livers of melon-headed whales collected in 1982. PFOS, PFOSA,
peruoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), peruorododecanoate (PFDoDA),
peruorodecanoate (PFDA), and peruorononanoate (PFNA) were found
in whales collected in 2001/2002 and in 2006. Concentrations of PFOS
and PFOSA were approximately 10-fold higher in 2001/2002 than in
1982. Whereas concentrations of PFOSA then declined by 2-fold from
2001/2002 to 2006, concentrations of PFOS and peruorocarboxylates
did not decline after 2001/2002. Conversely, concentrations of PFNA and
PFDA increased signicantly from 2001/2002 to 2006. Te proportion of
peruoroalkylsulfonates in total PFC concentrations decreased from 75% in
1982 to 51% in 2006. Conversely, the contribution of peruorocarboxylates
to total PFC concentrations increased from 25% in 1982 to 49% in 2006.
Te changing proportions of PFCs in livers of melon-headed whales
indicate a shift in the major PFC sources in East Asia. PFUnDA was the
major peruorocarboxylate found in whale livers collected after 2000.
Analysis of paired samples of mother-fetus demonstrated that the trans-
placental transfer rates of PFCs were higher than that for PCBs and PBDEs.
WP178 Peruorocarboxylates and Peruorosulfonates in North
American Precipitation: an update. B. Scott, C. Spencer, E. Lopez,
A. de Silva, D. Muir, Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division,
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Te longer chain
peruorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs) are known to
bioaccumulate and magnify in marine and freshwater food webs. Tey are
globally distributed with elevated concentrations in top predator wildlife
and in human serum, as well as in ocean waters and Arctic snow and ice.
Te environment pathways and movement of these chemicals are therefore
of great interest. Te two compartments where there is little information are
air and precipitation. We have previously reported PFCAs in precipitation
from 9 sites in Canada and the northeast United States (Scott et al EST
2006), however, there is very limited information on PFSAs in precipitation
in North America. In this study we have expanded the analysis by using LC-
MS/MS to determine a suite of 17 PFCAs and 5 PFSAs at 11 sites in North
America including 3 remote sites in Canada, focusing on peruorooctanoate
(PFOA) and peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). We have collected
precipitation samples at 11 sites across Canada and the northeast United
States between 2000 and 2007 including 3 remote sites in northern Canada.
Tese were wet only samples provided by the National Atmospheric
Deposition Program (NADP) (archived for 5 years) and the Canadian
Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). NADP samples
were pooled to provide 250 mL samples, while CAPMoN samples had
minimum volumes of 500 mL. Highest PFOA concentrations were detected
for samples collected in 2000 at Lewes DE (av. =11 ng/L for 21 samples
analyzed; max. 70 ng/L). For this site, PFOS had a maximum concentration
of 4.5 ng/L with an average concentration of 1.2 ng/L. In 2001 at another
site Delaware site, the maximum PFOA concentration was 43 ng/L with an
average of 8.6 ng/L while the similar PFOS values was 1.9 ng/L and 0.44
ng/L. Mid-latitude Canadian sites had relatively low values with maximum
PFOA concentrations of 0.89 ng/L and 0.19 ng/L for PFOS. Highest
PFOA values were detected in southern Canada, while high PFOS results
were analyzed for samples on the west coast (0.18 ng/L av.) and from a
high Arctic location (0.21 ng/L av.; Eureka NU). Tese results illustrate the
wide distribution of PFCA/PFSAs in North American atmosphere and the
importance of precipitation as an input pathway to terrestrial and aquatic
environments.
WP179 Are we as contaminated as previously thought? HPLC-MS/
MS Interferences and the Case of Peruorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) in
Human Serum. E. Chan, J.W. Martin, Public Health Sciences, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; M.S. Sandhu, J.P. Benskin,
J.W. Martin, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; M. Ralitsch, N. Tibault, D. Birkholz, ALS
Laboratory Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Peruorinated acids,
surfactants used for over 50 years as uoropolymer processing aids and in
re ghting foams, have received increasing global attention due to their
environmental persistence and bioaccumulation potential in wildlife and
humans. Current HPLC-MS/MS methods for quantifying these chemicals
were recently shown to be inuenced by co-eluting mass interferences,
potentially resulting in an overestimation of their burden in human serum.
For one PFA in particular, peruorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS, C6F13SO3-,
m/z 399), all data to date has been generated using its most sensitive MS/
MS ion transitions, m/z 399/80 ([SO3]-) and/or m/z 399/99 ([SO3F]-),
but unfortunately PFHxS co-elutes with endogenous steroid sulfates having
the same MS/MS transitions. We examined the magnitude of over-reporting
for PFHxS concentrations in male (n=3 pooled serum samples of 100),
pregnant (n=3 pooled serum samples of 100) and non pregnant female
(n=3 pooled serum samples of 100) human subjects using these transitions
and a less sensitive, although interference free transition for PFHxS (m/z
399/119). Te PFHxS concentrations determined using m/z 399/80
and m/z 399/99 were correlated to the response of the steroid sulphates
(p<0.05) in pregnant female serum, whereas there was no statistically
signicant association using the m/z 399/119 transition. Terefore, the
steroid sulphates, which share similar MS/MS fragmentation patterns with
PFHxS, contributed to the apparent response of PFHxS in the m/z 399/80
and 399/99 transition, but not in the m/z 399/119 transition. PFHxS was
over-predicted by approximately 1.5 and 4.7 fold using the m/z 399/80 and
399/99, respectively, in pregnant womens serum compared to m/z 399/119.
An independent laboratory conrmed the presence of interfering peaks in
both the m/z 399/80 and 399/99 transitions using an alternative column,
but only the m/z 399/99 transition resulted in concentrations that were
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signicantly higher than for m/z 399/119. Te Synergi Hydro-RP stationary
phase allowed adequate chromatographic resolution of the interferences;
however it is important that these multiple peaks not be misconstrued as
PFHxS isomers. Tus, two simple solutions are validated to avoid over
reporting of PFHxS concentrations in future studies examining human
samples.
WP180 Investigating peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) toxicity
in zebrash (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout parr (Oncorhynchus
mykiss). R.L. Sharpe, A. Laarman, G.G. Goss, Biology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; R.L. Sharpe, S.L. MacLeod,
Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; J. Benskin,
J.W. Martin, Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada; C.S. Wong, Richardson College for the Environment,
University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Te present studies
examined the toxicity of peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to adult and
embryonic zebrash (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout parr (Oncorhynchus
mykiss), to establish toxicological benchmarks for these species. PFOS is
a fully uorinated anthropogenic organic compound that has been found
in measurable quantities in waters and animals, including humans, around
the world. It is environmentally persistent, toxic and bioaccumulative.
Measuring PFOS in biota and water has been challenging due to its
unique chemistry, numerous isomers and a lack of commercially available
chemical standards. Both zebrash and rainbow trout accumulate PFOS
from the water at low ppm (mg/L) exposure concentrations. Te results
suggest that zebrash adults exposed to PFOS during the 2-week period of
oogenesis transfer the chemical to the developing eggs. In addition, when
nave embryos are exposed to PFOS post-hatch, dramatic developmental
defects are evident at concentrations in the low ppm range. Te eects
of PFOS exposure on rainbow trout parr is also discussed in relation to
bioaccumulation and organ-specic isomeric uptake. Tis study establishes
the toxicity (LC50) of PFOS in zebrash adults and embryos, as well as
rainbow trout parr.
WP181 Chemical availability of hydrophobic organic contaminants
in sediments from European catchments: comparison of solid-phase
and Tenax

extraction. A. Poot, F. Gillissen, B. Koelmans, Aquatic

Ecology and Water Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen,
Netherlands. Various chemical techniques have been developed to study
bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). Roughly two
types of techniques are used to study the chemical aspect of bioavailability:
one focuses on the freely dissolved concentration in pore water (C
w
) and
the other on the extraction of the rapidly desorbing fraction from soil/
sediment (F
rap
). In this study, techniques of both approaches were applied to
sediments from four European catchments and results are compared. Solid-
phase microextraction (SPME) was used to asses C
w
in pore water. Tenax

extraction was used to determine F
rap
. Full desorption curves were measured
in order to accurately determine F
rap
and asses whether a generic extraction
time can be used to estimate F
rap
using a single Tenax

extraction. Based on
F
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rap
and
compared to SPME data. In addition, information of the full desorption
curves will be compared to sediment characteristics.
WP182 Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues
from Organic Soils to Fish on Flooded Agricultural Lands at Lake
Apopka, Florida, USA. M.F. Coveney, R. Conrow, E.F. Lowe, E.R.
Marzolf, Water Resources Department, St. Johns River Water Management
District, Palatka, FL. A primary step in restoration of Lake Apopka is to
reduce external phosphorus loading by 75% through restoration of 80
km
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oodplain farms to wetlands. A signicant mortality of sh-eating
birds occurred on newly ooded portions of the farms, despite risk
assessments that did not indicate appreciable acute risk. We attributed
this mortality to toxicosis from organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues,
primarily toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordanes. We initiated a study of
bioaccumulation of these weathered OCP residues, along with DDT and
metabolites, from soils to sh in order to guide decisions about remediation
and safe reooding. We used eld-scale mesocosms to determine biota
sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for sh grown over soils in situ.
We built ve 0.1 0.3 ha ponds on the site. Ponds had intact soils and
were fenced and netted to exclude wildlife. Tree shallow (emergent marsh)
ponds were placed on sites with low, moderate, and high soil OCP levels.
Two deeper (open water) ponds were placed on the high OCP site. All
ponds had similar peat soils (mean soil organic carbon 39% dwt). We
stocked the ponds with blue tilapia (Tilapia aurea), Eastern mosquitosh
(Gambusia holbrooki), sunsh (Lepomis spp), and brown bullhead (Ictalurus
nebulosus). We operated the mesocosms from November 2002 until April
2008, and analyses included OCPs, lipids, and organic carbon in sh and
sediment. BSAFs were calculated from 470 sh samples from emergent
marsh ponds and 172 samples from open water ponds. Median BSAFs
were 1.8 to 4.5-times higher in open water mesocosms than in emergent
marsh systems. We hypothesize that these dierences stemmed from
greater production of new organic material and reduced importance of
sediment food webs in emergent marsh. BSAFs diered signicantly for
some sh species, although species ranking varied with OCP. Duration of
ooding signicantly aected BSAFs in some cases. OCP concentrations
in sediments attenuated with ooding time. Results from these mesocosm
studies gured prominently in remediation and restoration planning. Our
initial restoration goal for the former farms is emergent marsh rather than
open water to minimize bioaccumulation to sh. Natural attenuation will
help reduce OCP levels after ooding in areas where on-going remediation
(deep plowing) alone does not lower exposure to acceptable levels.
WP183 Te Use of Pore Water as Well as Traditional Chemical
Analytical Data in an Ecological Assessment of a Freshwater Stream
and the Impact of the Assessment on a Site Management Plan.
C.R. Montgomery, Montgomery & Associates, Inc., Arlington, MA;
J. Jammallo, Cushing Jammallo & Wheeler, Inc., Clinton, MA; S.E.
Furman, Tannenbaum, Helpern, Syracuse & Hirschtritt LLP, New York,
NY. A former industrial site under redevelopment required an ecological
assessment of an adjacent freshwater stream. Preliminary surface water and
sediment sampling indicated that contaminants were present in exceedance
of state screening criteria; contaminants believed to be from an outfall pipe
from the former industrial park that discharged into the stream. A second
round of environmental sampling included selection of locations upstream
of the outfall, at the outfall, downstream of the outfall and in reference
locations. Sampling parameters included physicochemical parameters,
chemical analytical data on surface water, bulk sediment, pore water and
both invertebrate and vertebrate tissue from colocated sampling locations.
Using multiple lines of evidence and food chain modeling, the ecological
risk assessment evaluated potential risk to higher order consumers (e.g. great
blue heron and mink). Impacts to these organisms were then evaluated
within the context of the site management plan.
WP184 Cycling of Mercury Species in Estuarine Sediments. A.
Amirbahman, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Maine, Orono, ME; M.A. Voytek, U.S. Geological
Survey, Reston, VA; C.Y. Chen, Department of Biological Sciences,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; L.E. Brown, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME. Due to its
health risks to human and wildlife, mercury (Hg) is a global contaminant
of great concern. Estuaries and coastal zones have been implicated as a key
contributor to Hg bioaccumulation in higher organisms. Sedimentation of
river-borne particulate matter in the estuarine and coastal zones provides
Hg input into the sediments of these systems. Tese sediments are also ideal
sites for the production of the highly toxic methylmercury (MeHg) resulting
from the microbial methylation of inorganic Hg. MeHg biomagnies in
both terrestrial and marine food webs. We have performed pore water
and sediment chemical and molecular analyses to study Hg cycling in two
New England estuaries (Penobscot River in Maine, and Great Bay in New
Hampshire). Equilibrium dialysis samplers and sediment centrifugation
under anoxic condition were used to collect pore water samples. Results
suggest that estuary sediments act as a net sink for particulate Hg inputs,
but simultaneously function as a source of dissolved Hg to the overlying
water. We observed a correspondence between the abundance of sulfate-
reducing bacteria and MeHg production, both of which reached a
maximum close to the sediment-water interface (SWI). In some cases, we
observed rapid MeHg demethylation close to the SWI that may be due to
the activity of iron-reducing bacteria that are dominant close to the SWI, or
to the presence bacteria carrying the mer-A gene that may be expressed in
Hg contaminated sediments. Our ndings suggest that induced shoaling of
the redoxcline, such as that observed in salt pannes, may be correlated with
a shoaling of the net MeHg production zone and an increase in net MeHg
production rate. Based on this, environments such as salt pannes, where the
shallow redoxcline leads to the shoaling of the MeHg front, are likely to be
Hg methylation and release hotspots in coastal environments.
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WP185 Evaluating Passive Sampling of PCB-Contaminated
Sediments: Hunters Point, San Francisco Bay. D. Reible, University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; D. Nakles, S. Geiger, Te ENSR Group,
Monroeville, WA; P. Gschwend, Massachusetts Institute Technology,
Cambridge, MA; T. Tompson, Science and Engineering for the
Environment, Seattle, WA. In order to evaluate bioavailability and risks
posed by toxic chemicals like PCBs in sediment beds, dependable means
for measuring these contaminants porewater chemical activities (or
corresponding porewater concentrations) in the beds need to be developed.
To this end, many investigators have moved to using passive in-situ
samplers. Tese samplers are incubated with the sediment, so that they take
up PCBs; and then one must use mass transfer or equilibrium data to infer
the corresponding chemical activities or porewater concentrations. In a
collaborative eort funded through SERDP/ESTCP, we sought to compare
results acquired when three such devices were directly contacted with
PCB-contaminated sediment from Hunters Point, San Francisco Bay: (a)
semipermeable membrane extraction tubes (SPME), (b) polyoxymethylene
sheets (POM), and (c) polyethylene strips (PE). We also used an air-
bridge methodology to determine the truly dissolved PCBs in sediment
slurries. For the most part, all of these passive sampling media yielded
results that were within a factor of 3 of the air bridge results for specic
tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chloro biphenyl congeners; however, more highly
chlorinated congeners did not match as well. Tese results will be discussed
in comparison to one another and relative to other approaches (i.e., direct
measures of porewater concentrations and inferences from sediment
concentrations normalized by sediment-water partition coecients.)
WP186 Correlation between SPME-measured sediment porewater
and benthic invertebrate concentrations of hydrophobic organic
contaminants (HOCs). K. Maruya, W. Lao, D. Tsukada, D. Greenstein,
S. Bay, SCCWRP, Costa Mesa, CA; E. Zeng, Guangzhou Institute of
Geochemistry, Guangzhou, China. Te quality of sediments can profoundly
aect the benecial uses of waterways, particularly those subject to
anthropogenic contamination. Whereas bulk sediment concentrations
of contaminants of concern are useful in establishing the total pool of
potential chemical exposure, it does not in many cases reect the fraction
of contaminant pool that is available for biological uptake. We recently
developed a compact passive sampler that employs commercially available
solid phase microextraction (SPME) bers to measure the dissolved (or
bioavailable) fraction of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs)
associated with contaminated sediments. In this study, we co-exposed
two species of benthic invertebrates (Macoma and Nereis spp.) with
SPME samplers in replicated, 28d sediment bioaccumulation experiments
containing spiked estuarine and naturally contaminated, eld-collected
sediments. A comprehensive suite of persistent organochlorines (chlordanes,
DDTs and PCBs) and PAH were analyzed by GC-ECD and GC-MS
in exposed SPME bers, whole invertebrate tissues and sediment, and
porewater isolated from whole sediment by centrifugation. Statistically
signicant correlations between SPME porewater and tissue concentrations
were noted for all four major HOC classes in the spiked sediment
experiment. Preliminary results from the experiment with eld-collected
sediments will be available in the next several months. Te next component
for sampler development and testing will be in situ deployments in several
303d listed (impaired) waterbodies. If successful, this approach will
greatly enhance our ability to quantify the fraction of regulated, sediment-
associated HOCs that best predicts biological availability and/or response
endpoints, thus increasing the relevance of chemical measurements in
assessing sediment quality.
WP187 Evaluating Dredged Material Suitability for Habitat Creation-
Te Record and Recommendations. M. Ciarlo, C. Papageorgis, P. Derrick,
K. Olsen, EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Sparks, MD; S. Calver,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-Savannah District, Savannah, GA; M.
Mendelsohn, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-Baltimore District, Baltimore,
MD; J. McKee, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Summary
of Available Guidance and Best Practices for Determining Suitability
of Dredged Material for Benecial Uses (ERDC/EL 2007 TR-07-27)
summarizes literature resources for evaluating and planning the benecial
use of dredged material for habitat development including islands, aquatic
habitats, and wetlands. Te evaluation procedures for aquatic, wetland
and upland habitats are keyed to the USACE/USEPA four tiered process
with published benchmarks limited to direct toxicity screening values and
tissue residue benchmarks as published ten years ago. Tis paper assesses the
results of recent site specic analyses through Tier 4 for creation of aquatic,
wetland and upland habitats using dredged material to evaluate relevance
of testing protocols, impact characterization models and the potential
for broader application of higher trophic level benchmarks to sediment
quality evaluation in earlier assessment tiers (Tiers 1 and 2). Investigations
of the Poplar Island Environmental Restoration Project, a 1200 acre
habitat creation project, and material planned for upland placement on the
Savannah River that has been managed for wetland mitigation and wildlife
habitat provide a basis for determining the applicability of testing methods
described in the ITM and UTM to habitat development sites, identifying
gaps in the accepted protocols, and formulating proposals for protocol
development. Tese studies and the results of the broader experience of Tier
4 Risk Assessment analyses are examined to assess consistency of ndings
and whether dose benchmarks for higher trophic levels may be suciently
robust to apply in early screening tiers of evaluation or standardized
pathway models could be generally applied. Based on these case studies, it
is recommended that reducing the complexity of site specic analysis may
make it more practical to determine that benecial reuse for habitat creation
is a an acceptable option and thus increase the frequency of its application.
WP188 Risk Assessment of Dredging and Upland Placement of
Savannah River Sediments Containing Naturally Elevated Cadmium.
M. Ciarlo, C. Papageorgis, P. Derrick, K. Olsen, EA Engineering, Science,
and Technology, Sparks, MD; S. Calver, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-
Savannah District, Savannah, GA. Te Savannah Harbor Expansion Project
requires dredging of the Savannah River. Savannah River sediments contain
naturally elevated concentrations of cadmium, with approximately 3 million
cubic yards containing an average of concentration of 21.4 mg/kg, and
another 7 million cubic yards containing an average concentration of 6.9
mg/kg. Available data indicate this cadmium is associated with Miocene
clays and is a natural component of the river system. Dredging and upland
placement of sediments can cause chemical changes such as oxidation
and acidication that may release metals bound to the sediment matrix.
Terefore, a sediment evaluation and risk assessment were conducted to
evaluate whether cadmium may pose risks in the riverine system during
and after dredging or in upland and wetlands at the placement site.
Te evaluation and assessment were conducted according to USEPA/
USACE guidance provided in the ITM and UTM. However, because the
placement site serves as a habitat mitigation area, the ecological component
of the risk assessment was expanded beyond the usual scope of dredged
material evaluation guidance. Te ecological risk assessment incorporated
bioaccumulation exposures, sequential extraction and analysis of metals,
and food web modeling. Data were used to predict bioavailability and
bioaccumulation of cadmium after placement, and to evaluate the potential
for risks. Specic receptors evaluated included winter ounder (Pleuronectes
americanus), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), osprey (Pandeon haliaetus),
spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia),
marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), Canada goose (Branta canadensis),
muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo janaicensis), river
otter (Lutra canadensis), meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvannicus),
short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Final
conclusions of the assessment were used to make informed management
decisions for the site.
WP189 Development of a PCBs Bioaccumulation Model for the
Puget Sound, WA Ecosystem. J. Stern, B. Nairn, K. Schock, King County
Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Seattle, WA; A.R. Ryan,
Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University,
Bellingham, WA. Understanding the movement and fate of persistent
organic pollutants in ecosystems is necessary to determine the potential
eects from and eectiveness of remedial actions and prioritize source
control and remediation. A bioaccumulation model for the transport of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through the marine food web of the
central basin of Puget Sound, WA was developed. A food web conceptual
model for major trophic interactions was developed through the analysis
of feeding guild data, relative biomass, and the percent composition of
predator species diet. Tese interactions were modeled using a steady-state
computer model developed by Frank Gobas and Jon Arnot (2004) that
utilizes chemical partitioning from sediment and water to derive tissue wet
weight body burdens. Te initial form of this model is concerned with total
PCBs; however, congener specic forms of the model may be developed
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later. With six of the nine organisms modeled performing within a factor
of two dierence from empirical concentrations, and two others being
within a factor of three, the conceptual model appears to be a reasonable
representation for the movement of PCBs in the central Puget Sound
ecosystem. More work will be required to use variants of this model in other
areas of Puget Sound that are quite dierent from the central basin or be
representative of the broader Puget Sound. Dierences in feeding guilds
and prey composition provide insight into the relative importance of water
and sediment pathways in the bioavailability of PCBs. Iterative model runs
alternately assuming reductions to the concentrations in those pathways
document the relative reductions in PCBs body burdens throughout the
marine food web and can be used to prioritize actions intended to address
eects from bioaccumulation of PCBs in various target species.
WP190 Te ecological footprint of SETAC NA meetings: making
meetings more sustainable. H. Zahner, S.J. Klaine, Institute of
Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC. Nature can
restore renewable resources at a certain rate, yet humans are consistently
consuming renewable resources faster than nature can restore them. Te
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry denes their mission
as supporting the development of principles and practices for protection,
enhancement, and management of sustainable environmental quality and
ecosystem integrity. Each year, the geographic units that make up the society
hold meetings to discuss the state of the science. Te society meetings
help to bring an economic boost to the hosting city, but also with these
meetings comes travel by participants, increased use of utilities (i.e., water
and electricity), and increased production of waste. An ecological footprint
is a way to account for resources and examine sustainability by measuring
how quickly resources are used in comparison to how quickly they can be
regenerated. Te objective of this study was to determine the ecological
footprint our society meetings on our host cities each year. Results from
the Baltimore 2005, Montreal 2006, and Milwaukee 2007 SETAC NA
meetings concluded that each participants footprint over the ve-day
meeting was slightly less than the ecological footprint of an individual
in an undeveloped country for a year. Tese results, similar to ecological
footprints for other meetings, found that the greatest impact came from
travel to the meeting. Because transportation costs to meetings are dicult
to moderate, the impact of the Baltimore, Montreal, and Milwaukee
meetings were calculated without transportation to determine what parts of
meeting planning could be improved. Te ecological footprints of all three
meetings were compared and recommendations to improve our impacts
are given. Participants in Montreal 2006 and Milwaukee 2007 were given
the option of purchasing carbon osets to reduce the impact of their travel.
Te impact of this option on the ecological footprint of the meeting is also
examined.
WP191 Quantication and characterization of Black Carbon using
Rock-Eval analysis. A. Poot, J. Quik, B. Koelmans, Aquatic Ecology and
Water Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands;
H. Veld, TNO/Deltares, Utrecht, Netherlands. Black Carbon (BC) has
been reported to play an important role in the sorption of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs). BC is not a single entity but rather a chemical
continuum ranging from slightly charred biomass to highly condensed soot
and graphite. Sorption capacity varies across this continuum and therefore
a good quantication and characterization of dierent BC types is necessary
to asses their impact on bioavailability of POPs. In the present study,
we explored the potential of Rock-Eval 6 analysis for BC quantication
and characterization. Rock-Eval analysis was compared to traditional BC
quantication methods using reference materials developed by the BC
Steering Committee. Residual carbon from Rock-Eval analysis correlated
well with BC data from gentle methods like optical and molecular marker
methods, which capture a major part of the BC continuum including labile
fractions (e.g. char). In contrast, the temperature at which 50% of the
organic matter was oxidized (T
50%
) in an oxidation-only Rock-Eval analysis,
correlated well with data from chemothermal oxidation (CTO), which
captures only refractory BC fractions (e.g. soot). Te thermogram of the
combustion of the reference materials in the oxidation stage of the Rock-
Eval analysis showed distinct dierences in thermal stability. Rock-Eval
analysis could potentially be used to quantify dierent types of BC in an
environmental sample using information of this thermogram. Tis potential
will be further explored using a dataset of sediments from four European
catchments.
WP192 Activated carbon amendment at a former Tar Works site: How
is the sorption capacity of activated carbon attenuated by the addition
of sediment. S. Hale, D. Werner, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon
Tyne, United Kingdom. Te River Tyne in the North East of England is
heavily polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, originating from a long
history of industrial activity. Tis work focuses on sediments from the
foreshore contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a group
of chemicals placed on the US EPA priority pollutant list due to their
suspected carcinogenic properties. Tey are thought to be present at the
Walker Riverside Country Park due to the operation of St Anthonys
Tar Works between 1920 1981. A recent city council investigation has
deemed the site contaminated and as such a remediation strategy is sought.
Sediments from the surface of the foreshore have much lower levels of PAHs
than those at depth (25 mg/kg compared to 19 700 mg/kg). Petrographic
analysis indicates the sediments contain carbonaceous geosorbents such as
coke, coal and char. Tese materials have a high sorption capacity for PAHs
and contribute to the lack of desorption seen over 4 months, as just 9 % of
the initial PAH mass is released. Laboratory work has focused on the use of
activated carbon amendment to stabilise PAHs in these surface sediments.
After 1 month amendment under a mixed regime, aqueous concentrations
for the sum of the 16 US EPA dened PAHs was reduced 98 %. Treatment
is more eective for the least hydrophobic PAHs, where concentrations are
reduced up to 99 % after 1 month treatment. For the most hydrophobic
compounds, 1 month treatment leads to an 80 % reduction in aqueous
concentrations which rises to 95 % after 6 months. A model based on the
sediment and activated carbon physicochemical properties has been used
to predict reductions in aqueous concentrations. Activated carbon-water
partitioning coecients (KAC) were determined for a clean system
consisting of just water and activated carbon. Tis value was used in the
model and resulted in very good agreement between experimental and
simulated results. Tis demonstrates that the clean KAC is a good estimate
for the KAC in a sediment system and indicates that sorption to activated
carbon in the presence of sediment may be just as strong as sorption to
pure activated carbon. Activated carbon amendment then becomes a very
promising remediation approach for the surface sediments on the foreshore
of the site.
WP193 Carbon amendments aect the feeding activity of Lumbriculus
variegatus in sediments. J. Akkanen, S. Pehkonen, J. McCullough, J.
Kukkonen, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland. Studies conducted
during the past decade have indicated the importance of black carbon
(e.g. soot, charcoal, activated carbon) in availability of sediment associated
contaminants. Tese ndings inspired studies about using carbonaceous
amendments as a possible in-situ treatment for contaminated sediments.
Several papers have already demonstrated that adding for example activated
carbon to sediment indeed decreases chemical and biological availability of
the contaminants. However, what has not yet been studied is the possible
biological eects of the amendments and for example changes in ecological
condition of the sediments. In this study, we investigated the eects of
activated carbon amendment on feeding of Lumbriculus variegatus in
sediments with and without the presence of contaminants. Our previous
studies had shown that powdered charcoal originating from chestnut wood
(reference material) decreased chemical availability but not bioavailability
of pyrene and a brominated ame retardant (PBDE99). At the same time
feeding of the worms was higher in the charcoal treated sediments. Opposite
to that activated carbon treatment (BC: TOC 25%) of sediments reduced
feeding. Furthermore, low levels (1:10 000 1:50 000 w:w) of creosote oil
in sediments clearly decreased the feeding activity of the worms. Amending
creosote oil spiked sediments with activated carbon lead to sediment specic
responses. Generally increase in BC: TOC value to 15% increased feeding
compared to creosote oil only treatment. Further increase in the activated
carbon dose (BC: TOC 50%) led to reduction in the feeding activity. It
appears that amendments may change the sediment quality leading to
changes in organism behavior such as feeding activity. Te changes in
feeding may in turn directly aect well-being of the sediment-dwelling
organisms, but also aect the exposure to contaminants, which are mainly
taken up via ingested sediment. Te current results stress the importance
to study the ecological changes and possible adverse eects on organisms of
sediments treated with amendments
WP194 Bioavailability of planar and non-planar compounds in
sediment in the presence of black carbons. S. Pehkonen, J. Akkanen,
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University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland; J. You, University of Central
Missouri, Warrensburg, MO; M.J. Lydy, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, IL. Black carbons, such as soot and charcoal, which are
present in soils and sediments, are very strong sorbents of hydrophobic
organic compounds and thus can aect bioavailability. Te structure of
the compound of interest can also have a major aect on bioavailability.
In the current study, the eects of added soot and wood charcoal on
bioavailability were studied using two planar (3,3,4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl
(TCBP) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)) and two non-planar compounds
(2,2,4,4,5,5-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) and permethrin (PERM))
in sediment. Bioavailability of the four compounds from the black
carbon amended sediment was measured using a bioaccumulation test
with the sediment-dwelling oligochaete worm Lumbriculus variegatus
as well as matrix solid-phase microextraction (matrix-SPME). A 10 m
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ber was used. Te total organic carbon
content of the soot and wood charcoal were 51% and 72%, respectively and
these organic sources were from dierent origins. Soot or wood charcoal
was added to sediment to achieve BC: TOC ratios of 15 and 30%. Results
showed that wood charcoal signicantly decreased the bioavailability
of planar compounds (TCBP and BaP) compared to that from control
sediment. Te same results were observed in the matrix-SPME tests. On
the contrary, soot slightly increased bioavailability of the compounds in
both tests. Both soot and wood charcoal have little eect on bioavailability
of the non-planar compounds (HCBP and PERM). Results indicated that
wood charcoal could decrease bioavailability of planar compounds due to
stronger adsorbing ability than that of soot. Tis may be due to the higher
organic carbon content of the wood charcoal. Te planar structure also
made the chemical easier to bind to the sorbents and thus greatly decreased
bioavailability.
WP195 Te bioaccumulation of PAHs and eects of activated carbon
amendments on feeding rate of Lumbriculus variegatus in creosote-
contaminated sediments. S. Pehkonen, J. McCullough, J. Kukkonen, J.
Akkanen, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland. Creosote oil, which
accumulates to sediment, is a widely used wood preservative containing
mainly PAHs. Recent studies have shown that adding of carbonaceous
substances for example activated carbon to sediment decreases the
bioavailability of PAHs. In this study the sediment-dwelling benthic
oligochaete worms Lumbriculus variegatus were exposed to undiluted
creosote-contaminated sediment (Hljkk, H) collected from the eld as
well as to two dilutions of this sediment. Worms avoided the eld collected
creosote-contaminated sediment and thus it needed to be diluted with
clean Lake Hytiinen sediment for bioaccumulation and feeding rate tests.
Hljkk-Hytiinen dilution ratios were 1:10 (HH) and 1:100 (HH2).
In addition, the eect of creosote oil and activated carbon amendments on
feeding behaviour of worms was tested in three uncontaminated sediments
(Mekrijrvi, Hytiinen and Kuorinka). Te avoidance of the creosote-
contaminated sediment lowered the bioaccumulation in undiluted H
sediment compared to diluted HH and HH2 sediments. Feeding behaviour
can explain the higher bioaccumulation of PAHs in the HH2 sediment. In
Mekrijrvi sediment the creosote oil levels of 1:10 000 and 1:20 000 w:w
decreased the feeding rate but the avoidance of the sediment or death of
the worms was not observed. Activated carbon (15 % or 30% increase in
BC:TOC) caused further reduction in feeding activity. In Hytiinen and in
Kuorinka sediments the same creosote oil levels caused death of the worms.
Creosote oil levels of 1:30 000 and 1: 50 000 w:w were used for feeding rate
test in Hytiinen and in Kuorinka sediments. In these sediments the 15 %
increase in BC:TOC did improve the feeding behaviour but 50 % increase
did not have the same eect. It is shown that initial sediment characteristics
have a major role when examining the eects of creosote oil contamination.
According to the feeding rate tests the amendments of activated carbon may
change the sediment quality and thus change the behaviour of organisms in
a sediment specic manner.
WP196 Pilot-scale results of PCB bioavailability reduction in L.
variegatus following activated carbon amendment to river sediments.
B.A. Beckingham, J. Jerscheid, A. Grossman, U. Ghosh, Civil &
Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County,
Baltimore, MD. Emerging laboratory-scale research by our group and
others has shown that contaminant transport pathways and bioavailability
can be interrupted by enhancing the binding and contaminant assimilation
capacity of natural sediments. Activated carbon (AC) amendment to
freshwater and marine sediments has been demonstrated to reduce PCB
biouptake in benthic organisms in laboratory studies. In this research
AC was mechanically amended to eld sediments in an industrially-
impacted river in Upstate New York in 2006. Monitoring before and after
amendment included bioaccumulation tests conducted in-situ and ex-situ,
aqueous equilibrium measurements, PCB desorption kinetics tests, and
measurement of the spatial distribution of AC dose achieved in surcial
sediments. In this paper we focus on the results of the bioaccumulation
measurements conducted using the freshwater oligochaete L. variegatus.
Treatment sites where the AC was applied but not mixed into the sediments,
and received the target dose, demonstrated percent reduction in PCB tissue
concentrations between 69 and 84% in ex-situ measurements. Treatment
sites where the AC was mixed into the surcial sediments and achieved
the target dose, showed 82-92% and 92-95% reductions in average tissue
concentrations (as g/g wet wt.) in in-situ and ex-situ tests, respectively.
Generally, PCB bioaccumulation reductions after AC amendment were
higher in ex-situ tests compared to in-situ tests. A possible hypothesis is that
for in-situ tests the worms are exposed to overlying water in the eld that
is impacted with PCBs from surrounding untreated areas. In the ex-situ
laboratory tests, the worms are exposed to water in contact with treated
sediments only. Based on the 1-year post treatment monitoring data, it
appears that PCB bioaccumulation and aqueous concentration decreases
with increasing dose of AC up to an AC dose approximately equal to the
native TOC content of the sediment. At an AC dose equal to native TOC,
reductions in aqueous equilibrium concentration approach 100%, but
reduction in PCB concentration in worm tissue and lipid are less (75
95%), which may be due to the dual routes of worm exposure to sediment
PCBs: through pore water and additionally through sediment ingestion.
WP197 Evaluation of multifunctional amendments for simultaneous
bioavailability reduction of PCBs and mercury in sediment. S. Kwon,
J. Tomas, B.E. Reed, U. Ghosh, CEE, UMBC, Baltimore, MD; L.
Levine, V. Magar, Environ Corp., Chicago, IL; C. Gilmour, Smithsonian
Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD. In situ sediment
remediation techniques that are less energy-intensive, cost eective, and less
destructive to the ecosystem are attractive due to limitations of conventional
risk management strategies such as dredging and capping. Recent studies
found that the addition of activated carbon (AC) eectively stabilized
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments by reducing porewater
concentrations and contaminant biouptake in benthic organisms. However,
contaminated sediment sites often contain complex mixtures of organics and
metals that require simultaneous remediation. Terefore, multifunctional
or multiple amendments are needed to address the remediation of such
sites. In this study, assuming that AC is most ecient and cost eective
for organic pollutants, additional sorbents were down selected for heavy
metal contaminants. Te selection procedure for heavy metal amendments
included (1) a literature review, (2) a series of aqueous phase sorption studies
and (3) laboratory biouptake tests using spiked sediment and a freshwater
oligochaete (Lumbriculus Variegatus). Te literature study followed by the
sorption study allowed the selection of several promising engineered metal
sorbents. Biouptake reduction of Cd, Pb, and Hg was most eective when
sediment was amended with a mixture of AC and thiol group functionalized
mesoporous silica (T-SAMM). Laboratory scale mesocosms were also
conducted using eld sediment contaminated by both mercury and PCBs.
Individual sorbents and sorbent mixtures were amended to eld sediment
and allowed to equilibrate for a month before conducting bioaccumulation
and leaching tests. Field sediment amended with 3% AC and T-SAMMS
demonstrated 90% reduction in PCB biouptake in the freshwater
oligochaete. Detailed analysis for mercury, methyl mercury, and sorptive
properties among treated and untreated eld sediments are ongoing and will
be presented in this paper.
WP198 Bioaccumulation food web models: Overview of input
parameters, their characteristics and distributions, and the resulting
uncertainty of model calculations using cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes
as a test case. K.B. Woodburn, K.P. Plotzke, K.R. Drottar, Health &
Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI; E.M.
Mihaich, ER2, Durham, NC; C.A. Staples, Assessment Technologies, Inc.,
Spotsylvania, VA. Bioaccumulation potential is a key parameter for use
in product classication and labeling, regulatory management, pollution
prevention initiatives, and environmental risk assessments. Te process
of bioaccumulation may be considered the product of uptake via both
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gill and dietary uptake, attenuated by such depuration mechanisms as gill
and gastrointestinal elimination kinetics, organism growth, and metabolic
transformation. A variety of food web models have been developed to
describe the bioaccumulation process and attempt to ascribe causality to
observed relationships between biota and sediment or water. Such models
generally assume that hydrophobic chemical bioaccumulation in whole
organisms can be predicted by quantifying uptake and loss process rates and
then predicting trophic level concentrations depending on bioenergetics
and feeding interactions of each organism within a described food web.
Tis presentation will examine available bioaccumulation food web models
for hydrophobic organic chemicals and characterize issues surrounding key
input parameters that dominate the outcome of such models. In addition,
the distribution and variation of key factors will also be presented, with
the impact of such distributions on predicted BAF values. Factors to be
examined and described include uptake rate, respiration rate, metabolic rate,
excretion rate, growth rate, chemical assimilation eciency, lipid content,
and body weight. Input parameters and eld data from a sample material,
cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (CVMS), will be used as a test case.
WP199 Metabolism Study in Rainbow Trout with
14C-Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). J.Y. Domoradzki, D.A. McNett,
L.M. Tackery, J.M. Sushynski, K.P. Plotzke, Health and Enviromental
Sciences, Dow Corning, Auburn, MI; T.A. Springer, T.L. Ross, Wildlife
International, Ltd., Easton, MD. Factors critical for understanding the
bioaccumulation/biomagnication potential of D4 in sh have been
investigated to address the bioconcentration study identifying D4 as
meeting the B criteria. To investigate these critical parameters, rainbow
trout were administered 15 mg 14C-D4/kg body weight via bolus oral
gavage. Te trout were tted with in-dwelling cannulas for blood and urine
collection over a 96-h exposure period. At sacrice, the concentration
of parent D4 and total 14C radioactivity were determined in liver, bile,
digestive tract, testes, blood and fat. Based on the total 14C recovered in
tissues, bile, blood, remaining carcass and urine, the absorption of D4
was estimated to be 81% of the recovered dose. Te highest concentration
of radioactivity was found in the bile, with 95% of the dose attributed
to D4 metabolites. Liver and digestive tract samples contained 60 and
98%, respectively, of the total 14C as parent material, and in the fat all
radioactivity represented parent material. Te concentration of parent
D4 in the blood was not detectable until 8 h post-administration (~0.9
ug D4/g blood) and the highest concentration was observed at 24 h,
1.6 ug D4/g blood. Radioactivity was detected in urine at all collections
post-administration. Te highest concentration in the urine was found
during the 48 - 72 h collection interval, 0.38 ug equivalents of D4/g
urine, which consisted of 100% D4 metabolites; 18% of the recovered
dose was eliminated in feces. Te percentage of D4 metabolism at 96
h, under conditions of this assay, is estimated to be 2%, based on the
total metabolite recovered in carcass, tissues (including bile) and urine.
Radioactivity detected in sh liver was due to the presence of metabolic
products, ~40% of total 14C. Tis suggests that clearance may occur via
hepatic enterohepatic circulation of metabolic products (~95%) in bile with
excretion via the digestive tract and urinary clearance of polar metabolites.
Uptake, metabolism and excretion rate constants and key parameters
from a sh feeding study will be incorporated into bioaccumulation/
biomagnication models for B assessment of D4. (Supported by the
Silicones Environmental Health and Safety Council).
WP200 Current-Use Flame Retardants in the Eggs and Plasma of
American Kestrels from Southern Ontario. P. Martin, E. Sverko, G.
Barrett, R. Valenzona, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are lipophilic compounds that
bioaccumulate through to the highest levels of the food chain. Many
studies of PBDE concentrations have focused on sh-eating species of
the aquatic food web, however eggs of wild peregrine falcons in Sweden
contain among the highest concentrations of PBDEs measured in wildlife.
Eggs of American kestrels were collected from nest boxes from the Niagara
region to southwestern Ontario. Subsequently, serum samples of sibling
hatchlings were collected. Samples were analysed for 8 current-use ame
retardants including dechlorane plus (DP). Te PBDEs were the highest in
total concentration in both egg and plasma, 0.6-15.2 ng/g and 0.08-1.1 ng/
ml, respectively. BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 138 and 183 were detected
in the eggs, however we did not detect BDEs 138 and 183 in the plasma.
Similarily, no BTBPE was detected in the plasma but measured in the eggs
at 0.021.9 ng/g. Both the syn and anti stereoisomers of the chlorinated
ame retardant, DP, were detected in eggs ranging from 0.01-0.25 ng/g. Te
highest egg concentration was measured in the Niagara region, nearest the
manufacturer of DP. Te spatial pattern for the plasma samples were similar,
however only anti-DP was detected. Our ndings suggest that female
kestrels ingest these chemical from their local terrestrial foodweb which are
then transferred to the eggs.
WP201 Long-term eects of early exposure to a brominated ame
retardant (PBDE-99) in zebra nches. M. Eng, T.D. Williams, Biological
Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada;
R.J. Letcher, National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife
Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J.E. Elliott, Pacic Wildlife Research
Centre, Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, British Columbia, Canada.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated ame
retardants that have become ubiquitous in the environment. PBDE-99
is one of the most abundant congeners found in environmental samples,
yet its long-term eects on avian wildlife are unknown. In birds, early life
stages are the most sensitive to environmental conditions, and exposure to
contaminants during the nestling period may have critical long-term eects.
Te objective of this study is to determine the eects of early exposure to
PBDE-99 on birds, using the Zebra Finch as a model songbird species. We
will expose young for the duration of the nesting cycle to environmentally
relevant, sublethal levels of PBDE-99, and will then assess thyroid hormone
levels, immune function, hematocrit, oxidative stress, and vitamin status
for each treatment group. Te young will be raised to sexual maturity to
examine long term eects on physiology, mating behaviour (including
song), reproductive success, and brain development. Tis study will help
identify robust endpoints that will be used in future eld studies to assess
the eects of exposure to PBDE-99 in wild birds.
WP202 Examining the Impacts of Pestcide Exposure on the
Survivorship and Deveopment of Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea
intermontana) and Pacic Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) in a Laboratory
Environment. A.H. de Jong Westman, K. Cheng, Summit Environmental
Consultants, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada; J. Elliott, G. Van Aggelen,
C. Bishop, Environment Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada; J.
Elliott, C. Bishop, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada. Amphibian populations are declining globally, and
pesticides have been suggested as one of the contributing factors. Field
experiments involving ponds immersed in agricultural environments have
been observed to have dramatically lower biodiversity and amphibian
abundance than ponds located in non-agricultural settings. Tere has been
much work involving in situ pond experiments, and a plethora of laboratory
pesticide experiments often involving test concentrations much higher
than those observed in the eld. To determine which pesticides impact
amphibian embryo survivorship and tadpole development, three insecticides
currently used in British Columbia were tested at their detected eld
concentrations in a laboratory environment. Te commercial formulations
of endosulfan, azinphos-methyl and diazinon were tested alone and in
combination. Embryos of the Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana
and Pacic Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) were collected from reference sites
in the South Okanagan of BC, and transported to a federal government
laboratory facility in North Vancouver, BC. Here, 8-day LC20 experiments
were conducted on the young embryos and young tadpoles with the
following toxicological endpoints: acute mortality, behavioral abnormalities,
morphological abnormalities and developmental abnormalities. Overall,
endosulfan (LC208d = 77.1 ng/L) was the most toxic pesticide to
both species in the tadpole stage, causing acute mortality, behavioral
abnormalities and morphological abnormalities. Embryos were observed
to be very resilient to the low test concentrations of endosulfan, with the
majority of mortalities occurring post-hatch (LC208d = 2872.7 ng/L). Te
second most toxic insecticide was found to be azinphos-methyl (LC208d >
50 000 ng/L); and lastly, diazinon was found to be the least toxic (LC208d
> 175 000 ng/L) to both life stages of amphibians. In addition to acute
mortality, several behavioral abnormalities arose in the tadpoles exposed to
endosulfan, including extreme agitation in both species of amphibians, tail
kinking and melanophore aggregation in P. regilla tadpoles.
WP203 Cadmium Toxicity in Birds: Updating the Toxicity Reference
Value used in Predictive Ecological Risk Assessments in California. B.
Stanton, M. Anderson, Oce of Spill Prevention and Response, California
Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA; M. Eichelberger,
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California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, CA; S. de
Vries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, CA; R. Donohoe, Oce
of Spill Prevention and Response, California Department of Fish and Game,
Monterey, CA. Te current understanding of cadmium impacts to avian
species has been improved by recent studies and the extensive literature
review completed during the development of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs). Terefore,
we sought to update the cadmium toxicity reference value (TRV) for
birds used by regulatory agencies and resource trustees in California for
predictive ecological risk assessments. We surveyed the available secondary
and primary literature sources to identify the lowest, ecologically relevant
no-observed-adverse-eect levels (NOAELs) for oral exposure of birds to
cadmium. Review focused on evaluating TRVs between the currently used
TRV (0.08 mg/kg/d) and the Eco-SSL TRV (1.47 mg/kg/d), considering
the application of an updated ingestion rate model (Nagy et al., 2001) and
uncertainty factors. After consideration of the endpoints and evaluation
of the experimental results, we propose an ecologically protective NOAEL
TRV of 0.7 mg/kg/d, based primarily on the kidney toxicity data in wood
ducks (Mayack et al., 1981), but supported by other studies that indicate
the kidney is a critical target organ for cadmium toxicity. Tis TRV is also
protective of reproductive eects (Leach et al., 1979), another sensitive
endpoint for cadmium toxicity. In addition, a lowest observable adverse
eect level (LOAEL) of 1.0 mg/kg/d was identied based on kidney
nephrosis in mallards (Cain et al., 1983). Overall, these updated TRVs
incorporate more recent studies and reviews on cadmium toxicity in birds
while establishing thresholds based on ecologically relevant endpoints.
WP204 Organochlorine compounds in bald eagle eggs (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus) from Maine, 2000 2006. S.E. Mierzykowski, US Fish
and Wildlife Service, Old Town, ME; C. Todd, Maine Department of
Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Bangor, ME; M. Johnson, Stantec, Topsham,
ME; C. DeSorbo, BioDiversity Research Institute, Gorham, ME; W.
Hanson, FPL Energy Maine Hydro, Lewiston, ME. Between 2000 and
2006, forty-three non-viable bald eagle eggs were recovered from thirty
nest territories in Maine and analyzed for organochlorine compounds.
Mean 2,3,7,8 - TCDD concentration was 4.9 pg/g (fresh wet weight)
at 10 territories, but was below detection at 20 territories. Dioxin toxic
equivalents (TCDD-TEQ) ranged widely from 28 to 1145 pg/g. PCB
#77 and PCB #126 were the dominant dioxin-like congeners in eggs
contributing over 80% to the TCDD-TEQ. Mean Total PCB concentration
in eggs was 4.91 g/g (SD 3.60 g/g, range: 0.84 13.42 g/g), while
DDE ranged from 0.32 to 4.38 g/g (mean/SD 1.24 0.99 g/g). PBDE
was measured in 15 eggs (mean/SD 464 409 ng/g, range: 91 1599
ng/g). Chlordanes, HCHs, DDD, mirex, and other organochlorine
compounds were below analytical detection limits or were found at
concentrations < 100 ng/g. Mean concentrations of TCDD-TEQ, Total
PCB, and DDE were generally below suggested biological eect thresholds,
but TCDD-TEQ levels at eight nests exceeded the threshold (303 pg/g).
Egg collections occurred primarily at inland lacustrine and riverine nest
locations. Tere was no signicant dierence (p > 0.05) in TCDD-TEQ,
Total PCB, and DDE egg concentrations between these two habitat types.
Recent Total PCB and DDE results were compared with Maine bald eagle
egg collections from four previous decades. Total PCB concentrations in
eggs appear to exhibit a 6-fold decline since the 1970s, while DDE levels
appear to have declined 17-fold since the 1960s. Time-series comparisons of
egg contaminant levels with previous decades were limited by smaller sample
sizes and a greater representation of eggs from coastal nest territories where
the prey type is dominated by seabirds and marine mammals. Recent egg
collections were primarily from inland nest sites where the eagle prey base is
dominated by sh.
WP205 A model-based approach investigating killer whale (Orcinus
orca) exposure to marine vessel engine exhaust. C. Lachmuth, L. Barrett-
Lennard, W. Milsom, Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada; C. Lachmuth, L. Barrett-Lennard, Cetacean
Research Lab, Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada. Te primary target of the commercial whale
watching industry in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern
Washington is the endangered population of southern resident killer whales
(Orcinus orca). Researchers have studied the acoustic disturbance from whale
watching vessels, and the whales behavioral reactions to vessels; however,
exposure to air pollutants produced by the vessels has not been investigated
to date. Air temperature proles provide a means of determining if
atmospheric conditions are conducive to air pollutant accumulation or
dispersal; thus, air temperature proles were obtained o the southwest
coast of Vancouver Island during a portion of the whale watching season.
It was established that stable atmospheric conditions predominate during
the season, and because stable conditions suppress turbulence and vertical
pollutant dispersal, air pollutants accumulate in the boundary layer above
the sea surface. A model was created to simulate the dispersal of exhaust
from whale watching vessels and to estimate air pollutant concentrations
inhaled by killer whales. A physiological model for killer whales will be
employed to ascertain the consequences of exposure to the concentration
of air pollutants predicted by the dispersion model. If the physiological
consequences of exposure to exhaust air pollutants are found to be severe,
the study will include specic conservation recommendations for regulatory
changes in the way that whale watching is conducted.
WP206 An evaluation of dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans
(PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in tissues
of wild game from the oodplains of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw
Rivers (Michigan, USA). R. Holem, J.J. Matousek, P.W. Bradley, J.L.
Newsted, D.P. Kay, A.L. Blankenship, S.R. Roark, M.S. Shotwell, J.P. Giesy,
Entrix, Inc., Okemos, MI; A.L. Blankenship, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI; J.P. Giesy, Dept. Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Te Tittabawassee River is located in central Michigan and ows southeast
through Midland and into the Saginaw River and eventually to the Saginaw
Bay of Lake Huron. Previous studies have reported elevated soil, sediment,
and sh concentrations of dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans
(PCDFs) downstream of Midland. In addition, elevated polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) concentrations have been found in soils, sediments, and sh
from the Saginaw River. Hence, it was suspected that wild game residing in
this area may contain detectable concentrations of these contaminants. Tis
report describes sampling activities and tissue concentration results obtained
for wild game harvested from the Saginaw Bay watershed region. Tese
data will reduce uncertainty regarding potential exposure to consumers of
wild game harvested from this area. Species collected included white-tailed
deer, wild turkey, fox squirrel, cottontail rabbit, Canada goose, and wood
duck. Collection sites were located upstream and downstream of Midland.
Animals were butchered and tissues acquired in a manner intended to
represent methods used by consumers. All tissues were analyzed for
PCDDs and PCDFs, and some were also analyzed for dioxin-like PCBs.
Concentrations of 2378-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs)
were compared between species, locations, and tissue types. Other aspects
such as congener pattern, age, and sex were also evaluated. In general, the
lowest TEQ concentrations (range of means: 0.10.9 ng/kg ww D/F TEQ)
were observed in muscle tissue from deer, rabbit, and squirrel. Te highest
TEQ concentrations (range of means: 0.543 ng/kg ww D/F TEQ) were
observed in livers of white-tailed deer and edible tissues of wild turkey and
wood duck. In birds, the highest TEQ concentrations were observed in
wild turkey and TEQ in skin-o tissues were lower than skin-on for all bird
species. Spatially, the highest TEQ concentrations were found in the animals
collected from the central sampling location and concentrations of TEQ in
game from the most downstream location were comparable to game from
the upstream reference location. Among other factors, residence time in the
oodplain, dietary preference, and home range size of game likely contribute
to observed variability in TEQ concentrations.
WP207 Mosquito adulticide impacts to candidate buttery species
on National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida. T.A. Bargar, US
Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL; R.A. Frakes, US Fish and Wildlife
Service, Vero Beach, FL. Te National Key Deer Refuge (Refuge)
currently permits aerial application of the mosquito adulticide naled (an
organophosphate insecticide) on the Refuge. Concerns have been raised
about the impact of those applications to two candidate buttery species
found on the Refuge, the Bartrams hairstreak (Strymon acis bartrami) and
the Florida leafwing (Anaea troglodyte oridalis). To evaluate the potential
for impacts to those butteries, caged adult and larval surrogate buttery
species will be placed at several locations within the Refuge immediately
prior to adulticide application, and will be collected within three hours
after application. Cholinesterase activity will be assessed in all collected
organisms to determine eective exposure to naled. Te amount of enzyme
inhibition in the exposed butteries will be interpreted based on data from
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a companion study relating mortality to enzyme inhibition. In addition,
placement of cages on the Refuge will be such as to evaluate the eectiveness
of designated no-spray zones in preventing naled impacts to butteries.
Te results of this study are intended to aid Refuge management eorts to
conserve trust resources.
WP208 Comparative Species Analysis Using PCA of
Biotransformation and Distribution of BDE-209 in yolk-injected
Chickens (Gallus gallus), Kestrels (Falco Sparverius), and Mallards
(Anas platyrhynchos). S.D. Sieet, R.C. Hale, M. LaGuardia, D. Luellen,
Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point, VA; M. McKernan, Marine, Estuarine and
Environmental Sciences, Univeristy of Maryland, College Park, MD;
B. Rattner, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD. Due to
environmental and human health concerns decabromodiphenyl ether
(BDE-209), a high production volume brominated ame retardant was
banned from European markets, starting July 1, 2008. BDE-209 has been
reported to under go metabolic debromination to the lesser brominated,
more toxic and bioaccumulative polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs);
however, little is known about this process. It has also been observed that
PBDE proles and BDE-209 levels in terrestrial organisms dier from most
aquatic species, indicating accumulation or metabolic dissimilarity. Te
goal of this in-vivo study is to determine the biotransformation and tissue
distribution of BDE-209 after injection into the yolk-sac of an embryonic
chicken. A modied emulsion formulation was employed to mimic the
natural exposure (hen to egg) of embryos to BDE-209. Preliminary data
shows a >60% survival rate for embryos (n=30) injected with the emulsion
(non-BDE-209 spiked) and an >80% survival rate for non-injected controls
(n=15). A 100-L emulsion containing 1 g BDE-209 per g egg is injected
into the yolk sac of each egg on day 4 of incubation. Eggs are allowed to
develop to the point of hatching (Day 21). Brain, blood, livers, yolk sac,
and remaining carcass will be harvested and analyzed for BDE-209 and
lower brominated congeners by gas chromatography mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). Hepatic microsomes from chicken, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
and American kestrel (Anas platyrhynchos) will be incubated for 1 and
24 hrs with 14.4 ng BDE209 before undergoing liquid/liquid extraction.
PBDE concentrations will be determined by GC-MS. Te congener proles
and stereochemistry of the BDEs detected in dierent compartments of
the embryo and the microsomal incubations from three species will be
examined using principal component analysis for unique avian metabolic
debromination patterns.
WP209 Organohalogen contaminant exposure in wild bottlenose
dolphins: Combined inuences of bioaccumulation, life history
and tissue distribution. J.E. Yordy, A. Guichard, J. Kucklick, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC; J.E. Yordy, Medical
University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; R. Wells, B. Balmer, Chicago
Zoological Society, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL; L. Schwacke,
Cooperative Center for Marine Animal Health, NOAA, Charleston,
SC; W. McLellan, D. Pabst, University of North Carolina Wilmington,
Wilmington, NC; T. Rowles, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding
Response Program, NMFS, Silver Spring, MD. Bottlenose dolphins
(BNDs) are long-lived, piscivorous marine mammals which represent apex
predators for many coastal ecosystems. As a result, they are vulnerable to
accumulating heavy burdens of persistent organohalogen contaminants
(POCs). Total concentrations of POCs in marine mammals are strongly
inuenced by diet, sex, body condition, and life history traits (i.e., age and
reproductive state); however, less is known about how these parameters
impact compound-specic patterns and contaminant mixtures. To evaluate
the impact of each of these factors on organohalogen mixtures in BNDs,
tissue samples (blubber, n= 107; blood, n=68) and dietary items (milk, n=
20; sh, 3 species, n=45) were collected from Sarasota Bay, FL and analyzed
by GC/MS for 68 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, 12 organochlorine
pesticides and 5 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners. Principal
components analysis (PCA) was used to investigate mixture dierences
between dietary sources and three dolphin life history groups (juveniles,
adult males and adult females). Contaminant mixtures of the two dietary
items in Sarasota Bay diered, with milk containing a greater proportion of
the lower chlorinated PCBs and sh containing higher proportions of the
organochlorine pesticides. Contaminant mixtures in bottlenose dolphins
also varied between life history stages. Mixtures in juveniles were not purely
reective of a milk or sh-based diet, but were aected by both diet and
metabolism. Patterns in adult males were inuenced by biotransformation
and shift to contain higher proportions of non-metabolizable congeners
with age. Alternatively, contaminant patterns in adult females appeared
to be strongly inuenced by the selective ooading of lower halogenated
compounds through milk upon reaching reproductive maturity. Body
condition was also investigated as a potential factor in blood and internal
tissue contaminant concentrations and mixtures.
WP210 Eects of TCDD, TCDF, and PeCDF injected into the air cell
of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) prior to incubation. A. Cohen-
Barnhouse, S. Bursian, J. Link, Animal Science, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI; J. Giesy, P. Jones, Y. Wan, S. Wiseman, Veterinary
Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; S. Kennedy, National Wildlife Research
Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J. Newsted,
Entrix, Okemos, MI; M. Zwiernik, Zoology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI. A molecular basis for distinguishing dierences in
sensitivity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-like compounds
among avian species has been suggested. Amino acid substitutions in the
ligand-binding domain of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor are presumed
to be responsible, in part, for this dierential sensitivity. Subsequent
studies suggested that avian species may be classied into one of three
TCDD-sensitivity categories: very sensitive Type 1 (chicken), moderately
sensitive Type 2 (ringneck pheasant), and insensitive Type 3 (Japanese
quail). A series of egg injection studies are being conducted to conrm
the proposed avian sensitivity classication. Te eect of TCDD, 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
(PeCDF) on hatchability of Japanese quail eggs and growth and survival of
hatchlings is reported here. Doses ranging from 0.07 to 91 ng/g egg were
injected into the air cell prior to incubation. Hatchlings were maintained
for 10 days to assess growth and survivability. A sample of the chicks was
weighed, euthanized, and necropsied on day of hatch and at 10 days of
age. Selected tissues of 10-day-old chicks were removed, weighed and
processed for histological assessment. Subsamples of the liver were processed
for chemical analysis and assessment of cytochrome P4501A induction.
LD50 values for TCDD, TCDF and PeCDF based on hatchability data
are 11.3 (4.13 55.4; 95% condence intervals), 3.10 (1.67 8.60) and
1.10 (0.503 2.05) ng/g egg, respectively. Te relative potencies (REPs) of
TCDF and PeCDF compared to TCDD are 3.6 and 10.3, respectively. Te
REP of PeCDF based on hatchability of Japanese quail eggs is similar to an
REP value of 18 based on induction of CYP1A activity in cultured Japanese
quail hepatocytes determined in a complimentary study. To our knowledge,
this is the rst in vivo study indicating that a TCDD-like compound is
substantially more toxic in an avian species than TCDD. It would be of
interest to determine if dietary exposure of Japanese quail to TCDD-like
compounds results in similar REP values as determined in the enzyme
induction and egg injection studies.
WP211 Lead poisoning of Trumpeter Swans in the Pacic Northwest
Can recovered shot pellets help to elucidate the source. L.K. Wilson,
G. Grigg, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Delta,
British Columbia, Canada; R. Forsyth, Wildlife Enforcement Division,
Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; M. Tolksdorf,
Monikas Wildlife Shelter, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada; V. Bowes,
British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Abbotsford, British
Columbia, Canada; M. Smith, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; A.
Scheuhammer, Science and Technology, Environment Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. At least 2,577 Trumpeter and Tundra Swans have died
in northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia over the
past eight winters (1999-2008). Most of the mortalities were attributed
to lead shot ingestion (80%; 1,376/1,727). Lead shot use for waterfowl
hunting was banned in Whatcom County, Washington in 1989 and Sumas
Prairie, British Columbia in 1992. Lead shot continues to be permitted
for upland hunting and target shooting. A working group comprised of
Environment Canada, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Trumpeter Swan Society, University of
Washington and other organizations have been working since 2001 to locate
the source(s) of lead shot. Te working group has conducted a multi-faceted
investigation. Tis extended abstract focuses on information ascertained
from shot recovered from swan gizzards and sediment/soil from suspected
source areas. Most sick and dead swans were recovered from roost sites
(85%, 1,796/2,123); the remainder was collected from forage elds or along
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roadways. Of the 1,270 gizzards examined, an average of 22 lead and 9
non-toxic shot were recovered per gizzard (total 38,695 shot). Te majority
of swans (72%) had <25 lead shot per gizzard but 9% of swans had >50
lead shot per gizzard. Te specic size of lead and non-toxic shot from 108
swan gizzards (6,052 pellets) and from sediment/soil sampled at roosts/
forage elds (375 pellets) ranged included sizes typical of waterfowl hunting,
upland game bird hunting and target shooting. Lead isotope analysis of 108
livers and 1,078 lead pellets from 108 swan gizzards and 319 pellets from
sediment/soil of suspected sources suggest that swans do not seem to be
consuming the whole range of shot sizes recovered from agricultural eld
and water-bodies. Additional analyses are presently underway.
WP212 Comparative Eects of PCBs on Heart Weight and
Morphology in Selected Avian Species. T. Carro, K. Dean, E. Lavoie,
M. Bohannon, K. Davani, M. Strauss, A. Schlappal, N. Tompson, M.
Ottinger, Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are found in varying concentrations
in the environment and therefore present a potential hazard to avian
species living in those areas. PCBs bioaccumulate and have been linked to
adverse health conditions in the body, aecting major systems including
the immune system, the reproductive system, the nervous system, and
the endocrine system. It has also been suggested that individuals exposed
to PCBs can also suer from cardiovascular eects, such as increased risk
for hypertension and blood pressure (ATSDR 2000; PCB Toxicity and
Physiologic Eects. Atlanta, GA). Although it is clear that the avian heart
is susceptible to exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like chemicals, much less is
known about potential eects of PCB exposure. Te purpose of this study
was to gain an understanding of the eects of embryonic PCB exposure
on avian heart morphology. Eggs from selected species of eld birds were
treated with a PCB mixture composed of congeners found in tree swallow
eggs from the eld at approximately 15% of embryo development; all eggs
were checked for viability thereafter. Injections were made into a small
hole, which was drilled into the shell at the air cell; treatment was applied
using a Hamilton Pipet with a total injection volume of less than 1ml/egg.
Treatment groups/species included untreated control, vehicle control, low,
and high PCB doses. Birds were hatched in the laboratory and sacriced
at day 0. Hearts were uniformly collected, with heartbeat stopped using
KCl, then rinsed and placed in 10% buered formalin. Species examined
included tree swallows, eastern bluebirds, American kestrels, and screech
owls. Heart weight and heart index in relation to PCB doses did not show
dierences with PCB dose within each species. Similarly, comparison of
heart weights across species also showed no indication of PCB eects.
Eects of PCBs on avian heart morphology may be functional and
detectable with specic histological analysis; such analyses are ongoing.
Acknowledgements: Supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife and the
Hudson River Natural Resource Trustees.
WP213 Dietary exposure to vanadium in larval grey tree frogs (Hyla
versicolor): an assessment of bioaccumulation and physiological
eects. J. Hilton, A. Heyes, C.L. Rowe, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
Solomons, MD; J. Hilton, Marine Science, Coastal Carolina University,
Conway, SC. Vanadium (V) is a common byproduct of fossil fuel
combustion in solid wastes of ash and is known to have a variety of eects
related to metabolic function in vertebrates. In studies of captive mammals,
V has been found to modify metabolic and bioenergetic processes. However,
the eect of V on wildlife in natural systems is largely unknown. In
prior studies we found that dietary exposure to environmentally relevant
concentrations of V reduced growth, lipid content, and survival to
metamorphic climax in larval leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala). In the
current, follow up study, we examined dietary eects of a wider range in
concentrations of V on larval grey tree frogs (Hyla versicolor). We fed larvae
of the grey tree frog V at two concentrations, 360 and 720 ppm. Metal
bioaccumulation, growth rates, lipid content, and metabolic rates were
measured to assess the impact of V exposure. Metabolic rates measured mid-
way through larval development did not dier, however several physiological
traits of metamorphs appeared to be altered. Te results from this and
our prior study suggest that V may pose risks to recruitment potential of
amphibians in sites contaminated with fossil fuel-derived wastes.
WP214 Are Avian Species a Reasonable Surrogate for Reptiles in
Ecological Risk Assessments: Potentially Important Species Specic
Dierences. J. Suski, C. Salice, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. Reptiles are
not typically evaluated directly in Ecological Risk Assessments (ERAs).
Possible rational may be due to undened methods for calculating risk
to reptiles and/or data gaps. A common approach for estimating risk to
reptiles is to use avian species as a surrogate. Preliminary review of the
literature indicates that in many cases birds are more sensitive to toxicants
than reptiles although this is not without exception. Additionally, because
birds have higher metabolic demands, exposures via the ingestion route
are thought to be higher than for reptiles. Tere are, however, signicant
physiological and ecological dierences between birds and reptiles that
can impact exposures in the eld. Here, we use a quantitative approach to
estimate exposures to birds and reptiles based on allometric equations for
eld metabolic rate. Results show that for a similar size bird and reptile
exposures to birds may be up to an order of magnitude greater when
assuming consistent, daily feeding. Some reptiles however are known to
consume fewer, larger meals. Our preliminary results suggest that if reptile
energy acquisition is approximately 7-10 times daily energy requirements
reptile exposures can be similar to avian exposures. Depending on the
energy content of food items, this increase is approximately equivalent to
30% of body weight. Infrequently feeding reptiles typically consume meals
greater than 10% of their body mass suggesting that exposure estimates
based on avian receptors are higher than if based on reptilian receptors;
however, more data are needed on food consumption rates in infrequent
feeders. Importantly, these results are based on oral or ingestion only;
thereby, ignoring the potentially important dermal route of exposure.
Because a signicant portion of reptile bodies are in-contact with the
ground (particularly snakes) the dermal route of exposure may contribute
proportionally more to total exposure in reptiles compared to birds. Future
research should focus on better characterizing reptilian food consumption
patterns and dermal exposure and uptake.
WP215 Embryotoxicity of Methylmercury Injected into Herring Gull
Eggs. N.M. Burgess, B.G. Veitch, Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife
Service, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland, Canada. Methylmercury (MeHg) is
toxic to avian embryos, but bird species dier in their sensitivity to MeHg
exposure in ovo. We used the MeHg egg-injection methods developed
by Gary Heinz to conrm the LC
50
that he determined for MeHg
embryotoxicity for herring gulls. We collected 105 freshly laid herring gull
eggs from Gull Island, Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland in
May 2008. Te eggs were incubated for four days and then injected in the
air cell with saower oil only (control) or one of seven doses of MeHg
in saower oil. Te MeHg doses ranged from 0.04 2.56 g/g of egg
contents, which encompasses the range of MeHg concentrations commonly
seen in bird eggs. Te eggs were then incubated until pipping (eggshell
and membrane pierced by the bill of the embryo, just prior to hatching).
Survival of the embryos to pipping was used to calculate an LC
50
for MeHg.
We compare our results with the LC
50
previously determined by Gary Heinz
for herring gull eggs (0.28 g/g). Our ndings conrm the utility of this
experimental approach to determine the relative sensitivity of avian species
to embryotoxicity from MeHg exposure in ovo. We are now in a better
position to interpret the toxicological signicance of MeHg concentrations
observed in herring gull eggs collected in Canada and elsewhere, to monitor
mercury trends in aquatic and marine environments. We plan to extend this
work to other seabird species (Atlantic pun and Leachs storm-petrel) in
coming years.
WP216 Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and metals in
ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve,
Madagascar. T.R. Rainwater, B. Zhang, M.N. Leslie, M.T. Abel, G.P.
Cobb, T.A. Anderson, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock, TX; M.L. Sauther, J.E. Loudon, Anthropology, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO; K.E. Rainwater, R.E. Mills, Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis, CA; F.P. Cuozzo, Anthropology, University
of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND; M.A. Weber, Conservation Division,
St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO. Te ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is an
endangered species and faces probable extinction in the next 50 years
unless eective conservation strategies are developed and implemented.
Although habitat loss is of greatest concern, other anthropogenic factors
including environmental contamination may also aect lemur health
and survival. In this study, we examined accumulation of organochlorine
(OC) pesticides and metals in ring-tailed lemurs from the Beza Mahafaly
Special Reserve in southern Madagascar and examined dierences in
contaminant concentrations between sexes and among age groups, troops,
and habitats. A total of 14 pesticides and 13 metals was detected in lemur
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blood (24 individuals) and hair (65 individuals) samples, respectively.
p,p-DDT, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endrin aldehyde, and
endrin were among the most prevalent pesticides detected, occurring in
100%, 92%, 83%, 83%, 75%, and 67% of lemurs sampled, respectively.
Te most commonly detected metals were aluminum, zinc, boron,
phosphorus, silicon, and copper, while metals considered more hazardous
to wildlife (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium, vanadium) were not
detected. Overall, concentrations of OC pesticides and metals were low
and similar to those considered to be background concentrations in other
studies examining the ecotoxicology of wild mammals. Few inter-sex,
-age, -troop, and habitat dierences in contaminant concentrations were
observed, suggesting a uniform distribution of contaminants within the
reserve. Several statistically signicant relationships between lemur body
size and contaminant concentrations were observed, but due to the lack
of supportive data regarding contaminant accumulation in free-ranging
primates, the biological signicance of these ndings remains uncertain. Te
results of this study document accumulation of multiple OC pesticides and
metals in ring-tail lemurs in BMSR and provide essential baseline data for
future health and toxicological evaluations of lemurs and other free-ranging
primates.
WP217 Te Whole Wildlife Toxicology Catalog: A Web Portal for
Wildlife Toxicology Data. B.A. Rattner, M.A. McKernan, K.W. Laurent,
U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville,
MD; S. Gerould, USGS, Reston, VA; C. Grim, S. Tan, C.L. Russom, B.
Montague, N. Mastrota, US EPA, Washington, DC; S. Publicker, NLM,
HHS, Bethesda, MD; J.R. OHare, NWRC, USDA, Fort Collins, CO;
M. Pokras, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA. Nancy H. Golden,
US FWS, Arlington VA Anne Fairbrother, Parametrix, Corvallis, OR
F. Josh Dein, USGS, Madison, WI M. Hines, USGS, Madison, WI
Robert Worrest, USGS, Reston, VA In 2007, the Smithsonian Institution
sponsored a Wildlife Toxicology Workshop attended by over 50 scientists
and administrators from academia, government and conservation entities,
and the private sector. One of the action items from the meeting was to
develop a web portal that compiles and serves existing databases relevant
to the eld of wildlife toxicology. A team of more than 20 scientists was
formed to shape, dene and create the web portal, now entitled the Whole
Wildlife Toxicology Catalog. Tis catalog is a website that includes the
name, internet address, description and accessibility of over 25 web sites and
databases that provide information frequently used by wildlife toxicologists.
From this web portal, scientists will be able to access sites which provide
data on contaminant exposure and adverse eects, toxicity endpoints and
eect thresholds, and documentation related to wildlife die-os, all of which
have application for monitoring, research, risk assessment and regulatory
activities. Tis undertaking will be advertised at scientic meetings and in
newsletters to garner interest and support from ecotoxicologists, wildlife
biologists, natural resource managers, conservationists, and information
specialists. Currently the web portal includes sites from North America, but
we hope to expand the geographic scope to include sites served in Europe,
South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. It is anticipated that
the Whole Wildlife Toxicology Catalog will be publicly launched and served
by the U.S. Geological Survey by the fall of 2008.
WP218 Multiple Lines of Evidence Risk Assessment of Great Horned
Owls (Bubo virginianus) exposed to PCDF/DDs in Midland, MI,
USA. S.J. Coeeld, M.J. Zwiernik, T.B. Fredricks, R.M. Seston, M.W.
Nadeau, D.L. Tazelaar, J.N. Moore, J.P. Giesy, Zoology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI; M.S. Shotwell, D.P. Kay, ENTRIX, Inc.,
East Lansing, MI; J.P. Giesy, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Te great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), a non-migratory top predator,
was chosen as a terrestrial-based indicator species for the ecological risk
assessment of the Tittabawassee River and oodplain. Te Tittabawassee
River oodplain downstream of Midland, MI, USA has elevated levels
of polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDF/
DDs) in the sediments and soils. A multiple lines of evidence approach
was utilized to determine the risk posed to great horned owls (GHOs) in
the oodplain by examining dietary exposure, tissue-based exposure, and
population health. Te site-specic dietary exposure was determined by
analyzing prey remains found in and around GHO nests and reconstructing
the dietary composition. Dietary items identied in the prey remains were
then collected and analyzed for contaminant concentrations. Te average
daily intake (ADI) of PCDF/DD was predicted by use of a weighted average
dietary concentration expressed as 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
equivalents (TEQs). For 2005-2006, the mean GHO ADI was 1.0 x10
1
ng
TEQ
WHOAvian
/kg/day in the study area and 8.3x10
-2
ng TEQ
WHOAvian
/kg/
day in the reference areas. For the tissue-based exposure, plasma samples
were collected from adult and nestling GHOs. Te mean concentrations
of PCDF/DDs in nestling plasma were 3.27x10
0
ng TEQ
WHOAvian
/L in
the study area and 7.4x10
-1
ng TEQ
WHOAvian
/L in the reference areas. Te
mean concentrations of PCDF/DDs in adult plasma were 1.15x10
1
ng
TEQ
WHOAvian
/L in the study area and 3.37x10
0
ng TEQ
WHOAvian
/L in the
reference areas. Te great horned owl productivity and relative abundance
was greater in the study area than in the reference areas, indicating the
elevated PCDF/DD concentrations in the diet and tissues did not result in
population level eects.
WP219 Screening-Level Ecological Risk Assessment Approaches
for Quantifying Lead Ammunition Ingestion and Adverse Eects in
Birds. B. Stanton, M. Anderson, C.L. Tsao, C. Rech, C. Huang, Oce of
Spill Prevention and Response, California Department of Fish and Game,
Sacramento, CA; R. Donohoe, Oce of Spill Prevention and Response,
California Department of Fish and Game, Monterey, CA; S. de Vries, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, CA. Former ring or skeet range
ecological risk assessments (ERAs) submitted for regulatory review often
fail to consider the incidental or purposeful ingestion (i.e., as grit) of lead
(Pb) shot or bullet fragments. Typically, Pb hazards are only assessed by
comparing Pb contaminated food and soil ingestion to a selected toxicity
reference value (i.e., as mg/kg body weight/day). Direct ingestion of lead
shot or bullet fragments is a signicant exposure pathway for birds foraging
within former ranges and presents substantial ecological risk that should
be quantied in the ERA. For some bird species, the ingestion of only one
Pb shot or fragment may be lethal. We reviewed a variety of quantitative
methods for assessing the exposure of terrestrial and aquatic birds to
lead shot or fragments in their diet. Sources of information included the
published literature, as well as assessments performed at several California
military bases (e.g., Alameda Naval Air Field, Edwards Air Force Base, Seal
Beach Naval Weapons Station) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife refuges (e.g.,
Patuxent Research Refuge). For screening ERA purposes, we recommend
and detail a method where the probability that a bird will ingest at least
one lead shot from a former ring range over the course of its lifetime is
quantied. For terrestrial birds, the probability of Pb shot or fragment
ingestion and harmful eects was evaluated by considering grit size ingestion
preferences and the Pb mass or the number of shot pellets or fragments per
unit area. For aquatic birds, the probability of Pb shot or fragment ingestion
and harmful eects was evaluated by (1) the probability of ingesting at least
one or more Pb particles, or by (2) relating aquatic bird survival rates to
amount of shot in sediment based on the published literature. Examples of
screening level risk calculations with terrestrial and aquatic bird species are
provided.
WP220 Arsenic exposure in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
living on an abandoned gold mine site. J. Saunders, I. Koch, K. Reimer,
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military
College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; L. Knopper, Jacques
Whitford, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; K. Leingartner, Health Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Te primary anthropogenic source of arsenic
in Canada is contamination resulting from abandoned or current mining
activities. Exposed wildlife may encounter toxicologically relevant
concentrations of arsenic compounds in food and water. When arsenic
is consumed by mammals even at low concentrations it can lead to
adverse health eects, including carcinogenesis in humans. Te study of
arsenic distribution, speciation and transformation, as well as associated
health eects, is critical to understanding how arsenic behaves in mammals.
Abandoned gold mines, with their elevated arsenic concentrations, are
ideal study sites for ecological exposure assessments carried out in this way.
In this study we studied a small mammal food chain in Montague, Nova
Scotia, near the city of Halifax, which has signicant human relevance as
well as some of the highest soil (and tailings) arsenic concentrations in the
province. Te procedures included the determination of arsenic speciation
and transformation in each level of a soil-plant-small mammal food chain.
Specically, 20 meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were captured in
Sherman live traps at Montague and at a nearby reference site without
anthropogenic arsenic inuences. After anesthetizing the animals blood was
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collected and tissues were immediately dissected and frozen. Soil and plant
samples were also collected from successful trapping locations. Analysis
for total arsenic by ICP-MS and arsenic speciation by HPLC-ICPMS was
conducted on all tissues. Biomarkers of arsenic exposure (depressed ATP and
GSH) and eect (increased frequency of MN in red blood cells) in meadow
voles were assessed to determine if there were sub-cellular eects present
similar to previous results at another historic gold mining site in Nova
Scotia. Te arsenic speciation data will be compared with those found at
the other site, which indicate the presence of arsenic species that we believe
to be less metabolized forms in the exposed animals that also show chronic
health eects. Te relationship between total arsenic concentrations, arsenic
species, and biomarkers, and between sites, will be discussed. Ultimately,
these results will be incorporated into an ecological risk assessment for the
Montague mine site.
WP221 Evaluation of the Potential for Interactions among the
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Proteins Produced by MON 89034 TC1507
MON 88017 DAS-59122-7. S. Levine, Monsanto Company, St. Louis,
MO. Monsanto and Dow AgroSciences have developed the combined trait
corn product MON 89034 TC1507 MON 88017 DAS-59122-7
that resists insect feeding damage by producing Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) proteins. Te insecticidal proteins produced include the Cry3Bb1,
Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1F proteins. Te
Cry3Bb1, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins provide control of corn
rootworm feeding. Te Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 and Cry1F proteins provide
control of damage caused by major lepidopteran insect pests of corn. To
support the environmental assessment of the combined trait product,
studies were performed to assess the potential for interaction among these
Bt proteins. Demonstrating a lack of interaction (i.e., independence)
allows environmental toxicology studies completed for registration of the
individual products to be used to inform the environmental safety of the
combined trait product. Tis principle of independent assessment has
been used for decades in safety assessments. Te potential for interaction
among the corn rootworm-active proteins, the lepidopteran-active proteins,
and between the rootworm-active and the lepidopteran-active proteins
was evaluated with a whole plant bioecacy assay and diet bioassays
incorporating corn leaf tissue. To assess the potential for interaction
among the rootworm-active Bt proteins and between the rootworm
and lepidopteran-active proteins, bioecacy assays were performed to
evaluate root feeding damage after infestation with western corn rootworm
(Diabrotica virgifera). Treatments included a control, the single event
products and the combined trait product. Te combined activity of the
rootworm-active proteins was consistent with dose additivity, and there
was no interaction between the rootworm and lepidopteran-active traits.
To assess potential interaction among the lepidopteran-active proteins,
and between the lepidopteran-active and rootworm active proteins, insect
diet-bioassays were performed with lyophilized leaf incorporated into an
articial diet and fed to larval European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis).
Te combined activity of the lepidopteran-active proteins was consistent
with dose additivity and there was no interaction between the lepidopteran
and rootworm-active traits. Taken together, the results of these two studies
demonstrate a lack of interaction among the Bt proteins produced by MON
89034 TC1507 MON 88017 DAS-59122-7.
WP222 Enzyme induction of several eld collected avian species
as part of a site-specic risk assessment on the Tittabawassee River,
Midland, MI, USA. T.B. Fredricks, R.M. Seston, P.B. Bradley, S.J.
Bursian, M.J. Zwiernik, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI;
J.L. Newsted, D.P. Kay, Entrix, Inc., East Lansing, MI; S.B. Wiseman,
J.P. Giesy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan,
Canada; S.W. Kennedy, Environment Canada, NWRC, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada. Ethoxyresorun-O-dealkylase (EROD) and methoxyresorun-O-
dealkylase (MROD) activity was assayed in several avian species nesting
in the Tittabawassee and Chippewa River oodplains near Midland,
Michigan to examine the exposure and potential eects of polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). Concentrations
of PCDF/PCDDs in biota have been found to be 10- to 20-fold greater
downstream (study areas; SAs) of Midland when compared to upstream
(reference areas; RAs) but the toxicological signicance of these dierences
relative to avian population health downstream of Midland is still being
investigated. Tree swallow (TS), eastern bluebird (EB), house wren (HW),
and belted kingsher (BK) were chosen as species of interest. In this study,
maximum EROD and MROD activity was assayed utilizing a kinetic
assay in liver tissue collected from nestlings prior to edging. Seventeen
2,3,7,8 substituted PCDF and PCDD congeners were measured in co-
located whole body nestling homogenates and converted to TEQs using
WHO
Avian
TEF values. EROD activity (pmol product/mg microsomal
protein/min) at RAs for TS, EB, HW, and BK ranged from 6.3x10
1
to
3.2x10
2
(n=5), 9.4x10
2
to 4.7x10
3
(n=5), 4.3x10
1
to 2.0x10
2
(n=5), and
1.0x10
2
to 1.2x10
2
(n=2), while at SAs activities ranged from 6.6x10
2
to
1.6x10
3
(n=10), 3.2x10
3
to 7.2x10
3
(n=10), 1.3x10
2
to 1.2x10
3
(n=10),
and 1.3x10
3
to 2.5x10
3
(n=4), respectively. Avian TEQs at RAs for TS,
EB, HW, and BK ranged from 1.2x10
1
to 5.3x10
1
(n=12), 1.9x10
0
to
1.1x10
1
(n=12), 2.4x10
0
to 1.6x10
1
(n=11), and 2.6x10
0
to 8.5x10
0
(n=3),
while at SAs TEQs ranged from 8.5x10
1
to 6.0x10
3
(n=30), 4.8x10
1
to
1.4x10
3
(n=17), 1.9x10
1
to 1.2x10
3
(n=33), and 3.3x10
1
to 1.8x10
2
(n=8),
respectively. In the SAs congener proles for whole body homogenates were
dominated by 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (80-90%). For species
studied, levels of induced enzyme activity and whole body concentrations
of WHO
Avian
TEQs at SAs were around 10-fold greater than RAs. Enzyme
induction levels reported here, primarily from furan exposure, are greater
than previously reported induction levels for TS exposed to similar TCDD
dominated TEQ levels. Despite greater enzyme activity and WHO
Avian

