Differential Settlement & MJ 2 PDF

domestic structure SBSG 2007
ANNEX C

Small buildings structural guidance
1.A General
1.B Stability
1.C Foundations
1.D Masonry walls
1.E Timber frame walls
1.F Timber floor and roof members

contents
domestic structure SBSG annex 1.A 2007


Annex
1.A General

1.A.0 Introduction
1.A.1 Scope
1.A.2 Revisions to small buildings guide
1.A.3 New guidance
1.A.4 Explanation of terms
1.A.5 Rules of measurement for storeys, walls , panels and building heights

Contents


annex
1.A
General

1.A.0 Introduction
The Small Buildings Structural Guidance (SBSG) which is contained within Annexes 1.A-F has been
prepared to provide structural guidance to designers of small domestic buildings on how to meet
Standard 1.1.
The buildings covered by this guidance are restricted in terms of construction type, size and subsoil
conditions to those commonly occurring in Scotland.
This guidance has been written for those with expertise in building design and construction but not
necessarily in structural engineering design. Where the conditions or parameters fall outside the
scope then specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the appropriate skills
and experience.
This guidance replaces the Small Buildings Guide Second Edition 1994 and has been prepared in
consultation with ODPM and DFP Northern Ireland so that reasonably uniform solutions might be
adopted towards meeting the requirements of the respective structural regulations and to incorporate
a broader base of experience into the definition of standards.
1.A.1 Scope
This guidance covers the following types of buildings-
a. Buildings with masonry walls
domestic buildings of not more than 3 storeys without basement storeys
extensions with eaves height not more than 3m to low rise domestic buildings including
garages and outbuildings;
single storey, single skin buildings forming a garage or outbuilding within the curtilage of a
dwelling
b. Buildings with timber frame walls
domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys without basement storeys
extensions with eaves height not more than 3m to low rise domestic buildings
The full description of the types of buildings and restrictions to which this guidance is applicable is set
out within the scope of each of the annexes.
It recommended that prior to using the SBSG for particular works , the scope of the works should be
checked against all of the limitations on its use to ensure that it is appropriate in the circumstances
.and in particular :
Annex 1C: Foundations : Geotechnical conditions
Annex 1D: Masonry walls : Not more than 3 storeys
Maximum building height of 15 m
Maximum 12m length between supporting walls
Wind speed verses the allowable height of building
Openings in walls not more than 3 m in length
Annex 1.E: Timber frame walls Not more than 2 storeys
Maximum building height of 10 m
Maximum 10m length between supporting walls
Wind speed verses the allowable height of building
Openings in walls totalling not more than 30% of the wall
area
Annex 1F: Timber floor and roof members Floor spans not exceeding 5.4 m
Roof spans not exceeding 6 m
Raised Tie and Collared Roofs only for attic storage
loading


Design and construction will also have to comply with all other relevant building standards
Annex 1.B gives general rules on stability which should be observed in Annexes 1.E-F whereas
Annexes 1.C and 1.E -F should not be used independently of each other.
1.A.2 Revisions to Small Buildings Guide
The Small Buildings Guide has been revised and updated to Small Buildings Structural Guidance
incorporating changes in construction practice specifically;
Loadings
Wind loading on traditional dwellings
Proposed revision of the simplified roof snow load map for Scotland
Masonry walls
More detailed guidance on openings
More detailed guidance on lateral support
Differences in ground levels either sides of walls
Stainless steel wall ties to be used in all locations
Timber Floor and Roof Members
The timber span tables have been expanded to cover raised tie and collared roofs.
1.A.3 Timber frame construction
Timber frame construction has been a significant form of construction for domestic buildings for over
20 years in Scotland ,rising from 38% of new starts in 1984 in the volume housing market to over 63
% in 2004, and a large proportion of the single build and extension market. Although the guidance in
the Small Buildings Guide was restricted to traditional masonry construction as timber frame
construction has been used and accepted for over 30 years it was considered necessary to extend
the scope of the guidance for small buildings to include timber frame walls.
The timber frame wall guidance has been restricted to masonry clad platform frame construction
which is the most common form of construction.
1.A.4 Explanation of Terms
The following terms are used in the SBSG in addition to the definitions and explanation of terms in
Appendix A of the Technical Handbooks.
Buttressing wall means a wall designed and constructed to afford lateral support to another wall
perpendicular to it, support being provided from the base to the top of the wall.
Cavity width means the horizontal distance between the two leaves of a cavity wall.
Pier means a member which forms an integral part of a wall, in the form of a thickened section at
intervals along the wall so as to afford lateral support to the wall to which it is bonded or securely tied.
Spacing means the distance between the longitudinal centres of any two adjacent timber members of
the same type, measured in the plane of floor, ceiling or roof structure of which the members form a
part.
Span means distance measured along the centre line of a member between the centres of any two
adjacent bearings or supports. Note: The spans given in Annex 1.E for Cripple Studs and Lintels and
in Annex 1.F for floor joists, and roof joists are the clear spans, i.e. spans between the faces of the
supports.
Supported wall means a wall to which lateral support is afforded by a combination of buttressing
walls, piers or chimneys acting in conjunction with floors or roof.
Engineered fill means fill that is selected, placed and compacted to an appropriate specification in
order that it will exhibit the required engineering behaviour .Normally such fill would not have taken
place prior to development of the site allowing the necessary control over the type of fill material and
method of placement to be exercised.
Non-engineered fill means fill that has arisen as a by-product of human activity, usually involving the
disposal of waste materials. Normally such fill would occur on sites where uncontrolled filling has
taken place and therefore no reliance can be placed on the type of fill material and method of
placement and hence its ability to support the buildings.


1.A.5 Rules of measurement for storeys , walls , panels and building heights
The height of a wall or a storey should be measured in accordance with the following diagram.

H
3
H
2
H
1
line of lateral
support to gable
at ceiling level
underside
of
roof
joist
2
.
7
m

m
a
x
2.7m max
Top of foundations
H
P
A
A
1
=
line of base
of gable
B
D
C
B
1
top of
wall or
base of
parapet
parapet
=
line of top of gable
line of lateral
support to gable
wall along roof slope
=
=
2
.
7
m

m
a
x
2
.
7
m

m
a
x
base of wall
ground level
P
a
n
e
l

h
e
i
g
h
t
Floor
deck
thickness
h
e
a
d

b
i
n
d
e
r

t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
P
a
n
e
l

h
e
i
g
h
t
floor
deck
thickness
panel height
floor joist
panel height

Key
(a) Measuring storey heights
A is the ground storey height if the ground floor is a suspended timber floor or a structurally separate
ground floor slab
A
1
is the ground storey height if the ground floor is a suspended concrete floor bearing on the external
wall
B is the intermediate storey height providing
B
1
is the top storey height for walls which do not include a gable
C is the top storey height where lateral support is given to the gable at both ceiling level and along the
roof slope
D is the top storey height for walls which include a gable where lateral support is given to the gable
only along the roof slope
(b) Measuring wall heights
H
1
is the height of a wall that does not include a gable
H
2
is the height of a compartment or a separating wall which may extend to the under side of the roof.
H
3
is the height for a wall(except a compartment or separating wall) which includes a gable
P is the height of a parapet. If the parapet height is more than 1.2m add the height to H
1
(c) Measuring timber panel heights
Panel heights are measured from the underside of the bottom rail to the top of the top rail
(d) Measuring building height
Building heights are measured from the lowest finished ground level to the highest point of the roof

domestic structure SBSG annex 1.B 2007

Annex
1.B Stability

1.B.0 Introduction
1.B.1 Stability recommendations
1.B.2 Timber roof bracing

Contents

domestic structure SBSG annex 1.B 2007

annex
1.B
Basic requirements for stability

1.B.0 Introduction
Buildings should be stable under the likely combinations of dead , imposed and wind loading
conditions in terms of the individual structural elements , their interaction together and overall stability
as a structure .
This Annex provides guidance on the principles of stability and provisions which should be taken with
respect to all forms of buildings within the scope of the SBSG.

1.B.1 Stability recommendations
The following provisions should be made to ensure the stability of the building :
a. the overall size and proportioning of the building should be limited in accordance with the specific
guidance for each form of construction;
b. a suitable layout of walls (both internal and external) forming a robust three dimensional box
structure in plan should be constructed with restrictions on the maximum size of cells measured in
accordance with the specific guidance for each form of construction;
c. the internal and external walls should be adequately connected by either masonry bonding or by
using mechanical connections;
d. the intermediate floors and roof should be of such construction and interconnection with the walls
that they provide local support to the walls and also act as horizontal diaphragms capable of
transferring the wind forces to buttressing elements of the building.
More detailed guidance is provided in Annexes 1.B-1.E
1.B.2 Timber roof bracing
Trussed rafter roofs should be braced in accordance with the recommendations of BS 5268: Part 3:
1998 .
A traditional cut timber roof (i.e. using rafters, purlins and ceiling joists) generally has sufficient built-in
resistance to instability and wind forces (e.g. from either hipped ends, tiling battens, rigid sarking, or
the like). However, diagonal rafter bracing equivalent to that recommended in BS 5268: Part 3: 1998
or Annex H of BS 8103: Part 3: 1996 for trussed rafter roofs, should be provided particularly for
single-hipped and non-hipped roofs of more than 40 pitch to detached houses.

domestic structure SBSG annex 1.C 2007

Annex
1.C Foundations
1.C.0 Introduction
1.C.1 Conditions related to the subsoil
1.C.2 Design recommendations
1.C.3 Eccentric foundations
1.C.4 Extensions to existing buildings
1.C.5 Minimum width of strip foundations

Contents


annex
1.C
Foundations

1.C.0 Introduction
The dead , imposed and live loads are transmitted from the building to the subsoil by means of the
foundations which should be designed taking into account the loadings and the subsoil conditions
without undue settlement .
This Annex provides guidance on suitable subsoil conditions on which buildings within the scope of
the SBSG can be constructed, the precautions to be taken and guidance on simple foundations for
such buildings.

1.C.1 Conditions related to the subsoil
The subsoil conditions should be adequate where there is no -
non- engineered fill or wide variation in type of subsoil within the loaded area; or
peat within the loaded area; or
a weaker type of soil within the loaded area at such a depth below the soil on which the foundation
rests as could impair the stability of the building

The minimum depth to the underside of foundations should be determined on the basis of the greatest
of:
the depth to selected bearing stratum;
a depth of 450 mm to the underside of foundations .This should avoid damage from frost action in
normal soil conditions although this depth may have to be increased in areas which are subject to
long periods of frost or in order to transfer the loading onto satisfactory ground.
depth of 600 mm to the underside of foundations where clay soils are present although this depth
will commonly need to be increased in order to transfer the loading onto satisfactory ground.

The susceptibility of ground to movement, action of frost and changes in water table varies widely and
the advice of a structural engineer should be sought if the conditions are outwith the parameters set
out above. More detailed guidance is provided in BRE Digests 240 and 241.

1.C.2 Design recommendations
The design of foundations should be adequate where all of the following are followed -
a. the foundations are situated centrally under the wall( except as in clause 1.C.3);
b. the strip foundations have the minimum widths given in the table to 1.C.5;
c. concrete in chemically non-aggressive soils is composed of Portland Cement to BS EN 197-1 & 2:
2000 and fine and coarse aggregate conforms to BS EN 12620:2002 and the mix complies with
one of the following recommendations:
in proportion of 50 kg of Portland cement to not more than 100kg
(0.05m
3
) of fine aggregate and 200 kg (0.1m
3
) of coarse aggregate, or
Grade ST2 or Grade GEN I concrete to BS 8500-2
d. in chemically aggressive soils guidance is provided in BS 8500-1: Part 1 and
BRE Special Digest 1.
e. For strip foundations, the foundation width should not be less than the appropriate dimension , W
F

in table to 1.C.5


f. the minimum thickness, T, of the concrete foundation is 150 mm or the scarcement width, P;
whichever is the greater, where P is derived using the table to 1.C.5 and the diagram below.
Trench fill foundations may be used as an acceptable alternative to strip foundations.
g. footings with regular offsets should have a depth at least 1.33 times the respective projection P
1

(see diagram 1.7.2 opposite); with the overall width not less than the sum of , W
F
from table to
1.C.5 plus offset dimensions A
1
and A
2
and walls should be central on the foundation
h. for foundations stepped in elevation
height of steps, S, should not be of greater height than the foundation thickness, T
overlap, L, should be the greater of twice the step height ,S, the foundation thickness, T, or 300
mm

. . .
P P
.
T
W
T
W
F
. .
.
T
P P
A
1
W
T
A
2
P
1
1.33 P min
1
W + A + A
F 1 2

L
L = greater of 2 x S, T, 300mm
S
T

i. and chimneys should project as shown in the diagram below
where X must be not less than P

foundations for piers , buttresses

X
X
X
P


1.C.3 Eccentric foundations
a. This guidance and the diagram opposite is limited to:
single storey buildings of 4.5 m maximum height
where a wall is to be constructed either against a
boundary or against an existing wall where it is not
possible to construct the wall centrally on the
foundation.
masonry cavity or timber frame walls with masonry
outer leaf with either a flat or pitched roof
similar good ground conditions below both the
existing and new foundations
the foundations should comply with all of the clauses
of this Annex (i.e. minimum foundation depth
thickness and width ,concrete grade (Grade ST2 or
GEN I) and the range of normal subsoil conditions
stated) .
b. Where the wall and its foundation is to be constructed
against an existing wall then the foundation should
comply with 1.C. 4 below

c. the full width of the foundation, W
F
(from Table 1.C.5) is
not effective in transmitting the load to the soil, and only
a proportion of the width is effective. This effective width
of the foundation, W
F
' is determined from
W
F
' = W
F
(2 e)
where e is the eccentricity of the resultant thrust R due
to the wall load, about the centre-line of the foundation.
d. Nonetheless, the minimum foundation width,W
F
, should
still be read directly from Table 1.C.5.
e. the minimum foundation thickness, T for the minimum
foundation widths listed in Table 1.C.5 should be taken
as 200mm.
f. an appropriate steel reinforcement mesh, (e.g. A142),
should be placed at 50mm cover from the base of the
foundation.

