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2009
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Workflow Example
Horn Antenna
Purpose : Optimize the
aperture of the horn
antenna such that the gain
is maximized at 10 GHz.
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CST MWS - Standard Workflow
Choose a project template.
Create your model.
parameters + geometry + materials
Define ports.
Set the frequency range.
Specify boundary and symmetry conditions.
Define monitors.
Check the mesh.
Run the simulation.
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units: inch
waveguide: 1.0 in x 0.5 in x 0.5 in
aperture radius: 1.0 in, length: 0.25 in
shell thickness: 0.01 in (outside)
monitors: E-field, H-field & far field at 10 GHz
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0.5
0.25
zlength=2
dia=2, rad=1
0.5
Cylindrical Horn Antenna 8 12 GHz
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Project Template
At the beginning choose to create a new project.
For an existing project you may choose
File -> New
File -> Select Template.
The project templates customize the default settings
for particular types of applications.
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Project Template
The project templates customize the default
settings for particular types of applications.
PEC is very practical for closed structures.
(e.g. waveguides, connectors, filters)
Antennas should be modeled with
vacuum as background material.
background material
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Change the Units
Define units.
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Horn Antenna Construction (I)
Define a brick (1.0 x 0.5 x 0.5 in)
made of PEC.
Pick face.
Align the WCS with the
face.
Move the WCS by 2.0
inches.
Define a cylinder (outer radius: 1.0 in,
height: 0.25 in) made of PEC.
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Horn Antenna Construction (II)
Pick two opposite faces.
Perform a loft.
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Horn Antenna Construction (III)
Perform a
Boolean add.
Pick two faces.
Select multiple objects
(ctrl or shift + left mouse button).
shell solid: 0.01 in
(outside)
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Port Definition
Pick point
inside corner.
Pick edge.
Define a waveguide port.
Define the port on the internal profile.
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Set the Frequency Range
Set the frequency range.
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Boundary Conditions and Symmetry Planes
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3D Monitors
Add field monitors for E-field, H-field, and far field at 10 GHz.
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Mesh View (I)
mesh properties
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Mesh View (II)
TST at work!
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Transient Solver: Start Simulation
The accuracy defines the steady-
state monitor.
The simulation is finished when
the electromagnetic energy in the
computational domain falls below
this level.
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Analyze 1D Results
energy
port signals
S-parameter
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Analyze 2D/3D Results
port information:
cut-off frequency
line impedance
propagation constant
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Electric Field at 10 GHz
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Far Field at 10 GHz
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Polar Plot for Far Field at 10 GHz
Create a new folder Comparison to compare different 1D results.
phi=90
phi=0
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Parameterization
Optimization
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Parameterization (I)
outer radius r1 = variable
goal: maximize gain
r1
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Parameterization (II)
outer
radius
r1
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Result Processing Templates (Shift+P)
Define gain(theta) at phi=0.
1D results
Postprocessing templates provide a convenient way to calculate
derived quantities from simulation results.
Each template is evaluated for each solver run.
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Define max of gain(theta).
0D results
Result Processing Templates (Shift+P)
Read the online help to learn more
about the postprocessing in CST MWS.
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Define max of gain(theta).
Result Processing Templates (Shift+P)
Alternative solution:
The maximum gain can be computed using
the Farfield template in 0D Results.
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Parameter Sweep - Settings
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2
3
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The results will be automatically listed
in the Tables folder.
Parameter Sweep - Settings
Add a S-parameter watch.
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Parameter Sweep Table Results
Right click on plot
window and select
Table Properties.
Choose the result curve for each
parameter value with the slider.
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Parameter Sweep Table Results
parameter values
parameter values
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Automatic Optimization
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Automatic Optimization
Define the parameter space.
Template based postprocessing 0D results can be
used to define very complex goal functions.
Define the goal function.
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Automatic Optimization
Choose the Classic Powell optimizer. Follow the optimization.
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goal:
maximize gain
parameter values
1D results
Automatic Optimization - Results
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Define a variable.
Parameterize the structure.
Define the goal function.
Set the parameter space.
Run the optimizer.
Optimization - Summary
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Far Field Postprocessing
terminology
broadband far field
analysis
co-/cross-polarization
phase center
tips and tricks
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Broadband Far Field Analysis
How to plot the antenna gain for the complete
frequency range?
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Broadband Far Field Monitors
Create a broadband far field monitor
from the available monitors.
After monitor definition, start T-solver again!
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Result Processing Templates (Shift+P)
Define maximum value of gain.
1D Results
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Broadband Far Field Monitors
far field 3D pattern
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Broadband Far Field Monitors
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Tables -> 1D Results -> Broadband gain 3d
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Co- / Cross-Polarization
The co-polarized far field component has the same polarization
as the excitation (y-oriented in our case).
The cross-polarized far field component is orthogonal to the
co-polarized component and main lobe direction.
In order to use different polarizations for transmitting/receiving,
an antenna design goal might be to maximize the co-polarized
and minimize the cross-polarized component.
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polarization vector direction
(arbitrary user input possible).
If Main lobe ... is not selected, the user
can enter arbitrary directions for:
-polarization plane normal (z) (= theta axis)
-cross-polarized component (x) (= phi axis).
1. Select the tab Axes.
2. Click Main lobe/polarization
alignment.
3. Choose the Ludwig 3 coordinate
system.
Co- / Cross-Polarization
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co-polarized = Ludwig 3 vertical cross-polarized = Ludwig 3 horizontal
Co- / Cross-Polarization
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Co & Cross Polarization
Result Templates for Parameter Sweep and Optimization
co-polarized= Ludwig 3 vertical
cross-pol. = Ludwig 3 horizontal
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Phase Center Calculation
Finding the best location to place the horn
inside a parabolic antenna. The best position
is to match the focal point of the dish
with the phase center of the horn.
?
= xz plane
= yz plane
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Check Phase Center
Plotting the phase of Ludwig 3 vertical (=dominant component of co-polarized
fields) does not result in a 180 jump of the phase (=color jump) at theta=0.
Check the phase center by plotting the Ludwig 3 vertical phase.
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Check Phase Center
See also article (Phase Center comparison with measurements)
on www.cst.com. -> application article ID=256
Check the phase center by moving the origin to the phase center.