TEQs at SAs compared to RAs overall productivity measurements are
comparable between sites.
WP223 Tissue-based assessment of PCDFs, PCDDs, and PCBs in
great blue heron (Ardea herodias) residing in the Tittabawassee River
oodplain, MI, USA. R.M. Seston, M.J. Zwiernik, D.L. Tazelaar, T.B.
Fredricks, S.J. Coeeld, M.W. Nadeau, P.W. Bradley, J.P. Giesy, Zoology
Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, National Food Safety and
Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; M.S.
Shotwell, D.P. Kay, ENTRIX, Inc., Okemos, MI; J.P. Giesy, Department
of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Te great blue heron
(GBH) was selected as a species of interest in an ecological risk assessment
being performed on the Tittabawassee River, Michigan, USA. Te trophic
status of the GBH, along with its strong site delity and territoriality, make
it an ideal species to investigate bioaccumulative contaminants, such as
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Te target study area,
which includes 38 km of the river from the upstream boundary at the city of
Midland, MI to the conuence of the Tittabawassee and Shiawassee Rivers,
has previously been shown to contain elevated concentrations of PCDFs,
PCDDs, and PCBs in soils, sediments, and biota. GBH tissues, including
eggs and nestling tissues (liver, adipose, and muscle), were collected from
three separate breeding colonies located in the study area. Concentrations
of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDF/Ds, as well as the AhR-active
PCB congeners (105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189, 77,
81) were quantied in each tissue type and normalized to 2,3,7,8 dibenzo-
p-dioxin using WHO avian TEFs. Total lipid normalized TEQs in GBH
eggs collected from within the study area ranged from 8.4x10
2
-7.4x10
3
ng/
kg, lipid weight (lw) (n=13), with PCBs accounting for a mean of 78% of
the total TEQs. In GBH nestling liver, adipose, and muscle (n=9), total
TEQs ranged from 5.4x10
2
-1.6x10
3
ng/kg, lw, 6.1x10
2
-1.8x10
3
ng/kg, lw,
4.6x10
2
-1.6x10
3
ng/kg, lw, respectively, with a majority of the total TEQs
being attributable to PCBs, accounting for a mean of 87%, 85%, and 72%
of the total TEQs, respectively. GBH eggs collected from breeding colonies
located in British Columbia were found to contain greater concentrations of
both total PCBs and PCDF/Ds, yet no adverse population level eects were
observed.
WP224 Determination of cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress
parameters, micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in the blood
of yellow-legged gulls, common buzzards and red-kites. C. Gravato, M.
Araujo, L. Guilhermino, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, CIIMAR/CIMAR-
LA, CIIMAR, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Te use of biomarkers
is sometimes limited by the absence of adequate reference values that are
specic of the species and habitat of the study. Furthermore, the use of
biomarkers that require death or injury of animals is deterred to non-
destructive methods. Terefore, studies to determine reference values using
non-destructive biomarkers are still needed. Te blood of three common
avian top predators in Portugal, the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis),
the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and red kites (Milvus milvus), were
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sampled and levels of several biomarkers were determined: erythrocytic
nuclear anomalies, serum cholinesterase activity and enzymatic and non-
enzymatic oxidative stress parameters. Signicant dierences were found
between species. Some biomarkers are also dierent depending on age.
Although sample number does not allow immediate establishment of
reference values, future sample collections may be carried out to achieve a
representative sampling of bird populations. Tis work might be important
as a valuable tool since it can be used in future comparisons with other
studies dealing with birds exposed to environmental pollutants.
WP225 Characterization and Activity Rates of Plasma Cholinesterase
from Songbirds in Northeastern Arkansas Farm Fields and Protected
Landscapes. J. Annson, J. Bednarz, M. Srivatsan, R.S. Grippo, Biological
Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR; J. Annson, San
Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, US Geological Survey, Vallejo, CA.
During studies involving the distribution and abundance of passerine birds
in Arkansas an unusually high frequency of birds (69%) from farm elds
were found to have external abnormalities, such as missing feathers and
irritated skin. Te etiology of these abnormalities is unknown. Because
organophosphates (OPs) are the basis of several herbicides and neurotoxic
insecticides used in agricultural landscapes in Arkansas, and are designed
to be short-lived after application, we tested birds for exposure to neuro-
toxic OPs as a surrogate of possible exposure to the suite of agrochemicals
used in Arkansas farm elds. Five species of birds were captured in
both agricultural and protected non-agriculture elds (wildlife refuges).
We characterized plasma cholinesterase types and assayed the plasma
cholinesterase activity rates, which serve as biomarkers for OP exposure.
Within each species, we compared cholinesterase activity rates grouped by
sex, presence of abnormality, condition index, and eld types in which birds
were sampled. Findings included signicantly higher cholinesterase rates
in male Red-winged Blackbirds, Northern Cardinals, and Yellow-breasted
Chats compared to females, and in female Dickcissel and Indigo Buntings
compared to males. Two species had signicant dierences in cholinesterase
rates between eld types. Among four species, cholinesterase rates varied
between normal and abnormal birds. Tese results suggest that the tested
birds had recently been exposed to OPs and probably other agrochemicals
in agricultural elds in Arkansas. Although no causative link between
agrochemicals and bird abnormalities has been established, we hypothesize
that exposure to a suite of OPs and other agrochemicals may have aected
the birds body condition and tness, such that stress factors may have
worked synergistically to cause the visible abnormalities observed. Tese
analyses also provide information about cholinesterase characterization for
songbird species and baseline information on cholinesterase for free-living
passerines collected in agricultural and non-agricultural areas.
WP226 Lead Shot Poisoning in Swans: Sources of Pellets Within
Whatcom County, WA and Sumas Prairie, BC. M. Smith, J.M. Grassley,
C.E. Grue, Washington Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA; M. Davison, J. Bohannon, D.
Kraege, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, Mill Creek, WA; C.
Schexnider, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Lacey, WA; L. Wilson, S. Boyd,
B. Smith, Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Delta, British
Columbia, Canada; M. Jordan, Trumpeter Swan Society, Plymouth, MN.
Swan populations in northwest Washington State and on the Sumas Prairie,
British Columbia have lost at least 2,000 members to lead poisoning since
1999, caused by the ingestion of lead pellets. In 2001, an international
eort was initiated to locate the source(s) of the lead. Participants include
the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Canadian Wildlife Service, Trumpeter Swan Society and the
University of Washington (Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife
Research Unit). A total of 251 trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) were
outtted with radio transmitters. A blood sample was collected at capture
and analyzed for lead content. Sick and dead swans have been collected
throughout the winter, and carcasses examined to determine cause of death
and to identify gizzard contents. Results suggest that swans arrive on the
wintering grounds with low blood lead levels, but subsequently may be
exposed to lethal amounts of shot. Te locations of collared swans were used
to identify forage areas and roost sites, and data for swans that subsequently
died from lead poisoning were used to identify and prioritize areas for soil/
sediment samples. Tis sampling identied Judson Lake (~100 acre lake
spanning U.S./Canada border) as a possible source of lead pellets. Swans
were deterred from using Judson Lake through parts of the last two winters
(2006-07 and 2007-08) as an experimental management action. Hazing
resulted in at least a 50% reduction in mortality indicating that Judson Lake
is a major source of lead pellets. Future management actions and research
will be discussed.
WP227 Are organic contaminants a conservation threat to endangered
manatees. E.L. Pulster, D.L. Wetzel, Center for Ecotoxicology, Mote
Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL; J.E. Reynolds, Center for Marine Mammal
and Sea Turtle Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL. Persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) are considered potential threats to wildlife due
their high anity to lipids, environmental persistence, and tendency to
bioaccumulate over time. Te POPs tend to also accumulate in estuarine
and coastal marine environments, which are essential habitats for many
protected species, such as the endangered West Indian manatee (Trichechus
manatus). Like most other marine mammals, manatees anatomical and
life history attributes allow the species to serve as excellent sentinel of
environmental and human health threats. Because manatees are herbivorous
(i.e., at a low trophic level), it has been assumed by some scientists and
managers that the species is less vulnerable to organic contaminants. To
fully understand and mitigate potential threats to manatees, this assumption
should be challenged. Our study analyzed blubber samples collected
from recently deceased manatees found along the southwestern coast of
Florida. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides
(OCPs), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed using dual column gas chromatography
with electron capture detection (Agilent Technologies 7890A) and mass
spectrometry (Agilent Technologies 5975C). PCB congener patterns were
distinctly dierent from those of marine mammals occupying higher trophic
levels (i.e., dolphins). Although POP levels in manatees were generally
lower than those reported for some other marine mammals, those levels
were still sucient to cause concern, especially since the metabolic capacity
and threshold levels for adverse eects in the former are unknown. We
believe that further research and monitoring of contaminants in West
Indian manatees from dierent locations will help ensure that threats to this
endangered species are properly identied and mitigated.
WP228 PCDF and PCDD Tissue-based Assessment of American
Robins (Turdus migratorius) of the Tittabawassee River Floodplain,
MI, USA. D.L. Tazelaar, R.M. Seston, T.B. Fredricks, S.J. Coeeld,
M.W. Nadeau, S.J. Bursian, M.J. Zwiernik, J.P. Giesy, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI; M.S. Shotwell, D.P. Kay, Entrix, East Lansing,
MI; J.P. Giesy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) in tissues of receptor species are
important assessment endpoints in evaluating ecological risk. During the
spring and summer of 2005- 2007, 67 American robin eggs, 30 nestlings
and 12 adults were collected from both study and upstream reference sites
from the Tittabawassee River oodplain, Midland, MI, USA. Previous
studies have indicated that there are signicantly greater concentrations of
PCDF and PCDD in soils, sediments and mammalian tissues at study areas
downstream of Midland relative to upstream reference areas. Concentrations
of the seventeen 2,3,7,8 substituted PCDFs and PCDDs were quantied in
American robin tissues and normalized to 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
(TEQs) using WHO avian toxic equivalency factors. Concentrations of
TEQs in American robin eggs ranged from 2.4 x 10
0
ng TEQ/kg wet weight
(ww) to 1.5 x 10
1
ng TEQ/kg ww in reference areas and 9.0 x 10
0
ng TEQ/
kg ww to 1.4 x 10
3
ng TEQ/kg ww in study areas, while concentrations of
TEQs in nestlings ranged from 1.0 x 10
0
ng TEQ/kg ww to 2.1 x 10
1
ng
TEQ/kg ww in reference areas and 1.0 x 10
1
ng TEQ/kg wet ww to 5.6 x
10
2
ng TEQ/kg ww in study areas. Preliminary egg TEQ concentrations
are comparable to those of a similar study of TCDD in tree swallows of the
Woonasquatucket River oodplain, RI, USA, where TEQ concentrations of
tree swallow eggs ranged from 3.0 x 10
2
ng TEQ/kg ww to greater than 1.0
x 10
3
ng TEQ/kg ww at the 2 most contaminated study areas and reduced
hatch success was observed, indicating that risk to American robin hatch
success may exist in the Tittabawassee River oodplain.
WP229 Eects of TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
Exposure on Cyp1A4 and Cyp1A5 mRNA abundance in Japanese quail
(Coturnix japonica), Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus),
and Chicken (Gallus gallus) in Ovo. S. Wiseman, Y. Yang, P. Jones, Y.
Wan, J. Giesy, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; M.
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Zwiernik, Zoology and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center,
Michigan State university, East Lansing, MI; S. Bursian, Animal Science,
Michigan State university, East Lansing, MI; J. Herve, S. Kennedy, National
Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
J. Newsted, ENTRIX Inc, Environment Canada, Okemos, MI. Many
physiological responses to PCDFs and PCDDs are mediated by the aryl
hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In birds, activation of the AhR results in
the transcription of the biotransformation enzymes cytochrome P450
1A4 (Cyp1A4) and cytochrome P450 1A5 (Cyp1A5). Sequences of the
AhR ligand binding domain (LBD) for greater than thirty avian species
have been determined and where comparisons can be made to 2,3,7,8
tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity data species can be classied
as either Type 1 (very sensitive), Type 2 (moderately sensitive) or Type
3 (insensitive). It has been suggested that the molecular basis for this
dierential sensitivity is partially the result of amino acid substitutions
in the LBD of the AhR. To further investigate this species-sensitivity
classication scheme we conducted a series of egg injection studies using
a representative species from each sensitivity classication; Japanese quail
(Coturnix japonica; type 3), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus;
type 2), and chicken (Gallus gallus, type 1). Doses ranging from 0.1 to
61.5 ng/g egg of TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), or
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) were injected into the air cell
prior to incubation. Necropsies were performed on day of hatch and 10-day
old chicks and liver tissue was collected for analysis of Cyp1A4 and Cyp1A5
mRNA abundance by semi-quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Because the
sequences for Japanese quail Cyp1A4 and Cyp1A5 are not readily available
we performed reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) in combination with
5`and 3`RACE to determine the full-length sequences of these transcripts.
Based on the sequence information we developed species specic qPCR
assays to analyze changes in Cyp1A4 and Cyp1A5 transcript abundance.
Te overall goal of this study is to compare the impact of each chemical
on Cyp1A4 and Cyp1A5 transcript abundance within each species and to
compare transcript abundance data for each species to further understand
the molecular basis of dierential sensitivity in birds.
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RP1 Vitellogenin Genes in Round Goby (Neogobius
melanostomus), an invasive species in the Great Lakes Region. F. Alam,
J.Y. Wilson, Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
J.R. Marentette, S. Balshine, Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Environmental estrogens
are widespread environmental contaminants yet few studies document their
levels in the Great Lakes. Recent studies in Hamilton Harbour, a heavily
polluted area of Lake Ontario, have uncovered intersex in sh from this
region, suggesting endocrine disrupting chemicals are among the suite of
contaminants present. We have initiated studies to determine the extent of
environmental estrogens in Hamilton Harbour and the Great Lakes region
by measurement of vitellogenin gene up-regulation in male round goby
(Neogobius melanostomus). Vitellogenin gene expression in male sh has been
successfully and widely deployed to monitor biologically relevant estrogen
exposure in a variety of sh species. Round goby, an invasive sh species,
are benthic with a small home range, making them a particularly suitable
species for small scale environmental contamination assessment. To date, we
have cloned partial gene sequences of two round goby vitellogenin (VTG)
genes using degenerate primers and a RT-PCR strategy. We have sequenced
approximately 1000 and 1660 bp of VTG II and III genes, respectively
from the lipovitellin heavy chain region of these genes. Type II and III VTG
genes were targeted because they have been found in another goboid species.
At the nucleotide level, the round goby VTG II gene sequence was 19-70 %
identical while VTG III was 57-78% identical to homologous genes found
in other sh species. We are currently developing a quantitative PCR assay
to measure vitellogenin gene responses to estradiol in male gobies and assess
levels from eld collected sh from Hamilton Harbour and the Great Lakes.
RP2 Te eects of hypoxia and other environmental stressors on
phenoloxidase activity in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. P.
McClellan-Green, Dept. Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North
Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC. Te enzyme phenoloxidase
(PO) is the terminal enzyme in the metabolic cascade responsible for
melanin production. Te presence of this enzyme has been reported in the
hemocytes of various species of mussels, clams, and oysters and represents
a critical component of their internal defense response. We examined the
eects of environmental stressors (hypoxia, bacteria load, pesticides and
exposure to personal care products) on the phenoloxidase activity of the
eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In our rst series of studies, adult oysters
were held at 13C under normoxic (6.5 mg/L O2) and low oxygen (2.7
mg/L O2) conditions. Te hemolymph was collected at 4, 8 and 24 hours
and the PO activity of the hemocytes monitored. After a 4 hour exposure,
oysters exposed to low oxygen exhibited only 15% of the PO activity
present in control oysters. By 8 hours PO activity in exposed oysters was
only 7.5% of the control oysters but by 24 hours the level of activity had
begun to increase. In our second series of studies, adult oysters were exposed
to increasing levels of E. coli under normoxic conditions. No signicant
eects on PO activity were noted. Finally, hemocyte lysates were incubated
with the diuron, a broad spectrum herbicide and the anti-bacterial agents
triclosan and tropolone. Tropolone was found to have a signicant dose
dependent inhibitory eect on PO activity whereas triclosan eects were
equivocal.
RP3 Te use of Pro-Q-Diamond gel stain for detection of
vitellogenin in blood plasma from amphibians exposed to selected
northeast Alabama surface waters. J. Rayburn, B. Moser, G. Cline,
M. Hamissou, Biology, Jacksonville State Unviersity, Jacksonville, AL.
Vitellogenin, the major precursor to the egg yolk protein, can be induced
in males that are exposed to estrogenic compounds. Vitellogenin is a high
molecular weight phospholipoprotien (200KDa) found in blood plasma
of frogs and sh. Early stage tadpoles (stage 46) were selected and exposed
to surface water collected from three sites, Snow Creek, Cane Creek and
Chocolocco creek. Snow creek has PCB contamination that is a known
estrogenic compound. Tese tadpoles were raised until the reached stage
66 (newly metamorphed frogs). Water had a half change every week for the
duration of the experiment. Tadpoles were feed baby peas and frogs were
feed frog brittle. When the animals reached stage 66 they were removed
and blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Te blood was centrifuged
and plasma placed stored at -20oC until protein analysis. Te blood plasma
was separated by SDS page and stained with pro-Q Diamond Gel stain for
determination of phosphoproteins. Te number of individuals with the 200
KDa phosphoprotein was recorded as positive for vitellogenin. ANOVA and
post-hoc LSD test were performed to determine dierences. All sites showed
frogs with vitellogenin to various degrees. Tese data may indicate that
water from these sites have potential estrogenic eects.
RP4 Laboratory Responses of Aquatic Invertebrates to Natural
Progesterone and Synthetic Derivatives. S.N. Garcia, D.B. Huggett,
Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Abstract Until
recently, research on endocrine disrupting chemicals has mainly focused
on vertebrates and estrogenic substances. However, some of this focus
has shifted to investigating the eects of non-estrogenic endocrine-active
substances on invertebrates, which compose the majority of animal
diversity. Tough progesterone is a steroid hormone that is somewhat
conserved across species, there is a lack of toxicological data on the eects of
progesterone and its synthetic derivatives. For this study, acute and chronic
toxicity tests with progesterone, medroxyprogesterone, and norethindrone
were performed on Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius at ve
concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.625 ppm) with reproduction and
mortality as the endpoints for these tests. Te NOEC for the norethindrone
and medroxyprogesterone 48 h acute toxicity tests on D. magna was 1 ppm.
Additional acute and chronic toxicity test data for D.magna and C. riparius
will be presented.
RP5 Temperature as a toxicity identication evaluation tool for
pyrethroid insecticides: Toxicokinetic conrmation. A. Harwood,
M.J. Lydy, Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center and Department of
Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL; J. You, Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg,
MO. One method for identifying toxic compounds in the environment
is the use of toxicity identication evaluations (TIE). While TIEs exist
for non-polar organics as a whole, there are few methods established for
individual contaminant classes within this group. An insecticide class of
recent concern is pyrethroids. Te primary objectives of the current study
were to conrm the TIE model and mechanistically explain these trends.
Tis was achieved by comparing the relative toxicity as well as the inuence
of temperature (13 versus 23C) on the toxicity of four insecticides
including two pyrethroids, an organophosphate, and an organochlorine,
and mechanistically explaining these changes using toxicokinetics. Water-
only exposures were used to directly examine the interactions between
Chironomus dilutus and the insecticides without the complication of
bioavailability. A 10C temperature decrease had the expected inuence on
toxicity: pyrethroid and DDT toxicity increased, while chlorpyrifos toxicity
decreased. Te change in chlorpyrifos toxicity was driven primarily by the
reduction of the formation of more toxic biotransformation products via
decreased biotransformation. DDT toxicity elevation, in contrast, can be
attributed to increased nerve sensitivity at 13 versus 23C. Te pyrethroid
toxicity increase, however, was due to a combination of the increased
accumulation of the parent compound as well as increased nerve sensitivity,
exacerbating the toxicity of pyrethroids at 13C. Tese trends also held
true in sediment exposures with chlorpyrifos and permethrin, indicating
that water-only exposures were adequate substitutes for examining this
mechanism.
RP6 Toxicity to Midge and Amphipod Exposed to Sediment from
the Open Water of the Great Lakes. A.R. Loveridge, J.T. Maughan, J.R.
Burgess, CH2M HILL, Boston, MA; G.B. Kirkbride, U.S. Coast Guard,
Washington, DC. Te U.S. Coast Guard is investigating the inuence of
dry cargo residue (DCR) discharge on ecological conditions in the Great
Lakes. As part of this investigation, sediment samples were collected from
ve shipping tracklines (two in Lake Superior, one in Lake Michigan, and
two in Lake Erie) and analyzed for chemical and physical parameters, as
well as tested toxicologically. Each trackline consisted of a DCR discharge
area and a reference area. DCR discharge areas, as indicated from ships
logs (approximately 10 miles long and the width of a shipping lane) were
surveyed using multibeam sonar and precise locations were selected.
Samples were collected using a box corer from the Lake Guardian Research
Vessel. In all lakes, sediment concentrations of inorganics and polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) were very similar in both the DCR discharge and
reference areas. For several inorganics, concentrations were elevated above
ecological screening guideline values to a similar degree in both the DCR
discharge and reference areas. Sediment samples were tested toxicologically
with the midge (Chironomus dilutus) and the amphipod (Hyallela azteca)
in chronic bioassays (20 days and 28 days, respectively). For many samples,
survival and growth was found to be signicantly less than the laboratory
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control in both the DCR discharge and reference areas, and in all lakes.
An analysis of sediment chemistry and physical parameters in relation to
bioassay results is presented. Te eects could not be attributed to DCR
discharge and this study and concurrent investigations do not suggest
that chemical constituents in DCR discharge areas impact sediment
chemistry. Although other researchers have identied the range of sediment
concentrations in the open water of the Great Lakes, and the results
presented here are within this range, this investigation may be the rst to
associate these levels in the open water with negative eects on laboratory
organisms.
RP7 Chronic toxicity of ammonia to Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
exposed continuously and intermittently. K.J. Buhl, USGS, Yankton, SD.
A portion of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnows (Hybognathus
amarus) current range receives discharges from several wastewater treatment
plants. Tese plants experience periodic upset events, whereby they
discharge elevated concentrations of ammonia into the Middle Rio Grande.
Little is known about the eects of chronic exposures to continuous or
uctuating ammonia concentrations on silvery minnow. Te objective
of this research was to evaluate the eects of chronic pulsed exposures to
ammonia on early stages of silvery minnow. Two chronic toxicity tests were
conducted simultaneously with ammonia and silvery minnow larvae. In one
test, the sh were exposed to constant ammonia concentrations for 30 days.
In the second test, sh were exposed for 30 days to daily 12-hour pulses of
ammonia in which the daily average concentrations and peak concentrations
were the same as those in the constant concentration exposure test. Te tests
were conducted in reconstituted water that simulated that in the Middle
Rio Grande. Te acute toxicity of ammonia to same group of larvae was
also determined and the 24-h, 96-h, and 168-h LC50s of total (un-ionized)
ammonia were 21.1 (1.67), 16.3 (1.34), and 14.7 (1.23) mg/L as N,
respectively. In both chronic tests, growth (body weight and total length)
was more sensitive than survival. Intermittent exposures to daily pulses
of ammonia for 30 days caused reduced growth of silvery minnow at the
same 24-h mean concentration as was observed in the continuous exposure
study. Te estimated geometric mean maximum acceptable concentration
of ammonia based on 24-h mean nominal values was 7.1 mg/L in both
exposures.
RP8 Eects of Cadmium on Growth, Metamorphosis, and
Sex Ratios in African Clawed Frog. B. Sharma, Natural Resources
Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; R. Patio, USGS
Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock, TX. Cadmium (Cd) at environmentally relevant concentrations
can aect growth of amphibians and, as reported in other vertebrates, could
also have feminizing properties. African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)
were exposed to waterborne Cd at 0, 1, 8, 85 and 860 g/L (measured
concentrations) from fertilization to 86 days post fertilization. Tadpoles
were collected on days 31 and 49; and frogs (NF stage 66) were collected
between days 49 and 86 as they completed metamorphosis. Endpoints
measured included survival, snout vent length (SVL), tail length, total
length, hindlimb length (HLL), weight, percent onset of metamorphic
climax (animals with forelimb emergence), size and percentage of animals
completing metamorphosis, and sex ratio (by histological examination).
Survival was not aected at any of the Cd concentrations tested up to
day 49 of exposure, but signicant mortality was observed in animals
exposed to 860 g Cd/L after day 49. At day 31, signicant eects of Cd
on tadpole growth (SVL, total length and weight) were observed only at
860 g/L. However, at day 49, signicant reductions in SVL, HLL and
total length were observed in tadpoles exposed to 8 and 860 g Cd/L but
not at 85 g Cd/L. Te timing of the onset of metamorphic climax was
not aected by Cd at concentrations of 0 - 85 g/L, but metamorphosis
was completely blocked at 860 g/L. However, there was a signicant
trend of declining percentages of tadpoles completing metamorphosis with
increasing Cd concentrations, again with complete blockage at 860 g/L.
Size at completion of metamorphosis was reduced only in frogs exposed to
85 Cd g/L. Finally, Cd did not aect sex ratios at any of the concentrations
tested. In conclusion, (1) Cd at low concentrations inhibits tadpole growth
in a bimodal manner, and metamorphosis in a monotonic pattern; (2) Cd
at low concentrations (8 g/L) seems to inhibit the growth rate of tadpoles
but not their size at metamorphosis, whereas the reverse situation occurs at
higher concentrations (85 g/L); and (3) Cd does not aect the sex ratio of
developing tadpoles and frogs.
RP9 Apoptotic Cell Numbers in Embryos and Early Larval Stages
of the Eastern Oyster and Zebra Mussel Following Pesticide Exposure.
K. Perry, J. Lynn, Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, LA. Studies have conrmed early life stages are often more sensitive
than adults to environmental chemical exposure. Pesticide exposure is
likely for bivalve embryos and larvae because of their freshwater and coastal
habitats. By measuring stress-induced eects at the cellular level, it may
be possible to detect disturbances in populations earlier than when using
mortality as an endpoint. We measured stress-induced levels of apoptotic
cells in early life stages of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and
eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, following exposure to two pesticides,
Bayluscide and RoundUp. An ELISA for measuring cellular levels of
mono- and oligonucleosomes was performed on embryos exposed to
increasing concentrations of each pesticide for 4h or 24h beginning
at early cleavage and at later trochophore stages. Apoptotic cells were
quantied as an apoptotic index (API). In RoundUp exposures, API did
not increase in D. polymorpha or C. virginica cleavage stage 4h exposures
but the 4h pulsed and 24h exposures produced increases at 1 ppm (D.
polymorpha) and at 0.25 ppm (C. virginica); both had signicant API
reductions at 16 ppm. D. polymorpha and C. virginica trochophores were
less sensitive to RoundUp with small API increases occurring after 4h
and no changes in the 4h pulsed exposure. D. polymorpha trochophores
exposed for 24h showed a signicant API decline at 16 ppm whereas C.
virginica trochophores showed an eect of an increased API at 1 ppm.
In Bayluscide exposures, no dierences were seen in the 4h treatment
of cleavage stage embryos for either species. API peaks in cleavage stages
were seen at 0.2 ppb for 4h pulsed and 24h exposures of both species. API
decreased in D. polymorpha trochophores as concentrations increased in
the 4h exposure while the inverse was seen in C. virginica trochophores.
Exposures of D. polymorpha trochophores had signicant declines at 63
and 250 ppb (24h exposure) and 250 ppb (4h pulsed exposure). In contrast,
C. virginica trochophores in a 4h pulsed and 24h exposure had signicant
API peaks at 0.2 ppb and 1.0 ppb, respectively. We suggest API declines
indicate irreparable damage to the cells wherein the defensive mechanism
of apoptosis is no longer eective for survival. By testing for API changes
in early life stages, populations can be monitored for chemical control of
invasive species and for environmental stress.
RP10 Landscape patterns and metal concentrations of an urban
stream, Mallard Creek, Charlotte NC. A. Brunson, A.H. Ringwood,
Department of Biology, UNC-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC; R. Meentemeyer,
Te Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, Dept of
Geography and Earth Sciences, UNC-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC. Increasing
urbanization leads to land use changes including decreases in tree cover,
increases in elds, lawns, and impervious surfaces, and increases in runo.
Te purpose of this study was to evaluate small-scale variation in metal
concentrations along a stream and the relationships with characteristics
of the adjacent landscape. Water and sediment samples, were collected at
34 sites at 200 m intervals in Mallard Creek, during the summers of 2005
and 2006; and when present, a clam species, Corbicula uminea, was also
collected. Te concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were analyzed, and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to develop a land use map
of the study area and to develop a runo model. Te eects of % runo, %
coverage (impervious surface, tree, and eld/lawn), and the volume of runo
from impervious surfaces on water and sediment metal concentrations were
evaluated. Te sediment concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cd did exhibit a
signicant positive relationship with % impervious surfaces, % runo, and
the volume of runo from impervious surfaces. Tese same metals were also
signicantly, but inversely, related to % tree coverage, suggesting that trees
provide a valuable buering function. Sediment Cu, Pb, and Cd levels were
signicantly positively related to eld and lawn coverage, suggesting that
grass and lawns function more like impervious surfaces. Although clams
were not present at all sites, there was a tendency for localized areas where
metals were signicantly higher at more polluted sites.
RP11 Baseline concentrations of mercury and methyl mercury in
the sediments and vegetation of an oligohaline wetland. J. Willis, R.P.
Gambrell, Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA; J. Willis, M.W. Hester, Biology, University of Louisiana
at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA. Despite being an area of intense research focus
for a number of years, there continues to be a need for the elucidation
of mercury concentrations in the sediments, pore water, and vegetation
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partitions of wetland habitats to provide thorough characterization of
regional baselines and to enable the development of predictive models
for specic habitats. To this end, the concentrations of total and methyl
mercury in the sediments, pore water, and above- and belowground
tissues of various herbaceous plant species were evaluated in the wetlands
adjacent to Lake Maurepas in southeastern Louisiana, USA. Relevant
edaphic characteristics of these wetlands (soil organic matter content,
moisture content, redox potential status, and pH) were also determined
and their relevance to current mercury partitioning was investigated.
Data collection and analysis are ongoing, but initial results are provided
below. As anticipated, concentrations of total and methyl mercury in
all partitions (e.g., sediments, pore water, belowground vegetation, and
aboveground vegetation) were within the range typically reported for an
uncontaminated oligohaline wetland. Tus far, little predictive relationship
has been discerned in explaining belowground plant tissue total mercury
concentration as a function of sediment total mercury concentration or
sediment pore water total mercury as inuenced by the environment.
Further, little predictive relationship was found between total mercury
concentrations in belowground and aboveground biomass for any plant
species examined.
RP12 Inuence of nutrient media type on growth and toxicity of
the aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis under laboratory conditions.
N.C. Rentz, M.L. Hanson, Environment and Geography, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; K.R. Solomon, Environmental
Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Tere are few
standardized laboratory methods for assessing the toxicity of chemicals
on non-target aquatic macrophytes. Standard methods exist for only two
species; Lemna spp. and Myriophyllum spp. In order for these tests to be
more representative of the variety of macrophyte species, standard methods
for more species, such as the dicotylendous submerged macrophyte Elodea
canadensis, are encouraged. A laboratory study was conducted with a
selection of growth media (Modied Andrews, AAP, Hoaglands, Hutners,
and a general purpose plant culturing media) to determne which provides
the strongest development for E. canadensis. Te test system was a 50
mL borosilicate test tube with inert sand for root substrate. Meristematic
segments of E. canadensis were allowed to grow for 14-d under controlled
conditions within an experimental chamber with monitored endpoints
being root number, root/shoot mass (wet and dry), relative growth rate
(RGR), total mass (wet and dry), and root length. Subsequent toxicity
testing was conducted using the media that provided the strongest and
weakest development using diuron, atrazine and zinc chloride as the model
contaminants. A 14-d assay was conducted using the same endpoints as
mentioned earlier. In order to provide a means of comparison to other
commonly used test species, parallel assays were conducted using Lemna
gibba and Lemna minor. Also, results were compared to a microcosm eld
study conducted in the summer of 2007 which analyzed the eects of
diuron on E. canadensis with the ultimate goal being to predict toxicity
observed in the eld from simple laboratory-based assays. Data indicate
that E. canadensis can be successfully used in laboratory toxicity testing and
that laboratory results are are consistent with eld data and standard Lemna
spp. assays. Results of this study can possibly lead to the advancement of a
standardized method for E. canadensis toxicity testing.
RP13 Protector eect of high alkalinity against deleterious eects
caused by Cd in the alarm substance detection. D. Kochhann, Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil; A.P. Benaduce,
C.E. Copatti, K.R. Lorenzatto, B. Baldisserotto, Departamento de Fisiologia
e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS,
Brazil; E.M. Flores, V.L. Dressler, Departamento de Quimica, Universidade
Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Cadmium is a nonessential
metal and can disturb central function of sh by aecting various
biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes. Waterborne Cd toxicity
can be aected by several water physicochemical parameters as alkalinity,
pH, hardness, and mainly Ca and humic substances. Our study tested
if alkalinity protected against the deleterious eects caused by cadmium
in alarm substance detection. Te alarm substance is a chemical signal
produced in the the epidermal cells in skin of Ostariophysian shes. When
attack by a predator causes skin damage the alarm substance is released and
other prey sh detect alarm substance by olfaction exhibiting stereotypical
predator avoidance behaviors that decrease their predation risk. Te alarm
substance remain in the predator warning prey sh of the predator presence.
Eggs and larvae of silver catsh (Rhamdia quelen) were exposed for 30
days to three waterborne Cd concentrations at two alkalinity levels, 63 and
92 mg L CaCO3 (g.L-1 Cd): 0, 4.5, 8.0. After this period, larvae were
transferred to 2-L aquaria that contained a shelter located at one side. Trials
consisted of a 10-min pre-stimulus and a 10-min post-stimulus observation
period. One mL stimulus sample (water when a natural predator of silver
catsh was kept) was added after the 10-min pre-stimulus period. Trough
both periods the amount of time that the sh spent hidden in the shelter
were recorded. Exposure to waterborne Cd and/or dierent alkalinity
levels did not alter signicantly the time hidden in the shelter observed
in the pre-stimulus period compared to unexposed sh. After stimulus
introduction the time hidden in the shelter was the same in the animals
exposed to control in the the two tested alkalinities and in those exposed to
4.5 g.L-1 Cd at alkalinity 92 mg.L-1 CaCO3. However, in those exposed
to 4.5 g.L-1 Cd at alkalinity 63 mg.L-1 CaCO3 and in those exposed to 8
g.L-1 Cd at two alkalinities tested there was a signicant reduction in the
time hidden in the shelter by the sh. Our results showed that the higher
alkalinity protected against the deleterious eects caused by Cd in the alarm
substance detection, but only in the larvae exposed to the lowest waterborne
Cd.
RP14 Assessing Community Responses to Elevated Arsenic,
Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc in a Mine Impacted Idaho Stream. T.S.
Kiser, J. Hansen, Environmental Contaminants, USFWS, Spokane, WA.
Metals concentrations in sediment can have direct and indirect eects
on aquatic biota. Gold Creek is a tributary to Lake Pend Oreille in
northern Idaho and has mine wastes within its headwaters with elevated
concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. We collected sediment, benthic
macroinvertebrates, sh assemblage data, and habitat measurements to
characterize aquatic health within the study area. Benthic macroinvertebrate
structure showed a graded response to sediment metals concentrations
based on 13 indices. Non-parametric multivariate analysis showed areas
below mine sites were well separated and statistically dierent from the
reference site based on benthic macroinvertebrate family structure. Fish
density and biomass were lower in areas below mine sites in comparison to
the reference stream. We did not observe bull trout in areas with elevated
sediment metals concentrations suggesting metals contamination may be
limiting their distributions within the study area. Principal components
and regression analysis suggests metals are driving biotic changes in benthic
macroinvertebrates and sh assemblages after habitat variables are accounted
for in the models.
RP15 Smallmouth Bass Survival Following Tissue Plug Removal for
Mercury Analysis. J.R. Ackerson, Missouri Department of Conservation,
West Plains, MO; C.J. Schmitt, W.G. Brumbaugh, USGS Columbia
Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO; M.J. McKee, Missouri
Department of Conservation, Columbia, MO. Te occurrence of mercury
in sh is well known and often occurs at levels that warrant restrictions in
consumption. Local wildlife and health agencies have monitoring programs
to identify the degree of sh contamination and temporal trends. In some
sheries, the desire to have well replicated studies requires the sacrice of
signicant numbers of highly valued sh. Tissue plugs have been proposed
as a non-lethal method of assessing mercury in sh, however, the impact of
plug removal on survival of sh during routine monitoring programs have
not been well documented. To test survival, 66 smallmouth bass from two
locations in the Eleven Point River in southern Missouri were collected. Fish
representing a broad range of size classes were transported to the Mammoth
Spring National Fish Hatchery for plug removal and holding. Tirty-
one sh were measured for weight and length and a 5 mm plug removed
from the lateral muscle immediately below the dorsal n. Te skin was
removed from the muscle plug and the tissue frozen for mercury analysis.
No attempts were made to seal or sterilize the wound to simulate likely
conditions in a standard monitoring program. Te remaining thirty-ve
sh served as controls and were treated in the same manner as the plugged
sh except that the plug was not removed. Fish were held after plugging in
a concrete raceway for 6 weeks and then released where they were originally
collected. Survival after the 6-week holding period was 97% for both the
plugged and non-plugged sh. Average weight gain during the holding
period was 56 g for all sh, and there was no dierence between plugged
and unplugged sh. Te plug wounds were visible at the time of released but
well healed. Mercury concentrations in plug tissues ranged from 200 ppb
ww to 720 ppb with a positive correlation between mercury concentration
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and body size. Te plug technology is a robust method that can be used in
routine monitoring programs with limited impact on local sh populations.
RP16 Occurrence, eects and fate of urban-use pyrethroid
insecticide mixtures. A.J. Trimble, M.J. Lydy, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, IL; J.D. Maul, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; D.P.
Weston, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; J.B. Belden,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. Organochlorine (OC),
organophosphate (OP), and pyrethroid insecticides have frequently been
detected together as mixtures in sediment samples. Te overall toxicity
of complex chemical mixtures can often be accounted for by a small
number of individual components. To simplify mixture analyses, additive
toxic responses are usually assumed, but rarely conrmed, especially for
compounds with similar modes of action. Additionally, in aquatic systems
hydrophobic compounds such as pyrethroids readily partition from
aqueous to organic solid phases. Past studies have focused largely on the
partitioning of pesticides to sediment matrices. However, other organic
carbon-containing matrices such as leaf material and detritus occur in
many aquatic systems and are often preferred food sources for aquatic
invertebrates. To date, few studies exist that have examined the partitioning
of contaminants to these dierent matrices. Te rst objective of this study
was to toxicologically screen a database of sediment chemical concentrations
in order to identify compounds and mixtures that dominated sample
toxicity to Hyalella azteca. Pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos were the most
toxicologically relevant compounds in terms of having the greatest
contributions to overall sample toxic unit values, with these chemicals often
occurring together as simple mixtures of fewer than 10 compounds. Te
second objective was to conduct binary mixture toxicity tests with Type
I and Type II pyrethroids and compare experimental toxicity data to that
predicted from concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA)
models. All mixture LC50 values were well predicted by CA (i.e., within a
factor of two), with IA models providing adequate enough predictions to
warrant further investigation. Te third objective was to examine how a
pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) partitions among coarse, ne, and very
ne particulate organic matter fractions, as well as between sediments with
dierent organic carbon content. Greater K
oc
values were observed in ner
detritus fractions, and were highest in sediment containing low organic
carbon. Tis study provides a holistic examination of the occurrence,
toxicity, and fate of the most toxicologically relevant insecticides within
urban landscapes.
RP17 Responses of mature Schoenoplectus californicus and Typha
latifolia to boron exposures in ue gas desulfurization (FGD) waters
in the laboratory and eld. D.A. Eggert, J.H. Rodgers, Forestry and
Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC; G.M. Huddleston,
J. Heatley, ENTRIX, Pendleton, SC. Termoelectric power generation
has resulted in mobilization and releases of boron (B) to aquatic systems
in potentially toxic concentrations and forms. Since constructed wetland
treatment systems (CWTS) are used to remediate aqueous wastestreams
containing elevated boron concentrations (> 10 mg/L), such as ue gas
desulfurization waters (FGD), a thorough understanding of boron toxicity
to wetland plants is needed. Tis research focused on measuring responses of
Schoenoplectus californicus C. A. Meyer Palla and Typha latifolia Linnaeus to
FGD waters containing boron in laboratory and eld exposures. Te specic
objectives of this research were to: 1) determine responses of S. californicus
and T. latifolia to a series of boron concentrations in simulated FGD water
under laboratory conditions; 2) to compare the responses of S.californicus
and T. latifolia to boron exposures under laboratory conditions; and 3) to
determine and compare bioconcentration of boron in plant tissues from
laboratory and eld exposures. For T. latifolia and S.californicus laboratory
experiments, treatments were prepared by amending simulated FGD water
with boric acid salts to achieve nominal boron exposure concentrations of
15, 50, 100, and 300 mg/L and 25, 50, 100, 300, 600 mg/L, respectively.
Controls contained simulated FGD water un-amended with boric acid salts.
In laboratory tests, aqueous boron exposures of 100 mg/L signicantly
aected shoot height, density and necrosis of S. californicus. Density of T.
latifolia was adversely aected at the highest boron exposure tested (300
mg/L); however, the number and height of leaves were not dierent than
controls. S. californicus was more sensitive than T. latifolia to aqueous boron
exposures in simulated FGD water with complete mortality of S. californicus
at 300 mg/L. In both the shoots and roots of these species, concentrations
of boron increased in proportion to exposure concentrations in both
laboratory and eld samples. Bioconcentration of boron in shoot and root
samples from the eld were slightly higher than samples from the laboratory.
From the exposure-response relationship observed in the laboratory, eects
of boron in the eld were anticipated and conrmed at exposure 50 mg/L.
For this specic FGD water, boron exposures of 25 mg/L should not
adversely aect either wetland plant species in the eld.
RP18 Evaluating Contaminant Exposure and Toxicity to Support
Recovery Eorts for White Sturgeon in the Pacic Northwest. J.
Campbell, T. Davidson, J. Flory, J. Hansen, US Fish and Wildlife Service,
Spokane, WA; E.E. Little, R.D. Calfee, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia,
MO. Te evaluation of eects of potential chemical exposures to white
sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Pacic Northwest is necessary
to support ongoing species recovery eorts, and is identied as a research
need in the Recovery Plans for the Kootenai River, Idaho, and the Upper
Columbia River, Washington, populations of white sturgeon. Te Kootenai
River white sturgeon (KRWS) is critically endangered, with a population
estimate of 400 to 450 wild adults, and is predicted to go extinct in the
wild sometime between 2025 and 2030. Recent population estimates of
the Upper Columbia River white sturgeon (UCWS) within the U.S. are
approximately 1,500 to 2,000 wild sh; this population is also threatened
with extinction. While both populations are subject to numerous stressors,
including restriction of population distribution, habitat degradation,
impaired water quality, invasive species,and altered ows from hydropower
operations, environmental pollution in the Kootenai and Columbia River
systems may contribute to lack of recruitment of wild sh. KRWS are
exposed to municipal water treatment discharges and other potential non-
point sources in areas of the Kootenai River designated as critical habitat.
Herbicide use has also been proposed for treatment of invasive aquatic
plants in this area. Similarly, copper and other metals from historic mining
and smelting activities are known to be present in Upper Columbia River.
We conducted a series of studies to: evaluate toxicity of chlorine, copper and
three herbicides to sensitive life stages of white sturgeon in the laboratory;
compare chlorine and copper eect levels to concentrations measured in
surface water of white sturgeon habitat; and compare herbicide eect levels
to recommended application rates for treatment of invasive aquatic plants
in white sturgeon habitat. We found white sturgeon to be highly sensitive
to these chemicals when compared to rainbow trout, a surrogate species
commonly used for toxicity testing. Te studies focused primarily on KRWS
in order to provide the KRWS Recovery Team with information regarding
the role of contaminants in recruitment failure, and to inform appropriate
management decisions regarding aquatic weed control. However, the copper
toxicity data will further provide important information for risk assessment
and subsequent management actions regarding the UCWS population.
RP19 Use of Daphnia magna monitoring method and chemical
analysis in Japanese rice eld. T. Abe, H. Watanabe, K. Yawata, K.
Ota, T. Kotani, Material Engineering, Tsuruoka National College of
Technology, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan; T. Abe, Te Center for Genomics
and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Biological
monitoring is useful to dene the biological safety in the environment. To
conrm the usefulness of the biological monitoring method using Daphnia
magna, the river water samples were tested in 2005 - 2007. Te water
samples were collected from 10 sites of three rivers (Akagawa, Uchikawa
and Ohyamagawa) in Tsuruoka city, Japan. Aka river is Primary River in
Tsuruoka city. Te river water samples were evaluated by Daphnia magna
24/48hr immobilization test. Also the river water samples analyzed by ion-
chromatography, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectrometry. Te concentration
of K
+
, Na
+
, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Cl
-
, NO
3
-
, PO
4
3-
, SO
4
2-
were measured and
compared with the Daphnia monitoring assays. Whereas higher Daphnia
immobilization rate occurred in June, almost Daphnia immobilization did
not occurred in other samples. We thought one of the reasons that Tsuruoka
city have a lot of rain (or snow) in 2007. So Daphnia immobility would be
lower inhibition rate at most of samples. Also we found that higher Na
+
or
Ca
2+
concentration would indicate less Daphnia toxicity with higher Cl
-

concentration. Tese studies indicated usefulness of Daphnia monitoring
method.
RP20 Ecacy, Fate, and Potential for Non-Target Eects of
Mosquito Control Strategies in Seattle, WA. M.R. Sternberg, C.E.
Grue, J.M. Grassley, K.A. King, Washington Cooperative Fish & Wildlife
Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; L.L. Conquest,
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Quantitative Ecology & Resource Management, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA. In anticipation of the spread of West Nile Virus, the City of
Seattle funded a citywide research eort spanning the summers of 2006
and 2007 designed to investigate the ecacy and fate (persistence) of four
larvicides within Seattle catch basins. In 2006, we studied the ecacy
of three larvicides: Mosquito Dunks + Bits (AI = Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis [Bti]), VectoLex WSP (AI = Bacillus sphaericus [Bs]), and
Altosid Briquets (AI = methoprene) within a subset of the citys catch
basins. All treatments resulted in a rapid reduction in number (Bti and Bs
treatments) or emergence of pupae (methoprene). In 2007, VectoLex CG
was chosen for citywide application. Ecacy was realized for 7 weeks, in
most cases, although frequent precipitation events confounded the eect of
the larvicide. In comparison to round-top basins, ecacy within grated
basins was short-lived (< 3 weeks). Bacterial analysis of VectoLex WSP and
CG indicated that the product contained both Bs and Bti. Larvicide (BS
and Bti) was detected above background concentrations in outows to three
urban creeks during precipitation events. Larvicide was also detected in
catch basins and creeks before the citys treatment program indicating inputs
from other sources. Results from toxicity tests suggest that concentrations
of Bs and Bti detected in each of the watersheds pose little threat to juvenile
salmonids. Future research will concentrate on the ecacy and fate of an
extended-release methoprene briquette within grated basins.
RP21 Eect of sodium thiosulfate on toxicity of malathion, copper,
and cyanide to Vibrio scheri using the ToxControl Online Toxicity
Monitor. J. Allen, D. Macke, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH; N. Muhammad,
Shaw E&I, Cincinnati, OH. Te U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
is conducting research to develop online toxicity monitors (OTMs) for
use in chemical early warning systems. A major element of this eort
is determining the applicability of dierent OTMs and their responses
to various toxic substances. One aspect of this research is the potential
application of OTMs in drinking water distribution early warning systems.
In order to accomplish this, a dechlorination agent must be used. Tis
raises the question regarding interaction between the dechlorination agent
and potential contaminants resulting in synergistic or antagonistic eects.
We will present work performed using the estuarine luminescent bacteria
Vibrio scheri in a Microlan ToxControl system and Malathion, Copper, and
Cyanide. Te V. scheri assay requires an isotonic diluent prepared with 2%
sodium chloride. An addition of 5 mg/L sodium thiosulfate is necessary to
remove chlorine added in the drinking water process. Matrix control tests
showed that sodium thiosulfate (5.0 mg/L) did not result in signicant
positive responses. Results to date indicate that sodium thiosulfate has a
slight synergistic eect on malathion toxicity. Dose-response curves showing
the eect of sodium thiosulfate on toxicity of each compound will be
presented and discussed.
RP22 Use of Isonychia Mayy (Ephemeroptera: Isonychiidae)
Nymphs as a Standard Toxicity Test Organism. B.S. Echols, D.S.
Cherry, Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; R.J. Currie,
Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Te Dow
Chemical Company, Midland, MI. In order to protect aquatic ecosystems,
ecotoxicologists utilize both eld and laboratory assessments to set
and maintain water quality standards. Laboratory toxicity testing of
industrial, mining and municipal euents are normally conducted using
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) endorsed test organisms
such as Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and the fathead minnow,
Pimephales promelas. However, the results of these tests may not be
adequate for protecting indigenous biota in the stream or river of concern.
Results of these tests are often validated with benthic macroinvertebrate
eld surveys which are essential in determining the ecological health at
the discharge or contamination site. Te purpose of this project was to
determine the feasibility of using mayies (Ephemeroptera) as a toxicity
test organism. A single test species, Isonychia bicolor (Isonychiidae) was
used due to their availability and previous use in laboratory tests in this lab
over the past two decades. Field collected nymphs (5-7 mm) were tested
using a reference toxicant, NaCl, and a coal processing impoundment
(CPI) euent. Results, which were based on conductivity, indicated that
the No Observed Eect Concentration (NOEC) values were consistently
lower for Isonychia survivorship (943-1,911 S/cm) compared to the more
sensitive reproductive endpoint for Ceriodaphnia dubia (1,330-3,096 S/
cm) in CPI euent tests. However, Ceriodaphnia survivorship was more
sensitive to NaCl (0.5-2.0 g NaCl/L) after a seven-day chronic exposure
than that of Isonychia (2.0-4.0 g NaCl/L). Compared to standard test
organisms endorsed by the USEPA and other select test organisms, Isonychia
are second behind C. dubia in sensitivity to the reference toxicant NaCl,
and are consistent to results for P. promelas survivorship. Results of these
tests indicate that Isonychia may be a suitable test organism for predicting
euent toxicity and protecting receiving systems; however, more research is
necessary to determine adequate test methodology and duration as well as
appropriate test endpoints in addition to mortality.
RP23 Altered Amphibian Secondary Sex Characteristics Following
Exposure to Model Endocrine Disruptors. A.W. Olmstead, P.A. Kosian,
J.J. Korte, K.K. Woodis, A. Lindberg-Livingston, I. Leland, S.J. Degitz,
Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US EPA, Duluth, MN. Te formation
of the secondary sex characteristics, oviducts and nuptial pads, are under
the control of steroid hormones in frogs and as such are potential targets
for endocrine-disrupting compounds. Oviducts are large, convoluted
tubules derived from the Mullerian ducts in which oocytes undergo nal
maturation during breeding. Nuptial pads form under the forelimbs of
male frogs and are characterized by the presence of raised, darkly pigmented
epidermal spikes and dermal breeding glands. Normal expression of oviducts
and nuptial pads are under the regulation of estradiol and testosterone
respectively, develop during juvenile maturation, and are exclusively found
in only one sex. In order to determine the susceptibility of these tissues to
endocrine disruption we exposed juvenile tropical clawed frogs, Xenopus
tropicalis, to the model endocrine disruptors ethynylestradiol and trenbolone
during juvenile development and assessed the development of oviducts
and nuptial pads in both sexes. Dietary exposure was accomplished by
coating food pellets with chemical and then feeding once per day for 4 or
12 weeks. Following dose-response studies, additional time course studies
were performed using one dose. Ethynylestradiol exposure resulted in
precocious development of oviducts in females, but did not result in oviduct
development in males. Vitellogenin was induced in both sexes following
ethynylestradiol exposure and was more sensitive than oviduct development.
Nuptial pad expression increased in males exposed to trenbolone. Exposure
to trenbolone in females also resulted in the development of nuptial pads.
Results from these experiments demonstrate that development of these
secondary sex characteristics is susceptible to xenobiotic perturbation and
may be useful for development of amphibian screening assays for endocrine
disruptors.
RP24 Potentiation of Malathion Toxicity by Diazinon in Rainbow
Trout. K. King, C.E. Grue, Washington Cooperative Fish & Wildlife
Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; M. Hooper,
Enviromental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Recent
pesticide monitoring of urban streams feeding into Puget Sound quantied
the anti-cholinesterases (anti-ChEs) carbaryl (C), diazinon (D) and
malathion (M) at 0.2-0.4 ug/L. We studied in vivo mixtures of C, D and
M, and in vitro inhibition of esterases in plasma and brain tissue using
juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). C, D and M exposures
were 2.1, 4.3 and 2.2 ug/L, respectively, in US EPA static 96-h toxicity
tests. Reported 96-h LC50s for C, D and M are 1,950, 90 and 200 ug/L,
respectively. Individual chemical and binary and tertiary mixtures were
assessed for toxicity, AChE and carboxylesterase (CaE) inhibition in brain,
and CaE inhibition in plasma. Tere were no signs of toxicity or AChE
inhibition in any single chemical exposure or in mixtures except the D/M
and D/M/C groups where AChE was inhibited 85-88% and some sh
died and demonstrated abnormal swimming behaviors. Plasma CaE was
inhibited 33-41% in C, M and C/M groups while D, D/C, D/M and
D/M/C group CaEs were inhibited 91-98%. Brain CaE inhibition patterns
were similar to plasma, with less inhibition in each group. Anti-ChEs
generally act additively in mixtures. However, CaE inhibitors can potentiate
M toxicity due to the dependence on CaE hydrolysis of the M leaving group
ester for Ms generally low toxicity. In vitro inhibition studies (15 min, 25
C incubation) with carbaryl, diazoxon (Do) and malaoxon (Mo) explained
in vivo observations. Tough brain AChE IC50s for Mo, Do and Ca (0.12,
4.8 and 5.3 uM) suggest high sensitivity to M exposure, CaE hydrolyzes M
and decreases toxicity. Plasma CaE, the predominant trout CaE, was highly
sensitive to Do inhibition, with Mo, Do and Ca IC50s of 0.087, 0.002
and15.7 uM, respectively. Tese ndings suggest that CaE inhibition at
low D exposure levels potentiates the toxicity of M to trout by inhibiting
M degradation by tissue CaEs, allowing increased formation of Mo and
subsequent toxicity.
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RP25 Eects of Pesticides in Urban Streams in Western Washington
on Coho Salmon Reproduction. K. King, C.E. Grue, J.M. Grassley, R.
Fisk, Washington Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA. Te research presented culminates four years
of a 5-year eort to determine eects of a chemical cocktail, present in
urban streams in western Washington, on Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) reproduction. Te cocktail consisted of 8 herbicides, 2 insecticides,
a fungicide, and a common breakdown product; nominal concentrations
were the maximums reported during storm-water events in fall. With the
exception of the fungicide and breakdown product, formulated products
(single AI) were used, and if possible were selected from those available
at retail outlets. In 2004-05/2005-06, research focused on adult Coho
continuously exposed to the cocktail - recent monitoring indicated that
pre-spawn mortality of Coho salmon had increased in natural waters,
particularly urban streams in western Washington. We found no eects on
time to death or brain cholinesterase activity in adults, sperm motility in
males, and hatching success of eggs or growth of fry (from exposed adults)
for 35 d after swim-up (emergence). In 2006-07/2007-08, we sought to
determine if there were eects on fertilization and eggs/sac fry from a pulsed
exposure to the cocktail, simulating storm ows. Te rst part of this phase
of the overall study examined eects on fertilization of eggs and subsequent
survival of sac fry. Endpoints included fertilization success, hatching success,
and viability through swim-up. Te second part examined eects on
hatching success, sac fry survival, fry survival, and subsequent growth of fry
for 35-d. Whereas we did not observe eects on these endpoints in 2006-07,
embryo survival was reduced in 2007-08. In 2007-08, after the 35-d growth
assessment, exposure to the cocktail was continued until ca. 20,000 exposed
sh (and 20,000 unexposed controls) were released as smolts in May 2008
to determine eects on numbers of returning adults in 2-3 years.
RP26 Regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone release from the
pituitary by thyroxine during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. R.M.
Sternberg, J.J. Korte, S.M. Moen, K.R. Toemke, J.E. Tietge, S.J. Degitz,
Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US EPA, Duluth, MN. Environmentally-
relevant chemicals such as perchlorate have the ability to disrupt the
hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of exposed individuals. Larval
anurans are a particularly suitable model species for studying the eects of
thyroid-disrupting chemicals (TDCs) because thyroid hormone (TH) is
an important mediator of metamorphosis. Since a basic knowledge of the
underlying endocrinology of the HPT axis of larval anurans is necessary
for predicting how the axis may respond to perturbation by TDCs, we
examined one of many unanswered questions regarding the larval anuran
HPT axis: how do pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gene
expression levels and plasma TSH protein concentrations increase in
concert with plasma concentrations of TH during metamorphosis? We used
Xenopus laevis pituitary cultures to examine the hypothesis that the set-
point for negative feedback on pituitary TSH release by TH changes during
metamorphosis to allow for this seemingly paradoxical, concurrent rise in
TH and TSH. Pituitaries from X. laevis tadpoles (NF stages 54 through
66) were cultured in media containing increasing, physiologically-relevant
concentrations of thyroxine (T
4
). Media for individual pituitaries were
collected and analyzed for TSH via Western blotting. Results indicated
that pituitaries from tadpoles in the earlier stages of TH-dependent
metamorphosis were more sensitive to T
4
-induced inhibition of TSH
release than pituitaries from tadpoles in the later stages of TH-dependent
metamorphosis. Tis pattern of in vitro pituitary sensitivity to T
4
correlated
well with in vivo circulating concentrations of T
4
and TSH: both T
4
and
TSH remain low during the early stages of TH-dependent metamorphosis,
rise simultaneously during later stages, and then fall towards the end
of metamorphosis. Collectively, this in vitro and in vivo data provide
support for the hypothesis that the set-point for negative feedback control
of TSH release by T
4
increases as metamorphosis progresses allowing
for the concomitant rise in plasma concentrations of TSH and T
4
. Te
results of this eort not only contribute to our basic understanding of
the endocrinology of the HPT axis of anuran larvae, but also could be
incorporated into an HPT systems model to serve as the framework for
predicting the consequences of HPT perturbation by TDCs on the whole
organism.
RP27 Developing Non-lethal Biomarkers for Waterborne Organic
Contaminants. J. Meyers, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine,
Orono, ME; A. Elskus, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Maine,
Orono, ME. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression is an established
biomarker for organic contaminant exposure in vertebrates. Te CYP1A
enzyme is known to be induced by dioxin-like compounds such as
3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), found in aquatic environments.
Our objective is to develop a non-lethal biomarker using gill laments and
scales to detect CYP1A activity (measured as ethoxyresorun o-deethylase,
EROD) indicating organic contaminant exposure. We are evaluating the
sensitivity, reliability, and time course of the induction and duration of this
enzyme in these tissues. We exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr to
two aqueous concentrations of PCB-126 (0.01 M & 0.001 M, static
exposure), acetone (32.25 ppm, vehicle), and untreated water for 24 h
before transferring the sh to clean, ow-through water. Our time points
were 6 and 24 h during exposure, and 48 h, 14 and 34 days post exposure.
We collected gill laments and scales (non-lethally) and whole livers
(lethally, EROD analyses in progress). Te gills exhibited a dose-response
in EROD activity for PCB-126 treated sh, with the greatest mean EROD
activity at 6 h for both PCB-126 doses (0.140.07 and 0.170.05 pmol
resorun/min/lament for 0.001 and 0.01 M PCB-126, respectively). Gill
EROD activity in sh treated with 0.001 M PCB-126 declined by 24 h
exposure before reaching untreated activity levels by 48 h post exposure. Gill
EROD activities for 0.01 M PCB-126 treated sh remained elevated post
exposure and remained signicantly elevated over untreated and acetone
exposures at 34 days. Scale EROD activity was elevated for 0.001 M PCB-
126 treated sh at 6 h, but not signicantly elevated in the 0.01 M PCB-
126 treated sh until 24 h. Scale EROD was highly variable in all groups
after 48 h. Signs of disease and distress were not observed in sh sampled
non-lethally and held for 34 days post sampling. Filament and scale CYP1A
activity show great promise as non-lethal biomarkers of contaminant
exposure and response for use with endangered sh species.
RP28 Ecotoxicology Diagnosis In Catsh (Ariopsis Felis) Of Oil
Extraction Southeast Zones Of Te Gulf Of Mxico. O. Zapata-Perez,
R. Varela Valencia, A. Arroyo Herrera, T. Perez Nuez, M. Del Rio-Garcia,
Resources of the sea, Cinvestav, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. In the aquatic
environment, the induction of CYP1A and enzymatic activities as EROD,
GST, and CAT in sh are commonly used as a biomarker of exposure to
environmental pollutants such as PAHs, PCBs, Organochlorine Pesticides
and Heavy Metals. Previous studies performed in catsh collected in the
coastal areas of Gulf of Mexico have demonstrated signicant dierences in
the CYP1A gene expression. In the present study, close to one hundred ve
hardhead sh (Ariopsis felis) were collected in two oceanographic cruises
along of oil extraction southeast zones of the Gulf of Mxico. CYP1A gene
expression and EROD, GST and CAT activities were determined in liver of
sh. Te analyses of CYP1A gene expression, and EROD activities revealed
that the population of sh collected in more area close to extraction pit,
showed signicant dierences with regard to the other populations analyzed,
however the CAT activities were higher in sh collected closely at the coast
by what is considered that the induction of the dierent biomarkers is
caused by several environmental pollutants.
RP29 Aquatic environmental impacts of dust palliative control
technology. M.B. Gopalan, T.C. Hudson, J.L. Farris, Environmental
Science, Arkansas State University, State University, AR; A. Archer,
Department of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR. Both
sediment and dust particles from an estimated 2.5 million kms of rural
roads in the United States can signicantly impact air and water quality.
Particles from maintenance and construction activities can also be potential
health hazards to ecological receptors, including humans. Acidulated
soybean soapstock in one of several products integrated as dust palliatives
in some areas of the U.S and has been listed as a high production volume
chemical. Tis byproduct of soybean oil processing is characterized as an
organic, biodegradable, non-petroleum based dust suppressant. Currently
there is no known toxicity data for this product. Our earlier studies
employing laboratory biomonitoring to determine acute toxicity endpoints
for aqueous organisms (Pimephales promelas & Ceriodaphnia dubia)
yielded very low concentrations often less than 0.03% a concentration at
which we often measured signicant mortality compared to a LC50 of > 2%
for Chironomus dilutus. Although the laboratory biomonitoring provides
some understanding of the toxicity, it does not point to a causal agent.
We further evaluated metals and nutrients contents at various palliative
concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 5%). For example, phosphorus at 5%
palliative concentration was as high as 15mg/L. Future studies may involve
308 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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measuring response level to the by-product use from runo collected near
treated plots and rural roads to provide data for informed decision making.
RP30 Biomonitoring in the Edge of Field Drainage Ditches to Assess
Farm-Scale Impacts and Environmental Performance of Integrated
Cotton Farming Practices. M.B. Gopalan, J.L. Bouldin, J.L. Farris,
Environmental Science, Arkansas State University, State University, AR.
Agriculture has been identied as a major contributor of nonpoint source
pollution throughout the world. Tis study utilized bioassays to understand
the edge of eld drainage ditch capacity to retain NPS pollutants after
moderate to heavy rainfall events in the lower Mississippi River Delta. A
1550-ha farm in Poinsett County, Arkansas was selected for our study.
Study sites included eight ditches within the farm drainage system and a
larger receiving ditch for that region. Ditches were characterized by class
size, water retention capacity and vegetative characteristics. Farm practices
associated with each ditch drainage area were also utilized in the analysis.
Water quality measures were compared between seasons, years, and between
production and non-production seasons. Phosphorus was signicantly
higher during nonproduction periods and during the second year sampling
(t-test; alpha=0.05). Nitrates, alkalinity and hardness were signicantly
higher during production season (Mann-Whittney; alpha=0.05). Results
from bioassays included measured responses of survival and reproduction for
Ceriodaphnia dubia and survival and growth for Pimephales promelas and
Chironomus dilutus. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and MANOVA
were employed to determine variability and signicant dierences between
years, seasons, and based on ditch size characteristics. Chronic aqueous
bioassays measured impairment in C. dubia more frequently than in P.
promelas suggesting possible pesticide related toxicity. Te PCA and factor
analysis for most sampling events indicated C. dubia as a sensitive indicator.
also, Chironomous dilutus survival was reduced to 30 65% of control
survival on sediment samples from impacted sites. For management of farm
level drainage to protect downstream ecosystems, C. dubia was suciently
responsive to production system inputs to serve as a marker of drainage
impacts, and certainly can be used to evaluate future mitigative measures
involving Best management Practices.
RP31 In vitro examination of potential eects of BDEs and OH-
BDEs on steroidogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
L. Peters, B. Gemmill, G. Tomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada; L. Peters, B. Gemmill, K. Pleskach, G. Tomy, Fisheries
and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Polybrominated diphenyl
ether (PBDE) ame-retardants are lipophilic persistent organic compounds
used in manufacturing of plastics, electronic equipment, polyurethane
foam and textile materials. PBDEs have become an increasingly important
environmental problem due to their ability to bioaccumulate and
biomagnify. Recent studies have focused on the potential endocrine
disrupting properties of PBDEs, which include eects on thyroid hormones
in sh and gonadal tissue steroidogenesis in mammals. Tis study examined
the potential for a suite of PBDE congeners (BDE-47-OH, BDE-100,
and BDE-209) to aect in vitro steroidogenesis in ovarian and testicular
tissues from pre-spawning rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Tissues
were incubated in Cortlands medium containing environmentally relevant
concentrations of the PBDEs ranging from 10 to 500 pg/uL for BDE-
47-OH, and between 100 to 5000 pg/uL for the remaining congeners.
Production of reproductive steroid hormones over an 18 hour period were
determined under basal conditions and when the tissue was stimulated using
100 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Concentrations of estradiol,
estradiol-3 sulphate, and testosterone were measured in aliquots of the
media containing female tissues, while testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone
(11-KT) were determined for the male tissues. Following SPE extraction
and clean-up, hormone concentrations from the incubation medium
were determined using an Agilent 1100 HPLC coupled to an API 2000
triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS-MS). Estrogens and 11-KT
were analyzed in the ESI ve mode, while testosterone was analyzed in
+ve mode. Injections were made directly onto a C18-reverse phase liquid
chromatography column (50 x 2.1 mm, 4m).
RP32 Selecting an appropriate tissue for Se guidelines: balancing
toxicological principles with monitoring requirements. B. McDonald,
A. Hodaly, A. deBruyn, P.M. Chapman, Golder Associates Ltd, North
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Selenium (Se) tissue residue
guidelines (TRGs) are based on residue-response data from the literature
using a variety of dierent tissue types, including whole-body, muscle,
reproductive organs, and eggs. Extrapolation between dierent tissue types
is a common practice, both in TRG derivation as well as Se monitoring
programs. We examine the assumptions associated with tissue-to-tissue
extrapolations from a toxicokinetic perspective over the life-cycle of a sh.
Data from a total of 20 dierent papers from the literature were extracted
and examined in detail to determine which tissue-to-tissue extrapolations
are defensible. Recommendations for addressing inter- and intra-species
variability in Se extrapolation equations are provided.
RP33 Eect of heavy metal compounds on valve movement response
of freshwater clam (Corbicula japonica) for biological monitoring. I.
Kang, J. Moroishi, Y. Oshima, K. Nagafuchi, T. Honjo, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan. Contamination with a large number of heavy metals is
measured in real environment, and the eects of these heavy metals on
aquatic ecosystem are concerned. Heavy metals accumulate in their bodies,
and bivalves have been widely used for assessment of contamination
level in aquatic environment. Te valve movement of bivalve responses
was evaluated to detect contaminants in water, in this study. Te valve
movement patterns of freshwater clam (Corbicula japonica) were monitored
during the exposure to test chemicals. After the acclimation, eight freshwater
bivalves were placed in each test chamber and exposed to two heavy metal
compounds, CuCl2 (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/L) and CdCl2 (0, 0.1, 1, or 10
mg/L). Test organisms showed the changes of frequencies in their valves
movement after the CuCl2 and CdCl2 exposure. Terefore, we conclude
that monitoring using valve movement of bivalves is useful method to detect
some contaminants, such as heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem.
RP34 Histopathologic eects of estrogens or an aromatase inhibitor
on marine shes. G. Zaroogian, D.B. Horowitz, R. Gutjahr-Gobell, L.
Mills, Atlantic Ecology Division, U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Narragansett, RI;
J. Fournie, Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Gulf Breeze, FL.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as estrogens estradiol (E2)
and ethinylestradiol (EE2) and aromatase inhibitor androstatrienedione
(ATD) have been reported to aect sh reproduction. Tis study
histologically compared and evaluated eects of EDCs in two species
of treated sh. Juvenile male summer ounder (Paralichthys dentatus)
and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) were treated in the laboratory
with E2, EE2 or ATD through injected slow-release implant systems.
Cunner reproductive endpoints (egg production, fertility, viability) were
monitored daily for 14 days post-implantation when tissues were sampled
for histopathological evaluation. Excessive hyaline material accumulated in
livers, kidneys, and testes treated with E2 in both species. Accumulations
resulted in hepatocyte hypertrophy, disruption of spermatogenesis, and
obstruction of renal glomeruli. Immunochemical staining was conducted
on ounder tissues for presence of vitellogenin (VtG). Staining was positive
for VtG in hyaline material and negative in control treatments. Inhibition
of testicular growth with atrophy and clusters of dead germ cells were
prevalent in ounders at highest E2 treatments. Hepatocyte nuclei and
nucleoli were enlarged and accumulations of hyaline material observed
in treated sh. Hepatocyte hypertrophy was common in these areas and
mortalities occurred in the highest doses. All E2 treated ounders displayed
VtG accumulation in testes tissue sections. Cunner treated with E2 or EE2
showed signicantly lower egg production and egg fertility (EE2 only).
Gonadal somatic index (GSI) was signicantly lower in male and female
cunner and plasma VtG was signicantly higher in both sexes. Some of
E2 and EE2 treated male cunner had hemorrhaging testes in addition
to VtG accumulation in renal tubules and glomeruli; one with extensive
hepatocellular necrosis, hemorrhage, and hemosiderin accumulation. In
cunner treated with ATD, signicantly lower egg production, fertility and
viability were observed; yet no notable histopathological abnormalities
were found. Male cunner GSI was lower. In females, GSI was higher and
VtG concentration was lower. Overall, histopathological changes in liver,
testicular, and renal glomeruli tissues appear similar in both species of sh
and relate to excessive accumulation of VtG.
RP35 Mechanisms of fenthion activation in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to hypersaline environments. R.
Lavado, D. Schlenk, Department of Environmental Sciences, University
of California Riverside, Riverside, CA; J.M. Rimoldi, Department of
Medicinal Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology, University of
Mississippi, Oxford, MS. Previous studies in rainbow trout have shown
that acclimation to hypersaline environments enhances the toxicity to
thioether pesticides. In order to determine the role of biotransformation
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in this process, the metabolism of the thioether organophosphate biocide,
fenthion was evaluated in microsomes from gills, liver and olfactory tissues
in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained in freshwater and 17
salinity. Hypersalinity increased the formation of fenoxon and fenoxon
sulfoxide from fenthion in liver microsomes from rainbow trout, but
not in gill or in olfactory tissues. NADPH-dependent and independent
hydrolysis was observed in all tissues, but only NADPH-dependent fenthion
cleavage was dierentially modulated by hypersalinity in liver (inhibited),
gills (induced) and olfactory tissues (no eect). Enantiomers of fenthion
sulfoxide (65% and 35% R- and S-fenthion sulfoxide, respectively) were
formed in liver and gills. Te predominant pathway of fenthion activation
appears to be initiated through formation of fenoxon which may be
subsequently converted to the most toxic metabolite fenoxon R-sulfoxide.
CYP450 inhibition studies with carbon monoxide, 0.1% Lubrol and
immunoblots suggested that CYP3A27 is involved in the enhancement of
fenthion activation in hyperaline-acclimated sh. Hypersalinity does not
alter the steroselectivity of the sulfoxidation reaction, but does increase the
content and catalytic activity of CYP3A27 in liver microsomes. Tese results
indicate that CYP3A27 could contribute the enhanced fenthion oxidative
biotransformation and subsequent toxicity of fenthion to rainbow trout
under hypersaline conditions.
RP36 Eects of two dierent culturing media on growth and
responsiveness of Leptocheirus plumulosus in the 96-hour Sediment
Toxicity Bioassay of Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids. S. Stone, K. Kovar,
H.E. Morris, K.S. Wolfe, R. MacGregor, Baroid Bioassay Lab, Halliburton,
Houston, TX. Leptocheirus plumulosus are cultured in many bioassay
laboratories for use in sediment toxicity bioassays. Tese sediment toxicity
bioassays are used to evaluate drilling uids or base uids blended into
formulated sediments. For the drilling uid and base uid bioassays, the
lethal concentration to 50% of the exposed organisms (LC50) of a test
material is compared to the LC50 obtained from a reference material.
Repeatability or low variability of the reference LC50 response by the test
organism provides condence in a standardized test. Factors that have
been shown to aect variability in these test results include test material
preparation methods, chemical characteristics of control sediments and
the size, weight and health of the test organisms. Te current study
demonstrates measurable eects of two dierent culture media-sediment
sources. Physical/ chemical characteristics of the sediments such as particle
size and type and nutritional quality of these sediments are presented and
compared to the size/weight relationships and associated LC50 responses of
Leptocheirus plumulosus exposed to reference and test uids in the 96-hour
drilling uid sediment toxicity bioassay.
RP37 Eect of parathion-methyl on Amazonian sh species: a
comparison of sensitivity with temperate data. A. Rico, P. Van den Brink,
Aquatic ecology and water quality management department, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, Netherlands; A. Rico, R. Geber-Correa, A.
Waichman, Departamento de Diversidade Biolgica, Universidade Federal
do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; R. Geber-Correa, M. Garca, Embrapa,
Manaus, Brazil. Te use of pesticides in the Brazilian Amazon has increased
exponentially during the last decades. However, the lack of toxicity data
for Amazonian endemic species has resulted on the use of water quality
criteria (WQC) derived from temperate species to assess the ecological risks
of pesticides, leaving an unknown margin of uncertainty on the protection
of Amazonian aquatic ecosystems. To address this issue, the toxic eect
(LC50-96h) of parathion-methyl (organophosphate insecticide) was assessed
on 5 Amazonian endemic sh species (Dicrossus lamentosus, Corydoras
pigmaeus, Nannostomus unifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma and
Paracheirodon axelrodi) showing the following results: 2.90, 4.09, 5.39,
5.48 and 6.09 mg/l respectively. Tese results were compared with acute
toxicity information collected from the RIVM database for 27 temperate
sh species by the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) concept. Tis
initial analysis suggests that Amazonian sh species are no more sensitive to
parathion-methyl than temperate sh species. However, the knowledge on
sensitivity of Amazonian species to parathion-methyl and other pesticides is
still very limited and should be improved in order to protect the Amazonian
aquatic ecosystems.
RP38 Copper accumulation in gill cells of the blue crab Callinectes
sapidus: inuence of copper pre-exposure, acclimation salinity and
acute osmotic shock. A. Bianchini, Departamento de Cincias Fisiolgicas,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; C.L. Paganini,
I.S. Chaves, Ps-Graduao em Oceanograa Biolgica, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Copper accumulation in
gills seems to control the toxicity of this metal in aquatic animals, since it is
considered as an osmoregulatory toxicant. In the present study, in vivo and
in vitro copper accumulation was measured in cells isolated from posterior
gills of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus collected at four dierent sites of the
Patos Lagoon estuary (Rio Grande, RS, Southern Brazil). Results obtained
showed that in situ copper accumulation in gill cells of freshly collected
crabs was dierent between sites of collection, being positively dependent
on the water copper concentration. In vitro copper accumulation after
exposure (1 h) to copper (100 M) was higher in gill cells of crabs collected
at the most polluted site when compared to those from crabs collected at
the other sites. In gill cells of crabs collected at the site showing the lowest
level of copper contamination, in vitro copper accumulation was dependent
on the acclimation salinity. It was higher in gill cells isolated from crabs
acclimated to low salinity (2 ppt) than to seawater (30 ppt). However, it
was not signicantly aected by cell exposure to an acute osmotic shock.
Taken together, these ndings indicate that cells isolated from the posterior
gills of the blue crab C. sapidus are good indicators of the copper level in the
surrounding medium. Furthermore, they show that copper accumulation in
gill cells is inuenced by the level of copper pre-exposure in the eld and the
acclimation salinity in the laboratory. Te inuence of this last parameter is
likely associated with the long-term biochemical and physiological changes
occurring in gills during the processes of crab acclimation to salinity.
RP39 A study on phototoxicity of sulfathiazole to Daphnia magna
under environmental level of ultraviolet B irradiation employing
molecular and biochemical level endpoints. J. Kim, Y. Park, K. Choi,
School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Sulfonamides antibiotics frequently occur in aquatic environments. In
the present study, sulfathiazole was selected for investigation because of
its photo-enhanced toxicity. Using Daphnia magna, we evaluated the
changes of molecular stress responses using enzyme and gene expression
level endpoints. Furthermore, we related these endpoints with organismal
level endpoint. STZ exposure in the presence of UVB irradiation caused a
signicant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid
peroxidation. Among the studied enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione
S-transferase (GST) appeared to be the most responsive biomarkers of
oxidative stress related to STZ exposure regardless of UVB irradiation.
Te survival rates of daphnids exposed to STZ in the presence of UVB
irradiation showed signicant change. Exposure to 9.5 mg/L STZ and 30
mg/L STZ with UVB irradiation caused marginal increase in -esterase,
hemoglobin, and vitellogenin expression. Te results suggest that the
phototoxicity of STZ is mediated by oxidative stress in D. magna.
RP40 An evaluation of the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation
potential of the polyuoroalkylethyl sulfonate surfactant
F(CF2)6CH2CH2SO3- using the fathead minnow, Pimephales
promelas. R.A. Hoke, B.D. Ferrell, T. Ryan, Haskell Global Centers
for Health and Environmental Sciences, DuPont, Newark, DE; R.C.
Buck, DuPont, Newark, DE. Polyuorinated compounds have been the
focus of increasing scrutiny by regulatory agencies and the industries that
manufacture these compounds. Te unique properties of many of these
compounds have raised concern based on their potential environmental
stability and resulting eects, including the potential for bioaccumulation
in sh. A regulatory guideline study (OECD TG 306) that included the
addition of a dietary exposure was conducted under GLP to evaluate the
bioconcentration and bioaccumulation potential of the polyuoroalkyethyl
sulfonate surfactant, F(CF2)6CH2CH2SO3-. Exposure conditions
included a dilution water control, 1 ug/L and 10 ug/L aqueous exposures
and a 10 ug/kg dietary exposure with a 56 day uptake phase followed by a
28 day depuration phase. Tissue residues of the test substance in whole sh
were evaluated at multiple time points during both study phases. Te test
results indicated that the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation potential
of the test substance is low and substantially less than any existing regulatory
triggers.
RP41 comparative toxicity of butachlor, diazinon, and
isoprothiolane on non-target organism. T. Kwon, S.W. Fisher,
Entomology, Te Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; K. Park, B.
Kim, Y. Park, Crop life safety, National institute of agricultural science and
technology, Suwon, South Korea. Butachlor, diazinon, and isoprothiolane
are pesticides for rice forming widely found in municipal and agricultural
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area in Korea. Because they are often found concurrently, their comparative
toxicity between environmental concentration and body residue is of
interest, particularly in term of interpreting their body residue of organism
by monitoring. In the 4-d toxicity test using Oryzias latipes, Misgurnus
mizolepis, and Cyprinus carpio, LC50s ranged between 0.41 mg/L and
1.15 mg/L for butachor, between 0.06 mg/L and 7.05 mg/L for diazinon,
and between 4.76 mg/L to 13.64 mg/L for isoprothiolane, while LR50s
ranged between 0.0385 mmol/kg to 1.45 mmol/kg for butachlor, between
1.390 mmol/kg to 8.650 mmol/kg for diazinon, and between 0.36 mmol/
kg to 3.03 mmol/kg for isoprothiolane. Signicant dierences were found in
the 4-d LC50s or 4-d LR50s. Fourteen-day LC50 values for Eisenia fetida
ranged between 328 mg/kg to 1391 mg/kg, while between 0.02 mmol/
kg to 0.04 mmol/kg for LR50s. In case of 14-d toxicity test with Oryzias
latipes, LC50 values ranged between 2.27 mg/L to 4.11 mg/L, but, LR50s
was ranged 0.111-2.162 mmol/kg. Eisenia fetida was required similar body
residue to cause mortality compare to Oryzias latipes.
RP42 A functional and energetic characterization of P-glycoprotein-
mediated xenobiotic eux in trout using in vitro and in vivo systems.
C.J. Kennedy, J. Hildebrand, D. Lee, M. Mokkonen, Biological Sciences,
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; O. Bains,
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Numerous mechanisms exist to
defend teleosts against contaminants in the environment, all of which have
a common strategy: to reduce intracellular accumulation. Tis study was
performed to assess cellular and whole animal energetic costs associated with
the P-glycoprotein mediated eux of two model substrates, rhodamine
123 (R123) and doxorubicin (DOX). Correlations between the functional
aspects of substrate eux from cells and excretion from whole animals
were made, as well as comparisons between dierent measures of energetics
including adenylate concentrations in cells, respiration rates in both cells
and whole animals, and nally growth in whole animals. Te eux of
these compounds resulted in signicant decreases in intracellular ATP
concentrations, adenylate energy charge, and phosphorylation potential
and signicant increases in concentrations of ADP, AMP and inorganic
phosphate in cells. Respiration rates were signicantly higher in cells and
trout exposed to either compound compared to controls. As well, growth
of sh over a 3 month exposure to either compound resulted in signicant
growth reductions. Tese costs were attributed specically to P-gp mediated
eux by use of the non-competitive P-gp inhibitor, XR9576. Tis study
demonstrates that increased P-gp transport of xenobiotics may result in
higher energy costs for organisms living in contaminated environments.
RP43 Characterization of biotransformation enzymes in four species
of sea turtles from the coastal regions of Mxico. K.L. Richardson, D.
Schlenk, Department of Environmental Sciences, UCR, Riverside, CA;
S. Gardner, Centro de Investigaciones Biolgicas del Noreste, La Paz,
Baja California Sur, Mexico; G. Gold Bouchot, Unidad Mrida, Mrida,
Yucatn, Mexico. Te coastal regions of Mxico provide critical nesting and
foraging habitat for several species of endangered sea turtles. Troughout
their long life, sea turtles face many hazards from human activity - the
most critical of which have been identied as direct take, sheries impacts,
loss of nesting habitat due to coastal development, global warming, and
pollution. Of these hazards, the eects of anthropogenic contaminants and
their metabolism is probably the least studied in sea turtles and in reptiles
as a whole. In the present study, we used immunoblotting and biochemical
analyses to characterize phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes
in four species of sea turtles: loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia
mydas), olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and hawksbill (Eretmochelys
imbricata). Te expression patterns of cytochrome p450 (CYP) isoforms
in liver microsomes was compared across species and indicates possible
species dierences. Te activity of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) on
various substrates in liver cytosol indicates similar overall GST kinetics
while catalytic activities on rat class-specic substrates show inter- and
intra-species variation. For example, hawksbill GST shows signicantly
higher activity with the substrate 4-nitrobenzylchloride than the other 3
species. Te results of this study may provide insight into dierences in
biotransformation potential in the four species of sea turtles and the possible
health impacts of contaminant biotransformation by sea turtles.
RP44 Life table as a tool for the standardization of an ecotoxicity
test, using the tropical cladoceran Latonopsis australis SARS, 1888,
in natural and articial media. T.S. Carvalho Pereira, J.S. da Silva, L.P.
Santana, S.J. Cohin-de-Pinho, C.B. Chastinet, E.M. da Silva, Botany,
Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Te use of articial
media for cladoceran cultivation is an important asset to reduce results
variability in ecotoxicology. Fertility life tables are appropriate tools to
study the dynamics of animal populations and to estimate demographic
parameters, in spite of that, studies related to tropical cladoceran life tables
are rare. We have compared life table variables related to Latonopsis australis
under laboratory conditions, using natural (NM) and articial media (AM).
Tirty 24h old neonates were individually transferred to beakers, containing
80 mL of AM (hard ASTM 50% diluted) and NM (from a humid-acid
rich wetland). Pseudokirchneriella subcaptata was supplied daily as food
and, 15 replicates to each medium were carried out. Living organisms were
counted daily and the media were changed every 3 d, when neonates were
counted and withdrawn. Te experiment nished with the death of the last
organism. Te mean life time were 30.8 11.1 and 20.9 7.3 d, in the
NM and AM, respectively. Values for the maximum longevity varied from
47 for the NM to 29 d for AM. Te primipara was very close in both media,
reaching in the NM, between the 7th and 10th days and between the 8th
and 11th in the AM. Te net reproductive rate (Ro) was 35.8 0.9 for
NM, and 30.3 1.8 for AM, while the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was
0.08 for NM, and 0.09 for AM, and the nite rate of increase () presented
the same value for NM and AM (1.1). Te mean generation time (T) and
doubling time (Dt) were 20.1 and 3.9 for NM, and 16.9 and 3.4 d for AM,
respectively. Te unpaired Student t-test veried no signicant dierence
between the number of neonates produced in the NM and in the AM (P =
0.5823). Te results indicate that the use of a standardized media is feasible
and this may mean an open eld for the use of this organism in tropical
ecotoxicology, provided data for sensitivity conrms its suitability. Te AM
culture was as good as the NM one, which is viable, as a benchmark species
for ecotoxicological studies in tropical environments.
RP45 Metal (Ag, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn) Exposures Aect ATPase
Activities and Ion Levels in Tissues of Freshwater Fish Oreochromis
niloticus. M. Canli, G. Atli, A. Kivrakdal, Biology, Faculty of Sciences
and Letters, Cukurova University, Adana, TURKEY. Heavy metals can
aect many physiological processes in sh. ATPase activity and ion levels
maybe sensitive bioindicators to assess sh health under metal stress and
may become an early warning mechanism of metal contamination in the
aquatic environments. Te aim of this study is to investigate the responses
of Na,K-ATPase, Mg-ATPase and Ca-ATPase and measure ion (Na+, K+,
Ca++, Mg++) levels in the gill, kidney and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus
exposed to 5 metals in 5 exposure periods. Metal exposures (0.05 g/
ml) did not cause any sh mortality within 30 d, except Ag exposure in
which all sh died within 16 d. Signicant accumulations of Cd and Cu
occurred in all the tissues, while Zn levels increased signicantly only in
the gill and kidney. However, Ag and Cr levels were below the detection
limits of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Na,K-ATPase activity
decreased signicantly following metal exposures. Mg-ATPase activity in
the gill showed signicant variations depending on metals and exposure
durations, though Mg-ATPase activity increased signicantly in the kidney.
Generally, Ca-ATPase activity decreased signicantly in all the tissues.
Signicant variations in ion levels of tissues were also determined depending
on metals and exposure periods. Generally, Ca++and Mg++ levels in the
tissues increased, while Na+and K+ levels decreased. Results emphasized
that ATPase activities and ions levels could be considered as biological
indicators to evaluate sh health under metal stress as they are very sensitive
to relatively low metal exposures. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary
to better understand the turnover rates of these enzymes under metal stress.
RP46 Natural Changes in the Acetylcholinesterase Activity of
Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) Larvae and Juveniles: Factors to
Consider when using this Common Neurotoxicity Biomarker. E.D.
Durieux, K. Eder, P. Fitzgerald, D.J. Ostrach, Center for Watershed
Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA. Acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) activity is one of the most common biomarkers of neurotoxicity
used in aquatic organisms. Pesticides such as organophosphates and
carbamates, heavy metals, some herbicides and other complex mixtures
can cause the inhibition of AChE activity. Despite the extensive use of
this enzymatic biomarker in environmental monitoring, very few studies
have analysed the eects of natural factors on AChE activity especially in
estuarine sh. In the present study we investigated the eects of natural
factors on AChE activity such as development, size, water temperature and
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conductivity in young stages, larvae (i) and juveniles (ii) of striped bass
(Morone saxatilis) a sentinel species in the San Francisco Estuary. (i) We
analyzed the change in AChE activity during early larval development (day
1, 3 and 5 post-hatching) of domestic (control) vs river females progeny to
test for potential eects caused by maternal transfer of contaminants. AChE
activity displayed a strong signicant increase throughout the developmental
period (over 5 fold from day 1 to day 5) but no signicant dierences
between domestic vs river larvae were detected. (ii) In a laboratory
experiment using juvenile striped bass an inhibition of AChE of up to 62 %
was seen after an intra-peritoneal sublethal exposure of the organophosphate
Diazinon (compared to the solvent control). AChE activity was measured
in juveniles collected in the San Francisco Estuary sampled monthly from
August 2007 to January 2008. Te spatial-temporal variability of AChE
was analysed relative to water temperature and conductivity, and sh size.
Troughout the entire study period, AChE activity was strongly positively
correlated to water temperature and to a lesser extent negatively to sh size
due to the negative covariation of size with temperature. On a monthly
basis, AChE appeared regularly correlated to temperature whereas it was
found periodically negatively correlated to size and water conductivity. In
striped bass, the major factor inuencing AChE activity in larvae is age/
developmental stage, whereas for juveniles it is temperature and to a lesser
extent size and conductivity. We recommend taking into account these
natural factors in order to properly use AChE as a neurotoxicity biomarker
in young stages of estuarine sh.
RP47 Eect of Roundup (glyphosate) on the heart function of
bullfrog tadpoles. M.J. Costa, D.A. Monteiro, F.T. Rantin, A.L. Kalinin,
Federal University of So Carlos, Sorocaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Te aim of
this work was to analyze the eect of a 48 h of exposure to a sub-lethal
concentration (1 ppm) of the herbicide Roundup Original (glyphosate
41%) on the in vivo heart rate (fH), and contraction dynamics of ventricle
strips of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) tadpoles. Ventricle strips were
mounted for isometric force recordings. Te results showed that tadpoles
hyperactivity was associated with tachycardia in vivo, probably due to a
stress-induced adrenergic stimulation. Ventricle strips of Roundup-exposed
tadpoles (R-group) presented a faster relaxation and also a higher cardiac
pumping capacity at the in vivo contraction frequency, indicating that
bullfrog tadpoles were able to perform cardiac mechanistic adjustments to
face Roundup-exposure. However, the lower maximal in vitro contraction
frequency of the R-group could limit its in vivo cardiac performance, when
the adrenergic-stimulation is present. Te association between the high
energetic cost to counteract the harmful eects of this herbicide and the
induction of oxidative stress suggest that low and realistic concentrations
of Roundup can have an impact on tadpoles performance and success,
jeopardizing their survival and/or population establishment.
RP48 Striped Bass Habitat use in the San Francisco Estuary
Determined by Otolith Microchemistry Techniques & the
Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary.
D.J. Ostrach, G.E. Whitman, John Muir Institute of the Environment,
Center for Watershed Sciences & Department of Civil & Environmental
Engineering, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Davis, CA; C.C. Phillis, L. Ingram, Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; P.K. Weber,
Chemical Biology and Nuclear Science, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, CA; J.H. Walsh, Icthyology Laboratory, Moss
Landing Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing, CA. Habitat use has been
shown to be an important factor in the bioaccumulation of contaminants
in striped bass. Tis study examines habitat use in striped bass as part of
a larger study investigating maternal transfer of xenobiotics in the San
Francisco Estuary. Signicant levels of PCB, PBDE & pesticides are being
transferred to progeny with severe adverse eects. In addition, mercury,
PCB and other contaminants are found in these striped bass at levels that
can adversely aect human health. As such limits have been placed on their
consumption. Habitat use, residence time and spawning migration over the
life of adult striped bass was studied (n = 162). Striped bass were collected
on the Sacramento River during the spawning runs of 1999, 2001, 2006
& 2007. Additional samples were obtained in 2006 & 2007 from other
areas in the estuary and near shore Pacic Ocean. Otoliths were removed,
processed and aged via otolith microstructure. Subsequently, otoliths were
analyzed for 87Sr/86Sr to determine habitat residence and migration
patterns. Strontium isotopic results indicated 79% of the analyses were in
the freshwater range, 18% were in the estuarine range and 3% were found
to be in the marine range. Te last 2 years before capture was examined
more closely for comparison of habitat use by the maternal parent to
contaminant burden transferred to progeny. Results have been combined
with contaminant and histological analyses to better understand the
bioaccumulation of contaminants and the eects they and habitat use have
on sh populations in the San Francisco Estuary.
RP49 Comparative Ecotoxicology of Pharmaceuticals: A Screening
Approach for Performing Chemical Mode-of-Action Studies in Fish. J.P.
Berninger, B.W. Brooks, Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco,
TX; E.J. Smith, A.B. Boxall, University of York, Central Science Laboratory,
York, United Kingdom. Human pharmaceuticals have been detected in
euent discharges and surface waters, often presenting maximum exposure
to aquatic life in euent-dominated ecosystems. Te majority of existing
sh toxicity information for these substances is derived from standardized
toxicity tests (e.g., 48 hr survival, 7 d growth). Tese studies have been
criticized for poor sensitivity because pharmaceuticals are designed to
have limited acute toxicity and elicit therapeutic eects at much lower
concentrations. For example, sh acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) for select
pharmaceuticals have been reported at orders of magnitude higher values
(e.g., >10,000) than default ACRs used in ecological risk assessments
of industrial chemicals (<20). Such observations provide a motivation
for developing an understanding of comparative ecotoxicology for
therapeutics. Some read across approaches from mammalian pharmacology
and toxicology can provide important information for comparative
ecotoxicological studies, particularly with sh that exhibit high evolutionary
conservation of many toxicological targets. We collected and compared
acute toxicity data from mammalian models (LD50) and aquatic organisms
(LC50) for >200 therapeutics, which revealed no statistically signicant
relationship among these acute responses. We further leveraged mammalian
pharmacological safety information to develop mammalian ACRs (mACR)
from acute toxicity and therapeutic dose (e.g., Cmax) data (mACR =
LD50 Cmax-1) and compared these values with sh ACRs (fACR = LC50
NOEC-1) for select drugs with chronic ecotoxicity responses associated
with mode-of-action (MOA). Relative agreement was observed between
mACR and fACR; for example, 17-ethinylestradiol and propranolol,
which exhibited mACR values of 1,000,000 and 13,200 and fACR values of
300,000 and 50,000, respectively. Our ndings suggest that mACR presents
a potential screening approach to identify pharmaceuticals for intelligent
ecotoxicological testing with sh based on an a priori understanding of
chemical MOA.
RP50 Comparison of Sediment Toxicity Identications on Two
Chemically and Physically Diverse Sediments Using the Amphipod
Ampelisca abdita. W.R. Hovel, C. Osuch, A. Margolis, Weston Solutions,
Inc., Carlsbad, CA. Two sediments, one from a Southern California harbor
and the other from a harbor in Oahu, Hawaii, were shown to cause toxicity
to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita in 10 day solid phase tests. While general
physical and chemical properties of the sediments were known, the causative
agents of toxicity were unclear. Te Southern California Harbor sediment, a
predominantly ne-grained sediment (36.5% silt, 50.8% clay) that was high
in TOC (10.4%), was known to be contaminated with PAHs, metals, and
DDE. Te Oahu sediment, a predominantly ne-grained sediment (39.5%
silt, 38.1% clay) that was relatively low in TOC (1.78%), was known
to be contaminated with metals, PCBs, and organotins. To determine
the causative agent(s) of toxicity in these samples, whole sediment and
interstitial water toxicity identication evaluations (TIEs) were conducted in
accordance with methods described in the USEPA Sediment TIE Guidance
Document. Each test sediment was evaluated using whole sediment
methods including Ulva lactuca, zeolite, cation exchange resin, anion
exchange resin, sulde, Ambersorb, powdered coconut charcoal, piperonyl
butoxide, and carboxyl esterase treatments and interstitial water TIE
methods including aeration, ltration, C18 reverse phase chromatography
extraction, EDTA addition, cation exchange solid phase extraction,
piperonyl butoxide and carboxyl esterase treatments. Statistical analyses
will be conducted to evaluate dierences in survival among treatments
(and associated controls) for each sediment separately. An evaluation of the
similarities and dierences in the results of the whole sediment TIEs (and
parallel interstitial water TIEs) conducted on these two chemically and
physically diverse sediments will also be presented, and the usefulness of this
test organism in sediment TIEs assessed.
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RP51 Chloride toxicity to aquatic invertebrates: Inuence of water
hardness and sulfate concentration. T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, Great Lakes
Environmental Center, Columbus, OH; A. Dickinson, D.J. Soucek,
Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL; L.A. Cruz, C. Delos,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Total dissolved
solids (TDS) are a complex mixture of ions, including chloride and sulfate,
which are potentially toxic to aquatic life. Currently, there are no federal
water quality criteria for TDS for the protection of aquatic life. EPA has
a recommended Clean Water Act 304(a) criterion for chloride, and some
states (e.g., Illinois and Minnesota) have developed aquatic life criteria for
sulfate, but additional toxicity tests with several sensitive freshwater aquatic
invertebrates appear warranted. Te objective of this study was to determine
the acute toxicity of chloride to four invertebrate species: the ngernail clam
(Sphaerium simile), a snail (Gyraulus parvus), the tubicid worm (Tubifex
tubifex), and the water ea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) under varying levels of
water hardness and/or sulfate concentrations. Te experiments included
two sets of chloride toxicity tests (48-h static) with C. dubia: i) for studying
the eect of water hardness on the acute toxicity of chloride to C. dubia
at 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/L as CaCO
3
, at a constant
sulfate concentration of 65 mg/L; and ii) for studying the eect of sulfate
on the acute toxicity of chloride to C. dubia at 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600
mg/L, at a constant total hardness concentration of 300 mg/L as CaCO
3
.
Ninety-six hour static acute tests at two dierent total hardness levels (50
and 200 mg/L as CaCO
3
) were also conducted for the selected freshwater
clam, snail and worm test species. Acute chloride toxicity values for the
four invertebrate species under the various water quality conditions will
be presented and combined with existing data to re-calculate the chloride
criteria.
RP52 Stressor Assessment of an Anthropogenically Acidied
Tropical Lake Using Poecilia reticulata Fingerlings. C.B. Chastinet, S.J.
Cohin-de-Pinho, U. Outeiro, C. Arajo, E.M. da Silva, UFBA, Salvador,
Brazil. Water acidication is an important issue is in aquatic ecology,
regardless its geographic location. In order to assess an acidication episode
of an anthropogenically acidied small tropical lake (Dunas Lake, Camaari,
Ba, Brazil), we have employed guppy (Poecilia reticulata) ngerlings, 15 to
21 d old, as a test organism, in a series of acute toxicity tests. Te main aim
was to evaluate the pH role in the toxicity of the acidied lake and to assess
the dierences in toxicity under a pH range and also to determine possible
eects of the pH on the metals bioavailability, using laboratory tests under
controlled conditions. Four treatments were assayed: (i) unmodied pond
water from the Dunas Lake (PW); (ii) control water (dechlorinated tapwater
in which sh were cultivated) (CW); (iii) acidied control water using a
pH range, with similar values to the control, down to similar values to the
lake water (AC) and (iv) modied lake water using a pH range, with similar
values to the lake water, up to similar values to the control water (CPW).
A pH range from 3.5 to 6 was assayed throughout the treatments. A 96h-
LT50 index for all tests were calculated using probit analysis and results were
statistically compared using P 0.05 as signicance level with a Tukey post
hoc test. Toxicity results from the control water, AC and CPW higher than
5.5 were not included in the analysis as no sh mortality was registered.
ANOVA results showed signicant dierences between treatments, however,
the toxicity values from the Dunas Lake modied water did not present any
statistical dierences when compared to the results obtained with natural
acidied water or with the results from unmodied water from the acidic
lake. Te results indicate that pH seems to be the most signicant stressor in
the Dunas Lake and the inuence of associated metals play a minor role on
the water toxicity.
RP53 A Comparison of Sediment Toxicity Under Both Freshwater
and Marine Conditions. D.W. Moore, W. Rose-Hovel, Weston Solutions,
Inc., Carlsbad, CA; J. Steevens, D. Farrar, USACE-ERDC, Vicksburg,
MS. In this unique evaluation, sediments slated for dredging as part of a
construction project were evaluated for a variety of potential placement
options. Because of the proximity of both a freshwater (riverine) disposal
site and an estuarine area where the material could potentially be
benecially used for wetland creation, materials were evaluated under both
conditions. Tests for freshwater placement used the amphipod Hyalella
azteca while marine/estuarine tests used the amphipod Leptocheirus
plumulosus. Estuarine tests were conducted at a salinity of 20 ppt. Ambient
porewater salinities of the materials being evaluated ranged from freshwater
(<1ppt) up to a salinity of around 25ppt. All materials were acclimated
to test conditions prior to test initiation, allowing sediment porewater
to equilibrate with the overlying water and to ameliorate production
of ammonia. Of 17 samples evaluated, six indicated toxicity relative to
reference in estuarine tests with L. plumulosus while only two showed
toxicity in freshwater tests with H. azteca. Only one sample showed toxicity
under both conditions. Samples showing toxicity had elevated levels of
metals and organics (pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs). Presentation will include
discussion of likely factors contributing to dierences in the test results and
considerations for conducting and interpreting similar evaluations in the
future.
RP54 Acute toxicity of three commercial reactive dyes before and
after vinylization in the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). A.
Pinheiro, L.F. Tallarico, S.I. Borrely, Centro de Tecnologia das Radiaes,
Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares IPEN/USP, So Paulo, Brazil;
A. Pinheiro, L.F. Tallarico, E. Nakano, Departamento de Malacologia/
Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, So Paulo, Brazil. Synthetic dyes represent
an important group of xenobiotic chemicals. Of textile dyes, approximately
10-15 % of world production is lost to the environment during the
synthesis, processing and application. Te presence in aqueous ecosystems
may cause negative impacts deteriorating the water quality. Furthermore,
these dyes and/or their degradation products may be toxic and mutagenic to
ora and fauna. A steady increase in reactive dyes use, highly water soluble
and recalcitrant, has been observed in the world. Remazol dyes are reactive
dyes possessing vinyl sulphone as reactive group. In presence of alkali, these
dyes chemically react with the hydroxyl group of cellulose and form covalent
bonds. Te pulmonate freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata is widely
distributed geographically in Brazil and has low dispersion. Tese snails are
easily cultivated in laboratory and have been used in dierent studies to
assess acute and chronic toxicity, germ cell mutagenicity using the dominant
lethal test and DNA damage through the comet assay. Te organisms were
exposed to Remazol Black B 133% (C.I. 20505), Remazol Orange 3R (C.I.
17757) and Remazol Red RB 133% (C.I. 18221) in a parent and after
vinylization form for a 24-h exposure period. Four concentrations of each
dye were tested (100 mg L
-1
; 1 g L
-1
; 2 g L
-1
and 5 g L
-1
). Filtered water was
used as negative control and potassium dichromate as positive control (LC
50