.

W
T
e
R
W
F
'
W
F
T


1.C.4 Extensions to existing buildings
a. This guidance and the diagram opposite is limited to:
extensions of not more than two storeys connected to
existing buildings
extensions with masonry cavity or timber frame walls with
masonry outer leaf with either a flat or pitched roof
similar ground conditions below both the existing and new
foundations in range types I-VI from Table to 1.C.5
the extension foundations should comply with all of the
clauses of this Annex (i.e. minimum foundation depth
thickness and width ,concrete grade (Grade ST2 or GEN
I) and the range of normal subsoil conditions stated) .
b. Where the depth of the existing foundations is less than that
in 1.C.1, the depth of the extension foundation should
match that of existing foundation depth at the interface and
step down progressively to that of 1.C.1.
e. To minimise the occurrence of differential settlement
between the extension and the existing structure, the
following should be considered;
movement joints should be placed between the existing
and new foundations, and walls to accommodate any
differential settlement between the extension and
existing building .
on non-compressible soils and rock (Soil types I, II and
III in Table 1.C.5) the strip foundation widths listed in the
table should be adopted and the new foundation should
be placed at the same depth as the existing foundation,
On soils of medium compressibility (Soil types IV, V and
VI in Table 1.C.5) the foundation dimensions should be
large enough so that excessive settlement is avoided by
increasing the minimum width ,W
F
, by 25% from the
values listed in Table 1.C.5 to lower the bearing
pressure on the soil, recognising that foundations on soil
types V and VI do not fall within the provisions of this
annex if the total load exceeds 30 kN/m.
To reach less compressible soil, the new foundation
may be placed at a greater depth than the existing
foundation. In such a case extreme care must be taken
to ensure that stability of the existing foundation is
maintained during excavation for the new foundation.
The design of an appropriate foundation on highly
compressible soils (Soil type VII in Table 1.C.5) is
beyond the scope of this annex and specialist advice
should be sought for such cases.
Additional information is provided in BRE GBG 53
Foundations for low-rise building extensions
Where the subsoil to the existing building has been
subjected to ground improvement techniques ( e.g.
vibrocompaction , underpinning , soil replacement etc )
then specialist advice should be sought from chartered
engineers with the appropriate skills and experience.

existing
walls
new wall
movement joint between
existing and new walls
and foundations
new foundation
for extension
existing
foundation
floor

existing wall
movement joint
new wall

Existing Wall
New Walls
Brick ties and
channels allowing
vertical movement


1.C.5 Minimum width of strip foundations
The recommended widths of foundations set out in the table below may be used subject to :
the subsoil conditions in 1.C.1,
the foundation design provisions in 1.C.2
the type and condition of subsoil is known and is within the types set out in the Table below,
the loading at the base of the wall is within acceptable limits.

The table is applicable only within the strict terms of the criteria described within it and where the
subsoil is not covered by the types set out below or the total load from the load-bearing walling
exceeds 70kN/linear metre or 30kN/linear metre in types of subsoil under heads V-VI or type VII
subsoil below, then a designed foundation may be required and the advice of a structural engineer
should be sought.
Minimum width of strip footings
Total load of load-bearing walling not
more than (kN/linear metre)
20 30 40 50 60 70 Type of
Ground
(including
engineered
fill)
Condition
of ground
Field Test Applicable
Minimum width of strip foundation,
W
F
(mm)
I Rock Not
inferior to
sandstone
,limestone
or firm
chalk
Requires at least a pneumatic
or other mechanically operated
pick for excavation
In each case equal to the width of wall
II Gravel or
Sand
Medium
dense
Requires pick for excavation.
Wooden peg 50mm square in
cross section hard to drive
beyond 150mm
250 300 400 500 600 650
III Clay
Sandy Clay
Stiff
Stiff
Can be indented slightly by
thumb
250 300 400 500 600 650
IV Clay
Sandy Clay
Firm
Firm
Thumb makes impression
easily
300 350 450 600 750 850
V Sand
Silty sand
Clayey sand
Loose
Loose
Loose
Can be excavated with a
spade. Wooden peg 50mm
square in cross section can be
easily driven
400 600
VI Silt
Clay
Sandy clay
Clay or silt
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Finger pushed in up to 10mm 450 650

Note
Foundations on soil types
V and V1 do not fall
within the provisions of
this annex if the total load
exceeds 30kN/m.
VII Silt
Clay
Sandy clay
Clay or silt
Very soft
Very soft
Very soft
Very soft
Finger easily pushed in up to
25mm
Refer to specialist advice

domestic structure SBSG annex 1.D 2007

Annex
1.D Masonry walls
1.D.0 Introduction
1.D.1 Wall types
1.D.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
1.D.3 Maximum floor area
1.D.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
Thickness of walls
1.D.5 General
1.D.6

Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in coursed brickwork or
blockwork
1.D.7 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in uncoursed stone , flints
etc
1.D.8 Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork
1.D.9 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
1.D.10 Internal load-bearing walls in brickwork or blockwork
1.D.11 Parapet walls
1.D.12 Single leaf external walls
1.D.13 Modular bricks and bricks
1.D.14 Maximum height of buildings based on wind loadings
1.D.15 Maximum allowable length and height of the wall
Construction materials and workmanship
1.D.16 Wall ties
1.D.17 Brick and block construction
1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.19 Declared compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.20 Normalised compressive strength of masonry units
1.D.21 Compressive strength of masonry units in walls
1.D.22 Mortar
1.D.23 Lintels for openings
Loading on walls
1.D.24 Maximum span of floors
1.D.25 Other loading conditions
End restraint
1.D.26 Vertical lateral restraint to walls
1.D.27 Criteria for buttressing walls
1.D.28 Criteria for piers and chimney providing restraint
Openings , recesses , chases and overhangs
1.D.29 General
1.D.30 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses
1.D.31 Sizes of openings and recesses
1.D.32 Chases
1.D.33 Overhangs
1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and buildings
1.D.35 Gable wall strapping
1.D.36 Interruption of lateral support
1.D.37 Movement in masonry
Small single storey , single skin buildings
1.D.38 General
1.D.39 Size and proportions of openings
1.D.40 Wall thicknesses and piers
1.D.41 Horizontal lateral restraint at roof level
1.D.42 Proportions for masonry chimneys
Contents


annex
1.D
Masonry walls

1.D.0 Introduction
Small buildings of traditional masonry walls can be designed to take advantage of custom and
practice to provide designs taking into account loading conditions , limitations on dimensions ,
openings and subject to , restraint conditions .
This Annex provides guidance for traditional masonry wall construction for the following building types
a. domestic buildings of not more than 3 storeys where loading criteria for individual floors does not
exceed those given in 1.D.4 and total limit of loading does not exceed that given in 1.D.25;
b. single storey single skin extensions to domestic buildings including garages and outbuildings that
do not exceed the dimensional criteria set out in 1.D.2b ; and.
d. single storey , single skin buildings forming a garage or outbuilding within the curtilage of a
dwelling that do not exceed the dimensional criteria set out in 1.D.2c

1.D.1 Wall types
This Annex deals only with the types of wall extending to full storey height set out below and parapet
walls.
a. Domestic buildings of up to 3 storeys
External walls
Internal load bearing walls
Separating walls
b. Extensions to domestic buildings and single storey buildings
External walls

This annex should be used in conjunction with Annexes 1.B ;and
a. if wall thickness is to be determined according to 1.D.5 to 1.D.13 all appropriate design conditions
given in this Annex should be satisfied;
b. walls should comply with the relevant requirements of BS 5628: Part 3: 2001, except as regards
the conditions given in 1.D.2 and 1.D. 3 -4,1.D.14-41;
c. in formulating the guidance of this Annex, the worst combination of circumstances likely to arise
was taken into account.
d. If a requirement of this Annex is considered too onerous in a particular case then adequacy by
calculation should be shown in respect of the aspect of the wall which is subject to the departure
rather than for the entire wall;
e. the guidance given in this Annex is based upon unit compressive strengths of bricks and blocks
being not less than that indicated in the Tables to 1.D.19-20 and diagrams to 1.D.21
f. BS5628 Part 1; 1992 gives design strengths for walls where the suitability for use of masonry
units of other compressive strengths are being considered.


1.D.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
This Annex applies only to buildings having proportions within the following limits and as shown
on the Diagrams below subject to the limits of 1.D.15
a. domestic buildings of not more than three storeys
the maximum height of the building measured from the lowest finished ground level
adjoining the building to the highest point of any wall or roof should not be greater than
15 m ;
the height of the building H, should not exceed twice the least width of the building W
1
,

the height of the wing H
2
should not exceed twice the least width of the wing W
2
when
the projection P exceeds twice the width W
2
.

H
not to
exceed
15m
lowest
ground level
Maximum height
H

Minimum width

W
1
H

W
1
not to be less
than 0.5H
W
1
H
2
W
2
W
1
P
1

b. Si ze of extensi ons to domestic buildings
For extensions, height H should not exceed the relevant limits shown below (see also 1.D.38)
where H is measured from the top of the foundation or from the underside of the floor slab
where this provides effective lateral restraint.


Maximum roof
slope 40
domestic
building
3
.
0
m

m
a
x
Domestic
building
extension
4
.
5
m

m
a
x
=
=
3
.
0

m

m
a
x

c. Size of single storey , single skin buildings
Small single-storey , single skin buildings the height H of the building should not exceed 3m and W
(the length or width whichever is more ) shall not exceed 9m (see also 1.D.38) where H is
measured from the top of the foundation or from the underside of the floor slab where this
provides effective lateral restraint

3
.
0

m

m
a
x
3
.
0

m

m
a
x
Maximum roof
slope 40
II
II
3
.
6

m

m
a
x

1.D.3 Maximum floor area
he guidance in this annex applies where -
1. Floors enclosed by structural walls on all side do not exceed 70 m
2
; and
d 36 m
2
T
s
floors without a structural wall on one side do not excee


Area not
exceeding
36 m
2
Area not
exceeding
36 m
2
Area not
exceeding
36 m
2
Area not
exceeding
36 m
2

Area not
exceeding 70 m
2
Area not
exceeding 70 m
2
Area not
exceeding 70 m
2

1.D.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
The imposed loads on roofs, floors and ceilings should not exceed those given in the table below.
Element Loading
Roof distributed load: 1.00 kN/m
2
for spans up to 12 metres
1.50 kN/m
2
for spans up to 6 metres
Floors distributed load: 2.00kN/m
2
together with a concentrated
load of 1.4 kN
Ceilings distributed load: 0.25 kN/m
2
together with concentrated
load: 0.9 kN
The guidance for snow loading in 1.F.6 applies only to a free standing flat roofed structure with
no parapet and with the roof on one level only, provided that there are no other buildings within
1.5m of its perimeter.


Thickness of walls
1.D.5 General
Wall thickness should be determined according to this Annex provided the following conditions
are met-
a. relating to the building of which the wall forms a part in 1.D.2-4 and 1.D.14 (3.4 , 3.15 to 3.17);
and
b. relating to the wall in 1.D.15-41 (3.18 to 3.41).
Wall thicknesses may be affected by adequate bearing for precast concrete units.

Conditions building
a. limitations on size and
proportions of building and parts of
building ( 1.D.2 )
b. max allowable floor areas (
1.D.3)
c. max imposed and wind loads (
1.D.4 and 1.D.14)

Conditions wall
a. max allowable length and
height of wall ( 1.D.15)
b. construction materials and
workmanship ( 1.D.16-23)
c. loading on walls ( 1.D.24-25)
d. end restraints ( 1.D.26-28)
e. openings , recesses ,
overhangs, chases (1.D.29-
33)
f. lateral support by floors and
roofs (1.D.34-36)
g. movement in masonry (1.D.37)
h. conditions relating to external
walls of small single storey
buildings and extensions (
1.D.38-41)
Conditions relating to
building of which wall
forms part
Use 1.D.6-13 for wall
thickness assessment
Yes
wall
Yes
Are building conditions
satisfied?
Outside Annex
1.D scope
Outside
Annex
1.D scope
N
Are wall conditions
satisfied ?


1.D.6 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in coursed brickwork or
blockwork
Solid walls constructed of coursed brickwork or blockwork should be at least as thick as 1/16 of
the storey height. Further requirements are given in the table below.
Height of wall Length of wall Minimum thickness of wall
not exceeding
3.5m
not exceeding 12m 190mm for the whole of its height
not exceeding 9m 190mm for the whole of its height exceeding 3.5m
but not
exceeding 9m
exceeding 9m but not
exceeding 12m
290mm from the base for the height of one storey,
and 190mm for the rest of its height
not exceeding 9m
but not exceeding 12m
290mm from the base for the height of one storey,
and 190mm for the rest of its height
exceeding 9m
but not
exceeding 12m exceeding 9m but not
exceeding 12m
290mm from the base for the height of two storeys,
and 190mm for the rest of its height.