= 81.23 mg L
-1
). Acute median lethal concentrations LC
50
were calculated
using Spearman-Karber test. After vinylization Remazol Black B presented
signicant lower LC
50
values than the parent form dye (LC
50
= 534.17 mg
L
-1
and LC
50
> 5 g L
-1
). Te LC
50
values to Remazol Red 198 were similar
in the both forms (LC
50
= 2.9 g L
-1
and LC
50
= 2.64 g L
-1
) and the Remazol
Orange 3R values were higher than 5 g L
-1
in both forms. Te results
showed the low toxicity of dyes in the both forms to Biomphalaria glabrata.
RP55 Organismal- and community-level impacts of stressors on
Caribbean coral reef sponges. D. Gochfeld, National Center for Natural
Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS; D. Gochfeld,
C.G. Easson, Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of
Mississippi, University, MS; J.B. Olson, Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; R.W. Tacker, Department of
Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; C.M.
Schlder, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, PANAMA.
Coral reef ecosystems thrive in oligotrophic tropical waters, however
runo of fertilizers or sewage that contain elevated levels of nutrients can
lead to potentially stressful eutrophic conditions. Marine sponges often
dominate coral reef communities in these high nutrient habitats, and it is
presumed that they are tolerant of nutrient loading. In surveys of sponge
communities on reefs in Bocas del Toro, Panama, we found dierences
in sponge diversity and community composition at sites that vary in
their levels of anthropogenic impacts. Notably, the sponges Aplysina
cauliformis and A. fulva, which dominate most reefs in this region, were
rare on the reef adjacent to the village of Saigon. A preliminary survey of
likely contaminants indicated that fecal coliform and PAH concentrations
in the water at this and two other sites were not signicantly dierent.
Nutrient enrichment occurs on the reef at Saigon, but Punta Caracol
also experiences elevated nutrient levels, presumably due to a nearby
stream outow. A laboratory experiment assessed the impact of nutrient
enrichment on uorescent yield of A. cauliformis and its association with
symbiotic cyanobacteria. Fluorescent yield declined signicantly over time
and this decline was greater for sponges exposed to higher concentrations
of nutrients. Since condition of the cyanobacterial symbionts is essential
to the growth and survival of these sponges, any factor that negatively
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impacts their function will aect sponge health. Indeed, at very high levels
of nutrient enrichment, all sponges died. Aplysina cauliformis is susceptible
to Aplysina Red Band Syndrome, and the impact of nutrient enrichment
on disease virulence is being assessed. Although nutrient enrichment alone
does not explain observed dierences in sponge community structure at
these sites in Panama, the impact of nutrient enrichment in concert with
other environmental stressors, either natural or anthropogenic, appears to be
important.
RP56 Cnidarian colony growth and feeding behavior under chronic
and pulse exposures to hydrophobic organic chemicals. J. Martinez,
M. Grohmann, M. Nipper, Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M
University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX. Te decline of coral reefs
as a result of cumulative natural and anthropogenic stressors can be noticed
worldwide. Te contribution of chemical contaminants, and particularly
hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), to the decline of coral reefs is
poorly understood. Several factors in the life cycle of corals, including
diculty of laboratory maintenance and slow growth rate, deem them
as less than ideal organisms for use in toxicity tests. Terefore, the sessile
phase of another Cnidarian class, the Hydrozoa, is suggested as a surrogate
for corals in a variety of laboratory toxicity tests. In the current project we
analyze the eects of the HOCs phenanthrene and pyrene on colony growth
and feeding behavior of the marine hydroid, Hydractinia echinata, which is
considered as a model species for research with cnidarians. Static exposures
of H. echinata colonies to phenanthrene in a range-nding test impaired
colony growth at concentrations of 0.6 mg/L and above. However, the
eects of HOCs may be underestimated in static toxicity tests due to their
low solubility, which may prevent critical body residues from being reached
at lower toxicant concentrations. Te use of a passive sampler comprised of
a thin lm of polyethylene loaded with HOCs has been shown to act as a
steady source of these chemicals in toxicity test chambers, thus preventing
toxicant molecules from being exhausted before critical body residues are
achieved. Te current study compares the eects of the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons phenanthrene and pyrene in 24-h static-renewal exposures
and chronic exposures using a passive sampler. Te 24-h renewal provides a
pulse exposure system, whereas the passive sampler provides a steady supply
of the chemicals to the test chambers. Data from this ongoing study will be
presented and discussed.
RP57 Microbiological pollution in the Akumal coastal zone,
Quintana Roo State, Mexico. G. Barrera Escorcia, P. Ramirez Romero,
X. Guzman Garcia, Hidrobiologia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana,
Mexico City, Mexico. Due to the importance of faecal bacteria as indicators
of water quality in costal tourist zones, most probable number was evaluated
in Akumal Bay. A bimonthly analysis of coliform bacteria concentration was
carried out in water and sediment. Two analysis techniques were applied,
the multiple tubes traditional technique and the SimPlate Kit. Te results
do not indicate statistical dierences between the techniques used in water
and sediment; however inadequate sanitary quality was detected only with
the multiple tubes technique. Te area analyzed presented fecal coliform
contamination in the Yalku lagoon in October and December approaching
the tourist season at the end of the year. Higher bacteria concentrations
were present in locations with low salinity and dissolved oxygen. SimPlate
Kit results did not show tendencies in time and had no correlation with
water physicochemical parameters. Both techniques showed an increase
in sediment concentrations at the end of the year but in dierent sites.
Te long term inuence of these bacteria can be important due to the
continuous introduction of residual non-treated water in coastal zones and
places where sensitive communities, like reefs are present. Bacteria have
demonstrated ability to modify the biocenosis of the benthic communities
with denitive eects. Te multiple tubes technique is recommended to
assess water sanitary quality in coastal zones.
RP58 Conservation of a brain injury biomarker: Demonstration of
a human biomarker assay for hydropower operation risk management
of migrating juvenile salmon. A. Miracle, Environmental Sustainability
Division, Pacic Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA; N.
Denslow, K. Kroll, Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for
Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL; M. Liu, K. Wang, Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers
Inc, Alachua, FL; K. Wang, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers
Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Recent advances in biomedical research have
resulted in the development of specic biomarkers for diagnostic testing
of disease condition or physiological risk. Of specic interest are the
breakdown products of alpha II spectrin, which are produced by proteolytic
events in traumatic brain injury and which have been used as biomarkers
to predict the severity of the injury in humans and other mammals.
Tis study describes the use of these biomarkers to detect head injury in
migrating juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that have
been subjected to passage through high-energy hydraulic environments
present in structures such as spillway stilling basins, spillway deectors, and
hydropower turbines. Mortality and injury assessment techniques currently
measure only near-term direct mortality and easily observable acute injury.
Injury-based biomarkers may serve as a quantitative indicator of subacute
physical injury and recovery. We describe the successful application of this
biomarker in a eld study, which is the rst documented use of a novel,
mammalian-based molecular biomarker in a wildlife and operational risk
management scenario.
RP59 Using GIS to Evaluate Health Risks for Contaminated Water
Diving in the U.S. Waterways. D.R. Johnson, Environmental Laboratory,
U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS;
K. Stanley, Department of Geography, Te Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA; S.R. Fox, R.A. Benoit, Oce of Dive Safety,
Emergency Management Oce, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland
District, Portland, OR. Professional divers provide a critical role in many
underwater tasks, such as ship and dock repair, as well as search and rescue
eorts. Many times divers must enter busy waterways that have high levels
of contaminants from historic or current industries, as well as accidental
spills. Unfortunately, divers are given limited resources to evaluate waterway
contamination and the potential impacts on their health. Tus, the creation
of an easy-to-use database with historic water and sediment chemical
characterization will help divers make more informed decisions regarding
pre- and post-dive health and safety measures (i.e., proper wetsuit usage
and health monitoring). We propose the use of a Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) within an ArcGIS environment that will allow divers to
access historic water and sediment contaminant data. Te proposed tool will
present users with a number of dierent querying options, such as searching
data on particular locations, presence/absence of a particular chemical or
class of chemicals, and a list of all chemicals found within a certain radius of
a dive site. Te results from these queries will include data such as chemical
names, concentrations, and sampling date. Te chemical concentrations
in the sediments will then be compared to the known toxicological eect
values for particular chemicals, as provided in EPA and CDC databases.
Based on the results of this comparison, the diver will be given an indicator
symbolizing the level of caution that needs to be taken at the particular site.
Finally, the diver will also have the option to nd out more information
about a particular chemical, such as acute or long term exposure risks and
chemical sources. Data from the 1997 dredging of the lower Willamette
River, Portland, OR, will be used to demonstrate the GIS application.
While this particular project is limited to Portland Harbor, the ultimate goal
is to expand this tool to include all major waterways in the United States.
Tis conceptual model, paired with a future in situ chemistry component,
will better assist professional divers in making informed health and safety
decisions when working in contaminated waterways.
RP60 Hepatic nucleotide excision repair is altered by estrogen:
implications in tumorigenesis and altered species diversity. E. Notch,
G. Mayer, Biochemistry, Microbiology & Molecular Biology Department,
University of Maine, Orono, ME; G. Mayer, Institute for Environmental
& Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Estrogens are
implicated in the etiology of a wide range of human cancers, including
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In recent years it has also become evident
that environmental estrogens have deleterious eects on exposed fauna.
Adult zebrash exposed to the strong estrogen receptor agonist, 17 -
ethinylestradiol (EE2), exhibit decreased hepatic nucleotide excision repair
(NER) mRNA abundance. NER is germane to health of aquatic organisms
as many environmental mutagens cause DNA adducts that are preferentially
repaired by NER. NER is exceedingly pertinent in HCC etiology because
this coordinated process repairs DNA lesions such as those caused by
aatoxin B1, the foremost epidemiological cause of HCC worldwide.
Decreased NER expression in response to EE2 is more prevalent in male
zebrash, which parallels the incidence of HCC in the human population.
Additionally, liver derived zebrash cell lines treated with estrogens are
314 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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hindered in their ability to repair bulky DNA adducts. Tese data suggest
that estrogen can act as a co-carcinogen with bulky adduct forming
mutagens by hindering a cells ability to deal with DNA damage. Tis is
relevant to the etiology of human cancers and is a valid concern with regard
to genomic instability in aquatic organisms.
RP61 Expression of Mitochondrial Cytochrome P450s in Response
to PAHs in the Killish (Fundulus heteroclitus). D. Jung, A. Bernal, R.T.
Di Giulio, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham,
NC. Increasing evidence suggests that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are localized to the mitochondria.
Because the toxic eects of many PAHs are the result of bioactivation
by cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), it is important to investigate the
function of these metabolic enzymes within the mitochondria. Studies in
mammalian systems have shown that CYP proteins identiable by anti-
CYP1A1 antibody are localized into the inner membrane of mitochondria
after -naphthoavone or TCDD treatment. Although several forms
of mitochondrial P450s exist in teleost mitochondria, the existence of
xenobiotic metabolizing P450s have not yet been conrmed. In this study,
we identied mitochondrial P450s with an antibody against CYP1A
in the isolated mitochondrial fraction from adult male killish livers.
Preliminary results show that the size of the protein in the mitochondria is
the same as cytosolic CYP1A. To investigate PAH-mediated induction of
CYP1A, killish embryos were dosed with 10 ppb BaP and 1 ppb benzo[k]
uoranthene, two known inducers of CYP1A. Mitochondrial and cytosolic
fractions were isolated from various time points, CYP1A expression as well
as enzyme activity were then quantied in both fractions. Additionally,
CYP1A levels in the mitochondria of killish embryos from a PAH-polluted
site were compared to reference site embryos. Tis research was supported
by the NIEHS-supported Duke University Superfund Basic Research
Center (P42 ES10356), Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health
Program (T32 ES07031).
RP62 Crosstalk between the AhR and hypoxia pathways in a
topminnow cell line occurs with BaP but not PCB126 and is partially
mediated by ARNT. C.R. Fleming, S. Billiard, D.E. Hinton, R.T. Di
Giulio, Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program,
Duke University, Durham, NC. We have shown previously that hypoxia
exacerbates the embryotoxic eects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in killish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and zebrash (Danio rerio). It
has been proposed that the mechanism underlying the interactions between
hypoxia and PAHs is competition for a dimerization partner (ARNT)
shared by the hypoxia and AhR pathways. Studies addressing AhR/hypoxia
crosstalk in mammalian cell lines have produced contradictory results
regarding whether reciprocal crosstalk occurs between these pathways and
the role of ARNT in this interaction. Using a topminnow (Poeciliopsis
lucida) hepatocarcinoma cell line (PLHC-1), we assessed hypoxia-AhR
crosstalk in sh. PLHC-1 cells were transfected with an HRE-driven
hypoxia reporter vector or an XRE-driven AhR reporter vector then treated
with normoxia (21% oxygen) or hypoxia (1% oxygen) and benzo[a]pyrene
(BaP), PCB126 or benzo[k]uoranthene (BkF). Induction of the AhR
reporter by both BaP and PCB126 was inhibited by hypoxia. PCB126
failed to inhibit activity of the hypoxia reporter, however, indicating a
lack of reciprocal crosstalk. Activity of the hypoxia reporter was inhibited
by BaP, indicating a potential dierence between dioxin-like compounds
and PAH AhR agonists regarding AhR-hypoxia crosstalk. To test this, cells
were treated with BkF which did not inhibit hypoxia reporter activity.
Te role of ARNT in the BaP-hypoxia interactions was then examined.
Cells were transfected with the reporter vectors and an ARNT expression
vector. Overexpression of ARNT eliminated the eect of hypoxia on AhR
reporter activity, suggesting that this eect may be mediated by competition
between AhR and HIF-1 for ARNT. However, overexpression of ARNT
did not impact the eects of BaP on hypoxia reporter vector activity.
Tis, in conjunction with the failure of PCB126 to elicit an eect on the
hypoxia reporter vector, suggests that the eect of BaP on HIF-1 activity
is not mediated by AhR and may be specic to PAHs or to BaP. Funded by
NIEHS Duke Superfund Basic Research Center (P42 ES10356), NIEHS-
supported Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (T32
ES07031), and EPA STAR Fellowship to C.Fleming.
RP63 Passive samplers as sources of hydrophobic organic chemicals
in sediment toxicity tests. M. Nipper, Center for Coastal Studies, Texas
A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX; R. Carr, J.M.
Biedenbach, CERC, MERS, USGS, Corpus Christi, TX; J. MacFarlane,
P. Gschwend, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Hydrophobic
organic chemicals (HOCs) in marine environments accumulate in the
sediment. Sediments and pore water act as a dynamic system, where the
sediment is a constant source of HOCs to the surrounding environment
and associated biota. Pore water toxicity tests performed in the laboratory
lack the natural source of HOCs represented by the sediment in the natural
environment. It is hypothesized that porewater toxicity tests underestimate
the toxicity of HOCs because the low mass of dissolved contaminants
prevents critical body residues from being reached. A passive sampler
comprised of a thin lm of polyethylene (PE) was used as sediment
surrogate in laboratory toxicity tests to test this hypothesis. PE was exposed
to sediments from oil production areas on the Texas coast, transferred
to uncontaminated ltered seawater and to pore water from the same
sediments, allowed 24 hours to reach equilibrium, and used in toxicity
tests. Toxic eects to sea urchin fertilization success and embryological
development were assessed using the seawater and porewater samples with
PE, as well as with pore water from the same sediments in the absence of
the passive sampler. A previous study with sediments from Boston Harbor
indicated discriminatory toxicity from HOCs or other categories of
contaminants in the presence or absence of passive samplers, respectively.
Data from the ongoing study will be presented and discussed.
RP64 Eect of the CYP1A inhibitor uoranthene on the
biotransformation of benzo[a]pyrene in two populations of Fundulus
heteroclitus with dierent exposure histories. L.P. Battle, R.T. Di
Giulio, Duke University, Durham, NC; S. Zhu, K.L. Willett, University
of Mississippi, Oxford, MS. Creosote-contaminated sediment from
a Superfund site on the Elizabeth River (ER), in Portsmouth, VA is
teratogenic to Fundulus heteroclitus (killish) from reference sites. However,
killish from the site are resistant to this teratogencity. Mechanisms
underlying the resistance are not well understood; however, ER killish
are refractory to induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) mRNA,
protein and activity. Fluoranthene (FL), a CYP1A inhibitor, and benzo[a]
pyrene (BaP), an agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), are
dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the site, and co-
exposure causes synergistic embryotoxicity in reference site embryos. Te
purpose of this work is to determine how co-exposure to uoranthene
and subsequent CYP1A inhibition aects the metabolism of BaP and
ultimately, teratogenicity in killish. We also examined how the ER resistant
phenotype aects biotransformation of BaP and teratogenicity with and
without FL, compared to the reference site (Kings Creek, VA; KC).
Embryos were dosed 24 hours post fertilizaion (hpf ) with 0 - 400 g/L
BaP with or without 500 g/L FL. After exposure embryos were analyzed
for induction of CYP1A enzymatic activity, cardiac deformities, and BaP
metabolic prole. KC embryos showed signicant induction of CYP1A
activity at all BaP concentrations examined. Co-exposure to 500 g/L FL
signicantly decreased CYP1A activity and increased cardiac deformities.
ER embryos showed no change in CYP1A activity or cardiac deformities
for any treatment. Greater concentrations of BaP and BaP 9,10-dihydrodiol
were recovered from ER embryos compared to those from KC. Co-exposure
with FL did not signicantly alter the amount of BaP or of the metabolites
recovered in either population. We conrm that co-exposure to BaP and FL
causes synergistic teratogencity in KC, but not in ER killish. Te chemical
CYP1A inhibitor FL did not appear to cause the same alterations in
metabolism that occurred in the ER killish, indicating that the metabolic
adaptation cannot be explained simply by the refractory CYP1 phenotype.
Duke University SBRP (P42- ES-10356), and ITEHP (T32- ES-007031).
RP65 Characterization of Cytochrome P450 Activities in the
Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. M. Leung, H.M. Stapleton, J.N.
Meyer, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham,
NC; W.A. Boyd, J.R. Rice, J.H. Freedman, Laboratory of Molecular
Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research
Triangle Park, NC; A. Bunger, R.L. Walsky, Pzer Global Research and
Development, Groton, CT. Te nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an
important animal model in many elds, increasingly including toxicology.
C. elegans oers unique advantages over conventional mammalian and
environmental models, including the ease of maintenance, short life cycle,
genetic manipulability, well-developed bioinformatics, and high-throughput
capability, thereby providing a useful model for mechanistic studies in
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pharmacology and toxicology. A major concern about using C. elegans
as a model in toxicology, however, is the lack of understanding about its
xenobiotic metabolism. Tere have been a number of studies comparing
the gene sequences of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to C.
elegans homologs and investigating the CYP gene expressions in response to
dierent toxicants. None of the previous studies, however, has described the
pharmacological properties of xenobiotic enzymes in C. elegans. Te current
study aims to characterize CYP activities using two dierent approaches:
(1) identifying by use of DNA-repair mutant strains known environmental
mutagens that can be metabolically activated and cause DNA damage
in C. elegans; and (2) characterizing the catalytic activities of C. elegans
microsomes using standard CYP substrates. In the pilot study, aatoxin B1
exposure signicantly inhibited (P < 0.05) the growth and reproduction
of C. elegans, and had a greater eect on repair-decient than repair-
procient strains. Benzo[a]pyrene was no more toxic to repair-decient than
repair-procient animals, however. Tese results suggest that C. elegans
metabolizes aatoxin B1, but not benzo[a]pyrene, to DNA-reactive forms.
We are currently testing this possibility via microsomal incubations. While
C. elegans and rainbow trout microsome had comparable cytochrome C
reductase activity (25.2 and 24.5 nmol min -1 mg -1, respectively), C.
elegans microsome showed no 7-ethoxyresorun-O-deethylase (EROD)
activity at a detection limit of 2 pmol min -1 mg -1. Further experiments
are being carried out to identify the metabolic activation of other
environmental mutagens as well as the presence of any higher eukaryote
CYP-like activities in C. elegans.
RP66 Eects of Benzo-a-pyrene in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax):
accumulation, biomarkers and oxidative damage in muscle and brain. J.
Almeida, C. Gravato, L. Guilhermino, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, CIIMAR/
CIMAR-LA, CIIMAR, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Recent
studies showed that growth and swimming velocity were signicantly
inhibited in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed to benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP). Exposed sh showed a failure in detoxication processes leading
to oxidative stress. Te main goal of this research study was to investigate
if BaP is accumulated in the brain and muscle of sea bass when liver
detoxication is impaired. Tus, juveniles of sea bass were exposed during
28 days to 1-16 g/L BaP. Te biomarkers used were: a neurotransmission
enzyme (acetylcholinesterase - AChE), an antioxidant enzyme (catalase -
CAT), a conjugation enzime GST (glutathione-S-transferase - GST), and
aerobic and anaerobic metabolism enzymes (lactate desidrogenase - LDH
- and isocitrate desidrogenase - IDH). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the
accumulation of BaP-type metabolites were also determined in both tissues.
Results showed that the accumulation of BaP-type metabolites in sh
muscle and consequent increase in detoxication enzymes and inhibition
of AChE was dose-dependent. Oxidative damage was only observed in sh
brain due to detoxication failure, but accumulation of BaP metabolites was
not signicantly increased. Tis work showed that behavioural alterations in
sh exposed to BaP is associated with accumulation of BaP metabolites in
muscle and inhibition of AChE.
RP67 Using Rice Fields to Mitigate Diazinon Runo Toxicity.
R.E. Lizotte, M.T. Moore, Water Quality and Ecology, USDA-ARS NSL,
Oxford, MS; R. Krger, Biology, Te University of Mississippi, University,
MS. Wetland vegetation has been shown to be an important component
in trapping contaminants and improving water quality. Agricultural rice
(Oryza sativa L.) elds, having many of the same components as wetlands,
could potentially be used for mitigating agricultural runo, improving water
quality and reducing ecological impacts on receiving waters. Tis study
attempted to ascertain the viability of using planted, mature rice elds in
mitigating diazinon (an organophosphate insecticide) runo toxicity. Eects
(survival) were assessed using aqueous 48 h Hyalella azteca whole euent
toxicity bioassays. Te rst eld was 63 m long x 32 m wide, while the
second eld was 28 m long x 52 m wide. Also included in the study was an
unvegetated eld (control), 63 m long x 32 m wide. All elds were amended
with 0.478 kg (nominal) a.i. diazinon. Aqueous samples were collected at
inow and outow points within each eld 2.5 h after amendment began,
coinciding with the hydraulic retention time of the elds. Aqueous diazinon
concentrations were greatest at the inow (304.9-702.5 micrograms/L)
and lowest at the outow (0.623-278.9 micrograms/L). Rice elds
decreased diazinon concentrations 80.1-99.9% compared with 10.8% in
the unvegetated eld. H. azteca survival responses coincided with observed
diazinon concentrations. Estimated LC50 eects dilutions (%) ranged from
1.15-1.47 for inow samples and 1.66 (unvegetated), 6.44 (rst rice eld)
and >100 (second rice eld) outow samples. Decreases in inow versus
outow aqueous toxicity were 77.1-100% in rice elds compared with
18.7% in the unvegetated eld. Results from this study support the use of
rice elds in mitigating diazinon runo toxicity to non-target aquatic biota.
RP68 NMR and MS analysis of hemolymph from pollutant exposed
Daphnia magna. J. Hicks, K. Colson, Bruker-BioSpin, Billerica, MA; H.
Poynton, S. Woo, C. Clark, L. Scanlan, C. Vulpe, UC Berkeley, Berkeley,
CA; N. Taylor, M. Viant, Te University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
United Kingdom. As an indicator organism, the response by Daphnia
magna to toxicants in the environment is typically monitored by acute or
chronic lethality assays. Identifying metabolite and secondary metabolite
prole changes in the presence of toxic stressors provides a method of
systematically monitoring the biological response without using such
insensitive endpoints as lethality where the exposure levels often do not
represent environmentally relevant levels of toxicants. Previously it was
demonstrated that NMR can be used as a tool to distinguish exposure to
dierent metal toxicants and subsequent principal component analysis
(PCA) was able to target several chemical shifts which display intensity
alterations corresponding to changes in the metabolic prole. Here we
report on improved NMR techniques that provide a faster method of
acquiring data and provide new evidence into metabolite identication. In
a related cadmium-exposure study, direct infusion Fourier transform ion
cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry was used to prole the
polar metabolome of D. magna hemolymph. Following extensive processing
of the mass spectra, PCA was conducted on generalized log transformed
peak intensities and revealed clustering of the control and Cd-exposed
organisms. Tis result is consistent with the NMR spectral analysis and a
combined metabolite prole analysis is demonstrated.
RP69 Performance of a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment
system for benecial reuse of oil eld produced water. J. Horner, P.
Pham, J.W. Castle, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth
Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC; J.H. Rodgers, Department
of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC; C.
Murray-Gulde, J.E. Myers, Chevron, Houston, TX. Constructed wetland
treatment systems (CWTS) can be used to treat oil-produced water to
improve water quality and provide opportunities for benecial reuse. Two
subsurface vertical ow series (SSF) with Phragmites australis and a single
free water surface (FWS) series with Typha latifolia were designed and
constructed (four microcosms per series) to target treatment pathways that
decrease specic constituents of concern in simulated produced water.
Treatment systems were operated with 24h hydraulic retention times.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), ve-day biological oxygen demand
(BOD
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), oil and grease concentration, and selected metals were measured
and 7-day static-renewal bioassays with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales
promelas were conducted for pre- and post-treatment water. Inow
concentrations of total Mn, Ni, and Zn were 0.140, 0.313, and 4.74 mg/L,
respectively. Subsurface ow CWTS achieved removal of 99% Mn, 65%
Ni, and 82% Zn. Free-water surface CWTS achieved removal of 92% Mn,
42% Ni, 46% Zn. COD was decreased from a mean inow concentration
of 15.7 mg/L to a mean outow concentration of 2.75 mg/L for SSF series.
COD was not signicantly decreased in the FWS wetland series. BOD
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<10 mg/L and varied between wetland microcosms in both FWS and SSF
wetland series. Oil and grease concentration was decreased from a mean of
12.6 mg/L to below the method detection limit (5.6 mg/L) after the rst
wetland microcosm in both SSF series and after the second microcosm in
the FWS wetland series. Prior to treatment, statistically signicant(ANOVA)
mortality was observed for C. dubia and P. promelas exposed for 7 days to
1.56% and 12.5% dilutions of untreated water, respectively. Following
treatment in SSF wetland series, no signicant mortality was observed in C.
dubia at 12.5% treated water and P. promelas at 25% treated water. Tese
data indicate that pilot-scale SSF and FWS wetland treatment systems can
decrease oil and grease and selected metals from simulated produced water,
and that treatment increased survival of C. dubia and P. promelas. However,
SSF wetland series performed better for oil and grease and selected metals,
increased C. dubia and P. promelas survival at lower dilution levels, and
successfully decreased COD.
RP70 Designing a Wetland for Urban Water Quality: Leave it to the
Beavers. B. Cobb, C. Cobb, J. Johnson, L. Sharpe, T. Byl, Engineering,
Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; J. Stewart-Wright, Research
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& Sponsored Programs, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN; P.
Armstrong, Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville,
TN; T. Byl, Water Science Center, USGS, Nashville, TN. In 1999,
beavers (Castor canadensis) colonized a small stream on Tennessee State
Universitys property in Nashville, Tennessee, resulting in a 40-acre
wetland. A 2 year study has found that the wetland attenuates storm runo
and sewage discharge. Te objective of this study was to characterize the
hydrological, physical and biological features of this natural wetland and
use that information to design a constructed wetland. Te hydrology is a
combination of surface and ground water. Two springs 1 kilometer upstream
provide ~120,000 to 480,000 gallons per day to the wetland. Heavy storms
can carry up to an extra 8 million gallons from a 2-sq mile urban basin.
Prior to beavers settling in, the spring stream was a gaining stream. Te
beaver dams have raised the surface-water level, and now surface water
percolates into the shallow groundwater aquifer. Te wetland is bisected by
an abandoned road with a culvert that controls water ow from the upper
to the lower wetland. Beaver modications restrict ow through the culvert,
allowing 80% of the base-ow to move as open channel ow. During storm
events, water input into the system exceeds the transmittance capacity
of the modied culvert and water is diverted through 15 acres of cattails
and into an open pond-area in the lower wetlands. Diverting excess water
through cattails and into ponded storage areas increases residence time of
the storm-water. Increasing residence time by days provides critical time
for reducing NPS pollution in the storm runo. For example, 99% of the
suspended debris and sediments are removed as the water is forced through
the thick stand of cattails. Also, 60-99% of the nutrients are removed by
the vegetation, which includes cattails (Typha spp.), duckweed (Lemna),
smartweed (Polygonum), reeds (Juncus), sedges (Carex), other herbaceous
plants and micro-organisms. Te constructed wetland design, inspired by
the beavers, incorporates multiple cells with special weirs, stands of thick
vegetation and open-water storage areas. It is a low maintenance design and
can be scaled to t a site. Implementing this design correctly will mitigate
urban storm-water runo problems and provide habitat for a diverse wildlife
population.
RP71 Determination of Australia and New Zealand (ANZECC)
Water Quality Standards for Marine and Freshwater Systems. A.
Samel, Environmental Sciences, DuPont Haskell Global Centers for
Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE; J.W. Green, Applied
Statistics, DuPont, Wilmington, DE; J.J. Dulka, Ecotoxicology, DuPont
Crop Protection, Newark, DE. Te methodology for setting water quality
standards for aquatic systems in Australia and New Zealand is described in
the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council
(ANZECC; 2000) guidelines. Typically, water quality standards are based
on data from single-species toxicity tests on a range of species. A statistical
distribution (species sensitivity distribution, SSD) approach that requires
an extensive dataset may be used to derive the water quality standard.
Te SSD approach is a way to lower the assessment factor assigned to
the water quality standard. Larger assessment factors are used when the
dataset available is too small to be amenable to the SSD approach. Te
ANZECC guidelines recommend the use of the Burr distribution to
construct SSDs, although other models should be considered. In addition
to the SSD approach, other factors should be considered before setting
the nal water quality standard. Factors that can be considered in a higher
tier assessment include recovery of a species or taxa, duration of exposure,
and consideration of relevancy of laboratory study results relative to eld
conditions. Te ANZECC guidelines encourage the use of data generated
according to internationally accepted test guidelines. For crop protection
products (CPPs), data is generated using regulatory test methods (e.g.,
OECD, US EPA, and EU) and under Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). A
case study for diuron, a phenylurea herbicide, is presented to demonstrate
how the data provided in a CPP registration data package can be used to
establish water quality standards following the ANZECC guidelines.
RP72 Comparative responses of seven algal species to exposures of
a copper-based algaecide. W.M. Bishop, B.M. Johnson, J.H. Rodgers,
Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
Maximizing the margin of safety for non-target species is important when
applying pesticides in aquatic systems. Determining the sensitivity of
the algae (target species) to algaecide exposures provides valuable data to
minimize non-target species risks. Te objective of this research was to
compare the sensitivities of seven algal species (Ankistrodesmus falcatus,
Haematococcus pluvialis, Pandorina charkowiensis, Eudorina elegans,
Nostoc punctiforme, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Desmidium sp.) to
exposures of the weakly chelated, copper-based algaecide, Algimycin-PWF.
Algae were exposed to a range of copper concentrations as Algimycin-PWF
in 96-h toxicity experiments. Algaecide ecacy was discerned through
two response parameters: chlorophyll-a concentrations and cell densities.
Chlorophyll-a measurements were used to estimate EC90 values (eective
concentration for 90% decrease in chlorophyll-a compared to untreated
controls) for each species. Te EC90 values, in mg Cu/L, were 0.12 for A.
falcatus, 0.18 for H. pluvialis, 0.20 for P. charkowiensis, 0.62 for E. elegans,
0.63 for N. punctiforme, 0.72 for M. aeruginosa, and 0.73 for Desmidium
sp. In terms of relative sensitivities to Algimycin-PWF exposures, the
planktonic green algae were sensitive species followed by the colonial green
algae, blue-green algae, and the lamentous green alga. Tese seven species
responded to a fraction of the maximum label rate that could potentially be
applied. Algal species sensitive to algaecide exposures require less algaecide
for ecacious management, maximizing the margin of safety for non-target
species such as sh and invertabrates.
RP73 Optimizing Algal Toxicity Study Design to Improve
Regulatory Acceptance. S.E. Leva, T.L. Sloman, Environmental Sciences,
DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences,
Newark, DE. OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals are periodically
reviewed and updated in the light of scientic progress. Guideline 201,
Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacterium, Growth Inhibition Test was updated
and nalized in March, 2006, to include additional alga species and validity
criteria. Two new validity criteria for green algae were added to the guideline
as a result of this update: control coecient of variation (CV) for section by
section (i.e., daily) specic growth rates must not exceed 35% and control
coecient of variation of average specic growth rates must not exceed
7%. Analysis of historical data on studies done at multiple environmental
laboratories indicated the failure rate across all algal species was between
20 to 30%. Tis poster presents results of studies designed to determine
which factors contribute to the growth rate variability over 72-hours with
the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata since many environmental
testing guidelines recommend a green algae species (OECD, ISO, USEPA).
Coecients of variation for both growth rate validity criteria were calculated
from tests using various conditions to determine the optimal conditions
needed to achieve the validity criteria. Decreasing parent inoculum density
during culture renewal and decreasing parent culture age on test initiation
day resulted in a dramatic reduction in coecient of variation for both
growth rate validity criteria. Using 4-day old parent cultures in log growth,
resulted in decreasing the failure rate for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
studies from >20% to <1%. However, more work is needed to determine if
growth rate data from other species of algae using OECD 201 criteria can
be met, as the common species used (cyanobacteria, diatoms) are known to
have inconsistent growth, particularly over 72 hours.
RP74 Comparative Toxicity of the Original Formulation of
Roundup

Herbicide to Tree Anuran Species in Laboratory Tests. L.J.

Moore, L. Fuentes, W. Bowerman, J. Rodgers, G. Yarrow, W. Chao, K.
Leith, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University,
Clemson, SC. We compared the responses of three North American frog
species that were exposed in an aqueous system to Roundup

herbicide.
Carefully designed and unconfounded laboratory toxicity tests are crucial for
accurate risk assessment of the responses of anuran populations to incidental
exposures of Roundup

branded herbicides. Gosner stage 25 tadpoles

(Gosner 1960) of Rana pipiens, Hyla chrysoscelis, and R. sphenocephala were
reared from egg masses and exposed to a series of 11 concentrations of the
original formulation of Roundup

herbicide in static (non-renewal) aqueous

96h laboratory tests with mortality measured at 24 h intervals. Each test
concentration was replicated four times and each replicate contained ten
tadpoles in 3 L of the test solution. LC50 values are expressed as glyphosate
acid equivalents (a.e.) for comparison between formuations. R. pipiens was
the most sensitive species tested with a 96 h LC50 of 1.75 mg a.e./L (95%
CI = 1.68 - 1.83). Other species were less sensitive with 96 h LC50 values
ranging from 2.47 mg a.e./L (95% CI = 2.28 - 2.72) for R. sphenocephala
to 2.82 mg a.e./L (95% CI = 2.65 - 3.01) for H.chrysoscelis. Published
48 h LC50 values for Roundup

herbicide (same formulation) for four

Australian frog species (Lymnodynastes dorsalis, Litoria moorei, Heleioporus
eyrei, Crinia insignifera) ranged from 2.9 mg a.e./L (95% CI = 2.6 - 3.2) to
11.6 mg a.e./L (95% CI = 10.3, 13.1) (Mann and Bidwell 1999). Edginton
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herbicide (R.pipiens,
R. clamitans, Bufo americanus) ranged from 1.1 mg a.e./L (95% CI = 0.96
- 1.14) to 3.5 mg a.e./L (95% CI = 3.0 - 4.6). Te LC50 values reported
for the present research as well as LC50 values published in similar research
will be compared to relevant environmental concentrations. Field studies
are planned to accurately determine the risks to anurans from Roundup

branded herbicides in realistic environmental conditions and at realistic
product use rates.
RP75 Role of Sediments in Modifying the Toxicity of Roundup
WeatherMax

to Anuran Species: A Laboratory Study. L. Fuentes,

L.J. Moore, J. Rodgers, W. Bowerman, G. Yarrow, W. Chao, K. Leith,
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University,
Clemson, SC. Laboratory studies examining responses of frogs to exposures
of Roundup

branded herbicides are typically conducted as unconfounded

aqueous exposures. In this research we examined the role of sediment in
modifying the observed toxicity of Roundup WeatherMax

in carefully
designed laboratory tests. Tree native species of frogs (Rana catesbeiana, R.
pipiens, R. sphenocephala) were exposed at Gosner larval stage 25 (Gosner
1960) to a series of eleven concentrations of Roundup WeatherMax

herbicide in controlled 96-h, static, non-renewal aqueous laboratory
experiments in the presence and absence of sediment. Glyphosate exposure
concentrations were veried using HPLC-VWD with derivatization.
Nominal aqueous exposures ranged from 0.3 to 5.0 mg glyphosate acid
equivalent (a.e.)/L and sediment exposures ranged from 1.0 to 7.0 mg
a.e./L. Each concentration was replicated four times and contained ten
animals per replicate. Sediment was collected from 18-Mile Creek, Pickens
County, SC and analyzed for soil characteristics. Te ratio of water to
sediment was 4:1 in 3L of water. For aqueous and sediment exposures,
respectively, 96h LC50 values were 2.06 mg a.e./L (95% CI=1.97-2.16) and
3.13 mg a.e./L (95% CI=2.97-3.33) for R. catesbeiana, 2.43 mg a.e./L (95%
CI=2.34-2.52) and 3.16 mg a.e./L (95% CI=3.04-3.30) for R. pipiens, and
1.44 mg a.e./L (95% CI=1.35-1.53) and 3.60 mg a.e./L (95% CI=3.43-
3.79) for R. sphenocephala. Responses of frogs to exposures of Roundup
WeatherMax

in the presence and absence of sediment were signicantly

dierent (p<0.0008) for all three species as determined by independent
sample t-tests. Sediment signicantly decreased the toxicity of Roundup
WeatherMax

herbicide exposures to these anuran species, thus results solely

from laboratory aqueous exposures are inherently conservative.
RP76 Developing a plant-based chronic water quality standard for
acetochlor. J. Giddings, Compliance Services International, Rochester,
MA; J. Honegger, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO; N. Poletika, Dow
AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN; W. Warren-Hicks, EcoStat, Mebane, NC.
An approach is presented for developing a chronic water quality standard
for the herbicide acetochlor based on the species sensitivity distribution
for 14 species of aquatic plants. Determination of a plant-based chronic
water quality standard requires sound scientic decisions in three major
areas: protection goals, data selection, and statistical methods. Appropriate
protection goals for aquatic plants address community-level properties such
as primary productivity and species composition. Ecological considerations
suggest that the intended level of protection can be achieved based on the
20th percentile of the EC20 (20% growth inhibition) values for aquatic
plant species. Te most reliable and relevant toxicity values for acetochlor
were selected from the available data using objective criteria. EC20 values
for each reliable study were calculated from the original concentration-
response data using the Bruce & Versteeg (1992) model. Te 20th percentile
of the EC20 values, estimated using the same statistical approach as
described in the 1985 USEPA guidelines for deriving animal-based national
water quality criteria, is proposed as the chronic water quality standard
for acetochlor. Te potential eects on aquatic plant communities from
ambient acetochlor concentrations exceeding this standard would depend
on the magnitude, duration, and frequency of exceedence. Because the
acetochlor standard is based on growth inhibition rather than lethality,
acceptable limits for exposure duration and frequency are likely to dier
from animal-based water quality standards.
RP77 Te Role of Biotechnology-Derived Crops in Aiding US Fuel/
Food Security. S. Sankula, Environmental Fate and Eects Division, OPP,
EPA, Crystal City, VA; S. Sankula, J. Tompson, National Center for Food
and Agricultural Policy, Washington, DC. Te Role of Biotechnology-
Derived Crops in Aiding US Fuel/Food Security A major question that
underlines the recent debate on biofuels, ethanol in particular, is whether
the United States would be able to meet the demands for both food and
fuel. Biotechnology-derived crops may provide a key solution to this
question. A report that evaluated the agronomic and environmental impacts
of biotechnology-derived crops indicated that improved corn production
achieved through biotechnology will help meet the demand for both food
and fuel and aid in alleviating the stress on land use. Escalating demand
for ethanol has led to predictions of insucient corn supply to meet the
increased demand from the growing number of ethanol plants in the U.S.
Tis demand could in turn result in a need to increase corn acreage, bring
the land now idled under the Conservation Reserve Program into corn
production, possibly shift acres from soybean to corn, and increase corn
prices. Te U.S. Agriculture Departments chief economist Keith Collins
predicts that growers would need to plant 90 million acres of corn or 10
million more acres than those planted in 2006 by 2010 to ll the projected
ethanol demand and maintain existing levels of exports and livestock-
feed usage. Te increase of 10 million acres almost equals the total corn
acreage in Iowa, where growers planted 12.7 million acres of corn in
2006. Te report suggests that the American growers were able to improve
corn production by 39 billion pounds during the rst decade of planting
biotechnology-derived crops. Tis enhanced production is equivalent to 1.9
billion gallons of ethanol. With just a third of total corn acreage planted to
biotechnology-derived varieties in 2005, corn production was improved by
7.6 billion pounds (equivalent to 366 million gallons of ethanol). Planting
trends in 2006 and 2007 and predictions for years ahead indicate that
production (for both and food and fuel use) will increase substantially in the
coming years due to biotechnology-derived corn.
RP78 Using BMPs to Reduce Environmental Consequences of Corn-
Based Ethanol Production. R. Wright, J. Bouldin, Environmental Science,
Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR. Te Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007 (EISA) mandates increased used of biofuels. By 2015,
the bill requires the production of 56.78 million cubic meters of corn based
ethanol. At current conversion rates, this would require an additional nine
million hectares of corn. Corn is one of the most nutrient demanding
crops and can require three times the nitrogen applications of cotton.
Tis increased application of inorganic fertilizer may produce a serious
environmental consequence. Nutrient runo from farmland is considered
the primary contributor to the development of the hypoxia zone in the
northern Gulf of Mexico. Watershed models, specically AGNPS, can be
used to determine the impact on water quality of the additional applications
of inorganic fertilizer. Te primary objective of this study is to determine
the levels of N and P loading and their change with increased corn hectares
in the Mississippi River Delta. Also, best management practices (BMPs),
such as no-till, have been shown to signicantly reduce soil and nutrient
loss. A second objective is to analyze if BMPs can oset or possibly improve
the current river nutrient loads in spite of the potential increase from more
corn. Watershed models have been shown to be useful and timesaving tools
to predict changes in agriculturally dominated watersheds that contribute to
the nutrient loading in the Mississippi River.
RP79 Use of a Watercress (Nasturtium ocinale) Bioassay to Assess
Biofuels and Metals in Water from a Karst Spring. C. Beals, F. Forouzon,
T. Byl, Biology & Engineering, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN;
T. Byl, Water Science Center, USGS, Nashville, TN. Biomarkers such as
enzyme activity from fauna exposed to chemicals in the water column and
sediments have been widely used by environmental toxicologists to assess
the quality of an environment. Biomarkers are especially useful indicators
because they represent a direct biological response to toxicity. Te objective
of this research was to determine if chemiluminescence from selected plant
oxidase enzymes could be used as a biomarker of water quality in aquatic
systems. Te initial phase of this study included lab determination of
optimum pH followed by dose-response assays of various environmental
toxins with oxidase enzymes extracted from potato. Te optimum pH for
the potato oxidase chemiluminescence reaction ranged from 5 to 7. Initial
experiments using dissolved metals (Pb2+, Ag2+, Ni2+) found that potato
oxidase chemiluminescence was dose sensitive to metal concentrations
above 500 mg/L and decreased proportionally with increasing metal
concentrations. Te chemiluminescent response of watercress collected near
a relatively clean spring on Tennessee State Universitys campus was also
investigated. Watercress stems and leaves were macerated with a mortar
and pestle and the oxidase enzymes were extracted from the plant material.
Te crude enzyme extract did provide a chemiluminescent response
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upon addition of hydrogen peroxide to the assay mixture. Te watercress
chemiluminescence assay was most consistent at a pH of 4. Whole plants
exposed to increasing concentrations of Et-85 biofuel [0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/L]
had a 75% increase in chemiluminescence compared to the control plants
[0.0 mg/L Et-85]. It is hypothesized that the aromatic rings present in the
Et-85 may have stimulated additional luminescence associated with the
catalase. Also, the ethanol would increase the oxidative stress, stimulating
more catalase activity in exposed plants. Additional dose-response assays
with whole-plant exposure will be needed before this bioassay can be used in
water-quality assessments.
RP80 Comparison of TFs derived from allometric equations and
empirical TFs. I. Van-Ham, N.C. Garisto, SENES Consultants Limited,
Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. In general, the approach taken for
estimating the exposure of non-human biota to radiological contaminants
involves modeling the intake of a contaminant by the biota (in mg/d
or Bq/d) and using a transfer factor (d/kg) to obtain a body or esh
concentration. Tis concentration can then be used to estimate dose.
Transfer factors are typically only available in the literature for agricultural
animals such as cattle and poultry. To obtain a more appropriate transfer
factor for wildlife, allometric scaling is often used. Allometric scaling of
transfer factors (scaled TFs) has been discussed by others (e.g. Nalezinski et
al. 1996, Higley et al. 2003) as a useful method for deriving transfer factors
for biota. However, since allometric equations are based on assumptions,
the results may dier from the measured values. In this study measured
TFs were compared to calculated TFs. Uranium (U), radium (226Ra), lead
(210Pb) and polonium (210Po) concentrations were measured directly
in dierent tissues of the caribou (bone, liver, kidney and muscle), and
reported as the weighted average (WA) of caribou tissues, and the caribou
muscle concentration (Tomas and Gates, 1999). Concentration ratios
(CRs), relating caribou tissue or muscle concentrations to lichen or rumen
(stomach) concentrations were calculated in Bq/kg(esh) and divided
by the total food intake per day (kg/d-lichen or kg/d-rumen) to estimate
measured TFs (d/kg, esh). Te measured TFs (WA/lichen, WA/rumen,
muscle/rumen and muscle/lichen) were compared to TFs derived from
a generic database and allometric equations. Most comparisons between
generic TFs and measured TFs did not show a clear trend. Only when TFs
were calculated from muscle and lichen concentrations and compared to the
scaled TFs, a linear trend was found. In general, the scaled TFs are about 1.2
times higher than the measured TFs. Te scaled TFs are more conservative
than the measured TFs.
RP81 Expression of Chironomus riparius serine-type enodpeptidase
gene under DEHP exposure. I. Kwak, Marine Technology, Chonnam
National University, Yeosu, South Korea; K. Park, Department of Life
Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon,
305-701, South Korea. Environmental stressors can induce changes in gene
expression that have proven useful as biomarkers. To identify potential
biomarkers, we characterized full-length cDNA sequences of serine-type
enodpeptidase (SP) gene from Chironomus riparius. Teir expression
was analyzed during dierent life-history stages and under various DEHP
concentrations, for short and long periods. A comparative molecular and
phylogenetic investigation was carried out among dierent orders of insects,
using sequence database analysis. Chironomus riparius SP is more closely
related to those of mosquitoes. Basal level of SP mRNA was more highly
expressed in larvae than in other life-history stages. Tere was signicant
dierence in SP expression between males and females. After short-term
exposure to DEHP, SP gene expression decreased within 1hr across all
dosages. We also investigated expressions of SP gene after long-term DEHP
exposure (10 days). SP gene expressions signicantly decreased in C. riparius
across all DEHP dosages. Te response of SP gene was more sensitive in C.
riparius exposed to low concentration, than high concentration of DEHP.
Our results show that the suppression of SP gene by DEHP may be used as
a potential biomarker in monitoring aquatic environment.
RP82 Pre-Validation of the In Vitro Rainbow Trout S9 Fraction
Assay to Predict In Vivo Fish Metabolism of Chemicals and Other
Substances. K. Johanning, L. Dungan, J. Sahi, J. Hill, CellzDirect, Inc.,
Austin, TX; M. Embry, ILSI HESI, Washington DC, DC; S. Erhardt,
Te Dow Chemical Co, Midland, MI; B. Escher, EAWAG, Dubendorf,
Switzerland; M. Halder, JRC/IHCP/ECVAM, Ispra, Italy; A. Sharpe,
AstraZeneca, Brixham, United Kingdom. Bioaccumulation assessment for
chemical substances is becoming a priority for government organizations,
especially in the European Union. REACH legislation will require
bioaccumulation evaluation for all chemical substances with log Kow 3
and are produced >100 tons / year. BCF data are required to assess the
bioaccumulation potential of substances. Current methods for estimating
BCF values are limited to in silico assessments, and in vivo testing requires
large number of test organisms and is time and cost intensive. Subcellular
fractions (microsomes and S9) and intact cells (hepatocytes) are eective
for assessment of metabolic activity in vitro and are the matrices of choice
for mammalian metabolic stability determinations in drug discovery
and development. S9 fractions have both Phase I and Phase II drug
metabolizing enzymes and are eective when the requisite cofactors are
added to facilitate metabolism. To support acceptance and incorporation
of in vitro metabolism data into a BCF assessment, a prediction model
has been developed to extrapolate in vitro test results to whole body
biotransformation rates (kMET) used to rene BCF computer model
predictions (Cowan-Ellsberry et al., 2007). Tese in vitro methods have
been demonstrated as eective tools for BCF estimation, but have not been
standardized or validated for this use. Tis study was designed to utilize
liver S9 fractions from rainbow trout to assess metabolic stability of three
chemicals (uoroxypyr, chlorpyrifos, 4-n-nonylphenol) with the aim of
predicting bioaccumulation. Te in vitro biotransformation data generated
during this study will be scaled to the in vivo biotransformation rate, using
whole tissue and whole body values. Te objectives of the present study are
to: 1) assess intra and inter-laboratory reproducibility and transferability
of the in vitro S9 hepatic fraction assay 2) evaluate relevance of metabolic
stability assays with trout liver S9 fractions to predict in vivo kMET
values for bioaccumulation models 3) Parameterize the in vitro to in vivo
prediction model by determining bound and unbound fraction of test
chemical. Tis study is funded by the European Commission JRC/IHCP/In
Vitro Toxicology Unit ECVAM, Contract number CCR.IHCP.C434207.
X0.
RP83 Soil Vapor Intrusion: Te Assessment of Residential and
Commercial Properties in the Northeastern United States. R.B.
DeHate, GEI Consultants, Inc., Valrico, FL; B. Skelly, A. Blicharz, GEI
Consultants,Inc., Glastonbury, CT. Manufactured Gas Plants (MGP) have
historically been used for generating local supplies of gas for decades during
the early part of the 20th century. As a result of these activities, there are
many abandoned MGP sites that are potential public health risks today. Te
abandonment of the MGP sites in the Northeastern US has lead to extensive
residential and commercial development at and immediately surrounding
the abandoned MGP sites. One of the recent US State and Federal
Regulatory focuses is on assessing the potential for soil vapor intrusion
and risk posed to residents and occupants of commercial properties
overlying and surrounding former MGPs. Tis study evaluated a total of
12 commercial and 43 single family and multi-family residential properties
overlying or immediately abutting MGP tar source material and dissolved
phased BTEX and Naphthalene plumes emanating from the MGPs. We
further evaluated the potential for SVI exposure by categorizing each of
the sites according to depth to the water table. For each property evaluated
indoor air samples and outdoor ambient air samples were collected with
Summa or equivalent canisters and were analyzed for VOCs by USEPA
Method TO-15 plus naphthalene. We compared the indoor air ndings
to US Federal and State regulatory background data sets and to outdoor
ambient air data collected at each property. We have not identied evidence
of MGP-related soil vapor intrusion from any of the 55 data sets from our
study regardless of depth to water table or proximity to MGP source tar
or dissolved phase plumes. Concentrations of chemicals detected in the
indoor air that are common to MGP impacts as well as many commercial
products were orders of magnitude below concentrations established by
Federal regulatory agencies as posing inhalation hazards. Tese ndings are
consistent with other studies indicating that volatile aromatic hydrocarbons
degrade in the vadose zone, resulting in high attenuation factors that
mitigate the potential for human exposure.
RP84 Te role of Amino levulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD)
polymorphic genne on Lead intoxication. H.R. Sunoko, Environmental
Study Centre-Research Institute, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central
Java, INDONESIA. Te existence of ALAD polymorphism gene has
implicated in the pathogenesis of lead toxicity suggested the potential for a
genetically determined dierential susceptibility. Cross sectional designed
was adopted in this study and involved 54 children with 5-10-year-
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old, coming from Semarang City Indonesia. ALAD polymorphism was
determined by PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism
according to Schwartz method. Result showed two samples were ALAD 2
(1-2 isozymes)with Blood lead level (BLL)of 24.50ppb and 91.70 ppb. Te
mean of ALAD 2 BLL was about 48.60 ppb higher then that of ALAD1.
Te study concluded that individuals with ALAD 2 genotype had blood
lead levels higher then those of individuals with ALAD 1, therefore ALAD 2
genotype was much more susceptible to lead.
RP85 Derivation of Soil Intrusion Regulations in Five Northeastern
States Emphasizing Contaminants of Concern Associated with
Manufactured Gas Plant Operation. B.C. Conte, GEI Consultants,
Glastonbury, CT. Vapor intrusion represents a potential public health
threat that is gaining increased attention and regulatory oversight.
Regulatory agencies are requiring responsible parties to investigate
potential vapor intrusion issues in residences and businesses associated
with locations having historic manufactured gas plant (MGP) operations.
Tese investigations are generating data that are being compared to nascent
regulatory guidance values for vapor intrusion. Tese values, however,
have signicant implications on remediation costs of MGP sites since
vapor intrusion data can often drive the outcome of a human health
risk assessment. A regulatory review and comparison of vapor intrusion
regulations will be presented for ve northeastern states: Massachussets,
Connecticut, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and New York. Derivation of state
guidance values for constituents of concern (COCs) associated with MGP
operations (i.e. naphthalene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzene, ethylbenzene,
toluene, and xylene) will be highlighted. Te sources and statistics used
to determine background concentrations a necessary component for
a reliable risk evaluation will be provided. Te potential implications
of these regulations on remediation costs and timeframes citing specic
examples of remediation projects performed in these states will be identied.
RP86 Ecotoxicological Evaluations as Decision-making Tools for
MGP Sediment Remediation Projects. K.A. Barber, S. Canton, D. Terry,
GEI Consultants, Glastonbury, CT. Ecological and human health risks are
often a driving force in the development of remedial design projects and
designation of potential responsible parties (PRPs) at legacy manufactured
gas plant (MGP) sites. Environmental media, especially water bodies and
accompanying sediments adjacent to potential sources of contamination,
are of prime concern when considering ecological risk and evaluation of
pathways to biological receptors. Risk assessments identifying and evaluating
these pathways to receptors are frequently conducted after the initial phases
of remedial investigations. Using an example of a successful comprehensive
investigation of an urban waterway impacted by MGP related material,
we will outline the process required to use stressor identication analyses
in an ecotoxicological evaluation as a decision-making tool, early in the
development of remedial designs. Identifying the driving stressors on
benthic communities can indicate the sources of ecological concern allowing
evaluation of proper remedial techniques and distribution of damage costs.
Sample planning, as well as proper data collection and organization are
key steps in creating the data needed for the comprehensive and complex
statistical analyses used for stressor identication. By anticipating these
data needs, remedial investigations can be designed a priori to include
data needed for such stressor analyses, which, in turn, can provide a new
perspective for the remedial design of MGP-impacted sediments.
RP87 Use of Stressor Identication Analyses in an Ecotoxicological
Evaluation of an MGP-Aected Urban Waterway. S. Canton, D.B. Terry,
Chadwick Ecological Division, GEI Consultants, Littleton, CO; T. Bell,
National Grid Company, Brooklyn, NY. A comprehensive investigation
of an urban waterway was undertaken to assess the toxicity, sources, and
availability of contamination in sediments and the water column. Te
eort was undertaken primarily in response to a presumption that impacts
from three former manufactured gas plants (MGPs) on the waterway
were a primary factor limiting the viability of the waterways habitat. Te
study was designed to identify likely sources of stressors on the sediment
and water column that limit the viability of the aquatic community. We
evaluated impacts from the MGPs, numerous former industries, and urban
discharges, including combined sewer overow (CSO) discharges, along
the entire length of the 1-mile long waterway. Samples included sediment
cores, surface water, and outfalls, along with sediment toxicity, sediment
particle size, and benthic invertebrate population sampling to provide a
comprehensive dataset for the water body. Analysis revealed that the upper
3 feet of sediments are ne-grained, organic-rich accumulations of sewage
and CSO outfall materials, with many chemical concentrations in the
outfall waters also present in the water column and sediments. Age dating
determined that these sediments post-date the operation of the last former
MGP. Ecotoxicological stressor analyses indicated the benthic invertebrate
communities are impoverished due to the chemical stressors related to
CSO discharges, such as metals, PCBs, pesticides and PAHs (attributed
to petroleum, not MGP sources). As a result, the benthic communities
consist of pollution tolerant organisms. In addition, stressor analysis
indicated the distribution of this tolerant community is driven primarily
by physical habitat variability Stressor identication eorts demonstrated
the importance of identifying all possible chemical and physical factors well
ahead of proposing a remedial approach to restore sediment habitat.
RP88 Case Study: Investigation and Public Health Assessment at a
Rural MGP Disposal Site. P. Haederle, GEI Consultants, Inc., Woburn,
MA. Te site is located in Gilford, New Hampshire, in a residential
neighborhood. In 1952, coal tar from a Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP)
was trucked to the site and disposed of in a gravel pit with the property
owners consent. Subsequently, the pit was backlled and the property
subdivided. Residences were constructed on top of and adjacent to the
former disposal area, beginning in the 1970s. In 2004, a utility company
(the successor to the former MGP operator) began an investigation
including: advancement of soil borings, monitoring well installation,
drinking water, groundwater, surface water, indoor air, soil gas and soil
sampling. Te results of the investigation indicated that there were no
complete exposure pathways via drinking water, soil gas, indoor air, soil or
sediment. Tere was no evidence of a complete indoor air exposure pathway.
A single completed pathway was determined to exist associated with a
groundwater seep adjacent to a stream. As a result of the investigation,
many residents voiced concerns about potential exposure to the coal tar
and an apparently high cancer rate in the neighborhood. In response,
the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES)
Environmental Health Program conducted a census block cancer cluster
evaluation for the two blocks which encompassed the site. Te evaluation
found no elevated incidence of cancers in the two blocks or within the
town as a whole, compared to expected rates. Following the cancer cluster
evaluation, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
was requested by NHDES to prepare a Public Health Assessment (PHA)
in response to continued concern from the community relative to health
aects. Te draft PHA was released in March 2008, and ATSDR concluded
that the single completed exposure pathway (groundwater seep) poses no
apparent public health hazard, and that there was no evidence of elevated
cancer rates in this neighborhood.
RP89 Spatial Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and
Foodweb Bioaccumulation in Invertebrates and Fish from the Lagos
Lagoon, Nigeria. K.G. Drouillard, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental
Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada; R.A. Alani, K.
Olayinka, B. Alo, Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. Te Lagos
lagoon is one of Africas largest estuarine ecosystems, with an estimated area
of 151 km
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and depths ranging from 0.9 to 25 meters in dredged areas. It
is an urbanized estuarine ecosystem, which receives organic input from a
wide variety of sources including: atmospheric, industrial, municipal and
oil related activities. Te Lagos lagoon is an important habitat for a wide
array of sh and marine organisms and is the major source of seafood to the
people of Lagos and its environs. Tis study assessed the spatial distribution
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in water and sediments
within the lagoon as well as bioaccumulation of these contaminants in
invertebrates (shrimps and crabs) and eleven species of sh, including
commercially important sh sold to local markets. Water and sediment
samples were taken from twelve locations on the lagoon between 2004 and
2007. PAH concentrations were higher than PCBs and OC-pesticides in
all media. Sum PAH concentrations ranged from 143.4 to > 3000 ng/g
dry weight in sediments close industrial and shipping activities and were
enriched relative to areas removed from point sources (1.4 -122 ng/g dry
weight). In biological samples, highest contaminant concentrations were
observed in crab eggs which exhibited sum PAHs, sum PCB and sum OCs
concentrations of 625.44, 41.7 and 58.5 ng/g, respectively. Spatial patterns
of contaminant accumulation were contrasted between environmental
media and biological samples and a risk model for human exposures
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of priority pollutants due to consumption of contaminated sh and
invertebrates is presented.
RP90 Dierential Gene Expressions in Daphnia Magna exposed
to Pyrethroid Pesticides. S. Woo, K. Specht, C.D. Vulpe, UC Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA. Pyrethroid pesticides are abundantly used in both urban
and agricultural pest control applications. Teir environmental fate is
of concern and the toxicity has been studied in aquatic organisms. To
better understand the eect of pyrethroid pesticides on crustaceans, gene
expression changes of Daphnia magna under acute exposures of permethrin,
lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin were studied and compared. Gene
expression proles for pesticide exposures were obtained by using a Daphnia
magna cDNA microarray following each acute exposure for 24 hours
at 1/10 of LC50 at 4.1, 5.97, and 1.0 g/L respectively. Dierentially
expressed genes are determined using a statistical method developed in our
lab, which employs an outlier approach. Tose dierentially expressed genes
induced by exposures to dierent pesticides are compared to determine
which genes are similarly aected in dierent exposures. Tis study will
help us to understand the biological responses of aquatic crustaceans
against environmental stresses like as pesticide exposure as well as further
substantiate the use of toxicogenomic methods in the study of toxicants
eects on aquatic organisms.
RP91 Practical application of genomics in support of QSAR
development A case study using Daphnia magna. N. Dom, T.
Vandenbrouck, D. Knapen, R. Blust, J. Robbens, W. De Coen, Biology -
Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
- Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium; W. De Coen, European Chemicals
Agency, Helsinki, Finland. Toxicogenomics is a promising technique to
assess modes of action (MOAs) of chemicals. Te application of genomics
data in a regulatory framework is still fraught with uncertainty. QSARs
however are already regulatory accepted and promising techniques in terms
of Intelligent Testing Strategies but they still have some known drawbacks.
QSARs can only be applied within a certain applicability domain. Tey
are mainly chemically oriented and biological data is often missing or
undervalued. Tere are a number of methods to assess the applicability
domains of a model, of which the MOA approach receives growing
attention. In the present study, we evaluate the potential added value of a
toxicogenomics MOA approach to the QSAR methodology. We believe that
QSAR applications can improve if MOA determination is not only based
on chemical characteristics but also on biological aspects. By comparing
the QSAR MOA with the genomics MOA, we want to investigate whether
genomics data can provide the missing biological information that is
needed to make a reliable class categorisation in order to select the most
appropriate QSAR model. Within the QSAR principles, narcotic chemicals
are described as being baseline toxicants. Teir biological MOA however
is not fully understood. Terefore in this case study, we selected a set of
narcotics to be tested. Te water ea (Daphnia magna) the primary test
organism for aquatic toxicity evaluation according to REACH is being
used as a test organism. Microarray analyses, combined with physiological
parameters, are performed to investigate the biological MOA of the selected
set of narcotic toxicants. By performing multivariate and cluster analyses,
the biological MOA of narcotics and key genes specically associated
with the narcotic MOA are identied. Tis allows us to answer questions
as Do narcotics provoke a similar biological response in Daphnia magna?
and Does the biological MOA categorisation corresponds with the QSAR
MOA categorisation?. We believe that the only road to acceptance of
toxicogenomic techniques is demonstrating successes in well dened proof
of principle case studies.
RP92 Global microarray gene expression analysis in zebrash
embryos identies critical pathways aected by low-dose inorganic
arsenic exposure. A. Planchart, C.J. Mattingly, Mount Desert Island
Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME. Patterns of gene expression
in multi-cellular organisms resemble interconnected networks that
coordinately function to bring about changes in a temporal-spatial specic
progression. Tese networks orchestrate complex morphological changes
occurring during the transition from fertilized egg to adult. Similar to
engineered networks, evolution has converged on safeguardsredundant
networksto prevent catastrophic failures in the developmental program of
otherwise healthy embryos should natural or human-induced perturbations
be experienced during critical developmental periods. Additionally, not
all networks are constitutively active; rather, activation is specic to the
stage of development such that environmental perturbations do not always
result in injury, particularly if target networks are quiescent at the onset of
insult. Te key to understanding when toxicants exert their greatest eect
is to catalog all active networks at a dened time during development.
Gene microarrays and zebrash embryos are powerful tools to probe the
eect of toxicants on embryonic gene expression for several reasons: A)
microarrays provide global snapshots of gene expression levels at dened
developmental time points; B) microarrays identify changes in gene
expression proles due to environmental perturbations; C) microarray
experiments lead to discovery of toxicant-sensitive networks; D) zebrash
embryos at dened developmental stages are abundant; and E) zebrash
embryos recapitulate all elements of vertebrate development making
them useful models for understanding the eects of toxicant exposure on
embryogenesis. We capitalized on these advantages to investigate the eect
of low-dose inorganic arsenic exposure on zebrash embryos 24 hours
post-fertilization. Arsenic is a world-wide contaminant found in drinking
water and the establishment of safe levels based on epidemiological studies
in adult humans may not adequately reect the risk of exposure to the
developing fetus. Using whole-genome microarray analysis, we uncovered
several networks perturbed by the presence of arsenic at doses as low as 10
ppb. Tese networks regulate cell-critical processes including, epigenetic
regulation of gene expression, protein-degradation pathways critical for
cellular function and important signal-transduction pathways involved in
cell proliferation and cancer.
RP93 Monitoring of the viviparous sh species eelpout (Zoarces
viviparus) indicates environmental changes in coastal waters. L.
Forlin, J. Sturve, J. Parkkonen, E. Kristiansson, N. Asker, Department of
Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; D. Larsson,
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Te Sahlgrenska Academy at
the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Te health status of
the viviparous sh species eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) is regularly studied
in coastal environmental monitoring in Sweden. Teir health is assessed
to provide indications of emerging impacts of pollutants or other stressors
in the coastal environment. Together with analytical chemistry work to
measure anthropogenic chemicals and sh ecology studies, eelpout health
studies form an integrated sh monitoring program supported by the
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. We will here report on a broad
set of biological endpoints in eelpout sampled at several coastal sites, both
polluted and reference sites. Te large and standardised set of endpoints
includes biomarkers measuring for example for detoxications defences
such as CYP1A/EROD, endocrine disruption such as vitellogenin, oxidative
stress including antioxidant defences system and oxidative damages and
genotoxicity. Te sh from selected coastal references sites, which are
characterised by no or small local sources of contaminants, are generally in
good health. However, even sh from these sites show some early warning
signs of environmental changes over time. Eelpout from urbanised areas,
such as in the vicinity of large cities or industries, show clear indications of
eects caused by contaminants. In order to generate a better understanding
of the impact of pollutants on coastal sh, gene expression arrays for the
eelpout would become a very valuable complementary approach in addition
to the application of classical biomarkers. A particularly promising aspect
is that the viviparity of the eelpout provides a potential to link molecular
responses to pollutants with the individual reproductive performance of
each mother-sh in a marine species in its natural environment. We have
therefore used massively parallel 454-pyrosequencing to characterize the
liver trancriptome of the eelpout. Approximately 90 million base pairs have
been sequenced resulting in an assembly of ~ 40.000 putative genes. Tese
have been used to design probes for an eelpout microarray using the ultra-
exible Geniom platform.
RP94 Application and Utilization of Genomics at Environment
Canadas, Pacic Environmental Science Centre, Aquatic Toxicology
Laboratory. G.C. van Aggelen, J. Bruno, H. Osacho, R. Skirrow, L.
Yu, Environment Canada, Pacic Environmental Science Centre, North
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Our laboratorys primary function is
to support the regulatory and compliance toxicological testing requirements
of the Canadian Governments Department of the Environment. Traditional
aquatic toxicological testing platforms and endpoint measurements for
acute and chronic endpoints have been conducted in the laboratory for
over 30 years. For the past eight years, in part as a response to concerns
of endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquatic systems, the laboratory has
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invested resources and capacity building in the application of toxicogenomic
methods and associated endpoints. Te laboratory over this period of
time has gone from zero capacity to having dedicated sta for genomics,
its own in-house designed targeted salmonid gene and bioinformatic
capacity. In short the laboratory has the capability to conduct start to nish
toxicogenomic studies to determine gene and protein expression patterns to
establish potential for endocrine disruption eects androgenic, estrogenic
and thyroidgenic eects. Details of the various toxicogenomic methods in
use at the laboratory, such as our salmonid gene array,Q-PCR, QuantiGene
Plex assay, Best Check and how we have applied them in proling
euents, from pulp and paper, agricultural runo, municipal waste water
and chemicals will be discussed. In addition discussion will be presented on
the overall application and utilization of aquatic based genomics in Canada.
RP95 Integration of genomic endpoints into Toxicity Identication
Evaluations (TIE). A.D. Biales, M. Kostich, ORD NERL, USEPA,
Cincinnati, OH; K.T. Ho, R.M. Burgess, ORD NHEERL, US EPA,
Narragansett, RI; M.M. Perron, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard,
Boston, MA; M. Reiss, Region 2, US EPA, New York New York, NY.
Toxicity Identication and Evaluations use physical/chemical manipulation
of a sample to isolate or change the potency of dierent groups of toxicants
potentially present in a sample. Organisms are then exposed to these
fractions to determine if their toxicity has changed. TIEs focus on mortality
to detect toxicity; however, this endpoint gives no information as to the
identity of the active toxicant(s). It has been suggested that gene expression
proles may be useful in identifying toxic substances from unknown
samples. Tis is accomplished through the development of expression
proles, consisting of a number of genes, which respond in a specic
manner to a given contaminant. Transcriptional proling of toxicants
is usually accomplished using microarrays; however, this technological
platform does not currently exist for a common model organism used in
TIEs, the amphipod, Ampelisca abdita. Terefore, normalized libraries
for A. abdita were constructed. Organisms used in library construction
were selected to be diverse as possible to increase the number of transcripts
included in the library and included multiple age groups, populations from
dierent geographic areas and organisms that were subjected to chemical
exposures. Over 6000 clones were sequenced in both directions and will
be spotted in duplicate on microarrays. For transcriptional proling,
A. abdita were exposed in sediments to 7 chemicals, a binary mixture
and a grand mixture of all test chemicals at a dilution corresponding to
10% of the LC50 value for each chemical. Each exposure consisted of 6
independent replicates. Each replicate consisted of a pool of 10 individuals.
Transcriptional ngerprints will be established for each chemical and the
stability of these proles will be evaluated in the mixtures. Following the
establishment of chemical specic transcriptional proles, A. abdita will be
exposed to an environmentally contaminated sediment sample, on which,
a TIE will be performed. Exposed individuals will be subject to microarray
screening to determine if active toxic substances can be identied. Tese
results will subsequently be compared to the TIE outcome. Tis will be
among the rst projects to integrate genomic technology into existing
toxicity assessment experimental platforms.
RP96 Metabolomics as a Molecular Tool for Assessing Exposures of
Small Fish to EDCs. D. Ekman, T. Collette, Q. Teng, ORD, NERL, U.S.
EPA, Athens, GA; G. Ankley, D. Martinovic, K. Jensen, D. Villeneuve, M.
Kahl, ORD, NHEERL, U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN. Exposure of organisms
in aquatic ecosystems to chemicals which possess endocrine disrupting
properties can produce numerous detrimental eects. Furthermore, due
to the potency of these chemicals, even relatively low level exposures can
reduce tness. As a result, classical exposure assays are not always practical
(due to low sensitivity, speed, etc.) for conducting assessments. In response,
governmental agencies responsible for regulating such compounds are
working to establish molecular approaches in order to overcome these
limitations. One potential approach is to measure the impact(s) these
compounds have on endogenous metabolite levels in various tissues
and biouids. Here we describe the results of using such an approach to
elucidate molecular level eects of various endocrine disrupting chemicals in
small sh (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas). Using nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we are able to discriminate concentration
level and gender specic eects of exposures both rapidly and at a low per-
sample cost. As a result, large exposure studies using numerous sh per class
(dened by sex, exposure level, etc.) and including sampling of sh at several
time points during and after the exposure are easily achieved. Furthermore,
due to the exibility NMR provides with respect to sample matrix (e.g.
urine, plasma, tissue), we are able to easily determine eects in various
organs and biouids. Tis is necessary for obtaining a more comprehensive
assessment of the eect(s) of these chemicals. Although this work was
reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reect
ocial Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
RP97 NMR-Based Microbial Metabolomics and the Temperature-
Dependent Coral Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. A.F. Boroujerdi, T.
Schock, D. Bearden, Analytical Chemistry Division, NIST, Charleston,
SC; A. Meyers, Undergraduate Program in Chemical Engineering,
Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN; M.I. Vizcaino,
P.J. Morris, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center,
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Coral bleaching
occurs due to the disruption of the symbioses between the coral and
their photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae). Vibrio coralliilyticus, a Gram-
negative bacterium, has been shown to cause temperature-dependent
bleaching in the coral Pocillopora damicornis at temperatures higher
than 24.5C.
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Te metabolome of V. coralliilyticus has been previously
studied at two dierent temperatures, 24 and 27C, in our laboratory.
2

One-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) proton spectra were
obtained from the methanol-water extracts of the intracellular metabolites
(the endometabolome) of V. coralliilyticus. Briey, V. coralliilyticus was
cultured into late stationary phase at 24 and 27C, and the intracellular
metabolites were obtained by extracting with methanol-water. Te NMR
proton spectra were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA),
and separations based on temperature were observed in PC1 vs. PC2 and
PC2 vs. PC3 scores plots. Preliminary data collected to-date shows that V.
coralliilyticus has two dierent metabolomic proles at 24 and 27C, which
may correlate with its observed temperature-dependent pathogenicity. To
continue this project, experiments will be performed in which we have
incorporated modied methods and additional statistical strength so that
more robust detection of metabolic biomarkers
3
of pathogenesis can be
detected. Te support of NIST and the Hollings Marine Laboratory NMR
facility is acknowledged. AM is a NOAA Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate
Scholar.
1)
Ben-Haim, Y., M. Zicherman-Keren, and E. Rosenberg.
2003. Temperature-regulated bleaching and lysis of the coral Pocillopora
damicornis by the novel pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Appl. and Environ.
Microbiol. 69(7):4236-42.
2)
Huynh, S.L., Pollock, E., Vizcaino, M.,
Morris, P.J., and Bearden, D.W. (Poster 325, 59th Southeastern Regional
Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Greenville, SC, October 24-
27, 2007)
3)
Rousseau, R., Govaerts, B., Verleysen, M., and Boulanger, B.
2008. Comparison of some chemometric tools for metabolomics biomarker
identication. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 91:54-66.
RP98 Metabolomic Analysis Of Te Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes
sapidus, Following A Bacterial Or Chemical Stress. T.B. Schock, A.F.
Boroujerdi, D. Bearden, Analytical Chemistry Division, NIST, Charleston,
SC; D.A. Stancyk, L.K. Tibodeaux, L.E. Burnett, K.G. Burnett, Grice
Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC. Te Atlantic
blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, is a key organism in estuarine ecosystems
and the blue crab shery is important economically in the state of South
Carolina and the Southeastern United States. Assessing the health of
these crustaceans is also important for evaluating the health of the coastal
environment in general. Exposure of blue crabs to bacteria has been shown
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to result in depression of oxygen uptake, and impairs normal metabolic
function in a manner that has not yet been fully elucidated. Our laboratory
is developing NMR-based metabolomic tools for environmental research
based on the ability to discover metabolomic biomarkers of stress and
exposure in marine organisms. We are investigating the response of the
crab metabolome to Vibrio campbellii injection, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)
injection
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(a known uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation resulting in
an increase of oxygen uptake), and saline (control) injection with NMR
spectroscopy of crab hemolymph. Te corresponding NMR spectral
variations between individual crabs are investigated using chemometric
tools for pattern recognition and biomarker identication, including
principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant
analysis (PLS-DA). Our goal is to discover specic metabolic changes in
hemolymph characteristic of the dierent modes of action associated with
bacterial inoculation and chemical uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
322 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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and to help understand the eects of bacterial exposure in the Atlantic
blue crab. Funding: Supported in part by NSF DBI-0552828 and IOS-
0725245 to LEB and KGB. Te support of NIST and the Hollings Marine
Laboratory NMR facility is acknowledged.
1)
Burnett, L.E., Homan, J.D.,
Jorgensen, D.D, Ikerd, J.L., and Burnett, K.G. 2006. Immune defense
reduces respiratory tness in Callinectes sapidus, the Atlantic blue crab.
Biol Bull 211:50-57.
2)
Fox, F.R and K. Ranga Rao. 1978. Eects of sodium
pentachlorophenate and 2,4-Dinitrophenol on hapatopancreatic enzymes
in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. in Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry,
Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology, K. R. Rao, ed. Plenum Press,
New York
RP99 Toxicity assessment of sediment cores collected from the
Ashtabula River in Northeastern Ohio with the amphipod Hyalella
azteca. J. Kunz, N. Kemble, C. Ingersoll, Toxicolgy, USGS-CERC,
Columbia, MO; B. Brumbaugh, chemistry, USGS-CERC, Columbia, MO;
J. Applegate, USFWS, Reynoldsburg, OH; D. DeVault, USFWS, Fort
Snelling, MN. Te Ashtabula River Area of Concern located in northeastern
Ohio was subjected to unregulated discharges of hazardous waste from the
1940s to the through the 1970s resulting in contamination of sediments
in the river and harbor. Te objective of this study was to evaluate the
chemistry and toxicity of 50 sediment samples obtained from ve cores
collected from the Ashtabula River in Ohio (10 samples/core collected to
a depth of about 150 cm) deposited from about 1979 to 2004 exclusive of
sediment deposited from about 1985 to 1993 that was removed by dredging
in 1993. Te sampling location of the cores was based on historical releases
of chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) and based on historic sediment
chemistry data. Eects of COPCs (PCBs, PAHs, or metals) measured
in the sediment samples were evaluated by measuring whole-sediment
chemistry and whole-sediment toxicity in the 50 sediment samples. Te
toxicity endpoints evaluated were 28-d survival and growth of the amphipod
Hyalella azteca relative to reference conditions following standardized
methods for conducting whole-sediment toxicity tests outlined by ASTM
and USEPA. Eects on survival or growth of amphipods at the end of the
sediment toxicity test was established by comparing survival or growth of
amphipods in individual sediment samples to the range in the response of
amphipods in reference sediments (i.e., a reference-envelope approach).
Mean survival or growth of amphipods was below the reference envelope
in 56% of the sediment samples. Concentrations of total PCBs and total
PAHs in the sediment samples were likely high enough to have contributed
to the reduced survival or growth of amphipods (i.e., concentrations of
PAHs or PCBs exceeded mechanistically based and empirically based
sediment quality guidelines). While elevated ammonia in pore water may
have contributed to the reduced growth of amphipods, it is not likely that
the reduced growth was caused solely by elevated ammonia (concentrations
of ammonia were below thresholds observed to be toxic to amphipods, and
concentrations of ammonia were correlated to concentrations of PCBs and
PAHs.
RP100 Estimation of individual weights from measures of individual
lengths of the amphipod Hyalella azteca. J.P. Hughes, J. Besser, D.
Hardesty, N. Kemble, C. Ingersoll, N. Wang, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, Columbia, MO. Average weight and total biomass of H.
azteca are suggested as endpoints in 10- to 28-d whole-sediment toxicity
tests described in ASTM, USEPA, and Environment Canada methods.
However, weighing amphipods can be challenging (with dry weights
typically ranging between 0.2 to 0.4 mg/individual at the end of these
10- to 28-d tests). Our laboratory routinely measures lengths of individual
amphipod preserved in sugar formalin with low variability between re-
analyses of samples (typically less than 2% variance between repeated
sampling by dierent technicians). We have developed a regression equation
that can estimate individual weights of amphipods from measurements of
individual lengths of amphipods. Amphipods were isolated from laboratory
culture ranging from <24-h old (about 1 mm in length) to several months
old (up to 6 mm) and were immobilized in carbonated water. Individual
lengths of each amphipod was measured using an EPIX imaging system
(PIXCI SV4 imaging board and XCAP software; EPIX Inc., Bualo
Grove, IL) connected to a computer and a microscope. Each individual
amphipod was then rinsed with deionized water and dried for 24 h at 60
C in an aluminum pan. Te dry weight of the individual amphipods was
measured using a Mettler MX5 scale (readability to 0.001 mg). For smaller
amphipods (i.e., about 1 mm) groups of 50 animals of about the same
length were composited to obtain an average dry weight for smaller animals.
An equation was generated from these data as a linear regression of length
to the cube root of dry weight (cube root dry weight = [0.1770 x length]
-0.0292; r2=0.927). Example datasets will be presented comparing measures
of amphipod survival, length, average weight, and total biomass relative to
measures of sediment chemistry.
RP101 Using the Trident Probe to Characterize Chloride
Contamination at the Groundwater-Surface Water Interface. D.R.
Lavoie, CH2M HILL, Chantilly, VA; F.S. Dillon, G. Dyke, P. Arps, CH2M
HILL, Okemos, MI; J. Johnson, CH2M HILL, Dayton, OH; C. Smith,
T. Groves, B. Chadwick, Costal Monitoring Associates, San Diego, CA.
Historical investigations at an industrial facility in the Midwest identied
elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) and chloride concentrations in site
groundwater. On- and oshore cone penetrometer testing (CPT)/electrical
conductivity (EC) logging and groundwater sampling data collected in 2006
suggested that chloride might be venting into an adjacent freshwater lake at
concentrations exceeding ecotoxicological benchmarks. However, specic
conductance measurements suggest that chloride concentrations at the
groundwater-surface water interface (GSI) and biologically active zone (0
to 12 inches of sediment) are lower than the actual chloride concentrations
measured in deep groundwater grab samples. In April 2008, potential
venting zones were surveyed and sampled using the Trident Probe, a direct-
push integrated temperature sensor, conductivity sensor, and pore water
sampler developed to screen sites with potential GSI zones. Te Trident
Probe was congured with two temperature/conductivity sensors and three
pore water sample probes. Each pore water probe consisted of a 6-inch sand-
pack pre-lter to minimize potential clogging from ne-grained sediment
and was attached to peristaltic pumps to facilitate low-ow sampling
techniques. Te midpoint of the three pore water probes was set to penetrate
to 4, 16, and 29 inches below the sediment surface, with temperature/
conductivity sensors set to collect measurements within the shallowest and
deepest depth ranges. In addition to temperature and conductivity, drawn
surface water and pore water were further analyzed ex situ for conductivity
and temperature as well as other basic water quality parameters (pH,
oxidation-reduction potential, and TDS). Split samples were submitted
to a laboratory for analysis of chloride. Te water quality and analytical
results were used to identify potential venting zones and compare chloride
concentrations to the ecotoxicological benchmarks. Tis presentation details
the Trident Probe methods employed and summarizes the eld-collected
data and conclusions generated from the study.
RP102 Compilation of control performance data for laboratories
conducting whole-sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella
azteca and the midge Chironomus dilutus (formerly C. tentans). C.
Ingersoll, USGS, Columbia, MO; D. Mount, USEPA, Duluth, MN;
J. Field, NOAA, Seattle, WA; S. Ireland, USEPA, Chicago, IL; D.
MacDonald, MESL, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada; L. Read, Terra
Stat Consulting Group, Snohomish, WA. Te objective of this project is to
evaluate the response of the amphipod Hyalella azteca (HA) and the midge
Chironomus dilutus (CD) at dierent laboratories to control sediments used
to conduct whole-sediment toxicity tests. Tis presentation evaluates test
acceptability requirements for conducting whole-sediment toxicity tests with
HA and CD as recommended in standard methods developed by ASTM,
USEPA, and Environment Canada. A second objective of this project will
be to evaluate approaches for establishing toxicity of sediments to HA or
CD relative control or reference sediment. A third objective of this project
will be to evaluate the response of HA and CD across a range of physical
characteristics of control or reference sediments (e.g., grain size, TOC).
Te rst standard methods for conducting whole-sediment toxicity tests
with sediment-dwelling freshwater invertebrates were developed in the early
1990s by ASTM, USEPA, and Environment Canada. Limited information
was available at that time to establish the test acceptability requirement
of: (1) 80% survival of HA in 10- to 28-d exposures to control sediment
or (2) 70% survival and 0.48 mg/individual ash-free dry weight of CD in
10-d exposures to control sediment. Moreover, no growth (average length
or weight) acceptability requirement for HA or total biomass acceptability
requirements for HA or CD have been established for control sediment
in the ASTM or USEPA methods. We have established a database for
the response of HA and CD in control sediments at USGS Columbia
(61 control treatments for HA and 17 control treatments for CD) and at
USEPA Duluth (126 control treatments for HA and 121 control treatments
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for CD). We also obtained data for a total of 325 sediment control
treatments for HA or CD from ve other laboratories. Preliminary analyses
of control charts across these laboratories indicate that the current minimum
control survival requirements of 80% for HA in 10- to 28-d exposures and
70% for CD in 10-d exposures are probably more lenient than necessary
and may need to be raised.
RP103 Environmental risk assessment in rivers from developing
countries: Opportunities and limitations. M. Schuhmacher, Chemical
Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain; W. Ocampo-
Duque, M.E. Nuez, Ponticia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, COLOMBIA.
Rivers in developing countries are stressed by diverse activities, such as
agriculture, farming, domestic use, and industrial production. Contrarily
to developed countries, strategies to control water quality in these countries
are really weak. For instance, monitoring networks to control dangerous
and/or priority substances are not implemented yet. Terefore, the presence
of toxic substances in water, sediments and biota is highly probable, and
the consequences of such pollution for human and ecological health are
unknown. In Colombia, river pollution is of concern, since the high levels
of biodiversity and endemism could be dramatically reduced by the presence
of toxic substances in water and sediments. Recently, cases of concern
related to public health have been reported. In the present project, protocols
based on environmental risk assessment to estimate pollution in rivers
from developing countries are being tested. Te aim has been the design
and implementation of low-cost and easy-to-use methodologies to evaluate
contamination, toxicity, and risk in rivers. A case study from an important
Colombian river, the Cauca River, has been selected. Methods based on
rapid eco-toxicity tests have been used to determine the nature of pollution.
Characterization of releases has allowed infer the probable chemicals present
in water and sediments. Moreover, specic chemical analyses have been
carried out to identify the real causes of pollution. Te collected information
has been processed with an intelligent inference support system which has
resulted helpful to make-decisions.
RP104 Predicting Soil Vapor Chemical Fingerprints from Non-
Aqueous Phase Liquid Chemical Composition. A.D. Uhler, K.J.
McCarthy, S.J. Emsbo-Mattingly, S.A. Stout, G.S. Douglas, M.R.
Mitchell, NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice, Rockland, MA.
Complex mixtures of volatile organic chemical (VOC) vapors can exist
over accumulations of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) or NAPL-
contaminated subsurface soils. Te ability to predict the relative soil vapor
composition arising from such NAPLs is relevant in studies of the sources
and fate of soil vapor, and in assessing the possible intrusion of such
VOC to indoor air. In this paper, detailed chemical characterization data
from analysis of liquid NAPLs are used to calculate equilibrium vapor
phase concentrations and relative distributions of 65 diagnostic paran,
isoparans, aromatics, naphthenes, and olens. Chemical ngerprints
of such predicted vapor phase hydrocarbons can be used as compositional
benchmarks when compared with the same suite of compounds measured
in authentic soil vapor or air samples using a modied EPA Method TO-15
GC/MS technique. Measured NAPL and predicted vapor phase chemical
composition are presented for a diverse group of 10 hydrocarbon products
that include crude oil, solvents, gasoline, distillate fuels, and coal tar.
RP105 Landll Plume Forensics Using Minor Ions. R.D. Mutch, R.F.
Carbonaro, HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ; R.D. Mutch, R.F. Carbonaro,
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY.
Plumes of landll leachate-impacted groundwater can be dicult to fully
delineate in groundwater systems that have been widely contaminated by
other sources, such as septic systems, water softener discharges, road salting,
animal wastes, and agricultural activities. Recent studies by Panno (2006)
and others have shown that the minor ions, bromide and iodide, can often
be utilized to dierentiate landll leachate plumes from plumes emanating
from other sources. Te typically low levels of these ions in natural water
systems require specialized analysis by the neutron activation method.
Panno demonstrated that dierent sources of water can be identied by
cross-plotting of chloride/bromide ratios versus chloride and iodide/sodium
ratios versus bromide. Te viability of these methodologies is demonstrated
in two case studies both involving the delineation of landll plumes in
complex, multi-source, groundwater contamination settings. In one case,
the minor ion analyses conclusively demonstrated the vertical migration of
a landll plume into a deeper, water supply aquifer. Past studies had been
unable to dierentiate landll-related impacts from impacts from other
sources due to widespread, low-level inorganic and organic contamination
in the aquifer system. Te minor ion analyses also detected the faint impact
of an older, upgradient landll in the upper aquifer. In the second case, an
industrial landll plume containing a variety of volatile organic compounds,
chloride, and ammonia was subject to analysis for major ions, minor ions,

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N in the dissolved ammonia. Te analyses found that
the plume was characterized by unusually elevated levels of iodide and,
correspondingly, unusually low Cl/I ratios. Tis distinctive characteristic
of the plume demonstrated that the plume could not have been the source
of elevated chlorides in several residential wells some distant cross-gradient
from the plume. In addition, the above-referenced minor ion cross-plotting
strongly suggested that the chloride in the residential wells derived from
local septic system discharges.
RP106 Te Contribution of Forest Fires to the Generation of Dioxins
and Furans in Ash and Soil. S. Holm, Georgia-Pacic LLC, Atlanta, GA;
T.L. Deardor, Exponent, Irvine, CA; N. Karch, Exponent, Washington,
DC. We investigated the levels of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and
polychlorinated furans (PCDFs) in ash and topsoil following the 2007
wildres in southern California. Seventeen samples were collected from
three dierent res that burned in three counties. Te production of
PCDD/F found in the ash exceeded the range of levels commonly reported
in the literature and suggests that some of the higher concentrations noted
could inuence ambient level data. Te highest detected values and levels
of congeners were found in areas were homes where burned, followed by
areas with agriculture and brush, respectively. Using WHO2005 TEFs,
TEQ values ranged from 1.3 to 1,680 pg/g (ppt) (n=17; Median=3.29
ppt; Average=140.44 ppt). Of these, two samples taken at a burned home
in a rural area surrounded by trees had the highest levels of TEQ at 1,680
ppt and 396 ppt, respectively. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was
detected in eight of the 17 samples with a range between 0.691 to 72.8
ppt (n=8; Median=2.01 ppt; Average=16.62 ppt). Dioxin proles show
large variations in the amounts and composition. On a percentage basis,
our data show characteristics similar to forest res, which are dominated by
OCDD (Average = 90%; highest value = 344,000 ppt) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-
HpCDD (Average = 10%; highest value = 37,700 ppt). Te high-end of
the TEQ values for PCDD/Fs and TCDD indicate that higher values in
the environment may not necessarily reect industrial activity; moreover,
reporting only average statistics without complete data sets may result in
misleadingly interpretations of environmental concentrations. Our ndings
show that forest res, especially in areas where homes are present apparently
can lead to a range in concentrations with the highest levels well above
median or mean values. In addition, in areas where forest res are likely
isolated high concentrations of dioxins or furans, including 2,3,7,8-TCDD,
do not necessarily imply industrial activity.
RP107 Heavy Metals and Other Elements Found in Ash and Soil
Samples Following the 2007 Southern California Fires. T.L. Deardor,
Exponent, Irvine, CA; S. Holm, Georgia-Pacic LLC, Atlanta, GA.
Following the 2007 Southern California res human and environmental
health concerns increased. Inhalation of ne particles and associated
pollutants by reghters and residents reentering the burned zones
represents a potential health issue. Moreover, environmental stresses
may have increased from ooding due to lack of vegetation and elevated
debris-ow. Consequently, identifying the trace metals and other pollution
contributions from these res related to ash and burned soils was a critical
rst step to enhance our understanding. We collected ash and burned
topsoil from wildre sites from Orange, Riverside, and San Diego Counties
and analyzed them for heavy metals and other chemicals. Tirteen samples
were tested for 65 chemicals. We examined the contribution of dierent
vegetation (i.e., brush habitats, avocado groves) and home sites. Twenty-ve
chemicals were not detected at any site. Te pH of the samples ranged from
7.7 to 12.7 (average = 8.8; mean = 9.49). Arsenic ranged from 0.76 to 14.0
ppm in our samples. EPA Region IX residential soil preliminary remediation
goal (RSRG) for arsenic is 0.39 - 0.62 ppm. All of our samples exceeded this
value. Calcium had the highest average value at 21,119 ppm (range = 3,335
- 94,092 ppm; mean = 11,904 ppm). According to a report by the USGS,
the Western US soil mean for calcium is 18,000 ppm. Te next six highest
values in order of highest to lowest were: magnesium at 4,244.4 ppm (range
= 19,075 - 1,092; mean = 2,632); aluminum at 4,171.0 ppm (range =
6,238 - 2,022; mean = 3,830); potassium at 1,925.3 ppm (range = 3,245
- 324; mean = 1,974); sodium at 685.5 ppm (range = 4,218 - 115; mean =
324 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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296), titanium at 264.8 ppm (range = 879 - 77.9; mean = 204) and zinc at
156.6 (range = 751 - 29.3; mean = 106). We compare our ndings to others
studies from a dierent San Diego re occurring in the same timeframe.
RP108 Regional examination of the inuence of space, land cover,
and geology on sediment mercury enrichment across Ontario. B.
Mills, J.M. Blais, D.R. Lean, Chemical and Environmental Toxicology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; B. Mills, A.M. Paterson,
G. Mierle, Dorset Environmental Science Center, Ontario Ministry of
the Environment, Dorset, Ontario, Canada; A.M. Paterson, J.P. Smol,
Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Environmental
contamination by mercury is notoriously complicated. Mercury deposited
into our ecosystems originates from global, regional and local sources.
Furthermore, establishing baseline levels of mercury across geologically
diverse regions is dicult. In this study we have compiled a database of over
200 lakes in which pre-industrial (>30 cm depth) and present-day sediments
(0.5-1 cm) were analyzed for total mercury content. Physico-chemical
data were gathered using geographic information system layers to delineate
watershed boundaries and long term monitoring data of surface waters.
Non-stationality (local hot spots or cold spots) of mercury enrichment
was determined using local tests of autocorrelation. Numerous spots were
evident, although in most cases, the maximum correlation among sites
was not the nearest neighbor, indicating a strong inuence of watershed
characteristics. Site level inuence on mercury enrichment in the study area
was dominated by open water (% area) (r = 0.91, p = 0.035), mine tailings
(r = 0.94, p = 0.019), and organic deposits in surcial geology (r = - 0.91, p
= 0.034). Although R2 values increased from 20.5 % (p = 0.005) to 60.2 %
(p = 0.013); using global coecients (ordinary least squares) to using local
coecients (geographically weighted regression; GWR), ANOVA indicated
little improvement between models due to the number of parameters in
GWR (F = 1.44). A broad spatial pattern was dominated by mean annual
precipitation (shared variance = 3.5%), while more ne spatial patterns were
dominated by pH (average shared variance = 10.8 %). Tis study represents
one of the largest scale studies of sediment mercury concentrations in
North America to date. We have delineated site level attributes to determine
patterns of enrichment and to which environmental conditions they can be
attributed.
RP109 Novel techniques for the visualisation of directional air quality
data. K. Jones, C. Ren, P. McKenna, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United
Kingdom; R. Timmis, H. Brett, Environment Agency, Lancaster, United
Kingdom. Collecting and storing large time series data sets of atmospheric
pollutant concentrations and meteorological variables has become much
more viable in recent years, providing opportunities and challenges for
environmental scientists wishing to present these data in a concise and
easily interpretable manner. A need has emerged for directional analysis
techniques which have the capacity to take such large datasets and extract
clear temporal and spatial relationships between pollutant levels and the
prevailing meteorological characteristics. Te novel methods developed here
employ a stochastic approach to handling air quality data, the raw data are
pre-processed using a kernel function and then presented in a graphical
form which can straightforwardly show associations between pollutant
concentrations and wind speed, direction and/or time of day. Te resultant
plots lend themselves easily to the characterisation of pollutant sources in
terms of extent (point, line, diuse), duration (constant, episodic, diurnal)
and location. Using ve years of automatic monitoring data from the Aire
Valley, UK, these novel directional analysis methods have been used to
illustrate the temporal changes in SO2 concentrations associated with three
local power stations. Te same techniques also identify an SO2 signal from
a source not consistent with the local sources. A triangulation exercise points
to a potential source of this signal.
RP110 Distribution of Carbonaceous Materials in a Small Urban
Watershed: Implications for PAH Contamination. Y. Yang, C.J. Werth,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; B. Ligouis, Laboratories for Applied
Organic Petrology, Tbingen University, Tbingen, Germany; M. Razzaque,
Center for Applied Geology, Tbingen University, Tbingen, Germany.
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been
increasing in recent decades in many urban lakes and streams, particularly
in areas with rapid urbanization. Surface runo of carbonaceous material
(CM) particles is the most important pathway for the entry of PAHs into
urban waters. Types, amounts, and origins of PAH-associated CM particles
in urban lake and stream sediments and their relative contributions to PAH
contamination remain unclear. Te objectives of this research are to identify
the sources and distribution of CM particles in a small urban watershed and
to determine what CMs are the dominant sources of PAHs in the lake and
stream sediments. Samples of soil from residential and commercial areas,
dust from coal-tar-sealed and unsealed parking lots and residential streets,
stream bed sediment, and lake sediment cores were collected from the Lake
Como watershed, Fort Worth, TX. CM particles were characterized using
organic petrography and compared to total PAH concentrations (PAH).
Te correlation between log-PAH and the organic carbon in soot, coal tar,
and asphalt indicates that these three types of CMs are sources or carriers
of PAHs in urban watersheds. On the basis of CM fractions and associated
PAH concentrations, coal-tar pitch accounts for approximately 98% of the
PAHs in sealed parking lot dust, 82% in unsealed parking lot dust, 67%
in commercial soil, and 14% in stream bed sediment; however, coal-tar
pitch was below detection limit (0.2%) in lake sediment. We hypothesize
that the marked decrease in coal-tar pitch in aquatic CMs relative to urban
soils and dust results from solubilization of some of the coal-tar pitch and
transfer of PAHs to other CMs. Future work is proposed to quantify the
association of PAHs with CM particles in urban runo and to investigate
the redistribution of PAHs among CM particles in aquatic settings.
RP111 Extractable PAHs in Coal: Te Eects of Rank and Natural/
Anthropogenic Coking. S. Emsbo-Mattingly, S.A. Stout, Newelds,
Rockland, MA; G.B. Stracher, Division of Science and Mathematics,
East Georgia College, Swainsboro, GA; J.C. Hower, Center for Applied
Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Environmental
investigations concerned with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
soils and sediments must often dierentiate contributions from one source
relative to ambient or background conditions. Tis exercise becomes
more challenging in areas inuenced by the storage of fossil fuels, like coal
and petroleum. While both of these fossil fuels contain petrogenic PAHs,
particulate coal can exhibit a wider diversity of hydrocarbon ngerprints
that can facilitate its identication. In addition, organic petrology can
greatly improve the accurate identication of particulate coal and the
associated coal-derived PAHs. Tis paper discusses the compositional
features of the extractable fraction of coal exemplied by a survey of
high vitrinite coals of dierent rank lignite through anthracite. Te
compositional features of these raw coals will be contrasted with the
pyrogenic PAHs and other hydrocarbons comprising coal tars generated
by both natural and anthropogenic coking processes. Te data presented
include: (1) high resolution hydrocarbon ngerprinting methods using a
gas chromatograph equipped with a ame ionization detector (GC/FID)
for hydrocarbons in the 9 to 44 carbon molecular weight range and (2) GC
equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for PAHs with 2 to 7 rings
including parent and alkylated isomers and geochemical biomarkers. Te
data in this presentation demonstrate a range of extractable hydrocarbons
associated with particulate coal. Lower rank lignite coals exhibit a range of
immature diagenetic precursors. Middle rank bituminous coals generally
exhibit higher proportions of normal alkanes, geochemical biomarkers,
and petrogenic PAHs. Higher rank anthracites contain lower proportions
of saturated hydrocarbons and slightly pyrogenic PAH proles. Natural
and anthropogenic coking processes generated coal tars that exhibit strong
pyrogenic PAH patterns that reect heating at temperatures ranging from
500C to 1100C. Concentration ranges for these various hydrocarbon
constituents will be presented for site specic applications.
RP112 Te use of chemical proling to dierentiate farm raised
versus wild caught salmon in the market place. K.A. Hobbie, B.W.
Smith, K.A. Anderson, Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR; B.W. Smith, Statistics, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR. Environmental and nutritional impacts of
farmed raised versus wild caught sh may aect consumer choices where
food labeling can be used as a marketing tool to convey quality, agricultural
practice and product value. Te importance of health benets, food safety,
and cost are considerations when deciding to purchase a farmed versus wild
caught salmon. Our lab has successfully used chemical proling to validate
geographic origin in a variety of food commodities. Tis study conrms that
we can accurately dierentiate several species of farmed and wild caught
salmon purchased over three seasons using chemical (trace elements and
stable isotope ratios) and computational analysis (principle component
analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, discriminant analysis, and neural
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network modeling). Initial results demonstrate that 15N might be a
signicant indicator to dierentiate between wild caught versus a farm
raised salmon populations collected over two seasons of data, along with
other elements. Wild caught salmon 15N, ranging from 13.53 - 15.12,
are signicantly greater than farm raised values. Chemical proling is a rapid
and cost eective tool for multiple commodities to ensure accurate labeling
in the market place.
RP113 Quantitative Screening for Airborne Trace Elements by In Situ
Laser Ablation ICP-MS: An Assessment of South Florida Ecosystems.
L.E. Arroyo, D. Seba, P.R. Gardinali, Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Florida International University, MIami, FL; L.E. Arroyo, P.R. Gardinali,
Southeast Environmental Research Center, Miami, FL. Te continuous
intercontinental mobilization of atmospheric pollutants has been a growing
research area in the past 10 years because of their un-predictable eects on
highly sensitive ecosystems. Microorganisms, pollutants and or nutrients
have been pointed out as potential sources on environmental and health
problems along both coasts of the US and in the Greater Caribbean Basin.
For instance the quality of the transoceanic dust is of primary interest
because of the variety of human related inux of stressors coming from
biomass and waste burning, (e.g. airborne contaminants including plant
detritus, microorganisms, soils and nutrients, and toxic metals) that
could be carried as a cloud of stable aerosols. Te feasibility of a LA-ICP-
MS analytical method that provides quantitative elemental analysis of a
wide range of elements in polymeric lters containing atmospheric dust
is presented here. A novel approach that involves the use of a standard
addition technique to create in-lter standards was used. Results show that
in-lter calibration and standards addition methods were critical for the
quantitative determination of the dierent elements present on the dust
samples. Te proposed quantitative strategy allows a rapid determination
of airborne trace elements in lters containing both contemporary African
dust and local dust emissions. Tese distributions are used to determine
and evaluate qualitative and quantitative dierences of composition and to
establish potential uxes to protected ecosystems in the area such as coral
reefs and or protected parklands in South Florida.
RP114 Validation of a LA-ICP-MS Method for the routine analysis
of soils and sediments: A novel advance in Environmental Forensics.
L.E. Arroyo, T. Trejos, J.R. Almirall, P.R. Gardinali, Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida International Univesity, Miami, FL; L.E. Arroyo, P.R.
Gardinali, Southeast Environmental Research Center (SERC), Miami, FL;
T. Trejos, J.R. Almirall, International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI),
Miami, FL. A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the routine analysis of
trace elements on soils and sediments by UV-ns-LA-ICP-MS is presented in
this study. Variables such as laser spot size, particle grain size and the use of
an internal standard were shown critical variables to improve the analytical
performance of the reported methodology. Te homogenization procedure
generating particle sizes of less than 1m diameter was found to be a key
factor to allow for a representative sampling of the bulk soil at the micro-
scale and the corresponding improvement in terms of reproducibility and
cohesion of the sample. SEM/EDX analyses were conducted to evaluate
the eciency of laser to sample interaction. Sixteen elements were analyzed
on soil and sediment samples and certied reference standard materials.
Analytical results obtained by LA-ICP-MS were comparable to solution
ICP-MS analysis in terms of accuracy, precision and limits of detection. Two
independent prociency tests for trace metals in soils were conducted to
compare the performance of the method versus conventional digestion ICP
and AA methods, obtaining z scores below 3 for all elements measured by
LA-ICP-MS. An overall bias between 8 and 15 % was found, depending on
the sample while the overall precision was found to be better than 5 % RSD
for all samples. Limits of detection were as low as 0.01 mgkg-1 and 1 or 2
orders of magnitude lower than other reported laser assisted methods.
RP115 Assessment of contribution of contemporary carbon sources
to size-fractionated PM and time resolved PM10 using the measurement
of radiocarbon. H. Hwang, T.M. Young, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA; B. Buchholz, Center
for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, CA. Increased levels of particulate matter (PM)
in ambient air have been linked to many public health problems such as
increased premature death and hospital admission. To eectively regulate
and manage the levels of PM in the atmosphere, it is essential to identify
the sources of PM more accurately. To investigate the contribution of
contemporary carbon sources to size-fractionated PM and time-resolved
PM10, modern carbon fraction in all PM samples was determined. Size-
fractionated PM (0.05-1.8 um) samples were collected using MOUDI
samplers continuously for 72 hours and time-resolved PM10 samples
were collected concurrently using PM10 high-volume samplers for 3 time
segments (morning, afternoon, and overnight) of each day. All samples
were analyzed for radiocarbon content using accelerator mass spectrometry
(AMS) to calculate the fraction of modern carbon. Fossil fuels such as
coal and petroleum contain almost no carbon 14 because fossil fuels have
been isolated from new input of radiocarbon for more than millions of
years. Contemporary carbon sources such as wood and vegetation have
similar levels of radiocarbon to that in the atmosphere. Samples collected
in November 2007 had higher levels of PM mass and radiocarbon than
samples collected in March 2008. Overnight samples collected in November
had higher levels of PM mass and radiocarbon than morning and afternoon
samples, indicating that wintertime residential wood burning contributes
signicantly to increased levels of PM in winter. Radiocarbon content in all
size range of PM was not signicantly dierent. Te present study provides
critical information that supports ongoing eorts that restrict residential
wood burning in urban communities in California to enhance the air
quality.
RP116 Isolation and Identication of Dioxin Degrading Bacteria
Found in Soils Contaminated with PCDDs/PCDFs. W.L. Shelver,
Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND; T. Caesar-
TonTat, Northern Plains Agriculture Research Laboratory, USDA-
ARS, Sidney, MT. Tere is a need to identify bacteria that can degrade
environmental contaminants; a fruitful place to identify such bacteria is
within contaminated soil. Te dioxin content and congener distribution
in soils collected from adjacent to old railroad track was isolated by rst
sonicating in acetone/toluene followed by alumina, tri-phase silica, and
carbon column cleanup. An isotope dilution method following EPA method
1613 using high-resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass
spectrometry demonstrated these soils to have elevated polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) or dibenzofurans (PCDFs) levels. It was
hypothesized that bacteria from these soils might use dioxins as an energy
source thus being good candidates for bio-remediation tools to decrease
dioxin levels in the soils. Te predominant bacteria from two sites with
elevated PCDDs/PCDFs contamination were isolated from whole soil
and identied by cellular fatty acids, derivatized to methyl esters (FAMEs)
proling. High proportion of Pseudomonas veroni and Pseudomonas
uorescens (biotype A and B) were found in the high dioxin contaminated
sites compared to the low dioxin contaminated sites where Fluorescens
putida biotype A appeared to predominate.
RP117 Development of Multi-residue Sulfonamide Analysis Using
LC-MS/MS for Detection in Wastewater and River Samples. W.L.
Shelver, N.W. Shappell, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS,
Fargo, ND. A LC-MS/MS method was developed for multi-residue
analysis of sulfonamides, including sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine,
sulfamerazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfachloropydirine,
sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadimethoxine, sulfabenzamide,
sulfaquinoxaline, and sulfasalazine. Two pairs of sulfonamides,
sulfaacetamide
a
, sulfaguanidine
a
and sulfameter
b
, sulfamethoxypyridine
b
,
were indistinguishable (indicated by superscripts) due to coelution and
identical parent and fragment ions. Te limits of detection on column
for the analytes ranged from 29 pg for sulfadimethoxine to 183 pg for
sulfaquinoxaline. Sample clean-up consisted of Oasis HLB solid-phase
extraction. Recoveries at 1 g/L spiking levels in nanopure or tap water
varied among the sulfonamides, ranging from 42 4.1% for sulfamethazine
to 88 3.8% for sulfamethoxazole (n=6). In swine wastewater samples,
river samples, and municipal wastewater the apparent recovery (reecting
both extraction losses and matrix suppression eects) ranged from 41-70%,
38-72%, and 28-90%, respectively based on recovery of deuterated SMX
fortication. Wastewaters from the sewage treatment plants were generally
found to contain concentrations of sulfamethoxazole > sulfapyridine >
sulfasalazine. Sulfamethoxazole concentration ranged from 2.4 to 0.2 g/L
depending on the wastewater treatment stage. While wastewater from one
swine rearing facility contained no detectable sulfonamides, the wastewater
from the second facility contained sulfamethazine (3.2 and 1.5 g/L from
dierent locations within the facility) demonstrating dierent farming
practices between the facilities.
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RP118 Oxidation of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Persulfate Activated by
Heat, Fe2+, and Zero-Valent Iron. S. Oh, H. Kim, J. Park, H. Park, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea;
C. Yoon, Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University, Masan, South
Korea. Te oxidation of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) by persulfate activated
by heat, Fe2+, and zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) was investigated via batch
experiments. It was hypothesized that elevating temperature and addition
of Fe2+ /Fe(0) into a persulfate-water system could enhance the oxidation
of PVA due to the formation of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals. Increasing
temperature from 20oC to 60oC and 80oC accelerated the oxidation rate
of PVA outstandingly, with showing complete oxidation in 30 min and 10
min, respectively. At 20oC, addition of Fe2+/Fe(0) to the persulfate-water
system was signicantly enhanced the oxidation of PVA, indicating that
optimal persulfate-to-Fe2+/Fe(0) molar ratio was 1:1. Complete oxidation
of PVA was obtained by Fe(0)-activated persulfate in 2 hrs. Synergistic
activation of persulfate by heat and Fe2+/Fe(0) was also shown to enhance
the oxidation of PVA in the persulfate-water system. As the oxidation
of PVA by persulfate activated by heat, Fe2+, and Fe(0) was continued,
pH was gradually dropped to 2-3, implying that small-molecular organic
acids might be formed as oxidation products. By using a GC-MS analysis,
an oxidation product of PVA was identied as 3-butanoic acid, which is
readily biodegradable. Our results suggested that the oxidative treatment
of PVA by the activated persulfate could be a viable option to enhance the
biodegradability of PVA.
RP119 Radionuclide (
137
Cs and
40
K) concentrations in the muscle of
Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) from Lake Baikal. M. Udaka, Ehime Prefectual
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Matsuyama, Japan;
M. Udaka, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, Center for Marine Environmental
Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; T. Ikemoto, Termo
Fisher Scientic K.K., Yokohama, Japan; H. Zenke, Ehime Prefectual
Institute of Uwajima Health center, Uwajima, Japan; V.B. Batoev, Baikal
Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation; E.A. Petrov, Te Eastern - Siberian
Scientic and Production Fisheries Center, VOSTSIBRYBCENTR,,
Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation. Measurement of activity of radionuclides in
the muscle samples (n=73) of Baikal seals from Lake Baikal, Russia collected
in 1992 and 2005 was carried out with a semiconductor (high-purity Ge)
detector.
137
Cs and
40
K were detected in all the muscle samples analyzed.
40
K levels in the Baikal seals of 2005 (78.3 to 108 Bq kg
-1
wet weight
(w.w.)) are comparable to those of 1992 (76 to 124 Bq kg
-1
w.w). Similar
40
K levels (71 to 169 Bq kg
-1
w.w.) were also reported in other studies on
marine mammals from other parts of the world.
40
K levels in Baikal seals
were not clearly related to their sex, age and body length. Tis result may
indicate that K concentration in Baikal seals is kept constant because it is
one of the essential elements for organisms.
137
Cs levels in Baikal seals in
2005 ranged from 4.85 to 17.1 Bq kg
-1
w.w. Te mean
137
Cs level (9.06
Bq kg
-1
w.w.) in Baikal seals in 2005 was lower than the mean
137
Cs level
(16.9 Bq kg
-1
w.w.) in the Baikal seals in 1992 (Students t-tests, p=0.01).
At the same time the values seen in the animals of 2005 are relatively high
compared with those in muscles of marine mammals of other studies from
other regions, including U.K. coast (1987), the Black Sea (1993) and the
Caspian Sea (1998). Tis result suggests that the level of
137
Cs around Lake
Baikal is decreasing after 1992. No signicant correlation was observed
between
137
Cs levels and age, body weight and length either in the animals
in 1992 or 2005, but somewhat a linear increase with age was observed in
the case of
137
Cs in the muscle of Baikal seal of both 1992 and 2005.
RP120 Organic Pollutants in a Gulf Estuary Bordered by a Naval
Air Station and Urban Area. C.J. Mohrherr, J. Liebens, K.R. Rao, Center
for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West
Florida, Pensacola, FL. Environmental and human health impacts and
origins of POPs and PAHs were assessed for Bayou Grande, Pensacola,
FL. Tis estuary is bordered on the south by a military installation (NAS),
on the north by an urban area (Warrington), and originates in the west
in wetlands. Sediment concentrations for PCBs, dioxins, PAHs and other
analytes were determined from surface grabs and vibracores. Impact was
assessed by SQAGs (Florida sediment quality assessment guidelines)
and accumulation in shellsh (Karouna-Renier et al., 2007). Pollutants
were found to be most concentrated and to often exceed SQAGs in the
channel of the eastern bayou and its nearby embayments associated with
Warrington and NAS. Te PAHs (sum of 18 PAHs) in two embayments
had maximum concentrations of 101,730 ug/kg near NAS and 80,780 ug/
kg near Warrington. Naphthalenes were detected generally near NAS and
in the main bayou channel. Sediment PAH concentrations diminished
with depth, but naphthalene PAHs were detected to 3 meters depth.
Forensic PAH ratios suggest nonpetroleum origins for surface sediment
PAHs. Naphthalenes have been detected in NAS groundwater suggesting
transport by contaminated groundwater to the bayou is possible. Te
highest sediment PCB concentrations were 643.6 ug/kg near NAS and
193.4 ug/kg near Warrington. Te highest dioxin concentrations were
detected in the main bayou channel. Seventeen of the 23 surface grabs had
combined dioxin/furan and dioxin-like PCB TEQs exceeding the NOAA
AET (3.6 ng/kg). Principal component analyses (PCA) were applied on
dioxin congeners to identify the potential origin of the dioxins and showed
dierences between surface and subsurface samples. For PCBs, cluster
analysis pointed to specic origins at NAS and Warrington. Decrease in
total congener chlorination was observed for dioxins and PCBs in deeper
vibracore samples. Tis suggests anaerobic dechlorination or changing
origins for these sediment POPs. It appears that NAS and Warrington have
contributed to bayou sediment pollutants and have impacted the eastern
region of the bayou. PCB and dioxin accumulation in shellsh tissue suggest
indirect impacts by sediment POPs upon human health. (Supported by EPA
Cooperative Agreement X-97455002).
RP121 Dissolved organic matter facilitates pyrethroid desorption
and transport. L.I. Delgado-Moreno, L. Wu, J. Gan, Environmental
Sciences, UCR, Riverside, CA. Te fate of pesticides in the environment is
highly dependent upon their sorptive behavior. It is possible to assess the
availability of pesticides to pollution processes by characterizing the two
main retention processes, sorption and desorption. Tese processes depend
on the nature and properties of the organo-mineral interactions and the
soil solution composition. Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs)
have a low aqueous solubility and tend to be adsorbed by soil but also by
suspended particulates and dissolved organic matter (DOM), a process
that likely enhances the transport of HOCs in soils and water ow and
increases the risk of contamination to surface water. However, studies about
the inuence of the DOM on adsorption-desorption behavior of extremely
hydrophobic organic contaminants are scarce, and require more in-depth
investigations. Te aim of this work was to study the eect of DOM from
dierent origins on sorption and desorption of three pyrethroid pesticides
(bifenthrin, permetrin and cyuthrin). For this purpose, two sediments
with dierent properties and organic matter content (0.98 and 1.8 %,
respectively) were selected. DOM was extracted from sediment in the
ratio 1:10 by shaking with 0.1M CaCl2 solution. Dissolved humic acids
were also prepared from the Aldrich humic acid. Adsorption-desorption
isotherms of three pyrethroids were determined with the batch equilibration
procedure where dierent DOM solutions were amended to the sediment-
water system. Te addition of DOM modied the sorption-desorption
behaviour of bifenthrin, permethrin and cyuthrin. Soil organic carbon and
DOM composition were relevant parameters in the sorption-desorption
of these pesticides. Te reduction of pesticide sorption in the presence of
DOM could be explained by competition for sorption sites on the sediment
or by forming stable solution-phase complexes. Tese complexes increase
the solubility of poorly water-soluble pyrethroids and, due to their great
mobility, can enhance contaminant transport in processes such as surface
runo.
RP122 Measurement of steroid hormones in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) serum using LC/MS/MS. D. Christiansen, L.
Peters, K. Pleskach, B. Gemmill, V. Palace, G. Tomy, Fisheries & Oceans
Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; L. Peters, B. Gemmill, G. Tomy,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Steroid hormone
levels in animal serum provide useful information about the health,
reproductive status and stress levels of an organism. We have developed an
analytical method to measure 22 reproductive and adrenal hormones and
hormone derivatives in captive O. mykiss serum. A variety of solid-phase
cartridge stationary phases were tested and used to concentrate hormones
from serum. Extracts were injected directly onto a C18 HPLC analytical
column and detection and quantitation were achieved using LC/MS/MS
in both positive and negative ion modes. Tis method will allow us to use
serum to condently measure physiological indicators in rainbow trout.
A potential application of this method is to monitor physiological and
reproductive changes in rainbow trout in response to laboratory exposure to
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contaminants. Furthermore, once our method is biologically validated and
normal hormone levels are established, serum sampling could be used for
assessing the health of wild rainbow trout.
RP123 Trophic Transfer of PBDEs and PCBs in a Tidal Freshwater
Marsh. M. Vasquez, J.T. Ashley, School of Science and Health, Philadelphia
University, Philadelphia, PA; M. Schafer, D.J. Velinsky, R. Horwitz,
J.T. Ashley, Patrick Center for Environmental Research, Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA; H. Stapleton, Nicolas School of the
Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC. Te John
Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum Marsh contains one
of the last few tidal freshwater marsh communities along the Pennsylvania
side of the Delaware River Estuary. Biota and sediment were collected from
two sites within the NWR. One hundred and ten PCB congeners and 40
PBDE congeners were quantied. Isotopic (13C and 15N) analysis was used
to reconstruct the trophic levels existing this dynamic marsh system. For
t-PCBs and t-PBDEs, positive correlations were observed between 13N
values and concentration suggesting that as organisms placed higher on the
trophic hierarchy, contaminant body burdens were higher. Predator prey
ratios (PPRs) were calculated for Tinicum Marsh channel catsh and white
perch using both amphipods and small prey sh as the prey items. PPRs
from this study ranged from 2.5 to 5.2 suggesting biomagnications. In an
earlier study with the nearby channel system of the Delaware River Estuary,
PPRs were signicantly lower. Tis highlights the importance of marsh
environments as areas for accumulation and subsequent magnication of
PCBs and PBDEs. Moreover, using 15N values for a surrogate for trophic
position, PDE99/PDE100 concentrations were weakly but negatively
correlated with trophic level, also suggesting that there is evidence that
debromination pathways within Tinicum Marsh species exist. Tis study
was the rst to document PBDE concentrations within biota within the
fringe marsh environment of the Delaware River Estuary. Tese data will
be valuable in not only assisting further bioaccumation/trophic transfer
studies but will serve as benchmarks to which future PBDEs concentrations
will be compared to.
RP124 Phthalates in Childrens Apparel: Is Tere a Need for Concern.
J.T. Ashley, P. Bially, M. Griages, D. Brookstein, Institute for Textile and
Apparel Product Safety, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, PA. Te
presence of toxic substances in consumer products is a public health concern
of increasing scope and importance. Phthalates, a specic class of organic
compounds used primarily as plasticizers in toys and clothing, have been
identied as toxicants and linked to a variety of reproductive problems,
allergies, and eczema particularly among children. Tis study focused on
the quantication of phthalate compounds from childrens apparel. Eight
random clothing samples suspected of containing phthalates were purchased
from a local department store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Analysis of
the cleaned soxhlet extracts by gas chromatography with a ame ionization
detector revealed varying levels of phthalates in each article of clothing
tested. Two clothing samples, one manufactured in El Salvador and the
other in Nicaragua, were found to contain phthalate levels exceeding the
0.1% by mass limit currently permitted by the European Union. Te
sample from El Salvador was found to contain 3.55% phthalates by weight,
approximately 35.5 times greater than the acceptable limit. Te sample
from Nicaragua contained 0.35% phthalates by weight, approximately 3.5
times greater than the acceptable limit. Although this study was limited
in the number of samples evaluated, it does highlight the need to assess
the concentration and distribution of phthalates in consumer products,
especially those intended for childrens use. Additional studies are needed
to make these assessments and quantify the eects of acute and chronic
exposure on human health.
RP125 Occurrence and proles of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels from selected contaminated
sites in Japan and the USA. Y. Horii, N. Yamashita, National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan; Y. Horii,
T. Kunisue, K. Kannan, New York State Department of Health, Albany,
NY; T. Ohura, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan. Chlorinated
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants
in urban air; emissions from vehicles and waste incineration contribute
to contamination of air. Some ClPAHs have been shown to elicit greater
toxicity and mutagenicity than their corresponding parent PAHs. Despite
this, only little is known on the occurrence of ClPAH in environmental
matrices, due to the lack of ClPAH analytical standards. In this study, we
measured concentrations of 20 ClPAHs in sediments and mussels from
selected contaminated sites in Japan and the USA. Te samples analyzed
were sediments from Tokyo Bay, sediments and mussels in New Bedford
Harbor (Boston), sediments from the Saginaw and Tittabawassee Rivers
and Saginaw Bay (Michigan), sediments from the Detroit and Rouge Rivers
(Michigan), sediments from the Hudson River (New York), sediments from
a former chlor-alkali plant near the city of Brunswick (Georgia). All of the
sampling sites are known to have highly contaminated with PAHs and/or
persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins.
Concentrations of total ClPAHs in sediment core from Tokyo Bay ranged
from 0.1 to 1 ng/g dry weight. Te ClPAH concentrations in sediment from
Saginaw Bay were 1.5 times higher than those in Tokyo Bay. In this study,
the highest concentration was found in sediment from the former chlor-
alkali plant at 23 ng/g dry weight. Tat indicates that chlor-alkali plant is an
emission source for ClPAHs. Te mean concentration of ClPAHs in mussels
from New Bedford Harbor was 0.15 ng/g wet weight. 1-monochloropyrene
and 6-monochlorobenzo[a]pyrene were the dominant compounds in most
of the sediments analyzed. Te proles were similar to the proles reported
previously for urban air and ash from waste incinerators. Te concentrations
of ClPAHs in sediments found in this study were similar to the levels of
dioxins. Te results suggest that ClPAHs can be persistent in the aquatic
environment, or continuously released from the sources such as vehicle
exhaust and waste incineration. Tis is the rst report to analyze ClPAHs in
sediments and mussels.
RP126 Inter-laboratory Comparison of Acid-Volatile Sulde
and Simultaneously Extracted Metals in Freshwater Sediments.
C. Hammerschmidt, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Wright State
University, Dayton, OH; G. Burton, Cooperative Institute of Limnology
and Ecosystem Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Partitioning with solid phases is a principal control on availability and
associated toxicity of metals to aquatic biota. In anoxic sediments,
environmentally active fractions of sulde and associated metals are dened
operationally as acid-volatile sulde (AVS) and simultaneously extracted
metals (SEM). Ratios of these chemical parameters are used often in
establishing equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks; however,
measurements of AVS and SEM in sediments can be inaccurate. To illustrate
such inaccuracies, we distributed subsamples of four physicochemically
disparate sediments to seven independent laboratories, including our own
at Wright State University, for analysis of both AVS and SEM (cadmium,
copper, lead, nickel, and zinc). Sediments for this study were sampled from
rivers in southwestern Ohio and expected to have a broad range of AVS and
SEM concentrations that are representative of deposits in other freshwater
systems. Preliminary results suggest considerable inter-laboratory variation
of reported AVS and SEM values for each of the sediments, which may stem
largely from the operational nature of the analytical procedure and absence
of reference materials for these analytes. Tis work highlights the need for
improved quality control and standardization of methods for determination
of AVS and SEM in sediments.
RP127 Environmental Properties of Pentauorosulfanyl Compounds.
D.A. Jackson, S.A. Mabury, Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. A relatively new and unexplored functionality in organic
chemistry is the pentauorosulfanyl (SF5) group. Tere has been recent
interest in the usage of the SF5 group as a replacement for the electrically
similar triuoromethyl (CF3) group in commercial products such as
uoxetine and triuralin. A preemptive study on the environmental
properties and fate of the SF5 group was warranted given the potential for
high usage of these compounds. Te physical properties of water solubility,
and octanol-water partitioning coecient and vapour pressure of analagous
SF5 and CF3 probe compounds were measured. Results show the SF5
compounds to be less water soluble and more hydrophobic than the CF3
compounds by 0.5-0.6 log Kow units when using the slow stir method.
Vapour pressure measurements are currently ongoing. Direct photolysis
experiments were also carried out on SF5 compounds using a sunlight
simulator. Te SF5 group completely decomposed when exposed to actinic
radiation in buered aqueous solution. Five uoride ion equivalents were
formed from the starting analyte as the reaction progressed as monitored
by NMR. Te half lives for these compounds ranged from 1 to 5 hours,
which was compared to analagous CF3 compounds. Te reaction was
followed by mass spectrometry and was found to proceed through a sulfonyl
uoride intermediate. Te nal product was determined to be highly polar,
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water soluble and likely a benzenesulfonate derivative. Finally, an SF5
analog of uometuron was synthesized and characterized by the described
experimental methods. It was surprisingly found to degrade more rapidly
than uometuron by direct photolysis.
RP128 Decline in antioxidants such as Vitamin E and reduced
glutathione over time as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryo
develops. J. Lu, P.V. Hodson, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada. We are assessing the eect of CEWAF (Chemically Enhanced
Water Accommodated Fraction) of Federated crude oil on the oxidative
defence capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in their early
life stages (Day 0- Day 60 post-fertilization; i.e., fertilization until the
onset of feeding). CEWAF of Federated crude, mimics the solubilization
of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the components of oil that
are embryotoxic, by high-energy mixing during an oil spill. Indications
of oxidative defence capacity were measured as the concentrations of
Vitamin E and reduced glutathione in tissues of embryonic trout exposed
to the CEWAF. Treatments of retene (model embryotoxic PAH; positive
control), water (negative control), and dispersant only, were also used to
demonstrate that any eects on the oxidative defence capacity of embryos
were due to oil exposure. As the embryos develop, they will use up nite
stores of antioxidants such as Vitamin E. Exposure to CEWAF and retene
should increase the rate of depletion of anti-oxidants and may induce a
greater oxidative stress. Hence, with increased exposure time, Vitamin E
and reduced glutathione level in both CEWAF- and retene-exposed trout
embryos should show the greatest decline. After the onset of feeding, the
oxidative stress capacity should be enhanced as indicated by Vitamin E
concentrations and the percentage of glutathione in its reduced form.
RP129 Decabromodiphenyl Ethane in Sewage Sludge A Global
Survey. N. Ricklund, A. Kierkegaard, M. McLachlan, ITM, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane)
is an additive ame retardant that has been identied in the environment.
Structurally, it is similar to decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), and hence
it is conceivable that it may also become an environmental contaminant
of concern. Sewage sludge is an indicator of leakage of hydrophobic,
persistent chemicals from the technosphere into the environment. In
this study an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in
sewage sludge was conducted. Sludge was collected from 42 WWTPs in
12 dierent countries on 5 continents. Te samples were extracted using
ASE and the analytes were determined using GC/LRMS. DeBDethane
was present in sludge from all countries. Tis demonstrates that this BFR
is a worldwide issue. Te level in sludge from the Ruhr area of Germany
(216 ng/g d.wt.) was the highest reported too date. Te ratio of the two
analytes [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High
ratios were found in sludge from Germany and neighbouring countries,
which is likely related to substitution of deBDethane for decaBDE in this
region. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, 2 countries that
have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. For the European Union,
the uxes of deBDEthane and decaBDE from the technosphere via WWTPs
to the environment were estimated to be 1.7 and 41 mg/(year*person),
respectively.
RP130 Mass Balance of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane in a Wastewater
Treatment Plant. N. Ricklund, A. Kierkegaard, M. McLachlan, ITM,
Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; C. Wahlberg, Stockholm Water
Co., Stockholm, Sweden. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is
an additive ame retardant that has been identied in the environment.
Structurally, it is similar to decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), and hence
it is conceivable that it may also become an environmental contaminant
of concern. To assess the extent to which wastewater treatment mitigates
the release of deBDethane from the technosphere into the environment,
we conducted a mass balance of deBDethane in a modern wastewater
treatment plant in Stockholm. DecaBDE was also studied for comparison
purposes. During two 7-day periods, ow proportional samples of plant
inuent and euent were collected. Grab samples of digested sludge were
taken after a time delay corresponding to the sludge residence time in the
plant. Te samples were analyzed with GC/HRMS using isotope labelled
internal standards. Te mean uxes of deBDethane and decaBDE to the
WWTP, normalized to the number of people connected, were 8.5 g day-1
person-1 and 78 g day-1 person-1, respectively. For both BFRs, less than
1 % of the mass inow left the WWTP via the euent. Te bulk was
sequestered into the digested sludge, where the mean concentrations were
81 and 800 ng/g d.wt., respectively. In conclusion, the eciency of transfer
from the technosphere to the environment via WWTPs is similar for the
two chemicals. Transfer via euent is low, whereas transfer via sludge can be
high when sludge is applied to land.
RP131 Evaluation of Chemical Leaching Potential from Roadway
Particles. B. McAtee, M. Kreider, J. Panko, L. Sweet, ChemRisk, Inc,
Pittsburgh, PA; B. Finley, ChemRisk, Inc, San Francisco, CA. Roadway
particles (RP) represent various particle sources found on the road,
including those from: tire wear, road surface, brakes, fuel, atmospheric,
and other environmental sources. Several studies have evaluated chemical
leaching from tire shreds, tire crumb or pieces of tread rubber, but no
such studies have been performed on actual RP collected under driving
conditions. In this study, RP collected from an on-road driving system were
leached in simulated rain water and the leachate was analyzed for metals
and organic constituents. Columns of 10,000, 5,000 or 1,000 ppm RP
in soil were leached for 16 hours with 100 mls of simulated rain water at
pH 7.5. Control columns of 100% soil, RP, and ground tire tread were
also evaluated. Leachate was analyzed for organic compounds by GC/MS,
HPLC, and TLC. Metals were analyzed by ICP. No organic compounds
were detected above the LOQ in any leachate. Zinc was detected at 1-2 ppm
in leachate from the RP-only and ground tire tread-only columns. However,
zinc in the leachate from the RP/soil columns was not signicantly dierent
than the control soil levels. Tese results suggest that the environmental
mobility of RP-related zinc is likely to be limited by soil.
RP132 Flame retardants and uorinated surfactants in components
of a Western Canadian Arctic marine food web. G. Tomy, K. Pleskach,
L. Loseto, S. Ferguson, G. Stern, DFO, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; G.
MacInnis, C. Marvin, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Once thought of as pristine, the Canadian Arctic ecosystem is now known
to be contaminated with a plethora of legacy and current use chemicals.
Cold annual temperatures, large areas of ice cover and reduced sunlight
are conditions that make the Arctic an ideal environment for persistent
organic pollutants to accumulate. Tis study examines the bioaccumulation
potentials of bromine and chlorine based ame retardants (PBDEs, HBCD,
SCCPs) and a suite of uorinated surfactants (PFCAs, PFSAs) in a well
characterized food web from the western Canadian Arctic. Stable isotopes
of nitrogen and fatty acids allowed us to dene trophic positions of the
organisms within the food web and calculate trophic magnication factors
of the compounds examined.
RP133 Concentrations of Pesticides in Commercial Potting Soils
and Subsequent Uptake by Herbs. M.F. McGuirk, R. Falconer, Chatham
University, Pittsburgh, PA. Tis study examined the levels of past-use and
current-use pesticides and their derivatives in commercial potting soils.
Previous work has shown greatly variable levels of pesticides in agricultural
and home garden soils, but very little work has been done on commercial
potting soils. Potting soils were obtained from local gardening stores
and were analyzed for concentrations of pesticides and their metabolites.
Preliminary results show the presence of various pesticides in almost all
soils, although concentrations were near or at detection limits for many
compounds. No correlations were found between additives or soil sources
and concentrations. Two herbs, Mentha spicata (spearmint) and Allium
schoenoprasum (chives), were grown from seed in two of the potting
soils studied, those with the highest and lowest overall concentrations of
pesticides, for comparison. Te levels in the plant biomass were measured
and results suggest there may be signicant sorption onto the roots or
translocation into the herbs via the roots from the soil.
RP134 Correlating sunower growing stages with chelator
applications to accumulate more Cd. E.L. Karey, M. Meighan, N.
Pearson, L. Zigmond, J. MacNeil, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA.
Using phytoremediation to remove heavy metals from brownelds is
challenging because soil factors can limit metal mobility. EDTA, a common
chelating agent, enhances metal ion mobility in soils. However, use of
EDTA can pose some environmental concerns as formerly soil-bound metal
ions can now run o into local watersheds. Alternative, biodegradable
chelators are available, but microbial degradation can signicantly reduce
their period of activity. Work in our lab has shown that the ecacy with
which sunowers accumulate Cd(II) varies during the plants life cycle.
Preliminary data suggest that growing and harvesting multiple sets of
seedlings every few weeks might remove more metal from the soil than a
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single seasonal harvest after plants have matured. Current lab work to rene
and evaluate potential eld applications consists of three experiments in
which we manipulated two variables: the plants age and the specic timing
of chelating agent introduction. Te rst experiment involved growing
sunowers in a hydroponic model system of 3-30 ug/mL CdSO4 in 3-fold-
molar EDTA-excess aqueous solutions. By introducing Cd(II) at dierent
stages of a plants lifecycle, weve been able to map cadmium accumulation
as a function of sunower growth. Young plants accumulate Cd(II) quickly,
then enter a period of latency, followed by a second period of minimal
accumulation. Tese experiments are being extended to include a broader
range of sunower species, with dierent size limitations and maturation
rates. A second set of parallel experiments investigated the ecacy of
biodegradable chelators, beginning with EDDS. Te third experiment
extrapolated hydroponic data into a soil medium. Because weve identied
the time during the sunowers lifecycle when accumulation of Cd(II) is
greatest, applications of less-eective, biodegradable chelators in higher
concentrations may be possible, decreasing toxic risks to the surrounding
environment. Tese data have the potential to retain the advantages of
chelate-assisted phytoremediation while minimizing its environmental
impacts.
RP135 Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Sulfonyl Ureas and
Related Herbicides in Fortied Water and Natural Water Samples Using
LC-ESI/MS/MS. J.M. Grabuski, S.J. Cagampan, J. Struger, Environment
Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; B. Rondeau, Environment Canada,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Te identication and determination of
sulfonyl ureas and other related herbicides have presented a challenge, both
in specicity and sensitivity, when using conventional analytical techniques.
Recent advances in solid phase extraction (SPE) technology combined
with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) have
greatly improved this process. Hence, we developed a sensitive and robust
analytical technique with supporting method detection limits (MDLs)
using fortied Type I water. Te applicability of the analytical method
was then investigated on approximately 100 natural water samples from
urban and rural watersheds in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Nine sulfonyl
ureas and six related herbicides (henceforth referred to collectively as SUs)
in water were simultaneously extracted by an automated Autotrace SPE
Workstation. Te 800mL fortied or natural water samples were loaded
onto an Oasis HLB cartridge at a ow rate of 5mL/min, dried with nitrogen
for 10 minutes, eluted with 8 mL of methanol and concentrated to 1mL for
analysis by LC-ESI/MS/MS. Recoveries in the spiked Type I water samples
were 96% or higher for all compounds except rimsulfuron, which was
recovered at 60% (n=12). Instrument and method detection limits ranged
from 0.33 to 9.88 pg/uL and 0.7 to 22.0 ng/L, respectively. Maximum
observed concentrations in natural water samples in 2007 were 858 ng/L for
linuron and 873 ng/L for fomesafen.
RP136 Te Eect of Riparian Vegetation on Surface Water Loading
of Aerially-Applied Malathion in Cherry Production. J.J. Jenkins, P.K.
Janney, H. Riedl, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR; J.J. Jenkins, K. Wallis, H. Riedl, Mid Columbia
Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University,
Hood River, OR. We evaluated the eectiveness of adapted and native
woody plant species as drift barriers between cherry orchards and surface
water resources in Wasco County (Middle Columbia-Hood Subbasin),
Oregon. Wasco County contains nearly 9,000 acres of cherry orchards. Pest
management includes the use of organophosphate insecticides, applied by
airblast ground sprayers or xed-wing aircraft. Two sites were chosen, one
along Treemile Creek and the other along Mill Creek. Sites were chosen
based on prevailing wind direction and riparian vegetation. At both sites
the orchards slope down to the creek. However the two sites were distinct
as to the distance from the edge of the application site to the creek. Tis
distance is approx. 150m at the Treemile site and approx. 25m at the Mill
Creek site. At each site two sampling areas were selected - an area with
riparian vegetation between the orchard and the creek and an area without
riparian vegetation. Spray deposition samplers consisted of Whatman No.
1 lter paper (23 x 26 cm), attached to rectangular aluminum frames. At
each location a sampler was positioned horizontally at a height just above
the orchard tree canopy, approx. 5m. Four or 5 samplers were located along
two transects extending from within the orchard towards the creek. For one
transect the sampler at the creek was intercepted by riparian vegetation and
the other was not. Application of malathion ULV was by xed-wing aircraft.
Wind speed and direction, and temperature were monitored. Analysis
was by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. During June,
2007 2 applications were sampled at each site. At the Treemile Creek site
malathion concentrations within the orchard ranged from <0.01 to 1.47 ug/
cm2. Malathion concentrations at Treemile Creek were 0.45 and 0.16 ug/
cm2 for the transect without riparian vegetation, and 0.05 and 0.16 ug/cm2
with riparian vegetation. At the Mill Creek site malathion concentrations
within the orchard ranged from <0.01 to 0.77 ug/cm2. Malathion
concentrations at Mill creek were 0.09 and 0.13 ug/cm2 for the transect
without riparian vegetation, and 0.05 and 0.08 ug/cm2 with riparian
vegetation. Tese data suggest that the presence of riparian vegetation can
result in a small reduction in pesticide stream loading via drift.
RP137 Comparison of Predicted Values Against Experimental Values.
D. Mullee, Safepharm Laboratories, Derby, United Kingdom. With the
implementation of REACH the use of QSARs to predict various physico-
chemical properties of chemicals will become more prevelent. Te water
solubility and adsorption coecient (Koc) are considered to be signicant
parameters for the prediction of the fate of a material in the environment
and have been selected for the purpose of this study. Te suitability of
the EPI suite of programs from the US EPA was assessed by comparing
predicted values against experimental results obtained from regulatory
testing of new and existing chemicals.
RP138 Environmental fate and transport of bifenthrin in a modular
estuarine mesocosm. Y. Sapozhnikova, P. Pennington, H. Harper,
E. Wirth, M. Fulton, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and
Biomolecular Research, NOAA, Charleston, SC. Bifenthrin is a synthetic
pyrethroid insecticide that is widely used in both agricultural and urban
applications. As a result, bifenthrin concentrations have been reported
in sediments (1.2-437 ng/g) and surface water (0.005 to 3.79 g/L).
Like other pyrethroids, bifenthrin aects the nervous system, and can
cause adverse eects in aquatic organisms. Te objective of this study
was to estimate fate and transport of bifenthrin in a modular estuarine
mesocosm. Te experimental design for the mesocosm study was a 28
day exposure with weekly dosing. Te exposure was comprised of three
replicate treatments of 0 ng/L; 2 ng/L; 20 ng/L; and 200 ng/L. Bifenthrin
was extracted from seawater using liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl
acetate; and from sediments using Accelerated Solvent Extraction with
ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) at 120C and 2000 psi. Te sediment extracts
were cleaned with Florisil solid phase extraction cartridges (5 g). Bifenthrin
was quantied with GC-MS-EI using permethrin-phenoxy - 13C6 as an
internal standard. Aqueous concentrations of bifenthrin decreased to 3%
of the total applied dose over the course of the 28 days while bifenthrin
was accumulated in the sediments. Mass balance calculations indicated that
residual bifenthrin concentrations in both water and sediments accounted
for 25% of the applied dose after 28 days. Accumulation of bifenthrin in
mesocosm sediments may warrant further study to assess toxicity for benthic
communities.
RP139 Distribution and Occurrence of Chlorobenzenes in the
Floodplain soils and Sediments of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw
Rivers, Michigan. S. Yun, K. Kannan, Environmental Health Sciences,
School of Public Health, State University of New York, Wadsworth Center,
Albany, NY. Concentrations of twelve chlorobenzene congeners, from
mono- to hexachlorobenzenes, were measured in more than 150 oodplain
soils, surface sediments, and sediment cores samples collected during
2002-2004 from the Pine River, Tittabawassee River, Shiawassee River,
Saginaw River, and Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Te mean concentrations of
CBs in oodplain soils and surface sediments were 7 to 30 fold higher in
the Tittabawassee River (80 and 60 ng/g dry weight) than in the Saginaw
River (2.4 and 8.1) and Saginaw Bay (5.5 and 8.0). Mean concentrations
of CBs were relatively low in the upstream of Tittabawassee River, above
Dow Chemical facility. Mean concentrations of CBs in sediments and
soils of the Shiawassee River were low (0.1 to 0.3 ng/g dry weight). Te
mean concentrations of CBs in oodplain soils were higher than in surface
sediments of the Tittabawassee River, whereas concentrations in sediments
were higher for the other rivers. High concentrations of hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) were found in oodplain soils of the Tittabawassee River. Te
spatial trends of all CB congeners, except for DCBs, decreased downstream
of Dow chemical company. Te composition of CB congeners showed
multiple patterns reecting dierences in historical and emissions and
dierences in environmental partitioning due to physicochemical variations.
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Furthermore, several minor sources appear to exist within the watershed.
1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) was found in all of the samples and
accounted for a great portion of total CBs. Te relationships between CBs
congeners and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCDDs/
Fs were signicant, indicating similar local sources and depositions in the
watersheds.
RP140 Pentachlorophenol and pentachloronitrobenzene (quintozene)
in Canadian prairie air. D. Waite, D. Chau, J. Sproull, J. Slobodian,
Environment Canada, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Pentachlorophenol
(PCP), an industrial wood preservative, and pentachloronitrobenzene
(PCNB, quintozene), a fungicide, both have limited applications in
Canada. Both of these chemicals are under re-evaluation by the Canadian
regulator, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency. PCP was measured
in air samples from the Canadian Northwest Territories and the prairie
province of Saskatchewan from 1994 to 1996. Both local use and long-
range atmospheric transport were implicated. PCNB was measured in air
samples from 2 Saskatchewan locations in 1994. Tis represented one of
the few reports of PCNB in ambient air. Te current investigation of air
samples collected from 3 Saskatchewan locations reports similar atmospheric
concentrations of both chemicals in air samples collected during 12 wk,
from May 18 to August 3, 2005. Vertical measurements made on a 30
m high tower at one location permit the analysis of vertical atmospheric
mixing of both chemicals. Concentration ranges were 0.02 0.55 ng m
-3