1.D.7 Solid external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in uncoursed stone,
flints etc
The thickness of walls constructed in uncoursed stone or bricks or other burnt or vitrified material
should not be less than 1.33 times the thickness required by 1.D.6.

1.D.8 Cavity walls in coursed brickwork and blockwork
All cavity walls should have leaves at least 90 mm thick and structural cavities at least 50 mm wide.
The wall ties should have a horizontal spacing of 900mm and a vertical spacing of 450mm, which is
equivalent to 2.5 ties per square metre. Wall ties should also be provided, spaced not more than
300mm apart vertically, within a distance of 225mm from the vertical edges of all openings, movement
joints and roof verges. For selection of wall ties for use in a range of cavity widths refer to Table to
1.D.16. For specification of cavity wall ties refer to paragraph 1.D.16.
For external walls, compartment walls and separating walls in cavity construction, the combined
thickness of the two leaves plus 10 mm should not be less than the thickness required by 1.D.6 for
a solid wall of the same height and length.

1.D.9 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
Irrespective of the materials used in the construction, a wall should not be less in thickness than
any part of the wall to which it gives vertical support.

1.D.10 Internal loadbearing walls in brickwork or blockwork
With the exception of compartment walls or separating walls internal loadbearing walls should have
a thickness not less than :
(specified thickness from 1.D.6) /2 less 5 mm
except for a wall in the lowest storey of a three storey building carrying load from both upper storeys,
which should have a thickness as determined by the above equation or 140 mm, whichever is the
greater.


1.D.11 Parapet walls
The minimum thickness and maximum height of parapet walls should be as given in the table and
diagrams below only where access is limited ( e.g. for occasional maintenance ).
Cavity wall
Max parapet height H
(mm)
Thickness(mm)
600 t
1
+t
2
not more than 200

860 t
1
+t
2
more than 200

Solid wall

600 t = 150

760 t = 190

860 t = 215
Note that t must not be more than T

level of junction
of wall and
structural roof T
t
H
p
t
1
t
2

level of junction
of wall and
structural roof

1.D.12 Single leaf external walls
The single leaf of external walls of small single storey non-domestic buildings and of extensions
need be only 90 mm thick, provided the requirements of 1.D.38-41 are met.
1.D.13 Modular bricks and blocks
Where walls are constructed of bricks or blocks having modular dimensions derived from BS 6649 -
985 wall thicknesses recommended in this Annex which derive from a dimension of a brick or
block may be reduced by an amount not exceeding the deviation from work size permitted by a
British Standard relating to equivalent sized bricks or blocks made of the same material.

1


1.D.14 Maximum height of buildings based on wind loadings
The maximum height of building which should be adequate for the various site exposure conditions
and wind speed should be derived by following the procedure which is set out on the Flow Chart
below using the map of wind speeds , topographic zone diagrams below and tables 1 and 2 enabling
the maximum height of building to be read off table 3 opposite
This design guidance has been revised in accordance with Wind loading on Traditional dwellings and
is based on BS 6399: Part 2 1997 using hourly mean wind speeds and it should be noted that the
wind speeds are derived from a different basis than in the Small Buildings Guide and it is important
that they are only applied to the methodology within this annex.

Flow chart for deriving maximum allowable building height

L
u L
u
L
u
L
u
0.25
L
u
L
u
0.4
Z2 Z1 Z2 Z3
Wind
di ection r
L
u
0.25 0.4 1.2

Hills and ridges

Map of wind speeds ( m/sec)

Z2 Z1 Z2
Wind
direction
0.4 L
d
0.4 L
d
L
u
0.4 L
u
0.4 L
u
L
d

Cliffs and escarpments

Topographic zones for Table 1

Read
windspeed
,V from
map above
Topographic
zone from
above
diagrams
Read
Factor ,T
from
Table 1
Factor
A from
table 2
Factor
S =
VxTxA
Max
allowable
building
height
from
Table 3


Table 1 Factor T Table 2 Factor A
Factor T Site Altitude
(m)
Factor A Topographic category and
average slope of whole
hillside, ridge, cliff or
escarpment
Zone
1
Zone
2
Zone
3
Category 1: Nominally flat
terrain, average slope < 1/20

1.0

1.0

1.0

Category 2: Moderately steep
terrain, average slope < 1/5
1.24

1.13

1.10

Category 3: Steep terrain,
average slope > 1/5
1.36 1.20 1.15

0
50
100
150
200
300
400

1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.30
1.40
Note: Outside of these zones factor T = 1.0

Table 3 Maximum allowable building height (m)
Country Sites

Town Sites
a

Distance to the coast
b

Distance to the coast
b

Factor
S

<10km

10 to 50km

>50km

<10km

10 to 50km

>50km

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

15
15
11
8
6
4.5
3.5
3

15
15
14.5
10.5
8.5
6.5
5
4
3.5
3

15
15
15
13
10
8
6
5
4
3.5
3

15
15
15
15
15
13.5
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

15
15
15
15
15
15
13
11
9.5
8.5
7.5
7
6
5.5
4.5
4
3

15
15
15
15
15
15
14.5
12.5
10.5
9.5
8.5
8
7
6
5.5
5
4
3
Notes
a. For sites on the outskirts of towns not sheltered by other buildings use the values for country sites
b. Where a site is nearer than 1 km to an inland area of water which extends more than 1 km in the
wind direction , the distance to the coast should be taken as from the edge of the water.


1.D.15 Maximum allowable length and height of the wall
This annex does not deal with walls longer than 12 m, measured from centre to centre of buttressing
walls, piers or chimneys providing restraint, or of walls exceeding 12 m in height. (See also table to
1.D.6 and 1.D.37 regarding movement joints )

1.D.16 Wall ties
Wall ties should comply with BS EN 845-1 and be material references 1 or 3 in BS EN 845 Table
A1 austenitic stainless steel or suitable non-ferrous ties. Wall ties should be selected in
accordance with the following table

Cavity wall ties
Permissible type of tie
Normal cavity
width (mm)
(Note 1)
Tie length (mm)
(Note 2)
BS EN 845-1 tie (Note 4)
50 to 75 200
76 to 90 225
91 to 100 225( Note 3)
Types 1, 2, 3 or 4 to DD 140-2* and selected on the basis
of the design loading and design cavity width
101 to 125 250
126 to 150 275
151 to 175 300
176 to 300 (See Note 2)
*Although DD 140-2 was withdrawn on 1 February 2005,
the tie user classes (types) given in Tables 1 and 3 of the
latter document can continue to be used after this date.

Notes
1 Where face insulated blocks are used the cavity width should be measured from the face of the
masonry unit.
2 The embedment depth of the tie should not be less than 50mm in both leaves. For cavities wider
than 180mm calculate the length as the structural cavity width plus 125mm and select the nearest
stock length.
3 Double triangle ties having a strength to satisfy Type 2 of DD 140-2*, are manufactured. Specialist
tie manufacturers should be consulted if 225mm long double triangle format ties are needed for 91 to
100mm cavities.
4 Reference requires to be additionally made to DD 140-2* for the selection of the type (i.e. types
1, 2, 3 or 4) relevant to the performance levels given in DD140-2.

1.D.17 Brick and block construction
Walls should be properly bonded and solidly put together with mortar. Materials should be chosen
from the following list as being suitable for their intended use and for the exposure conditions,
likely to prevail -
a. clay bricks or blocks to BS 3921: 1985 or BS EN 771-1; or
b. calcium silicate bricks to BS 187: 1978 or BS 6649: 1985; or BS EN 771-2 or
c. concrete bricks or blocks to BS 6073: Part 1: 1981; or BS EN 771-3 or 4 or
d. square dressed natural stone to the appropriate requirements described in BS 5628-3 or BS
EN 771-6 ; or
Manufactured Stone to BS 6457: 1984 or BS EN 771-5.

1.D.18 Compressive strength of masonry units
The minimum compressive strength requirements for masonry units according to BS Standards and
BS EN Standards are given in the Diagrams in 1.D.21 where the masonry units indicated for
Conditions A, B and C should have declared compressive strengths of not less than the values given
in the Table below. Normalised compressive strengths for block sized clay and calcium silicate
masonry units not complying with brick dimensional format are given in the Table to 1.D.20.


1.D.19 Declared Compressive Strength of Masonry Units complying with BS EN 771 - 1 to 5
(N/mm
2
)
Masonry
Unit
Clay masonry units
to BS EN 771-1
Calcium Silicate
masonry units to
BS EN 771-2
Aggregate
Concrete
Masonry
Units to BS
EN 771-3
Autoclaved
aerated conc.
Masonry units
to BS EN
771-4
Manufactured
Stone Masonry
units to BS EN
771-5
Condition A
Brick Group 1
6.0
Group 2
9.0
Group 1
6.0
Group 2
9.0

6.0

-
Block See clause 1.D.20 2.9*
2.9
Condition B
Brick Group 1
9.0
Group 2
13.0
Group 1
9.0
Group 2
13.0

9.0

-
Block See clause 1.D.20 7.3* 7.3
Condition C
Brick Group 1
18.0
Group 2
25.0
Group 1
18.0
Group 2
25.0

18.0

-
Block
See clause 1.D.20
7.3* 7.3 A
n
y

u
n
i
t

c
o
m
p
l
y
i
n
g

w
i
t
h

B
S

E
N

7
7
1
-
5

w
i
l
l

b
e

a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e

f
o
r

c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s

A
,

B

a
n
d

C

Notes
1. This table applies to Group 1 and Group 2 units.
2. For the EN 771 series of standards for masonry units the values of declared compressive
strengths (N/mm
2
) are mean values.
3. Brick: a masonry unit having work sizes not more than 337.5 mm in length or 112.5 mm in
height.
4. Block: a masonry unit exceeding either of the limiting work sizes of a brick and with a minimum
height of 190mm. For blocks with smaller heights, excluding cuts or make up units, the strength
requirements are as for brick except for solid external walls where the blocks should have a
compressive strength at least equal to that shown for block for an inner leaf of a cavity wall in the
same position.
5. Group 1 masonry units have not more than 25% formed voids (20% for frogged bricks). Group 2
masonry units have formed voids greater than 25%, but not more than 55%
6. Refer to 1.D.21 for locations of Conditions A, B and C
7. Values marked * are dry strengths to BS EN 772-1

1.D.20 Normalised compressive strength of masonry units of clay and calcium silicate blocks
complying with BS EN 771 - 1 and 2 (N/mm
2
)
Standard Condition Group 1 masonry units Group 2 masonry units
A 5.0 8.0
B 7.5 11.0
Clay masonry units to
BS EN 771-1 Calcium
silicate masonry units
to BS EN 771-2 C 15.0 21.0
Notes:
1 Values in this Table are normalised compressive strengths (N/mm2). Compressive strengths of
masonry units should be derived according to EN 772-1.
2 The Table applies to clay and calcium silicate block masonry units where the work size is more
than 337.5mm in length or 112.5mm in height.
3 Group 1 masonry units have not more than 25% formed voids (20% for frogged bricks). Group 2
masonry units have formed voids greater than 25%, but not more than 55%.


1.D.21 Compressive strengths of masonry units in walls

Top of
structural floor
underside
of
structural
roof
H
S

Where
H Less than or equal to
Condition A
1m-

f
Where
H greater than
Condition B
1m-

f

Underside
of
structural
roof
Underside
of
structural
floor
Cavity
wall
Internal
wall
Top of
structural
floor
H
f
S
S
This wall to be at least
140 mm thick in blockwork or
215 mm thick in brickwork below
groundfloor level if
height H exceeds 1m.
f
Underside
of structural
floor
Topside of
structural
floor
Underside
of
structural
roof
Cavity
wall
This wall to
be at least
140mm thick
blockwork or
215mm thick
brickwork
Internal
wall H
S
H
S
H
S

Notes
f H 1. I .7 m , the compressive strength of bricks or blocks should be used in walls as
2. I ed in the wall should be at
3. I pressive strength of at
o determine
strength of the masonry units where the roof construction is of timber.

indicated by the key
f H is more than 2.7m, the compressive strength of bricks or blocks us
S
is not more than 2
S
least Condition B, or as indicated by the key whichever is the greater.
f the external wall is solid construction the masonry units should have a com
least that shown for the internal leaf of a cavity wall in the same position.
The guidance in the diagram for walls of two or three storey buildings should only be used t
the compressive


1.D.22 Mortar
Mortar should be -
a. Mortar designation (iii) according to BS 5628:Part 3:2001;
c. 1:1: 5 or 6 CEM 1, lime and fine aggregate measured by volume of dry materials
with masonry cavity wall construction should be
sted by a notified body or justified by calculations
l is 6 m, where the span is measured centre
centre of bearing as shown on the diagrams below.
Wall joist hanger
b. Strength class M4 according to BS EN 998 - 2 ;

1.D.23 Lintels for openings
Proprietary steel or concrete lintels suitable for use
te

Loading on walls
1.D.24 Maximum span of floors
The maximum span for any floor supported by a wal
to

Floor member bearing on Floor member bearing on
floor
floor span
maximum 6m
centre line

of bearing

floor
wall
floor span
maximum 6m
centre line
of bearing

Loading on walls
1.D.25 Other loading conditions
a. Vertical loading on walls should be distributed. This may be assumed for concrete floor slabs,
precast concrete floors, and timber floors designed in accordance with annex 1.F, and where
bearing length for lintels is 150 mm or greater. Where a lintel has a clear span of 1200 mm or less
the

the wall and the combined dead and imposed
c. Walls should not be subject to lateral load other than from wind, and that covered by 1.D.25 b
the bearing length may be reduced to 100 mm. Where lintels carry a concrete floor the bearing
length should be at least 150mm or L/10 whichever is the greater, where L is the span of the lintel.
b. Differences in level of ground or other solid construction between one side of the wall and the
other should be less than four times the thickness of
load should not exceed 70kN/m at base of wall as shown below provided there is a full storey
height of masonry above the upper retained level.


a. Examples of ground level differences
Ground
Supported
floor slab
Retained
height
W
Suspended
ground floor
Retained
height
W
Void
t
2
t
1
H should be less
than or equal to
1m and less than
or equal to
4( + )
t
1
t
2

W W
Suspended
ground floor
Retained
height
To be level for
a distance of not
less than 1.25H

mum differe l b. Maxi nces in ground leve
H
W
Retained
height
W
Retained
height
H
t
H should be less
than or equal to 1m
and less than
or equal to 4t

Concrete fill
to wall cavity
t
H should be less
and less than or

otes
ed for clarity and may be on either side of the walls shown.
ull storey height of masonry above
nt to walls
t single leaf walls less than 2.5 m in height and length in small single
torey non-domestic buildings and extensions should be bonded or otherwise securely tied
throughout their full height to a buttressing wall, pier or chimney. Long walls may be provided with
intermediate support dividing the wall into distinct lengths; each distinct length is a supported wall for
the purposes of this part. The buttressing wall, pier or chimney should provide support from the base
to the full height of the wall.
than or equal to 1m
equal to 4t
N
Floor slabs in diagrams b have been omitt
Cavity walls should be tied in accordance with Table to clause 1.D.16.
These recommendations apply only to circumstances where there is a f
the upper retained level.