(PCP) and 0.02 0.79 ng m
-3
(PCNB).
RP141 Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Blood of
Japanese Mammalian and Avian Species. T. Kunisue, New York State
Department of Health, Albany, NY; T. Kunisue, S. Tanabe, Center for
Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama,
Japan. It has been reported that hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls
(OH-PCBs) disturb thyroid hormone homeostasis and the central nervous
system in animals. Nevertheless, very little information on OH-PCBs
is available in animals except humans. Te present study determined
the concentrations and proles of tri- to octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs in
the blood of Japanese mammalian (human, cat, dog, raccoon dog, and
northern fur seal) and avian (black-tailed gull, common cormorant, and
jungle crow) species. A lot of OH-PCB congeners including unknown
peaks were detected in all the animal blood and the major identied
congeners were 4OH-CB101/120, 4OH-CB107/4OH-CB108, 4OH-
CB146, 4OH-CB178, 4OH-CB187, 4OH-CB172, 4OH-CB202, and
4OH-CB199. Relatively higher concentrations of OH-PCBs were found
in animal species other than human; OH-PCB levels in dog, raccoon dog,
black-tailed gull, and common cormorant blood (1.6-4.0 ng/g wet wt.)
were one order of magnitude higher than in human (0.22 ng/g wet wt.).
Penta- to hepta-chlorinated OH-PCB congeners were predominant in
human blood, but proles of OH-PCBs in other animals varied by species.
Higher composition of tri- and tetra-chlorinated OH-PCBs in cat and
octa-chrorinated OH-PCBs in dog and raccoon dog blood were observed.
Tis variation could be due to species-specic metabolic capacity by phase I
CYP and/or phase II conjugation enzymes, binding anity to transthyretin
(TTR), and exposure proles to parent PCBs. When concentration ratios
of OH-PCBs to PCBs (OH-PCBs/PCBs ratios) were calculated in all the
animal blood, OH-PCBs/PCBs ratios in dog, raccoon dog, and cat were
notably higher than values in other species. Particularly, much higher octa-
chlorinated OH-PCBs/PCBs ratios were shown in dog and raccoon dog
blood; 4OH-CB202/CB202 and 4OH-CB199/CB199 ratios were within
92-1000. Tese results indicate that the above animals, especially canine
species, might be at higher risk by OH-PCBs than human.
RP142 An investigation of a photocatalytic dehalogenation reaction
using Mohr chloride microtitrations and UV spectroscopy: Te
destruction of perchloroethylene with titanium oxide. J.C. Barreto,
Chemistry, FGCU, Fort Myers, FL; D. Bondehagen, Environmental &
Civil Engineering, FGCU, Fort Myers, FL; D. Bondehagen, M. Herscher,
P.D. Barreto, J.C. Barreto, Green Technology Research Group, FGCU,
Fort Myers, FL. Dehalogenation reactions are used to detoxify halocarbon
compounds such as perchloroethylene (PERC), trichloroethylene and
chloroform. Tese halocarbons are converted into carbon dioxide and
hydrochloric acid by the destructive reductive and oxidant species (ROS)
created during UV illumination of titanium oxide. ROS include an
oxidizing hole, aqueous electrons, hydroxyl, superoxide radicals, and
hydrogen peroxide, and all of these species can engender dehalogenation
reactions. Photocatalytic ROS are very short-lived (1 ms - 1 s for the
radicals), and bio-degradative pathways exist for peroxide destruction,
the preceding ensures that there will be no persistent deleterious eects
on the environment after treatment. Previous work has shown that
TiO2 photocatalysis will destroy halocarbons. We now report a simple
Mohr chloride microtitration method in a sealed system for investigating
dehalogenation reactions. Te sealed system prevents the evaporation of
PERC from the aqueous solution. We drilled a round hole in the plastic
screw cap of a 20 ml glass scintillation vial and inserted a rubber grommet.
A Pen-Ray UV lamp was inserted in the grommet and further sealed
with silicon gasket sealer and an O-ring under the screw cap. Our initial
experiments demonstrated that in a sealed vial with minimal headspace
PERC did not escape from our sealed photoreactor. We photocatalyzed a 1
mM PERC solution in the presence of a 0.1 mg/ml TiO2 suspension in a
20 ml total volume. Te destruction of PERC was observed by monitoring
the absorbance at 230 nm and correcting the baseline for TiO2 particle
turbidity (which was mostly removed by microfuge centrifugation). We
discovered that after one hour the PERC was completely destroyed with its
absorbance approaching zero and the chloride concentration near 4 mM.
Using an analytical balance, we weighed a 20 mM AgNO3 solution (0.1
mg) to determine titrant usage, and established a linear chloride calibration
ranging between 0-800 uM chloride (using between 0-1 ml of titrant;
correlation coecient = 0.998). Te PERC destruction reaction was oxygen
dependent and would cease in the sealed system after 8 minutes unless
oxygen was added in the form of hydrogen peroxide.
RP143 An eective photocatalyst for toxin destruction can be
produced by anodizing a titanium oxide layer onto a titanium foil
surface. J.C. Barreto, Chemistry and Mathematics, FGCU, Fort Myers,
FL; S. Cullipher, J. Strnad, A. Jordan, P.D. Barreto, A. Volety, J.C. Barreto,
Green Technology Research Group, FGCU, Fort Myers, FL; A. Volety,
Marine and Ecological Sciences, FGCU, Fort Myers, FL. Te toxin
decontaminating power of titanium oxide photocatalysts comes from the
generation of reductive and oxidant species (ROS) upon UV illumination.
Photocatalytic ROS include an oxidizing hole, aqueous electrons,
hydroxyl, superoxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide; all of these agents can
engender molecular toxin destruction. Te ROS are very short-lived (1 ms
- 1 s), and bio-degradative pathways exist for peroxide destruction, ensuring
that there will be no persistent deleterious eects on the environment after
treatment. Previous work has shown that TiO2 photocatalysis will destroy a
wide variety of organic chemical pollutants including PAHs and halogenated
compounds. Titanium foil photocatalysts oer several advantages including
their relatively inexpensive cost of production, large surface area, and the
potential to dope the titanium oxide semiconductor using dierent
electrolyte solutions. We focused on the creation of a TiO2 photocatalyst
axed to the surface of Ti foil by anodic oxidation in solutions containing
uoride. We have investigated the families of radicals generated by the
anodized foil photocatalysts using two model dye systems, tartrazine and
sudan IV. Tartrazine is a yellow aqueous dye used to model water soluble
contaminants. Sudan IV is a hydrophobic red dye that is very insoluble
in water. Sudan IV is encapsulated in a cationic micellar surfactant,
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, so that its destruction is indicative of
the destruction of lipid encapsulated toxins. Absorbance measurements of
these dye systems after exposure to photocatalysis provides a direct measure
of contaminant destruction. We have discovered that the anodized foil
photocatalyst has proven capable of destroying both dyes, with roughly 40%
destruction of tartrazine after one hour and sudan IV after 90 minutes. We
have shown that in the presence of the enzyme superoxide dismutase there
is little to no inhibition of dye destruction, indicating that superoxide is not
an important contributor to photocatalytic dye destruction. However, our
work has shown that catalase does inhibit the destruction of the sudan IV
model, indicating that hydrogen peroxide is an important contributor to the
photocatalytic destruction of this dye.
RP144 Sorption and Desorption of a Range of Chemical
Contaminants to Natural Organic Matter, Biolms, and Sediment.
K.L. Fallert, J.B. Belden, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK. Typically, studies evaluating the fate of organic
contaminants in aquatic systems focus on partitioning between water and
sediment. However, natural aquatic environments contain a variety or
organic substrates including senesced leaf material, detritus, and biolm.
Tese materials often provide habitat and a food source for benthic
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macroinvertebrates. Tus, it is important to understand how organic
contaminants partition among these matrices as niche feeding groups
that specialize on a specic substrate may experience dierent exposure
to contaminants if dierential partitioning occurs. In this study, we
examined the sorption and desorption of a series of model environmental
contaminants to various types of organic matter, including coarse leaf
material (coarse particulate organic matter, CPOM) and leaf material
processed by amphipods (ne particulate organic matter, FPOM), biolms,
and wetland sediment. Te environmental contaminants were chosen
based upon polarity and ionization state at a neutral pH. Compounds
examined include ciprooxacin (a uoroquinolone class antibiotic),
propranolol (a beta blocker), pyraclostrobin (a strobilurin class fungicide),
and phenanthrene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon). Batch sorption
isotherms were conducted and sorption data was modeled using the
Langmuir model and the Langmuir-Freundlich model. Tis work expands
the knowledge of environmental fate and begins to elucidate previously
unexamined aquatic compartments as potential sinks for anthropogenic
contaminants and pathways of exposure for organisms occupying specic
environmental niches.
RP145 Comparing predictive performance of Coastal Fate Model,
a multimedia fate model : PAHs, OCls, and VOCs. Y. Kim, E&WIS
Institute, Seoul, South Korea; G. Ok, Dioxin Research Center, Pukyong
University, Pusan, South Korea. Te predictive performance of Coastal
Fate Model(CFM), a multimedia fate model (MMM), was evaluated and
compared for semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) (16 polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and ve organochlorines (OCls) (aldrin,
heptachlor, mirex, p,p-DDT, and hexachlorobenzene) and six volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) (benzene, toluene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene,
chloroform, and chlorobenzene). Te CFM Model is a multi-box dynamic
multi-compartmental model to simulate the fate of the organic compounds.
Te modeling region is seawater including nakdong estuary and pusan
metropolitan area. Te model was evaluated by comparing the predicted
relative concentrations with the measured relative concentrations. Te
relative concentration (Ci/Csoil) in this study refers to a ratio of the
concentration in a medium i (Ci) to that in soil medium (Csoil) and was
proposed to use to avoid the problems of uncertainties or lack of emission
estimates. Te concentrations of 4R, 5R and 6R PAHs in air, water,
sediment, and soil media are predicted within an order of magnitude,
in most cases within a factor of 2 in the ECO model. Particularly the
agreements for the 4R PAHs group that has 4 benzene rings in the
every medium were excellent, i.e., within a factor of one. For VOCs, the
disparities between the prediction and measurement were mostly within
two orders of magnitude in vapor phase, but the disparities between the
predicted results and the observed data were even greater in other media
(dissolved phase, sediment). Te concentration of OCls group were
not predicted very well because of the non-planarity and tendency for
homologous structure among chemicals in OCls group. Te assessment
of ECO model indicated that dierent approaches than those for SOCs
appeared necessary for VOCs and OCls particularly for the description of
the gas-particulate partitioning and the gaseous exchange between the air
and the seawater compartments.
RP146 Occurrence of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Great
Lakes Nearshore Sediments and Temporal Trends in Lake Ontario.
P.A. Helm, R. Lega, P. Crozier, E.J. Reiner, Ontario Ministry of the
Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; S. Gewurtz, L. Shen, I. Brindle,
Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada; C.H. Marvin,
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Polychlorinated
naphthalenes (PCNs), a class of dioxin-like compounds that are persistent
and bioaccumulative, were measured in surface sediments in nearshore
areas from around the Canadian shoreline of the Great Lakes and in dated
sediment cores from depositional basins of Lake Ontario. Te sediment
samples were collected within Great Lakes monitoring programs by the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Environment Canada with
the aim of assessing the occurrence and trends of legacy and current-use
persistent organic pollutants. Tey were analyzed by gas chromatography
- high resolution mass spectrometry using mass-labelled PCNs. Sediment
concentrations were found to be highest downstream of major chemical
production and industrial areas, namely Detroit and Niagara Falls.
Based on proposed dioxin equivalent factors (TEFs), PCNs continue to
contribute signicantly to the burden of dioxin-like chemicals in Great
Lakes sediments. Te temporal prole of PCNs in Lake Ontario sediment
cores from the west (Niagara), central (Mississauga), and eastern (Rochester)
basins were similar showing an overall decline more recently than
anticipated given the usage history of PCNs (largely pre-dating PCB usage).
Te tetra-hexaCNs showed declines in the 1970s and 1980s, while hepta-
and octaCNs declined peaked more recently. Tis indicates that varying
sources contribute to the PCN burden in Lake Ontario, and that ongoing
contamination may be continuing.
RP147 Ready Biodegradability Testing of Volatile Poorly Water
Soluble Fragrances; Possible Pitfalls. A. Lapczynski, D. Salvito, RIFM,
Woodcli Lake, NJ; K. Jenner, Givaudan, Ashford, United Kingdom; C. G
van Ginkel, R. Geerts, Akzo Nobel Technology & Engineering, Arnhem,
Netherlands. Biodegradation is mediated by microorganisms participating in
the recycling of organic compounds thereby preventing long residence times
in the environment (persistency). Ready biodegradability tests described
in OECD guidelines (301 series and 310) have been developed for water-
soluble, non-toxic substances. Fragrance materials are often volatile and
poorly water soluble and can, in some cases, be toxic to micro-organisms
at the test substance concentrations used in OECD ready biodegradability
tests. Tese properties may result in limited biodegradation in ready
biodegradability tests and as a consequence, the substance being considered
as potentially persistent. Volatile substances should preferably be tested in
closed systems without synthetic material capable of irreversibly binding
the fragrance substances. Carbon Dioxide Headspace tests (OECD 310)
carried out with septa made out of teon instead of the prescribed butyl
rubber show the importance of the synthetic materials used. For poorly
water-soluble substances, the specied high test substance concentrations
are controversial because of the limited bioavailability of the test substance
administered. Te Closed Bottle test (OECD 301D) carried out with
glass bottles and stoppers allows an initial test substance concentration of
approximately 1 mg/L. Te Closed Bottle test using continuous agitation is
therefore probably the best method to assess the biodegradability of poorly
water soluble compounds. A method to administer and possibly improve the
bioavailability of fragrances to the competent microorganisms is essential.
Biologically inert silicone oil allowed accurately administration in both the
Closed Bottle test and the Carbon Dioxide Headspace test. Slow release
prevents high initial test substance concentration potentially inihibitory
to microorgorganisms in the biodegradability test. A justiable outcome
of ready biodegradability tests requires methodology preventing possible
pitfalls such as irreversible binding of the fragrance subtances on synthetic
materials, inaccurate administration, inhibitory eects due to high initial
concentrations and/or limited bioavailability. Te use of inert septa and
introduction of silicone oil in the test vessels will be illustrated with two
fragrance substances i.e. an aldehyde and a cycloalkane alkanoic ester.
RP148 Capillary Column Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric
Determination of the Organophosphonate Nerve Agent Surrogate
Di-methyl Methyl Phosphonate (DMMP) in Gaseous Phase Without
Derivitization. L.N. McDaniel, N.A. Romero, G. Coimbatore, G.P.
Cobb, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; J.
Boyd, Applied Physics Laboratory, John Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD. A procedure based on capillary column gas chromatographic-mass
spectrometric (GC-MS) conrmation was developed for the verication of
the nerve agent simulant for Sarin (GB), di-methyl methyl phosphonate
(DMMP). An in-house vapor impinger and dilution system were developed
for generating DMMP vapor in ultra high purity (UHP) nitrogen gas for
vapor phase testing of a novel chemical weapon detection system, and this
method was developed out of need for DMMP exposure concentration
verication. Standard solutions of 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 ppb DMMP in
acetonitrile were employed in conjunction with daily continuing calibration
standards. Trough 15 calibration curves, r2 values were consistent with
a mean value of 0.998 over a range of 0.992--1.000. Sixty-ve nitrogen
diluted samples varying from 1.0 to 10.0l in volume were analyzed and
concentrations of DMMP ranging from 1ppb to 1ppm were conrmed.
An additional 34 samples ranging in DMMP concentration from 1.0ppt
(trillion) from 1.0ppb were analyzed by increasing sample volume range to
between 10.0 and 100l. Detection limits for 1.0l autoinjected samples
was determined to be 1.0ng/ml. For gaseous samples with sample volumes >
1.0pg/ml, detection limits were 1.0pg/ml.
RP149 Comparison of PCBs analyzed as Aroclors and congeners in
sh and crabs collected from the Lower Duwamish Waterway within
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a four year period. D. Williston, J. Stern, DNRP, King County, Seatlle,
WA; K. Godfredsen, S. McGroddy, Windward Environmental LLC,
Seattle, WA; J. Goldberg, City of Seattle, Seattle, WA; D. Hotchkiss, Port
of Seattle, Seattle, WA; S. Fox, Te Boeing Company, Seattle, WA. Te
Lower Duwamish Waterway (LDW), located in Seattle, Washington, is a
well-stratied, salt-wedge type estuary that is inuenced by river ow and
tidal eects. Te LDW, which is a federal Superfund site, encompasses
approximately 5 miles of the waterway, most of which is maintained by
the US Army Corps of Engineers as a federal navigation channel. Two sh
species (English sole and shiner surfperch) and two crab species (Dungeness
crabs and slender crabs) were collected and analyzed for polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) as Aroclors over four years in select areas of the LDW.
In three of these years, a subset of these tissues was also analyzed for all
209 PCB congeners. Between some years, changes were observed in both
the Aroclors detected and the PCB congener pattern in the sh and crab
species. Dierences were explored in total PCB concentrations estimated
using the two analytical methods. While there were some dierences,
the results showed that analysis of Aroclors can be used as a cost-eective
way to monitor total PCB concentrations in sh and crab tissues. It is
recommended that a subset of tissue samples be analyzed for congeners as a
conrmatory method.
RP150 New Air Particulate Standard Reference Materials for
Organic Pollutants. J. Kucklick, S.S. VanderPol, J.M. Keller, Analytical
Chemistry, NIST, Charleston, SC; M.M. Schantz, S.A. Wise, Analytical
Chemistry, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD. Te National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) has produced several air particulate Standard
Reference Materials (SRMs) including SRM 1649, which was rst produced
in 1982. Tis material was later reissued in 1998 as SRM 1649a with
updated values including certied concentration values for 25 polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), six nitro PAHs, 29 polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) congeners, and eight organochlorine pesticides. SRM 1649a also
had reference concentration values for numerous trace elements and other
organic compounds including chlorinated dioxins and furans. Te SRM
1649a supply is depleted due to high demand and is in the processes of
being replaced by two new air particulate materials: SRM 1649b, which is
the same material as SRM 1649a but sieved to a smaller particle size, and
SRM 1648a Urban Particulate Material. SRM 1648a was collected in 1978
from St. Louis, MO, and was recently recertied for 24 trace elements.
In addition, NIST is also in the process of certifying two ne particulate
(<4 um and <10 um, SRMs 2786 and 2787, respectively) materials for
organic constituents. Tese urban dust materials were collected from
Prague, Czechoslovakia, and then size fractionated. Tis presentation will
provide the analytical approaches used and results for the certication of
SRM 1648a and SRM 1649b for PCBs, PAHs, polybrominated diphenyl
ether congeners, hexabromocyclododecane isomers, and organochlorine
pesticides. Reference values will also be produced for toxaphene congeners
and polychlorinated naphthalene congeners. Te approach for certication
uses combinations of independent measurement techniques including
the use of dierent extraction/cleanup procedures, gas chromatographic
columns of diering polarity, and dierent types of mass spectrometry
detection.
RP151 Mercury contamination along the eastern coast of the US:
Assessment of the diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin, as
an indicator species. C.D. Arthur, D.W. Owens, Biology, College of
Charleston, Charleston, SC; R. Day, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, Charleston, SC. Mercury contamination has become
an increasingly important global issue over the past century, especially
in susceptible aquatic environments where inorganic mercury is
biotransformed to the toxic methylmercury form. Te purpose of this study
is to determine if Malaclemys terrapin, the diamondback terrapin, is an
appropriate indicator species of mercury contamination in estuaries along
the eastern coast of the United States. M. terrapin is widely distributed along
the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, exhibits high site delity,
is a high trophic-level predator and is a long-lived species. Tese life history
characteristics make Malaclemys terrapin a potentially important high
trophic-level indicator of estuarine mercury levels. To assess this possibility,
two sampling protocols looked at terrapin blood and keratin mercury levels
on a microscale, or creek-by-creek in Charleston Harbor, and at a regional
scale in estuaries from the Chesapeake Bay to the Florida Keys in an eort
to sample along a latitudinal gradient of atmospheric mercury deposition.
Additionally, sediment was sampled from all sites to investigate the amount
of bioavailable mercury. Biological samples were analyzed for mercury via
isotope-dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; sediment
samples were analyzed via atomic absorption spectroscopy. Data comparing
mercury levels in both blood and keratin matrices will be presented, as will
sediment physio-chemical characteristics and mercury levels. Initial terrapin
data reect a dierentiation of terrapin mercury levels in mercury-stressed
habitats near point-source pollution, with signicantly higher mercury levels
in female terrapin scute material from a site near a coal-red power plant
along the York River (F
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will be presented in order to determine the utility of the diamondback
terrapin as an indicator species in estuarine systems.
RP152 Factors inuencing the occurrence and concentrations of
organochlorine chemicals in Georgia Rivers. R.J. Fauver, N. Nibbelink,
J.T. Peterson, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA; A.T. Fisk, Great Lakes Institute for
Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario,
Canada; G. Tomy, B. Rosenburg, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Organochlorine
pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of
chemically stable compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine.
Teir stability is the basis of their industrial appeal and is the root cause for
their environmental hazards. Tese chemicals are resistant to degradation
and bioaccumulate through the food web. Tey are known to cause a
variety of adverse eects in aquatic organisms including reproductive
and developmental toxicity and many have been identied as endocrine
disrupting chemicals. Although use of OCPs and PCBs has decreased
dramatically in recent decades, we continue to detect these chemicals in
surface waters, sediment, and biota. Estuaries are sinks for contaminants
that are delivered from upstream sources yet currently there are no models
to predict contaminant occurrence or delivery to an estuary. To explore
the relationship between environmental variables and OC chemicals in
rivers and their delivery to the estuary, we collected water samples along
two Georgia watersheds during the low-ow fall season, and the high-ow
spring season over a twoyear period. Sampling sites were determined by
stratied random sampling based on predominant land use and cover data.
Samples were collected by extracting 50 L of water on site with an XAD
column. Columns were eluted with hexane and dichloromethane and the
extract analyzed for OC chemicals by gas chromatography coupled with
electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Chemical concentrations varied by
site and season, with higher concentrations generally being measured during
the low-ow season. Te highest concentration of an OC chemical was 5.22
pg/L for PCB 3 in the Altamaha River. Geographic and temporal trends in
OC concentrations were determined by hierarchical modeling and with that
data we developed a predictive model based on physiochemical properties
(e.g., log Kow, vapor pressure, and water solubility) and environmental
variables (e.g., land-use, river discharge, and water temperature) to predict
the types and concentrations of OCs that will be found in a coastal river and
the associated estuary. Te most prevalent OCs and the key variables that
predict OC occurrence and concentrations will be discussed.
RP153 Arsenic Speciation in Insects and Small Animals Collected
Near Contaminated Mine Sites. M. Moriarty, K. Reimer, I. Koch,
Chemistry, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Arsenic concentrations and arsenic speciation in insects has not been well
characterized. As part of an investigation of how arsenic is distributed in the
terrestrial ecosystem, in August 2007 researchers from the Environmental
Science Group (ESG) collected representative insects from three arsenic-
contaminated mine sites in Nova Scotia, Canada. Organisms were sorted
and identied prior to being analyzed using two complementary methods.
Te rst method was traditional speciation analysis (high performance
liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,
HPLC ICP-MS), which requires initial extraction of arsenic from the
tissues. Te second was solid state speciation analysis (X-ray Absorption
Spectroscopy, XAS), which requires minimal sample pre-treatment. Both
methods indicate the majority of arsenic in insects is inorganic arsenic,
but XAS revealed that much of this is present in vivo in reduced forms
containing As-S bonds. A number of insects also contained methylated
arsenicals. Spiders, dragonies and mosquitoes contained trimethylarsine
oxide (TMAO), while grasshoppers (which are herbivorous) contained
a higher proportion of dimethylarsenate (DMA). A variety of insects,
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especially spiders, were found to contain various amounts of non-toxic
arsenobetaine; one can only speculate whether they are producing this
compound or are preferentially accumulating it. Two higher organisms
(shrews and frogs) whose diet consists of insects as a major constituent were
also collected and analyzed. While shrews were found to have inorganic
arsenic and DMA in their tissues, similar to the insect tissues, frogs were
found to have the tetramethylarsonium ion as a signicant portion of the
arsenic within their tissues, an arsenical which was not found in the insects
analyzed. Tese analytical techniques provide new data that may provide
insight into terrestrial arsenic chemistry.
RP154 Comparison of PCBs biotransport by dierent salmon
species in the Chilean Patagonia. M.P. Montory Gonzalez, Centro EULA-
Chile, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Bio-Bio Octava region,
Chile. Te biotransport by wild salmons is a know and actually studied
phenomena in the north hemisphere. In Chile, PCBs and another POPs
presence in growth salmon and in other marine species have been previously
reported (Montory M., Barra R., 2006). Tis compounds (PCBs) are
considered a global problem and are the subject of a global treaty aiming to
their elimination or reduction (the Stockholm Convention). Te presence
of these compounds in remote lakes in the Chilean Patagonia have been
studied using sedimentary records (Barra et al., 2006) and explained by
abiotic process (air or water). Te present work analyze the biotransport
by salmon in Chilean remote rivers and lakes in Patagonia, and make a
comparison between Coho, Chinook and non migratory Trout. PCBs
concentration in lipid sh fractions was measured by gas chromatography
system, tted with a 63Ni electron capture detector. Te wild salmonids
studied revealed the PCBs presence in direct relation with size and life
cycle. Chinook salmon were in major size and PCBs concentration in
range of 0,294 7,676 ng/g dry weight in comparison with Trout and
Coho salmons sampled, that dont presented high variations in size and
PCBs concentration range (0,0353 3,9867 and 0,127 3,763 ng/g, for
Trout and Coho salmons, respectively). Concerning to congeneric patterns
associated to chlorine present, Chinook and Coho salmons presents similar
distribution (with high presence of 5 and 9 chlorine substitutions, being
up to 50% of total for 5 chlorine PCB). Te anterior result could be due to
common origin, associated to Chinook and Coho salmons foods during its
life. By other way, Trout (with no anadromous cycle, at dierence respect
other salmon species) dont presented high chlorine substituted PCBs, in
this case the most important entrance way is through global transport.
Biotransport is then present in Chilean Patagonia, from sea and other zones
to remote lakes and rivers. Te process depend of salmon studied species.
RP155 Attenuation of TCDD-Induced Embryotoxicity By Low
Level Light Terapy in Developmental Chicken. J. Lim, D.S. Henshel,
SPEA, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; J.B. Watkins III, Medical
Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; J.T. Eells, Health
Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; R.L. Yeager, Dept.
of Pharmacology and toxicology, University of Kansas, Kansas city, KS.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent environmental
teratogen, induces oxidative stress and developmental sub-lethal changes
in multiple organs, including liver, kidney, and heart. In this study, we
investigated TCDD-induced biochemical alterations and the therapeutic
ecacy of low-level light therapy (4 J/cm2) on oxidative stress in chicken
organs during development. Eggs were injected once prior to incubation
with TCDD at a dose of 200pg/g or sunower oil vehicle control. Half
of the eggs in each dose group were then treated with 670 nm light once
per day through embryonic day 20 (E20). Upon hatching at E21, the
livers, kidneys, and hearts were harvested and assayed for glutathione
peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dimutase, and
glutathione-S-transferase activities, as well as the activity of ethoxyresorun-
o-deethylase (EROD) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH),
ATP, and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Oxidative and energy stress in
TCDD-exposed embryos were mitigated by daily phototherapy, restoring
reduced antioxidant defense capabilities and energy metabolism.
Photobiomodulation also normalized the levels of EROD and LPO
increased by TCDD exposure. Te results of this study suggest that 670nm
light therapy may be useful as a non-invasive treatment for injuries resulting
from chemically-induced cellular oxidative and energy stress.
RP156 Contaminant Focusing into Arctic Receptor Sites: Te role
of seabirds. K. Foster, J. Blais, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada; H. Liu, Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou, China; M. Mallory, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment
Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada; J. Smol, Queens University, Kingston,
Ontario, Canada. Te role that migrating organisms play in the transport,
fate and accumulation of contaminants of concern is poorly understood;
though, a growing volume of literature indicates that they can serve as an
important source to local ecosystems. Seabird colonies have been linked
to hot spots of contamination both in the high Arctic and Antarctic
environments. Tey are thought to collect contaminants from prey items,
transport them to their nesting sites, and deposit them in their excrement.
In this way marine-derived contaminants from prey items found across the
broad foraging range of the seabirds, can be eciently focused into remote,
terrestrial receptor sites. We are studying this phenomenon at a high Arctic
eld site, on Devon Island in Nunavut Canada (76
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In the summer months this site is host to a colony of 20,000 Northern
Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), a tubenosed petrel. A series of freshwater ponds
representing a gradient of seabird inuence, including a control, are located
below the nesting clis. Concentrations of mercury, hexachlorobenzene and
DDT in pond surface sediments along this gradient were previously shown
to be enriched by one to two orders of magnitude by the seabirds. Given
the remoteness of this location, concentrations measured in the study ponds
are likely the result of two competing sources; atmospheric and seabird. Te
objective of this work is to discern the contribution of the seabird colony,
as distinct from the atmospheric contribution, to pond concentrations
and exposures and ultimately quantify this contribution through the
development of a model. To that end, concentrations of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides such as DDT have been
measured in relevant environmental media over the past three years. Air
and water concentrations were sampled passively using XAD resin-based
samplers and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) respectively.
Sediment cores were collected for each of the ponds and concentrations in
the surface sediments were measured. Te relative seabird inuence on each
of the ponds was determined using measurements of the stable isotope ratio
N15 in surface sediments, in addition to other pond water characteristics
such as total phosphorus.
RP157 How Do Transport, Fate and Loading Processes Aect the
Distribution of Bioaccumulative Chemicals Between Compartments
in the Aquatic Ecosystem. D. Endicott, Great Lakes Environmental
Center, Traverse City, MI. Researchers have invoked sorption to black
carbon (Gustason, Haghseta, Chan, MacFarlane and Gschwend, 1997;
Cornelissen, Gustafsson, Bucheli, Jonker, Koelmans and VanNoort, 2005;
Hauck, Huijbregts, Koelmans, Moermond, Van Den Heuvel Greve,
Veltman, Hendriks and Vethaak, 2007) and degradation of biogenic organic
carbon (Gobas and MacLean, 2003) as mechanisms to explain chemical
class-specic dierences and nonlinearities in relationships observed
between chemical concentrations in dierent compartments of the aquatic
ecosystem (biota, water, and sediment). Generally absent from these
discussions are considerations of how these relationships can be aected by
transport and fate processes. Likewise, the relationships observed between
chemical concentrations in the water column and sediment can be aected
by changes in the loading rates to the ecosystem and the rates of response
in chemical concentrations. Water quality models are customarily used to
address these processes, and examining model predictions in terms of the
ratios of chemical concentrations in dierent ecosystem compartments
can be informative. As an example, we will oer predictions made using a
simple water quality model of Lake Michigan and compare them to data
for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Green Bay, Wisconsin and data
for PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans
(PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Michigan.
RP158 Urban surface runo pollutants and their impact on aquatic
environment. O. Bausheva, A. Rantalainen, Ecological and Environmental
Science, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland. In many countries urban
surface runo is proved to have a signicant eect on aquatic systems, but
in Finland research on its quality is still quite limited, especially studies on
organic pollutants. Finnish law does not demand cleaning of the surface
runo and there are no limits set on its purity. Terefore, study on the
runo quality and fate is necessary in order to estimate how it impacts
surrounding aquatic habitat and possibly link environmental pollutant
concentrations to the urban sources. Lahti is a middle-sized Finnish city and
most of its surface runo discharge is directed to adjacent Lake Vesijrvi.
Main part of discharge is generated from few large urban watersheds
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(altogether approximately 350 ha), from where surface runo water is
collected with a sewer network. Te outlets of two major watersheds
are located in the bottom of sheltered bay. Te other route to the Lake
Vesijrvi is an urban stream, River Joutjoki (1200 ha catchment area),
which collects both stormwater and runo water from a snow dumping
site. Te objective of this study was to develop a fate model, which describes
how organic pollutants in surface runo from Lahti urban area are carried
along to the Lake Vesijrvi and how they impact lake ecosystem. For this
purpose concentrations of organic pollutants (including PCB- and PAH-
compounds) were determined in the runo and lake sediment in the
vicinity of urban surface runo outlets. Gradient sampling methodology
was implemented in order to trace the changes in pollutants concentrations
while they enter the lake, disperse in its body and are adsorbed to the
sediment. Grab sediment samples and water samples were taken from
dierent distances of stormwater drainage system outlet in Lake Vesijrvi.
Te samples were analyzed for PAHs and PCBs with GC-MS.
RP159 PCB congeners in surcial sediment of Indiana Harbor
and Ship Canal. A. Martinez, K.C. Hornbuckle, Dept. of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering,
Te University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; K. Wang, Dept. of Biostatistics,
Te University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; K. Norstrom, Dept. of Applied
Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. Te
Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) is an Area of Concern designated
by the International Joint Commission. It is known to be contaminated
with PCBs but there are few published reports of the extent and magnitude
of PCB concentrations, especially congener distribution. Tis is a concern
because the sediments of the canal will be dredged and stored in a local
conned disposal facility. PCB congeners were quantied using tandem
mass spectrometry and 160 congener sets were routinely detected.
Concentrations of total PCBs in the samples range from 50 to 33,000 ng/g
d. w. Results indicate an enrichment of PCBs in the canal in comparison
to the harbor, as well as to Lake Michigan. Using cluster analysis and other
statistical methods, the congener prole distribution of the samples were
found to be most similar to Aroclor 1248 although there is evidence of
weathering under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
RP160 Measurement of atmospheric PCBs in the urban/industrial
complex of Chicago. D. Hu, A. Martinez, K. Hornbuckle, Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;
N. Kumar, Department of Geography, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;
K. Wang, Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Te magnitude, spatial extent and variation of PCBs in air were investigated
in the urban/industrial complex of Chicago, Illinois using an innovative
sampling strategy of vehicle-mounted high-volume air samplers. Two high-
volume air samplers equipped with quartz ber lters and XAD-2 resin
cartridges were mounted on two health clinic vans operated by Mobile
C.A.R.E. Foundation of Chicago that served patients with asthma at
more than 45 sites throughout Chicago. An air sample was collected when
each van served one location, typically an elementary school, each school
day. Here we describe results of sampling conducted November 2006 to
November 2007. Concentrations of PCB congeners were determined using
gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).
Te preliminary results from the rst year of a four-year project showed
that the concentration range of atmospheric PCBs in Chicago were 20 pg/
m3 to 5500 pg/m3 with the average of 835 pg/m3, and the magnitude
was dierent from site to site and day to day. Correlation was observed
between PCB magnitude and temperature but not relative humidity. Low-
chlorinated PCB congeners dominated in the air. Possible atmospheric
sources of PCBs were examined using congener distribution proles
observed in the sampleset.
RP161 PCB uxes from sediment/water and water/air in Indiana
Harbor and Ship Canal. A. Martinez, K.C. Hornbuckle, Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Te
international Joint Commission has designated the Indiana Harbor and
Ship Canal (IHSC) as an Area of Concern. Results from our previous
studies of PCBs in surcial sediment show that the level of contamination
in the IHSC are as high as 30ppm and the congener prole distributions is
very similar to the commercial mixture Aroclor 1248. However, there are
evidence of weathering under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Tis is
a concern because the sediments of the canal will be dredged and stored in
a local conned disposal facility. Dredging may decrease or increase human
exposure to PCBs, depending on the potential for volatilization, desorption
and other congener-specic properties. Here we describe a model developed
to estimate the uxes from sediment to water and from water to air, as well
as the results obtained. Concentrations of PCB congeners in air/ sediment
and water of the navigable reaches of IHSC were quantied using tandem
mass spectrometry and electron capture detection, respectively. Fluxes were
estimated for 160 congener or coeluting congener groups routinely detected
from these three compartments.
RP162 Seabird-derived contaminants accumulate in coastal Arctic
food webs. E. Choy, J.M. Blais, L.E. Kimpe, Biology, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; J.P. Smol, Biology, Queens University, Kingston,
Ontario, Canada; M. Mallory, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment
Canada, Oneonta, NY; M.S. Douglas, Earth and Atmospheric Science,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; R.W. Macdonald,
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney,
British Columbia, Canada. Te transport of contaminants and nutrients
by biological vectors across ecosystem boundaries can markedly aect
the trophic structure of the recipient food webs. Such transfer pathways
of marine nutrients and contaminants to terrestrial systems have been
described in seabirds, salmon, sea turtles, sea lions, and whales. Tese
biovectors provide critical nutrient subsidies that shape the ecosystem
structure and function of many coastal and inland sites, and in many cases
constitute a dominant pathway for biomagnifying contaminants to the
receptor food webs. Our study site at Cape Vera (7615N, 8915W) on
Devon Island, High Arctic Canada, is an important breeding ground for a
colony of 20,000+ northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), a medium-sized
petrel common to the North Atlantic. At Cape Vera, the fulmars nest on
steep clis, which rise above a small coastal foreland containing numerous
freshwater ponds. Each breeding season the fulmars release large amounts
of guano and other wastes (e.g., regurgitated stomach contents, carcasses)
to the ponds beneath their nesting sites, such that a gradient of aquatic
productivity can be linked to seabird inuence. We recently recorded
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that were 1060x higher in the surface
sediments of ponds beneath the fulmar nesting sites compared to similar
sized reference sites a few kilometers away from the colonies. Here, we
examine the potential for ornithogenic contaminant accumulation by a
receptor food web at Cape Vera that lies below the northern fulmar nesting
sites. Te food web consists of primary producers (plants, moss, lichen),
grazers (lemmings, non-biting midges), and carnivores (ermines, snow
buntings). We present evidence that food webs adjacent to seabird nesting
colonies accumulate more contaminants than those without ornithogenic
inputs.
RP163 A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of
diphacinone in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). K. Horak, T. Primus,
R. Stahl, C. Wermager, J.J. Johnston, APHIS USDA, Fort Collins, CO.
Diphacinone is a rst generation indanedione anticoagulant rodenticide
used in the management of pests such as rats, mice, and other rodents.
Exposure of non-target species to anticoagulant rodenticides occurs through
a variety of pathways as a result of their widespread use. Since secondary
exposure of non-target species to anticoagulant rodenticides is primarily
through the consumption of animals that have ingested anticoagulant bait,
determination of tissue concentrations of diphacinone in target animals is
an integral component of risk assessment. To establish the time dependent
distribution of diphacinone in rodents, male and female Wistar rats were
orally dosed with diphacinone at approximately the LD25 and LD10
and sacriced at post exposure time points ranging from 6 to 224 hours.
Te concentrations of diphacinone in the liver, kidneys, lungs, muscle,
whole blood, and whole body remainder were determined using reversed-
phase ion-pair liquid chromatography. Tese data were used to develop
physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK) for diphacinone in
rodents. Tese models will be used to make quantitatively-based estimates of
rodenticide tissue concentrations and further applied to develop improved
risk assessment strategies. Extrapolation of the validated male and female rat
models to other animal species will further characterize the risk of mortality
and sub-acute coagulopathy resulting from diphacinone exposure in non-
target animals. Insights gained from the modeling of these rodent data can
be further used to support the development of PBPK models for other
species of interest.
RP164 Further evidence of diel cycling of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) over parts of the remote Southern Atlantic Ocean.
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R. Gioia, L. Nizzetto, K.C. Jones, Centre of Chemical Management
and Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United
Kingdom; L. Nizzetto, Department of Chemical and Environmental
Science, University of Insubria, Como, Italy; J. Dachs, Department
of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; R.
Lohmann, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island,
Narragansett, RI; M. MacLeod, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering,
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; R. Rttgers, Institute for Coastal
Research, GKSS Research Center, Geestacht, Germany. A diel cycle with
daytime concentrations in air being higher than night time concentrations
by a factor of 1.5-3 was observed for several low molecular weight PCBs
and PAHs in parts of the tropical South Atlantic during a cruise in October-
November 2005. Concentrations in four surface ocean day/night resolved
dissolved phase samples also cycled. In contrast, high molecular weight
PCBs and PAHs did not display a diel cycle. Te ship is excluded as a
possible causal factor for the diel cycle. A model which has successfully
explained diel variability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) over land
could not reproduce the observed diel cycle by considering variability
in temperature, atmospheric OH radical concentrations, atmospheric
boundary layer height and wind speed as causal factors. Tis suggests
other processes need to be considered. Te possible role of the biological
pump is explored by linking the variations in uorescence and chlorophyll
data to the atmospheric diel cycle of POPs. Further research is required to
better understand the processes involved, particularly given their potential
importance of the global cycling of POPs.
RP165 Multi-continental intake fractions as a function of pollutant
lifetime, number of vertical layers in the fate and exposure model, and
model scale. C. Wannaz, S. Shaked, O. Jolliet, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, MI; M. Margni, CIRAIG, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; S. Humbert,
University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; S. Schwarzer, United
Nations Environmental Program, Geneva, Switzerland. As multimedia
models used for environmental assessment become regionalized, the
increasing resolution increases the complexity of the model, thereby limiting
its application for the evaluative comparison of large sets of chemicals and
scenarios. Global multimedia models generally include upper atmospheric
layers to account for pollutant transport through the free troposphere
(~1-15 km), where wind speeds are signicantly higher than in the
planetary boundary layer (~0-1 km). Yet little exploration has been carried
out on the optimal number of atmospheric layers needed to appropriately
estimate atmospheric pollutant transport. We experiment with dierent
chemicals and scenarios using IMPACTWorld, a recently created multi-
continental multimedia model including fate and exposure, 17 continental
regions, 9 ocean zones, 33 coastal zones, and now with two atmospheric
layers. Tis Excel model, which can be run in less than 10 minutes on a
desktop computer, estimates a chemicals spatial intake fraction, which
is the population intake in every region for each region of emission. We
nd that the additional atmospheric layer decreases intake fractions in
the region of emission by up to 10%, and increases the transport between
regions by up to a factor 15, but the absolute increase in intake fraction
due to transboundary transport through the additional layer is small.
Using a wide range of chemicals with varying tropospheric degradation
rates, we determine the sensitivity of intake fractions to the size of the
model (regional, continental, global) and the number of vertical layers, and
compare the results to more detailed atmospheric models.
RP166 Plant bioaccumulation modeling - Exploring the limitations
and possibilities of the steady state approach. E. Undeman, G. Czub,
M.S. McLachlan, Department of Applied Environmental Science,
Stockholm, Sweden. Steady state bioaccumulation models are common
tools used to predict concentrations of organic contaminants in biota.
However, these models are not designed to handle complex dynamic
processes such as growth, temperature uctuations or variations of the
environmental concentrations. Instead, average values for temperature
and ambient concentrations are used as input parameters, and calibration
factors are introduced to compensate for growth dilution. Te motivation
for the choice of the latter is often unclear. In this study the applicability
of the steady state approach is assessed for plants using chemical space
maps showing the time necessary to reach steady state depending on the
contaminants physical chemical properties. Te plants memory of
previous exposure diers in various regions of the chemical space due to the
dominance of dierent uptake- and/or elimination processes, and is also
aected by species dependent properties such as biochemical composition
of tissues (determining storage capacity), transpiration rate, leaf area etc.
Tis implies that the average values of temperature and environmental
concentrations used in a steady state model should cover dierent time
frames (from seconds before harvest up to the full length of the growing
period), depending on the physiochemical properties of the contaminants
and the parameterization of the organism. Growth dilution can shorten
the time required to reach steady state by several orders of magnitude. Te
importance of this factor is, however, strongly dependent on the chemicals
position in chemical space. Tese ndings show that the physical chemical
properties of the chemical and species specic characteristics of the plant
limit the applicability of a steady state model.
RP167 Partitioning Models for Organic Chemicals Based on
Solubilities in Air, Water and Octanol. C.W. Gtz, M. MacLeod, M.
Aeschbacher, O. Williams, M. Scheringer, K. Hungerbhler, ETH Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland. Regression models that relate physico-chemical
properties of chemicals to environmentally relevant partition coecients
are indispensible tools for environmental hazard and risk assessment, and
are an integral component of multimedia mass balance models. Ideally,
partitioning models should combine broad and easy applicability and
scientic adequacy. Single parameter linear free energy relationships
(spLFERs) between environmentally relevant partition coecients and
properties such as vapor pressure or octanol-water partition coecient
exploit readily available and easily evaluated data, but are not generally
suitable for the description of chemicals with structural features that
are not represented in the training sets. In practice, because non-polar
chemicals have received most of the attention of analytical chemists in eld
experiments, this means that most spLFERs are not appropriate to estimate
environmental partitioning of chemicals with polar functional groups. In
recent years, polyparameter linear free energy relationships (ppLFERs) have
been shown to successfully describe partitioning of chemicals with a wide
range of structural features, but they are currently dicult to adopt for a
broad range of chemicals because of a lack of chemical property data. Here,
we explore the feasibility of developing a novel class of partitioning models
based on the solubilities of chemicals in air, water, and octanol. Tese three
solubilities can be deduced from readily-available property data including
vapor pressure, solubility in water, Henrys law constant, and octanol-
air and octanol-water partition coecients. We illustrate the concept by
developing three-solubility partitioning models to describe aerosol-air
and organic carbon-water partitioning. Our novel models perform almost
as well as ppLFER-based for datasets that include both polar and non-polar
chemicals. Tus, there is potential for three-solubility partitioning models to
be implemented into state-of-the art multimedia models without increasing
data requirements, and to extend the range of applicability of the models to
include polar chemicals.
RP168 Land use impact on stormwater retention pond contaminants:
A case study on the Red Run Watershed, MD. D.R. Ownby, Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD; M.T. Gallagher, A.B.
Brand, J.W. Snodgrass, Department of Biology, Towson University, Towson,
MD; D.R. Ownby, J.W. Snodgrass, Environmental Science and Studies
Program, Towson University, Towson, MD. Stormwater ponds have become
a common best management practice (BMP) for the management of runo
from impervious surfaces in suburban and urban landscapes. Tese ponds
can be simple human constructed depressions designed to detain and slow
stormwater runo to allow some sedimentation to occur or can be deeper
more engineered structures that hold water year round. Te Red Run
watershed contains approximately 165 discrete wetland areas created to
manage stormwater and many were specically designed as dry stormwater
management ponds. Multiple classes of land use have been identied in
the watershed, including: agricultural, forest, wetlands, roads, intersections,
parking lots, driveways, and buildings based on available aerial photographs
and land-cover databases. Ongoing research has identied road salt, metals
(zinc, copper, and others), and PAHs as the main contaminants present.
Multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis will be utilized to relate
contaminant conditions to landscape characteristics.
RP169 Multimedia model evaluation and comparative assessment
of pesticides used in the catchment of lake Geneva. M. Margni,
CIRAIG, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; P. Copin, N. Chvre, IPTEH,
Universit de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; R. Charles, Agroscope,
Nyon, Switzerland; A. Klein, CIPEL, Nyon, Switzerland. Te impact of
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pesticides depends on their mode of action, their persistence and capacity
to move around dierent environmental media and the characteristics
of environment it is emitted in. In an eort to evaluate and limit the
ecotoxicological risk to the ecosystems of pesticide use, during the last
years a monitoring campaign on the Geneva Lake (Switzerland) measured
approximately 30 pesticides, mainly herbicides and fungicides, in almost all
depths and all around the lake. Te objectives of this research are to evaluate
multimedia model predictions against the monitored concentration levels
of pesticide in the lake, and to develop a method enabling to set priorities
on pesticide use with respect to their ecotoxicological impact on aquatic
ecosystem. Te cause-eect chain is usually modelled via two intermediary
parameters: the fate and the eect factor. Te fate factor links a substance
emission, e.g. into air, to an increase in concentration in an environmental
media, e.g fresh water. Te eect factor links this concentration increase
to a loss on living species. In this study, the fate factors for pesticides were
calculated with the multimedia fate model IMPACT 2002 (Pennington
et al., 2005) and compared against empirical fate factors obtained from
monitored concentrations in the Geneva lake and the yearly pesticide use
for agricultural purpose in the whole water catchment. Results showed a
good agreement between both modelled and empirical values for most of
the pesticides (Fig. 1). Discrepancies were mostly explained by uncertain
chemical properties, such as underestimation of half-lives in water
(Monolinuron, Difenoconazol), and likely additional pesticide sources
coming from industry (Amidosulfuron, Metalaxyl) or urban use (Terbutryn,
Propiconazole). Two alternative eect factors were determined based on the
Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) curves and the Average Mean Impact
(AMI) method (Payet, 2004), both based on ecotoxicity data. Results
were compared and advantage/disadvantage of SSD and AMI approaches
discussed with respect to the goal of comparative assessment vs. regulative
risk assessment. Finally the fate and the eect factors were combined into
a single weighting factor, so called characterization factor (CF) and used to
compare the potential impacts of pesticides applied into the catchment of
Lake Geneva.
RP170 Inorganic arsenic concentrations in seafood species from the
Lower Duwamish Waterway (Seattle, WA) and Puget Sound background
areas. T. Deshler, K. Godtfredsen, B. Bergquist, Windward Environmental,
Seattle, WA; J. Stern, King County, Seattle, WA; J. Goldberg, City of
Seattle, Seattle, WA; D. Hotchkiss, Port of Seattle, Seattle, WA; S. Fox, Te
Boeing Company, Seattle, WA. Te Lower Duwamish Waterway (LDW) in
Seattle, WA was designated by EPA as a Superfund site in 2001. In support
of the human health risk assessment, sh and shellsh species potentially
eaten by people were collected and analyzed for inorganic arsenic. Inorganic
arsenic is the most toxic form of arsenic, but is generally a relatively minor
component of total arsenic in seafood; organic forms of arsenic generally
predominate. Arsenic is a natural component of the earths crust and is also
found at elevated concentrations in soil from some areas near the LDW as
a result of aerial emissions from the former Asarco smelter in Ruston, WA.
Te smelter deposition pattern includes part of the Green River watershed
that drains into the LDW. Consequently, sh and shellsh species were also
collected from background areas as part of an incremental risk assessment
approach. Inorganic arsenic concentrations in perch, English sole, and crabs
were similar between LDW and background areas. However, inorganic
arsenic concentrations in soft-shell clams Mya arenaria (0.132 to 11.3 mg/
kg wet weight), the only harvestable clams in the LDW, were much higher
than inorganic arsenic concentrations in clams from background areas (0.04
to 0.61 mg/kg wet weight). Hypotheses evaluated to explain the unusual
results included arsenic sources in the LDW (i.e., bedded or suspended
sediment, surface water, seeps), lack of depuration before analysis, and
potential laboratory errors.
RP171 Development and Application of a Two-Dimensional
Hydrodynamic Model of the Tittabawassee River and Floodplain
to Support Conceptual Site Model Development and Remedial
Investigations. D.J. Lautenbach, J. Grush, J. Wolfe, T. Dekker, LimnoTech,
Ann Arbor, MI. Te Tittabawassee River and oodplain downstream of
Midland, Michigan, has been the subject of multiple investigations resulting
from past dioxin and furan contamination related to historic releases from
the Dow Chemical Midland, Michigan, plant. A detailed two-dimensional
EFDC model for the entire Tittabawassee River and oodplain from
Midland down to the conuence of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers
was developed to support remedial investigation work of this site. Tis
model was used to gain a better understanding of the interactions between
the river and oodplain and provided detailed estimates of velocity, bed
shear stress, stream power, and predicted ow paths through the river
and oodplain. Te EFDC model output enhanced the understanding of
the relationship between river and oodplain ows and dioxin and furan
distribution in the river and oodplain. Te model was used to identify
in-river and oodplain erosional and deposition zones and sediment
transport pathways, leading to a better understanding of contaminant
distribution and stability. Te comprehensive hydrodynamic modeling of
the Tittabawassee River and oodplain advanced the development of a site
conceptual model, and supported estimates of possible future contaminant
exposure. Te model is also being used to support development of viable
pilot remedial actions to reduce future exposure to contaminants present
within the river and oodplain.
RP172 Multi-continental long range intake fraction of POPs:
importance of food exposure and food exports. O. Jolliet, S. Shaked,
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public
Health, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor,
MI; M. Margni, CIRAIG, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada; D. Friot, Ecole des Mines, Sophia Antipolis, France; S.
Schwarzer, United Nation Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland.
Globalization and the resulting increase in food exports could represent an
important factor in transporting persistent and bioaccumulating pollutants
between continents. So far, existing models have mainly focused on
pollutant fate or exposure through direct inhalation or ingestion. Only few
models have considered food exposure at a global level. No model has yet
been able to account for the exchange of pollutants in food exports. We
developed a spatial multi-continental multi-media model that a) estimates
multi-continental population intake of organic substances throughout
the globe, accounting for advection between continents, and b) evaluates
the contribution of pollutant transfer through food exports and compares
it with long range transport in air. Te IMPACTWorld model includes
17 continental and 9 ocean zones. Food exports are determined using
an economic Input-Output module based on GTAP data (Global Trade
Analysis Project) generating a matrix that accounts for exchange between
sectors within a region and between regions. Tis matrix is then multiplied
with the spatialized exposure and fate matrices to yield an intake fraction
matrix that describes the link between emission and population intake
among the 17 dierent regions. Te intake fraction of TCDD is highest
when emitted in regions with high food production such as China. 2.9%
of the TCDD taken in through Chinese food is transferred to the rest of
the world through food exports. Tis is of the same order of magnitude as
the transfer by air advection which represents 8.8% of the intake. Large
variations in intake fractions are observed between the 17 continental
regions, with TCDD iFs ranging between 2.5x10-3 and 3.5x10-2. Te
food pathways dominate the impact, and the transfer through food exports
competes in its importance with long-range atmospheric transport. A similar
approach is applied to determine the impact of fodder imports and exports
between regions before exposure occurs.
RP173 Palladium tissue distribution in rats subchronically exposed
to very low levels of potassium esachloropalladiate. I. Iavicoli, A.
Bergamaschi, Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Sacred
Heart, Rome, Italy; B. Bocca, S. Caimi, A. Alimonti, Dept. Environment
and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
Palladium (Pd) belongs to the platinum group elements (PGEs). General
population may be exposed to Pd through food, dental alloys, jewellery, and
emissions from automotive catalytic converters. Although Pd and the other
PGEs are rare in the Earths crust (<1 g kg-1), their catalytic properties
have led to an increment in their use to reduce the automotive emission of
pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
Few biomonitoring studies on laboratory animals exposed to high doses
of Pd have been performed. Aim of this study is the assessment of the Pd
tissue distribution and elimination in rats after oral administration of very
low levels of potassium esachloropalladiate, i.e., from 1 to 250 ng ml-1 of
Pd. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into ve groups of ten
animals. Drinking water was given ad libitum to each group for 90 days
at dierent Pd levels: 0 (control group), 1, 10, 100 and 250 ng ml-1. Te
sector eld inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry used for Pd
quantication showed the adequate sensitivity, specicity and accuracy, all
the more in consideration of the very low levels of Pd accumulated. Te
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tissue containing the highest Pd concentration was kidney (124.3 ng g-1,
dry weight at the maximum dose), while the lowest level was found in lung
(1.9 ng g-1, dry weight at the maximum dose). Urine and feces levels of Pd
showed an increasing tendency as a function of the dose.
RP174 Application of a multi-chemical food web model to assess
the dynamics of PBDEs in the food web of Lake Winnipeg, Canada.
S. Gewurtz, N. Gandhi, M. Diamond, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; S. Bhavsar, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada; G. Tomy, K. Pleskach, Department of Fisheries and
Oceans, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Mass balance
models are useful tools for assessing the mechanisms behind contaminant
bioaccumulation. However, for compounds such as PBDEs, which can be
biotransformed, it is important to simultaneously track both the parent
chemical and its degradation product(s) in order to fully evaluate their
behavior in aquatic food webs. We recently developed a multi-chemical food
web model (Gandhi et al. 2006), which accounts for both biodegradation
and bioformation, and we used this model to evaluate the bioaccumulation
of 4 PBDE congeners in a simple arctic food web. For this study, we applied
the multi-chemical model to assess the bioaccumulation of 13 major
PBDE congeners in the more complex Lake Winnipeg food web. Measured
sediment and water PBDE data were used as input values into the model
and we assume a PBDE biotransformation pathway suggested by Bhavsar et
al. (In press). PBDE biotransformation rates were estimated by maximizing
the correspondence between modeled and observed concentrations in four
lower trophic feeding sh and three piscivorous sh by using our previous
model applications (Gandhi et al. 2006, Bhavsar et al. In press) as starting
points. In general, top predatory sh such as walleye, sauger, and burbot
had the highest capabilities for PBDE biotransformation. In these sh,
biotransformation is a major process of elimination for congeners that have
a high potential for debromination, such as BDE-153. In contrast to what
has been previously observed in other systems, sh in Lake Winnipeg do not
appear to rapidly biotransform BDE-209.
RP175 Electronic Waste Recycling Sites as Sources of Persistent
Toxic Substances: A Case Study from India. S. Tanabe, K. Ramu,
T. Agusa, T. Isobe, S. Takahashi, A. Subramanian, Center for Marine
Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan;
P. Parthasarathy, E-Parisaraa Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, INDIA. Recently, there
has been increasing concern regarding environmental pollution resulting
from recycling of electronic waste (e-waste). Te present study was
conducted to assess the extent of emissions of brominated ame retardants
(BFRs) and dioxin related compounds (DRCs) from e-waste recycling
sites in India, by analyzing soil samples from these locations. In addition,
trace elements in air dust and hair of e-waste recycling workers were also
analyzed to understand the contamination status of trace elements. Average
concentrations of BFRs and DRCs were the highest in soils from backyard
recycling sites, followed by e-waste facility and reference sites. Te elevated
levels of these contaminants at backyard recycling sites could be the result
of crude processes employed during the recycling of e-wastes. Comparing
to the percentage of the total TEQ of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs, PBCDD/
Fs and PCBs, the major contributions to total TEQ in e-waste soils were
from PBDD/Fs. PBDD/Fs contributed about 1.2-91% and 78-90% to
the total TEQ in soil samples from backyard recycling and e-waste facility
sites, respectively. Te PCDD/F proles of soil samples from e-waste sites
had relatively high percentage of lower chlorinated furans and an increasing
trend from tetra to heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, resembling the
prole in thermal processes such as incinerators. In case of trace elements,
high concentrations of not only classical toxic elements such as Pb, Cd,
Hg and Ag, but also rare trace elements such as In, Sb and Bi, used in
electrical and electronic products were observed in hair of e-waste recycling
workers. Tese results were consistent with results of air dust, therefore, air
in the working place is contaminated by these trace elements and e-waste
workers are directly and/or indirectly exposed to these elements from air
dust. Te results of the present study suggest that e-waste recycling activities
signicantly contribute to emissions of BFRs, DRCs and trace elements and,
consequently, e-waste sites can be important sources of these contaminants
into the environment. Te contribution of a large amount of total TEQ by
PBDD/Fs in soils from e-waste sites leads to concerns for environmental
and human health and, therefore, further investigations on e-waste recycling
sites are warranted.
RP176 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated
benzenes (PCBs) in the indoor environment in Toronto. X. Zhang, M.
Diamond, M. Robson, M. Lisa, Department of Geography, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; S. Harrad, School of Geography,
Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, United Kingdom. Persistent organic pollutants such as
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated benzenes
(PCBs) in the indoor environment have caused great concerns due to
potential human exposure through indoor dust and air. In this study, air
samples from 20 indoor environments of dierent types in Toronto were
acquired using passive samplers. PBDEs and PCBs were analyzed to study
their levels, potential sources and exposures indoors. Te chemical levels and
congener proles in dierent types of indoor environments were compared
using statistical analysis. Congener proles and chemical distributions
between air and dust were studied combining previously published dust
data. In an additional indoor environment, PBDEs and PCBs in dierent
media (such as air, airborne particles, lm on impervious surface) were
sampled and analyzed in order to understand sources and distributions of
the chemicals indoors from a multimedia environment perspective. PBDE
levels in the air of the 20 locations ranged from 0.005 ng/m3 to 16 ng/m3
with the geometric mean of 0.067 ng/m3 while PCB levels ranged from
0.8 ng/m3 to 131 ng/m3 with the geometric mean of 6.6 ng/m3. Statistical
analysis revealed that PBDE levels were signicantly higher in oces than in
homes. For PCBs, no signicant dierence was observed between oce and
homes. However, PCB levels were higher in buildings with PCB-containing
joint sealant. PBDEs and PCBs in airborne particles, lm on impervious
surface and dust had similar congener proles, which were dierent from
prole of gas phase PBDE in the air.
RP177 Exposure Assessment of PBDEs in the Indoor Environment.
B. Johnson-Restrepo, Chemistry, University of Cartagena, Cartagena,
COLOMBIA; S. Yun, K. Kannan, Department of Environmental Health
Sciences, State University of New York State at Albany, Abany, NY; S.
Yun, K. Kannan, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of
Health, State University of New York State at Albany, Abany, NY. PBDEs
are ubiquitous in the indoor environment due to their widespread use in
various consumer products including computers, television sets, mattresses,
furniture, and carpets. Exposure to PBDEs in the indoor environment can
occur through inhalation of air (gas phase and particle phase), ingestion
of and absorption of dust. We estimated daily exposure dose (ED) of
PBDEs for the general population can vary across age groups; we identied
5 receptor groups including infants between ages 0 and 1 yr, toddlers
between 1 and 5 yr, children between 6 and 11 yr, teenagers between 12 and
19 yr, and adults 20 years old. Te factors such as dust ingestion rate and
inhalation rate used for the calculations were obtained from the USEPAs
Exposure Factor Handbook while the daily dietary intake (DI) factors
(g.day-1) were obtained from the US Department of Agricultures 1994
96 Survey of Food Intakes. Cumulative daily exposure doses of PBDEs were
calculated by summing the exposures from diet (including breast milk for
infants), indoor air, and house dust. Te estimated daily exposure doses of
PBDEs were the highest in the infants, contributed primarily by the breast
milk ingestion. Both dermal absorption and ingestion of house dust were
the important sources of PBDE for toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults.
Dust ingestion was signicant in toddlers while dermal absorption was the
major route of PBDEs for children, teenagers, and adults.
RP178 Assessing PCB and PBDE Exposures from Fish Oil Capsules.
M. Schafer, J. Ashley, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA; S.
Chung, M. Petruzzi, N. Rienzi, A. Turner, S. Wiegand, M. Wisniewski, J.
Ashley, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, PA; H. Stapleton, Nicolas
School of the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham,
NC. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers
(PBDEs) are persistent pollutants which bioaccumulate in the environment.
Humans are frequently exposed to these lipophilic contaminants through
the consumption of sh. Fish also contain omega-3-fatty acids which
help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Te objective of the study
was to quantify the levels of PCB and PBDE congeners in eight sh oil
brands marketed in the United States. PCB concentrations were detected
in every brand ranging from 4 to 120 ppb wet wt. All sh oil brands
were substantially lower than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
consumption guideline of 2000 ppb wet wt. PBDE concentrations were
consistently below the analytical and instrumental detection limits (<0.1
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ppb). Based on these results, consumption of sh oil capsules may decrease
exposure to these contaminants versus ingestion of sh llets. Ingestion
of sh oil capsules is a safer approach to increase your omega-3-fatty acids
intake.
RP179 Institute for Environmental Photography: Using Images to
Foster Understanding of the Linkages between Ecosystem Health and
Human Health. J.J. Manock, Chemistry, UNCW, Wilmington, NC;
P.G. Wells, Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. An Institute for Environmental Photography
has been established for the purpose of using photography i.e. images to
increase public awareness of environmental issues and inuence decision-
makers on issues relating the health of ecosystems to human health. Te
institutes role is to strengthen the use of digital photography as a powerful
communications tool, using emerging scientic information and the
guidance of an international advisory board. It will assist scientists who
wish to work with photographers and journalists to challenge societal
preconceptions, alter thinking and behavior, and nd timely solutions.
Te pilot initiative for the institute is a photo-journal expose on the Cape
Fear River Basin, in Southeastern North Carolina (NC). Te Cape Fear
River Basin is the largest river basin in NC with 9,324 square miles in the
basin and 6,204 stream miles. About 35% of the streams in the Cape Fear
River Basin are considered threatened and 18% are impaired by pollution.
While sediment is the major pollutant, others include nutrients, oxygen-
demanding wastes and toxic substances continue to threaten the basin. As a
major source of drinking water for the communities in Southeastern North
Carolina, the health of the Cape Fear River Basin is vital to the wellbeing of
Southeastern North Carolina. A report augmented by photographs is being
prepared by the institute as a culmination of results from research studies
that largely demonstrate the fragility of the Cape Fear River Basin. Together
with a proposed symposium, this project will demonstrate the many ways
photography can support communication of the various human and
ecosystem health issues in a river basin, and be a test case for the goals and
objectives of the new Institute.
RP180 BLM-Based Water Quality Criteria Are Protective for Copper
Avoidance and Olfactory Impairment in Salmonid Fish. J.S. Meyer,
ARCADIS U.S., Inc., Lakewood, CO; W.J. Adams, Rio Tinto, Magna, UT.
Recent studies have demonstrated olfactory impairment and/or behavioral
avoidance in salmonid shes at Cu concentrations as low as approximately
1 to 2 g/L, prompting concern that important activities such as spawning
and predator avoidance might be impaired in Cu-contaminated water
bodies in the Pacic Northwest of the USA and elsewhere. However, an
important question is: do aquatic life criteria and other regulatory limits
for Cu protect for salmonid avoidance behaviors and other olfactory-
related responses? For studies in which adequate water chemistry data are
available, we calculated the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys BLM-
based criteria maximum concentration (CMC the acute criterion) and
criteria continuous concentration (CCC the chronic criterion) in the
exposure waters used in those experiments. In all cases, the IC25s (the Cu
concentrations that caused 25% avoidance of Cu-contaminated water or
decreased olfactory responses to a chemical stimulus by 25%) for rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and coho
salmon (O. kisutch) equaled or exceeded the CMC and the CCC, indicating
that those water quality criteria are protective for Cu avoidance and
olfactory impairment in these salmonid shes (i.e., adverse eects would not
occur at Cu concentrations lower than the criteria concentrations).
RP181 Relative Sensitivity of Amphibians to Several Chemicals in
Comparison to Other Aquatic Life. J.S. Volosin, Parametrix, Inc., Orchard
Park, NY; D. DeForest, D.B. Mayeld, Parametrix, Inc, Bellevue, WA.
Te objective was to determine whether amphibians are toxicologically
more or less sensitive to various chemicals than other aquatic species (sh,
invertebrates). Aqueous toxicity data were rst identied from the USEPAs
AQUIRE database and then we independently reviewed each of the
amphibian toxicity studies to ensure the test data were correctly interpreted.
Te metals and organic chemicals evaluated included, aluminum,
arsenic(III), cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese,
mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc, polychlorinated
biphenyls, dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Te
amphibian toxicity studies were reviewed following the general guidelines
used by the USEPA for developing ambient water quality criteria. Once
amphibian toxicity data were identied, the second step was to develop
species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for each chemical. Te SSDs are
displayed as graphs, which, in this evaluation, are used to clearly show
the sensitivity of amphibians relative to sh and invertebrate species. Te
majority of amphibian toxicity data identied were for acute aqueous
exposures (e.g., 96 hours), with toxicity endpoints related to mortality
or developmental abnormalities. Te available acute amphibian toxicity
data for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc suggest that amphibians are not
uniquely acutely sensitive to these metals, but the available acute amphibian
toxicity data for arsenic(III), nickel, and PCBs (as Aroclor mixtures)
suggest that amphibians are among the most acutely sensitive species tested.
Acute 96-hour amphibian toxicity data were not identied for manganese,
molybdenum, selenium(VI), or vanadium. Overall, true chronic toxicity
data for amphibians are limited for the chemicals evaluated. In a 154-day
chronic copper toxicity study with the frog, Rana pipiens, the no observed
eect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed eect concentration
(LOEC) bracketed the USEPAs hardness-adjusted chronic criterion
(insucient test water data were available for comparison to the USEPAs
latest biotic ligand model-based criterion for copper). Accordingly, based
on the limited data available, USEPAs hardness based chronic criterion for
copper may not be protective of R. pipiens.
RP182 Relative Sensitivity of Freshwater Mussels (Families
Unionidae and Margaritiferidae) to Select Metals and Ammonia. D.K.
DeForest, Parametrix, Bellevue, WA; E.J. Van Genderen, Parametrix,
Albany, OR; R.D. Cardwell, Parametrix, Corvallis, OR. Tere is growing
interest in native freshwater mussel populations (families Unionidae and
Margaritiferidae) in North America because they have been declining
dramatically. Some evidence has suggested that freshwater mussels may not
be adequately protected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for some chemicals. To evaluate
whether the AWQC for ammonia, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury
and zinc are protective of freshwater mussels, we identied, summarized
and critically reviewed the available toxicity data for native North American
freshwater mussels. Te sensitivity of freshwater mussels relative to other
freshwater species was also evaluated using species sensitivity distributions.
Most of the existing toxicity data for freshwater mussels describe the acute
sensitivity of glochidia and juveniles ranging in age from newly transformed
up to 2 months old. Acute copper and ammonia toxicity data were available
for 17 mussel species and acute cadmium, mercury and zinc toxicity data
were available for 4-6 mussel species (no acute arsenic or lead toxicity
data were identied for any mussel species). Overall, the most sensitive
freshwater species to copper and ammonia are dominated by mussels. For
copper mussels represent 11 of the 14 lowest species mean acute values
(SMAVs) and for ammonia they represent 17 of the 20 lowest SMAVs.
Tey are also relatively sensitive to zinc, with all six mussel SMAVs falling
among the 19 lowest SMAVs for all freshwater species. Te amount of long-
term toxicity data for freshwater mussels are more limited for the chemicals
evaluated, and generally consist of 28-day survival, growth, and stress
(e.g., foot movement) studies with juveniles. For some chemicals inclusion
of freshwater mussel toxicity data into the USEPAs AWQC derivation
procedure appears to lower the magnitude of the criterion. For example,
the USEPAs current acute ammonia criterion is 5.62 mg N/L at pH 8.0
(with salmonids present), which would be lowered to 1.91 mg N/L at pH
8.0 if the freshwater mussel toxicity data were included. Overall, this review
suggests that current AWQC may not be protective of all freshwater mussel
species for copper and ammonia, and marginally protective for zinc.
RP183 Te Impact Of Occupational Aluminum Exposure On Iron
Metabolism. F.M. Metwally, Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
National Research Center, Giza, Giza, EGYPT; H.M. Rashad, Occupational
and Environmental Medicine, National Research Center, Giza, Giza,
EGYPT. Te eect of aluminum exposure on workers iron metabolism and
its subsequent impact on hematological parameters was examined in 50
occupationally exposed workers and a referent comparable group of 40 non-
exposed subjects. Te study revealed that chronic exposure to aluminum
was associated with disturbed iron metabolism in the form of signicant
decrease of serum iron and transferrin saturation as well as a signicant
increase of free erythrocytic protoporphyrin. Also, a signicant decrease of
red cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
and volume was found among the exposed subjects compared to controls.
All the studied hematological and iron metabolism parameters showed
signicant negative correlations with the exposure indices. On the other
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hand, free erythrocytic protoporphyrin was signicantly positively correlated
with exposure indices
RP184 Demographic and Socio-Economical Status of Children With
Lead Exposure in Venezuela. C.A. Espinosa Rodriguez, G. Squillante,
Center for toxicological investigations, University of Carabobo, Valencia,
Carabobo, Venezuela. Children are at high risk for lead (Pb) exposure. Te
objective of this study was to identify risk factors (mainly socio-economical)
that contribute to high blood lead (PbB) levels in Venezuelan children. Te
concentration of PbB was determined in 243 children (ages 5.94 2.78
years), coming from the Valencia District, Carabobo State. Te required
analysis was performed at the Centre for Toxicological Investigations of the
University of Carabobo (CITUC), in Venezuela. Te relationship between
these concentrations and socio-economical parameters (A: high quality life;
B: fair quality life; C: Critic poverty), was established. Living areas were
classied according to sectors (total=31) and socio-economical status. A
Geographical Information System (GIS) was used for mapping of the data.
One hundred and fty [150=61.7%] children resulted with PbB levels above
the permissible concentration (LAPC) Average PbB was signicantly higher
than the permissible levels. In 4 sectors (all from status C), more than 80%
of the children showed LAPC of PbB. Sectors 12 (status A) and 16 (status
C), resulted with the highest percentage of subjects with LAPC (14.66 and
11.33% respectively). Logistic regression showed a signicant association
of sectors 12 (from A), 16 and 28 (from C) with LAPC. Odds ratio proved
that children from status C are 7.28 times more likely to have LAPC of PbB
than the ones coming from A or B. It was found that the highest percentage
of children with LAPC (46.67%) belongs to the group of 5-8 years of age.
Tirty-four percent (34%) of the children with LAPC come from status C
which could be considered the most critical status from the exposure risk
point of view. Analysis of factors that inuence susceptibility to toxic action
was made. Tis study conrms that GIS and epidemiological-statistical
methods extend the possibilities of contaminants adverse health eects
prevention. It also shows that by correlating geographical and health data we
can identify high risk areas, leading to a pro active public health action.
RP185 A Community-Based Exposure Assessment and Risk
Characterization of Dietary Mercury Exposure. E.L. Holloman, M.C.
Newman, Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Te College of
William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
VA. Te integration of community-based participatory research (CBPR)
techniques with conventional exposure assessment methods oers a
refreshing approach to generating scientically sound and socially relevant
mercury exposure information. Community-specic partnerships were
established with the Moton Community House, Heal-Ty Generations: A
Southeast Community Health Movement, and residents to verify seafood
consumption rates and ascertain which seafood species are being consumed
by women in the East End community of Newport News, Virginia.
Dietary mercury exposure will be probabilistically dened for the target
population using the exposure equation: INTAKE (mg/kg-day) = chemical
concentration in sh (CF)* ingestion rate (IR)* exposure frequency (EF)*
exposure duration (ED)/ body weight (BW)* averaging time (AT). In
order to more accurately dene parameter estimates (mean and standard
deviation), which will be used in generating probability density functions
for CF, IR, EF and BW, 95 community-specic seafood consumption
surveys were administered to African American women residing in the East
End. Sample size was based on comparing power calculations for 95%
condence intervals, and a priori error rates (one-tailed Type I = 0.05, and
Type II = 0.01) and eect sizes (10% of the mean seafood consumption rate
and mercury exceedances, and 20% of the mean daily mercury intake for
U.S. women, ages 16-49). Out of the 146 women asked to participate in
the survey, approximately 69% of the women (101 women) agreed to take
the survey. Six of the 101 surveys administered were terminated because
of participants age or residency. Te results of the survey were analyzed to
determine seafood consumption rates and ascertain which seafood species
are being consumed. Next, mercury concentrations in these species will
be determined and the daily mercury intake rate will be probabilistically
dened for African American women (ages 16-49) in the East End. Finally,
all mercury health risks associated with seafood consumption in the targeted
population will be characterized and community-specic consumption
limits (aimed at reducing mercury exposure) will be developed.
RP186 Classifying urban sources of priority pollutants. H. Holten
Ltzhft, E. Eriksson, P.S. Mikkelsen, A. Ledin, DTU Environment,
Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; E. Donner,
Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, United
Kingdom; V. Gevaert, W. de Keyser, BIOMATH, Ghent University,
Gent, Belgium; T. Wickman, Environmental Monitoring, Stockholm
Stad, Stockholm, Sweden; M. Cerk, P. Banovec, Faculty of Civil and
Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SLOVENIA. A
framework for classifying the urban sources of priority pollutants (PPs) is
required for application within the EU. Such a framework should ideally
consist of some form of chemical identication, a source activity code and
an emission process code. Established systems like the US EPA Source
Classication Code (SCC), the European Technical Guidance Document
on Risk Assessment, the National Classication of Economic Activities
(NACE), Te Nomenclature for Sources of Emissions (NOSE), the
Combined Nomenclature, Chemical Abstract Service number (CAS#) and
the European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances were studied in
order to build a comprehensive framework for classifying the urban sources
of PPs. Te US EPA SCC can not directly be applied for use within the EU,
even though it includes both economic activities and emission processes
it does not use standardized EU classication codes such as NACE and
NOSE. To ll this gap the concept of Emission Strings (ESs) was developed,
combining NACE and NOSE classications with a CAS#. An ES describes
a particular emission source by identifying the particular PP being emitted
(CAS#), the (economic) activity resulting in the emission (NACE) and the
specic emission process (NOSE) during which the PP release takes place.
Te classication approach has been tested on the substances listed under
the Water Framework Directive. EU member states are obliged to reduce/
cease emissions of said 33 priority substances by 2020. About 600 ESs
were established, identifying 21 activity groups. 5 of these groups account
for the vast majority of the total ESs. 63% of the ESs were related to
manufacturing activities, 9% to household activities, 4% to waste disposal
activities, 3% to roads (transport) and 3% to agriculture. Te last 18% were
distributed among 17 other activity groups. Te established framework is
capable of classifying sources in a standardized and harmonized way, and
thus facilitates the extraction and analysis of associated data (e.g. economic
data, human health statistics) from European statistical oces which use the
NACE and NOSE systems for data management.
RP187 Continuing Sources of PCBs: Te Signicance of Building
Sealants. M. Robson, L. Melymuk, A. Giang, S. Csiszar, M. Diamond,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; P. Helm, Environmental
Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; P. Blanchard, Air Quality Research,
Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; S. Backus, Ontario
Water Quality Monitoring, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada. Te polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent
organic chemicals that were widely used in the 1950s, 60s and 70s for a
broad range of applications. PCBs were gradually phased out of production
throughout most of the industrialized world by the late 1970s. Although
concentrations worldwide dropped over the next decade, this rate of
decline now appears to have slowed considerably. One of the key reasons
for this continued prevalence is the presence of large reservoirs of PCBs in
materials and equipment still in use; as although the manufacture of PCBs
was largely banned, their continued use in existing materials was not. One
of the most signicant of these is probably the use in permanently elastic
sealants in buildings. Building sealants are particularly important as not
only do they represent a considerable percentage of the remaining PCB
stocks (10-18%), but by the very nature of this use, they are classically open
sources i.e. applied supercially to the outside of buildings, and therefore
permanently exposed to a wide variety of uncontrollable loss process, such
as volatilization, wash o and erosion. Tus they potentially constitute an
important ongoing source of these chemicals to the wider environment. To
investigate the importance of these sealants a combined small scale screening
campaign and GIS based stock estimation was undertaken for the city of
Toronto, Canada. Toronto is Canadas largest city, covering approximately
635 km2 on the northwest shore of Lake Ontario. Of the 26 building
selected for analysis, 6 had detectable concentrations of PCBs in sealants,
with concentrations ranging over two orders of magnitude, from 0.57 mg/g
to 82.09 mg/g, with a mean concentration of 22.10 mg/g detected. No
PCBs were detected in those building outside of the target age range (i.e.
pre 1950, post 1980). Using the concentration data we collected from our
screening campaign and the GIS database we then calculated the expected
range (upper and lower bound) of PCBs still present in sealants in the city.
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From this we estimated that there are from 3 to 496 tonnes of 83 PCBs
still present in sealants in the city, with the most likely estimate being 133
tonnes.
RP188 Food and dust as the major predictors for serum
concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in humans. L.
Roosens, H. Neels, A. Covaci, Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp,
Wilrijk, Belgium; M. Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, S. Harrad, Division of
Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, United Kingdom. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is
an additive brominated ame retardant (BFR) applied mainly in extruded
(EPS) and high impact polystyrene foams (XPS) (up to 2.5 % HBCDs)
which are used as thermal insulation in buildings, and to a lesser extent in
upholstery textiles (6-15 % HBCDs). Production gures make HBCD the
second highest-volume BFR used in Europe. As a result of their widespread
use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCDs are ubiquitous
contaminants in the environment and humans. Contradictory information
concerning their persistency can be found in the literature despite an
increase of environmental concentrations in past years. Technical mixtures
are mainly composed of three predominant diastereomers (alpha-, beta-,
and gamma-HBCD), each with a corresponding pair of enantiomers. One
important observation is the shift from the high percentage of the gamma-
HBCD diastereoisomer in the technical products to a dominance of the
alpha-HBCD diastereoisomer in biological samples. Te present study
was undertaken to ll the lack of information and to estimate the current
human exposure to HBCDs via two major exposure pathways, e.g. food
and dust ingestion/inhalation. Te dietary intake of HBCDs was calculated
from the analysis of duplicate diet samples taken during a week from 20
healthy volunteers (age 20 - 25 years). Dust samples from their housing
were collected in a standardized manner and subsequently analyzed. At
the end of the study, blood samples were collected from each volunteer
and analyzed. Stereoisomeric patterns of HBCDs were determined in
every analyzed matrix. Te relative importance of food and dust ingestion/
inhalation as major exposure pathways was evaluated, while the total intake
of HBCDs resulting from these exposure routes was correlated with HBCD
concentrations in blood samples.
RP189 Increased Chemistry Comprehension with Online
Learning Applications. M.T. Homsher, Chemistry, Te University of
Findlay, Findlay, OH. Education and retention of students as scientists,
technologists, engineers, and mathematicians is a national priority. Our
research in 2007 and 2008 applied an NSF sponsored online interactive
tutorial program to three University classes. We investigated the eectiveness
of Mastering Chemistry (MC), an online teaching system to improve
student comprehension of general and organic chemistry topics. Mastering
Chemistry guides the instructor in the creation of an online class, enrolling
students in the class, selecting assignments, and grading parameters, thus
creating their own course schedule. Instructors reviewed available online
learning exercises paired with the text, selected grading parameters/
scales from automated tutorial assignments and activities that support
individualized learning and assessment for each student. Instructors used
online learning reports to evaluate their course learners relative to a national
level NSF cohort. Tis comparison benchmark identied opportunities
for increased student mastery and retention based on increased student
engagement with the learning modules with lower scores. Eighty (80)
percent of participants in the MC 2007-2008 classes earned a grade of C
or better, n = 250 while meeting or exceeding the NSF cohort average. Our
2007-2008 Chemistry programs engaged ve instructors and over 225
students to implement two levels of introductory chemistry and one organic
chemistry class from high school to university levels using MC. An NSF
program, Student Assessment of Learning Gains was employed for course
assessment purposes (178 returns). Te combination of online tutorial
programs and student assessment of learning gains contributes to increasing
the number of future qualied scientists.
RP190 Size Distribution and Estimated Carcinogenic Potential of
Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected at a Downtown
Site in Kumamoto, Japan, in Spring. H. Ji, D. Zhang, R. Shinohara, K.
Arizono, Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural
University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan. Atmospheric particles at a
roadside site in the downtown area of Kumamoto, Japan, were collected in
the spring of 2006. A cascade impactor was used to fractionate the particles
into nine size ranges: > 11.0, 11.0-7.0, 7.0-4.7, 4.7-3.3, 3.3-2.1, 2.1-1.1,
1.1-0.65, 0.65-0.43, and < 0.43 m. Ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) with 4, 5, and 6 rings [uoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), benz(a)
anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chry), benzo(b)uoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)
uoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP),
dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP)] in the size
ranges were expressed and investigated in terms of their total and individual
concentrations and the equivalents of benzo(a)pyrene (BaPE) upon their
relative carcinogenic potential. Te correspondence of PAHs to particle
size, PAHs tending to accumulate in small size ranges, was conrmed.
Te mass of PAHs in the size range < 2.1 m averaged 4-fold more than
that in the range > 2.1 m. Te PAHs with 5 and 6 rings predominated
in the total mass of the 10 PAHs, exhibiting approximately monomodal
distributions with the mode around or smaller than 0.5 m. Te PAHs
with 4 rings composed 28% of the total PAHs in mass and showed bimodal
distributions with one mode in the range of < 0.5 m and another in the
range of > 1.0 m. Te estimate of BaPE using the 5- and 6-ring PAHs
indicated that PAHs in particles < 2.1 m accounted for approximately 80%
of the equivalents, suggesting that the carcinogenic potential of the PAHs
was dominated by small particles. BaP together with BbF, DahA, and IcdP
predominated in the equivalents, while the equivalents due to BaA and
BkF were very small in all size ranges. Te secondary objective of this study
is to reveal the PAHs that are major contributors to the deposition that
contribute to the total deposition of PAHs in the human respiratory tract.
Te results revealed that the risks of PAHs ranged of Dp0.43-3.3m is the
highest, and the next is Dp<0.43m. However, the range of Dp0.43-3.3m
is deposited mainly in the nose and throat, Dp<0.43m aects the lung.
RP191 Occupational exposure to microbiological and chemical
pollutants in a composting plant. Health risks. M. Schuhmacher,
Chemical Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain;
M. Nadal, L. Vilabert, M. Schuhmacher, J.L. Domingo, Laboratory of
Toxicology and Environmental Health, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus,
Spain. In recent years, composting has been gaining importance as the
best alternative for the treatment of organic waste. Te sorting-composting
approach presents many advantages in front of other waste management
options. However, an important amount of hazardous agents may be
released during the waste sorting, composting and compost rening.
Among these contaminants, biaerosols, such as bacteria and fungi, and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene or styrene, have been
pointed out as agents of special concern. Terefore, the presence of these
microbiological and chemical pollutants emitted to air may mean a risk
for the health of workers of composting plants. Te present investigation
was aimed at evaluating the occupational exposure to chemical and
biological agents for workers of an organic waste treatment facility located
in Montcada i Reixac (Catalonia, Spain). Te total concentrations of total
and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi (at 25 and 37 Celsius degrees),
were determined in 4 areas of the composting plant (reception, sorting,
composting and cogeneration halls). Te presence of Aspergillus fumigatus
as a fungus of special concern was studied. VOC levels in indoor air were
also analyzed in the same zones. Finally, outdoor concentrations of the
same microbiological and chemical pollutants were controlled and used as
reference values. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of the target agents
were determined every three months to study any seasonal trends. A risk
characterization for workers of the composting plant was carried out by
assessing the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks derived from the
exposure to bioaerosols and VOCs in each one of the sampling areas. Te
obtained information will be used to elaborate occupational risk prevention
programs for composting plants workers.
RP192 Intake of organohalogenated contaminants from sh oil
dietary supplements. A. Covaci, S. Voorspoels, H. Neels, Toxicological
Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; A. Covaci, R. Blust,
Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp,
Antwerp, Belgium; I. Sioen, Department of Public Health, University of
Gent, Ghent, Belgium; P.G. Jorens, Department of Clinical Pharmacology/
Clinical Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. Fish oil
dietary supplements (FODS) are recommended to increase the intake of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), renowned for their benecial eects on
human health. However, FODS contain also pollutants, such as pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs). Te intake of these pollutants from daily consumption of PUFA-
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rich FODS was calculated based on the concentrations measured in 154
FODS from 45 producers collected between 2004 and 2006 and on the
recommended daily dose. PCBs and p,p-DDE were the major pollutants in
most FODS (mean 15.2 and 10.2 ng/g oil), while PBDE levels were lower
(mean 2.2 ng/g oil). FODS do not substantially increase the dietary intake
of pollutants. For PBDEs and PCBs, the median daily intake from FODS
was 8 and 30 times lower than the sh-based intake, respectively. Moreover,
the ratio between the intake of PUFAs and pollutants was higher in the case
of FODS. Tis suggests that FODS are a suitable alternative for populations
with sh consumption advices, such as pregnant women, or for populations
with low sh consumption.
RP193 Health Impact Assessment for Washington Landll
Expansion. M. Weisberg, Shaw Environmental, Inc., Monroeville, PA.
A Health Impact Assessment (HIA) was required by the Washington
Department of Ecology for a proposed 93-acre expansion of the Greater
Wenatchee Regional Landll & Recycling Center (GWLF) in Douglas
County, Washington. Te expansion is necessary as the existing GWLF will
reach capacity within the near future. Te need for the HIA was triggered
because initial air quality dispersion modeling identied that released
toxic air pollutants vinyl chloride and hydrogen sulde would exceed
Acceptable Source Impact Levels (ASIL) promulgated by the Washington
Administrative Code. Te HIA included 7 major elements: 1) Rened Air
Quality Modeling; 2) Demographics; 3) Toxicological Proles; 4) Risk
Characterization; 5) Additive Cancer Risk; 6) Uncertainty Analysis; and 7)
Length of Environmental Exposure and Persistence. Chronic cancer risks,
chronic non-cancer hazards, and acute maximum hourly hazards were
assessed in the Risk Characterization. Using conservative modeling, the HIA
showed that inhalation risks and hazards were well below established risk
and hazard thresholds for both existing residents and workers at the Facility
boundary. Upon request by the Department of Ecology, further evaluation
was performed to assess potential impacts of vinyl chloride on drinking
water supplies and to assess odor. A calculation of wet deposition, followed
by accumulation in soil showed that levels of vinyl chloride in soil would
not exceed soil-to-groundwater soil screening levels (SSLs) for leaching.
Odor from hydrogen sulde was shown to be an issue for about 5% of
the nearest residents, although concentrations were below levels of health
concern.
RP194 Contaminants in Sport Fish of California Lakes and
Reservoirs. J.A. Davis, A. Melwani, S. Bezalel, J. Hunt, San Francisco
Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA; G. Ichikawa, A. Bonnema, W. Heim, M.
Stephenson, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, California Department
of Fish and Game, Moss Landing, CA; D. Crane, Water Pollution Control
Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova,
CA; C. Lamerdin, Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing,
CA. Te California State Water Resources Control Boards Surface Water
Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) has established a new statewide
bioaccumulation monitoring program. Te program has begun with a
two-year screening survey of bioaccumulation in Californias 9,000 lakes
and reservoirs in 2007 and 2008. Te program plans to perform a two-year
survey of the coast in 2009 and 2010, and survey of rivers and streams in
2011. Te cycle will then be repeated in 2012. Te lakes survey includes
two major components: 1) a probabilistic sampling of 50 lakes to provide a
statewide assessment of condition and 2) sampling of the states 200 most
popular shing lakes to determine the need for inclusion on the 303(d)
list of impaired waters. Species targeted at each lake include a top predator
as a mercury indicator and a high-lipid benthic species as an indicator
for organic contaminants. Largemouth bass, carp, and catsh were the
species most commonly sampled. Mercury analyses in predator species
were performed on individual sh. A compositing strategy was used for
other contaminants to maximize use of limited resources. Edible muscle
was analyzed. Samples were collected from a single location in small lakes
(< 500 ha) and multiple locations in larger lakes. Contaminants analyzed
included mercury, selenium, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and PBDEs.
Mercury was measured in individual sh from 98 lakes sampled in 2007.
Preliminary data indicate that eleven lakes had sh with maximum mercury
concentrations above 1.5 ppm, 23 with sh above 1 ppm, 66 with sh
above 0.5 ppm, 84 with sh above 0.2 ppm, and 96 with sh above 0.1
ppm. None of the lakes had an average selenium concentration above 3.9
ppm. A summary of data from the rst round of sampling in the summer of
2007 will be presented.
RP195 Contaminants in urban and rural environments: Te case
of brominated ame retardants. R. Hale, M. La Guardia, E. Harvey,
Va Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA. Brominated ame
retardants (BFRs) have been used at levels as high as 10-20% in polymer
products, including: electronics, home, oce and vehicular furnishings.
Highest densities of these track human populations and occur in urban
areas. Te type of BFR used varies between products. Human exposure
from these has exceeded initial predictions, and has primarily been linked
to house dust/indoor air and food. Some BFRs have been banned or
discontinued. However, large reservoirs remain in discarded and in-service
products. Te destruction of the World Trade Center, built in the 1970s,
released previously banned PBBs. High local BFR use or production,
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) upsets or low removal of solids may
result in high amounts entering local surface waters. Terein some BFRs,
such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with <7 bromines, can
bioaccumulate in sh. High environmental concentrations have been
observed near WWTPs in NC, as well as near Antarcticas biggest city
McMurdo. Humans and wildlife may subsequently be exposed to BFRs
after consuming sh. Urban/rural outdoor air concentration gradients have
also been documented. Recent data have indicated that the PBDE product
Deca accumulates in birds of prey, such as the peregrine falcon. Higher
levels occur in urban falcon nests than rural ones. Once BFRs enter the
waste stream, they sequester to solids. WWTP solids, aka biosolids, are
nding increasing usage as agricultural fertilizers. Over 60% of the sewage
sludge produced by US cities is now land applied. Tis reintroduces urban
contaminants to rural areas, as well as possibly into the food supply.
RP196 Management of Lyngbya wollei, an Invasive Cyanobacterium
in Kings Bay, Crystal River, FL: Restoration of Ecosystem Services.
B.M. Johnson, W.M. Bishop, J.H. Rodgers, Forest and Natural Resources,
Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Lyngbya wollei, a mat forming
cyanobacterium, is adversely impacting critical habitat of the endangered
Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Kings Bay in Crystal River, FL.
Te objectives of this study were to determine risks of the invasive species
(stimulus), to estimate benets and risks of viable management tactics, and
to formulate a strategic plan to manage L. wollei in Kings Bay, a designated
Outstanding Florida Water. Heterogeneously dispersed throughout Kings
Bay, L. wollei achieves densities >2,150 g Lyngbya/m
2
dry weight. Tis
nuisance species intermittently produces sh and dermatitis toxins and
has competitively excluded aquatic macrophytes in some areas, decreasing
potential manatee feeding areas. Because of its heterogeneous distribution,
a uniform or homogeneous solution for the L. wollei problem is unlikely.
Kings Bay is comprised of management units based on L. wollei density
and site characteristics (e.g. ow, use, etc.). To decrease risks caused by L.
wollei, a scientically sound, ecologically viable, and socially acceptable
management approach is needed. Potential mechanical, physical, biological,
and chemical management options were identied and deemed viable if they
passed regulatory approval, were ecologically sound, and were commercially
available. Mechanical harvesting, the current management approach, can
decrease biomass up to 72%, but there are physical restrictions as well as
collateral damage to non-target plant and animal species. In laboratory
toxicity tests, this strain of L. wollei was sensitive to exposures of peroxide
based (31 mg sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate/g Lyngbya wet weight) and
copper based (4-8mg Cu/g Lyngbya wet weight) algaecides relative to other
strains of L. wollei. Physical management tactics such as hand harvesting or
raking are feasible only at a small scale (e.g. around docks). Combinations
of management tactics should be considered (e.g. algaecide application
followed by mechanical harvesting). Due to the complexity of this problem,
a one-size-ts-all solution is not possible. A site specic adaptive water
resource management strategy is necessary for each management unit and
ultimately the entire water resource.
RP197 Te Distribution of Metals and Associations with Benthic
Infaunal Communities in Tampa Bay Sediments: Results from the
Tampa Bay Benthic Monitoring Program. D.J. Karlen, J. Barron, S.
Perez, T.L. Dix, B.K. Goetting, S.E. Markham, Environmental Protection
Commission of Hillsborough County, Tampa, FL; H. Greening, E.
Sherwood, Tampa Bay Estuary Program, St. Petersburg, FL; G. Blanchard,
Manatee County Department of Environmental Management, Bradenton,
FL; C.A. Meyer, Pinellas County Department of Environmental
Management, Clearwater, FL. Te Tampa Bay Benthic Monitoring Program
was initiated in 1993 by the Tampa Bay Estuary Program (TBEP) in
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order to provide long-term data on sediment contaminants and benthic
habitat conditions to area managers. Te program is a cooperative eort
between the three local counties surrounding the bay (Hillsborough,
Pinellas and Manatee), with the Environmental Protection Commission of
Hillsborough County conducting the laboratory analysis. Approximately
1100 sediment samples were analyzed during the rst twelve years of
monitoring (1993-2004) for a suite of metals including: Ag, As, Cd, Cr,
Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Te sediment quality assessment guidelines (SQAGs)
established for Florida coastal waters (MacDonald, 1994) coupled with
analysis of the benthic infaunal community were used to identify sites of
potential toxicity. Highest concentrations of metals tended to be found in
Hillsborough Bay in the vicinity of the Port of Tampa as well as in several of
the surrounding tributaries. Several localized hot spots were also identied
in other parts of the bay. Sites with high metals concentrations were
typically characterized by sediments with a high % silt+clay content and
tended to have degraded benthic communities. Multivariate analysis of the
sediment metals and benthic community identied Cu and Cr as the two
contaminants with the strongest correlations with the benthic community
structure. Although samples with high metals concentrations had greatly
reduced numbers of benthic taxa and abundances, several invertebrate
taxa were consistently found to be associated with areas of elevated metals,
including several species of polychaete worms, pea crabs (Pinnixa spp.)
and acorn worms (Hemichordata). References: MacDonald, D.D. 1994.
Approach to the Assessment of Sediment Quality in Florida Coastal Waters.
Volume 1 Development and Evaluation of Sediment of the Sediment
Quality Assessment Buidelines. Report prepared for Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, FL.
RP198 Mercury in Fin Clips and Scales as Assessment Methods for
Predicting Muscle Tissue Mercury Concentrations in Red Drum and
Snook. J. Serbst, J. Lake, S. Ryba, S. Ayvazian, US EPA, Narragansett, RI;
D. Adams, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Commission, Melbourne, FL. Non-lethal techniques for
assessing total mercury concentrations in sh are desired because they
minimize impacts on sh populations and allow trends in Hg accumulation
to be assessed through repeated sampling of individual sh. Tis study
developed relationships of Hg concentrations between two sample types
that can be obtained non-lethally (caudal n clips and scales) and muscle
tissue of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and common snook (Centropomus
undecimalis) to determine whether these sampling methods were useful for
predicting mercury concentrations in these marine sh. Tese sh species
were selected for this study because they are abundant in Floridas coastal
waters and are highly prized by anglers as gamesh and for consumption.
Red drum were collected in the Indian River Lagoon (n=7), Banana River
Lagoon (n=15) on Floridas Atlantic coast, and three sh were taken from
adjacent nearshore waters in the Atlantic Ocean. Snook were collected in
the Indian River Lagoon (n=38) and Florida Bay (n=12). Te mean total
lengths and muscle tissue mercury concentrations were: red drum; 488 mm
(range 365 to 911), 163 ng Hg/g (wet) (range 63 to 168), snook; 627 mm
(range 381 to 946), 343 ng Hg/g (wet) (range 164 to 766) A signicant
relationship was not found between Hg concentration in red drum muscle
tissue and cleaned scales. A similar relationship for snook was signicant
(p<0.05), but showed high variability (r2=0.60). Relationships of Hg
concentrations between cleaned n clips and muscle tissue were signicant,
but highly variable for both red drum (r2=0.30) and snook (r2=0.23).
Overall, these results were below the coecients of determination found
in other studies with freshwater sh for relationships of Hg concentrations
between scales and muscle tissue (largemouth bass, r2=0.89) or between
caudal n clips and muscle tissue (largemouth bass, r2=0.85, northern
pike r2=0.78, 0.72, walleye r2=0.83, 0.73 and arctic grayling, r2=0.84).
One study showed a signicant relationship between n clips and muscle
tissue for the marine species winter founder (r2=0.94). Comparisons of
these ndings with those from the present study show that these non-lethal
methods have limited potential for use in predicting Hg concentrations in
muscle tissue of red drum and snook.
RP199 Fine Scale Spatial Variation in Total Mercury Levels in
Molluscan Bivalves from Southwest Florida. J.C. Tera, L. Haynes,
D.G. Rumbold, Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, Florida
Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL. Methylmercury production
and biomagnication is known to be spatially highly variable leading
to hot spots. In South Florida, regional variability in methylmercury
biomagincation has been shown from nsh surveys along the coast, done
by others. Te objective of this study is to use molluscan bivalves, either
sedentary or with very limited home ranges, to better assess the ne scale
spatial variation in mercury availability. A secondary objective was to begin
to assess the potential species-specic dierences in mercury accumulation
of dierent bivalve species including the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea
virginica) and Calico Scallop (Argopecten gibbus). While the former was
principally sampled from estuaries, the latter was collected from nearshore
coastal waters. Spatial patterns in measured total mercury concentrations
will be presented and discussed in the context of results from other mercury
monitoring programs in Southwest Florida.
RP200 Brevetoxin in Marine Aerosols and Associated Surf Water
during Human Health Exposure Studies. M.S. Henry, R.H. Pierce, P.C.
Blum, B. Kirkpatrick, S.E. Osborn, Mote Marine Labratory, Sarasota, FL;
Y. Cheng, Y. Zhou, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque,
NM; L.E. Fleming, NIEHS Marine and Fresh Water Biomedical Sciences
Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL; J. Naar, D. Baden, Center for
Marine Science-UNCW, Wilmington, NC. Te toxic dinoagellate,
Karenia brevis, produces neurotoxins that cause marine animal mortality
and neurotoxic shellsh poisoning. A distinctive characteristic of K.
brevis blooms is the associated airborne brevetoxin component that
results in respiratory irritation in people, particularly asthmatics. Tis
study was undertaken in unison with human exposure and health eect
studies to determine the concentration and composition of aerosolized
brevetoxins to which beachgoers are exposed. Brevetoxins were extracted
from water samples collected along the shore and from air lters designed
to trap marine aerosols. Wind speed and direction appeared to be the
major environmental factors contributing to the amount brevetoxin to
which beachgoers are exposed when a bloom is present. Multiple beach
studies have occurred each year since 2003 during bloom and non-bloom
conditions. Transects to determine how far inland aerosolized brevetoxin
travels have followed each beach study since 2004. Two beach studies in
February and March of 2005 were conducted during bloom conditions
with oshore and onshore winds, respectively. In February 2005, K. brevis
cells ranged from 1 to 4 million cells/L and 30 to 100 g/L brevetoxin in
near-surf water. However, no toxin was detected in the aerosol samples
due to the oshore wind direction. In March 2005, cells ranged from
60 to 160 thousand cells/L with 5 to 10 g/L brevetoxin present. Due
to onshore winds, aerosolized toxin exceeded 40 ng/m3. Onshore winds
continued throughout the March 2005 inland transect study. Te highest
concentrations of brevetoxins were detected at the sampling stations nearest
the shore (gulf and bay) and diminished as the station moved inland with
brevetoxins detected up to 1 mile from the coast.
RP201 Pseudo-Nitzschia Blooms Along the Central-West Florida
Coast; is Tere a Treat for a Domoic Acid Poisoning Event? S. O Dea,
L.J. Flewelling, J.L. Wolny, E. Truby, Harmful Algal Blooms, Fish and
Wildlife Research Institute, St Petersburg, FL. Domoic acid (DA), a potent
neurotoxin that has the potential to cause Amnesic Shellsh Poisoning
(ASP), is produced by members of the marine diatom genus Pseudo-
nitzschia. Outbreaks of ASP in humans, and of domoic acid poisoning in
birds and marine mammals have been reported across the United States
and Canada since the late 1980s. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are often extremely
abundant in Florida waters, with densities sometimes exceeding 10
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At least six of these species are known to produce DA in other parts of
the world. However, despite the strong presence of Pseudo-nitzschia, there
has never been a report of ASP or a DA-related animal mortality event
recorded from Florida. To assess the potential that such events might occur,
we examined samples from an area o the central-west Florida coast to
determine relative abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia as well as DA levels in
water and shellsh. Samples used in this study were collected between 2005
and 2008. Maximum abundances exceeded 5 x 10
6
cells L
-1
. During the
3 year study period low levels of DA were detected in about one third of
the water samples. Te regulatory limit for DA in bivalves is 20.0 g/g.
Concentrations measured in shellsh from our study area were several orders
of magnitude below this limit, suggesting that Pseudo-nitzschia poses little
threat to human health in Florida. However, DA production in Pseudo-
nitzschia spp. has been shown to be variable, in that production increases
under conditions of nutrient stress or low iron or copper availability.
Although our data does not indicate that a signicant threat currently
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exists, the potential for domoic acid-related events in Florida should be
investigated further.
RP202 Identication of molecular markers of follicle maturation
and incipient spawning in Largemouth bass. J. Gritt, N.D. Denslow,
K. Kroll, D.S. Barber, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; W. Porak, Florida Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Commission, Freshwater Fisheries Biology, Eustis, FL.
Largemouth bass (Micropterous salmoides, LMB) are an economically
important freshwater game sh. Te demand for LMB from the game-
shing industry has lead to a need to produce large numbers of LMB
via aquaculture. Accurate prediction of incipient spawning of female
LMB is required to maximize LMB production in intensive aquaculture.
Unfortunately, little is known about the process of follicle development
and maturation leading to spawning in LMB. Further, the temporal
relationship between folliculogenesis and spawning readiness is uncertain
in the LMB. Development of a rapid and accurate indicator of incipient
spawning would be useful to hatchery managers. Te hypothesis of this
research was that there are a set of genes whose expression is correlated with
follicle maturation and ovulation. Once identied, these genes and their
produces are candidate targets for rapid screening tools. Gene expression
was examined with a custom 44k element microarray that we developed for
LMB by pyrosequencing a normalized cDNA library. Microarray analysis
was performed on three size classes of ovarian follicles (small, medium, and
large, corresponding to early, mid, and late vitellogenesis) isolated from 4
separate LMB females. Analysis revealed that 161 genes were signicantly
dierentially expressed between the three size classes. Te set of dierentially
expressed genes was subjected to K-means and discriminate analysis to
isolate three genes that were eective predictors of follicle stage. Based on
data from their human homologs, these genes are involved in pregnancy-
related pathways controlling prostaglandin and carnitine levels. Tese
candidate biomarkers will be evaluated in whole ovary samples from females
at various stages of follicle maturation, including ovulation to identify the
most robust targets.
RP203 Short-term eects of various copper exposure routes on
survival, growth, and uptake by Florida apple snails (Pomacea
paludosa). T.C. Hoang, G.M. Rand, Environmental Studies, Florida
International University, North Miami, FL. Te present study characterizes
the eects of copper (Cu) exposures on survival, growth, and whole body
Cu uptake by Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa). Soils were collected
from citrus agricultural sites in Southeast Florida and ooded with fresh
laboratory water for 14 d. Neonate apple snails ( 96-h-old) were exposed
to Cu in a ooded agricultural soil system and overlying water (water
on top of soils) alone for 14 d under standard laboratory conditions.
Survival, growth, and whole body Cu uptake were measured. Copper
exposures in a soil-water system resulted in higher mortality and whole
body Cu uptake than did water exposure alone, indicating that exposure
from contaminated soil was the major route of Cu uptake. However, snail
weight was higher in the soil-water system than in the overlying water alone
system. Micronutrients from soils support snail growth. When exposed
snails to Cu from a soil-water system, survival, growth, and whole body Cu
concentrations in surviving snails were signicantly correlated with soil and
water Cu concentrations. However, for overlying water alone, survival was
not signicantly correlated with total Cu concentration in the overlying
water but signicantly correlated with concentration of Cu(CO3)22-. Tis
suggests that Cu(CO3)22- may be toxic to apple snails. Free Cu alone was
not signicantly correlated with survival. However, interactions of free Cu
with CuCO3 (Cu-CuCO3) and with Cu(CO3)22- (Cu- Cu(CO3)22-
were signicantly correlated with survival. Tis suggests that free Cu alone
(at low concentrations) may not contribute to toxicity. Whole body Cu
concentrations were higher in surviving snails than dead snails, suggesting
that apple snails may have the ability to detoxify the accumulated Cu (e.g.,
induce metallothionein, granules).
RP204 Regional Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Water and
Sediments from Protected Parklands in Southeast Florida. I.M. Zamora-
Ley, A.M. Fernandez, M.J. Cejas, L.E. Arroyo, E. Veguilla, P.R. Gardinali
*, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International
University, Miami, FL; M.J. Cejas, L.E. Arroyo, C. Wang, P.R. Gardinali *,
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University,
Miami, FL; G.M. Rand, Department of Environmental Studies, Florida
International University, Miami, FL; J. Castro, Department of Interior,
Everglades National Park, Homestead, FL. Part of the Comprehensive
Everglades Restoration Project (CERP) includes the monitoring of surface
water to ensure that potential contaminants do not endanger South Florida
ecosystems. Te Contaminant Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE)
project measures concentrations of organic pollutants in stations along
Everglades National Park (ENP), Biscayne National Park (BNP) and Big
Cypress National Preserve (BCNP). Stations are mostly located along
areas where anthropogenic inputs are likely, such as the east boundaries of
ENP, canals entering BNP and along Tamiami Trail. Areas not likely to be
impacted by the implementation of CERP and the resulting changes in
water deliveries were selected as controls, such as Florida Bay, Shark River,
Whitewater Bay etc. Water and sediment samples were collected from 30
stations in ENP, 11 stations in BNP and 9 stations in BCNP. Samples were
analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and metabolites, PCB congeners,
nitrogen pesticides, organophosphorous pesticides, phenoxy acid herbicides,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pharmaceutical products
and by-products. Anthropogenic inuences and their chemical signatures
are localized in specic areas such as the C-111 basin, canals leading
to Biscayne Bay and stations in or nearby marinas. Te most frequent
contaminants included endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan I and II, 4,4 DDE,
chlorpyrifos, atrazine, metalochlor, and PAHs. Endosulfan sulfate occurred
in 15% of the water samples, most of those near the boundary of ENP
adjacent to the Homestead Agricultural Area. 4,4-DDE is more prevalent
in sediments along the lower C-111 basin, especially at structure S-178.
Low levels of Atrazine (<30 ppt) are almost ubiquitous along canals leading
to BNP. Te highest concentrations of total PAHs were detected in BNP
at or near marinas and in ENP near roadways, suggesting that PAHs are
predominantly of pyrogenic origin from motor exhaust.
RP205 Environmental Fate of Endosulfan and Endosulfan Sulfate
in Everglades and Biscayne National Park and Big Cypress National
Preserve. A.M. Fernandez, I.M. Zamora-Ley, D. Acosta, M.J. Cejas,
Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University,
Miami, FL; M.J. Cejas, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida
International University, Miami, FL; G.M. Rand, Dept. of Environmental
Studies, Florida International University, Miami, FL; J. Castro, National
Park Service, Dept. of Interior, Homestead, FL. Te Contaminant
Assessment & Risk Evaluation (CARE) project was established to monitor
the presence and assess potential transport of contaminants, other than
nutrients and mercury, within areas of Everglades National Park, Biscayne
National Park, and Big Cypress National Preserve that will be aected by
changes through implementation of CERP projects. Previous studies have
identied Endosulfan I and II (EI & E2), and Endosulfan sulfate (ES) as
chlorinated pesticides of concern in the lower C-111 basin. Te CARE
project, a comprehensive survey of contaminants in water, sediment/soils
and biological tissues, expanded the sampling area to encompass Everglades
and Biscayne National Parks and Big Cypress National Preserve. Te results
of these analyses revealed elevated concentrations of endosulfan sulfate
in whole sh tissue of up to 350 ng/g (dry wt) with a median of 30 ng/g
(n=99). Although the distribution of ES in sh seems to be localized in areas
inuenced by the Homestead Agricultural Area, ES residues were detected
in areas inside ENP as far as the Taylor Slough and Shark River. Te parent
endosulfan I and II concentrations were much smaller than those observed
for ES and were not detected in areas isolated from direct anthropogenic
inputs. Analysis of surface waters and sediments showed a similar geographic
distribution of ES with concentrations detected in 15 % of water samples
(n=146) up to 27 ng/L and 23% of sediment samples (n=116) with a
maximum of 6 ng/g. Similarly, EI and E2 were only detected in 4 and 6
water and sediment samples, respectively, at concentrations considerably
lower that those detected for ES. Tus, these nding are in agreement with
the literature which states that E1 and E2 have relatively short half-lives
35 and 150 days for sediment and as little as 1 day in water. ES is more
persistent in the environment and is also considered highly toxic; however
no water quality criteria are yet available despite its widespread occurrence
in various environmental compartments.
RP206 Assessment of the In Vivo Genotoxicity of Isomers of
Dinitrotoluene Using the Comet and Micronucleus Assays. E.M.
LaFiandra, M.J. Quinn, C.A. McFarland, M.S. Johnson, Health Eects
Research Program, US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive
Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD; L. Crouse, Toxicity Evaluation
Program, US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine,
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Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is a nitroaromatic
explosive used in propellant mixtures, as a gelatinizer in explosives, and
as a waterproong agent in explosives. DNT exists as six isomers; two
major isomers (2,4- and 2,6-DNT) and four minor isomers (2,3-, 2,5-,
3,4-, and 3,5-DNT). DNT has been found in soil, surface water, and
groundwater at ammunition production plants and sites that contain buried
ammunition wastes. Te major isomers of DNT are classied as likely to
cause cancer in humans. Te USEPA has developed health advisories for
2,4- and 2,6-DNT based on the results of 2-year cancer bioassays. Cancer
bioassays have not been conducted with the minor isomers and health
advisories have not been developed for these isomers. In vitro studies in
bacterial and mammalian cells have provided conicting data regarding the
genotoxicity of the minor isomers. Studies with the major isomers indicate
that metabolism in the gut and liver are necessary to convert DNT to
genotoxic compounds. As such, in the present study the genotoxicity of two
of the minor isomers (2,3- and 3,4-DNT) as well as 2,6-DNT was assessed
using two in vivo genotoxicity assays, the comet assay and the micronucleus
assay. Te comet assay was used to detect DNA damage in liver cells from
male Sprague-Dawley rats following oral exposure (14-day) to individual
isomers of DNT. Te micronucleus assay was conducted with peripheral
blood, using ow cytometric analysis, to detect chromosomal damage
resulting from exposure to isomers of DNT. Te results of these assays will
contribute to the assessment of the carcinogenic potential of the minor
isomers of DNT and may provide information necessary for development of
appropriate water quality standards.
RP207 Eects of nitrogen-based energetic materials on soil microbial
activity endpoints. R. Kuperman, R. Checkai, C. Phillips, M. Simini,
Environmental Toxicology, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD; S. Dodard, J. Hawari, S.
Rocheleau, M. Joly, G. Sunahara, Applied Ecotoxicology, Biotechnology
Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Assessment of soil microbial
activity endpoints can provide valuable information on the eects of
energetic materials (EM) on critical ecosystem-level processes such as
energy and nutrient cycling, and can compliment ecotoxicological data
from the standardized single-species toxicity tests. We investigated the
eects of the nitrogen-based organic EM compounds 2,4-DNT, 2-ADNT,
4-ADNT, and nitroglycerin (NG) on soil function endpoints, including
litter decomposition rates and the enzymatic activity levels in Sassafras sandy
loam (SSL) soil individually amended with nominal EM concentrations
ranging from 10 to 10000 mg/kg. We assessed litter decomposition by
exposing replicated clusters of Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) straw
to individual EM treatments in SSL soil and randomly harvesting subsets
of straw clusters to determine mass loss after one-, two-, three-, four-,
six-, and eight-month exposure periods. Te potential nitrication (PN),
dehydrogenase (DH), acid phosphatase (AP), and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase
(NAG) activities for the individual EM treatments in SSL soil were
quantied during 8 to 25-hour assays. Preliminary results showed that 2,4-
DNT signicantly (p<0.0001) inhibited the rates of litter decomposition in
the 1200 and 8830 mg/kg treatments but signicantly (p<0.015) increased
the rates in the 4 and 62 mg/kg treatments after six months compared
to control. Litter decomposition rates were signicantly (p<0.01) greater
at and above the 106 mg/kg 2-ADNT treatments compared to control
after four months, and remained signicantly (p=0.001) greater in the
10000 mg/kg treatment after six months. Soil treatment with 2,4-DNT
inhibited NAG and DH activities with the respective EC20 values of 122
and 114 mg/kg, and PN with the LOEC of 4 mg/kg, but did not aect
(p=0.574) AP activity up to and including 8830 mg/kg. Soil treatment with
2-ADNT resulted in the EC20 values of 175, 406, and 830 mg/kg for PN,
DH, and AP activities, respectively; and the Maximum Allowable Toxic
Concentration (MATC, geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC values)
of 355 mg/kg for NAG. Determination of individual eects of 4-ADNT
and NG on the soil function endpoints remains in progress.
RP208 Physical and chemical properties and reproductive and
teratological eects of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in the rat.
M.J. Quinn, L. Crouse, C.A. McFarland, E.M. LaFiandra, M.S. Johnson,
Health Eects Research Program, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion
and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Pentaerythritol
tetranitrate (PETN) is an explosive chemical that has been detected recently
in environmental media. Although previous studies have shown PETN to be
relatively benign, a lack of available information concerning developmental
and reproductive eects following exposure to PETN necessitated this study
to address these concerns. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed daily to corn
oil (control), or 100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg PETN in corn oil for a maximum
of 56 days. Mating, duration of gestation, body weight, feed consumption,
overall condition of adults, and the number, sex, and condition of pups
were recorded. Histological examinations were also performed on the
ovaries, testes, and epididymides of animals from the control and the
highest dose groups. Te water solubility, octanol/water partition coecient,
and biodegradation rates of neat PETN were also determined. Te only
signicant dierences observed in this study were in relation to body
weights and feed consumption. However, these dierences are believed
to be more of an eect of consumption of larger amounts of the corn oil
vehicle in the control and higher dose groups than of PETN toxicity. No
adverse eects on development or reproduction from PETN exposure were
observed. Additionally, PETN is unlikely to transport as ppm levels to
any appreciable extent, not be expected to bioaccumulate in biota to any
appreciable extent, and biotic processes are most likely faster in breaking
down PETN than the abiotic processes involved in dissolving PETN in
water.
RP209 Toxicity of RDX to plants in natural soils with contrasting
physico-chemical properties. M. Simini, R.T. Checkai, R.G. Kuperman,
C.T. Phillips, J.E. Kolakowski, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD; R.P. Lanno, Ohio State University,
Columbus, MD. Terrestrial plant species have been shown to be relatively
resistant to phytotoxicity caused by RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-
1,3,5-triazine) as a soil contaminant in a limited number of soil types.
Te physical and chemical properties of dierent soil types may alter the
bioavailability of RDX and its toxicity to plant species. We investigated
the ecotoxicity of RDX to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Japanese millet
(Echinochloa crusgalli L. (Beauv.)), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne
L.) in ve soil types having dierent levels of organic matter (OM), clay
content, and pH: Teller sandy loam (TSL), Sassafras sandy loam (SSL),
Kirkland clay loam (KCL), Richeld clay loam (RCL), and Webster clay
loam (WCL). Multiple concentrations (nominal 100-5000 mg/kg) of RDX
were prepared in soil and subjected to simulated weathering and aging in
each of the ve soils in a greenhouse for 8 weeks. RDX concentrations in
soil were measured by HPLC after the weathering-and-aging process and
before toxicity testing. Growth chamber studies were conducted with each
soil in separate toxicity tests. Negative, solvent (acetone), and positive (boric
acid) control treatments were included in each test. Measurement endpoints
were seedling emergence (%), shoot fresh mass (SFM; mg/kg) and dry mass
(SDM; mg/kg). Preliminary results showed that exposure to RDX reduced
SFM and SDM of ryegrass in all soils. Te EC50 concentrations (mg/kg)
ranged from 32 in KCL to 281 in TSL for SFM; and from 20 in KCL to
323 in TSL for SDM. For J. millet, EC50 concentrations (mg/kg) ranged
from 172 in WCL to 310 in TSL for SFM; and from 59 in RCL to 226 in
TSL for SDM. Te EC50 values for SFM and SDM were not signicantly
dierent between soil types within each of these two species based on the
95% C.I. Exposure to RDX did not reduce growth of J. millet in KCL or
of alfalfa in any of the soils in this study compared with control plants.
Seedling emergence was not aected in all plant species exposed to RDX
in any of the three soils. Toxicity endpoints were not signicantly (P>0.05)
correlated with OM, clay content or pH of the test soils. In conclusion,
RDX toxicity to the test plants was highly variable among species and soil
types and was not aected by OM, clay content, or pH of the test soils in
this study.
RP210 Toxicity to Folsomia candida of energetic materials
weathered-and-aged in a natural soil. C. Phillips, R.T. Checkai, R.G.
Kuperman, M. Simini, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. We investigated the toxicity of energetic
materials (EMs) 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-
1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine
(HMX), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT),
1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-
hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW; CL-20), and nitroglycerin (NG) to the
soil Collembolan Folsomia candida. Te study was designed to develop
toxicity benchmarks based on a reproduction endpoint (production of
juveniles), for deriving Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) for
Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) of explosives at contaminated sites; plus
the mortality endpoint (adult survival), not used in Eco-SSL derivation.
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All tests were conducted under conditions maximizing compliance with
Eco-SSL evaluation criteria, using a Sassafras sandy loam soil that supports
relatively high bioavailability of EMs. Studies were performed separately
and independently using EMs weathered-and-aged in soil to more closely
approximate the exposure eects in the eld. Toxicity testing was performed
using the Inhibition of Reproduction of Collembola by Soil Pollutants
method (ISO 11267:1998). Te measurement endpoints, production of
juveniles and adult survival, were both assessed after 28 day exposures to
the respective EM compounds weathered-and-aged in soil. Negative, carrier
(acetone), and positive (boric acid) control treatments were included.
Measured soil concentrations of each EM soil treatment were correlated
with the endpoints to develop respective toxicity benchmarks on the basis of
concentration-response relationships. Data were analyzed using linear and
nonlinear regression models to estimate the EC
20
and EC
50
values for those
endpoints. Results showed that the order of toxicity (greatest to least) based
on the preliminary values for juvenile production by F. candida were for
the EC
20
values (mg/kg): 2,6-DNT (1) CL20 (1) NG (1) > 2,4-DNT
(15) > TNT (50) TNB (50) > RDX (100) > HMX (1,000), and EC
50

values followed the order (mg/kg) 2,6-DNT (4) > NG (6) > 2,4-DNT (23)
> TNT (60) CL20 (60) > TNB (90) > RDX (800) > HMX (10,000).
Generally within the EMs tested, the nitroaromatics were more toxic than
the nitramines. Tese results will be reviewed by the Eco-SSL task group
before inclusion in the Eco-SSL database. SERDP (ER-1416) provided
funding for this work.
RP211 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) Absorption,
Distribution, and Biotransformation in B6C3F1 Mice (Mus musculus)
During A Subchronic Exposure. X. Pan, K. Ochoa, S.B. Cox, T.A.
Anderson, K.R. Dixon, G.P. Cobb, Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX; X. Pan, Chemistry, Western Illinois University,
Macomb, IL; M.J. San Francisco, Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock, TX. Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation are critical
aspects of toxicant action. For 28 days, B6C3F1 mice (Mus musculus)
were exposed to food that contained one of ve RDX concentrations: 0,
0.5, 5, 50, 500 mg/kg. RDX and its reductive transformation products:
MNX, DNX, and TNX were quantied in dierent tissues (stomach,
intestine, plasma, liver, and brain). Average RDX concentrations followed a
dose-dependent pattern for food and tissues. Average RDX concentrations
ranged from 14.5 to 186 ng/mL, 29.6 to 15350 ng/g, 123 to 233 ng/g,
144 to 35900 ng/g, and 86.2 to 2709 ng/g in plasma, brain, liver, stomach,
and intestine, respectively. A considerable amount of RDX was found in
the brain. Tis may explain the widely observed central nervous system
eects associated with RDX ingestion. N-nitroso metabolites of RDX were
also found in tested tissues in a dose-dependent pattern. Average MNX
concentrations in the stomach ranged from 0 (ND) in controls to 490 ng/g
in the mice receiving the highest exposure. Brain tissue accumulated up to
165.1 ng/g of MNX, suggesting transport across the blood brain barrier or
transformation from RDX within the brain. DNX and TNX were found in
stomach, plasma, and brain tissues of mice experiencing higher exposures.
Tese data suggest an in viva transformation of RDX to its N-nitroso
metabolites.
RP212 DNA strand breakage in endangered gopher tortoises on
a military reservation. A. Hay, C. Teodorakis, Biological Sciences,
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL; C. Teodorakis,
Environmental Science Program, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville,
Edwardsville, IL; S. Adams, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Department of Defense (DoD)
lands are essential for military training and testing activities and for
providing important habitat for hundreds of state and federal threatened
and endangered species. Unfortunately, the eects of military pollutants
on these species are unknown. Many of these contaminants induce DNA
strand breakage, which can aect survival, reproduction, development,
and Longetivity of exposed organisms. Tus, this study will examine DNA
damage in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) on Camp Shelby, a
US Army training installation. Tese tortoises are exposed to chemicals
from unexploded ordinance and routine training operations. Blood was
collected from these tortoises at 20 dierent sites in and around the base
with dierent levels of habitat quality and military activity. DNA damage
was determined as DNA strand breaks using the comet assay. It was found
that: 1) for tortoises in areas of high military activity, those in good habitat
had least the fewest strand breaks, while animals in a state park osite
had the most strand breaks; 2) for animals living in poor habitat, military
activity increases the amount of DNA damage in tortoise blood cells, while
for animals living in good habitat, military activity decreases the amount of
DNA damage; 3) habitat quality may be as important or more important
than contaminants or military activity in determining the amount of DNA
damage, and 4) there were interactions between direct & indirect eects of
military activity, habitat, and landuse in terms of the amount of observable
DNA damage.
RP213 Genetically modied plants for phytoremediation of RDX
and TNT. S.E. Strand, G. Zhang, N. Bruce, S. Doty, Dept Civil Env Eng,
Univ Washington, Seattle, WA. Poplar and creeping bentgrass have been
transformed with bacterial genes for detoxication of TNT and degradation
of RDX. Te expression of the nfs1 gene for an Enterobacter nitroreductase
protects the plants from the phytotoxic eects of TNT, while the expression
xplA and xplB genes for a Rhodococcus cytochrome P450 result in the
destruction of RDX. Te transformation of the plants and the uptake and
kinetics of TNT and RDX removal under laboratory conditions will be
described.
RP214 Modeling the Uptake of Organic Contaminants from Soil.
J. Burris, Syracuse Research Corporation, Denver, CO. Models were
developed to estimate the uptake of non-ionic organic contaminants from
soil into plant tissue and from diet into avian and mammalian tissue. All
data were extracted from published literature and studies were deemed
acceptable if they presented measured analyte concentrations in soil (or diet)
and tissues of plants (or mammals) as paired data. Te studies also needed
to provide detail concerning exposure duration, sample collection and
handling and analytical methods. Studies based on uptake from solution
or by excised plants parts were excluded as were bioaccumulation data
summarized in review papers. For plants rinsed and unrinsed data were
segregated. Estimation of chemical concentrations in plant foliage, roots and
fruits was accomplished by either chemical-specic linear regressions relating
the concentration in soil to the concentration in plant or by estimation
using a predictive model based on the log Kow. For DDT and metabolites,
ten separate polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and for PAHs as a
group, chemical specic regression equations were identied. For other non-
ionic organic contaminants, a regression model was developed relating the
Kow of the chemical to the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Te models will
be presented as well as there performance related to other available methods.
RP215 Genomic Tools Development for Evaluating Terrestrial-
Contaminant Exposure in the Avian Model, Northern Bobwhite. A.
Rawat, M. Pirooznia, Y. Deng, Biological Sciences, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS; K.A. Gust, Y. Deng, E.J. Perkins, 2US Army,
Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS; M.J. Quinn,
M.S. Johnson, US Army, Center for Health Promotion and Preventative
Medicine, Edgewood, MD. Wildlife bird species may be at risk of exposure
to terrestrial contaminants including munitions and explosives compounds
(MECs) when utilizing habitat present on military training facilities. A de
novo genomic toolset was developed to investigate the eects of MECs in
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Tis process included creation
of a normalized cDNA library representing mRNAs from brain, liver,
testes, duodenum, colon and feather pulp for Northern bobwhite. Te
normalized library included mRNA from controls and birds exposed to
the MECs, RDX and 2,6-DNT. In total, the RNA compilation used to
construct the Northern bobwhite cDNA library represented 179 tissue
samples taken from 56 biological replicates. Te normalized cDNA library
was sequenced by 454 Life Sciences using massively parallel pyrosequencing.
Approximately 478,142 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) comprising 114
megabases were sequenced from the normalized cDNA library. EST
cleansing and assembly resulted in 35,904 contiguous sequences (contigs)
and 35,481 singletons for a total of 71,385 unigenes. Te close phylogenetic
relationship between Northern bobwhite and the domestic chicken allowed
leveraging of the chicken genome for annotation of Northern bobwhite
genes. Te full compliment of Northern bobwhite unigenes identied via
this work represented coverage of nearly 75% of the chicken transcriptome.
We performed comparative genomics with various model organisms
and annotated selected unigenes using the KEGG Ontology database
and conducted GO annotation and PFAM analysis. Unigenes putatively
represented a diverse expanse of molecular functions and pathways. Non-
redundant unigenes with frame orientation were utilized to construct a
custom 15K, 60mer-oligonucleotide microarrays. Te microarrays were
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utilized to assess the eects of subchronic (60d) exposures to 10 and 60
mg/kd/d 2,6-DNT in Northern bobwhite. Gene expression in liver tissue
and feather pulp were analyzed to assess the eects of 2,6-DNT on gene
expression and test the utility of feather pulp as a potential non-invasive
marker of 2,6-DNT exposure. Functional analysis of dierentially expressed
targets is in progress.
RP216 Immunological Status of Bufo marinus in Bermuda:
Potential Eect on Local Amphibian Declines. J.P. Bacon, Bermuda
Zoological Society, Flatts, United Kingdom; D.J. Fort, R.L. Rogers, Fort
Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, OK. Concern that Bermudas
amphibian populations were declining led to the initiation of a long-term
study (Te Bermuda Amphibian Project - BAP) in 1995. During the
course of BAPs investigations, limb abnormalities began to be noticed in
Bermudas adult toad population. Although no signs of infection that could
be directly attributable to deformities have been detected to date, previous
studies found that Bufo marinus was potentially immunologically stressed.
To further examine the immunological status of B. marinus (cane toad)
in Bermuda, a two-phased study was undertaken. Phase I was designed to
evaluate the baseline immunological prole of developing B. marinus from
test sites in which deformed B. marinus have been identied. In Phase
II, a challenge study was performed by infecting developing B. marinus
with Mycobacterium chelonae to determine the response to infection. A
basic immunology battery, including general necropsy, spleen white pulp
content, spleenocyte tissue density, and spleenocyte viability, was measured
in each phase. To determine the responsiveness of the immune system to
standard mitogens, a lymphocyte proliferation assay was conducted on
isolated lymphocytes without mitogens and using conclavin A (T cell) and
lipopolysaccaride (LPS) (B cell) as chemical mitogens. In Phase I, spleen
weight was remarkably greater and spleenocyte tissue density was markedly
lower in organisms cultured in site media compared to control media.
Reduction in lymphocyte proliferation in relation to the culture media
was marked following mitogen induction. In Phase II, developing larvae
were infected with the ulcerating M. chelonae to evaluate the impact of
infection on immune response. Substantial increases in spleen weight and
liver and spleen lesions related to M. chelonae infection were recorded in
Phase II B. marinus compared to Phase I. Lymphocyte tissue densities were
less in challenged B. marinus than in baseline animals. As noted in Phase I,
reduction in lymphocyte proliferation in relation to the culture media was
marked following mitogen induction. Less mitogen-induced lymphocyte
proliferation was also noted in B. marinus cultured in site media versus
control media. Tese results strongly support an immune compromised
status of the developing B. marinus and a distinct relationship with immune
function and culture with the test site media
RP217 Assessment of relative sensitivities to foreign red blood
cell challenges in the northern bobwhite for potential evaluation of
immunotoxicity. M.J. Quinn, E.M. LaFiandra, C.A. McFarland, M.S.
Johnson, Health Eects Research Program, U.S. Army Center for Health
Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
Many environmental toxins have been shown to suppress the immune
system across taxa. Te foreign red blood cell (RBC) challenge is an
important part of a complement of tests used to assess immunocompetence
in the laboratory because it can assess an individuals humoral response
without decreasing its health. Tis challenge is used commonly across
species and measures antibody titers in response to an intraperitoneal,
intravenous, or subcutaneous injection of foreign RBCs. Determination
of the best appropriate foreign RBC challenge is therefore important
when designing tests for evaluation of humoral responses. Te northern
bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) is a commonly used species for avian
toxicity tests, however little is known about the relative sensitivities of its
humoral responses to foreign erythrocytes. Tis study exposed adult quail to
intravenous injections of 5% solutions of sheep, rat, rabbit, cow, or chicken
erythrocytes and performed antibody titers [hemagglutination assay for total
immunoglobulin (Ig), IgG, and IgM] for primary and secondary responses.
Although the bobwhites appeared to respond strongly to rat RBCs, high
variability in responses were observed among individuals. Chicken RBCs
elicited the poorest responses for both primary and secondary challenges.
Sheep and cow RBCs are adequate antigens for this test in bobwhites,
however rabbit erythrocytes elicited the strongest responses with the least
amount of variability between individuals. Rabbit RBCs, therefore, appear
to be the ideal antigen for this test of the humoral response in this species.
RP218 Comparison of Eects of Methoxychlor and Diethystilbestrol
Exposure on the Development of Embryonic T cells in C57BL/6 mice.
C. Broussard, A. Parada, J. De Leon, A. Vasa, Biology, University of La
Verne, La Verne, CA. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present
throughout the environment, from wastewater euent to additives in
plastic to pesticides used on food crops. Tere is growing evidence, in a
wide variety of organisms, that EDCs not only impair reproductive tness
and increase cancer incidence, but may also diminish immune tness.
However, little information is available that elucidates how these impacts
on the immune system come about. Immune anomalies induced by EDCs
can be broadly classied into disorders of immune suppression (increased
susceptibility to infectious disease or reduced response to antigen challenge)
or immune activation (hypersensitivity response or autoimmune disease).
Tese anomalies parallel immune dysfunctions that arise when key events
in T cell development are altered; disruptions of negative selection result
in autoimmune disease (immune activation), whereas disruptions in
positive selection and lineage commitment can lead to an inability to
ght infections, to guard against cancer, or even to respond to antigen
challenge (immune suppression). Furthermore, aberrant development of T
cell subsets can lead to immune dysfunction of both types. Based on these
observations, we wondered if one possible mechanism of action of EDCs
might be disruption of T cell development. We used an in vitro embryonic
T cell dierentiation culture to screen for immune alterations induced by
methoxychlor (MXC) and diethylstilbestrol (DES). We found that MXC
and DES reduced thymocyte viability and altered the ratios of thymocyte
subpopulations. Interestingly, MXC and DES appeared to dierentially
alter subpopulations, suggesting that these two EDCs may employ dierent
mechanisms leading to immune impairment.
RP219 Te role of osteopontin in asbestos-mediated lung injury. T.
Sabo-Attwood, M. Ariza, Environmental Health Sciences, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, SC; M. Ramos-Nino, M. MacPherson, K.J.
Butnor, B.T. Mossman, Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington,
VT; C. Steele, Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical
Care Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. Exposure to
airborne asbestos results in lung brosis (asbestosis), a process preceded by
epithelial cell proliferation, inammation and matrix remodeling. Using
microarray analysis we have previously shown this chronology of events is
associated with multi-gene transcriptional proles in a mouse inhalation
model of asbestosis. One transcript highly upregulated by asbestos in the
lung is osteopontin (OSP). Tis glycoprotein is considered to be both
a matrix protein and cytokine and is abundantly expressed in various
cell types during inammation and repair. However, its role in asbestos-
mediated lung injury has not been investigated. To determine the role of
OSP in asbestos injury, we exposed C57BL/6 (WT) and OSP -/- mice
in a C57BL/6 background to ambient air or 8.5 mg/m3 air of NIEHS
chrysotile asbestos for 9 days. In response to asbestos, LDH levels and
the presence of PMNs were increased in bronchoalveolar lavages (BALF)
from WT animals. In OSP -/- mice exposed to asbestos, no increases in
LDH were observed and PMNs were decreased in BALF. Additionally,
using histological scoring of lung tissue sections, the severity and number
of bronchioles aected by inltrating PMNs were depressed in asbestos-
exposed OSP -/- mice compared to asbestos-exposed WT mice. Tese
data suggest that OSP mediates inammatory responses produced by
asbestos bers after inhalation. To further investigate potential cytokines
and chemokines impacted by OSP, we performed a BIOPLEX assay on
BALF uids. Numerous cytokines increased in response to asbestos in WT
animals, including IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, eotaxin, IL-12, MIP-1, MIP-1
and MCP-1 were depressed or absent in OSP -/- animals. Tese data suggest
that OSP mediates immune responses to asbestos possibly by controlling
PMN recruitment and T cell activation. Te mechanistic role of OSP in
these processes and its contribution to matrix remodeling is the focus of
current studies. Overall, these results reveal a critical importance of OSP in
asbestos-mediated lung injury and inammation.
RP220 Advances and Practical Considerations in Wildlife
Immunotoxicology. J.E. Smits, S. Nain, J. Harms, Department of
Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada; J.E. Smits, M. Olsgard, Z. Papp, Toxicology Centre, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Researchers have
enjoyed the application of tests reecting immunological function in wild
species for some decades now. Immunotoxicology testing is recognized as
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 347
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means of detecting subclinical toxicology in populations that are being
exposed to low levels of environmental contaminants during critical times
in their lives. Periods of breeding, growth and development are thought to
be among the most sensitive and vulnerable to damage by contaminants.
It is often during early, post-natal development that animals are tested
for immunocompetence. In this presentation, we compare and contrast
i) widely used immunotoxicity tests, ii) those that are being currently
validated for use in wild species, as well as iii) introduce tests novel in their
application to wild species. Te methods we discuss include the PHA skin
test, several methods of stimulating and detecting the antibody response,
chemiluminescence - a test of innate immune function, and the delayed
type hypersensitivity test (DTH). We present new information about
the ontogeny of the antibody response in a raptorial bird, the American
kestrel, in its rst weeks post-hatching. Tis will help guide investigators
working with immune responses in nestlings about their capacity to
respond very early after hatching. We have validated the chemiluminescence
assay for numerous species, but more importantly, prove its use for eld
studies because of the stability of the test even in samples several days
old. Histopathological characteristics of the DTH test will be presented
to help distinguish the PHA and DTH skin tests, since they are often
mistakenly interchanged in studies using immunocompetence as a measure
of health, particularly in avian wildlife. We also discuss the challenges of
measurements of skin thickness, for the rst time being able to consider
micrometer measurements in vivo, and corresponding histological events.
We present the advantages and limitations of various tests, to enhance and
encourage the meaningful application of immune function tests in wildlife
toxicology.
RP221 Te immunomodulatory eects of nanosilver upon in
vitro exposure. C. Perkins, M. Levin, S. DeGuise, Pathobiology and
Veterinary Science, University of CT, Storrs, CT; C. Perkins, Center for
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT. Tere is limited research to date related to the exposure, toxicity,
and fate of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) on human and ecosystem
health. Terefore, there is a recognized need to examine systemic eects
as well as exposure pathways. However, the available data have shown that
it is dicult to extrapolate toxic eects of nanomaterials from existing
data on similarly composed particles of a much larger size and mass.
Experimental data and the physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
and their resulting translocation to target organs, such as blood and lymph
nodes, lend credibility to the theory that the immune system may also be
a sensitive target for nanomaterials. Human primary immune cells were
used to determine the concentrations that directly modulated immune
functions upon exposure to 10 and 50 nm nanosilver particles. Te
biologically relevant endpoints included phagocytosis, respiratory burst,
and cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-) secretion using ow cytometry and
ELISA. Nanosilver (10nm) signicantly increased TNF- at concentrations
<1.25ppt and decreased TNF- at concentrations >12.5 ppb, while IL-1
was decreased at the ppq level. Phagocytosis was modulated by nanosilver
(10nm) at the highest concentration tested (1.25 ppm), while respiratory
burst was modulated at the ppt level. Preliminary data have shown a similar
modulation of immune functions with 50nm nanosilver, although at higher
concentrations. Future work will be conducted to determine if the eects on
cytokine secretion were the result of changes in cytokine mRNA expression
or the ability of the cell to secrete cytokines using real time RT-PCR.
RP222 Domoic acid immunotoxicity in California sea lions and
Southern sea otters. M. Levin, D. Joshi, A. Draghi II, S. De Guise,
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; D. Jessup, California Department
of Fish and Game, Santa Cruz, CA; F. Gulland, Te Marine Mammal
Center, Sausalito, CA. Te marine diatom Psuedo-nitzschia produces the
toxin domoic acid (DA), which biomagnies in the food web and can
adversely aect marine mammals. DA blooms have resulted in stranding
and mortality events involving California sea lions and Southern sea
otters. While the neurotoxic eects of DA exposure are relatively well
understood, the sub-lethal, immunotoxic eects have not been investigated
in marine mammals. Tis is especially important, as the immune system is
an important interface between an individuals health and the pathogens
present in its environment. It was recently demonstrated in our laboratory
for the rst time in a mammalian species that in vitro exposure to DA
signicantly decreased mouse leukocyte phagocytosis, while no eects were
observed for ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation. In vitro immune
assays were utilized to evaluate both innate (phagocytosis, respiratory
burst, natural killer (NK) activity) and acquired (mitogen-induced B and
T lymphocyte proliferation) immune functions in healthy California sea
lions and Southern sea otters. Te direct eects of DA on peripheral blood
leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes for phagocytosis and respiratory
burst, mononuclear cells for lymphocyte proliferation) were performed
using increasing concentrations of DA (0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10,
and 100 M). Te results to date show that (1) DA does not signicantly
modulate phagocytosis or the respiratory burst in sea lions or sea otters,
(2) DA signicantly increased ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation
in California sea lions at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 M, (3) that mice failed
to always predict the immunotoxic eects of DA in two marine mammal
species at similar in vitro concentrations, and (4) California sea lions
may be at risk for immunotoxicity at levels found in the wild animals.
Understanding the risk for immunotoxicity upon DA exposure will
contribute in the health assessment and management of Southern sea otters
and California sea lions.
RP223 Assessing the Health Eects of Environmental Pollutants on
Colonial Waterbirds of Michigan. K. Grasman, J. Bartel, D. Nathan,
P. Dornbos, A. Leunk, S. Miller, L. Vande Zande, S. Wright, Biology,
Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI. For four decades colonial waterbirds
have been studied to assess and monitor the impact of pollutants such
as polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated dioxins/furans on the
Great Lakes ecosystem. In the present study, the health of herring gulls
(Larus argentatus) and other sh-eating species was assessed at Muskegon
and Saginaw Bay, Michigan, during 2006-8 to determine the eects of
pollutants and other stressors. Embryonic viability, chick growth, and
immune function were measured on Little Charity Island and the Conned
Disposal Facility (CDF) in Saginaw Bay (areas known to be polluted with
persistent contaminants) and at Muskegon (a wastewater treatment plant).
Reference data came from previous breeding seasons at Chantry Island, Lake
Huron, and Kent Island, Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Ocean. Herring gull nests
were marked and monitored during egg-laying, and embryonic viability
was assessed during mid/late egg incubation using an embryonic viability
detector sensitive to heartbeat and movement. Health of preedglings was
assessed through body size measurements and immune function testing
(phytohemagglutinin skin test for T-cell mediated immunity and sheep
red blood cell test for antibody mediated immunity). In herring gulls,
embryonic nonviability was elevated on Little Charity Island (10.1%) and
at Muskegon (13.5%) compared to Chantry Island (3%). Two cross-billed
herring gulls were observed in Saginaw Bay (an embryo on L. Charity and
preedgling on the CDF), consistent with previous studies of birds exposed
to dioxin-like chemicals. Abnormal weight loss between 3 and 4 weeks
post-hatch was observed in herring gulls on the Saginaw Bay CDF (-9.4 g/
day) and at Muskegon (-7.5 g/day) compared to normal growth of +13 g/
day at Chantry. Saginaw Bay herring gulls also displayed signicantly low
T-cell mediated immune response (0.27 mmLittle Charity Island; 0.28
mmConned Disposal Facility) compared to the Chantry and Kent
Island reference sites (0.59 mm and 0.85 mm, respectively). T cell function
in Muskegon herring gulls (0.86 mm) was statistically similar to reference
sites. T cell function was suppressed in preedgling Caspian terns and black-
crowned night herons in Saginaw Bay. Persistent pollutants continue to
negatively aect health and development of sh-eating birds in Saginaw Bay.
At Muskegon, contaminants and (or) factors are also causing biologically
signicant health eects in herring gulls.
RP224 In vitro toxicity of individual PCB congeners on neutrophil
and monocyte phagocytosis diers among human, beluga whale and
mouse. S. De Guise, M. Levin, D. Joshi, A. Draghi, Pathobiology and
Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. Environmental
contaminants such as PCBs have been the source of increasing concern for
their potential environmental and human health eects. We performed
in vitro dose-response experiments to quantify the direct toxicity of 18
dierent PCB congeners on neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis in
humans, mice and beluga whales, to quantify inter-species dierences
and determine if the conformation of PCB congeners can predict their
immunotoxic potential. Results demonstrate that in all 3 species, monocytes
were generally more susceptible than neutrophils to the immunotoxic
eects of PCBs. Te frequency of immunotoxic eects in beluga whales was
greater (neutrophils) or equal (monocytes) to that in humans, and lowest
in mice. Non-ortho PCBs were the most toxic in mice, while they were the
348 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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least toxic in humans and belugas, in which di-ortho congeners were most
toxic. Te lowest EC50s were observed for di-ortho congeners in beluga
whales. While the immunotoxic eects generally consisted in suppression
of phagocytosis, an increase in phagocytosis was observed in rare instances
(1 case in human monocytes and 5 cases in beluga neutrophils). Overall,
our results highlight the dierences between species, question the use of the
conventional mouse model to predict toxicity in other species, and oers
initial support to the hypothesis that the structure of PCBs may not always
predict their immunotoxicity, which is not solely associated with dioxin-like
mechanisms. A better characterization of the immunotoxic eects of PCBs
in dierent species will improve our ability to perform more focused, precise
and relevant risk assessment for marine mammal and human health.
RP225 Application of Probabilistic Boolean Network to gene
regulatory network inference from time series microarray data. V.
Chaitankar, C. Zhang, P. Li, School of Computing, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS; E.J. Perkins, Environmental Laboratory,
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS;
Y. Deng, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS; Y. Deng, P. Gong, SpecPro Inc., Vicksburg,
MS. Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks from time series
microarray data has received much attention. Several mathematical and
computational models have been developed to infer gene regulatory
networks. In this paper Probabilistic Boolean Network (PBN) was used to
infer gene regulatory networks from yeast cell cycle time series microarray
data. Te inferred networks show correct regulatory relationships based
on existing database. Te inferred network was compared with networks
inferred using Dynamic Bayesian network and Bayesian network. We also
inferred gene regulatory network from rat brain time series microarray data
using PBN.
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 349
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1750 platorm abstract MP monday posters TP tuesday posters WP wednesday posters RP thursday posters
Abe, Makoto TP67
Abe, Tatsuo RP19
Abel, Michael T. 145, MP193, WP216
Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Mohamed
TP133, RP188
Aboulfadl, Khadija 559
Ackerman, Amanda 336
Ackerman, Josh 177
Ackerson, John R. RP15
Ackland, Margaret L. 252
Acosta, David RP205
Adachi, Ryuta WP110
Adamec, Jiri MP39, MP62
Adams, Bill 691
Adams, C. 145, 146, MP191, MP192
Adams, D. H. MP21, TP29
Adams, Douglas RP198
Adams, Mary WP43
Adams, Monique 317, WP105
Adams, S. Marshall 479, RP212
Adams, William J. 514, TP192, RP180
Addink, Rudolf TP136
Adeyemi, Joseph WP15
Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha 472,
WP121
Adriaens, Peter TP55
Adzic, Marko WP20, WP14
Aelion, C. M. 83, 628
Aeschbacher, Michael RP167
Aga, Diana 55, 98, TP116
Aguilar-Santamara, Mara de los Angeles
MP68
Agusa, Tetsuro TP200, RP175
Agera, Ana 96
Ahn, Myeong Chan TP99
Ahrens, Lutz WP166
Akiwumi, Fenda 612
Akkanen, Jarkko 277, WP193, WP194,
WP195
Al Rajab, Abdul Jabbar 254
Al-Ansari, Ahmed WP135
Alaee, Mehran 60, MP144, WP102
Alam, Farhana RP1
Alani, Rose A. RP89
Alatriste-Mondragn, Felipe 197
Alderson, Carl MP187
Alegria, Henry 7, MP25
Alegria, Victor E. MP25
Alexander, Michael 682
Alexandre, M. 730
Alfaro-De la Torre, Ma Catalina 197
Alimonti, Alessandro RP173
Allan, Sarah E. 154
Allen, H. Joel 85
Allen, Herbert E. 261
Allen, Joel 557, RP21, TP172
Allert, Ann L. MP184
Alles, Carina M. 425
Alloy, Matt MP4
Alm, Kristin M. TP45
Almeida, Joana MP77, RP66
Almirall, Jose R. RP114
Alo, Babajide RP89
Altfater, Dave TP173
Aluru, Neel 737, 748
Aluru, Neelakanteswar WP57
Alvarez, David 381, WP112, WP113,
WP159
Alvarez, David A. 286
Amaral, Michael 622
Amaral-Zettler, Linda 149
Amaya-Chvez, Araceli WP23
Ambrose, Rich 306
Amendola, Andrea TP80
Amirbahman, Aria WP184
Amorim, Mnica 350
Anan, Yasumi WP17
Anders, Doris TP85
Andersen, Christian P. 87
Andersen, Helle WP90
Anderson, Brian 583, 705, MP88,
WP43
Anderson, Hunter 250, TP77
Anderson, Jennifer A. TP196, TP175
Anderson, Kim 2, 154, 336, RP112
Anderson, Lise MP152
Anderson, Michael WP203, WP219
Anderson, P. WP27
Anderson, Paul D. 292, WP149,
WP150, WP151
Anderson, Scott 659
Anderson, Todd A. 728, MP7, MP193,
WP117, WP216, RP211
Andrade, Leonardo R. TP171
Andrade, Natasha 195
Andrews, David 380
Andr, Chantale 368
Annson, Jane WP225
Ang, Choo Yaw 128, 129
Anghera, Shelly 618, 306, 139
Angima, Sam A. TP216
Angus, Robert MP73
Anick, Dave W. WP111
Ankley, Gerald 25, 226, 376, 464, 741,
MP35, MP37, MP142, TP6,
TP56, TP89, RP96
Anthony, Bonner 432
Antinetti, Rachelle 583
Antony, Acushla 239
Aoustin, Emmanuelle 14
Applegate, Jeromy RP99
Araujo, Manuela WP224
Araujo, Maria Luiza P. WP31
Araujo, Rochelle 640
Arajo, Cristiano RP52
Arcaro, Kathleen F. WP114
Archer, Aaron RP29
Archer, Christine TP203, TP85
Arena, Alejandro P. 679
Arena, Pablo 14
Arenal, Christine 691
Arendt, Mike WP174
Arey, J. Samuel 590
Arias-Tode, Y. Meriah 219
Ariza, Eugenia 83
Ariza, Maria Eugenia RP219
Arizono, Koji RP190
Armbrust, Kevin L. WP118
Armstrong, David E. TP124
Armstrong, Je 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53,
MP48, TP184
Armstrong, Patrice 585, RP70, MP137
Arnason, Trevor WP143
Arnold, Dave 708
Arnold, Ray 225, 358
Arnold, W. Ray 545
Arnot, Jon 204, 533, 534, 535, 547,
MP169
Arp, Hans Peter 161, 396, 406
Arps, Paul RP101
Arrant, Andrew 22
Arroyo, Luis E. RP113, RP114, RP204
Arroyo Herrera, Ana Ly RP28
Arsenault, Gilles TP41, TP143, TP142
Arthur, Courtney D. RP151, MP203
Arthur, Lindsay TP189
Arts, Gertie 708
Arukwe, Augustine MP55
Asaskura, Hiroshi TP67
Ashley, Jerey T. RP123, RP124, RP178
Asit, Mazumder MP146
Asker, Noomi RP93
Astheimer, Lee B. 482
Ataria, James TP18, TP114, WP33
Athearn, Nicole 177
Atkinson, Ian E. 653
Atli, Guluzar RP45
Atmadja, Juliana 159, 315
Augspurger, Tom 225
Aulisio, Deana 220
Auster, L. TP195
Austin, Galen P. MP193
Avants, Jimmy 657
Avens, Larisa WP174
Avramescu, Luyza M. TP101, TP109
Avula, Bharathi MP129
Awkerman, Jill 444
Ayers, Adam 76, MP189
Aylward, Lesa WP68
Ayre, Gilboa 271
Ayvazian, Suzanne RP198
Azran, Shlomi 341
Azuma, Junji WP110
Azzolina, Nick 408
Bachman, Pamela M. 611
Back, Jeery WP53
Backhaus, Tomas 287
Backus, Sean 492, MP144, WP102,
RP187
Bacon, Jamie P. RP216
Badalamenti, Salvatore WP79
Baden, Dan RP200
Baer, Andrew 293
Baer, Kevin N. TP61
Bailey, Frank 162, MP17
Bailey, H. WP50
Bailey, Howard 359
Bains, Onkar RP42
Bainy, Afonso C. MP63
Baird, Tomas 710
Baitz, Martin 671
Baker, Andrew C. 697
Baker, Barry WP64
Baker, Joel 218, MP203
Baker, Mary 688
Baker, Michael 45, 48, 50, 53
Baldisserotto, Bernardo RP13
Baldwin, David 113, 124
Baldwin, Susan 18
Bales, Jerad TP90
Ballestero, Tomas 578
Balmer, Brian WP209
Balshine, Sigal RP1
Bamford, Holly A. MP203
Bammler, T. 124
Banerjee, Sarbajit TP116
Bank, Michael S. 266
Banovec, Primoz RP186
Banta, Joe TP161
Banta-Green, Caleb 377
Barabas, Noemi TP55
Barber, Craig 302, 523
Barber, David S. 89, 122, 181, 703, 723,
RP202
Barber, Kimberly A. RP86
Barber, Larry B. 475
Barbour, Chad 69
Barbour, Michael 77
Barcelo, Damia 98, 378, 382
Barclift, David TP85
Bargar, Timothy A. WP207
Baris, Reuben D. 275
Barnes, Charles 684
Barnes, N. LaJan 275
Barney, Dave 659
Barrera Escorcia, Guadalupe 734, RP57
Barreto, Jose C. RP142, RP143
Barreto, Patricia D. RP142, RP143
Barrett, Glenn WP200
Barrett, Katie TP64
Barrett-Lennard, Lance WP205
Barri, Taer A.TP40, TP42
Barrick, Rob 138
Barron, Joe RP197
Barron, Mace G. 322, 444, TP17, TP22
Barry, Terence 190
Bartee, Margaret P. 413, 668
Bartel, Juliana RP223
Bartell, Steven M. 324, 706
Bartels, Erich 605
Barton, Carlita TP15
Barton, Catherine A. 425
Bassow, Amanda T. MP185
Basta, Nicholas 250, TP77
Basu, N. TP29
Batchu, Sudha Rani TP93
Batdorf, Carol 362
Batin, Bill TP173
Batoev, Valeriy B. RP119
Batt, Angela L.90, TP63
Battle, Lauren P. RP64
Bauch, N. TP107
Bauer, Emily A. 608
Baumann, Paul TP173
Baummer, John C. 158
Bausheva, Olga RP158
Baxter, David A. MP123, WP141
Bay, Steve 45
Bay, Steven M. 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53,
WP186
Bayart, Jean-Baptiste 14
Bayne, Bruce MP187
Bayona, Josep M. 242
Bazar, Matthew 476
Bazinet, Tania WP143
Beach, Daniel 415
Beach, Sue WP67
Beach, Susan A. MP165
Beals, Christopher RP79
Beaman, Joseph 226
Bearden, Dan RP97, RP98
Bearr, Jonathan TP135
Beasley, Val R. 556
Beck, Andrew 254
Becker, D. Scott MP181
Becker, Paul R. 658
Beckett, Kerrie WP68
Beckingham, Barbara A. WP196
Beckinghausen, Greg TP4
Beckon, William N. 613, MP159
Bednar, Anthony J. 128, 129, TP185,
TP202
Bednarz, James WP225
Beggel, Sebastian TP33
Behan-Pelletier, Valerie TP193
Belanger, Scott E. 631, 639
Belden, Jason B. MP99, WP47, RP16,
RP144
Bell, G. 270
Bell, Tracey RP87
Bellin, Cheryl A. WP169
Bellucci, Luca G. MP174
Belmont, Marco 733
Beltman, Douglas 435
Belzer, Wayne 664
Ben-David, Merav 481
Benaduce, Ana P. RP13
Bencic, David 25
Bendell-Young, Leah I. WP103
Benedict, Lucille A. 91
Benes, Christy L. TP48
Benggio, Bradford 147
Bennett, Erin R. WP107
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Bennett, Jim WP45, TP62
Bennett, Richard TP89
Bennett, Rodney M. 364
Benningho, Abby D. 722, MP34
Benoit, Richard A. RP59
Benoy, Glenn 375
Benskin, Jon B. TP143, WP180
Benskin, Jonathan P. TP149, TP155,
WP179
Benson, William H. 144, 735,
Bentivegna, Carolyn S. MP76, TP54
Beretti, Melanie 583
Bergamaschi, Antonio RP173
Bergeron, Christine M. 391
Bergquist, Berit RP170
Berkelaar, Edward TP189
Berman, Gregory 221
Bernal, Autumn 22, RP61
Bernal, Manuel H. 709
Bernhard, Mary Jo 635
Bernhardt, Aaron TP65
Berninger, Jason P. RP49
Bernot, Randy WP35
Berry, Joel 180
Bersani, Raaella 11
Bertie, William R. TP103, TP110
Bertsch, Paul M. 262
Bervoets, Lieven 379, 540,
Besser, John 66, 68, 165, 225, RP100
Besser, John M. 70, 71, MP184
Bessom, Stephanie M. 721
Best, Elly P. 131, TP69
Best, Louis B.27, 28, 29, 33
Best, Nina TP35
Bestgen, Kevin 450
Beyer, D. 124
Beyer, Nelson 393
Bezalel, Shira 344, RP194
Bhagooli, Ranjeet 697
Bhander, Gurbakhash 331
Bhanger, Iqbal WP71
Bhavsar, Satyendra 153, RP174
Biales, Adam D. RP95
Bially, Paul RP124
Bianchini, Adalto 41, 449, WP24,
TP31, RP38
Biasioli, Mattia 260
Biberhofer, Johann 310
Bickham, John TP118
Biddinger, Gregory R. WP62
Bidleman, Terry F. 4, 102, 663, MP112
Biedenbach, James M. RP63
Bielmyer, Gretchen K. 541, 543, 697,
701
Bierman, Victor 531
Bignert, Anders WP121
Biksey, Tomas M. 361
Billiard, Sonya RP62
Bindel, Jerry TP4
Bingler, Linda S. 588
Birceanu, Oana 452, MP67
Bircheld, Norman 735
Bird, J. Elise TP129
Birkholz, Detlef A. 383
Birkholz, Dieb WP179
Birnbaum, L. S. 643
Bischel, Heather 488
Bisesi, Joseph H. 563
Bishop, Christine A. 387, WP202
Bishop, West M. TP7, WP58, RP72,
RP196
Bitton, Gabriel 187, 188
Black, Marsha C. 135
Black, Robert 737
Blais, Jules M. 247, TP169, TP211,
WP135, WP143, RP108, RP156,
RP162
Blaise, Christian 368, WP108
Blake, Lindsey 464, MP142, TP56
Blakeley-Smith, Mathew TP218
Blakeman, David 634
Blanchard, Greg RP197
Blanchard, Jonathan 541
Blanchard, Pierrette RP187
Blankenship, Alan L. WP206
Blanks, Jessica K. TP198
Blazer, Vicki S. 286, TP2, TP25
Bleiler, John A. TP203, TP85
Blicharz, Andrew RP83
Blickley, Twyla M. MP1
Bluestein, Paul 684, 685
Blum, Patricia C. 605 RP200
Blume, Louis 682
Blust, Ronny J. 26, 107, 379, 445, 540,
RP91, RP192
Bocca, Beatrice RP173
Bodinof, Catherine M. 391
Boethling, Bob 547
Boethling, Robert S. 198, 603
Boettcher, Anne MP190
Boguski, Terrie 126
Bohannon, Jennifer WP226
Bohannon, Meredith E. 483, 650,
WP212
Bols, Niels C. 632, 633
Bolte, John 430
Bolton, Jennie 744
Boman, Brian J. WP61
Bombrun, Emilie 625
Bondarenko, Svetlana TP183
Bondehagen, Diane RP142
Bone, Philip 114, 34
Bonnell, Mark 200, 547
Bonnema, Autumn RP194
Bonnevie, Nancy WP2, TP170
Bonzongo, Jean-Claude J. 187, 188
Boone, Emmette B. WP37
Boone, Jerey S. 57
Boone, Michelle D. 558, WP29, WP37
Boone, Tripp 57
Booth, Pieter WP5, MP188
Boothman, Warren S. MP115
Bopp, Richard F. 91
Borch, Tomas 92
Borga, Katrine 201, 548, 549, MP22
Borges, Cristina WP54
Borggaard, Ole K. WP18
Borg, Katrine TP165
Bornman, M. S. 730
Borole, D. V. 487
Boroujerdi, Arezue F. RP97, RP98
Borrely, Sueli I. RP54
Borski, Jerey M. MP26
Bosker, Tijs MP141
Bossi, Rossana WP130
Bottomley, Jay TP15
Bouchard, Dermont 276, TP122
Boulanger, Bryan O. 90
Bouldin, Jenier L. 184, 253, WP39,
PR30, RP78, TP214, TP216
Bourdon, Julie A. WP143
Bowen, Emma 731
Bowen, Pamela 176
Bowerman, William 707, RP74, RP75
Bowersox, Marcus 69, TP65
Bowes, Victoria WP211
Bowling, Annie MP160
Bowman, Michelle F. TP92
Bowron, Lisa MP141
Boxall, Alistair B. RP49
Boyce, Jennifer 178
Boyd, Jonathan RP148
Boyd, Robert E. 129
Boyd, Sean WP226
Boyd, Windy A. RP65
Bozinovic, Goran MP69
Brack, Werner 142, TP35
Bradford, David F. 727
Bradley, Patrick B. WP222
Bradley, Patrick W. WP206, WP223
Bradley, Tina 185
Braida, Washington 127
Brain, Richard A. 117, 211, 213, WP53
Brand, Adrianne B. MP93, RP168
Brand, Larry 149
Brandenberger, Jill M. 183
Brander, Susanne M. 725
Brant, Heather A. WP48
Braseld, Sandra M. 133, 150, MP66,
MP84
Braun-McNeill, Joanne WP174
Braunbeck, Tomas W. 142, 631, 639
Braune, Birgit M. 105
Brausch, John M. 209
Brausch, Kathryn A. 209, MP13
Breedveld, Gijsbert D.215, 406, 499
Breithaupt, Steve A. 183
Breivik, Knut 660
Brennan, Jennifer C. 95
Brent, Robert WP85, WP113
Breton, Roger L. 33, WP87
Brett, Hope RP109
Breuer, Rich 726
Brewer, Larry W. 27, 28, 29, 33
Bridges, Todd S. 687,689
Bridges, William C. 136
Brigham, M. TP107
Brigham, Mark E. TP111
Bright, Doug A. 38, 580
Brill, Richard MP204
Brim, Michael MP90
Brimble, Samantha TP211
Brindle, Ian RP146
Bringolf, Robert WP163
Brinkman, Steve 448
Britton, David 571
Brix, Kevin 373, 447, MP40
Brix, Kevin V. 541
Brock, Cate WP69
Brodin, Jerey 464
Bromage, Erin 59
Broman, Dag 161, 406
Brooks, Bryan W. 37, 56, 117, 211, 384,
474, MP27, WP53, RP49
Brooks, Marj 459
Brooks, Renee 430
Brookstein, David RP124
Brosch, Sara 287
Brosnan, Tom TP174
Broussard, Christine RP218
Brouwer, Marius WP13
Brown, Ashley TP54
Brown, Donald 557
Brown, John 42
Brown, Lauren E. WP184
Brown, Lisa WP44
Brown, Maria 178
Brown, Scott TP24, WP44
Brown, Stephen MP144, WP102
Brown, Steven 695
Brown, Tanya M. 39, 484, 683
Brown-Peterson, Nancy J. 703, WP13
Brownawell, Bruce J. 91, 566, 662,
MP149
Browne, Eva TP138
Brua, Robert 375
Bruce, Mark 157
Bruce, Neil RP213
Brugger, Kristin E. WP93
Brumbaugh, Bill 66, 165, RP99
Brumbaugh, W. TP107
Brumbaugh, William G. 68, 70, 71,
MP182, MP184, TP107, RP15
Brunner, Jrg 530
Bruno, Joy B. MP57, MP85, RP94
Bruns, Eric TP84
Brunson, Amanda RP10
Brunson, Eric L. TP81
Bryan, A. Lawrence WP48
Bryant, Joshua 263
Bryant, Peter T. 210
Bryz-Gornia, Jennifer 684
Buchanan, Claire 531
Buchanan, Roger 184
Bucheli, Tomas 501
Buchholz, Bruce RP115
Buchman, Michael WP91
Buchner, Cari 722
Buchwalter, David WP6, TP47
Buck, Robert C.WP168, WP169, RP40
Bucking, Carol 167
Buckman, Andrea MP87
Budinsky, Robert WP68
Budischak, Sarah A. 391
Buerkley, Megan A. 285
Bua, Joelle 178
Bugge, D. WP38
Bugge, Deenie 23, 121
Buhl, Kevin J. RP7
Bulbule, Keshav A. TP200
Bull, Kimberly MP6
Bulle, Ccile 14
Bullen, Tomas 164
Bullington, Joseph B. 543
Bunger, Andrea RP65
Bunn, Amoret L. 183
Burauel, Peter TP163
Burdick, Connie 430
Burger, Joanna 644
Burgess, Blair TP203
Burgess, John R. RP6
Burgess, Neil M. 39, 484, 683, WP215
Burgess, Robert MP118
Burgess, Robert M. MP122, TP73,
RP95
Burkey, Kent TP217
Burkhard, Lawrence P. 202, TP89,
WP74
Burkhardt, Mark R. TP94
Burnett, Charlene 404
Burnett, Karen G. RP98
Burnett, Louis E. RP98
Burnison, B. Kent TP41
Burnison, Kent MP49, TP46
Burns, Darcy C. 400, MP127, TP114,
TP156,
Burris, Janet RP214
Burrows, Richard 418
Bursian, Steve J. WP68, WP210,
WP222, WP229
Bursian, Steven J. 388, 392, MP33,
MP36, WP228
Burton, Dennis T. TP5
Burton, G. Allen 405,721, RP126,
MP163, WP27, WP77
Burton Jr., G. Allen TP12
Burwinkel, Karen MP72
Busato, Raquel H. WP30
Bushey, Joseph 337
Bushi, Lindita 672, 673
Butcher, Jonathan 227
Butler, Afrachanna D. 257
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 351
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Butler, Jessica TP157
Butler, Karen WP152
Butnor, Kelly J. RP219
Butt, Craig M. 490, 105, WP172
Buttemer, William A. 482
Butters, Susannah 747
Buzby, Mary E. 292
Byer, Jonathan MP116, MP144, WP102
Byers, Jeb 220
Byl, Tomas 585, MP137, MP138,
RP70, RP79
Byrne, Christian J. 57
Byron, Earl 691
Cabezas, Heriberto 420
Caccia, Valentina 65, TP128
Cacela, David 448
Cadmus, Peter J. 301
Caesar-TonTat, TeCan RP116
Cagampan, Steve J. RP135
Cahill, Orla 601, 602
Cai, Qingsong WP117
Cai, Yong 245, 248
Caimi, Stefano RP173
Cain, Daniel J. 164, WP106
Cakir, Pinar TP55
Calafat, Antonia M. 490
Caldwell, Brian 30
Caldwell, Daniel J. 292
Caldwell, Gary S. 309
Calfee, Robin D. 265, 460, 616,
MP103, RP18
Calhoun, Daniel L. TP180, TP181,
TP182
Calow, Peter 319
Calver, Steve WP187, WP188
Calvosa, Frank TP130
Campbell, Dan 324
Campbell, Daniel 420
Campbell, Julie 616, MP103, RP18,
Campbell, Tammy WP170
Campos, Paola S. WP70
Camus, Alvin 746
Canas, Jaclyn E. TP196
Canli, Mustafa RP45
Canton, Steven RP86, RP87
Cantos, Cesar 65, TP128
Cantwell, Mark G.MP118, MP122
Canrio, Joo 241
Cao, Xu-Liang 714
Capo, Tom 697
Capria, Dennis 413
Carbajo, Cristina 630
Carbonaro, Richard F. 64, 356, 357,
RP105
Cardon, Mary C. 119
Cardwell, Rick D. RP182
Carew, Amanda C. MP196
Carew, Melissa WP34
Carls, Mark 744
Carlson, Dan 532
Carlson, Don 27, 28, 29, 33
Carlson, Jules C. 717
Carlson, Richard 54
Carlsson, Gunnar 287
Carmosini, Nadia 93
Carney, Michael 448
Carney Almroth, Bethanie MP31
Carr, Greg J. 639
Carr, Katherine H. 112, TP162
Carr, R. Scott RP63
Carrasco, Luis 242
Carraway, Elizabeth R.MP14, MP133,
TP115, TP125
Carriger, John TP52
Carrillo, Diana 675
Carro, Tiany 483, WP212
Carroll, David 180
Carroll, Leslie C. WP16
Carroll, M. 270
Carrothers, J. TP29
Carter, Annie MP109, MP111
Carter, Barbara J. 289, 740, MP39
Carter, Harry 178
Carvalho Pereira, Ticiana S. RP44
Carvalho-Knighton, Kathleen MP25
Casanova, Frida M. MP64, MP65
Casey, Ryan E. MP92, MP94, MP95
Cash, Curtis 45, 48, 49, 52, 53
Caspers, Norbert 255
Cassada, David A. 194
Casselman, John WP102
Casteel, Carrie MP17
Casteline, Jane MP88
Castillo, Luisa MP139
Castillo, Luisa E. 554, 729, MP139
Castle, James W. RP69
Castro, Jore 65, TP128, RP204, RP205
Catena, John 524
Caulking, Crissie MP90
Cavallin, Jenna E. 25, MP35, MP142,
TP56
Cavallo, Gregory J. 411
Cavileer, T. 24
Caas, Jaclyn E. MP2, MP3, MP7
Cejas, Mark J. MP157, RP204, RP205
Celis, Niko 445, 540
Celiz, Mary Dawn 98
Cerk, Matej RP186
Cha, Jun-Seok TP100
Chadwick, D Bart 358, 405, 545,
RP101
Chadwick, James W. TP199
Chai, Yunzhou TP76, TP78
Chaitankar, Vijender RP225
Chalew, Talia WP125
Chalk, Stuart J. 543
Challenger, Greg 592
Chambers, Patricia 375
Chambliss, Charles K. 56, 117
Chambliss, Kevin 384, 581, MP99
Chamoy, Todd N. 434, WP3
Champeau, Olivier WP33
Chan, Debbie TP189
Chan, Emily WP179
Chan Remillard, Sylvia K. 349
Chancy, Cynthia TP95
Chandler, G. Tomas 83, MP59, TP198
Chandra, Sudeep MP160
Chang, Andrew 218
Chang, Chihwei 496
Changela, Tina 180
Chanov, Michael K. WP59
Chao, Wayne 707, RP74, RP75
Chapman, James 326
Chapman, Peter M. 207, 724, RP32,
WP97
Chappell, Mark 281, TP44
Charles, Raphael RP169
Charlier, Corinne 379
Chasar, L. TP107
Chasar, Lia C. TP111
Chastinet, Carla B. 614, RP44, RP52
Chau, Diana 414, RP140
Chaves, Isabel S. 41, RP38
Chavez, Gabriel MP14
Checkai, Ronald T. MP97, RP207,
RP209, RP210
Cheek, Ann O. 376
Chen, Baowei 243
Chen, Bin 651
Chen, Celia Y.23, 121, 403, WP38,
WP184
Chen, Chunli TP144, TP147, TP148
Chen, Da 622
Chen, Lixia MP75
Chen, Mario W. 425
Chen, Rui 61
Cheng, Bingqi 465
Cheng, Jie 397, 399, WP158, WP164
Cheng, Jinping 661
Cheng, Kim 387, WP202
Cheng, Yung-Sung RP200
Chenier, Robert 206
Cheplick, J. M. 726
Cherno, Helen 76
Cherry, Donald S. WP59, RP22
Chester, N. MP101, MP100, MP102
Chiaia, Aurea 377
Chiasson, Lydia 383
Chin, Clarence C. 553
Chittim, Brock TP142, TP143
Chiu, Suzanne MP195
Cho, Chon Rae MP150, MP151
Cho, Hyeon Seo MP150, MP151
Cho, Jae-Seok TP100
Cho, Kijong, TP194, TP206, TP207,
WP21
Choi, Dong Gu 510
Choi, Eun-Mi TP99, TP105
Choi, Hyun-Deok 339
Choi, Kyungho RP39, MP41, MP53
Chowdhury, M Jasim 452
Chowdhury, Mohammed J. 539
Chowdhury, Raja TP192.5
Choy, Emily RP162
Christensen, Guttorm MP22, TP165
Christensen, Jennie 480
Christensen, Rebecca TP157
Christiansen, David RP122
Christodoulatos, Christos 127
Chu, Kung-Hui 130
Chu, Shaogang G. 105, MP196
Chumchal, Matthew MP158, TP19
Chung, Katy W. 268, TP9
Chung, Shari RP 178
Church, Stanley E. 316, 317, WP105
Chvre, Nathalie RP169
Cianchetti, John TP110
Ciarlo, Michael WP187, WP188
Cincinelli, Alessandra MP204
Ciparis, Serena 555
Cirone, Patricia 134
Clark, Bryan W. 747
Clark, Candace RP68
Clark, Jessica C. 20
Clark, Randal WP112
Clark, Sara L.583, MP88
Clarke, Craig 583
Clarke, Joan U. 129
Clemente, Zaira WP30
Clements, William H. 80, 168, 301,
317, 459, WP105
Cliord, Matthew S. 453
Cline, George RP3
Cline, Patricia WP133
Cloran, Christina E. MP163, WP27
Clough, Stephen R. TP151
Coats, Joel R. TP57, TP175, TP176
Cobb, Brandon 585, MP137, RP70
Cobb, Carlton 585, MP137, RP70
Cobb, George P. 84, 145, MP7, MP14,
MP193, WP216, RP148, RP211,
Cochran, Michele A. 104, MP200,
MP204
Cocking, Dean TP110
Coeeld, Sarah J. WP218, WP223,
WP228
Cogua, Pilar MP30
Cohen, Stuart Z. 275
Cohen-Barnhouse, Andrew WP210
Cohin-de-Pinho, Salomo J. 614, RP44,
RP52
Coimbatore, Gopal RP148
Colbourne, John K. 23, 121
Cole, Amanda J. TP30
Cole, Jennifer M. 209, MP75
Cole, John 318
Coleman, Deborah 601, 602
Coleman, Jessica 133, TP202
Coles, James 66
Collette, Timothy RP96
Colli-Dula, Reyna MP83
Collier, Tracy 552, 744
Collins, Josh 344
Colodey, Alan 350
Colosi, Lisa M. 192
Colson, Kim RP68
Colton, Jenee A. TP140
Comba, Paul 224
Compton, Jana 430
Conder, Jason 312
Connon, Richard E. MP81, TP33
Connon, Stephen 600
Conquest, Loveday L. RP20
Conrad, Jaimie M. TP214
Conrow, Roxanne 176, WP182
Constantine, Lisa WP137, WP141
Conte, Brian C. RP85
Coogan, Melinda A. WP109
Cook, Morgan B. 162, MP17
Cook, Philip M. 134, TP89, WP74
Cooper, C. M. WP98
Cooper, Charlie M. 579
Cooper, Keith 465, TP210
Cooper, Victoria I. 62
Copatti, Carlos E. RP13
Copin, Pierre-Jean RP169
Corbin, Mark 705
Corbino, Jeery 615
Corkum, Lynda 304
Cormier, Susan M. TP88
Cornelissen, Gerard 161, 215, 406, 499
Corsolini, Simonetta MP204
Corvi, Margaret E. 154
Costa, Anderson T. MP65
Costa, Emily TP127
Costa, Monica J. RP47
Costa Silva, Giane P. WP31
Coupe, Richard H. 712
Cousins, Ian T. 395
Covaci, Adrian 107, 379, TP133,
WP120, RP188, RP192
Coveney, Michael F. 176, WP182
Covington, Sean 450, 691
Cowan, Jean MP186
Cowan-Ellsberry, Christina E. 204, 455,
635
Cowles, James 233
Cox, Stephen B. 209, MP7, MP193,
TP166, RP211
Coy, Debbi TP42
Coyle Lee, Catherine 587
Craciun, G. 24
Craig, Paul M. 35, 125
Crane, Dave RP194, WP98
Crane, Judy L. 63
Crane, Mark MP166, MP168
Cranor, Walter WP112, WP113
Crawford, Kevin D. MP91
Cripe, Geraldine M. TP3, TP14
Crocker, Fiona H. 132
352 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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1750 platorm abstract MP monday posters TP tuesday posters WP wednesday posters RP thursday posters
Crocker, Tracey 22
Crofton, Kevin M. WP127
Cropek, Donald TP28
Croteau, Marie Noele 164, 497, WP106
Crouse, Lee RP206, RP208
Crozier, Patrick RP146
Crump, Doug MP36, MP49, MP195
Cruz, Jesse 702
Cruz, Luis A.358, RP51
Csiszar, Susan 714, RP187
Cucuzzella, Carmela TP178
Cullinan, V. MP101, MP100, MP102
Cullipher, Steven RP143
Culp, Joseph 375
Cummings, John 115
Cummings, Ken 360
Cunningham, Jerey A. MP147
Cunningham, Virginia L. 292
Cuozzo, Frank P. WP216
Cura, Jerry 326
Curran, C. WP50
Currie, Rebecca J. TP78, WP59, RP22
Curry, Allen 166
Cushmac, Mary TP160
Custer, Kevin W. MP163, WP27
Cutright, Teresa 653
Czub, Gertje 535, 536, RP166
DAco, Vincent J. 292, WP150
Deon, Jessica C. 293, TP145, WP165
da Silva, Eduardo M. 258, 614, RP44,
RP52
da Silva, Jessica S. RP44
Dabronzo, Leandro MP81
Dachs, Jordi 1, RP164
Dagdelen, Kadri 334
Daggett, Daniel 671
Dai, Lenore MP3
Dailey, Anne 173
Daley, Jennifer 304, TP49
Damare, Carmen L. TP61
Damon, Teyona R. 194
Danese, Loren 710
Daneshvar Mahvelat, Atlasi 559
Dang, Michael K. TP120
Dang, Viet D. TP23
Dangereld, Neil 664, MP29
Dangre, Arati J. WP13
Danikas, Lacy MP17
Dannielle, Kulaw TP14
Dantin, Darrin 429
Darlington, Jerry 223
Darlington, Tomas 283
Das, Krishna 107
Dassylva, Nathalie MP117
Dvalos de la Cruz, Karla MP68
Davani, Kimya 483, WP212
David, Nicole MP159
Davidson, Toni 616, RP18, MP103
Davies, Clive TP160
Davies, Joanna 708
Davis, Allan P. 736
Davis, Cline 739
Davis, Harley T. 628
Davis, J. Michael 508
Davis, Jay A. RP194
Davis, Jay W. 552
Davis, John W. TP76, TP78
Davis, Katie TP65
Davis, Pamela H. 83
Davis, Paul WP133
Davis, Robert A. 520
Davis, Ryan MP189
Davison, Mike WP226
Dawson, Douglas A. 720
Dawson, Jeery O. 131
Day, Heather 744
Day, Russell RP151
Dayeh, Vivian R. 633
De Boeck, Gudrun 445, 540
de Boer, Muriel 649
de Boer, Tjalf 649
De Coen, Wim 26, MP77, RP91
De Coninck, Pierre TP178
De Giovanetti, Luca 679
De Guise, Sylvain RP222, RP224
de Jager, T. 730
de Jong Westman, Alexandra H. 387,
WP202
de Jourdan, Benjamin TP34
de Keyser, Webbey RP186
De Koning, Arjan 332, 422
De La Torre-Roche, Roberto J. MP156
De Leon, Joyce RP218
de Mond, John MP186
De Santis, Amanda WP80
De Schamphelaere, Karel 354
De Schryver, An 11, 16
de Silva, Amila 492, WP178
de Souza, Andrea 123
de Voogt, Pim 314, WP128
de Vos, E. 627
de Vries, Sonce WP203, WP219
de Wolf, Watze 202
de Zwart, Dick WP65
Dean, Karen 483, WP212
DeAngelis, Bryan M. 524
Deanovic, Linda A. WP51, WP98
Deardor, Tomas L. RP106, RP107
Deavonic, Linda A. 725
deBruyn, Adrian RP32
DeForest, David K. 514, TP192, RP181,
RP182
Degitz, Sigmund J. 118, TP89, RP23,
RP26
DeGuise, Sylvain RP221
deHaro, Hector J. MP66
DeHate, Robin B. RP83
DeHudy, Ashley 372
Dekker, Kim 169
Dekker, Timothy RP171
Del Rio-Garcia, Marcela RP28
DeLaronde, Joanne WP167
Delgado-Moreno, Laura I. RP121
Delinsky, Amy D. 295, 296, 298
Delongchamp, Tania M. 32, 33, WP87
DeLorenzo, Marie E. 268, 710
Delos, Charles 168, 358, RP51
Demas, C. R. 145
Demers, Marc J. WP87, TP86
Demeter, Maria TP42
Demidenko, E. WP38
DeMott, Robert P. 591, WP139
Deng, Baolin TP81
Deng, Xin 51, 52
Deng, Youping 652, 654, 655, 656,
WP13, RP215, RP225
Denison, Michael 749
Denny, Je 634
Dension, Michael S. 95
Denslow, Nancy D. 19, 122, 181, 551,
703, 723, 741, MP50, MP52,
MP56, MP61, MP71, RP58,
RP202
Denton, Debra L. 726, WP51, WP98,
WP99
DePinto, Joseph V. 532, TP55
Derrick, Peggy A. TP190, WP187,
WP188
DeSantis, Amanda WP64
Desforges, Melissa TP91
DeShields, Bridgette 594, WP2, TP74
Deshler, Tad RP170
Deshpande, Ashok MP204
deSolla, Shane 478
DeSorbo, Christopher WP204
DeVault, Dave RP99
Devereux, Richard 429
DeVito, Michael 134, WP127
Dewaele, Joost 422
deWolf, Watze 454
Di Giulio, Richard T. 745, 747, MP44,
RP61, RP62, RP64
Di Guardo, Antonio 101
Di Toro, Dominic M. 64, 261, 356,
357, TP75
Dial, Steve 522
Diamond, Jerry 224, 227
Diamond, Miriam L. 12, 99, 355, 714,
MP174, RP174, RP176, RP187
Diamond, Stephen A. 87, TP89
Diamond, Steve 82
Diao, Xiaoping TP197
Diaz, Robert 685
Dickhut, Rebecca M. 104, MP200,
MP204
Dickinson, Amy RP51
Dickinson, Ross TP90
DiDonato, Guy 431
Diep, Ngan 67
Dietrich, Joseph 439
Dietz, R. TP29
Dez, Sergi 242
Diore, David TP160
DiFiore, Stefano MP60
Digiacomo, V. WP78
Dillon, Frank S. 686, RP101
Dillon, Peter TP18
Dimitrov, Sabcho 200
Ding, Jie 146, MP192
Ding, Wang-Hsien MP108
Ding, Yuping MP124
Dinglasan-Panlilio, Joyce WP162
DiSalvo, Carol MP175
DiStefano, Robert J. MP184
Distel, Christopher 558
Dix, Tomas L. RP197
Dixon, George TP44, TP46
Dixon, Ken R. RP211
Dixon, Nick 597
Dixon, Sarah L. 596
Doan, Khuyen MP76
Dobbins, Laura L. 384, 474
Dodard, Sabine RP207
Dom, Nathalie RP91
Domingo, Jose L. WP145, RP191
Dominguez, Gustavo MP61
Dominik, Domanski MP78
Domoradzki, Jeanne Y. WP199
Donald, David 303, WP28
Dong, Wu 746
Donini, Andrew 544
Donner, Erica RP186
Donohoe, Regina WP203, WP219
Doolan, Mark 68, 71
Doperalski, Nicholas J. 723
Dorgerloh, Michael TP84
Dorich, Brian 54
Dornbos, Peter RP223
Doroshov, Serge 749
Doty, Sharon RP213
Doucette, William J. 623
Douglas, Gregory S.592, RP104
Douglas, Marianne S. RP162
Dowdall, Edward MP172
Downey, Pat TP4
Downing, Reina 334, 682
Doyle, Cathleen TP164
Doyle, James R. TP169
Draghi, Andrew RP224
Draghi II, Andrew RP222
Dressler, Valderi L. RP13
Drevnick, Paul MP158
Drewes, Keith 603
Dreyer, Annekatrin 491
Driedger, Kimberlea L. MP79
Driscoll, Charles 337
Driver, Crystal J. MP100, MP101,
MP102
Drottar, Kurt R. WP198
Drouillard, Ken G. 212, 304, TP49,
WP107, RP89
Drummond, Mike MP178
Drury, Michelle MP17
Dubetz, Cory 43
Dubreuil, Alain 672
Dub, Monique G. MP79, TP92
Duda, Judy WP80
Dudley, Melissa B. MP99
Dudycha, Je 23
Duy, Kara 483
Dugan, Nick WP115
Duke, Cliord S. 504
Dulka, Joseph J. RP71
Duncan, Bruce 134
Dunford, Richard W. 433
Dungan, Lisa 635, RP82
Dunphy, Kathryn MP23
Duong, Lisa 280
Duque, Guillermo MP30
Duquette, Jacinda WP14
Durell, Gregory 42
Durhan, Elizabeth J. 25, MP35, MP37,
MP142, TP6, TP56,
Durieux, Eric D. 553, RP46
Durkee, Peter WP49
Dutka-Gianelli, Jynessa MP21
Dutton, Jessica MP161
Duzgoren-Aydin, Nurdan S. 627,
MP129, MP194
Dwinell, Steven 235
Dwyer, James 225
Dyble, Julie 372
Dye, Janice 643
Dyer, James TP104
Dyer, Scott D. 550, 635
Dyke, Gary RP101
Dykes, Erin WP82
Dzialowski, Ed TP37
Eacock, Chris MP159
Eagles-Smith, Collin 177
Easson, Cole G. MP190, RP55
Easson, Greg MP190
Ebert, Ellen TP170
Ebinghaus, Ralf 491, WP166
Echols, Brandi S. WP59, RP22
Eder, Kai J. 553, RP46
Edge, Derek TP74
Edgington, Aaron J. MP4, MP11
Edwards, Brian 313
Edwards, John TP150
Edwards, Michelle 387
Edwards, S. J. 627
Eek, Espen 215, 499
Eells, Janis T. RP155
Eggert, Derek A. RP17, TP26
Eglo, Caroline MP195
Ehmen, Brenna MP190
Eichelberger, Mike WP203
Eirkson, Charles E. 561, 564
Ekman, Drew RP96
Eldridge, Jim MP164
Ellefson, Anne C. MP149
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 353
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Ellefson, Mark E. 489, 493
Elliott, John E. 387, 394, 481, 517,
WP201, WP202
Ellis, David A. 400, MP127, MP128,
TP156, TP157, TP158, TP159
Ellis, Graeme MP87
Ellisor, Michael D. 658
Elskus, Adria RP27
Elsweisi, Wail 633
Eltis, Lindsay D. 132
Embry, Michelle 631, 635, RP82
Emerson, Sarah WP60
Emsbo-Mattingly, Stephen J. RP104,
RP111
Encomio, Vincent G. MP24
Endicott, Douglas RP157
Endo, Shigehisa MP8
Eng, Margaret WP201
Engel, Bernie 239
Englehart, Benjamin A. TP119
English, William R. 577
Engwall, Magnus 142
Enns, Katherine A. 441
Ensminger, Michael 274
Epp, Jessica MP19
Erhardt, Susan 635, 457, RP82
Erhunse, Adesuwa WP159
Erickson, K. WP78
Erickson, Larry 126, MP98
Erickson, Michael J. 642
Erickson, Richard A. 209, TP166
Erickson, Russell J. 225, 226, 229, 519,
TP89
Ericson, Jon F. 292
Eriksson, Eva RP186
Escher, Beate 200, 454, 456, 750, RP82
Eskew, David 347
Espinosa Rodriguez, Carlos A. RP184
Ethier, Adrienne L. 244, TP98
Eto, Chisumi TP32
Evans, Bob TP24
Evans, Marlene 103
Evenset, Anita MP22, TP165
Fagervold, Sonja TP72
Fair, Patricia MP75
Fairbrother, Anne 205, TP192
Fairchild, James F. MP184
Fairey, Russell MP48
Faist, Mireille 679
Falconer, Renee RP133
Falk, Helena 294
Fall, Ndeye S. 336
Fallert, Kari L. RP144
Farag, Aida 179
Farin, F. 124
Farina, Oriana D. TP106
Farley, Dennis P. 311
Farley, Kevin J. 64, 356, 357
Farmahin, Reza MP36
Farrar, Daniel RP53
Farrar, John D. TP79
Farre, Marinella 382
Farris, Jerry L. RP29, RP30
Farwell, Andrea TP46
Fauver, Rebecca J. 485, WP163, RP152
Febbo, Eric J. WP63
Fedorak, Phillip M. TP42
Feestone, David 252
Feken, Max 234, 235, WP69
Fennell, Donna TP210
Fenner, Kathrin 198
Fenske, Martina MP60
Ferguson, Damien 601, 602
Ferguson, Lee 20, 193, TP119
Ferguson, P. L. 83
Ferguson, Steve RP132
Ferland, Henry L. WP151
Fernandez, Adolfo M. RP204, RP205
Fernandez, Melissa V. MP28
Fernandez Rendon, Carlos Leopoldo
734
Fernandez-Alba, Amadeo R. 96
Ferrario, Joseph B. 57
Ferreira-Nozawa, Mnica S. MP65
Ferrell, Barbra D. RP40
Ferrer, Imma 381
Feswick, April 89, 181, 122
Fetters, Scott MP179
Fey, David L. 316, 317
Fick, Jerker 287
Ficko, Sarah A. MP201
Fidler, Bruce 315, 318
Fiebig, Silke WP160, WP161
Field, Jay 702, 688, TP174, RP102
Field, Jennifer A. 377
Figueira, Jose 281
Figueredo, Dora E. TP10
Figueroa-Cano, Maria E. MP131
Fildes, Karen 482
Finger, Susan 72
Fink, Larry E. 246
Finkelstein, Kenneth 525
Finley, Brent 369, RP131
Fischer, Rainer MP60
Fisher, Daniel J. TP16
Fisher, Jonathan C. MP99, WP47
Fisher, Nicholas S. MP161
Fisher, Roxanne TP208
Fisher, Shawn C. 662
Fisher, Susan W. RP41
Fisk, Aaron T. 485, 549, RP152
Fisk, Peter MP167
Fisk, Robert RP25
Fitzgerald, Patrick S. 553, RP46
Flanders, John R. 340, TP104
Fleming, Carrie R. RP62
Fleming, Lora E. RP200
Flemmings, Joanna 140
Fletcher, Rachael 153
Flewelling, Leanne J. RP201
Flick, Robert WP56
Flippin, Jennifer WP6
Floersch, Nick TP162
Flora, Robert MP94
Flores, Erico M. RP13
Flores-Flores, Jose Luis 197
Flory, Jason RP18
Flynn, Kevin M. MP82
Folt, Carol L. 23, 121, WP38
Foran, Christy M. 463
Forbes, Tomas 326
Forbes, Valery E. 308, 319, 321, 327
Ford, Joe WP88
Ford, John MP87
Fordham, Carolyn L. TP199
Foreman, William T. 92
Frlin, Lars 287, MP31, TP59, RP93
Forney, James MP179