End restraint
1.D.26 Vertical lateral restrai
The ends of every wall, excep
s


1.D.27 Criteria for buttressing walls
diagram below gives certain rules for bu
itself a supported wall, its thickness T
The ionally i f the buttressing wall is
not ld ot be less than -
a. separating wall of similar height and
d does not exceed 6 m in total height and 10 m in

c.
Not
1. nded or
. The length, L , of the buttressing wall
3.
d not impair the lateral support to
. Openings or recesses in the buttressing
st
Openings in a buttressed wall

ttressing walls. Addit
2
shou
half the thickness required by this part for an external or
n
length, less 5 mm; or
b. 75 mm if the wall forms part of a dwelling an
length; or
90 mm in any other case.

es
The buttressing wall should be bo
securely tied to the supported wall and
at the other end to a buttressing wall,
pier or chimney.
2
B
should be at least 1/6 of the overall
height, H, of the supported wall.
The position and shape of the openings
shoul
be given by the buttressing wall.
T
2
550mm
Supported
wall
H
4
wall more than 0.1 m
2
should be at lea
550mm from the supported wall.

L
B
Buttressing

5. ot more than 0.1 m
2
at any position.
6. should be not more than 0.9 times the floor to ceiling
g any masonry over the opening should be not less than 150
asuring the height of the supported wall.

1.D
pro
1.
ys twice the thickness,
2. The sectional area on plan of chimneys
(excluding openings for fireplaces and
flues) should be not less than the area
required for a pier in the same wall, and
required thickness of the
of the wall from base to top of wall.
Wall
There may be only one opening or recess n
The opening height in a buttressed wall
height and the depth of lintel includin
mm.
Refer to diagram to 1.A.5 for the rules for me
.28 Criteria for piers and chi mney
viding restraint
Piers should measure at least three
times the thickness of the supported
wall, and chimne
measured at right angles to the wall.
Piers must have a minimum width of
190 mm as shown opposite.
the overall thickness should not be less
than twice the
supported wall
3. The buttressing wall, pier or chimney
should provide support to the full height

min
190mm
H
T
centre line of
buttressing wall
centre line
of chimney
centre line
of pier
centre line of
pier(alternative
arrangement)
Buttressing
wall
Pier
Chimney


Openings , recesses , chases and overhangs
The number, size and position of openings and r sses should not impair the stability of a wall or
the lateral support afforded by a buttressing wall to a supported wall. Construction over openings
and recesses should be adequately supported.
gs and re
ram and t
grou
u a

1.D.29 General
ece

1.D.30 Dimensional criteria for openin cesses
able below. The dimensional criteria are given in the diag
s below No openings should be provide in wall
n l
nd floor except for small holes for services and
m rea of 0.1 m ve ti ation etc. which should be limited to a maxim

2
at not less than 2 m centres .
1.D.31 Sizes of openings and recesses
Opening
W
1
Opening
W
2
Recess
W
3
P
4
P
3
P
2
P
1
Opening
W
4
H
outer fa of
return w
corner of two
external walls
ce
all
P
5

should n exceed 2L/3
. None of W
1
or W
2
or W
3
should exceed 3m
e greater than W1/X
reater than or equal to W1/X

7. P
5
should be gre r th or eq l to W
but should not be less than 665 mm.
8. The value of Factor X should be taken from
the table below or can be given the value 6,
th of the
the case of a cavity wall,
.

wall into wall
Max Max Max Max
Notes
1. W
1
+ W
2
+ W
3
ot
2
3. P
1
should not b
4. P
2
should not be g
5. P
3
should be greater than or equal to (W2+
provided the compressive streng
W3)/X
bricks or blocks (in
6. P
4
should be greater than or equal to W
3
/X in the loaded leaf) is not less than 7 N/mm
ate an ua 4/X
2
Value of factor 'X' (see diagram above)
Nature of ro Span of
timber floor
into
Span of
concrete floor
of
span
Maximum roof
span (m)
Minimum
thickness of
wall inner
Span of floor
is parallel to
wall
(mm)
4.5m 6.0m 4.5m 6.0m

Value of factor 'X'
100 6 6 6
roof spans
6 6
parallel to wall
non applicable
90 6 6 6 6 5
100 6 6 5 4 3
timber roof
9
spans into
6 3
wall
90 4 4 3


1.D.32 Chases
Chases should not -
an 1/3 of wall thic ess or, in cav
han 1/6 of the thickness of the leaf or wall; and
mpair the stability of the wall, pa d.

1.D.33 Overhangs
ang, the amount of any projection should not impair the stability
the inte een diffe
mpair the st all.
in clauses 1.D.34-35 .
The requirements for lateral support of walls at roof and floor levels are given in the table below and
guidance on satisfying the requirements is given in clauses 1.D35 and 1.D.36
Wall Type Wall Length Lateral support required
any length

roof lateral support by every roof forming
a junction with the supported wall
a. if vertical, be deeper th
b. if horizontal, be deeper t
kn ity walls, 1/3 of leaf thickness ;
c. be so positioned as to i rticularly where hollow blocks are use
In constructing a corbelled overh
of the wall.
Minor overhangs may occur at
differences in thickness provided this does not i
rfaces betw rent masonry materials which have minor
ability of the w
1.D.34 Lateral support by roofs and floors
The walls in each storey of a building should extend to the full height of that storey, and have
horizontal lateral supports to restrict movement of the wall at right angles to its plane.
Floors and roofs should -
a. act to transfer lateral forces from walls to buttressing walls, piers or chimneys; and
b. be secured to the supported wall by connections specified
Solid or cavity: external
compartment separating
greater than 3 m
floor lateral support by every floor
forming a junction with the supported
wall

internal load-bearing wall
(not being a compartment or
separating wall)
any length
roof or floor lateral support at the top of
each storey
Walls should be strapped to floors above ground level, at intervals not more than 2 m by tension
traps as shown below to BS EN 845-1. For corrosion resistance purposes , the tension straps
16.1 or 16.2 (galv nised steel) or other more resistant
c stainless steel). The declared tensile
s
should be material reference 14 or a
specifications including material references 1 or 3 (austenit
strength of tensions straps should not be less than 8 kN
i


30 x 5mm galvanised mild
p
onry
3 joists
Dwangs minimum 38mm
width to extend
at least depth of joist
steel or other durable stra
held tight against mas
wall and fixed across
30x5mm galvanised mild
steel or other durable strap
at least 1200mm long and
held tight against masonry
wall
internal leaf of external cavity
wall requiring lateral restraint

Tension strap detail 1 Tension strap detail 2

Tension straps need not be provided -
a. in the longitudinal direction of joists in domestic
buildings of not more than two storeys, if the joists are
at not more than 1.2 m centres and have at least 90
mm bearing on the supported walls or 75mm bearing
on a timber wall- plate at each end ,and
b. in the longitudinal direction of joists in domestic
buildings of not more than two storeys, if the joists
are carried on the supported wall by joist hangers in
accordance with BS EN 845-1 of the restraint type
described in BS 5628:Part 1 and shown opposite and
are incorporated at not more than 2 m centres;

c. where a concrete floor has at least 90 mm bearing on
the supported wall as opposite;
d. where floors are at or about the same level on
each side of a supported wall and contact
between the floors and wall is either continuous
or at intervals not exceeding 2m. Where contact
is intermittent, the points of contact should be in
line or nearly in line on plan as shown on the
diagrams below.

Restraint type joist hanger

X
X to be not less than 90mm
X

Restraint by concrete floor or roof

domestic structure SBSG annex 1.E 2007

Restraint of internal walls

Where joists are not hard up to
the wall blockings at not greater
than 2m centres should be used
at the same locations on both
sides of the wall
y tension straps as shown in the diagrams
at
ing 2m if the roof -
by local experience to be
d. o the
supported wall at not more than 1.2 m centr s.
u
m

o
f

t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s

s

+

1
0
m
m
Tension
1.D.35 Gable wall strapping
Gable walls should be strapped to roofs as shown
opposite b
opposite .
Vertical strapping at least 1m long should be provided
eaves level at intervals not exceed
a. has got a pitch of 15
0
or less;
b. is not tiled or slated;
c. is not of a type known
resistant to wind gusts; and
has not got main timber members spanning ont
straps
st point If H is greater
Tension straps
at not more than
2 metre centres
Gable
end
wall
t
at highe
that will provide a
secure connection
than 16t, provide
restraint here
at not greater
than 2m centres
e

=

s
o
f

le
a
v
e
h
X
X/2
X/2

Tension strap location

Effective strapping at gable Vertical strapping at eaves Vertical strapping at eaves

dwang
pack
Strap turned
over uncut
block
Rafter fixed to
wall plate with
framing anchor
or truss clip
strap anchored
to wall and rafter
Each joist fixed to wall-plate
With framing anchors
Or skew nails
Strap anchored to
wall and turned
over wall plate


1.D.36 Interruption of lateral support
Where a stair or other opening in a floor or roof adjoins a supported wall and interrupts the continuity
of lateral support-
a. the length of the opening should be not more than 3 m, measured parallel to the supported wall;
b. where a connection is provided by means other than by anchor, this should be provided
throughout the length of each portion of the wall situated on each side of the opening;
c. where connection is provided by anchors, these should be spaced closer than 2 m on each side
of the opening to provide the same number of anchors as if there were no opening; and
d. there should be no other interruption of lateral support.
1.D.37 Movement in masonry
Max spacing of movement joints
Clay brickwork 12 m centres
Calcium silicate brickwork 7.5 m centres
Concrete brickwork and blockwork 6 m centres

Reference should be made to BS 8103-2, Annex B Code of practice for masonry walls for housing
which provides general guidance for movement joints.


External walls of small single storey single skin buildings and extensions
1.D.38 General
The guidance given applies in the following circumstances:-
a. The floor area of the building or extension does not exceed 36m
2
b. The walls are solidly constructed in brickwork or blockwork using materials which comply with
clauses 1.D.16-1.D.23.
c. Where the floor area of the building or extension exceeds 10m
2
,
the walls have a mass of not less
than 130 kg/m
2
. (Note: There is no surface mass limitation recommended for floor areas of 10m
2
or
less.)
d. Access to the roof is only for the purposes of maintenance and repair.
e. The only lateral loads are wind loads.
f. The maximum length or width of the building or extension does not exceed 9m.
g. The height of the building or extension does not exceed the lower value derived from the Diagrams
to clause 1.D.2.
h. The roof is braced at rafter level, horizontally at eaves level and at the base of any gable by roof
decking, rigid sarking or diagonal timber bracing, as appropriate, in accordance with BS 5268: Part 3.
i. Walls are tied to the roof structure vertically and horizontally in accordance with clauses 1.D.34-36
and with horizontal lateral restraint at roof level in accordance with clause 1.D.41.
j. The roof structure of an extension is secured to the structure of the main building at both rafter and
eaves level.

1.D.39 Size and proportions of openings
One or two major openings not more than 2.1m in height are permitted in one wall of the building or
extension only. The width of a single opening or the combined width of two openings should not
exceed 5m.
The only other openings permitted in a building or extension are for windows and a single leaf door.
The size and location of these openings should be in accordance with the diagram below.
Notes
1. Major openings should be restricted to
one wall only. Their aggregate width
should be not more than 5.0m and their
height should not be more than 2.1m
2. There should be no other openings within
2.0m of a wall containing a major opening.
3. The aggregate size of openings in a wall
not containing a major opening should be
not more than 2.4m
2
.
4. There should not be more than one
opening between piers.
5. Unless there is a corner pier the
distance from a window or a door to a
corner should not be les s than 390 mm.