Forouzon, Farida RP79
Forristal, Peter WP94
Forsyth, Randy WP211
Fort, Douglas J. 470, MP197, RP216
Fortin, Claude WP8
Fortin, Danielle TP101
Foster, Karen RP156
Fournie, J. RP34
Fox, Rick TP152
Fox, Skip WP90, RP149, RP170
Fox, Susan R. RP59
Frakes, Brent 420
Frakes, Robert A. 605, 606, 608,
WP207
Francis, Eric 54
Francisco, Alex 690, 692
Frank, Richard TP41, TP44, TP46
Frankenberger, Jane 239
Franks, Ashley N. MP26
Franks, Michael L. MP26
Franz, Eric TP43
Fraser, William R. 104
Fredricks, Timothy B. WP218, WP222,
WP223, WP228
Freedman, Jonathan H. RP65
Freeman, Jennifer L. MP38
French, John S. TP161
French McCay, Deborah P. 434, WP3
Frew, John A. 44
Friederich, Urs 255
Friedman, Carey L. MP118, MP122,
TP73
Friel, Pat 377
Frignani, Mauro MP174
Friot, Damien 426, RP172
Frye, Curt 659
Fu, Hongjing TP42
Fuchsman, Phyllis 312
Fuentes, Latice 707, RP74, RP75
Fujioka, Roger 149
Fukui, Hitomi WP110
Fulk, Florence 640
Fuller, Mark E. 130
Fuller, Megan 192
Fulton, Barry A. 117, 211, WP53
Fulton, Michael 268, TP9, RP138
Funk, David TP47
Furdui, Vasile I. 715
Furlong, Edward WP113
Furlong, Edward T. 285, 381, 719
Furman, Scott E. WP183
Furtula, Vesna 350
Fuss, Colin 337
G van Ginkel, Cornelis RP147
Gabor, Katharine 669
Gabrielsen, Geir W. MP22, TP165
Gacek, Tom 254
Gaertner, Karin MP59
Gagne, Francois 140
Gagnon, Christian WP108
Gagn, Franois 368, MP6, WP108
Galar-Martinez, Marcela WP23
Galay-Burgos, Malyka 631
Gale, Robert WP159
Gallagher, Elizabeth M. 124, WP63
Gallagher, Evan TP138
Gallagher, Jerey S. 136
Gallagher, Kathryn 735
Gallagher, Matthew T. MP93, RP168
Gallipeau, Cory G. TP214
Galloway, M. WP78
Galloway, Tamara 309
Galvez, Fernando 544
Gamal El-Din, Mohamed TP42
Gambrell, Robert P. RP11
Gamo, Masashi MP8
Gan, Jay 271, TP183, RP121
Gandhi, Nilima 12, 355, RP174
Gann, George 172
Gannon, John WP168
Gantner, Nikolaus 343
Gao, J. 187, 188
Gao, Weimin MP75
Garcia, M. Teresa 601, 602
Garcia, Santos N. RP4
Garcia-Reyero, Natlia 741, MP37,
MP52, MP71
Garca, Marcos RP37
Garca-Medina, Sandra WP23
Gard, Nicholas WP5, MP188
Gardinali, Piero R. 65, MP28, MP155,
MP157, TP93, TP128, RP113,
RP114, RP204,
Gardner, Kevin 220, 221, TP53
Gardner, Martha 76
Gardner, Susan RP43
Garisto, Nava C. RP80
Garmestani, Ahjond S. 420
Garner, Tomas R. TP27, MP91
Garrison, Arthur W. 657
Garton, Mailee 168
Garvey, Edward A. 159, 315, 318,
MP136
Gasic, Bojan 530
Gasper, Grace 386
Gast, Rebecca 149
Gathergood, Nicholas 595
Gathergood, Nick 600, 601, 602
Gauthier, Rene TP205
Gauthier, Tomas D. 591
Gaworecki, Kristen M. 563
GbondoTugbawa, Solomon 159,
315,318, MP136
Geber-Correa, Rachel RP37
Geens, Tinne WP120
Geer, Kelly 567
Geerts, Roy RP147
Geke, Tomas WP160, WP161
Geiger, Stephen C. 408, WP185
Geist, Juergen TP33, MP81
Geisz, Heidi N. 104, MP200
Gemmill, Bonnie RP31, TP131, RP122
Gendusa, Tony 438, TP195
Geng, Jing TP147
Genthner, Fred 429
Gerardi, Anthony TP54
Gerdes, Robert 373, 541
Gerould, Sarah WP217
Getty, Vicky MP177
Gevaert, Veerle RP186
Gevertz, Amanda MP158
Gewurtz, Sarah 153, RP146, RP174
Ghosh, Upal 217, 218, 494, 495, 496,
502, MP126, TP72, WP196,
WP197
Giang, Amanda RP187
Giddings, Je 116
Giddings, Jerey 115, MP170, RP76
Gidley, Maribeth 149
Gidley, Philip T. 217
Giese-Bogdan, Stefanie MP165
Giesy, John P. 142, 392, 516, MP33,
MP36, MP45, MP135, TP35,
TP144, TP147, TP148, WP14,
WP20, WP68, WP84, WP206,
WP210, WP218, WP222,
WP223, WP229, WP228,
Gill, Gary 340
Gillardin, Virginie WP15
Gillette, Phillip 697
Gilligan, Matt WP156
Gilliom, Robert J. TP181, TP182
Gillis, Patricia L. 452
Gillissen, Frits WP181
Gillom, Robert J. TP180
Gilmour, Cynthia 502, WP197
Gioia, Linda 1
Gioia, Rosalinda RP164
Giolando, Salvatore T. WP22
Girling, Andy MP167
Giuliani, Silvia MP174
Gjernes, Martine H. MP55
Glaholt, Chip 121
354 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Glaholt, S. WP38
Glaholt, Stephen 23
Glaser, David 76
Glass, David 318
Glassmeyer, Susan T. 719
Glazer, Robert A. 703
Glenn, J. Brad TP117
Glisch, Eric 615
Globensky, Gavin G. MP91
Glomb, Steve 72
Glover, Chris 544
Glozier, Nancy 303, WP28
Gneiding, Laurie 279
Gnoatto, Nelson TP171
Gobas, Frank 202, 454, 546
Gochfeld, Deborah RP55
Gochfeld, Deborah J. MP190
Godard-Codding, Cline A. 209, MP75
Godtfredsen, Kathy 681, WP90, RP149,
RP170
Goedkoop, Mark 11, 13, 16
Goerlich, Roland MP60
Goerlitz, Gerhard TP84
Goetting, Barbara K. RP197
Goh, Kean 274
Gold Bouchot, Gerardo RP43
Goldberg, Jennie WP90, RP149, RP170
Golden, Nancy 109
Goldring, Jay WP149
Goldstone, Jared V. MP63
Golightly, Rick 178
Gomez, Cristi F. MP123, WP126
Gomez, Maria Jose 96
Gmez-Olivn, Leobardo WP23
Goncalves, Madeleine MP24
Gong, Jian 191
Gong, Ping 648, 652, 654, 655, RP225
Gonzlez, Carlos A. TP10
Gonzlez, Jaime F. TP10, TP11
Gonzlez, Magdalena TP106
Gnzalez-Marquz, Humberto MP162
Gonzlez-Prez, Cynthia Ivone 197
Goodfellow, William L. TP190
Goodman, Iris 428
Goodman, Larry TP14
Goodrum, Philip 432, 594
Gopalan, Mathangi B. RP29, RP30
Gorder, Kyle 623
Gordon, Denise TP173
Gorsuch, Joseph W. 470
Goss, Greg G. 123, TP120, WP180
Goss, Jennifer D. 82, MP12
Goss, Kai-Uwe 396
Gossiaux, Duane 372
Gtz, Christian W. RP167
Goudey, Stephen 349, 383
Gouin, Todd 100, MP139
Grabuski, Josey M. RP135
Grace, Richard TP146
Graettinger, George TP174
Gragg, Richard WP159
Graham, David W. 731
Grant, Paul B. MP29
Grasman, Keith RP223
Grassley, James M. MP96, WP226,
RP20, RP25
Gravato, Carlos MP77, WP54, WP55,
WP224, RP66
Gray, James L. 92, 475
Gray, Jim 238
Gray, Mike TP173
Green, John W. TP103, RP71
Green, Ryan 126, MP98
Green, Steven TP216
Green, Vern S. 253
Greenberg, Bruce TP68
Greenberg, Mark S. 76, 405
Greene, Richard M. 144
Greening, Holly RP197
Greenstein, Darrin WP186
Greenwood, Scott 220
Greig, Denise 8
Grenier, Letitia 344
Griages, Mike RP124
Grieg, Denise TP146
Grin, W. Michael 505
Grith, Michael WP76
Griths, Richard 471
Griths, Ron 340
Gritt, Joe 89, 181, RP202
Gritt, Robert J. 703
Grigg, Garry WP211
Grim, Christiana 376, WP217
Grimm, Volker 325, 327
Grippo, Richard S. WP225
Gro, Joseph M. 553
Grohmann, Misti RP56
Grosell, Martin 373, 447, 541 697,
MP40
Gross, Timothy WP40, WP41
Grossman, Adam MP126, WP196
Grosso, Albania MP166, MP167,
MP168
Grover, James 37, MP27
Groves, Tim RP101
Gruden, Cyndee TP55
Grue, Christian E. 44, MP96, WP226,
RP20, RP24, RP25
Grund, Stefanie TP35
Grund, Ste 142
Grush, Jeremy RP171
Grzesik, Dustin 159, MP136
Gschwend, Phillip RP63, WP185
Guan, Xin 652, 654
Guang, Wang TP148
Guay, Gertrude MP117
Guchardi, John MP74
Guertin, Daniel 481
Guichard, Aurore WP209
Guildford, Stephanie 103
Guilhermino, Lcia MP77, WP54,
WP55, WP224, RP66
Guimares, Laura WP54, WP55
Guinee, Jeroen 422
Guiney, Patrick D. MP197
Guine, Jeroen B. 10, 11, 12, 13, 332
Guleryuz, Saet MP17
Gulland, Frances RP222
Gully, Joe R. 53, 313, TP184
Gully, Joseph 52
Gully, Joseph R. 45, 48
Gunnarsson, Lina 287, TP59
Gunter, Jonas 82
Guritza, Dennis 158
Gust, Kurt A. MP84, RP215
Gustafson, David I. TP162
Gustafsson, Orjan 660
Gustainyte, Vaiva MP25
Gustavson, Karl 689
Guthmann, Sandra 333
Gutjahr-Gobell, Ruth E. TP3, RP34
Guy, Christopher P. 286, TP25
Guzmn-Garca, Xochitl MP162, RP57
Guzmn-Martnez, Mara del Carmen
704, MP68
Ha, Nguyen N. TP200
Haasch, Mary L. MP82
Habib, Tanwir 656
Habig, Cliord MP104
Haederle, Patricia RP88
Haner, Doug 212
Hafner, Christoph 632
Hafner, Sasha D. 545
Hagelstein, Karen 264
Hagen, Frank L. 131
Hagstrom, K. Rebecca 49
Hahn, Leighanne 239
Hahn, Mark E. MP36
Hahn, Simeon MP178
Hakes, Dan WP175
Hakes, Daniel 398
Hala, David N. MP54, WP137 WP141,
WP148
Halbrook, Richard 477
Halden, Norm WP16
Halden, Rolf U. WP125
Halder, Marlies 631, 637, RP82
Hale, Bev TP80
Hale, Beverley TP189
Hale, Lisa A. WP25
Hale, Rob RP195
Hale, Robert C., 189, 389, 622, WP208
Hale, Sarah WP192
Haley, Mark V. MP97
Halfhide, Trina 612
Hall, Andrew 623
Hall, Rosemary 376
Hall, Scott 185
Hall, Tilghman 115, 116, 232, 236, 237
Hallanger, Ingeborg G. MP22
Hallanger, Ingeborg H. TP165
Halog, Anthony B. 331
Halstead, Neal 305, 556
Halvorson, William L. 171
Hamilton, Andrew W. 49, 50
Hamissou, Mijitaba RP3
Hammer, Katherine A. 85
Hammers, Heather R. 740, MP39
Hammerschmidt, Chad R. 721, MP160,
MP163, WP27, RP126
Hampton, Steve 178
Han, Xing 200
Han, Xiumei TP40, TP42, TP43
Han, Young Ji TP99
Hanai, Yoshimichi 624
Hancock, Boze 524
Hannah, Bob 292
Hanno, Katsumasa MP47
Hansen, James 616, MP103, MP180,
RP14, RP18
Hanson, Mark L. TP34, RP12
Hanson, William WP204
Hao, Li TP81
Harada, Tomotaka MP46
Harbourt, Christopher M. 706
Hardesty, Doug RP100
Hardesty, Doug G. TP180
Hardesty, Doug K. TP81
Hardesty, Douglas 66
Hardiman, Gary 50
Harding, Juliana M. MP20
Hare, Jonathan 711
Harestad, Alton 481
Harino, H. MP150
Harman, Charles TP48
Harmon, Sarah M. TP188
Harms, Jane RP220
Harper, Heather RP138
Harper, John 38
Harper, Stacey L. 280
Harrad, Stuart TP133, RP176, RP188
Harrington, Laura 594
Harris, Craig 580
Harris, Jim 73
Harris, Megan 517
Hart, A. 35
Hart, Kathy TP160
Hart, Kimberly WP176, WP177
Hartig, Phillip C. 119
Hartmann, Jennifer MP111
Harvey, Ellen 189, 622, RP195
Harvey, Gregory TP217
Harvey, Jim 429
Harwood, Amanda RP5
Hasintha, Chamari 653
Hatch, Walter I. 700
Hateld, Tomas 398, WP83, WP175
Hateld, Tomas L. MP165
Hattink, Jasper 445
Hatzinger, Paul B. 130
Hauschild, Michael Z. 11, 13, WP18
Hausler, Robert 368
Havens, Sonya 190
Haver, Darren TP183
Hawari, Jalal 130, 132, RP207
Hawkes, Tony 110, 111
Hawkins, Amy 221, TP53, TP85
Hawthorne, Steve TP76
Hay, Ashley 479, RP212
Hayase, Daisuke WP10
Hayes, M. P. MP96
Hayes, Sharon 429
Hayes, Tomas 600
Hayes, Tyrone B. 647
Haynes, Lesli RP199
Hayton, Alan 153
Hayton, W. L. 24
Haywood, Carlton 531
Hazra, Asit MP172
He, Bin 160, 243
He, Li-Ming (Lee) 274
Head, Jessica A. MP36
Headley, John V. TP38, TP46
Heath, L W (Doc) 75
Heatley, John RP17
Heavisides, Tom 435
Heberling, Matthew T. 420
Hecht, Scott A. 110, 111
Heck, Phil 359
Hecker, Markus 142, 392, MP45,
WP14, WP20, TP35,
Hedge, Joan M. WP127
Hedman, Curtis 190
Heernan, James W. 30, 31
Heggestad, Arnold D. 19
Heijungs, Reinout 10, 11, 13, 16, 332
Heim, Wes RP194
Heimbach, Fred 327, 708
Heimstad, Eldbjrg S. MP22
Heinz, Gary 513
Heinze, John 264
Heithmar, Edward 727
Helbing, Caren 43, 739, MP78, MP87
Hellou, Jocelyne 140, 415, MP23
Hellweg, Stefanie 679, 333
Helm, Paul A. 153, 156, MP131,
RP146, RP187
Helsel, Dennis 412
Hemistad, Eldbjorg S. TP165
Hemmer, Becky L. TP14
Hemmer, Michael MP34
Hemming, Jocelyn 190
Hemming, Jon M. 551, WP49, MP90
Hendershot, Karissa MP187
Henderson, James 593
Henderson, Sheldon 54
Hendley, Paul 706, 324
Hendricks, Jerry 722
Hendrickson, Chris T. 424, 505
Hennes, Steven K. 63
Henrickson, Lynsi WP57
Henry, Betsy 502, 695
Henry, Charles 147
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Henry, Kevin 108
Henry, Michael S. 605, RP200
Henry, Tala 134, 206, MP176
Henshel, Diane S. MP177, RP155
Henson-Ramsey, Heather 345, TP83
Hentges, Stephen 255
Hermansson, Malte 287
Hermens, Joop 632
Hernandez, Victor MP74
Hernandez-Roeder, Kathryn WP89
Hernando, Maria 206
Hernndez-Calderas, Irma MP162
Herodes, Koit MP153
Herrington, Karen MP90, WP49
Herrington, R. MP100, MP101, MP102
Herscher, Megan RP142
Herve, Jessica C. MP33, WP229
Herzke, Dorte MP22, TP165
Hess, Alison A. 76
Hess, Cheryl 526
Hess, Scott 359
Hester, Mark W. RP11
Hettiarachchi, Ganga M. 260
Heyes, Andrew TP16, WP213
Hicks, Joshua RP68
Hicks, Keegan TP127
Hida, Yoshifumi MP154
Hiemenz, Greg 569
Hiers, Tim 366
Higgins, Christopher P. WP125
Higgins, Leann MP34
Higley, Eric B.142, TP35
Hilber, Isabel 501
Hilborn, Elizabeth D. 641
Hildebrand, Jennifer RP42
Hill, Jeanette 635, RP82
Hillis, Derek G. 560
Hillwalker, Wendy 154, 336
Hilton, Jessica WP213
Hinck, Jo Ellen TP2
Hintelmann, Holger 343, TP101,
TP109
Hinther, Ashley MP78
Hinton, David E. 21, 631, RP62
Hinz, Scott 531
Hirai, Narisato 638, TP32, WP144
Hirano, Seishiro 87
Hirata, Yoshiko WP144
Hites, R. A. 643
Hites, Ronald A. 3
Hladik, Michelle L. TP182
Ho, Kay T. MP18, MP118, MP122,
RP95
Hoang, Tam C. 259, 606, 609, TP52,
RP203
Hobbie, Kevin A. RP112
Hobbs, Richard J. 172
Hodaly, Al RP32
Hodson, Peter V. 743, 633, 440,
MP144, TP20, WP10, RP128
Ho, Dale J. 226, TP89
Homann, Ary WP34
Homann, Michael R. 397, 399,
WP158, WP164, WP170
Hofmann, Diana TP163
Hogstrand, Christer 125
Hoh, Eunha 58
Hokanson, Dave 298
Hoke, Robert A. RP40, WP64, WP80
Holden, Patricia A. TP82, TP121
Holdway, Douglas MP74
Holem, Ryan R. MP135, WP206
Holland, A. Fred 431
Hollander, Anne MP121
Hollert, Henner 142, TP35
Holloman, Erica L. TP8, RP185
Holm, Jennifer 303
Holm, Peter E. WP18
Holm, Stewart 594,TP74, WP40,
WP41, RP106, RP107
Holmes, Catherine M. TP12
Holmes, Christopher TP64
Holmes, James 435
Holmes, John WP113
Holoubek, Ivan 203
Holsen, Tomas M. 339
Holstege, Dirk M. 95
Holt, Andrew TP155
Holten Ltzhft, Hans-Christian RP186
Hommen, Udo 327
Homsher, Michael T. RP189
Honda, Rubens T. MP64, MP65
Honegger, Joy L. 112, 116,TP162,
RP76
Hong, Eun-Jin TP100
Hong, Jinglan 330, 666
Honjo, Tsuneo RP33
Hoogeweg, Gerco 726
Hook, S. E. 24
Hooper, Michael 72, RP24
Hooper, Mike J. 482
Hooth, Michelle 598
Hopkins, William A. 391
Hopton, Matthew E. 420
Horai, Sawako TP200, WP10
Horak, Katherine TP219, RP163
Horgan, Brian P. 365
Horiguchi, Toshihiro MP150
Horii, Yuichi 661, WP166, RP125
Horn, Charles N. TP215
Hornaday, Chuck 223
Hornberger, Michelle WP106
Hornbuckle, Keri C. 5, 6, 536, MP199,
RP159, RP160, RP161
Horner, Jennifer RP69
Hornung, Michael W. 634.TP89
Horowitz, Doranne B. TP1, RP34
Horst, Allison M. TP82
Horvath, Arpad 670, 509
Horwitz, Richard RP123
Hotchkiss, Doug WP90, RP149, RP170
Hou, Axin 149
Houde, Magali 103
Houillon, Gregory 674
Houjou, Toshiaki MP46
Houle, James 578
Hourston, Roy 664
Hovel, Wendy R. 139, RP50
Hoverman, Jason T. 305, 556
Howard, Angela S. 508
Howard, Cynthia L. 36, MP26, MP70,
WP89
Howard, Joniqua 612
Howard, Philip H. 547, 603, 713 198
Howarth, Deanna L. 21
Howell, Todd MP131
Hower, James C. RP111
Hradecky, Kimberly MP172
Hristova, Krassimira MP9
Hu, Dingfei 5, RP160
Huang, Charlie WP219
Huang, Qingguo WP163
Huang, Yue-wern 307
Huber, Rachel 2
Huddleston, George M. RP17
Huddleston, M. WP98
Hudson, Traci C. RP29
Hudson-Edwards, K. A. 627
Huggett, Duane, MP54, MP123,
TP37, WP116, WP126, WP137,
WP140, WP141, WP148, RP4
Hughes, Jamie P. RP100
Huijbregts, Mark 11, 12, 13, 355
Hull, Matt 82
Hull, Ruth N. 441
Humbert, Sebastien 13, 15, 426, 625,
670, 675, RP165
Humphries, Sue 448
Hungerbhler, Konrad 249, 395, 530,
RP167
Hunt, Jennifer 344, RP194
Hunt, John W. 583, MP88
Hunter, Ed WP69
Huntley, Steve 594
Huppes, Gjalt 10
Hurdzan, Christopher 251
Hutcheson, Michael S. 362
Huther, Bruce TP4
Hutton, Richard WP133
Hwang, Hyun-Min RP115
Hwang, Kum-Lok WP138
Hyland, Katherine C. 193
Iannuzzi, Timothy 413,436, 685, WP80
Iavicoli, Ivo RP173
Ichikawa, Gary RP194
Iguchi, Taisen TP32, TP50
Ikehata, Kaori WP144
Ikemoto, Tokutaka RP119
Ikonomou, Michael G. 43
Imaeda, Daisuke MP120
Impellitteri, Christopher A. 85
Incardona, John 552, 744
Indest, Karl J. 132
Ingersoll ,Christopher G 6, 68, 70, 71,
165, 225, 575, RP99, RP100,
RP102, TP81, TP180, TP181,
TP182
Ingersoll, TP81, TP182
Ingle, Taylor M. 184
Ingram, Lynn RP48
Ings, Jennifer MP80
Inlander, Ethan M. TP214
Inouye, Laura S. 128, 129, 652, TP185
Ireland, Scott RP102
Irvine, Cameron 374
Irving, Paul 114, 34
Irving, Scott 71
Isaacson, Carl TP122
Ishikawa, Toshiyuki WP10
Ishiwata, Kazuya WP17
Isobe, Tomohiko WP177, RP175
Ivey, Chris D. 70, 165, 225
Iwanowicz, Luke R. 286, TP25
Iwata, Hisato MP120
Jskelinen, Heidi MP148
Jablokow, Kathryn W. TP179
Jablonowski, Nicolai D. TP163
Jackson, Andrew TP217
Jackson, Brian P. 403
Jackson, Catriona MP134
Jackson, Derek A. RP127
Jackson, Dustin WP25
Jackson, Laura E. 641
Jacobs, Lucinda A. MP181
Jacoby, Cli 489, TP141
Jaensch, Stephan 346
Jahns, Nathan D. 285
Jain, Vaibhav 335
James, Susan 37, MP27
Jamka, Leslie 126, MP98
Jammallo, Joseph WP183
Janaskie, Justin MP190
Janex-Habibi, Marie-Laure WP128
Janney, Phillip K. RP136
Jansen, P. 124
Janssen, Elisabeth M. 497
Janta-Koszuta, Krystyna TP126, TP177
Jantunen, Liisa M. 4, 663, MP112
Janz, David M. MP79, TP13, WP14
Jarvis, Andrew 101
Jasinski, Mary TP156
Jaward, Foday M. 7
Jenkins, Je 336
Jenkins, Jerey J. RP136
Jenkins, Kenneth D. 432, 642, WP2
Jenner, Karen RP147
Jennifer, Voorhees WP43
Jennings, Stuart 174
Jenny, Matthew J. MP63
Jensen, A. L. TP29
Jensen, Allan WP130
Jensen, Frank WP130
Jensen, Karen S. WP18
Jensen, Kathleen M. 25, 376, MP35,
MP37, TP6, RP96
Jensen, Peter 323
Jerscheid, Jennifer WP196
Jessick, Ashley M. TP57
Jessup, David RP222
Jestel, Ethan MP20
Jeyaratnam, Jonathan 720
Ji, Hezhe RP190
Ji, Kyunghee MP41
Jiang, Guibin 160, 243, MP15
Jiang, Weiying 271
Jiao, Wentao TP144, TP147, TP148
Jiapizian, Paul B. WP87
Jimnez-Martnez, Irma MP162
Jing, Li TP148
Jinglan, Hong 674
Jo, Hun-Je WP7, WP21
Joel, Baker E. 496
Johanning, Karla 635, RP82
Johansson, Angelica MP31
John, Hunt WP43
Johns, Mike 681
Johns, Sonia M. MP56
Johnson, Alan R. TP7
Johnson, Andrew C. 292
Johnson, Brenda M. TP7, WP58, RP72,
RP196
Johnson, Charles G. WP62
Johnson, David R. 128, 129, 213, 257,
MP99, TP202, RP59
Johnson, Eric 507
Johnson, Heather D. WP83
Johnson, Jameka 585, RP70
Johnson, Jeery RP101
Johnson, Lyndal L.439, WP92
Johnson, Mark G. 87, 476
Johnson, Mark S. 574, TP85, RP206,
RP208, RP215, RP217,
Johnson, Michael WP204
Johnson, Nathan W. 342
Johnson, Phillip TP209
Johnson, Rebecca 635
Johnson, Rodney D. MP82, TP32
Johnson, Roxanne L. MP18
Johnson, Scott 45
Johnson, Timothy MP152
Johnson-Restrepo, Boris TP136, RP177
Johnston, John J. 267, TP219, RP163
Jolliet, Olivier 11, 13, 330, 426, 625,
666, 674, TP168, RP165, RP172
Joly, Myrianne RP207
Jones, Alan J. TP125
Jones, Andy 676
Jones, Brenda WP85
Jones, Frank A. MP173
Jones, Jack 657
356 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Jones, Kevin C. 1, 101, 199, 401, 530,
660, MP121, TP112, RP109,
RP164,
Jones, Patricia MP168
Jones, Paul D. 392, 516, MP33, MP45,
MP135, TP144, TP147, TP148,
WP210, WP229
Jones, Robert P. TP185
Jones, Ron 724
Jones, Stephanie P. MP33, MP36
Jones-Lepp, Tammy WP112
Jonker, M. 730
Jonsson, Per 161
Jordan, Aprile RP143
Jordan, Martha WP226
Jordan, William C. TP103
Jorens, Philippe G. 379, RP192
Jorge, Marianna B. TP31
Joshi, Dhanashree RP222, RP224
Judd, Laura WP86
Julias, Christine WP132
Julius, Matthew L. TP30
Jung, Dawoon RP61
Jung, Jinho WP7, WP21
Jung, Kwang-Yong TP100
Jung, Myung-Pyo TP186, TP70
Juraske, Ronnie 14
Kaattari, Stephen 59
Kacinski, Michael 360
Kaenzig, Josef 674
Kagami, Yoshihiro WP144
Kahl, Michael D. 25, 464, MP35,
MP37, TP6, RP96
Kahler, Jennifer TP152
Kain, Don WP113
Kalinin, Ana L. RP47
Kalkbrenner, Nicole 175
Kalkho, Steven J. 712
Kalla, Peter 245
Kallarakavumkal Tomas, Jith TP13
Kaminski, Laurel A. 210
Kammen, Daniel M. 676
Kamp, Lisa 382
Kamunde, Collins WP11, WP12
Kan, Jinjun 219
Kan, Sun Young TP99
Kane, Andrew S. TP60
Kane, Michael D. MP56
Kane Driscoll, Susan B. MP89
Kang, Hak-Gu TP100
Kang, Ik Joon RP33
Kannan, K. 487, WP17
Kannan, Kurunthachalam 297 661,
MP152, TP136, TP144, WP114,
WP176, WP177, RP125, RP139
RP177
Kannappan, Vijayavel 699
Kapo, Katherine WP77
Kapustka, Lawrence 349, 568
Kara, Yvonne 451
Karch, Nate RP106
Karey, Emma L. RP134
Karlen, David J. RP197
Karnjanapiboonwong, Adcharee 209,
WP117
Karunanithi, Arunprakash T. 420
Kashian, Donna 459
Kashiwada, Shosaku 83, MP59, MP61
Kassai, Hirohumi WP147
Katsumiti, Alberto WP31
Katuki, Shota WP144
Katz, Lynn 342
Kaufman, Scott 419
Kavanagh, Richard TP41, TP46
Kawaguchi, Tomo 83
Kawano, Atsushi 633
Kay, Denise P. MP135, WP68, WP84,
WP206, WP218, WP222,
WP223, WP228
Ke, Pu-chun 86
Keatley, Bronwyn TP211
Keil, David TP123
Keir, Mike WP102
Keiter, Steen 142
Keller, Jennifer M. 490, 658,WP174,
RP150
Kelley, Kevin M. 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53,
MP48
Kelley, Mark D. TP151
Kelly, Joel A. TP120
Kemble, Nile E. 70, TP180, TP181,
TP182, RP99, RP100
Kendall, Ronald J. 208, MP193
Kennedy, Al 150
Kennedy, Alan J. 82, MP12
Kennedy, Amuel WP88
Kennedy, Christopher J. RP42
Kennedy, Jane 413
Kennedy, Sean W. MP33, MP36, MP49,
MP195, MP196, WP210, WP222,
WP229
Kennedy, Sharilyn J. WP102
Kennedy, Susan 72
Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne TP83
Kennicutt, Mahlon C. 586
Kent, Rebecca 538
Kenyon, William WP93
Kern, John W. 76
Kestemont, Patrick WP15
Kevin, Armbrust 47
Key, Peter 268, TP9
Khan, Bushra 97
Khan, Ikhlas A. MP129
Khan, Nuzhat WP71
Khim, Jong Seong 516, TP144, TP147,
TP148
Khim, Jongseong MP135
Kiah, Richard 66
Kibbbey, H. WP50
Kidd, Karen 103, 166, 466, 549
Kiefer, Lynda A. 158
Kielack, Oliver TP84
Kierkegaard, Amelie 472, WP121,
RP129, RP130
Kierski, Mike TP152
Kiker, Greg 687
Kim, Anne WP88
Kim, Byung-sok RP41
Kim, Eunhee WP7
Kim, Gun-Bae TP100
Kim, Hyeong-Woo RP118
Kim, J. 24
Kim, Jeong Ha MP43
Kim, Ji Won MP10
Kim, Jongbum 687
Kim, Jungkon RP39
Kim, Kyoung-Woong TP201
Kim, Kyung-Tae MP53
Kim, Moon-Kyung TP97
Kim, Sangdon MP113
Kim, Seung-Tae TP70, TP186
Kim, Sooyeon MP132
Kim, Sung Rak TP99
Kim, Won-Seok MP147
Kim, Yoon Kwan RP145
Kim, Young-Joong TP70, TP186
Kim, Younghee MP53, TP100
Kimmel, Tricia WP174
Kimpe, Linda WP135
Kimpe, Linda E. RP162
Kimpe, Lynda WP143
King, Kerensa A. RP20, RP24, RP25
King, Morgan TP91, TP127
King, Ryan S. WP53
Kipper, Karin MP153
Kirby, Jason K. 260
Kirby, M. MP44
Kirk, Barton 427
Kirkbride, Gregory B. RP6
Kirkpatrick, Barbra RP200
Kiser, Tim S. RP14
Kivrakdal, Asu RP45
Klaine, S. J. 186
Klaine, Stephen J. 86, 136, 371, 437,
446, 563, MP4, MP11, TP21,
TP117, TP125, WP142, WP190
Klassen, Parry 363
Klawunn, P. MP116
Klecka, Gary 255
Klein, Andrew 586, RP169
Klerides, Demetrios WP79
Klerks, Paul WP15
Klerks, Paul L. TP164
Klinck, Joel S. 163, 170
Klosterhaus, Susan 8
Knapen, Dries 26, RP91
Knapp, Charles W. 731, 742
Knaup, Wolfgang WP160, WP161
Knight, Brendan TP62
Knight, C. WP50
Knight, Peter MP187
Knightes, Christopher 302
Knoebl, Iris 551, MP52
Knopper, Loren WP220
Knox, Anna S. 222, 500
Ko, Young Wook MP43
Kocerha, Jannet 19
Koch, Iris WP220, MP134, RP153
Koch, Volker WP160, WP161
Kochhann, Daiani RP13
Koehler, Annette -. 333, 14 679
Koelmans, Albert A. 201, 548, TP113
Koelmans, Bart 12, 486, WP181,
WP191
Kogame, Toshiaki MP41
Kolakowski, Jan E. RP209
Kolodziej, Edward P. MP143
Kolok, Alan S. 194, 284, 289
Kolpin, Dana W. 719
Komjarova, Irina 445
Konstantinov, Alex 8
Kppchen, Stephan TP163
Korte, Joseph J. RP23, RP26
Korytr, Peter 486
Koshio, Masaaki 638, TP32
Kosian, Patricia A. RP23
Kostich, Mitch TP63
Kostich, Mitchell 645, RP95
Kotani, Takashi RP19
Koutsospyros, Agamemnon 127
Kovach, Margaret J. TP213
Kovach, Matt 458, WP32
Kovar, Katerina RP36
Kowalska, Ewa 595
Krabbenhoft, D. TP107
Krack, Susannah TP91
Kraege, Don WP226
Kramer, Kirsten E. 365
Kramer, Nynke 632, 200
Krause, Rachelle MP74
Krausmann, Je 74
Kravitz, Michael 347
Kreider, Marisa 369, RP131
Kreitinger, Joseph 408
Kress, Nurit 341
Kress, Steve 178
Krest, Sherry K. MP187
Krishnappan, B. 310
Kristiansson, Erik TP59, RP93
Kroetsch, James T. WP81
Kroger, Robert 579
Krogmann, Uta TP210
Kroll, Kevin J. 19, 122, 551, 741,
MP61, MP71, RP58, RP202
Krueger, Hank WP67
Krger, Robbie RP67
Kubitz, Jody 138
Kubota, Reiji MP119, WP110, WP119
Kucklick, John 658, WP209, RP150
Kudile, Sara WP93
Kueltz, Dietmar MP86
Kuivela, Kathryn WP43
Kuivila, Kathryn M. 273, TP180,
TP181, TP182
Kukkonen, Jussi V. 277, WP193,
WP195
Kullman, Seth W. 21
Kulmatycki, Preston 383
Kumagai, Michio WP10
Kumar, Naresh RP160
Kumar, Rajeev 293
Kume, Gen WP33
Kumfer, Benjamin M. MP9
Kunisue, Tatsuya MP120, TP136,
RP125, RP141
Kunz, James L. 70, 165, 225, RP99
Kuperman, Roman G. RP207, RP209,
RP210
Kurata, Takahiro MP154
Kurt-Karakus, Perihan 660
Kurunthachalam, Senthil Kumar
WP155, WP156
Kuykindall, Tunishia 185
Kuzyk, Zou Zou 683
Kwadijk, Christiaan 486
Kwak, Inn-Sil RP81
Kwok, Karen Y. 297
Kwon, Jeong-Wook 47, WP118
Kwon, Jung-Hwan 456, 750
Kwon, Seokjoon 217, 498, WP197
Kwon, Tae-Dong RP41
Kylin, Henrik MP200
La Guardia, Mark J. 189, 622, RP195
La Point, Tomas W. TP12, WP109,
WP116, WP148
Laarman, Anno WP180
Laban, Geo TP118
Labenia, Jana 552
Lachmuth, Cara WP205
LaFiandra, Emily M. RP206, RP208,
RP217
Lagalante, Anthony TP130
LaGuardia, Mark WP208
Lahousse, Mieke 37
Lai, F.Y. WP171
Laird, Brian 169, 213
Lake, James RP198
Lam, Juleen 275
Lam, Paul K. 487, TP149, WP171
Lam, Paul K.S. 297, WP166
Lambright, Christy MP142
Lamerdin, Cassandra RP194
Lammer, Eva 639
Lamothe, Paul L. WP105
Lamp, William O. TP51
Lampert, David 407
Lance, Richard F. MP84
Landa, Edward R. MP92, MP94
Landers, Dixon H. 430
Landis, Richard 340
Landis, Wayne G. 79, 210, 230, 573
Lane, Diana MP183
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 357
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Langdon, Chris 697
Lange, Cleston C. 299
Langefeld, Michelle L. MP171
Lanno, Roman 250, 251, 263, TP77
Lanno, Roman P. RP209
Lao, Wenjian WP186
Lapczynski, Aurelia RP147
Lapen, David 254
Lara-Martn, Pablo Antonio 566
Largay, Bryan 583
LaRosa, Paul 494
Larsen, Dan 584
Larson, Wendy 532
Larsson, D.G.Joakim 287, TP59, RP93
Larzelere, Rebecca MP18
Lasso, Carlos A. TP106
Latimer, Henry 224
Lattier, David 645
Laukens, Kris 26
Laurent, Kevin W. WP217
Lautenbach, Daniel J. RP171
Lavado, Ramon 621, RP35
LaVelle, James 438
Laviolette, Carieanne MP172
Lavoie, Daniel R. RP101
Lavoie, Emma T. 421, 483, 650,
WP212, TP160
Law, Sheran H. 21
Law, Sheryl WP5, MP188
Lawrence, John R. 303
Laws, Edward 149
Laws, Susan C. TP3
Lawson, Andrew 628
Lawuyi, Richard F. WP66
Layshock, Julie 2
Lazar, Najih 524
Lazorchak, James M. 85, 226, 276, 471,
557, 645, MP142, TP63, TP172,
TP173, WP56
Leadley, Todd TP49
Lean, David TP101, TP109
Lean, David R. 244, 247, TP98, RP108
Leary, Jill 439
Leasure, Charles W. TP190
Leather, Jim 219
Leatherland, John WP57
Lebeuf, Michel MP144, WP102
LeBlanc, Gerald A. WP111
Ledin, Anna RP186
Lee, Bill MP49
Lee, Byung-Tae TP201
Lee, Carolyn 587, WP63
Lee, Chulwoo MP53
Lee, Cindy M. TP23
Lee, Denny RP42
Lee, Henry TP218
Lee, Holly WP165
Lee, Jae-Seong 40, 120
Lee, Jean 220
Lee, Joon-Ho TP70, TP186
Lee, Jung-sub TP100
Lee, Kiara M. 312
Lee, Linda S. 93, 97, MP142
Lee, Lucy E. 632, 633
Lee, Peter F. TP187
Lee, Seung Muk TP99
Lee, Shiwoo 280
Lee, Sung Kyu MP10
Lee, Sunhong MP113
Lee, Wen-Yee 9, MP107, MP156
Lee, Young-Min TP97
Lee, Yung-Shan 546
Leeson, Andrea 402
Leet, Jessica K. TP213
LeFevour, Mary Kay 179
Lefkovitz, Lisa 684, TP73
Leer, Jennifer L. 61
Leftwich, Blair D. MP193
Lega, Rocsana RP146
Lehmann, Adam 557
Lehotay, Steven J. 58
Leicher, Torsten 351
Leifsson, P. S. TP29
Leingartner, Karen WP220
Leith, Katherine 707, RP74, RP75
Leland, Ivy RP23
Lembi, Carole TP28
Lenoir, Hilda I. WP139
Leon Guerrero, Walter 702
Leonard, Erin M. 167
Lonard, Marc 631
Leonards, Pim 137
Leslie, McDaniel N. WP216
Lester, D. 550
Letcher, Robert J. 105, 480, MP196,
WP201,
Leung, Maxwell 22, RP65
Leunk, Anneke RP223
Lev, Steven M. MP92, MP94, MP95
Leva, Sally E. RP73
Leven, Blase 126, MP98
Levi-Polyachenko, Nicole 180
Levin, Milton RP221, RP222, RP224
Levine, Jay TP83
Levine, Laura WP197
Levine, Steven L. 112, WP221
Levings, Sally TP87
Lewars, Errol MP127
Lewis, Aurana N. MP109
Lewis, Ceri 309
Lewis, Michael 429
Lewis, Mike TP95
Li, Hongcheng MP15
Li, Hongxia 254, 156, 380, MP131,
TP156
Li, Liang 123
Li, Lu 160
Li, Peng 655, WP171, RP225
Li, Xiangdong 473
Li, Xiaolin 91, 566
Liang, Chun 654
Liber, Karsten 404, TP39, TP43, TP45,
TP129, WP14, WP20
Liebens, Johan RP120
Ligouis, Bertrand RP110
Likens, Jason W. 629
Lillenberg, Merike MP153
Lillicrap, Adam 631
Lim, Jinhwan RP155
Lim, K. 239
Lim, Mong Hoo 581
Lima, Lazaro 731
Lin, Kunde 271
Lin, Youjian WP61
Lindberg, Jon WP75
Lindberg-Livingston, Annelie 118, RP23
Linder, Greg 518, 568, 570
Lindstrom, Andrew B. 295, 296, 298
Lindstrom, Kent R. 489
Link, Jane WP210
Link, William A. 386
Linkov, Igor 281,667,687, 689
Linthurst, Rick 428
Linton, Tyler K. 226, RP51
Lipton, Josh 448
Lipton, Joshua MP183
Lira, Felipe MP65
Lisa, Melymuk RP176
Lister, Andrea WP124
Little, Edward E.265, 460, 570, 616,
MP103, RP18
Liu, Charlene TP123
Liu, Guangliang 245, 248
Liu, Huijun RP156
Liu, Jingfu 160, 243
Liu, Jinxia WP169
Liu, Li 703
Liu, Ming Cheng RP58
Liu, Wei MP15
Liu, Y. 24
Lizotte, Richard E. RP67
Llaneza, Veronica 188
Lobenhofer, E. MP44
Lockard, Laura 218
Loes, Timothy G. TP30
Loes II, Tim G. 285
Lohmann, Rainer 1, 155, MP122,
TP73, RP164
Long, Monique K. 84, MP2, MP3
Loor, Talia 315
Lopez, Elena M. 475
Lopez, Emma WP167, WP178
Lpez-Lpez, Francisco MP162
Lopez de Alda, Miren 378
Lord, Sarah I. 390
Lorenzatto, Karina R. RP13
Losada, Sara 107
Loseto, Lisa RP132
Lotufo, Gui R. MP84
Lotufo, Guilherme 133, 615, MP99,
TP79, TP134, WP107
Loudon, James E. WP216
Loudon, Jennifer TP210
Loureiro, Susana 350
Lovelace, Susan 431
Loveridge, Albert R. RP6
Lowe, Christopher 739, MP146
Lowe, Edgar F. 176, WP182
Lozano, Nuria 467
Lu, Guan 51
Lu, Hai WP61
Lu, Jie RP128
Lu, XiaoXia 216, 407
Lu, Yonglong TP144, TP147, TP148
Lu, Yuefeng 498
Lubcke-von Varel, Urte TP35
Ludwig, David 436, 685
Luebcke-Von Varel, Urte 142
Luek, Jenna L. MP200
Luellen, Drew 189, WP208
Luey, Pamela J. TP73
Lukasewycz, Marta T. WP74
Luke, Nai-chia TP123, WP79, WP131,
WP132
Luna, M. MP101, MP100, MP102
Lund, Eiliv 294
Luo, Dexin 510
Luo, Jing 89
Luoma, Samuel 164
Luoma, Samuel N. 231, 282, 497
Luthy, Richard G. 488, 497
Luttik, R. 35
Luxon, Matt WP101
Lydy, Michael J. 141, 272, MP114,
MP124, MP125, WP194, RP5,
RP16,
Lyles, Venetia D. 262
Lynch, Katherine 552
Lynn, John RP9
Lyon, Greg S. MP140
Ma, Jing 661
Ma, Qingli 275
Ma, Wai K. TP66, TP68
Ma, Xin 276, TP122
Mabury, Scott 490
Mabury, Scott A. 105, 293, 300,
TP145, WP157, WP162, WP165,
WP172, WP173, RP127,
Macauley, John M. 144
MacCormack, Tyson 123
MacCoy, Dorene TP90
MacDonald, Donald D. 68, 70, 71,
RP102
Macdonald, Robie W. RP162
MacDonald, Tracey 31
MacDuee, Misty 480
Mace, Elizabeth 176
MacFarlane, John RP63
MacGillivray, A. R. 291
MacGregor, Robert RP36
Mach, Carl WP78
MacHutchon, Allison WP167
MacInnis, Gordia TP132, RP132
Maciorowski, Anthony F. 214
Mackay, Chris 636, WP149
Mackay, Don 244, 533, 534, 547,
MP169
Mackay, Donad 529
Macke, Dana 557, TP172, RP21
Macken, Dean 5
Mackereth, Rob W. TP187
MacKinnon, Michael TP43, TP46
MacLatchy, Deborah L. 620, MP141
MacLeod, Matthew 204, 249, 395, 530,
RP164, RP167
Macleod, Shaylynn MP23
MacLeod, Sherri L. 288, WP180
MacManus-Spencer, Laura A. 488
Macneale, Kate 113
MacNeil, Joseph RP134
MacPhail, Ruth WP12
MacPherson, Maximillian RP219
MacPherson, Nancy 43
Maddalena, Randy L. 537
Mader, Brian T. 397, 399, WP158,
WP164, WP170
Mader, Paul 501
Madison, Rachel K. MP86
Madler, Lutz TP82
Madrigal-Bujaidar, Eduardo WP23
Madsen, Torben 198
Maendly, Romain 15
Magar, Victor 312, WP197
Magcwebeba, Tandeka U. 196
Mager, Edward MP40
Maginnis, Christina M. 230
Maidrand, Mitch 374
Main, William P. 701
Mainor, Matt 189
Mair, David 493
Maizel, Andrew MP110
Majcherek, Tamara TP183
Makino, Masakazu MP145
Makynen, Elizabeth A. 25, MP35,
MP37, TP6
Malinsky, Michelle D. 489
Mallett, Tony MP167
Mallory, Mark TP211, RP156, RP162
Malpas, J. G. 627
Maltby, Lorraine 708
Mancini, Amanda TP127
Mann, Roger MP20
Manning, Steve WP13
Manock, John J. RP179
Mao, Yuxiang 248
March, Raymond E. 400, MP127
Marchand, Marcelle 205
Marcum, Teddy 438, WP132
Marek, Rachel F. MP199
Marentette, Julie R. RP1
Maret, Terry TP90
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Margni, Manuele 11, 14, 426, RP165,
RP169, RP172
Margolis, Amy RP50
Markarian, Ralph 138
Markham, Sara E. RP197
Markiewicz, April J. 573
Marklevitz, Stephen 140, MP23
Marovich, Rich 240
Marshall, Allison MP90
Marshall, Julian 13, 625
Marshall, Stephen WP34
Martel, Louis TP205
Martin, Brian MP90
Martin, Jonathan W. 388, 395, MP198,
TP40, TP42, TP43, TP143,
TP149, TP155, WP179, WP180
Martin, Leah TP155
Martin, Marquan MP138
Martin, Pamela A. 388, 478, MP138,
WP200
Martinez, Andres 5, MP199, RP159,
RP160, RP161
Martinez, Jerahme RP56
Martinez Bueno, Maria Jesus 96
Martinez-Jeronimo, Fernando 732
Martinovi, Dalma 25, 464, MP35,
MP37, MP142, TP6, TP56, RP96
Martins, Camila M. TP31
Martins, Samantha E. TP31
Martyniuk, Christopher J. 122. 741,
MP50, MP52
Maruya, Keith 45, 46, 47, 53, WP186
RP146
Marvin, Chris H. 106, 153, TP132,
RP132
Marzolf, Erich R. 176, WP182
Maschio, Jociele WP31
Mash, Heath WP115, WP136
Mashoko, Livison 680
Mason, Edward 337
Massey, J. 270
Masson, Greg 567, MP175
Mastovska, Katerina 58
Mastrota, Nicholas WP217
Masunaga, Shigeki 624, WP156
Mathew, Rooni 542
Matousek, John J. WP206
Matson, Cole W. 745
Matsumoto, Takeru MP8
Mattes, Al MP134
Matthews, H Scott 424, 505
Matthies, Martin 199
Matthies, Michael MP121
Mattingly, Carolyn J. 736 RP92
Maughan, James T. RP6
Maul, Jonathan D. 141 209, MP13,
WP46, RP16
Maurer, Tomas 613
Mauseth, Gary S. 592
May, Christopher A. MP190
May, Tomas 68
May, Tomas A. MP182
May, Tomas W. 71
May, Tom W. 70
Mayer, Greg RP60
Mayeld, David B. RP181
Maynard, Michael 27, 28, 29, 33
Mayne, Greg J. 388
Mayo-Bean, Kelly MP176
Mazalewski, Robert TP183
Mazumder, Asit 739
Mbohwa, Charles 680
McAlees, Alan TP142, TP143
McArdle, Margaret E. MP89
McAtee, Britt 369, RP131
McAuley, Dennis J. 168
McAvoy, Drew C. 468. 550
McCarthy, Annette 561
McCarthy, Kevin J. 592, RP104
McCarthy, Melissa 180
McCarthy, Sarah 552
McCarty, Lynn S. 205, WP94
McChesney, Gerry 178
McClellan-Green, Patricia D. 703 MP1,
RP2
McClelland, Grant B. 125, MP67
McCloskey, John MP178
McConkey, Brendan TP44
McConnell, Laura 195
McCoy, Je W. TP94
McCrindle, Robert TP143, TP142
McCulloch, Wayne L. TP190
McCullough, Joy WP193, WP195
McDaniel, Les N. RP148, MP193
McDermott, Suzanne 628
McDonald, Blair 724, RP32
McDonald, Danielle WP154
McDonald, Shane D. MP136, TP179
McDonough, Kathleen 408
McElroy, Anne 201, 465, 548
McElwee, Kris 702
McFarland, Craig A. 476, RP206,
RP208, RP217
McGahan, Joseph MP159
McGaughey, Bernalyn D.115, 232, 236,
237, MP170
McGee, Meghan R. 285, 290
McGeer, James C. 452
McGeer, Jim 453, TP127
McGrath, Joy TP75
McGrath, Margaret TP217
McGroddy, Susan RP149
McGuire, Brian P. 64
McGuire, John P. 78
McGuirk, Maureen F. RP133
McInnes, Mark A. MP128
McInnis, Gordie 106
McIntosh, Stephen E. 440, TP20
McIntyre, Dennis O. 168
McIntyre, Jenifer 552
McKane, Robert 430
McKee, Jerey WP187
McKee, Lester TP108
McKee, Michael J. RP15
McKee, Michael P. TP73
McKenna, Paul RP109
McKenny, Laura 31
McKernan, Moira A. 389, WP208,
WP217
McKibbin, Rene 387
McKim, James 634
McKinney, Richard A. MP122
McKone, Tomas E. 204, 329, 509, 537
McLachlan, Michael 204, 472, 535,
536, RP129, RP130, WP121
McLachlan, Michael S. RP166
McLaughlin, Douglas 335
McLaughlin, Michael J. 260
McLellan, William WP209
McMaster, Mark E. TP24, TP62, WP44,
WP45, WP135
McMurdo, Colin MP128, TP156,
TP157, TP158
McMurry, Scott T. 728
McNaughton, Eugenia E. 231
Mcnealy, T. L. 186
McNeil, Keena 387
McNett, Debra A. WP199
McQueen, Andrew D. 577
McShea, Larry 494
Mead, Chris TP36
Mebane, Christopher 225, TP90
Medina, Victor F. 257
Meegan, S. WP78
Meentemeyer, Ross RP10
Meharg, Andrew A. 386
Mehler, W. Tyler 141
Meier, Isabel 501
Meier, John R. TP173
Meier, Michelle 580
Meighan, Michelle RP134
Meil, Jamie 673
Meiller, Jesse C. 376
Melton, Jerey 220, 221, TP53
Melvin, Steven D. 620
Melwani, Aroon RP194
Melwiki, Jenna 684
Melymuk, Lisa 714, RP187
Mendelsohn, Mark WP187
Menozzi, Richard 175
Menzie, Charles 502, 521, TP152
Merriman, Betty WP115
Metcalfe, Chris D. 156, 254, 380, 565,
717, 733, MP131,TP18, TP114,
WP122, WP123, WP129
Metcalfe, Tracy L. MP131, TP18
Meteyer, Carol U. 386
Methratta, Lisa 521
Metwally, Fathya M. RP183
Meyer, Carolyn WP2
Meyer, Cynthia A. RP197
Meyer, J. MP44
Meyer, Joel N. 22, RP65
Meyer, John 68
Meyer, John C. 71
Meyer, Joseph S. RP180
Meyer, Matthew D. 370
Meyer, Michael T. 712
Meyers, Alexander RP97
Meyers, Jennifer RP27
Meylan, Bill 547
Meylan, William 603
Miao, Aijun 182
Michael, Ryan 612
Michel, Jacqueline 147
Middelburg, Jack 137
Mierle, Greg 247, RP108
Miertz, Mark 190
Mierzykowski, Steven E. WP204
Miglino, Andrew N. 356
Mihaich, Ellen 255
Mihaich, Ellen M. WP198
Mikkelsen, Peter S. RP186
Miles, Keith 177
Millam, James R. 95
Miller, J. L. WP98
Miller, Je 374
Miller, John TP167
Miller, Ken 334, 682, WP85
Miller, Mike 374
Miller, Samantha RP223
Miller, Shelie 677
Mills, Brad 247, RP108
Mills, Gary L. TP188
Mills, L. RP34
Mills, Lesley J. TP3
Mills, Rachel E. WP216
Milsom, William WP205
Miltner, Richard J. 719
Mineau, Pierre 30, 31, 35
Minella, Lauren 185
Miracle, Ann L. 183, RP58
Miranda, Michelle 51
Misra, Sougat MP51
Miszczak, Ewa TP126, TP177
Mitani, Hiroshi MP47
Mitchell, David F. WP96
Mitchell, Gary 115
Mitchell, Katy 317, WP105
Mitchell, Michael R. RP104
Mitchell, Rebecca J. WP173
Mitchelmore, Carys L. 698, 700, TP135
Mittermuller, Suzanne 711
Miyauchi, Arisa MP8
Miyazaki, Nobuyuki WP177
Mlambo, S. 730
Mo, Hyoung-ho WP21
Moeckel, Claudia 530
Moen, Scott M. RP26
Mohamed, Mohamed H. TP38
Mohrherr, Carl J. RP120
Mohs-Davis, Jodi MP165
Mokkonen, Mika RP42
Mokry, Loretta 581
Molina, Vanessa TP7
Momplaisir, Georges-Marie 727
Mons, Margreet WP128
Montague, Brian WP217
Monteiro, Diana A. RP47
Montgomery, Cheryl R. WP183
Montory Gonzalez, Monica P. RP154
Moody, Mary 352
Mooneyham, Tabitha 720
Moore, Amber L. TP119
Moore, David W. 139, 615, 618, RP53
Moore, Dwayne R. J. 27, 28, 29, 32, 33,
116, TP86
Moore, Edward R.B. 287
Moore, Jeremy N. 392, WP68, WP218
Moore, Lindsay J. 707, RP74, RP75
Moore, Matt T. 579, 584, WP98, RP67
Moorman, Tomas B. TP57
Moors, Amanda J. 658
Morace, Jennifer 439
Moran, Patrick W. 737, TP107, TP180,
TP181, TP182
Moran, Paul 439
Moreau, Marie F. WP60
Moreira-Santos, Matilde 258
Morelli, Michael 27, 28, 29, 33
Moreno, Leopoldo A. 240
Morgan, Eric L. 155, WP25
Moriarty, Maeve RP153
Moroishi, Junya RP33
Morra, Matthew J. 729, 554
Morris, Adam D. 105, MP19
Morris, Hope E. RP36
Morris, Pamela J. 262, RP97
Morrison, Todd W. TP103, TP104,
WP64
Morrissey, Christy 394
Morrissey, Saibh 601, 602
Morrow, Agnes B. 257
Morse, Audra N. WP117
Mortensen, Anne S. MP55
Mortensen, Spencer R. 112
Moser, Bernice RP3
Mossman, Brooke T. RP219
Mottaleb, Mohammed A. 56, 384
Mount, Andrew S. 86
Mount, David R. 87, 226, RP102
Mowat, Linnea 338
Moyer, Tom MP164
Mueller, Nathaniel D. 25, MP35
Mugnai, Cristian 714, MP174
Muhammad, Nur RP21
Muir, Derek C. 103, 105, 203, 343,
490, 492, 549, 713, MP19, TP34,
TP139, TP149, WP167, WP172,
WP178
Mullee, Darren RP137
Muller, Kirsten TP44
Muller, Muller WP71
Mullican, John E. 286
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Mundali, Irene WP39
Mundy, Lukas J. MP33, MP36
Munkittrick, Kelly MP141
Munn, Mark TP90
Munns, Wayne R. 326
Murata, Satoko MP120, TP200
Murphy, Brett 54
Murphy, Cynthia J. 736
Murphy, Greg TP104, WP64
Murphy, Ian J. TP176
Murray, Jessica 2
Murray, Karen J. 88
Murray-Gulde, Cynthia RP69
Mutch, Robert D. RP105
Muttray, Annette 18
Mwangi, Joseph TP81
Myers, Anne WP173
Myers, James E. RP69
Mylius, Amy N. MP171
Myung-Chan, Ahn TP96
Naar, Jerome RP200
Nacci, Diane 326
Nace, Charles WP79
Nadal, Marti TP204, WP145, RP191
Naddy, Rami B. 450
Nadeau, Michael W. WP218, WP223,
WP228
Nadella, Sunita R. 167
Nag, Silje 215
Nagafuchi, Ken RP33
Nagai, Kenji MP46
Nagarnaik, Pranav M. 90
Nagashio, Kazuya WP147
Nagel, Andrea 531
Nagler, J. 24
Naile, Jonathan E 516, TP144, TP147,
TP148
Nain, Sukhbir RP220
Nair, Shyam 324
Nairn, B. WP189
Najar, Jennifer R. TP78
Nakagawa, Rio TP32
Nakai, Keiko MP46
Nakamura, Mitsuhide MP154
Nakamura, Yudai WP144
Nakanishi, Junko MP8
Nakano, Eliana RP54
Nakayama, Shoji F. 295, 296, 298
Nakazono, Kingo WP110
Nakles, David 408, WP185
Nallani, Gopi WP148
Nallani, Gopinath C. WP137
Nam, Jae Jak 660
Namboodiri, Vasu 557
Namestnik, Scott 175
Nash, Maliha 727
Nasu, Kazuaki 638
Nathan, De Haan RP223
Nations, Shawna L. 84
Navarro, Divina Angela G. TP116
Navarro, Lisa T. 470
Navon, Daria 315
Ndiaye, Adama 336
Neal, Andrea C. TP82
Nealson, Kenneth 219
Nedo, Judith TP74
Needham, Larry 203
Neels, Hugo 379, 107, TP133, WP120,
RP188, RP192
Neely, Benjamin 262
Neely, Rob 688
Ne, Jerry 42
Neheli, Tannis MP49
Nei, Lembit MP153
Neigh, Arianne M. 283, MP17
Nelson, Amy E. TP150
Nelson, Jennifer WP82
Nelson, Rick 569
Nelson, Robert 590
Nestlerode, Janet 429
Nett, M. 270
Neuhauser, Edward 408
Neuman, Dennis 174
Newbold, Steve 326
Newman, Christian M. 442
Newman, James R. 442
Newman, Michael C. WP9, TP8,
RP185
Newsted, John L. 392, 516, MP45,
MP135, WP67, WP68, WP206,
WP210, WP229, WP222
Newsted, Shaun A. WP84
Ng, Tania Y. 163, 170, 539
Nhuch, Elsa TP128
Nibbelink, Nate 485, RP152
Nicholas, David 693
Nichols, John 200, 454
Nicholson, Ronald V. WP73
Nicolette, Joseph 693
Niemeier, R. Todd MP171
Niemeyer, Julia 258
Nies, Loring TP118
Nietch, Christopher T. 471, 557
Niikura, Yoshiyuki TP58
Niino, Tatsuhiro MP46, TP58
Nikolakis, Alexander 351
Nipper, Marion RP56, RP63
Nishimura, Tetsuji MP119, WP119
Nishioka, Yurika 13
Nissen-Meyer, Stephanie 27, 28, 29, 115
Nitta, Kazuyo WP147
Niu, Xufeng TP87
Niyogi, Som 538, MP51
Nizzetto, Luca 1, 101, RP164
Noel, Marie 664
Noggle, Jessica WP40, WP41
Nolan, Ashley MP141
Nolan, Katherine WP96
Nomiyama, Kei MP120
Norberg-King, Teresa 631
Noriega, Mary TP94
Norris, David O. 475
Norstrom, Karin RP159
Norstrm, Karin 536, MP199
Northcott, Grant WP33
Nota, Ben 649
Notch, Emily RP60
Novaes, Priscila TP171
Novinger, Doug WP112
Nowack, Bernd TP113
Nowak, Grace 383
Nowell, Lisa H. TP181, TP182
Nowlin, Weston H. TP19
Nozawa, Srgio R. MP64, MP65
Nuez, Mara E. RP103
O Dea, Sheila RP201
OBrien, Jason M. MP196
OBrien, Matthew WP34
OConnell, Steven G. 490, WP174
OConnor, George A. 468
OConnor, Gregory 127
OConnor, Jennifer 673
ODonnell, John 384
ODonnell, Michael J. 544
ODriscoll, Nelson 241, 244, 249
OHare, Jeanette R. WP217
OHare, Michael 676
ONeill, Marie TP168
OReilly, Kirk 409
OToole, Teagan 18
Oakes, Ken 380
Obraztsova, Anna 219
Ocampo-Duque, William RP103
Ochoa, Diana M. TP10, TP11
Ochoa, Kelly RP211
Ochoa-Acua, Hugo G.630, MP16,
MP62
Oda, Shigeto TP50
Oda, Shoji MP47
Oen, Amy 499
Ogendi, George M. 253
Ogle, Scott 369
Ogra, Yasumitsu WP17
Oh, Ji-Yoon WP138
Oh, Juntaek MP76
Oh, Sehee TP97
Oh, Seok-Young RP118
Ohlendorf, Harry 513, 691
Ohura, Takeshi RP125
OIsen, Karin A. TP190
Ok, Gon RP145
Oki, Loren TP183
Olabode, L. 550
Olayinka, Keyinde RP89
Oldenburg, Steven J. 283, MP17
Oleksiak, Marjorie F. 738 MP69
Olivares- Rieumont, Susana 731
Oliveira, Vanessa 350
Oliveira Ribeiro, Ciro A. WP31
Olmstead, Allen W. 118, RP23
Olsen, Geary 493
Olsen, Karin WP187, WP188
Olsen, Lona WP130
Olsgard, Mandy RP220
Olson, Julie B. RP55
Olsta, James 223
Olszyk, David TP218
Omisca, Erlande 612
Ong, Kimberly J. TP120
OOkura, Hideya MP154
Oonishi, Kazuhisa MP46
Oonishi, Mikio MP46
Oram, John TP108
Orazio, Carl TP137
Orihel, Diane TP139
Oris, James T. 448, 461, WP56
Oris, Jim MP160
Orlando, Edward F. 741, MP56
Ormerod, Stephen 394
Orr, Jessica 238
Orrego, Rodrigo MP74
Ortego, Lisa S. 255, TP12
Orthey, Scott 576
Osacho, Heather L. MP6, MP57,
MP85, RP94
Osborn, Erin 594
Osborn, Michelle TP16
Osborn, Shannon E. 605, RP200
Osborne-Koch, Matthew TP26
Oshima, Yuji RP33
Osso, Jr., Joseph 684
Ostrach, David J. 553, RP46, RP48
Osuch, Christopher 618, RP50
Oswald, Timothy TP130
Ota, Keitaro RP19
Otter, Ryan R. MP17
Ottinger, Mary Ann 389, 483, 650,
WP212
Ottmar, Karl J. 192
Outeiro, Ubiratan RP52
Owens, David W. RP151
Ownby, David R. WP26, RP168
Oyen, Susan TP83
Pabst, D. Ann WP209
Pacheco, Manoel A. 168
Pack, Jessica E. WP19
Padmanabhan, Vasantha MP152
Paesani, Zachary WP125
Paganini, Christianne L TP31, WP24,
RP38
Page, Blair 337
Pain, Deborah J. 386
Painter, Roger MP138
Palace, Vince TP131, TP139, RP122
Palace, Vince P. 388, 711, WP16
Paland, Susanne 23
Palefsky, Whitney H. 469, WP152,
WP153, WP155
Paller, Michael H. 222
Palmer, Mathew 635
Palmqvist, Annemette 308, 321
Palumbo, Amanda 749
Pan, Xiaoping RP211
Panciroli, Patricia WP168
Panciroli, Patricia K. WP169
Pancorbo, Oscar 362
Pandard, Pascal 87
Panditi, Venkata Reddy TP93
Pangelinan, Arlene 110, 111
Panger, Melissa 443
Panko, Julie 369, RP131
Papageorgis, Christine WP187, WP188
Papp, Zsuzsanna RP220
Paquin, Paul R. 542, 545
Parada, Alma RP218
Parales, Rebecca 374
Pardus, Michael J. WP22
Pargee, Suzanne M. TP199
Park, Brad TP24, TP139
Park, Hung-Suck RP118
Park, Hyunwoong 397, 399, WP158,
WP164
Park, Jae-sung TP100
Park, Jeong Chae MP150, MP151
Park, Jeongim MP53
Park, Joon-Mo RP118
Park, Kiyun RP81
Park, Kyung-Hyun RP41
Park, Yena RP39
Park, Yoen-Ki RP41
Parke, Neil J. 292
Parker, Andrew G. 423
Parker, Jed MP143
Parker, Mike 178
Parkerton, Tomas F. 201, 534, 547,
548, 587, TP75
Parkkonen, Jari RP93
Parrott, Joanne 565
Parson, Tiany 567, MP175
Parthasarathy, Peethambaram TP200,
RP175
Parton, William 504
Pasch, Chris 416
Pasloski, Ashley K. TP45
Passuello, Ana C. WP145
Pastorok, Robert 323, 326
Paterson, Andrew M. 247, RP108
Paterson, Gord 212, TP114, WP122
Paterson, Michael TP139
Patio, Reynaldo 370, TP137, RP8
Patmont, Clay 494
Patra, Manomita 85, 276
Patrick, Cejka 368
Pattee, Oliver H. 386
Paul, Alexander G. 401
Paul, Katie B. WP127
Paul, Michael 77
Paul, Piuly 218, TP72
Paulos, Peter M. WP116, WP137,
WP148
Peak, Derek 169
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Pearson, Nicole RP134
Pease, Anita 705
Pecceu, Bert 379
Peck, Aaron M. 8, 469, WP152,
WP153, WP155
Pedersen, Signe 308
Peers, Jennifer 435
Pgot, Bruce 601, 602
Pehkonen, Sari WP193, WP194,
WP195
Peijnenburg, Willie 12, 355
Pellerito, Vincent WP64
Pelletier, Marguerite C. MP18, MP118
Pemberton, Emma WP77
Penman, Mike MP168
Pennington, Paul RP138
Pepin, Robert 134
Peregrin, Chris WP60
Prez, Sandra 98
Perez, Steve RP197
Perez Hurtado, Pilar 581
Perez Nuez, Teresa RP28
Perez-Hurtado, Pilar 384
Perkines, Edward J. 652
Perkins, Christopher RP221
Perkins, Edward J. 648, 654, 655, 656,
MP37, MP84, RP215, RP225
Perkins, Stephanie WP112, WP113
Perron, Monique M. MP118, MP122,
RP95
Perruchon, Elyse 312
Perry, Karen RP9
Persoon, Carolyn L. 6
Peru, Kerry M. TP38
Peter, Robert 470
Peters, Adam MP166
Peters, Esther C. TP1
Peters, Lisa RP31, TP131, RP122
Petersen, Elijah J. 277
Petersen, Lene H. TP37, WP126
Peterson, James T. 176, 485, RP152
Peterson, Jennifer 54
Peterson, Lance TP195
Peterson, Mark S. WP13
Peterson, Steven C. WP72, WP86
Petrisor, Ioana G. 222
Petrov, Evgeny A. RP119
Petruzzi, Michele RP178
Petschauer, Dawn E. 49
Pettersen, Arne 215
Pettigrove, Vincent WP34
Peyer, Fabio 333
Pezeshki, S. R. 584
Pfeifer, Chris 526
Pfeuer, Richard 604
Pster, Richard 675
Pster, Stephan 14, 679
Peeger, Tomas TP218
Pham, Phung RP69
Phillips, Bryn 583, WP43
Phillips, Bryn M. MP88
Phillips, Carlton T. MP97, RP207,
RP209, RP210
Phillips, Clay WP60
Phillis, Corey C. RP48
Piatak, Nadine 66
Pickard, Scott W. TP134
Pickering, Ingrid J. TP129
Pickl, Christina 708
Pickrell, John MP98
Piehler, Chris M. 151
Pierce, Joshua L. MP2, TP196
Pierce, Richard H. 605, 606, RP200
Pierce, Samuel C. 584
Pignatello, Joseph J. 498
Pillard, David TP203, TP85
Pinheiro, Alessandro RP54
Pinho, Grasiela L. 449
Pinkerton, Joy MP152
Pinkney, Alfred E. 286, TP25
Piovesan, Mathieu 718
Pirooznia, Mehdi 652, 654, RP215
Pisapia, Daniel G. TP106
Pitman, Bob 571
Pitt, Jennifer 384
Pittinger, Charles A. MP171
Pizzolato, Tania 378
Planchart, Antonio RP92
Plantz, Gina 716
Platt, Steven G. 728
Plautz, James R. 470
Playle, Richard C. 544
Pleskach, Kerri 106, 485, TP131,
TP132, RP31, RP122, RP132,
RP174
Plevin, Richard 676
Plotzke, Kathleen P. WP198, WP199
Plotzke, Kathy 202
Plumlee, G. S. 145
Pluta, Bruce TP65
Poch, Gerald 720
Poirier, D. 619
Pokras, Mark WP217
Poletika, Nicholas RP76
Polidoro, Beth 729, 554
Pollack, Sara TP51
Pool, Edmund J. 196
Poot, Anton WP181, WP191
Porak, Wes RP202
Porter, Barbara J. 658
Porter, Darren WP66
Porter, Tom E. 650
Portt, Cam TP24
Posthuma, Leo WP65
Postigo, Cristina 378
Poulsen, Pia B. WP130
Poulsen, Veronique 708
Pouyat, Richard 504
Powell, David 203
Power, Laura 377
Power, Mary E. 633
Poynton, Helen C. 85, 276, RP68
Pozhitkov, Alex E. WP13
Prak, Lina C. 553
Precht, William F. 522
Pregenzer, Je 634
Preis, Philipp 13
Presley, Steven M. 145, MP193, TP166
Presser, Teresa S. 231
Preuss, Tomas G. TP84
Prevar, Dave TP65
Preziosi, Damian 323, 527
Pride, Carol WP156
Priest, Walter I. MP178
Priester, John TP121
Primus, Tomas M. TP219, RP163
Prince, Roger 587
Princz, Juliska I. 353, TP193
Pringle, Meredith L. WP26
Pritt, Je W. TP94
Proctor, Deborah MP89
Profusek, David 684
Prosser, Phil 114, 34
Prouty, Alan 450
Prucha, Melinda S.19, 723
Prvost, Michle 559
Ptak, Tim WP133
Publicker, Stephanie WP217
Pugh, Rebecca S. 658
Puglis, Holly J. WP29
Puijker, Leo WP128
Pulster, Erin L. WP227
Pumphrey, John 724
Purcell, Alison 77
Purkiss, Chris 159, MP136
Puttaswamy, Naveen TP39
Qi, Beibei MP2, MP3
Qin, Guangqiu WP46
Qin, Shujie 271
Qiu, Xiaoyan 651
Quarles, Lucas 336
Quigg, Antonietta 182
Quik, Joris 278, WP191
Quilty, Brid 600, 601, 602
Quinlan, Erin L. 471, 557
Quinn, Michael J. 476, RP206, RP208,
RP215, RP217
Qureshi, Asif 249
Rader, Kevin J. 356, 357
Rael, Tomas R. 305, 556
Raery, Steven 400
Rago, Richard 716
Raimondo, Sandy 332, 429, 444, TP17,
TP22
Rainer, Stegmann WP161
Rainwater, Katherine E. WP216
Rainwater, Tomas R. 728, MP193,
WP216
Rajagopalan, Srinath TP217
Ralitsch, Milan WP179
Ralston-Hooper, Kimberly J. MP39,
MP62
Ramakirshnan, Balaji 557
Ramirez, Alejandro J. 56, 117, 384
Ramirez, Mark 195, 467
Ramirez-Romero, Patricia 704, 734,
MP68, RP57
Ramos-Nino, Maria RP219
Ramu, Karri TP200, RP175
Ran, Yong 191
Rand, Amelia A. WP157
Rand, Gary M. 259, 605, 606, 607,
609, 611, TP52, RP203, RP204,
RP205
Rankin, Edward 77
Ransom, Scott MP152
Rantalainen, Anna-Lea MP148, RP158
Rantin, Francisco T. RP47
Rao, K. R. RP120
Rapp, John MP186
Rashad, Hend M. RP183
Rashleigh, Brenda 302, 523
Ratte, Hans Toni TP84
Rattner, Barnett A. 386, 389, WP208,
WP217
Rauschenberger, Heath WP49
Rauscher, Jon 152
Raut, Samiksha MP73
Ravit, Beth TP210
Rawat, Arun RP215
Ray, Gary 150
Rayburn, James RP3
Razo-Estrada, Celene WP23
Razzaque, Muhit RP110
Read, Lorraine RP102
Reagen, William K. 299, 489, 490, 493
TP141
Reash, Robin 360, 691, WP100
Rech, Carolyn WP219
Redder, Todd 532, TP55
Reddy, Christopher 590
Redman, Aaron TP75
Redmond, Christine A. 27, 28, 29
Reed, Brian E. WP197
Reed, Laura 552
Reeves, Tim MP164
Regan, Christine WP124
Rego, Steven A. MP122
Regoli, Lidia 354
Rehrey, George MP177
Reible, Danny D. 216, 222, 223, 342,
407, WP185
Reid, Liisa 533, TP157, TP158
Reidhaar, James MP177
Reierscheid, Georg 142
Reiley, Mary 228
Reilly, Patti 526
Reimer, Ken J. 39, 683, MP134, RP153
Reimer, Kenneth WP220
Reiner, Eric J .153, RP146
Reiner, Jessica L. 295, 298, WP114
Reinhard, Jrgen 678
Reinheimer, William 157
Reiss, Mark RP95
Rempel-Hester, Mary Ann 51, TP184
Ren, Chaunsen RP109
Ren, Shijin 671
Rentz, Neil C. RP12
Replinger, Suzanne WP101
Resh, Vincent 77
Rettig, Todd 435
Reyes, Debbie WP72
Reyes, Jesus A. 48, 49, 52, MP48
Reynolds, Heather MP177
Reynolds, John E. WP227
Ribeiro, Rui 258
Rice, Cliord P. 467
Rice, Julie R. RP65
Rice, Pamela J. 270,365
Richards, Cynthia 736
Richards, Sean M. TP213
Richardson, Kristine L. 133, MP66,
RP43
Richardson, Norm 694
Richkus, Bill 521
Richmond, Robert H. 699
Richter, Bruce 54
Richter, Catherine A. MP52
Rickard, Jimmy 135
Ricklund, Niklas RP129, RP130
Rickwood, Carrie J. MP79
Rico, Andreu RP37
Riddell, Nicole TP142, TP143
Riddick, Lee 727
Rider, Cynthia V. 119
Rider, Deanne 402
Riedl, Helmut RP136
Rieger, Josef MP178
Riego Sintes, Juan 637
Rienzi, Nicole RP178
Riley, Pam TP146
Rimoldi, John M. RP35
Ringwood, Amy H. 180, RP10
Ripley, Jennifer L. 629
Rittenhouse, Dawn G. 425
Rittenhouse, Jennifer L. 365
Rittschof, Daniel MP1
Rivera-Duarte, Ignacio 358, 545
Rives-Frank, Ashlea 115
Rizzo, Albert D. MP187
Roark, Shaun A. MP135, WP84
Roark, Shaun R. WP206
Robbart, Martha L. 522
Robbens, Johan RP91
Robbins, Paul WP51
Roberge, Steeve MP117
Roberts, Aaron 458, MP4, MP158,
WP32
Roberts, John 69, TP65
Robertson, Erin L. WP73
Robilliard, Gordon 138
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 361
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Robins, P. WP98
Robinson, April 344
Robinson, Brian 140
Robinson, Larry WP159
Robinson, Sander 372
Robinson, Sarah 371
Robson, Matthew 714, RP176, RP187
Rocha, Beatriz A. 9
Roche, Helene WP31
Rocheleau, Sylvie RP207
Rockwell, Barnaby W. 316
Rodgers, Derek W. MP95
Rodgers, John H. 577, 707 TP7, TP26,
WP58, RP69, RP17, RP72, RP74,
RP75, RP196
Rodney, Sara I. TP86, WP87
Rodrigues, Sandra C. 449
Roelke, Daniel 37, MP27
Roelofs, Dick 649
Roelofs, W. 35
Roembke, Joerg 346
Roeper, Henrich WP161
Rogers, Kim 85, 276, TP172
Rogers, Kristin 17
Rogers, Mathew R. 582
Rogers, Robert L. MP197, RP216
Rogevich, Emily C. 609
Rohr, Jason R. 305, 556
Roling, Jonathan A. WP13
Romagnoli, Robert 684, 685
Romanek, Christopher S. WP48
Romeis, Gordon 610
Romero, Nicholas A. RP148
Romo, Oscar WP60
Rondeau, Bernard RP135
Rooney, Andrew A. 508
Roos, John D. 285
Roosens, Laurence 107, TP133, WP120,
RP188
Rosal, Charlita 727
Rose, Claire E. 712
Rose, Jane 362
Rose-Hovel, Wendy 618, RP53
Rosecrance, Ann 410, TP167
Roseen, Robert 578
Rosen, Gunther 219, 358, 405, 545
Rosenberg, Bruno WP167
Rosenblum, Laura WP115, WP136
Rosenburg, Bruno TP149, RP152
Rosenfeld, Carla 690, 692
Rosenstein, Michael C. 736
Rosman, Lisa TP174
Ross, Cli 701
Ross, Mary Beth 334, WP85
Ross, Peter S. 480, 664, MP29, MP87
Ross, Timothy L. WP199
Ross-Nickoll, Martina 351
Roti, Lucia MP74
Rotter, Jamie 479
Rttgers, Rdiger RP164
Rouhani, Shahrokh 593
Rountree, Amanda 520
Rowan West, Carol 362
Rowe, Christopher L. WP213
Rowles, Teri K. 658, WP209
Roy, Gabrielle WP8
Rubio, Fernando 382
Rucinski, Daniel 531
Rudis, Deborah D. TP209
Ruepert, Clemens 554, MP139
Ruhoy, Ilene 562
Ruhs, Chris WP118
Ruiz, Juliana L. TP31
Rumbold, Darren G. RP199
Runnalls, Tasmin WP148
Russell, Cynthia L. TP5
Russell, Georey L. TP212
Russell, Marc J. 322, 429
Russom, Christine L. TP22, WP217
Rutgersson, Carolin TP59
Ruthven, Sarah 596
Rutter, Allison MP201
Ruus, Anders MP22, TP165
Ryan, A. R. WP189
Ryan, Adam C. 358, 545
Ryan, Kevin M. WP13
Ryan, Rachel A. WP13
Ryan, Timothy RP40
Ryba, Stephan A. MP122
Ryba, Steven RP198
Rygiewicz, Paul 87, 430
Rylander, Charlotta 294
Saban, Lisa 681
Sabo-Attwood, Tara 20, 83, MP59,
MP61, RP219
Sabourin, Lyne 254
Sacher, Frank WP128
Sahi, Jasminder RP82
Saili, Katerine S. 280
Saito, Hotaka MP46, TP58
Sajwan, Kenneth S. WP155, WP156
Sak, Kathleen M. 49
Salatas, Johanna MP188
Saldiva, Paulo H. TP171
Saleem, Ammar WP135
Salice, Christopher J. 320, WP214
Salierno, James D. TP60
Salinas, Kimberly MP34
Salvito, Daniel 308, RP147
Salzman, Christoph 333
Samel, Alan 575, RP71, MP105
Sample, Bradley 374, 515, WP81
Sampson, Tracy 43
Samuelian, John H. 292
San Francisco, Michael J. RP211
San Juan, Carma A. 316, 317, WP105
Sanborn, Mike 38, MP29
Sanchez, Brian C. 740, MP39
Sanchez, Ximena V. 36
Sandanger, Torkjel M. 294
Sanderson, Hans 213
Sandheinrich, Mark 512
Sandhu, Mandeep S. WP179
Sandstrom, Mark W. 712, MP130
Sanger, Denise M. 431, MP91
Sankarmanchi, Rao 411
Sankula, Sujatha RP77
Santamaria, Annette B. WP139
Santana, Luiza P. RP44
Santiago, Lynn M. MP107
Santore, Robert C. 538, 542, 545
Santoro, Michael WP67
Santschi, Peter 182
Sapozhnikova, Yelena RP138
Sappal, Ravinder WP11
Sara, Ashpole L. 387
Sara, Clark WP43
Sarchet, William 216
Sarr, Makhfousse 336
ik, Roman 50
Sato, Yasuo MP46, TP58
Sauer, Ted C. TP153
Saulters, Oral 126, MP98
Saunders, D. MP100, MP101, MP102
Saunders, Jared WP220
Saunders, Nicole 526
Sauther, Michelle L. WP216
Sauv, Sbastien 559
Sawyer, Jennifer 714
Saxe, Jennifer K. 328
Sayer, Andrew N. WP42
Sayes, Christie M. 81
Scanlan, Leona RP68
Schaefer, Dieter TP84
Schafer, Alexis N. 256
Schafer, Allegra 483
Schafer, Michael RP178
Schafer, Mike RP123
Schantz, Michele M. 490, RP150
Schappelle, Seema 134, 326
Schauer, James 190
Scheckel, Kirk 219
Scheczyk, Adam 346
Scheidt, Dan 245
Schenck, Kathleen WP115
Schenck, Kathy WP136
Schenker, Urs 395
Scheringer, Martin 199, 249, 395, 530,
MP121, RP167
Scheuhammer, Anton WP211
Scheuhammer, Tony M. 244, TP98
Schexnider, Cindy WP226
Schi, Ken 313
Schiller, Jamie 684
Schindler, David W. 390
Schipper, Cor TP71
Schirmer, Kristin 632, 633
Schlappal, Anna 483, WP212
Schlegel, Whitney MP177
Schlekat, C. WP27
Schlekat, Chris MP163
Schlenk, Daniel 45, 48, 51, 52, 53, 621,
MP66, TP184, RP35, RP43
Schleuder, Detlev MP106
Schlder, Carmen M. RP55
Schmidt, Travis S. 316, 317, WP105
Schmieder, Patricia 634
Schmitt, Christopher J. MP182,
MP184, TP2, RP15
Schneider, Ashley 345
Schock, K. WP189
Schock, Tracey B. RP97, RP98
Schoenfuss, Heiko L. 285, 290, TP30
Schoeld, Judith 334, 682, WP85
Scholz, N. 124
Scholz, Nathaniel 113, 552, 744,
Scholz, Stefan 632
Scholz-Starke, Bjoern 351
Schotthoefer, Anna M. 556
Schouche, Yogesh S. 287
Schowanek, Diederik 422
Schreiber, Andre 385, MP106
Schroeder, Melanie 434
Schroeder, Melanie M. WP3
Schroeder, Vickie WP112, WP113
Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph P. TP73
Schuessler, Gregory S. TP162
Schuhmacher, Marta TP204, WP145,
RP103, RP191
Schuler, Lance 607
Schulin, Rainer 501
Schulte, Christoph 206
Schultz, Irv 376
Schultz, Irvin 24
Schultz, Melissa M. 285
Schultz, Terry W. 720
Schulz, Tobias TP35
Schulz, Wolfgang MP106
Schulze, Dirk WP160, WP161
Schulze, Tobias 142
Schupner, John K. WP149
Schwacke, Lori WP209
Schwartz, Matt 289
Schwarzbach, Steve 177
Schwarzer, Stefan 426, RP165, RP172
Schwehr, Kathy 182
Schfers, Christoph MP60
Scher, Andreas TP163
Sciera, Katherine L. 437
Scollan, Dan WP49
Scornaienchi, Marcus L. MP58
Scott, Angela C. TP42
Scott, Brian TP149, WP167, WP178
Scott, Cecile H. TP215
Scott, Georey I. TP215
Scott, Jay 743
Scott, Mark C. TP125
Scott, Warren MP170
Scott-Fordsmand, Janeck J. 87
Scroggins, Rick 352, 353, TP193
Scudder, Barbara C. TP107, TP111
Seager, Tomas P. 667, 17
Seal, Robert 66
Seaman, John C. WP48
Seba, Douglas RP113
Seda, Brandon C. 86
Sedlak, David 581
Sedlak, Margaret TP146
Segars, Al WP174
Seiler, Tomas B. TP35
Seki, Masanori WP110, WP119
Sekizawa, Jun WP144, WP147
Selck, Henriette 308
Selden, Sara 690, 692
Sellers, Kathleen 668
Sellin, Marlo K. 284, 289
Selvendiran, Pranesh 337
Semlitsch, Raymond D. 307
SenGupta, Anindita 184
Seo, Yong Seok TP99
Seo, YongSeok TP102
Sepulveda, Marie S.740, MP39, MP142
Sepulveda, Marisol TP118
Seplveda, Mara S. 741, MP56, MP62
Serbst, Jonathan RP198
Serrano, Jose 586, MP34
Servos, Mark 380, MP80, TP62, WP45,
Seston, Rita M. WP218, WP222,
WP223, WP228
Sexton, Jane E. MP181
Shafer, Martin M. 190, TP124
Shaked, Shanna 13, 426, 625, 674,
RP165, RP172
Shappell, Nancy W. RP117
Sharma, Bhawana TP53
Sharma, Bibek RP8
Sharma, Manu 94, WP146
Sharpe, Alan RP82
Sharpe, Lonnie 585, RP70
Sharpe, Rainie L. WP180
Shaver, Monica 166
Shaw, Joey TP213, WP38
Shaw, Joseph R. 23, 121, 403
Shaw, Pat 664
Shaw-Allen, Patricia WP76
Shea, Damian MP69, TP83
Sheldon, Tom A. 39, 484, 683
Shelton, Alicia D. MP171, WP22
Shelton, Kathleen A. 425
Shelver, Weilin L. 382, RP116, RP117
Shen, Li RP146
Sherrard, Rick M. TP5
Sherry, Jim TP24, MP49, WP44,
WP135
Sherwood, Ed RP197
Shi, Honglan 146, MP191, MP192
Shi, Jiyan MP9
Shi, Shu MP191
Shibata, Mark WP86
Shibata, Tomoaki MP154
Shihadeh, Rami 583
Shimizu, Kumiko MP119, WP119
Shin, Key-il WP21, TP194, TP207
362 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Shine, James MP118
Shinohara, Naohide MP8
Shinohara, Ryota RP190
Shock, Barbara 463
Shoham-Frider, Efrat 341
Shoji, Ryo TP67
Shore, Richard F. 511
Shorr, Benjamin 688
Shotwell, Melissa S. WP68, WP206,
WP218, WP223, WP228
Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron 135
Shrives, John MP172
Shu, Shi MP192
Shyn, Aristo 543
Sibley, P. 619
Sibley, Paul K. 560, WP173
Sibly, Richard M. 319, 321
Siciliano, Steven D. 169, 256, TP66,
TP68, TP193
Siefert, Kristine MP152
Siegfried, Blair MP32
Siegler, Catherine 583
Siegler, Katie WP43
Sierra, Jordi TP204
Sieet, Samantha D. WP208
Sigler, Victoria TP173
Silberhorn, Eric M. 561, 564
Silk, Wendy K. MP9
Silva, Cesar A. WP31
Silva de Assis, Helena C. WP30, WP31
Silverman, Keith C. WP134
Silvestre, Frederic WP15, MP86
Simini, Michael MP97, RP207, RP210
Simini, Mike RP209
Simonich, Staci 199, 2, MP121
Simpson, Andre 293
Sims, Jerre G. TP79, WP107
Sinagoga, LeeAnn 659
Singh, Simrat P. MP157
Sinha, R. K. 487
Sinigalliano, Christopher D. 149
Sioen, Isabelle RP192
Sircu, Raisa F. MP202
Sislian, Patrick TP82
Skaar, Don 438
Skafel, M. G. 310
Skeaf, James M. WP22
Skelly, Brian RP83
Skirrow, Rachel MP57, MP85, RP94
Skwarski, Alison 407
Slattery, Marc MP190
Sloan, Catherine 744
Slobodian, Jason 414, RP140
Slocomb, John 138
Sloman, Terry L. RP73
Slye, Jaime L. TP12
Small, Je 492, MP100, MP101,
MP102
Smalling, Kelly WP43
Smith, Alexandra TP19
Smith, Barry WP226
Smith, Ben A. TP66, TP68
Smith, Brian W. RP112
Smith, Chandra 479
Smith, Chris RP101
Smith, Cliord M. 362
Smith, Daniel W. 143
Smith, Edward J. RP49
Smith, Emily M. MP58, WP129
Smith, Eric P. 611
Smith, Heather MP18
Smith, James A. 192
Smith, James R. MP179
Smith, Jared C. TP69
Smith, Jeremy WP163
Smith, Jim 175
Smith, Kelly 543
Smith, Lisa M. WP1
Smith, Mark E. 85
Smith, Michael WP211, WP226
Smith, Preston TP12, TP65
Smith, Sammie 579
Smith, Scott 539, TP127
Smith, Scott D. 544
Smith, Tomas TP28
Smith, Tom 131
Smits, Judit E. RP220
Smol, John P. 247, TP211, RP108,
RP156 RP162
Smorong, Dawn E. 71
Smyth, Shirley Anne 60
Snape, Ian 256
Snape, Jason R. 198
Sneed, Marty 360
Snodgrass, Joel W. MP92, MP93,
MP94, MP95, RP168
Snow, Daniel D. 194, 284, 289, 194
Snyder, Blaine 384
Snyder, Elizabeth H. 468
Snyder, Shane 46
Snyder, Steve TP173
Soares, Amadeu MVM 350
Sohn, Michael D. 537
Solo-Gabriele, Helena 149
Soloman, Keith R. 27, 28, 29, 33, 205,
213, 367, 560, 619, 709, MP19,
TP34, TP41, TP46, WP173,
RP12
Somarriba, Eduardo 729
Somerville, Chris 503
Sommer, Elizabeth TP160
Sommerfreund, Julie K. MP174
Son, Hyun-Seok WP138
Son, Jino WP21, TP194, TP206, TP207
Son, Sung Hee MP42
Sonawane, Meena WP88
Sonderegger, Derek 80
Song, Yufang 252, 651
Sonne, C. TP29
Soo, Evelyn 140
Sorensen, Mary T. 326
Soucek, David J.TP28, RP51
Soudant, Philippe MP24
Soule, Jack WP94
Sousa, Andr WP55
Sousa, C. WP78
Sousa, Jose Paulo 258
Souza, Marta M. TP31
Sower, Greg 336
Sowers, Anthony WP142
Spade, Daniel J. 703, MP71
Sparks, Dan 175
Sparks, Daniel MP179
Sparling, Donald 477
Spearow, Jimmy L. 553
Spears, Brian L. MP180
Specht, Katherine RP90
Spencer, Christine TP149, WP167,
WP178
Speth, Tom WP115
Spier, Candace 59
Spina, Suzanne TP62, WP45
Springer, Timothy A. WP199
Spromberg, Julann A. 113, 439, 552,
WP92
Sproull, Jim RP140
Squillante, Guido RP184
Squires, Allison J. TP92
Srivatsan, Malathi WP225
St Louis, Vincent 338
St. Germain, Randy W. 589
Staord, Jennifer M. 27, 28, 29
Stahl, Leanne 384
Stahl, Ralph G. MP187, TP104, WP4,
WP64, WP80
Stahl, Randal RP163
Stancyk, David A. RP98
Stanley, Elaine 525
Stanley, Jacob K. MP5, MP84
Stanley, Kristen RP59
Stanton, Beckye WP203, WP219
Staples, Charles A. 255, WP198
Stapleton, Heather M. 8, TP135,
TP138, RP65, RP123, RP178
Stark, John 323
Stebbins, Timothy D. 45, 48, 52, 53
Steeger, Tomas 109
Steele, Chad RP219
Steer, Helena 60
Steevens, Jeery A. 82, 133, 145, 150,
615, 689, MP5, MP12, MP66,
TP202, WP107, RP53
Stefan, Mihaela I. 717
Stefaniak, Sebastian TP126
Stean, Robert J. 130
Stegeman, John J. MP63
Stein, Eric D. MP140
Steinhilber, Dieter 19
Steinnes, Eiliv 660
Stenner, Robert D. 572
Stephen, Brinkman F. 301
Stephens, Warren L. WP48
Stephenson, Gladys L. TP66, TP68
Stephenson, Mark RP194
Stern, Gary A. MP112, WP167, RP132
Stern, Je RP149, WP90, WP189,
RP170
Stern, Je H. TP140
Sternberg, D. TP195
Sternberg, Morgan R. RP20
Sternberg, Robin M. RP26
Stevens, W. S. 75
Steward, Grieg 149
Stewart, Kath 87
Stewart, Margaret MP88
Stewart-Wright, Jennifer 585, MP137,
MP138, RP70
Stine, Jamie A. WP140
Stivers, Carl TP150
Stoiber, Tasha L. TP124
Stojak, Amber R. 186
Stone, Shantel RP36
Story, Paul 482
Stoskopf, Michael K. 345, TP83
Stout, Scott A. RP104, RP111
Stow, Jason P. 683
Stracher, Glen B. RP111
Strahlendorf, Jean MP75
Straka, James WP83
Strand, Scott B. MP165
Strand, Stuart E. RP213
Stratulat, Tatiana G. MP202
Strauss, Marci 483, WP212
Strigul, Nikolay 127
Stringfellow, William T. 582
Strnad, Jessica RP143
Stroo, Hans 402
Stroppel, Max E. 712, MP130
Struger, John MP116, RP135
Strynar, Mark J. 295, 296, 298
Stuart, Amy 612
Stucky, Galen D. TP82
Stueckle, Todd A. 463
Sturchio, Neil C. 130
Sturman, Sabrina 105, MP19
Sturve, Joachim MP31, RP93
Su, T. 145
Su, Tingzhi MP191, MP192, TP154
Su, Yin-fong MP100, MP101, MP102
Subramanian, Annamalai TP200, RP175
Sudakin, Daniel 377
Suedel, Burton 145, 150
Suita, Joseph M. 587
Suh, Won H. TP82
Sulecki, Lisa M. WP169
Sullivan, James 362
Sullivan, John 527
Sullivan, Laurie J. 702
Sullivan, Neal H. WP37
Sulu-Gambari, Fatimah 137
Summers, James K. 428
Summers, Kevin WP1
Sumpter, John P. 292, WP148
Sun, Xueli 495
Sun-Young, Kan TP96
Sunahara, Georey RP207
Sunderland, Elsie 302
Sung-Rak, Kim TP96
Sunila, Inke TP1
Sunoko, Henna R. RP84
Sura, Srinivas WP28
Sushynski, Jacob M. WP199
Suski, Jamie WP88, WP214
Suter, Glenn 326
Suter, Glenn W. 348, TP88
Sutherland, Andrew 375
Suzuki, Kazuo T. WP17
Suzuki, Noriyuki WP17
Sverko, Ed MP116, WP200
Swackhamer, Deborah L.203, 532
Swanko, Jesse 221
Swanson, Heidi 466
Sweeney, Bern TP47
Sweet, Len 369, RP131
Sweet, Stephen T. 665, 586
Sweetman, Andrew J. 401
Swerhone, George 303
Szabo, N. 551
Szlavecz, Katalin MP92
Taggart, Mark A. 386
Tahara, Maiko MP119, WP119
Takahashi, Shin MP120, TP200, WP10,
WP176, WP177, RP119, RP175
Takao, Yuji 638
Takeda, Shunichi MP41
Takekawa, John 177
Talent, Larry 476
Tallarico, Lenita F. RP54
Tallent-Halsell, Nita 727
Tamura, Ikumi WP147
Tan, Shirlee WP217
Tanabe, Shinsuke MP120, TP200,
WP10, WP17, WP176, WP177,
RP119, RP141, RP175
Tanaka, Motohiro WP147
Tang, Yulin TP154
Tanguay, Robert L. 154, 280, 646
Taniyasu, Sachi 297, 487, TP149,
WP166, WP171
Tanneberger, Katrin 632
Tao, Lin MP152, WP176
Tao, Shu 626, 2
Tapper, Mark 634
Tarr, Christopher D. RP51
Tarrant, Ann 617, 94
Tatarazako, Norihisa 638, TP32, TP50,
WP144
Tate, W. B. 551
Taulbee, Keith MP163, WP27
Taylor, Leigh MP4
Taylor, Nadine RP68
Taylor, Sharon K. TP83
Taylor, Vivien F. 403
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Tazelaar, Dustin L. WP218, WP223,
WP228
Tear, Lucinda WP101
Tebo, Bradley M. 88
Teed, Scott R. 32, 33, TP86
Teixeira, Camilla MP19
Tell, Joan G. WP134
Temme, Christian 1, 491
Temple, Bradley L. TP188
Teng, Quincy RP96
Terasaki, Masanori MP145
Terry, David B. RP86, RP87
Tervonen, Kukka 277
Tervonen, Tommi 281
Tessmann, Michael TP165
Tetreault, Gerald TP62, WP45
Tacker, Robert W. RP55
Tackery, Lisa M. WP199
Takali, Sagar 94, WP146
Tebault, Nadine WP16
Teller, Larry 239
Teodorakis, Chris 84, 479, MP14,
RP212
Tera, Jennifer C. RP199
Teunis, Laetitia 379
Tibault, Nicole WP179
Tibodeaux, Lindy K. RP98
Tibodeaux, Louis 529
Todima, Venkata 656
Toemke, Kara R. RP26
Tomas, Carla 116
Tomas, Je WP197
Tomas, Ken 612
Tomas, Valerie 510, 680
Tompson, David R. 511, MP72
Tompson, Jill Long RP77
Tompson, Nichola 483, WP212
Tompson, Scott 315
Tompson, Tim 402, WP185
Tomson, Rick 664
Tomson, Susanne WP111
Torbek, Pernille 327
Torne, Peter 536
Tornton, Benjamin MP32
Tornton, Cammi 746
Torsen, Waverly 409
Tulke, Hans-Herman 327
Turman, E Michael 381
Tice, Jaime 69
Tiefenthaler, Liesl MP140
Tietge, Joseph E. RP26
Tillitt, Donald E. MP52, TP2
Tilton, Fred 124, 646
Tilton, Susan TP138
Timme-Laragy, Alicia R. 745
Timmermans, Martijn 649
Timmis, Roger RP109
Tinfo, Nicole S. TP3
Tiwari, Vasu 624
Tjeerdema, Ronald S. 583, 749 MP88,
WP43
Tobe, John 520
Tobiason, Karen 359, TP195
Tobiason, Scott 359, WP50
Todd, A. MP116
Todd, Charles WP204
Tokunaga, Hiroshi WP119
Tolksdorf, Monika WP211
Toll, John 681, WP101
Tom, Kyle R. TP8, WP9
Tomassini, Frank 715
Tompkins, Mary 557
Tompsett, Amber R. MP45, WP14,
WP20
Tomy, Gregg 106, 388, 485, 711,
TP131, TP132, TP139, TP149,
WP167, RP31, RP122, RP132,
RP152, RP174
Tongue, M. L. 551
Toor, Navdeep TP43
Toose-Reid, Liisa 244
Topp, Edward 254
Torn, Margaret 676
Torrents, Alba 195, 467
Torres, Leticia TP137
Torrey, A. J. 131
Tosiano, Melissa A. TP208
Touart, Leslie W. 376
Townsend, Kallie WP34
Townsend, Mark WP88
Townsend, Timothy 148
Tracey, Gregory 221, TP53
Trainor, Rodney WP33
Tran, Truong TP114
Trask, Jennifer R. WP99
Trefry, John 42
Trejos, Tatiana RP114
Tremain, Derek M. MP21
Tremblay, Alain MP117
Tremblay, Louis WP33
Triault-Bouchet, Galle TP205
Trimble, Andrew J. RP16
Trimble, Tricia 477
Trotz, Maya 612
Truby, Earnest RP201
Trudeau, Vance WP135
Trujillo, Eliana 253
Trusty, Wayne 673
Trute, M. 124
Tsai, Huai-Jen MP44
Tsao, C. L. WP219
Tseng, Pablo Jorge WP162
Tso, Jerry 55
Tsukada, David WP186
Tuberty, Shea WP19
Tuchman, Marc 682
Tufariello, Erika WP139
Tumber, Vijay 303, WP28
Tunkel, Jay 547, MP176
Turco, Ron TP118
Turcotte, Dominique TP45
Turek, James 524
Turley, Steven D. TP5
Turner, Alisa RP178
Tuttle, Je TP65
Twardowska, Irena TP126, TP177
Udaka, Masayuki RP119
Ueda, Yoshiyuki TP67
Uhler, Allen D. RP104
Um, Mi Sun MP111
Undeman, Emma RP166
Unger, Marvin 402
Unger, Michael A. 59, MP20
Unrine, Jason M.135, 391
Urena-Boeck, Fabiola MP27
Usenko, Sascha 56, 384, 474, 581,
WP53
V. Botello, Alfonso MP162
Vadan, Rodica 209, MP7
Vadas, George 59
Vajda, Alan M. 475
Valashiya-Mdleleni, Nomihla TP212
Valenti, Teodore W. 37, MP27
Valentine, David 590
Valenzona, Rachel WP200
Vamshi, Raghu WP99
van Aggelen, Graham C. MP6, MP85,
WP202, RP94
Van Assche, Frank 354
van Beneden, Rebecca 18
Van Bruinessen, Heather WP122
van de Meent, Dik 12, 278, 355,
MP121
Van de Wiele, Tom R. 169
van den Brink, Nico 137
Van den Brink, Paul J.327, RP37
Van den Heuvel-Greve, Martine 137
van den Hurk, Peter WP42
Van Der Kraak, Glen TP46, WP124
van der Meent, Dik 199
Van der Ven, Karlijn MP77
Van der Vliet, Leana 353
van Duren, Luca 137
van Geel, Alexandra E. 434, WP3
Van Geest, Jordana L. 67, 619
Van Genderen, Eric J.575, RP182
van Metre, P. C. 145
van Nuijs, Alexander L. 379
Van Sprang, Patrick 354
van Straalen, Nico 649
Van Tiem, Lindsey A. MP44
van Vuren, Johan H. 730
van Wensem, Joke 696
Van Zwol, Jessica WP124
Van-Ham, Irit RP80
VanAggelen, Graham 387, MP57
VanBruinessen, Heather WP123
Vande Zande, Luke RP223
Vandenbrouck, Tine MP77, RP91
Vanderford, Brett 46
VanderPol, Stacy S. RP150
VanKeulen, Harry 653
Vannela, Raveender TP55
Vardy, David WP20, WP14
Varela Valencia, Ruth RP28
Varner, Katrina 727
Varns, Jerry 296
Vasa, Ankit RP218
Vasquez, Marcell RP123
Vassilenko, Ekaterina 18
Vecitis, Chad D. 397, 399, WP158,
WP164, WP170
Veguilla, Elienai RP204
Veinot, Jonathan G. TP120
Veitch, Brian G. WP215
Veith, Susanne R. 425
Veld, Harry WP191
Veldhoen, Nik 43, 739, MP87
Velinsky, David J. RP123
Venables, Barney J.458, MP123,
WP137, WP141, WP148
Venier, M. 643
Venier, Marta 3
Ventura, G. Todd 590
Ventura-Lopez, Claudia 732
Venturella, John TP9
Verbruggen, Eric 202
Verdonck, Frederik 354
Verducci, J. S. 24
Verenitch, Sergei S. MP146
Verplanck, Phil L. 317
Verslycke, Tim 94, 617, WP146
Verstraete, Willy 169
Vethaak, Dick 137
Vianna, Nelzair A. TP171
Viant, Mark RP68
Vicinie, Albert 157
Vidal-Dorsch, Doris 45, 46, 47, 48, 50,
51, 52, 53
Vieira, Nicole K. 301
Viglino, Liza 559
Vigneault, Bernard TP91, TP127
Vigo, Craig 57
Vijayan, Matt 737, 748, MP80, WP57
Vilavert, Lolita TP204, RP191
Villella, Maria WP44
Villeneuve, Daniel L. 25, 464, 741,
MP35, MP37, TP6, TP56, TP89,
RP96
Villotti, Nancy 479
Vince, Francois 14
Vivian, Deborah N. TP17, TP22
Vizcaino, Maria I. RP97
Vogt, Lea 501
Volety, Aswani K. 610, MP24, WP82,
RP143
Vlker, Doris 632
Volneanscaia, Ana V. MP202
Volosin, Joseph S. RP181
Volz, Conrad Daniel 361
Volz, David 706, 324
von Stackelberg, Katherine 689, 695,
WP5
Voorhees, Jennifer P.583, MP88
Voorspoels, Stefan RP192
Voshell, J. Reese 555
Voytek, Mary A. WP184
Vrabel, Melanie TP160
Vreeland, Wyatt N. 262
Vu, Hung T. TP21
Vulpe, Chris MP40, RP68, RP90
Wada, Haruka 391
Wade, Terry L. 665, 586
Wages, Mike 84
Wahlberg, Cajsa RP130
Waichman, Andrea V. WP70, RP37
Waiser, Marley 303, WP28
Waisner, Scott A. 257
Waissi, Greta 277
Waite, Don 414, RP140
Walford, Susanne E. TP187
Walker, Adam 599
Walker, Calvin MP34
Walker, David J. 419
Wall, Steven 232, 236, 237
Wallace, Emily 303
Wallace, Sarah C. 710
Waller, William 458
Wallis, Kelly RP136
Wallschlger, Dirk 168
Walsh, Jonathan H. 553, RP48
Walsh, Kimberly 690, 692
Walsky, Robert L. RP65
Walter, Cory 605
Walters, David 523
Walters, David M. TP23
Wan, Yi MP135, TP147, TP148,
WP210, WP229
Wang, Chengtao MP155, RP204
Wang, Dongli MP114, MP124, MP125
Wang, J. 145
Wang, Jianmin 146, TP154, MP191,
MP192
Wang, Jun 239
Wang, Kai RP159, RP160
Wang, Kevin RP58
Wang, Lu 746
Wang, Magnus 325
Wang, Ning 225, TP81, WP168,
WP169, RP100
Wang, Pei-Fang 545
Wang, R. K. 187
Wang, Tieyu TP144, TP147, TP148
Wang, Wenhua 661
Wang, Xiaowa MP19
Wang, Xin MP41
Wang, Yanbing 219
Wang, Zhen 223
Wania, Frank 100, 204, MP139
Wannaz, Cedric 426, RP165
364 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Wanty, Richard B. 316, 317, WP105
Ward, Tracy WP88
Wardlaw, George 590
Warner, Marvin G. 183
Warner, Nicholas A. MP22, MP198,
TP165
Warren, Christopher S. 534, WP62
Warren, Crystal MP194
Warren-Hicks, William 347, 442, RP76
Watanabe, Hiroshi RP19
Watanabe, Karen H. 741, MP56
Watanabe, Mikako WP144
Wathen, John 384
Watkins III, John B. RP155
Watson, David F. TP116
Watson-Leung, Trudy L. 67
Watts, Alison 578
Watts, Chris MP166, MP167, MP168
Wautier, Kerry 711
Weber, Christopher L. 424
Weber, Denis TP84
Weber, Lynn P. MP79
Weber, Martha A. WP216
Weber, Peter K. RP48
Weber, Walter MP106
Webster, Eva TP156, TP157, TP158,
TP159
Webster, Jackson MP143
Weeks, John A. MP197
Wehner, Diane E. 522
Wei, Luo TP148
Wei, Robert 653
Weier, Jonathon A. 693
Weigel, Jason 289
Weijs, Liesbeth 107
Weil, Roxana 122, 551, MP50
Weinstein, John E. 462, MP91, TP27,
MP91
Weisberg, Mark RP193
Weisbrod, Annie 201, 422, 454, 548
Weishar, Lee L. 528
Wells, Claire WP77
Wells, Peter G. RP179
Wells, Randall WP209
Welsh, Daniel 178
Wenning, Richard 687
Wentz, D. TP107
Wentz, Dennis A. TP111
Wepener, V. 730
Wermager, Chad TP219, RP163
Werner, David 495, WP192
Werner, Inge 725, TP33, MP81, WP51,
WP52, WP98
Werner, Stephen L. 285, 381, 719,
WP113
Werner, Steve 450
Wernsing, Paul TP173
Werth, Charles J. RP110
Westbrook, Cherie J. TP92
Westfall, Joshua TP15
Weston, Donald P.269, 272, RP16
Weston, James MP194
Weston, Jim MP190
Wethington, David 682
Wetzel, Dana L. WP227
Whale, Graham 631
Wharton, Steven R. 134
Whelan, Mick 198
Whetsell, Beth 435
White, David TP4
White, Denis 420
White, Lori 465, TP210
White, Paul A. TP169, WP143
White, Sarah A. TP117
White, Susan 431
White, T. H. 75
White-Newsome, Jalonne L. TP168
Whitehead, Maria A. 386
Whitehouse, Paul WP77
Whiting, David D. 417, TP87
Whitlow, L. 730
Whitman, George E. 553, RP48
Whitney, J. C. MP26, MP70
Whittaker, Dr Margaret H. 423
Whittle, Michael 212
Wiberg, Karin 161, 406
Wickman, Tonie RP186
Wickstrom, Mark 30, 31
Wickwire, Ted 521
Widmeyer, Joline R. WP103
Wiegand, Sarah RP178
Wiegers, Tomas C. 736
Wiener, James 512
Wiese, Tom WP115
Wiesner, Mark R. TP113
Wigginton, John 78
Wijk, Dolf V. 206
Wild, Edward TP112
Wildey, Ros MP167
Wilke, Donald WP94
Wilken, Michael TP76
Wilkie, Jason C. TP214
Wilkie, Michael P. 451, 452, MP67
Wilkinson, Kathryn TP28
Willems, Sarah 671
Willett, Krisitine L.746, MP129,
MP190, MP194, RP64
Willetts, Shawn 580
Williams, Bethany K. 307
Williams, Dan WP115
Williams, David 722, MP34
Williams, Jason 403
Williams, Larissa M. 738
Williams, Olga RP167
Williams, Tony D. WP201
Williams, Vera L. TP175
Williams, W. M. 726, WP98, WP99
Williamson, Mary 492
Willis, Jonathan RP11
Williston, Debra WP90, RP149
Wilson, Chris WP61
Wilson, Christian 213
Wilson, Joanna Y. MP58, WP129, RP1
Wilson, Laurie K. WP211. WP226
Wilson, Lee D. TP38
Wilson, Natalie D. 642
Wilson, Patrick 702
Wilson, Vickie S. 119, MP142, TP56
Winchell, Michael TP162
Wineld, Linda E. 129
Winger, Parley V. WP49
Winkelmann, Douglas A. WP63
Winkle, Jeannine A. TP162
Wintz, Henri MP40
Wiramanaden, Cheryl I. TP129
Wirth, Edward RP138
Wise, Don 220
Wise, Stephen A. RP150
Wiseman, Steve B.392, WP20, WP210,
WP222, WP229
Wisniewski, Marissa RP178
Witt, Emitt C. 145, 146, MP191,
MP192
Wogram, Jorn 327
Wohlfort, Kathleen 622
Wojtyniak, Andrea 560
Wolf, J. WP78
Wolf, Jerey C. TP1, TP60
Wolf, Susan T. TP141
Wolf, Tom 30
Wolfe, John TP55, RP171
Wolfe, Karla S. RP36
Wolfe, Loretta 417, TP87
Wolfe, Robert W. 175
Wolny, Jennifer L. RP201
Wolstenholme, Barry WP168
Woltering, D. 550
Wolz, Jan TP35
Wong, Charles S. 62, 288, MP198,
TP120, WP180
Wong, Chung M. WP114
Wong, Fiona 4, 102, MP112
Wong, Ming H. 626
Woo, Seonock MP42, MP43, RP68,
RP90
Wood, Barry 608
Wood, Chris M. 125, 163, 167, 170,
452, 538, 539, 541, 544,
Wood, Lance 359
Woodburn, Kent B. 201, 454, 548,
WP198
Woodcroft, Mark 400
Woodin, Bruce R. MP63
Woodis, Kacie K. 118, RP23
Woodling, John D. 475
Woodru, Tracy TP216
Woods, Liila 671
Woodworth, Adam TP44
Wosiack, Ana C. WP30
Wrigglesworth, Sonya 663
Wright, John 659
Wright, Rodney RP78
Wright, Sarah RP223
Wright, Steven TP55
Wrona, Fred 350
Wrysinski, Jeanette WP51, WP98,
WP99
Wu, Kuen Ben 542
Wu, Laosheng RP121
Wu, Qian 661
Wu, Yuan MP15
Wthrich, Tomas 750
Wyatt, Robert TP150
Wymer, Larry WP115
Wyss, Gabriela 501
Xia, Kang 47, WP118
Xie, Haibo 595
Xie, Lingtian WP6
Xu, Chen 182
Xu, Lei 191
Xu, Wei-hai 473
Xu, Xin MP133, TP115
Yahnke, Amy MP96
Yale, Gowri MP16
Yamada, Masato TP67
Yamada, Shojiro MP46, TP58
Yamada, Tadasu MP120, WP177
Yamada, Yuki MP154
Yamaguchi, Chika MP107
Yamamoto, Hioshi WP144
Yamamoto, Hiroshi WP147
Yamashita, N. 487
Yamashita, Nobuyoshi 297, TP149,
WP166, WP171, RP125
Yan, Norman 23
Yang, Chen 414
Yang, Nan-Hee TP206
Yang, Tomas P. 19
Yang, Xinyu 461
Yang, Yaning RP110
Yang, Yinfei WP229
Yang, Yu 191
Yang, Yun-Ya 92
Yanqing, Lin 261
Yaroch, Ann M. TP78
Yarrow, Greg 707, RP74, RP75
Yawata, Kiyoshi RP19
Yeager, Ronnie L. RP155
Yee, Donald TP108
Yee, Janet 400
Yee, Susan H. 322, TP22
Yekel, Harry 94
Yeom, Dong-hyuk MP132
Yeung, Leo W.Y. 297, 487, WP166,
WP171
Yi, Seung-Muk TP97
Yi, Xianliang WP7
Yin, Yongguang 243
Ylitalo, Gina 439
Yonezawa, Yoshitaka MP8
Yoon, Chohee RP118
Yordy, Jennifer E. WP209
Yoskowitz, David 429
Yost, Denise 698
Yost, Denise M. 700
You, Jing 141, MP114, WP194, RP5
You, Yeong Seok MP151
Youn, Sejin 187, 188
Young, Cora J. 300
Young, Mark 78
Young, Robert B. 92
Young, Tomas M. RP115
Young-Ji, Han TP96
Yu, Lorraine MP6, MP57, MP85, RP94
Yu, Shuangying 477
Yu, Shuo 250, TP77
Yu, Yanxin 626
Yum, Seungshic MP42, MP43
Yumvihoze, Emmanuel TP101, TP109
Yun, Sehun RP139, RP177
Yunker, Mark B. 664, MP29
Yurchenko, Sergei MP153
Zah, Rainer 678, 679
Zahner, Holly 446, WP190
Zaleski, Rosemary T. 534, WP62
Zamora-Ley, Ingrid M. RP204, RP205
Zandon, Eliandra M. WP31
Zanette, Juliano MP63
Zanowick, Marie 420
Zapata-Perez, Omar MP83, RP28
Zaroogian, Gerald E. TP3, RP34
Zeeb, Barbara A. MP201
Zeiner, Carolyn 315
Zeller, Craig MP164
Zeng, Eddy WP186
Zenke, Hisataka RP119
Zhai, Guangshu 160
Zhang, Baohong WP216
Zhang, Chaoyang 655, 656, RP225
Zhang, Chunlong 718
Zhang, Daizhou RP190
Zhang, Fiona 388
Zhang, Gan 473
Zhang, Gengyun RP213
Zhang, Lin 1
Zhang, Minghua 726
Zhang, Saijin 182
Zhang, Wang 343
Zhang, Wei 252
Zhang, Xianming 714, RP176
Zhang, Xiaowei 392, MP45, WP20
Zhang, Yixian TP73
Zheng, Senlin 252, 651
Zhong, He WP69
Zhou, Qunfang 160, MP15
Zhou, Yue RP200
Zhu, Joy TP109
Zhu, Shiqian RP64
Ziegler, Gregory TP16
Ziegler, K. 187
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Zigmond, Leah RP134
Zilberman, David 506
Zillioux, Edward J. 442
Zipper, Carl E. WP59
Ziv, Lisa WP134
Zoh, Kyung Duk TP97, WP138
Zou, Shi-chun 473
Zuellig, Robert 459
Zurano, Lluis 314
Zushi, Y. WP156
Zwiernik, Matt TP144, WP229
Zwiernik, Mattew J. 392
Zwiernik, Matthew J. MP33, MP36,
WP68, WP84, WP210, WP218,
WP222, WP223, WP228
366 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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A (B) SAG Primer: Lectures on in-silico,
in-vitro and in-vivo methods in
bioaccumulation assessment, 454,
455, 456, 457, 546, 547, 548,
549, WP198, WP199
Advances in Environmental Sampling
and Analysis, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 62, 153, 154, 155,
156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,
MP106, MP107, MP108, MP109,
MP110, MP111, MP112, MP113,
MP114, MP115, MP116, MP117,
MP118, MP119, MP120, MP121,
MP122, MP123, MP124, MP125,
MP126, MP127, MP128, MP129,
MP130, MP131, MP132, MP133,
MP134, MP135, MP136, MP137,
MP138, MP139, MP140
Advances in Sediment and Soil
Bioavailability Measures and
Applications, 402, 403, 404, 405,
406, 407, 408, 409, WP181,
WP182, WP183, WP184,
WP185, WP186, WP187,
WP188, WP189
Agriculture Issues: Toxicology & Policy,
TP162, TP163
Approaches for Eective Ecological
Restoration Monitoring, 72,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 178, 179, MP178, MP179,
MP180, MP181, MP182, MP183,
MP184, MP185, MP186, MP187,
MP188, MP189
Aquatic Risk Assessment of Herbicides,
705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710,
711, 712, RP71, RP72, RP73,
RP74, RP75, RP76
Aquatic Toxicology and Ecology-
General, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372,
373, 374, 375, 376, 720, 721,
722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727,
TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, TP6,
TP7, TP8, TP9, TP10, TP11,
TP12, TP13, TP14, TP15, TP16,
TP17, TP18, TP19, TP20, TP21,
TP22, TP23, TP24, TP25, TP26,
TP27, TP28, TP29, TP30, TP31,
TP32, TP33, TP34, TP35, TP36,
TP37, RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4,
RP5, RP6, RP7, RP8, RP9, RP10,
RP11, RP12, RP13, RP14, RP15,
RP16, RP17, RP18, RP19, RP20,
RP21, RP22, RP23, RP24, RP25,
RP26, RP27, RP28, RP29, RP30,
RP31, RP32, RP33
Assessing Ecological Services, 428, 429,
430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435,
436, WP1, WP2, WP3, WP4,
WP5
Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability
& Bioaccumulation in Soil
Ecotoxicology, TP65, TP66, TP67,
TP68, TP69, TP70, TP71, TP72,
TP73, TP74, TP75, TP76, TP77,
TP78, TP79, TP80
Biofuels and the environment, 674, 675,
676, 677, 678, 679, 680, RP77,
RP78, RP79
Calculation and Communication of
Footprints and Sustainability
Measures, 419, 420, 421, 422,
423, 424, 425, 426, 427, WP190
Chemical Analysis and Fate of
Degradation Products of
Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater
Treatment Plants and River
Waters, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381,
382, 383, 384, 385, TP93
Citizen Science - a road to better
environmental policy, TP160,
TP161
Climate change, TP164, TP165, TP166,
TP167, TP168
Comparative Ecotoxicology, 613, 614,
615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620,
621, RP34, RP35, RP36, RP37,
RP38, RP39, RP40, RP41, RP42,
RP43, RP44, RP45, RP46, RP47,
RP48, RP49, RP50, RP51, RP52,
RP53, RP54
Confronting the Life-Cycle Impacts and
Benets of Biofuels, 503, 504,
505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510
Coral Reef Ecotoxicology, 697, 698,
699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704,
RP55, RP56, RP57
Detection, Quantitation and Regulatory
Limits: Looking Beyond the Noise,
410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 418, TP94
Development and Use of Animal
Alternatives in Environmental Risk
Assessment, 631, 632, 633, 634,
635, 636, 637, 638, 639, RP80,
RP81, RP82
Ecological Eects of Nanomaterials, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, 188, MP1, MP2, MP3,
MP4, MP5, MP6, MP7, MP8,
MP9, MP10, MP11, MP12,
MP13, MP14, MP15, MP16,
MP17
Ecological Risk Assessment-General,
437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442,
443, 444, WP62, WP63, WP64,
WP65, WP66, WP67, WP68,
WP69, WP70, WP71, WP72,
WP73, WP74, WP75, WP76,
WP77, WP78, WP79, WP80,
WP81, WP82, WP83, WP84,
WP85, WP86, WP87, WP88,
WP89, WP90, WP91, WP92,
WP93, WP94, WP96, WP97,
WP98, WP99
Ecotoxicology & Risk Issues in South
Florida, 604, 605, 606, 607,
608, 609, 610, 611, 612, RP196,
RP197, RP198, RP199, RP200,
RP201, RP202, RP203, RP204,
RP205
EDCs and Pharmaceuticals in the
Environment, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
95, 96, 97, 98, 189, 190, 191,
192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,
MP141, MP142, MP143, MP144,
MP145, MP146, MP147, MP148,
MP149, MP150, MP151, MP152,
MP153, MP154, MP155, MP156,
MP157
Energetic Materials: Ecotoxicity, Fate,
and Risk Assessment, RP206,
RP207, RP208, RP209, RP210,
RP211, RP212, RP213, RP214,
RP215
Environmental Decision-Making for
Contaminated Systems: Moving
Beyond the Numbers, 689, 690,
691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696,
RP179
Environmental Fate and Transformation
of Mercury, 241, 242, 243, 244,
245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 337,
338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343,
344, TP95, TP96, TP97, TP98,
TP99, TP100, TP101, TP102,
TP103, TP104, TP105, TP106,
TP107, TP108, TP109, TP110,
TP111
Environmental Forensics, 586, 587, 588,
589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594,
RP104, RP105, RP106, RP107,
RP108, RP109, RP110, RP111,
RP112, RP113, RP114, RP115
Environmental Implications of
Nanotechnology, TP112, TP113,
TP114, TP115, TP116, TP117,
TP118, TP119, TP120, TP121,
TP122
Environmental or Analytical Chemistry-
General, 657, 658, 659, 660,
661, 662, 663, 664, 665, RP116,
RP117, RP118, RP119, RP120,
RP121, RP122, RP123, RP124,
RP125, RP126, RP127, RP128,
RP129, RP130, RP131, RP132,
RP133, RP134, RP135, RP136,
RP137, RP138, RP139, RP140,
RP141, RP142, RP143, RP144,
RP145, RP146, RP147, RP148,
RP149, RP150, RP151, RP152,
RP153, RP154, RP155
Exposure Modeling: Linking Sources
to Concentrations in Ecosystems,
Humans, Animals, and Plants,
529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, RP156, RP157,
RP158, RP159, RP160, RP161,
RP162, RP163, RP164, RP165,
RP166, RP167, RP168, RP169,
RP170, RP171, RP172, RP173,
RP174
Fate and Eects of Metals: Aquatic
Biological Perspective, 445, 446,
447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452,
453, WP6, WP7, WP8, WP9,
WP10, WP11, WP12, WP13,
WP14, WP15, WP16, WP17,
WP18, WP19, WP20, WP21,
WP22, WP23, WP24, WP25
Fate and Eects of Metals: BLM, 538,
539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544,
545, WP26, WP27
Fate and Eects of Metals: Chemical
Perspective, TP123, TP124,
TP125, TP126, TP127, TP128,
TP129
Fate and Eects of metals: Dietary,
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,
168, 169, 170, MP158, MP159,
MP160, MP161, MP162
Fate and Eects of Metals: Regulatory
and Risk Assessment Perspective,
354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359,
360, 361, 362, RP180, RP181,
RP182
Fate and Eects of Metals: Sediment,
63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
MP163, MP164
Fate and Eects of Metals: Terrestrial/
Wetland Perspective, 259, 260,
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266,
TP185, TP186, TP187, TP188,
TP189, TP190, TP192
Fate, Ecotoxicity, and Risk Assessment
of Materials of Importance to the
Military in Soil Environments,
and Innovative Methods to Carry
Out such Investigations, 126, 127,
128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,
134, MP100, MP101, MP102,
MP97, MP98, MP99
Flame Retardants, TP130, TP131,
TP132, TP133, TP134, TP135,
TP136, TP137, TP138, TP139
Green Chemistry: Atom economy,
Biodegradation and Catalysis - Te
ABC of environmentally friendly
synthesis, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599,
600, 601, 602, 603
HACCP: Integrating Science and
Management through ASTM
Standards, 568, 569, 570, 571,
572, 573, 574, 575, 576
Human Health and Ecological Risk
Assessment Issues at MGP Sites,
RP83, RP84, RP85, RP86, RP87,
RP88, RP89
Immunotoxicology, RP216, RP217,
RP218, RP219, RP220, RP221,
RP222, RP223, RP224
Implementing State and Local
Endangered Species Protection
in Response to Federal Programs,
232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237,
238, 239, 240
Indirect Eects in Endangered Species
Assessments for Pesticides, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, MP103, MP104
Integration of human and ecological
research: Saving two birds with one
stone, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644,
645, 646, 647, RP58, RP59, RP60
Legacy Sediment Sites: Conceptual
Models and Case Studies, 310,
311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316,
317, 318, TP140
Life Cycle Assessment: Emerging
Applications and Case Studies,
666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671,
672, 673
Managing and reducing uncertainties in
environmental assessments, 328,
329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334,
335, 336, TP169, TP170, TP171,
TP172
Manipulation of contaminant
bioavailability in sediments: Taking
science to novel remediation
approaches, 494, 495, 496, 497,
498, 499, 500, 501, 502, WP191,
WP192, WP193, WP194,
WP195, WP196, WP197
Marine and coastal Issues, 36, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, MP18,
MP19, MP20, MP21, MP22,
MP23, MP24, MP25, MP26,
MP27, MP28, MP29, MP30
Mechanisms of PAH Toxicity in Aquatic
Animals, 743, 744, 745, 746,
747, 748, 749, 750, RP61, RP62,
RP63, RP64, RP65, RP66
Method in the Madness: New directions
for method development in soil
toxicology, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, TP193,
TP194
Methodological advances in LCI and
LCIA, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 367
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Modern Pesticides in Urban
Environments: Risk Assessment
and Management, 267, 268, 269,
270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
363, 364, 365, 366, 367, TP180,
TP181, TP182, TP183
Molecular and Genetic Approaches to
Environmental Toxicology, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 117,
118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123,
124, 125, MP31, MP32, MP33,
MP34, MP35, MP36, MP37,
MP38, MP39, MP40, MP41,
MP42, MP43, MP44, MP45,
MP46, MP47, MP48, MP49,
MP50, MP51, MP52, MP53,
MP54, MP55, MP56, MP58,
MP59, MP60, MP61, MP62,
MP63, MP64, MP65, MP66,
MP67, MP68, MP69, MP70,
MP71, MP72, MP73, MP74,
MP75, MP76, MP77, MP78,
MP79, MP80, MP81, MP82,
MP83, MP84, MP85, MP86,
MP87
Multiple Stressors in Aquatic
Ecosystems, 458, 459, 460, 461,
462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 550,
551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556,
557, 558, WP28, WP29, WP30,
WP31, WP32, WP33, WP34,
WP35, WP37, WP38, WP39,
WP40, WP41, WP42, WP43,
WP44, WP45, WP46, WP47,
WP48, WP49, WP50, WP51,
WP52, WP53, WP54, WP55,
WP56, WP57
Nanotechnology, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, TP81, TP82
Oceans and Human Health: Impacts of
Hurricane Katrina, 144, 145, 146,
147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,
MP190, MP191, MP192, MP193,
MP194
Oil Sands Assessment: Advancements
in ecotoxicology, analysis, and
reclamation strategies, TP38,
TP39, TP40, TP41, TP42, TP43,
TP44, TP45, TP46
Peruorinated Compounds:
Environmental Sources, Fate,
Distribution, and Trends, 485,
486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491,
492, 493, WP157, WP158,
WP159, WP160, WP161,
WP162, WP163, WP164,
WP165, WP166, WP167,
WP168, WP169, WP170,
WP171, WP172, WP173,
WP174, WP175, WP176,
WP177, WP178, WP179, WP180
Peruorochemical Monitoring, 293,
294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299,
300, TP141, TP142, TP143,
TP144, TP145, TP146, TP147,
TP148, TP149
Pollutant remediation in wetland
systems, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581,
582, 583, 584, 585, RP67, RP68,
RP69, RP70
POPs: Te Next Generation, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 99, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, MP195,
MP196, MP197, MP198, MP199,
MP200, MP201, MP202, MP203,
MP204
Population modeling in ecological risk
assessment, TP83
Population models in ecological risk
assessment - challenges and
opportunities, 319, 320, 321, 322,
323, 324, 325, 326, 327, TP84
Practical Applications of Genomics, 735,
736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741,
742, RP90, RP91, RP92, RP93,
RP94, RP95, RP96, RP97, RP98
Predicting toxic eects based on
contaminants in tissue, 511, 512,
513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518,
519, WP100, WP101, WP102,
WP103, WP105, WP106, WP107
Putting the Eco in Ecotoxicology:
Session Dedicated to John Cairns,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 214, 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 306, 307, 308, 309, TP48,
TP49, TP50, TP51, TP52
REACH: Implications and Importance
to North America, MP165,
MP166, MP167, MP168, MP169,
MP170, MP171
Recent Advances in Avian Risk
Assessments of Pesticides, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, MP105
Restoration Ecology,520, 521, 522, 523,
524, 525, 526, 527, 528, WP58,
WP59, WP60, WP61
Restoration/Remediation Impacts,
TP173, TP174, TP175, TP176,
TP177
Results of the SETAC Workshop on
Science-based guidance for the
Evaluation and identication of
PBTs and POPs, 198, 199, 200,
201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206
Revitalized Role of Science in MGP Site
Management, TP150, TP151,
TP152, TP153
Risk Management, Risk
Communication, and Science
Policy-General, MP172, MP173,
MP174, MP175, MP176, MP177
Science, Heal Tyself II: Further
Exploration into the Science of
Science, TP178, TP179
Sediment Remediation using
Sequestering Agents in Caps;
Applications and Eects on
Bioavailability and Ecotoxicity,
215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220,
221, 222, 223, TP53, TP54, TP55
Sediment toxicity: real crisis or witch-
hunt? 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 141, 142, 143, MP88,
MP89, MP90
Soil Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment,
250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,
256, 257, 258, TP195, TP196,
TP197, TP198, TP199, TP200,
TP201, TP202, TP203, TP204,
TP205, TP206, TP207
Sources and eects of EDCs and PPCPs
in the southern California Bight
coastal ecosystem, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, TP184
Sources and Environmental Behavior
of Peruorochemicals, 395, 396,
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, TP154,
TP155, TP156, TP157, TP158,
TP159
Species sensitivity distributions, TP85,
TP86
Stormwater Ponds: Short and long-
term perspectives on their
multifunctional role in urban
landscapes, MP91, MP92, MP93,
MP94, MP95, MP96
Terrestrial Ecotoxicogenomics, 648, 649,
650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655,
656, RP225
Terrestrial or Wildlife Toxicology and
Ecology-General, TP208, TP209,
TP210, TP211, TP212, TP213,
TP214, TP215, TP216, TP217,
TP218, TP219
Te art and science of ecotoxicology in
the developing world, 728, 729,
730, 731, 732, 733, 734
Te Research behind Water Quality
Protection Regulatory Programs,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,
230, 231, TP87, TP88, TP89,
TP90, TP91, TP92
Te use of decision science in
optimizing contaminated sediment
investigations, 681, 682, 683,
684, 685, 686, 687, 688, RP100,
RP101, RP102, RP103, RP99
Toxic Substances from Consumer Care
Products and Pharmaceuticals,
467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472,
473, 474, 475, 559, 560, 561,
562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567,
WP108, WP109, WP110,
WP111, WP112, WP113,
WP114, WP115, WP116,
WP117, WP118, WP119,
WP120, WP121, WP122,
WP123, WP124, WP125,
WP126, WP127, WP128,
WP129, WP130, WP131,
WP132, WP133, WP134,
WP135, WP136, WP137,
WP138, WP139, WP140,
WP141, WP142, WP143,
WP144, WP145, WP146,
WP147, WP148, WP149,
WP150, WP151, WP152,
WP153, WP154, WP155, WP156
Toxic substances in rural and urban
environments-Implications for
human health, 622, 623, 624, 625,
626, 627, 628, 629, 630, RP183,
RP184, RP185, RP186, RP187,
RP188, RP189, RP190, RP191,
RP192, RP193, RP194, RP195
What is the current state of the science
on the fate and exposure of human
and veterinary pharmaceuticals and
other emerging contaminants to
aquatic and terrestrial organisms?
284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, TP56, TP57,
TP58, TP59, TP60, TP61, TP62,
TP63, TP64
What is the current state of the
science on the fate and exposure
of humans to emerging
contaminants? 713, 714, 715, 716,
717, 718, 719, RP175, RP176,
RP177, RP178
Wildlife Ecotoxicology, 386, 387, 388,
389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394,
476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481,
482, 483, 484, WP200, WP201,
WP202, WP203, WP204,
WP205, WP206, WP207,
WP208, WP209, WP210,
WP211, WP212, WP213,
WP214, WP215, WP216,
WP217, WP218, WP219,
WP220, WP221, WP222,
WP223, WP224, WP225,
WP226, WP227, WP228, WP229
368 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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Accumulation, 151, 163, 202, 247, 277,
338, 343, 348, 362, 382, 407, 41,
412, 449, 462, 476, 477, 513,
540, 543, 548, 579, 588, 605,
636, 697, 701, MP12, MP22,
MP47, RP10, RP13, RP16, RP21,
RP32, RP38, RP66, TP21, TP31,
TP72, WP10, WP11, WP17,
WP20
Acetylcholinesterase, 29, 30, 31, 345,
482, RP46, WP20, WP22, WP54
Acid-volatile sulde, 64, 68, 70, RP12
Acute toxicity, 182, 224, 259, 335, 369,
443, 461, 482, 606, 631, 637,
638, 639, 707, 720, 732, MP11,
MP14, MP17, MP2, MP76,
RP18, RP20, RP47, RP51, RP52,
RP54, RP7, RP74, RP75, TP15,
TP21, TP22, TP28, TP5, TP52,
TP9, WP12, WP13, WP14,
WP38, WP39
Adsorption, 221, 498, 582, 712, MP13,
RP13, TP15, WP17
Algae, 182, 187, 37, 370, 372, 417, 471,
698, 721, MP14, MP15, MP24,
MP27, MP43, MP46, MP7,
RP19, RP20, RP72, RP73, TP12,
TP44, TP58, TP7, TP84, TP90,
WP15, WP30, WP58, WP8,
WP88
Ammonia, 225, 585, MP11, RP18,
RP7, TP62
Amphibian, 118, 265, 266, 307, 320,
387, 391, 470, 518, 556, 558,
647, 707, 709, 727, 84, MP19,
MP78, MP93, MP96, RP18,
RP21, RP22, RP23, RP26, RP3,
RP47, RP74, RP75, TP83, TP85,
WP14, WP20, WP21, WP29,
WP37
Amphipod, 139, 306, 618, 725, MP88,
RP10, RP36, RP50, RP53, RP95,
RP99, TP18, TP79, TP81, WP51,
WP52
Aquatic toxicity, 113, 117, 120, 122,
124, 125, 141, 151, 163, 18, 183,
187, 188, 196, 209, 23, 230, 268,
269, 291, 306, 309, 322, 324,
358, 369, 373, 383, 40, 440, 447,
453, 460, 461, 514, 516, 539,
542, 544, 567, 575, 583, 614,
616, 632, 633, 639, 646, 700,
708, 710, 721, 723, 724, 730,
732, 741, 743, 744, 746, 81,
82, 83, 84, 86, 89, MP1, MP10,
MP13, MP14, MP15, MP16,
MP17, MP24, MP39, MP42,
MP43, MP44, MP49, MP53,
MP56, MP57, MP59, MP6,
MP68, MP75, MP77, MP81,
MP86, MP87, RP10, RP12,
RP13, RP18, RP19, RP20, RP22,
RP33, RP37, RP39, RP44, RP45,
RP50, RP59, RP6, RP60, RP61,
RP67, RP71, RP76, RP8, RP90,
RP94, TP1, TP11, TP12, TP15,
TP16, TP17, TP18, TP20, TP28,
TP34, TP37, TP38, TP4, TP40,
TP41, TP43, TP44, TP46, TP47,
TP58, TP81, TP88, TP89, TP9,
TP91, WP10, WP12, WP14,
WP15, WP16, WP17, WP18,
WP21, WP23, WP24, WP25,
WP29, WP35, WP38, WP40,
WP41, WP43, WP44, WP46,
WP51, WP52, WP54, WP57,
WP61, WP82, WP90, WP95
Arsenic, 148, 169, 593, 628, 736,
MP13, MP19, MP41, MP72,
RP15, RP17, RP92, TP12, TP19,
TP20, WP10, WP19, WP22
Atrazine, 324, 556, 647, 705, 706,
MP11, MP32, MP62, RP12,
TP16, TP17
Avian, 104, 114, 177, 178, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 344, 35, 386,
389, 390, 394, 483, 484, 513,
515, 517, 650, 691, 95, MP10,
MP19, MP33, MP36, RP15,
RP21, RP22, TP19, WP20,
WP21, WP22
Behavior, 1, 106, 113, 114, 178, 245,
254, 260, 271, 28, 290, 314, 34,
396, 398, 428, 491, 521, 529,
563, 566, 611, 624, 641, 660,
81, MP12, MP22, MP77, RP12,
RP13, RP16, RP18, RP33, RP56,
TP10, TP11, TP15, TP17, TP33,
TP60, WP66
Benzo[a]pyrene, 750, MP72, RP66,
TP21, TP55
Bioaccumulation, 103, 105, 107, 129,
135, 137, 164, 166, 168, 170,
184, 200, 201, 202, 212, 216,
231, 242, 245, 246, 250, 257,
263, 273, 276, 293, 302, 304,
313, 341, 344, 348, 360, 38, 402,
403, 415, 42, 450, 454, 455, 456,
457, 466, 480, 488, 511, 514,
518, 533, 534, 536, 546, 547,
548, 549, 610, 612, 613, 615,
619, 629, 635, 643, 658, 67,
681, 689, 690, 691, 713, 744,
8, MP12, MP13, MP16, MP17,
MP19, MP20, MP21, MP28,
MP30, MP5, MP99, RP11, RP12,
RP13, RP16, RP17, RP18, RP19,
RP40, RP42, RP48, TP10, TP11,
TP12, TP13, TP16, TP17, TP18,
TP19, TP20, TP37, TP49, TP57,
TP65, TP70, TP71, TP73, TP74,
TP77, TP8, TP83, TP95, WP10,
WP11, WP12, WP14, WP15,
WP16, WP17, WP18, WP19,
WP20, WP21, WP22, WP6,
WP74, WP75, WP78, WP83,
WP9
Bioassay, 117, 128, 139, 168, 196, 219,
276, 346, 368, 372, 373, 382,
575, 576, 614, 618, 620, 688,
720, 95, MP12, MP32, MP33,
MP41, MP46, MP60, MP95,
RP10, RP12, RP18, RP21, RP22,
RP30, RP36, RP68, RP69, RP79,
RP82, TP12, TP15, TP16, TP19,
TP20, TP21, TP35, TP45, TP6,
TP65, WP10, WP11, WP14,
WP21, WP25, WP7
Bioavailability, 102, 140, 154, 169, 218,
221, 222, 241, 242, 246, 251,
260, 262, 277, 278, 282, 347,
354, 37, 392, 402, 404, 405, 407,
408, 409, 445, 459, 494, 497,
498, 500, 501, 502, 539, 540,
542, 586, 615, 642, 649, 66, 686,
69, 718, 750, 97, MP12, MP23,
MP88, MP89, MP9, MP95,
RP15, RP20, RP21, RP82, RP87,
TP11, TP12, TP13, TP15, TP18,
TP20, TP30, TP34, TP53, TP55,
TP57, TP66, TP67, TP68, TP69,
TP72, TP73, TP75, TP77, TP78,
TP80, WP10, WP11, WP12,
WP14, WP15, WP16, WP18,
WP19, WP27, WP66
Bioconcentration, 101, 137, 184, 200,
201, 203, 400, 456, 516, 546,
548, 549, 584, 635, 636, MP16,
MP22, MP29, RP16, RP17,
RP20, RP82, TP49, TP57, TP79,
WP12, WP13, WP17
Biodegradation, 130, 132, 193, 253,
254, 581, 587, 590, 597, 599,
600, 601, 602, MP90, RP14,
TP21, TP40, TP42, TP43, WP11,
WP14, WP16, WP63, WP83
Biomarker, 117, 120, 123, 162, 18, 19,
196, 211, 25, 345, 368, 377, 392,
40, 41, 43, 465, 48, 484, 49, 52,
553, 633, 648, 649, 655, 656,
683, 700, 73, 730, 736, 739, 740,
741, 85, MP15, MP16, MP19,
MP26, MP31, MP34, MP38,
MP39, MP43, MP48, MP49,
MP52, MP59, MP62, MP63,
MP70, MP71, MP73, MP75,
MP76, MP77, MP78, MP81,
MP82, MP85, MP86, RP1, RP18,
RP21, RP22, RP27, RP28, RP3,
RP45, RP46, RP47, RP58, RP66,
RP68, RP79, RP81, RP93, RP94,
RP97, RP98, TP1, TP12, TP2,
TP21, TP29, WP10, WP12,
WP20, WP22, WP23, WP31,
WP33, WP42, WP6
Biomonitoring, 123, 149, 196, 227,
264, 316, 361, 375, 390, 394,
405, 420, 436, 439, 44, 479, 493,
51, 537, 550, 555, 557, 572, 586,
632, 685, 72, 728, 73, 77, MP11,
MP15, MP21, MP64, MP65,
MP90, RP13, RP14, RP19, RP21,
RP29, RP33, RP48, RP81, RP93,
TP10, TP13, TP14, TP15, TP17,
TP2, TP4, TP54, TP73, TP8,
TP87, WP10, WP11, WP17,
WP20, WP30, WP31, WP34,
WP50, WP52, WP54, WP55,
WP76
Bioremediation, 132, 256, 584, 587,
RP83, TP44, WP63
Biotic ligand, 225, 261, 356, 357, 359,
447, 449, 452, 538, 539, 543,
544, 545, MP40, WP24, WP26
Biotransformation, 106, 415, 455, 534,
547, 621, 635, 657, 92, MP13,
MP19, RP15, RP17, RP21,
RP43, RP64, RP82, TP10, TP13,
TP14, TP15, TP19, TP21, WP10,
WP16, WP17, WP18, WP20
Ceriodaphnia dubia, 185, 373, 374,
416, 460, 577, 583, 614, 732,
MP4, TP18, TP26, TP39, WP32,
WP39, WP46, WP47
Chironomus, 136, MP11, MP76, RP10,
RP4, RP81
Chlorpyrifos, 269, 582
Chronic toxicity, 125, 165, 168, 170,
22, 224, 265, 307, 373, 374, 416,
446, 447, 609, 643, 732, MP11,
MP17, MP40, RP17, RP18,
RP56, RP63, RP66, RP7, RP81,
RP84, TP22, TP3, TP30, TP39,
TP46, TP58, WP10, WP11,
WP13, WP14, WP15, WP35,
WP49, WP68, WP8, WP92
Climate, 148, 419, 421, 423, 430, 458,
459, 504, 507, 510, 570, 674,
676, 677, 710, MP22, MP65,
RP39, TP16
Contaminants, 107, 126, 140, 149, 151,
154, 156, 189, 194, 2, 209, 210,
231, 253, 266, 294, 3, 310, 311,
312, 342, 347, 377, 384, 4, 412,
42, 43, 458, 468, 47, 473, 486,
488, 489, 490, 500, 509, 518,
529, 53, 533, 56, 568, 570, 571,
573, 578, 589, 627, 63, 644, 658,
659, 663, 664, 684, 687, 7, 713,
719, 72, 728, 733, 88, MP11,
MP12, MP13, MP14, MP15,
MP19, RP10, RP11, RP13, RP14,
RP15, RP16, RP17, RP18, RP19,
RP2, RP20, RP21, RP48, RP59,
RP88, TP12, TP14, TP15, TP16,
TP17, TP20, TP21, TP24, TP38,
TP40, TP54, WP11, WP12,
WP13, WP14, WP15, WP17,
WP19, WP20, WP21, WP22,
WP33, WP4, WP44, WP48,
WP54, WP55, WP62, WP64,
WP77, WP85, WP97
Cytochrome P450, 132, 252, 553, 635,
743, 745, 746, MP12, MP19,
MP32, MP33, MP36, MP47,
MP58, MP63, MP72, RP15,
RP27, RP28, RP43, RP61, RP64,
RP65, TP15, TP21, WP12, WP22
Cytotoxicity, 180, 632, 633, 655, MP66,
RP22, TP28
Degradation, 131, 16, 198, 395, 397,
467, 662, 717, 92, 96, 98, MP10,
MP15, RP11, RP12, RP14, TP13,
TP16, TP17, TP42, TP69, TP93,
WP15, WP16, WP17
Depuration, 414, 480, MP16, MP20,
WP12
Desorption, 191, RP12, TP12, TP16,
TP19
Development, 22, 280, 295, 370, 388,
420, 426, 431, 450, 470, 483, 54,
554, 596, 597, 630, 638, 646,
670, 680, 716, 729, 733, 744,
747, 84, MP1, MP16, MP19,
MP44, MP69, MP82, RP11,
RP15, RP19, RP20, RP21, RP26,
RP64, RP9, RP92, TP13, TP14,
TP17, TP18, TP20, TP27, WP11,
WP14, WP18, WP20, WP21,
WP50
Dioxins, 134, 153, 159, 161, 315, 406,
517, 593, 594, 661, 694, MP13,
MP14, MP33, MP36, MP47,
RP10, RP11, RP12, RP17, TP13,
TP17, TP71, TP74, TP76, TP78,
WP10, WP14, WP20, WP21,
WP22, WP68, WP84
Earthworms, 250, 251, 252, 257, 345,
346, 648, 651, 652, 654, MP2,
MP92, MP95, TP11, TP18, TP19,
TP20, TP66, TP72, TP77, TP83
Ecological risk assessment, 108, 109,
110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116,
126, 134, 141, 142, 143, 144, 15,
152, 16, 179, 205, 209, 210, 211,
213, 214, 224, 227, 228, 229,
230, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237,
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 369
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239, 255, 256, 258, 27, 272, 275,
279, 28, 281, 282, 283, 30, 308,
31, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322,
323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328,
33, 331, 333, 34, 348, 349, 350,
352, 354, 358, 393, 413, 420,
428, 430, 433, 437, 438, 440,
441, 442, 443, 474, 506, 511,
512, 513, 515, 516, 521, 550,
554, 560, 561, 564, 568, 569,
571, 572, 573, 605, 607, 608,
631, 639, 640, 644, 645, 67, 678,
679, 683, 685, 687, 688, 690,
692, 694, 696, 702, 704, 705,
706, 707, 708, 71, 710, 729, 735,
75, 79, 94, MP10, MP16, MP17,
MP18, MP60, MP78, MP97,
RP10, RP20, RP22, RP37, RP41,
RP49, RP58, RP76, RP80, RP86,
RP87, RP89, RP90, RP91, RP94,
RP96, TP14, TP15, TP16, TP17,
TP19, TP20, TP21, TP47, TP48,
TP64, TP68, TP75, TP79, TP84,
TP86, TP88, TP89, TP92, TP93,
WP10, WP14, WP18, WP19,
WP2, WP20, WP21, WP22,
WP3, WP36, WP4, WP49, WP5,
WP53, WP62, WP64, WP65,
WP66, WP67, WP68, WP69,
WP70, WP71, WP72, WP73,
WP76, WP77, WP78, WP79,
WP8, WP80, WP81, WP82,
WP84, WP85, WP86, WP87,
WP93, WP94, WP95, WP96
Ecotoxicology, 107, 109, 119, 122, 124,
127, 131, 133, 139, 152, 179,
180, 186, 207, 208, 209, 210,
213, 214, 219, 227, 228, 229,
252, 26, 263, 266, 279, 285, 301,
303, 305, 306, 308, 317, 319,
320, 327, 34, 346, 349, 350, 351,
360, 368, 380, 387, 389, 390,
391, 393, 432, 444, 458, 464,
476, 479, 48, 481, 482, 483, 49,
512, 519, 53, 551, 552, 553, 555,
558, 567, 568, 580, 611, 614,
637, 646, 649, 653, 66, 699, 703,
728, 73, 737, 738, 747, 749, 79,
80, 87, MP10, MP15, MP16,
MP17, MP18, MP19, MP31,
MP34, MP46, MP55, MP56,
MP69, MP70, MP72, MP79,
MP84, MP93, RP10, RP12,
RP15, RP16, RP19, RP2, RP20,
RP21, RP22, RP28, RP36, RP41,
RP42, RP43, RP48, RP54, RP55,
RP64, RP8, RP91, RP93, RP96,
TP11, TP12, TP13, TP16, TP17,
TP19, TP20, TP21, TP22, TP29,
TP3, TP33, TP36, TP47, TP5,
TP59, TP6, TP7, TP8, TP84,
TP89, WP10, WP11, WP14,
WP20, WP21, WP22, WP26,
WP32, WP34, WP35, WP37,
WP40, WP41, WP45, WP46,
WP55, WP67
Euent, 211, 284, 287, 288, 359,
374, 383, 411, 416, 46, 474,
551, 564, 581, 620, 739, 90, 94,
MP12, MP14, MP15, MP74,
RP49, TP12, TP59, TP91, WP12,
WP15, WP21, WP53, WP7,
WP73
Elimination, 98, RP17
Emerging, 105, 106, 130, 156, 157,
214, 228, 289, 291, 295, 298, 3,
300, 314, 378, 384, 388, 389,
401, 411, 46, 468, 469, 47, 472,
473, 474, 475, 487, 490, 5, 50,
506, 509, 52, 532, 550, 561, 566,
567, 60, 641, 658, 670, 7, 713,
715, 719, 8, 90, 95, MP10, MP13,
MP15, MP17, MP4, RP12,
RP13, RP17, RP18, RP19, RP21,
RP29, RP49, TP14, TP89, WP10,
WP11, WP12, WP13, WP14,
WP15, WP16, WP17, WP19,
WP36, WP53, WP67, WP97
Endocrine disruption, 118, 119, 189,
19, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 20,
226, 24, 25, 284, 285, 286, 289,
290, 36, 376, 383, 385, 45, 46,
464, 465, 467, 470, 474, 475,
48, 484, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 617,
620, 634, 643, 645, 647, 650,
715, 717, 718, 723, 741, 746,
748, 749, 91, 92, 94, 95, MP13,
MP14, MP15, MP19, MP20,
MP34, MP35, MP37, MP45,
MP48, MP50, MP52, MP55,
MP56, MP59, MP61, MP62,
MP66, MP71, MP73, MP74,
MP78, MP80, MP82, MP83,
MP85, RP1, RP17, RP18, RP21,
RP23, RP26, RP31, RP34, RP94,
RP96, TP13, TP14, TP18, TP2,
TP25, TP3, TP32, TP50, TP51,
TP56, TP6, TP60, WP11, WP12,
WP14, WP21, WP40, WP41,
WP44, WP45, WP56, WP57
Fathead minnow, 184, 185, 289, 290,
376, 446, 464, 519, 565, MP14,
MP27, MP35, MP37, MP40,
MP56, MP71, MP79, RP96,
TP33, TP34, TP46, TP51, TP6,
TP60, TP62, WP12, WP14,
WP39, WP47, WP51, WP56
Fish, 103, 106, 111, 123, 125, 142, 15,
153, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168,
170, 19, 201, 21, 24, 25, 280,
286, 296, 302, 343, 361, 362,
370, 372, 380, 384, 39, 41, 43,
434, 438, 439, 44, 440, 445, 448,
450, 451, 454, 457, 460, 465,
466, 47, 472, 475, 48, 486, 49,
492, 50, 512, 523, 53, 538, 541,
543, 544, 546, 547, 551, 552, 56,
611, 620, 621, 631, 632, 633,
634, 639, 646, 702, 711, 722,
730, 737, 738, 740, 743, 745,
748, 749, MP1, MP10, MP11,
MP13, MP14, MP15, MP16,
MP17, MP18, MP20, MP21,
MP34, MP38, MP39, MP44,
MP48, MP50, MP52, MP57,
MP58, MP6, MP60, MP63,
MP64, MP66, MP74, MP77,
MP8, MP80, MP81, MP83,
MP85, MP86, RP1, RP11, RP12,
RP13, RP14, RP15, RP17, RP18,
RP19, RP20, RP24, RP25, RP28,
RP31, RP35, RP37, RP40, RP42,
RP45, RP46, RP52, RP58, TP1,
TP10, TP11, TP13, TP14, TP16,
TP17, TP18, TP20, TP24, TP25,
TP29, TP35, TP37, TP49, TP52,
TP59, TP61, WP10, WP11,
WP12, WP15, WP16, WP17,
WP18, WP19, WP20, WP23,
WP3, WP30, WP31, WP33,
WP40, WP41, WP42, WP48,
WP52, WP55, WP57, WP69,
WP78, WP88, WP9, WP92,
WP95
Genotoxicity, 124, 18, 22, 479, 650,
748, MP17, MP30, MP38, MP41,
MP65, MP69, MP87, RP20,
RP21, RP60, RP84, RP92, TP17,
TP18, TP21, WP22
Growth, 187, 371, 434, 463, 470, 520,
522, 699, 711, MP7, RP20, RP56,
RP73, TP13, TP21, TP27, TP28,
WP3, WP57
Herbicides, 110, 112, 115, 232, 236,
237, 265, 274, 303, 307, 607, 61,
616, 705, 707, 709, 710, 712,
MP10, MP17, MP28, MP46,
RP12, RP47, RP72, RP74, RP75,
RP76, TP10, TP11, TP16, TP17,
TP20, TP21, TP84, WP22,
WP28, WP61
Hypoxia, 465, MP11, RP98, TP90
Immunotoxicity, 477, MP24, RP2,
RP21, RP22
Insecticides, 110, 232, 236, 237, 269,
27, 271, 272, 273, 274, 304,
463, 482, 501, 558, 606, 61,
747, MP11, MP17, RP13, RP16,
RP20, RP41, RP67, TP18, TP33,
TP50, TP52, TP9, WP20, WP22,
WP37
Invertebrates, 113, 135, 141, 162, 18,
213, 263, 268, 276, 301, 308,
309, 351, 353, 375, 38, 404, 415,
432, 437, 447, 453, 459, 462,
497, 522, 555, 609, 610, 617, 68,
685, 690, 698, 703, 730, 739,
80, 85, 86, MP12, MP13, MP16,
MP20, MP23, MP24, MP29,
MP59, MP62, MP99, RP14,
RP16, RP19, RP2, RP38, RP4,
RP44, RP51, RP6, RP65, RP9,
RP91, TP1, TP12, TP13, TP16,
TP19, TP20, TP21, TP27, TP30,
TP45, TP48, TP50, TP54, TP65,
TP74, TP87, TP9, WP10, WP11,
WP17, WP18, WP19, WP24,
WP27, WP35, WP6, WP88,
WP90
Lead, 148, 162, 263, 334, 393, 451,
MP18, MP19, RP18, RP84,
TP18, WP21, WP22
Life-cycle assessment, 10, 11, 126, 13,
136, 14, 15, 16, 17, 281, 329,
330, 331, 332, 333, 421, 422,
423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 442,
446, 503, 505, 506, 507, 508,
509, 510, 574, 603, 625, 666,
667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672,
673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678,
679, 680, MP16, MP98, RP16,
RP44, TP16, TP17, TP19, TP51
Medaka, 21, 638, MP42, MP45, MP82,
TP11, TP32, WP10, WP11,
WP12, WP14
Mercury, 148, 159, 166, 177, 223, 241,
242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247,
248, 249, 264, 266, 302, 337,
338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343,
344, 362, 390, 391, 403, 502,
511, 512, 612, 629, 644, MP10,
MP11, MP15, MP16, MP21,
MP30, MP52, RP10, RP11,
RP15, RP18, RP19, TP10, TP11,
TP18, TP19, TP29, TP8, TP95,
TP96, TP97, TP98, TP99, WP10,
WP18, WP21, WP6, WP9
Mesocosm, 183, 303, 351, 471, 556,
557, 558, 699, 742, RP13, TP69,
WP18, WP28, WP37, WP53
Metabolism, 200, 29, 304, 392, 454,
457, 480, 62, 621, MP12, MP19,
MP58, MP67, RP14, RP16,
RP35, RP65, RP97, RP98, TP11,
TP13, TP21, TP90, WP12, WP19
Metalloids, 165, 450, 613, MP15,
TP12, TP19, TP66, WP17
Metallothionein, 23, 83
Metals, 12, 121, 124, 125, 127, 128,
129, 135, 145, 158, 162, 163,
164, 167, 170, 173, 182, 197,
222, 224, 23, 250, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 264, 265, 282, 283,
301, 317, 335, 347, 354, 355,
356, 357, 358, 36, 360, 361, 404,
41, 441, 445, 446, 448, 449, 451,
452, 453, 459, 466, 477, 500,
514, 515, 525, 538, 539, 540,
541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 577,
593, 597, 608, 609, 616, 627,
628, 63, 64, 65, 653, 66, 665,
666, 67, 672, 68, 69, 697, 70,
701, 71, 721, 731, 80, 83, 88,
MP11, MP12, MP13, MP15,
MP16, MP17, MP18, MP19,
MP26, MP3, MP40, MP51,
MP64, MP70, MP76, MP79,
MP91, MP92, RP10, RP11,
RP12, RP13, RP14, RP16, RP17,
RP18, RP19, RP38, RP45, TP12,
TP16, TP17, TP18, TP19, TP20,
TP21, TP31, TP39, TP48, TP66,
TP67, TP68, TP70, TP77, TP80,
TP85, WP10, WP11, WP12,
WP13, WP14, WP15, WP16,
WP18, WP19, WP20, WP21,
WP22, WP23, WP24, WP25,
WP27, WP38, WP48, WP7, WP8
Microcosm, 213, 248, 708, RP17,
TP21, TP34, WP15, WP34
Mixture toxicity, 134, 154, 251, 285,
374, 435, 452, 460, 463, 554,
557, 565, 71, 720, 725, 740,
741, 745, MP16, RP16, RP24,
RP25, RP59, RP95, TP20, TP30,
TP38, TP41, TP56, TP91, WP15,
WP22, WP28, WP44, WP47
Model, 100, 12, 126, 13, 169, 200, 204,
21, 229, 24, 244, 247, 267, 292,
315, 318, 319, 32, 320, 321, 322,
323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329,
334, 355, 356, 357, 395, 411,
426, 430, 434, 435, 453, 485,
495, 496, 519, 527, 529, 530,
531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536,
537, 546, 547, 571, 613, 624,
625, 636, 64, 641, 662, 676, 682,
689, 699, 706, 725, 726, MP12,
MP13, MP14, MP16, MP17,
MP45, MP54, RP10, RP14,
RP15, RP16, RP17, RP18, RP21,
RP59, RP78, TP10, TP15, TP16,
TP20, TP22, TP47, TP55, TP56,
TP64, TP83, TP94, TP98, WP10,
WP14, WP16, WP18, WP19,
WP20, WP21, WP3, WP62,
370 SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng
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WP64, WP65, WP73, WP80,
WP83, WP92, WP99
Molybdenum, MP11, TP19
Monitoring, 135, 144, 145, 155, 156,
166, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175,
179, 194, 2, 214, 272, 275, 291,
297, 298, 3, 300, 310, 312, 339,
348, 362, 364, 378, 379, 38, 381,
382, 418, 42, 423, 428, 479, 485,
487, 489, 518, 520, 522, 550,
559, 568, 57, 570, 585, 59, 604,
605, 623, 624, 63, 645, 665, 695,
702, 706, 719, 72, 726, 731, 739,
74, 75, 76, 78, MP11, MP12,
MP13, MP14, MP15, MP17,
MP18, MP94, MP98, RP10,
RP11, RP12, RP13, RP15, RP18,
RP19, RP20, RP30, RP79, RP88,
TP10, TP14, TP16, TP17, TP18,
TP20, TP97, WP10, WP11,
WP12, WP13, WP15, WP17,
WP20, WP36, WP80, WP89
Multimedia, 204, 231, 244, 313, 426,
428, 509, 529, 530, 532, 533,
534, 535, 537, 623, 695, 72, 99,
MP16, MP17, MP98, RP15,
RP16, RP17, RP19, TP10, TP98,
WP14, WP63, WP80
Mutagenicity, 599, RP20
Nanomaterials, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
185, 186, 187, 188, 276, 277,
278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283,
349, 412, 461, 667, 668, 81, 82,
83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, MP1,
MP10, MP11, MP12, MP13,
MP14, MP16, MP17, MP2,
MP3, MP4, MP5, MP6, MP7,
MP8, MP9, RP22, TP11, TP12,
TP19, TP20, TP81, TP82, WP10,
WP13, WP15
PAHs, 138, 2, 215, 216, 217, 22, 220,
252, 309, 38, 407, 408, 409, 413,
415, 432, 435, 461, 462, 499,
528, 586, 589, 59, 591, 592, 651,
665, 700, 704, 743, 744, 745,
746, 747, 750, MP10, MP14,
MP15, MP19, MP44, MP68,
MP69, MP75, MP91, RP11,
RP12, RP14, RP15, RP16, RP19,
RP20, RP56, RP61, RP62, RP63,
RP65, RP83, RP88, RP89, TP11,
TP15, TP17, TP18, TP20, TP21,
TP75, WP19, WP31, WP71
Partitioning, 1, 102, 155, 192, 197,
202, 255, 314, 396, 400, 409,
507, 660, 718, 99, MP11, MP12,
MP16, RP10, RP12, RP13, RP14,
RP16, RP63, TP11, TP15, TP35,
TP78, WP17, WP18, WP20,
WP63, WP83
PCBs, 101, 134, 136, 137, 146, 153,
155, 159, 161, 215, 218, 302,
318, 39, 407, 411, 438, 480, 483,
484, 494, 495, 496, 497, 499, 5,
517, 523, 530, 531, 532, 536,
549, 57, 586, 6, 610, 62, 650,
664, 665, 682, 683, 684, 689,
702, 748, 76, 9, MP12, MP14,
MP19, MP20, MP42, MP55,
MP63, RP12, RP14, RP15, RP16,
RP17, RP18, RP19, RP20, RP22,
RP27, RP62, RP89, TP17, TP23,
TP49, TP53, TP72, TP73, WP14,
WP18, WP19, WP20, WP21,
WP22, WP78, WP96
Pentachlorophenol, MP11, RP14, WP47
Persistent, 130, 189, 195, 198, 199,
295, 298, 388, 395, 399, 487,
488, 491, 549, 6, 642, 663, 713,
715, 723, MP10, MP12, MP16,
MP17, RP13, RP14, RP15, RP17,
RP18, TP13, TP14, TP15, TP21,
WP10, WP13, WP16, WP17,
WP20, WP66
Pesticide, 108, 122, 146, 269, 29, 31,
32, 33, 35, 365, 367, 4, 44, 582,
604, 663, 711, MP11, MP83,
RP13, RP14, RP16, RP19, RP21,
RP35, RP37, RP77, RP9, TP12,
TP15, TP21, TP27, WP20,
WP29, WP93
Pesticides, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112,
114, 115, 116, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,
267, 268, 270, 273, 275, 28, 30,
305, 313, 323, 325, 327, 336,
363, 364, 365, 366, 385, 387, 4,
414, 443, 537, 554, 557, 559,
579, 583, 605, 61, 610, 617,
621, 626, 630, 657, 663, 708,
723, 725, 726, 727, 729, MP10,
MP11, MP12, MP13, MP17,
MP19, MP20, MP23, MP25,
MP32, MP45, MP81, MP91,
MP96, RP12, RP13, RP15, RP20,
RP24, RP25, RP41, RP5, RP71,
RP77, RP90, TP12, TP16, TP18,
TP21, TP52, TP65, TP94, WP21,
WP22, WP39, WP46, WP51,
WP58, WP69, WP70, WP71,
WP98, WP99
pH, 188, 262, 37, 394, 396, MP16,
RP13, RP52, TP15, TP18, WP16
Pharmaceuticals, 117, 156, 192, 226,
254, 285, 287, 288, 290, 291,
292, 303, 350, 377, 378, 379,
380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 45, 467,
468, 471, 473, 50, 52, 53, 55,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564,
565, 567, 581, 595, 617, 645,
717, 719, 731, 742, 90, 93, 94,
96, 98, MP11, MP14, MP15,
MP37, MP49, MP53, RP11,
RP23, RP39, RP49, RP60, TP57,
TP58, TP59, TP60, TP62, TP63,
TP64, TP94, WP11, WP12,
WP13, WP14, WP15, WP45
POPs, 1, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 176,
198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 296, 297, 3, 336, 394,
395, 401, 439, 454, 455, 492, 5,
54, 57, 574, 58, 622, 626, 643,
660, 684, 7, 9, 99, MP10, MP11,
MP12, MP13, MP14, MP17,
MP19, MP20, MP29, MP36,
MP83, MP87, RP12, RP13,
RP14, RP15, RP16, RP17, RP18,
RP19, RP22, RP89, TP13, TP14,
TP16, TP20, WP14, WP15,
WP16, WP17, WP18, WP19,
WP20, WP22
Proteins, 123, 19, 400, 488, 653, MP31,
MP48, MP67, MP75, MP86,
WP15, WP22
Remediation, 130, 131, 147, 171, 172,
173, 174, 176, 215, 216, 217,
219, 220, 221, 23, 279, 312, 315,
334, 397, 399, 436, 495, 496,
500, 501, 502, 522, 524, 525,
526, 527, 528, 572, 573, 580,
583, 585, 623, 653, 681, 682,
687, 693, 694, 695, 75, 76, 77,
79, 80, MP13, MP18, MP20,
RP14, RP17, RP21, RP67, RP70,
RP85, RP86, TP14, TP17, TP42,
TP54, WP15, WP17, WP19,
WP4, WP5, WP59, WP64,
WP81, WP96
Reproduction, 118, 119, 133, 165, 178,
24, 25, 304, 309, 353, 371, 376,
416, 464, 609, 638, 647, 703,
711, MP15, MP17, MP2, MP37,
MP53, MP54, MP55, MP71,
MP74, RP18, RP20, RP23, RP31,
TP13, TP14, TP18, TP2, TP21,
TP26, TP3, TP32, TP46, WP11,
WP12, WP16, WP21
Salinity, 120, 37, 40, 462, 541, 545,
580, 611, MP15, MP27, MP94,
MP95, RP16, RP35, RP38, RP53,
TP45, WP15
Sediment, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143,
145, 146, 149, 150, 153, 157,
159, 161, 215, 216, 217, 218,
219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 241,
247, 248, 299, 308, 310, 311,
312, 315, 316, 318, 334, 340,
341, 342, 343, 36, 375, 39, 402,
404, 405, 406, 408, 413, 42, 436,
438, 45, 47, 486, 494, 495, 497,
498, 499, 502, 525, 566, 575,
588, 589, 591, 604, 612, 615,
618, 627, 63, 64, 642, 65, 66, 67,
68, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686,
687, 688, 689, 69, 70, 71, 712,
734, 76, 82, 91, MP10, MP11,
MP12, MP13, MP14, MP15,
MP16, MP18, MP19, MP29,
MP5, MP88, MP89, MP90,
MP91, RP10, RP11, RP12, RP13,
RP15, RP16, RP19, RP36, RP50,
RP53, RP6, RP63, RP75, RP86,
RP87, RP95, TP10, TP11, TP12,
TP13, TP14, TP15, TP16, TP17,
TP18, TP19, TP24, TP35, TP53,
TP55, TP71, TP78, TP79, TP81,
TP97, WP12, WP15, WP16,
WP18, WP19, WP33, WP34,
WP49, WP60, WP71, WP74,
WP81, WP85, WP90, WP91,
WP96
Soil, 102, 129, 145, 146, 157, 169,
172, 191, 195, 197, 250, 251,
254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260,
261, 283, 299, 337, 346, 347,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 364,
393, 398, 402, 406, 413, 432,
435, 467, 468, 498, 499, 501,
520, 560, 589, 594, 608, 628,
648, 651, 657, 661, 692, 73, 97,
MP10, MP12, MP18, MP19,
MP20, MP92, RP10, RP11,
RP13, RP17, RP20, RP21, TP10,
TP11, TP12, TP13, TP14, TP16,
TP18, TP19, TP20, TP21, TP67,
TP68, TP76, TP80, WP11,
WP16, WP2, WP21, WP62,
WP86, WP91
Sorption, 186, 192, 197, 217, 223,
396, 406, 409, 496, 660, 718,
93, 97, MP13, MP16, MP88,
RP12, RP16, TP11, TP12, TP17,
TP18, TP38, TP53, TP76, WP11,
WP16, WP18, WP19
Speciation, 12, 127, 157, 160, 242, 244,
248, 339, 341, 355, 356, 357,
597, MP10, MP13, RP15, TP10,
TP11, TP12, TP15, TP17, TP4,
TP97, TP98, WP17, WP18
Surfactants, 193, 293, 297, 298, 314,
397, 399, 400, 422, 486, 487,
492, 516, 56, 566, MP12, MP19,
RP13, RP40, TP14, TP15, TP16,
TP21, TP41, TP44, WP14,
WP15, WP16, WP17
Temperature, MP65, RP11, RP46, RP5,
RP97, TP16, TP31, WP15
Toxicity, 12, 127, 129, 138, 140, 141,
142, 143, 150, 164, 185, 205,
220, 222, 225, 257, 259, 261,
264, 267, 280, 281, 287, 329,
352, 353, 355, 361, 371, 379,
386, 388, 40, 405, 408, 417, 444,
448, 449, 451, 469, 476, 478,
511, 513, 517, 538, 540, 541,
545, 574, 575, 577, 598, 599,
600, 601, 602, 613, 615, 625,
644, 648, 651, 652, 654, 656,
666, 688, 69, 691, 697, 70, 701,
709, 722, 736, 81, 85, 87, MP11,
MP12, MP14, MP15, MP16,
MP17, MP19, MP23, MP27,
MP31, MP47, MP5, MP51,
MP60, MP67, MP7, MP89, MP9,
MP98, RP10, RP14, RP16, RP17,
RP19, RP20, RP21, RP29, RP4,
RP42, RP5, RP50, RP6, RP72,
RP73, RP83, RP97, RP98, RP99,
TP10, TP11, TP13, TP15, TP16,
TP17, TP18, TP19, TP20, TP21,
TP26, TP31, TP67, TP71, TP75,
TP85, TP91, WP10, WP13,
WP14, WP15, WP18, WP19,
WP20, WP21, WP22, WP25,
WP27, WP58, WP7, WP85,
WP91
Toxicokinetics, 229, 277, 386, 392, 452,
456, 519, 636, 750, MP99, RP16,
RP5, RP80, TP20, WP68
Uptake, 101, 133, 164, 211, 259, 27,
372, 389, 403, 44, 445, 456,
548, 714, 721, MP11, MP20,
MP28, MP3, MP8, MP9, RP11,
RP13, RP16, RP17, RP20, RP21,
TP11, TP13, TP69, TP74, WP12,
WP13, WP75, WP84
Urban, 177, 267, 268, 273, 274, 333,
363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 427,
429, 436, 437, 530, 552, 6, 622,
623, 624, 625, 627, 641, 695,
737, 74, 77, MP13, MP92, MP93,
MP94, MP96, RP10, RP11,
RP15, RP16, RP17, RP18, RP19,
RP20, RP24, RP25, RP70, RP87,
TP10, TP14, TP17, TP18, TP21,
WP1, WP13, WP50, WP77,
WP90
Vitellogenin, 120, 284, 286, 289, 439,
51, 553, 749, MP53, MP6, MP61,
MP66, MP73, RP1, RP3, RP34,
TP18, TP32, WP56
Waste water, 189, 194, 223, 255, 284,
286, 288, 313, 328, 368, 370,
SETAC North America 29th Annual Meetng 371
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377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 397, 410, 418, 45, 46, 475,
56, 565, 60, 733, 734, 9, 90, 96,
98, MP11, MP12, MP14, MP15,
MP57, MP73, MP80, MP85,
RP11, RP17, RP19, RP57, TP4,
TP42, TP62, TP63, WP13,
WP14, WP15, WP16, WP21,
WP36, WP45, WP48
Water quality, 111, 113, 137, 149, 15,
151, 155, 158, 173, 176, 188,
225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231,
239, 272, 274, 275, 287, 292,
301, 305, 307, 316, 317, 328,
335, 358, 359, 360, 363, 365,
375, 381, 385, 399, 417, 427,
437, 471, 473, 485, 521, 531,
542, 551, 552, 556, 564, 570,
572, 578, 579, 604, 612, 677,
691, 715, 726, 727, 731, 737,
740, 742, 77, 9, 92, MP10, MP11,
MP12, MP13, MP14, MP15,
MP18, MP20, MP28, MP90,
MP94, RP10, RP11, RP13, RP15,
RP17, RP18, RP19, RP20, RP22,
RP30, RP33, RP51, RP57, RP69,
RP70, RP71, RP72, RP76, RP78,
RP79, TP10, TP11, TP12, TP14,
TP40, TP87, TP88, TP90, TP92,
WP11, WP12, WP15, WP16,
WP19, WP26, WP49, WP5,
WP50, WP65, WP67, WP76,
WP77, WP89, WP91, WP92,
WP98, WP99
Wetlands, 147, 150, 175, 176, 177, 241,
245, 246, 306, 322, 344, 352, 36,
463, 520, 521, 525, 526, 528,
577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582,
584, 585, 642, 694, 728, 733,
74, 75, 78, MP15, MP17, MP18,
MP26, MP96, RP11, RP12,
RP15, RP17, RP67, RP69, RP70,
TP11, TP18, TP19, TP43, TP45,
WP18, WP22, WP28, WP5,
WP60, WP75