Isolated column
N
o

o
t
h
e
r

o
p
e
n
i
n
g
s

i
n

t
h
i
s

z
o
n
e

2
.
0
m
Wall with major
openings
3
9
0
m
m

m
i
n
390mm min


1.D.40 Wall thicknesses and piers
The walls should have a minimum thickness of 90mm.
The minimum pier size ( A
P
x B
P
) should be 390mm x 190mm or 327mm x 215mm depending on the
olated columns should be 325mm x 325mm minimum (C
C
x C
C
)
Walls which do not contain a major opening but exceed 2.5m in length or height should be bonded or
tied to piers for their full height at not more than 3m centres as shown in the diagram below
Wall without a major opening

m max 3.0m max
size of the masonry units
Is
3.0m max 3.0
90mm min B
P
A
P
A
P

ould be
at, 20mm x 3mm in cross section, be in
stainless steel in accordance with clause
1.D.16, be placed in pairs and be spaced at
not more than 300mm centre vertically

Wall with a single major opening Walls which contain one or two major openings
should in addition have piers as shown in the
Diagrams above and opposite. Where ties are
used to connect piers to walls they sh
fl
G
B
P
A
P

Dotted line
indicates range
of wall positions
G > 2.5m
A
P
B
P
BP
AP
G 2.5m

Wall with two major openings
Dotted line indicates
range of wall positions
A
P
B
P
C
C
C
C


1.D.41 Horizontal lateral restraint at roof level
Walls should be tied horizontally at no more than 2m centres
to the roof structure at eaves level, base of gables and along
roof slopes with straps fixed in accordance with clauses
ass through a

1.D.34 and 1D.35 and where straps cannot p
wall they should be adequately secured to the masonry using
suitable fixings and isolated columns should also be tied to
the roof structure all as shown below. Fixings should be in
accordance with the diagram opposite.

1.D.42 Proportions for Masonry Chimneys
Where a chimney is not adequately supported by ties or securely restrained in any way, its height if
easured from the high st point of intersection with the roof surface, gutter, etc should not exceed
.5W, provided the density of the masonry is greater than 1500 kg/m
3
where -
W is the least horizontal dimension of the chimney measured at the same point of intersection; and
H is measured to the top of any chimney pot or other flue terminal.

e m
4
H H
W W
Level of highest
point of
intersection

domestic structure SBSG annex 1.F 2007

Annex
1.E Timber frame walls
1.E.0 Introduction
1.E.1 Wall types
1.E.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
1.E.3 Maximum floor area
1.E.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
Wall structure
1.E.5 General
1.E.6 Minimum thickness of external walls
1.E.7 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
1.E.8 Timber frame wall sizing
1.E.9 Site data
1.E.10 Building data
1.E.11 Horizontal loads
1.E.12 Wall sheathing
1.E.13 Site data and building data
1.E.14 Altitude/distance category
1.E.15 Length/width ratio
1.E.16 Racking bands
1.E.17 Percentage openings
1.E.18 Masonry cladding arrangements
1.E.19 Panel sheathing and nailing
1.E.20 Vertical loads
1.E.21 Wall stud sizing
1.E.22 Cripple stud sizing
1.E.23 Lintel sizing
1.E.24 Example
1.E.25 Overall stability
1.E.26 Maximum allowable length and height of wall
1.E.27 General
1.E.28 Wall ties
1.E.29 Masonry cladding
1.E.30 Brick and block construction
1.E.31 Mortar
1.E.32 Lintels for masonry cladding
1.E.33 Timber members
1.E.35 Fasteners
1.E.36 Fabrication
1.E.37 Composite action
1.E.38 Wall panel connections
1.E.39 Nailing and fixing schedule
Loading on walls
1.E.40 Maximum span of floors
1.E.41 Other loading conditions
1.E.42 End restraint
Openings, notching and drilling
1.E.43 General
1.E.44 Framing of openings
1.E.45 Dimensional criteria for openings
1.E.46 Small unframed openings
1.E.47 Notching and drilling
1.E.48 Lateral support by roofs and floors
1.E.49 Differential movement


annex
1.E
Walls in certain small buildings timber frame

1.E.0 Introduction
Small buildings of masonry clad platform frame construction can be designed to provide designs
taking into account loading conditions , limitations on dimensions , openings and subject to , restraint
conditions .
This structural guidance for timber frame construction for small buildings is intended to be similar to
that for masonry construction restricted to cover a limited range of timber frame wall dimensions,
member sizes and loading conditions which commonly apply in Scotland.
To comply with the philosophy of the Small Buildings Structural Guidance, the guidance for timber
frame construction has been produced for use by those who have expertise in building design and
construction but not necessarily in structural engineering design. Where the conditions or parameters
fall outside the scope then specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the
appropriate skills and experience.
This guidance is based on the Platform Frame method of timber frame construction with external
masonry cladding being the most common form of timber frame construction in Scotland It is
restricted to the member sizes and types and sheathing materials which are commonly used in small
buildings in Scotland.
It should be noted that the guidance within this Annex only relates to Section 1 Structure. There are
other factors such as cavity barriers, breather membranes ,thermal insulation, etc which may be
relevant and reference should be made to the appropriate sections in the Technical Handbooks.
Timber frame construction outwith the parameters and materials covered in this guidance should be
designed in accordance with the guidance in BS 5268 Part 6.1 1996.
This Annex provides guidance for timber frame wall construction for the following building types
a. domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys where loading criteria for individual floors does not
exceed those given in 1.E.4 and total limit of loading does not exceed that given in 1.E.41;
There is guidance in Annex 1.D: Masonry walls which is relevant to this annex with respect to
masonry cladding to timber frame walls.
1.E.1 Wall types
This Annex deals only with the types of wall extending to full storey height set out below.
a. Domestic buildings of not more than 2 storeys
External walls
Compartment walls
Separating walls
This Annex should be used in conjunction with Annexe 1.B ; and
a. if a timber wall structure is designed in accordance with the guidance in Annex 1.E, all
appropriate design conditions should be satisfied;
b. walls should comply with the relevant recommendations of BS 5268: Part 6.1: 1996, except as
regards the conditions given in 1.E.2,1.E.3-4 and 1.E.8-49
c. in formulating the guidance of this Annex, the worst combination of circumstances likely to
arise was taken into account.
d. If a recommendation of this Annex is considered too onerous in a particular case then
adequacy by calculation should be shown in respect of the aspect of the wall which is
subject to the departure rather than for the entire wall;
e. the guidance given in this Annex is based upon the material strengths of timber , sheathing ,
plasterboard and masonry being not less than that indicated in 1.E.27-39
f. roof construction should be :
duo or mono pitch trussed rafters with 15-45
o
pitch and dead weight not more than 1.036
kN/m
2
on the slope


or flat ,raised tie or collared roofs in accordance with guidance in Annex 1.F.
g. floor dead load should be not more than 0.5 kN/m
2

h. Internal , party and external wall dead loads should be not more than 1.5 kN/m excluding
masonry cladding
i. panel heights should be not more than 2.7 m
j. timber frame walls act should compositely with the masonry cladding ,sheathing and inner
plasterboard lining all contributing to the racking resistance of the timber frame walls.
This guidance does not cover hipped ends to roofs with girder trusses which impose point loads on to
the walls or other situations where point loads occur.
Wall sheathing which provides the racking resistance to wind loading generally is the limiting factor
and this aspect should be checked prior to carrying the remainder of the design. It is unlikely that this
guidance could be used with walls with openings more than 30 % of the total wall area or for front
gable buildings where there are large percentage openings in the shorter length walls.

1.E.2 Conditions relating to the Building of which the walls forms part
This Annex applies only to buildings having proportions within the following limits and as shown
on the Diagrams below subject to the limits of 1.E.26
The maximum height of the building measured from the lowest finished ground level adjoining
the building to the highest point of any wall or roof must not be greater than:
10 m for duo pitch roofs
5.5 m for mono pitch or flat roofs
the height of the building H, should not exceed twice the least width of the building W
1
,
the height of the wing H
2
should not exceed twice the least width of the wing W
2
when the
projection P exceeds twice the width W
2
.

lowest
ground level
Maximum height
H
not to
exceed
10m

H

Minimum width

W
1

H

W
1
not to be less
than 0.5H
W
1

H
2
W
2
W
1
P
1

1.E.3 Maximum floor area
The guidance in this annex applies where -
Floors enclosed by structural walls on all sides do not exceed 70 m
2
; and
floors without a structural wall on one side do not exceed 36 m
2


Area not
exceeding 70 m
2
Area not
exceeding 70 m
2
Area not
exceeding 70 m
2

Area not
exceeding
36 m
2
Area not
exceeding
36 m
2
Area not
exceeding
36 m
2
Area not
exceeding
36 m
2

The i on roofs ceilings should not exceed those given in the table below.

Roof distributed load:
1.50 kN/m for spans up to 6 metres

1.E.4 Imposed loads on roofs , floors and ceilings
mposed loads
Element Load
, floors and
ing
1.00 kN/m for spans up to 12 metres
2
2
Floors distributed load: kN/m together with a concentrated load of 1.4 2.00
2
kN
Ceilings distributed load: 0.25 kN/m together with concentrated load: 0.9 kN
2
The guidance for snow loading in 1.F.6 applies only to a free standing flat roofed structure with no
parapet and with the roof on one level only, provided that there are no other buildings within 1.5m
of its perimeter.


Wall structure
1.E.5 General
Wall structure should be determined according to this Annex provided the following conditions are
met-
a. relating to the building of which the wall forms a part (1.E.2); and
b. relating to the wall 1.E.3-49

Conditions building
d. limitations on size and proportions of
building and parts of building ( 1.E.2, )
e. max allowable floor areas ( 1.E.3)
f. max imposed and wind loads (
1.E.12.)

Conditions wall
i. max allowable length and height of
wall ( 1.E.26)
j. construction materials and
workmanship ( 1.E.27-39)
k. loading on walls ( 1.E.40 and 1.E.41)
l. end restraints ( 1.E.42)
m. openings, notching and drilling
(1.E.43-47)
n. lateral support by floors and roofs
(1.E.48)
o. Differential movement (1.E.49)

Are building
conditions satisfied ?
Use Annex 1.E for
timber frame walls
building of which wall
is part
Outside
Annex 1.E
scope

Outside
Annex 1.E
scope
Yes
Are wall conditions
satisfied?
No
No
Yes

1.E.6 Minimum thicknesses of external cavity walls
Masonry clad timber frame walls should comprise masonry cladding for at least 100 mm thick ,50 mm
nominal cavity width 9mm nominal sheathing thickness and timber studs at least 89 mm depth and
plasterboard inner wall lining . Wall ties should be securely nailed to the vertical studs and not to the
sheathing alone generally at the following spacings
a. Brickwork cladding: horizontal spacing of 600mm and a vertical spacing of 375mm
b. Blockwork cladding : horizontal spacing of 400 or 600mm and a vertical spacing of 450mm,
c. Wall ties should also be provided, spaced not more than 300mm apart vertically, within a distance
of 225 mm from the vertical edges of all openings, movement joints and roof verges.
d. In exposed wind locations, the tie density would require to be increased in accordance with BS
5268 -6.1:1996.
e. For specification of cavity wall ties refer to 1.E.28
1.E. 7 Walls providing vertical support to other walls
Irrespective of the materials used in the construction, a wall should not be less in thickness than
any part of the wall to which it gives vertical support.


1.E.8 Timber frame wall sizing
The following procedure which should be followed to determine the member sizing etc for masonry
clad timber frame wall construction which should be adequate for a particular location depending on
the building dimensions and the site exposure conditions is based on BS 5268-6.1
The procedure is summarised in the flow chart below and explained in detail thereafter together with a
worked example in 1.E.24.

Design Procedure Flow Chart

Assess Building Data( 1.E.10)
Length / Width ratio (1.E.11
Assess Site Data( 1.E.12)
Wall Sheathing Requirements(1.E.13-18)
Horizontal(Wind) Loads (1.E.19)
Vertical(Snow ) Loads ( 1.E20)
Wall Stud Requirements ( 1.E.21)
Cripple Stud Requirements(1.E.22)
Lintel requirements (1.E.23)


The horizontal loads arising from wind action are resisted and transferred to the base of the walls by
the racking resistance of the racking ( or wind) wall panels .
Walls should only be considered to be Racking Walls and hence able to provide resistance to wind
action if they are specifically designed in accordance with the following racking procedure and have at
least one layer of OSB3 or plywood sheathing secured to the timber studs.
The Flow Chart below and subsequent clauses provide guidance on how to provide adequate racking
resistance by means of racking or wind walls comprising wall sheathing and nailing arrangements ..

Racking Procedure Flow Chart

Building and Site Data including assessing = B/A (1.E.10-12)
Read off Altitude-Distance Category from Table to 1.E.13

Assess the percentage openings in each wall of Building(1.E.15)
Assess the Masonry Cladding Arrangement from Table to 1.E.16
Select Panel Sheathing and Nailing requirements (1.E.17)

Read Racking Band from Tables to 1.E.14
Use of internal racking walls, if appropriate (1.E.17)


1.E.10 Building Data stage 1
Assess the following dimensions for the
building :
Overall outside plan width , A
Overall outside plan length, B
Height from ground level to eaves ,H
Overall Building Height from ground
level to ridge
Number of storeys
Roof shape :- duopitch , monopitch or
flat
Spans of roof and floors
Key
A : Building Width (smaller dimension of
the building cross-section (plan)
B : Building Length (larger dimension of the
building cross-section (plan)
: Length/ Width Ratio of the building
plan
= B/A.

Building dimensions

H

Duo pitch roof Mono pitch roof

A
R
B
R
A
B

Flat roof Plan

1.E.11 Length/width ratio stage 2
Determine the length/ width ratio, in accordance with the diagram above
Note that should always be rounded up from the derived value to the nearest 0.5 and will be not
less than 1.0 in any case.


1.E.12 Site Data stage 3
a. Determine the site location of the building under consideration
b. Assess the distance of the site to the coast within the following ranges
Not more than 10 km
not more than 100 km
greater than 100 km
Where a site is nearer than 1 km to an inland area of water which extends more than 1 km in the
wind direction , the distance to the coast should be taken as from the edge of the water.
c. Assess the altitude of the site above ordinance datum within the following ranges
0 m
not more than 50 m
not more than 100m
not more than 150m
not more than 200m
not more than 300m
not more than 400 m
d. Determine the snow zone as A or B from the snow map below
Determine the wind speed from the wind speed map below

Snow Zone Map Wind Speed Map ( m/s)

Inverness
Zone
A
B


1.E.13 Altitude/distance category stage 4
the Site Altitude and Distance to the coast,

AD1-AD6 :Altitude / Distance to the coast Category
< : less than
Using
read the Altitude-Distance category (AD1-AD6) from
the table opposite
Key
< : not more than
le Alti istan teg
nce t coa )
Tab tude/d ce ca ory
Dista o the st(km
Altitude
<10 <100 >100
0m AD1 AD1 AD1
< 50m AD1 AD1 AD1
< 100m AD2 AD2 AD2
<
< 200m
150m AD3 AD3 AD3
AD4 AD3 AD3
< 300m AD5 AD5 AD4
< 400m AD6 AD6 AD5

1.E.14 Racking Bands stage 5
The Racking Band is the wind force on to an external wall panel in a parallel direction to that panel as
can be read from the relevant table below using the

h roofed buildings for heights of 5.5 and 10 metres
roofed buildings for heights of 5.5 metres height for
ind speeds of 30, 27, 25 and 23 metres / sec
able 9-12 provide racking bands for duo pitch roofed buildings for heights of 5.5 metres height for
es / sec

shown in the diagram in clause 1.E.10 and
following information derived above
Building height H, and roof type from clause 1.E.10
Length/width ratio, from clause 1.E.11
Wind speed from clause 1.E.12
Altitude / distance, AD, category from clause 1.E.13
Tables 1-4 provide racking bands for duo pitc
height for wind speeds of 30, 27, 25 and 23 metres / sec
Table 5-8 provide racking bands for duo pitch
w
T
wind speeds of 30, 27, 25 and 23 metr

Ra ing s
Ta e 1 ind
m h H t
ck Band for Duopitch roofs
bl W speed = 30m/s
5.5 Heig t 10m eigh
Side
tud is e e (A ud is e e (AD) Alti e/D tanc Cat gory D) Altit e/D tanc Cat gory
AD1 A A AD4 AD5 A AD2 A A AD5 AD6 AD7 D2 D3 AD6 AD7 D1 D3 D4
1 A R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R5 R5 R6 R8 R9 R11 - -
B R3 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 - -
1.5 R11 R11 A R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 - - - - - - -
B R2 R2 R2 R R3 R3 R3 3 - - - - - - -
2 A R8 R9 R R R 11 11 11 - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R R R 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - -
2 R .5 A R11 R11 11 - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R R 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
3 A R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - - - -
B R R - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
3 R - .5 A 11 - - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


Ra ng s fo cki Band r Duopitch roofs
Ta 2
. ig 0 e
ble Wind speed = 27m/s
5 5 He ht 1 m H ight
Al e ta C go A Al e ta go titud /Dis nce ate ry ( D) titud /Dis nce Cate ry (AD)
Side
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1 A R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R4 R5 R6 7 R R9 R11 -
B R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R6 8 R6 R7 R R9 R11 -
1.5 A R5 R5 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 1 R1 - - - - -
B R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R4 R5 - - - - -
2 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 1 1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 - - - - - - -
2.5 A R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - -
3 A R9 R11 1 R11 R1 - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - -
3.5 1 A R11 R11 R1 - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - - -
4 A R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Racki a ng B nds for Duopitch roofs
Table 3 Wind speed = 25m/s
He t m H ght 5.5 igh 10 ei
Altitud is e go A u is e g A e/D tanc Cate ry ( D) Altit de/D tanc Cate ory ( D)

Sid
e
AD
1
AD
2
AD
3
AD
4
AD
5
AD
6
AD
7
AD
1
AD
2
AD
3
AD
4
AD
5
AD
6
AD
7
1 A R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R6 11 R7 R9 R
B R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R5 R5 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9
1 1 1 1 .5 A R4 R4 R5 R5 R6 R7 R7 R1 R1 R1 - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R4 R4 - - - -
2 A R5 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 - - - - - - -
2.5 1 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R1 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
3 A R8 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - -
3.5 1 A R8 R9 R11 R11 R1 - - - - - - - - -
B 1 1 1 1 1 R R R R R - - - - - - - - -
4 A R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - - - -


R ki Ba ac ng nds for Duopitch roofs
Table 4 Wind speed = 23m/s
5.5 H t H eigh 10m eight
Altitu Dis e eg A itu i ce g ( de/ tanc Cat ory ( D) Alt de/D stan Cate ory AD)

Side AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
1 A R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R9
B R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R4 R4 R5 5 R R6 R7 R8
1.5 11 1 A R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R5 R6 R8 R9 R9 R R1 - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R3 4 R3 R3 R R4 - -
2 A R4 R5 R5 R6 R7 R7 R8 R11 1 R1 - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 - - - - -
2.5 A R5 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
3 A R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
3.5 1 - A R7 R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R1 - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - -
4 A R7 R8 R9 R11 R11 R11 - - - - - - - -
B R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 - - - - - - - -

R king Ba ac nds for Monopitch roofs
T 3 e e able 5 Wind speed = 0m/s Tabl 6 Wind spe d = 27m/s
Height He 5.5 5.5 ight
Altitu Dis e eg A itu i ce g (A de/ tanc Cat ory ( D) Alt de/D stan Cate ory D)
Side AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 5 6 7 4 6 AD AD AD AD1 AD2 AD3 AD AD5 AD AD7
1 A R5 R6 R6 R7 8 R8 R R9 R4 R5 R5 R6 R6 R7 R8
B R3 3 4 3 R3 R R4 R4 R R5 R2 R2 R3 R R3 R3 R4
1.5 1 1 11 1 A R1 R1 R - - - - R8 R9 R9 R R1 - -
B R2 2 1 2 R2 R - - - - R R2 R2 R R2 - -
2 A - - - - - - - R11 1 R1 - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 R1 - - - - -
2.5 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

R ing Ba ack nds for Monopitch roofs
Table 7 Wind speed = 25m/s Table 8 Wind speed = 23m/s
e 5.5 Height 5.5 H ight
Altitu Dis e eg A itu i ce g ( de/ tanc Cat ory ( D) Alt de/D stan Cate ory AD =
(B / Side
A) AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 7 AD
B R2 R2 R2 R2 R3 3 R R3 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3
1.5 - 11 1 A R7 R7 R8 R9 R1 R R1 R5 R6 R6 R7 R8 R9 R
B R1 R1 R1 2 R2 R2 R R2 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2
2 A R9 R11 11 1 1 R R1 - - - R7 R8 R9 R R1 R11 -
B R1 R1 1 R R1 - - - R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 -
2 1 1 .5 A R11 R1 - - - - - R9 R9 R R1 - - -
B R1 R1 - - - - - R1 R1 R1 R1 - - -
3 A R11 - 1 - - - - - - R11 R11 R1 - - - -
B R1 - - - - - - R1 R1 R1 - - - -
3 - - R 1 .5 A - - - - - 11 R1 - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 R1 - - - - -
4 A - - - - - - - R11 - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - R1 - - - - - -


Rack g Ba in nds for Flat roofs
Table 9 Wind speed = 30m/s Table 10 Wind speed = 27m/s
Height H t 5.5 5.5 eigh
tu is e g (A itu i ce eg (A Alti de/D tanc Cate ory D) Alt de/D stan Cat ory D)
Side 6 7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD AD AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
B R4 R5 R5 6 R6 R6 R7 R7 R4 R4 R4 R5 R5 R5 R
1 - 1 1 - 11 .5 A R9 R9 R1 R1 R1 - - R7 R7 R8 R9 R9 R1 R
B R3 3 4 R3 R4 R4 R4 - - R2 R3 R3 R R4 R4 R
2 A R11 1 1 11 R1 - - - - - R9 R1- R1 R - - -
B R2 R2 - - - - - R2 R2 R2 R2 - - -
2.5 A - - - - - - - R11 R11 - - - - -
B - - R1 - - - - - R1 - - - - -

R k ac ing Bands for Flat roofs
e 2 i Table 11 Wind sp ed = 5m/s Table 12 Wnd speed = 23m/s
5.5 H t H t eigh 5.5 eigh
Altitu is e g (A itu i ce eg (A de/D tanc Cate ory D) Alt de/D stan Cat ory D)
S e

id
AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7 AD1 AD2 AD3 AD4 AD5 AD6 AD7
B R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R5 5 R3 R3 R3 R4 R4 R5 R
1 9 .5 A R6 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R9 R6 R6 R7 R7 R8 R9 R
B R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 4 R3 R4 R2 R2 R2 R3 R3 R3 R
2 A R8 R9 R9 R1- R11 1 1 1 R1 - R8 R9 R9 R1- R1 R1 -
B R1 R1 R2 2 R2 R2 R2 - R1 R1 R2 R R2 R2 -
2 1 1 1 11 .5 A R9 R1- R1 R1 - - - R9 R1- R1 R - - -
B R1 R1 1 R1 R1 - - - R1 R1 R1 R - - -
3 A R11 1 1 R1 - - - - - R11 R1 - - - - -
B R1 1 R1 - - - - - R R1 - - - - -
3.5 1 11 A R1 - - - - - - R - - - - - -
B R1 - - - - - - R1 - - - - - -
4 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

a. ,
b.
gs) A = Sum (( W x H ) + (W x H ) + .(W x H ) )
c.
Effe
sub
encloses both openings.
Where an opening is less than 300mm from the corner of a building and the depth of opening
is greater than half the panel height, and then the length of that part of the wall, up to and
ed w en determining the total length of wall.

1.E.15 Percentage openings in racking walls stage 6
Assess the Effective External Racking Wall Area, A
EX
, of the ground floor for each wall as Length
B or Width, A x Height from ground level to first floor level .: A
EX
= A x H and B x H
Assess the Total Opening Area, A
O
, of the ground floor for each of the walls ( sum of lengths
times widths of all openin
O 1 1 2 2 N N
Assess the Allowable Percentage Wall Openings in each wall as percentage Total Opening Area /
ctive External Racking Wall Area for each external face of the building : %Op = A
O
/A
EX
%
ject to the following:
Where two framed openings are separated by less than 300mm and the heights of both
openings are greater than half the panel height, the area of opening should be taken as the
rectangle that
Where there are limited areas of alternative cladding panels such as timber cladding above
doors or windows (not exceeding 0.5 m
2
these areas should be should be added to the areas
of openings.
including the opening, should be disregard h


L = Length of wall
P
1
P
2
W
2
P
3
W
3
W
1 P
4
H
1
H
A
1
A
2
A
3
H
2
H
1
H
2

Effective External Racking Wall Area, A
EX
= L x H
1
) + (W
3
x H
3
)
%Op = ( A
O
/ A
EX
) x 100
f P
1
<300mm and H
1
> H/2 ,then L becomes ( L P
1
)
mm then ( A
1
+ A
2
) = (W
1
+P
2
+ W
2
) x H
1
f the area above an opening is timber cladding
Total Opening Area ,
A
O
= (W
1
x H
1
) + (W
2
x H

Percentage Wall Opening,

I

If P
2
< 300

I
then
A
2
= W
2
x (H
1
+ H
2
) and A
3
= W
3
x (H
3
+ H
4
)

1. stage 7
Assess the Masonry Cladding arrangement Type from the Table below
gem
E.16 Masonry Cladding Arrangement

Masonry cladding arran
Type 1
ent type
Type 2 Type 3
For masonry walls with
buttresses or returns not
less than 550mm length
and not more than 9m
centre to centre.
e
r
sses or
returns less than 550mm
length and wall length not
more than 4.5m
lls without
buttresses or returns or with
buttresses or returns of less than
550mm length.
For masonry walls with
buttresses or returns at on
end of wall not less than
550mm length with the othe
end without buttre
For masonry wa

.17 Panel Sheathing and Nailing stage 8
The Wall Sheathing in combination with the nailing of the sh

1.E
a. eathing to the wall studs provides the
d ) force in the plane of that panel as shown in the
sheathing and nailing can be read from the relevant
derived above
a. s
l sheathing for Wall Type 2 at 1 and 2 Storey buildings.
e 3 for 1 and 2 Storey buildings.
b. s for the Racking Bands and Percentage Wall
resistance of the wall to the racking ( win

diagram in clause 1.E.10 and combinations of
charts below using the following information
Racking Band , R , from clause 1.E.14
Percentage Openings from clause 1.E.15
Masonry Wall Type from clause 1.E.16
Select the appropriate chart below based on the Wall Type and number of storey
Chart 1 provides wall sheathing for Wall Type 1 for 1 and 2 Storey buildings.
Chart 2 provides wal
Chart 3 provides wall sheathing for Wall Typ
Read off the allowable walling configuration
Openings for each wall
Double sheathed with 100mm nail centres


c. l
d. I
the parameters particularly the Percentage Wall Openings;
or consider introducing an internal racking wall ( refer to clause 1.E.18);
or specialist advice should be sought from chartered engineers with the appropriate skills

Charts 1-3 Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for given racking banding

Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
Se ect the most appropriate Walling Configurations Option
f the required percentage openings/racking bands are outwith the charts
either reconsider
and experience.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Racking band
Allo
wab
le
per
cen
tag
e
ope
ning
in
pan
el
%.
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11
Perimeter nail spacing

Chart 1 Wall Type 1 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for
given racking banding


0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Racking band
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
p
e
n
i
n
g

i
n

p
a
n
e
l

%
.
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11

Chart 2 Wall Type 2 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings for
given racking banding

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Racking band
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
p
e
n
i
n
g

i
n

p
a
n
e
l

%
.
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11

Chart 3 Wall Type 3 at 1 & 2 Storey: Wall details and allowable percentage of openings
for given racking banding


1.E.18 Use of internal walls for additional racking resistance stage 9
Internal walls can be used to provide additional racking resistance provided the following apply to
such walls
a. satisfactory fixity to the foundations , floor or roof diaphragms as appropriate
b. no segments of wall being used is less than 600 mm in length
c. the assessed internal racking length is the shortest length of all storeys in that direction ( eg for a
2 storey building, if level one has 2 internal racking walls of say C1 and C3 and level two has only
C2, then C is the smaller of (C1+C3) and C2, for that building).

Key
A is the smaller dimension of the building plan
B is the larger dimension of the building plan
C is the sum of the lengths of the internal racking
resisting walls (C = C1 + C2 + C3 + .),
can be considered as B/(A+0.5C) but not less than 1.0
in any case. It is recommended that this value is always
rounded up when calculated (i.e. if A = 3, B = 5 and C =
1.2 then = 5/(3+0.51.2) = 1.38 thus adopt = 1.5 but if
A = 4, B = 5 and C = 2.5 then = 5/(4+0.52.5) = 0.92
thus adopt =1.0)

A
R
B
R
C
1
C
2
C
3
A
B

Plan where there are internal racking
walls

Internal racking walls parallel to the length of the building (i.e. B) should be ignored in the calculation
of . However they can be used to enhance racking resistance in that direction to allow for an
increased percentage of openings as follows:
The Effective internal racking wall area, A
IN
, should be split equally between each of the external
racking wall areas, A
EX
, which are parallel to that internal wall allowing the allowable percentage of
opening calculated from clause 1.E.15 may be increased using the following equation:
A
OP
= (A
EX
+ (A
IN
/ 2)) %Op
Where:
A
OP
Area of allowable opening
A
EX
Effective external racking wall area
A
IN
Effective internal racking wall area
%Op Allowable percentage of openings per storey from charts 1-3 .


1.E.19 Horizontal loads stage 10
The Horizontal ( wind ) loads are derived from the wind speed map and can be read from the table
below using the following information derived from above
Overall Building height, H from clause 1.E.10
Distance to the coast , Site Altitude and Wind Speed from clause 1.E. 12
Table of Horizontal Loads
Site altitude (a)
0m a < 50m 50m< a < 100m 100m< a < 150m
Distance to the coast(km)
Building
height
Wind
speed
(m/s)
<10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100
<5.5m 23 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1
25 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1
27 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1
30 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H2 H2
<10m 23 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1
25 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1
27 H2 H1 H1 H2 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2
30 H2 H2 H2 H3 H2 H2 H3 H3 H2 H4 H3 H3

Site altitude (a)
150m< a < 200m 200m< a < 300m 300m< a < 400m
Distance to the coast(km)
Building
height
Wind
speed
(m/s)
<10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100 <10 <100 >100
<5.5m 23 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H1
25 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H1 H3 H3 H2
27 H2 H2 H1 H3 H3 H2 H4 H3 H3
30 H3 H3 H2 H4 H4 H3 H5 H4 H3
<10m 23 H2 H2 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H2
25 H3 H3 H2 H3 H3 H2 H3 H3 H3
27 H3 H3 H2 H4 H3 H3 H5 H4 H4
30 H4 H4 H3 H5 H5 H4 H6 H6 H5

1.E.20 Vertical Loads stage 11
The Vertical loads are derived from the snow zone map in clause 1.E.12 using the following
information derived from above
Roof and Floor Spans and the Number of Storeys from clause 1.E.10
Snow Zone and Site Altitude from clause 1.E.12

a. The Imposed Loads (Snow ) in kN/m
2
is read from the table below

Imposed roof loads ( kN/m
2
)
Zone Altitudes below 100m Altitudes between 100m
and 200 m
Altitudes between 200m
and 260 m
A 0.75 1.00 Refer to BS 6399: Part 3
B 1.00 1.50 1.5


b. Read the Vertical ( Snow) Load Category (V1-V18) from the table below

Table of vertical loads at heads of panels
Imposed loads
1.0 kN/m
2
1.5 kN/m
2
0.75 kN/m
2
Roof or
floor span
(m)
Roof or
floor
Roof + Roof or
floor
Roof + Roof or
floor
Roof +
1 storey 1 storey 1 storey
1 V1 V3 V1 V3 V2 V3
2 V4 V7 V4 V7 V5 V7
3 V6 V10 V6 V10 V7 V11
4 V8 V12 V8 V12 V9 V13
5 V10 V13 V10 V14 V11 V14
6 V10 V14 V11 V15 V11 V15
7 V11 V16 V11 V16 V12 V17
7.5 V11 V17 V13 V17 V13 V18

1.E.21 Wall Stud Sizing stage 12
The wall studs carry the horizontal and vertical loads imposed on the timber frame panels and the
sizes of studs can be selected using the tables below using the following information derived from
above
Horizontal (Wind) Load Category (H1-5) from clause 1.E.19
Vertical(Snow) Load Category (V1-V22) from clause 1.E.20
The most appropriate wall stud sizes , spacing and timber grade for the wall panels should be
selected from the tables below
Note that timber of strength class C16 is generally used for wall studs

Tables of Minimum wall stud sizes in softwood for all snow zones

Table 1 Horizontal load category H1
Timber of strength class grade C16 Timber of strength class grade C24
Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing
(mm)
Vertical load
category
Timber Size Spacing (mm)
mm x mm
V1-V11 38 x 89 400 V1-V16 38 x 89 400
V1-V7 600 V1-V10 600
V1-V20 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V14 600 V1-V17 600
V1-V22 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V19 600 V1-V19 600

Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing
(mm)
Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing (mm)
V1-V11 38 x 89 400 V1-V15 38 x 89 400
V1-V5 600 V1-V9 600
V1-V19 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V12 600 V1-V16 600
V1-V22 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V18 600 V1-V19 600


Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing
(mm)
Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing (mm)
V1-V9 38 x 89 400 V1-V13 38 x 89 400
V1-V3 600 V1-V7 600
V1-V17 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V12 600 V1-V14 600
V1-V21 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V18 600 V1-V19 600

Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing
(mm)
Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing (mm)
V1-V8 38 x 89 400 V1-V12 38 x 89 400
V1 600 V1-V6 600
V1-V16 38x 114 400 V1-V22 38x 114 400
V1-V10 600 V1-V13 600
V1-V21 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V16 600 V1-V19 600

Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing
(mm)
Vertical load
category
Timber Size
mm x mm
Spacing (mm)
V1-V7 38 x 89 400 V1-V12 38 x 89 400
None 600 V1-V5 600
V1-V16 38x 114 400 V1-V21 38x 114 400
V1-V19 600 V1-V12 600
V1-V21 38 x 140 400 V1-V22 38 x 140 400
V1-V15 600 V1-V19 600

1.E.22 Cripple Stud Sizing stage 13
Cripple studs are connected to studs either side
of an opening within a panel to provide support
to a lintel above the openings as shown opposite.
The sizes and numbers of cripple studs can be
selected using the table below using the following
information derived from above
Lintel Span from clause 1.E.10
Vertical Load Category (V1-V22) from
clause 1.E.20
a. Select the most appropriate cripple stud
sizes, numbers of sections and timber grade
required for the lintel spans from the tables
below

cripple
studs

reproduced by permission of TRADA
b. The number of cripple studs required from the table is the number of studs in addition to the wall
studs on each side of the opening
c. All cripple studs should be of the same strength class and size
d. Timber of strength class C16 is generally used for posts/cripple studs
e. Where more than 3 sections are required to make up a cripple stud specialist advice should be
obtained.


Minimum Cripple stud sizes and numbers in softwood
Table 1 Timber of Strength class Grade C16
Lintel span (mm) Vertical load
category 1240 1800 2475
Stud size 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140
V1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V5 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V6 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V7 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V8 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V9 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
V10 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1
V11 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
V12 2 1 1 3 2 1 - 2 2
V13 2 1 1 3 2 1 -- 2 2
V14 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V15 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V16 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V17 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2
V18 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2

Lintel span (mm) Vertical load
category 1240 1800 2475
Stud size 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140 38x89 38x114 38x140
V1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V2 1 1 `1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
V6 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V7 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V8 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V9 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
V10 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1
V11 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 1
V12 2 1 1 3 2 1 -- 2 2
V13 2 1 1 3 2 1 -- 2 2
V14 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V15 3 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 2
V16 3 1 1 3 2 2 -- 3 2
V17 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2
V18 3 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 2


1.E.23 Lintel Sizing
Lintels provide support to openings and are supported by cripple studs at either end as shown on the
diagram to clause 1.E.22 The sizes and numbers of sections for lintels can be selected using the
table below using the following information derived from above
Lintel Span from clause 1.E.10
Vertical Load Category (V1-V22) from clause 1.E.20
a. Select the most appropriate lintel sizes, numbers of sections and timber grade required for the
lintel spans from the table below
The lintel span is the clear distance between support points of the cripple studs
Timber of strength class C24 is generally used for lintels
All lintels should be of the same strength class and size.
2x38x190 means 2 No lintels 38 mm wide by 190 mm deep are required to satisfy the
loading condition
Where more than 3 sections are required to make up a lintel, or steel inserts (e.g. flitch
beams) are required then specialist advice should be obtained.

Minimum lintel sizes and numbers in softwood
Lintel span (mm)
1240 1800 2475
Lintel sections and numbers
Vert
load
3
8
x
1
4
0

3
8
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
1
4
0

4
4
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
2
2
0
0

4
4
x
2
4
0

3
8
x
1
4
0

3
8
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
1
4
0

4
4
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
2
2
0
0

4
4
x
2
4
0

3
8
x
1
4
0

3
8
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
1
4
0

4
4
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
2
2
0
0

4
4
x
2
4
0

V1 2 2 2
V2 2 2 2
V3 2 2 2
V4 2 2 2
V5 2 2 3
V6 2 2 3
V7 2 2 3
V8 2 2 3
V9 2 3 3
V10 2 3 --
V11 2 3 --
V12 2 3 --
V13 2 3 --
V14 3 -- --
V15 3 -- --
V16 3 -- --
V17 3 -- --
V18


Minimum lintel sizes and numbers in softwood
Lintel span (mm)
1240 1800 2475
Lintel sections and numbers
Vertical
load
category
3
8
x
1
4
0

3
8
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
1
4
0

4
4
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
2
2
0
0

4
4
x
2
4
0

3
8
x
1
4
0

3
8
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
1
4
0

4
4
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
2
2
0
0

4
4
x
2
4
0

3
8
x
1
4
0

3
8
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
1
4
0

4
4
x
1
9
0

4
4
x
2
2
0
0

4
4
x
2
4
0

V1 2 2 2
V2 2 2 2
V3 2 2 2
V4 2 2 2
V5 2 2 2
V6 2 2 2
V7 2 2 2
V8 2 2 2
V9 2 2 3
V10 2 2 2
V11 2 2 3
V12 2 2 3
V13 2 3 --
V14 3 3 --
V15 3 3 --
V16 3 -- --
V17 3 -- --
V18 3 -- --


1.E.24 Example
Site Data
Distance from sea km 15
Altitude ,a m 150
Snow zone A
Windspeed m/s 23.5
Building Data
Width, A m 7.5
Length, B m 7.6
Height to Eaves m 5.5
Storeys No 2
Building Height, H m 7.5
Roof Shape Duo
Panel Height, Hp m 2.4

7.5m
7
.
5
m
5
.
5
m
2
.
4
m
2
.
4
m

B = 7.6m
A
=
7
.
5
m
D

=

2
.
7
m
1
D

=

1
.
9
m
3
D

=

1
.
4
m
2
C = 2.5m
2 C = 3.3m
1
C = 2.5m
3

B = 7.6m
A
=
7
.
5
m
D

=

4
.
1
m
4
D

=

4
.
1
m
5
C = 2.4m
4
C = 2.4m
5
C = 2.4m
6

Racking
Wall Type: 1
Number of storeys: 2
From Table to clause 1.E.13, Altitude-Distance Category = AD3
For Ground Floor:
Internal racking wall, parallel to building width, C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
= 8.3m
Internal racking wall, parallel to building length, D = D
1
+ D
2
+ D
3
= 6.0m
For First Floor:
Internal racking wall, parallel to building width, C = C
4
+ C
5
+ C
6
= 7.2m
Internal racking wall, parallel to building length, D = D
4
+ D
5
+ = 8.2m
Adopt lesser values giving : C = 7.2m. D = 6.0m
Length/width ratio = B/ (A + 0.5 C) = 7.6/ (7.5 + 3.6) = 0.68. < 1.0 . Therefore adopt = 1.0
From Table 4 for = 1.0 ,AD3 category and wind speed of 23 m/s , Racking bands are :
For Side A = R4 and for Side B = R5)
From the above parameters the initial wall options are as shown in the table below (before allowing
for the effect of internal racking walls)
Side

Racking
Band
Wall Options Allowable %
opening/ level per
side
Side A R4 From Chart 1 to clause 1.E.17:
1. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres

19
14
Side B R5 3. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
15
10
In accordance with clause 1.E.18 ,% openings in the external walls may be increased:


Width Walls:
Effective area of external racking wall, A
EX
= 7.5m 2.4m = 18m
2
Effective area of internal racking walls, A
IN
= 7.2m 2.4m = 17.28m
2
Area of allowable opening per level, A
OP
= (A
EX
+ (A
IN
/ 2)) %Op
For example consider Side A, Option 1: single sheathed with 100mm nail centres:
A
OP
= (18+ (17.28/2)) 19%
A
OP
= 5.1m
2
Therefore %Op = (5.1 / 18) 100 = 28%
Length Walls:
Effective area of external racking wall, A
EX
= 7.6m x 2.4m = 18.24m
2
Effective area of internal racking walls, A
IN
= 6m x 2.4m = 14.4m
2
Area of allowable opening, A
OP
= (A
EX
+ (A
IN
/ 2)) %Op
For example consider Side B, Option 5: single sheathed with 100mm nail centres:
A
OP
= (18.24m
2
+ (14.4m
2
/2)) 15%
A
OP
= 3.82m
2
Therefore %Op = (3.82m
2
/ 18.24 m
2
) 100 = 21%
The table can therefore be revised as follows allowing for internal racking walls effect
Side

Rackin
g Band
Wall Options

Approximate
allowable %
opening per
level per side
Side A R4 1. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres

28
21
Side B R5 3. Single sheathed with 100mm nail centres
21
14
Wall studs
From table to 1.E.19 , horizontal load category is H1
From table 1.E.20 , imposed load =1.00 kN/m
2
leading to vertical load category = V17
From table 1 to 1.E.21 select 38x 140, grade wall stud at 600mm spacing

Cripple studs
For load V17 and 1200 mm opening ,table 1 to 1.E.22 gives 1 no 38 x 140 cripple studs grade C16
each side of opening
Lintels
For load V17 and 1200 mm opening ,table 2 ,to 1.E.23 gives 3 no 44x220, grade C24 lintels


1.E.25 Overall Stability
To ensure there is an adequate factor of safety against overturning or sliding of a building with timber
frame walls when subjected to the various loads and load combinations all parts of the walls require to
be proportioned and connected as set out in this Annex including connections to floors, roofs and
under building. It is also to be noted that the stability of the building during construction is to be
considered.

1.E.26 Maximum allowable length and height of wall
This Annex does not deal with walls longer than 12 m, measured from centre to centre of buttressing
walls, providing restraint, or of walls exceeding 10 m in height.

1.E.27 General
The construction materials and methods are restricted to those materials, timber strength classes,
specifications, and dimensions which are most commonly used in Scotland for simple platform timber
frame buildings as shown on the diagram below.
Typical timber frame wall panel
p
a
n
e
l

l
e
n
g
t
h
Sheathing
Stud depth plus sheathing
Plastic tape or similar locates stud
positions for wall tie fixing
Breather membrane (may be
site or factory fixed )
Bottom rail
Studs
Dwang (if required may be site
or factory fixed)
Panel height


1.E.28 Wall ties
Wall ties should comply with BS EN 845-1 and be material references 1 or 3 in BS EN 845 Table
A1 austenitic stainless steel.
The type of tie should be selected by reference to DD 140-2: type 5(timber frame) or type 6(timber
frame high movement) relevant to the performance levels given in DD140-2.
Ties should permit vertical flexibility to permit vertical downward of timber frame in relation to the
masonry cladding on the basis of differential movement of 6 mm/ storey height.
Reference should also be made to 1.D.16 with respect to the masonry cladding and in particular
to notes 1 and 2.


1.E.29 Masonry Cladding
A typical masonry clad timber frame wall is illustrated below

Dwang to
window opening
Studs
Internal wall lining
Cripple stud to support
lintel over ceiling
Cavity barrier or batten
for fixing window
Vertical dpc
Thermal insulation
Sheathing
Breather membrane
Flexible wall tie, nailed to studs
Sole plate
dpc
Inner leaf of
brickwork or
concrete block
Finished ground level
Masonry cladding
Vented cavity
Floor dpm lapped over wall
and dressed under dpc
Bottom rail


1.E.30 Brick and block construction
Brick and block used as masonry cladding should be in accordance with Annex 1.D in particular
1.D17-21 and should be in accordance with BS 5628 parts 1-3 , at least 100 mm thick with a minimum
density of 7.36 kN/m
3
1.E.31 Mortar
Mortar used as masonry cladding should be in accordance with Annex 1.D in particular 1.D.22
1.E.32 Lintels for masonry cladding
Proprietary steel or concrete lintels suitable for use with masonry cladding to timber frame
construction should have independent certification and be in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations.
Under no circumstances should the weight of masonry walls be transferred to the timber frame.
1.E.33 Timber members
Timber studs, bottom and top rails ,sole plates head binders , cripple studs, lintels etc should be dry
graded and marked timber of species and grade combinations to satisfy strength classes C16 or C24
to BS 5268: Part 2: 2002.
The cross sectional dimensions given in this Annex are :
a. CLS or ALS sizes in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .5 to tolerance class 2; or
b. equivalent timbers with dimensions in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .4 to tolerance
class 2 ( but should not have lesser dimensions to those in a above )
c. Although 38 mm widths are provided in the tables above for studs, cripple studs and lintels 44 mm
width timbers are commonly used to provide an increased width to which plasterboard can be
fixed.
1.E.34 Wall Sheathing
Plywood used as sheathing to timber frame should be 9.5 mm minimum thickness of species and
grade as defined in BS 5268: Part 2: 2002 ,Bonding Class 2 or 3 to BS EN 314-2
Oriented Strand Board used as sheathing to timber frame should be 9.0 mm minimum thickness,


Type OSB 3: Load bearing boards for use in humid conditions to BS EN 300 Oriented Strand Board
Plasterboard used as wall linings and contributing to the structure of timber frame walls should be
12.5 mm minimum thickness for stud centres not more than 600 mm to BS 1230-1 .

1.E.35 Fasteners
All structural fasteners should be corrosion resistant and checked for compatibility with preservative,
treatments used and any other metalwork with which they are in contact.
Nails should be manufactured from mild or stainless steel and be of round head or D head
configuration to the diameter and length stated.

1.E.36 Fabrication
Timber frame walls should be fabricated, assembled and erected in accordance with section 6 of BS
5268-6.1.
Timber members in wall panels should be not less than 38 mm 72 mm rectangular section with
linings fixed to the narrower face, with ends cut square.
Masonry cladding should be constructed on to the building foundation and tied back to the timber
frame structure with a nominal cavity width of 50 mm between the inside face of the masonry cladding
and the outer face of the timber frame wall.

1.E.37 Composite Action
To ensure that timber frame walls act in a composite manner they must be constructed in accordance
with 1.E.36 and 1.E.38 ensuring that sheathings and linings are nailed to all perimeter and
intermediate timber members as on the diagram below.
Sheathing edges should be backed by, and nailed to timber framing at all edges and where sheathing
is nailed to studs; the nails should be not less than 7 mm from the edge of the board or the face of the
stud.
For plasterboard linings nails should be not less than 10 mm from formed board edges and not less
than 13 mm from ends of the board at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm.
Internal walls which are lined with plasterboard should be connected to the wall studs at the same
perimeter nail spacing as the external sheathing material.

Perimeter Nailing Diagram

1.E. 38 Wall Panel Connections
Where wall panels are combined to form the lengths of wall given it is essential that the following
conditions are met to ensure that the coupled panels should be able to resist overturning forces:


1. Tops and bottoms of individual wall panels are linked by a head binder and sole plate respectively
that are continuous across panel joints including at junctions of the same dimensions as the top
and bottom rails by means of 3.75 mm nails of length 75 mm nails at 600 mm centres.
2. The sole plates should be secured to either the concrete floor slab or the header joists in the case
of a timber ground floor or the header joists of the intermediate floor
3. The header plates should be secured to the header joists of the intermediate floor or the roof
trusses.
4. The faces of end studs of contiguous panels are fixed such that any vertical shear is transferred.
In the absence of more specific information, this should be by 3.35mm nails of length 75mm at
300mm centres.
5. All edges including to openings for windows, doors etc other than the bases of door openings and
small openings should be supported by members having a thickness not less than the thickness of
the studs.
6. The wall diaphragm details derived by following this guidance assume that the walls under
consideration are adequately fixed to ensure resistance to sliding and overturning.
7. Where a secondary board is fixed on the same side of a wall as the primary sheathing then the
nail lengths given in the table should be increased to take account of the additional thickness
A means should be provided of transferring horizontal forces in the plane of the panel above and
below openings. Where no such provision is made, the wall lengths on either side of the opening
should be designed as separate parts.

1.E.39 Nailing and fixing schedule
Item Proposed
Foundations
Sole plate to underbuilding 4.7 kN shear resistance fixings at 600 mm centres
Holding Down Straps Stainless steel strap 30 mm x 2.5 mm attached to stud by 6
no 65x3.35 ring shank nails at 2400 centres L shaped end of
strap under masonry cladding
Wall Panels
Top rail of Panels to head binders Tops of individual wall panel members linked by member
continuous across panel joints secured with 90x4.00mm
galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud centres
Sole plate to ring beam/ joist 90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud
centres.
Bottom rail to sole plate 90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, 2 nails between stud
centres..
Wall Panel stud to wall panel stud 90x4.00mm galvanised wire nails, at 600mm centres each
side staggered.
Header plate to Intermediate floor 90x4.00mm Galvanised wire nails at 300mm centres
maximum. Nails skewed externally through rimboard into
headbinder, and internally, skewed through the headbinder
into the joists.
Perimeter Studs to sheathing 3.00mm x 50 mm wire nails 100 or 150 mm c/c as calculated
Intermediate studs to sheathing 3.00mm x 50 mm wire nails 2x perimeter spacing as
calculated
Studs to plasterboard 2.65 mm x 40mm Smooth shanked galvanised flat round
headed nails min , max 150 mm c/c
Top and bottom rails to studs 2 no 90 mm nails end fixed


1. Multi-cripple studs should be secured to each other with 3.1mm dia.
64mm long galvanised ringshank nails at 400mm centres staggered mid
distance between edge and centreline with no nail closer than 60mm to
end of studs.

2. Lintels should be secured to each other with 3.1mm dia.
75mm long galvanised screws at 300mm centres
staggered mid distance between edge and centreline with
no screw closer than 60mm to end of lintel.

300 mm

3. Holding down straps should be provided at 2.4m centres, at every opening and at the end studs
of a wall attached to the studs in a manner to provide at least 3.5kN of resistance. This is
normally achieved by using 6 no 65x35mm ring shank nails or equivalent attaching the strap to
the stud and placing the L-shaped end of the strap under the masonry cladding creating the
holding down resistance.

Loadings on walls
1.E.40 Maximum span of floors
The maximum span for any floor supported by a wall
should be 6.0 m, where the span is measured centre to
centre of bearing as opposite.

Masonry
Floor
deck
Head binder
Floor span max 6m
Packer


Floor member bearing on wall
1.E.41 Other loading conditions
a. Vertical loading on walls such as timber floors and flat roofs designed in accordance with Annex
1.F, timber roof trusses.
b. The combined dead and imposed load should not exceed 70kN/m at base of wall
c. Timber frame walls should commence above ground level and therefore should not be subject to
lateral loads other than from wind .


1.E.42 End restraint
The wind load is resisted primarily by transfer directly to the foundations at the base of the wall and by
the racking resistance of the timber frame supporting walls, the load having been transferred via the
floor and ceiling diaphragms.
The ends of every wall should be securely tied throughout their full height to walls which are providing
racking resistance.
Normally supporting walls are the external walls perpendicular to the wall subject to wind load and are
designed as racking walls.
The use of internal walls to provide additional racking resistance is outwith the scope of this Annex
and specialist advice should be obtained.

Openings, notching and drilling
1.E.43 General
The number, size and position of openings must not impair the stability of a wall or the lateral
support afforded to a supported wall. Construction over openings must be adequately supported.

1.E.44 Framing of openings
a. Lintels supporting masonry cladding over openings should
be structurally independent of the timber frame ensuring no
loads from the masonry cladding are carried by the timber
frame.
b. Loads over openings in timber frame wall panels are
carried independently by timber lintels. Lintels should be
supported by cripple studs as shown opposite and the lintel
loads carried down on to the floor below.

cripple
studs


1.E.45 Dimensional criteria for openings and recesses
The dimensional criteria are given in the diagram to 1.F.15
No openings should be provided in walls below ground floor except for small holes for services
and ventilation etc. which should be limited to a maximum area of 0.1 m
2
at not less than 2 m
centres .
1.E.46 Small unframed openings
The size and position of small openings should be restricted as follows:
a) not exceed 250mm in diameter or in length of side; and
b) clear distance between openings should be not less than the greatest dimension of the openings;
and
c) clear distance between the edge of sheathing and the edge of any opening should be not less
than the greatest dimension of the opening; and
d) not more than one such opening should occur in any one 600mm width of sheathing or lining.
Smaller unframed openings may occur to a greater extent, but their aggregate opening area should
not exceed the total area of opening given in item a). The rules governing the position of openings
given in items b), c) and d) should also apply.


1.E.47 Notching & drilling
Holes should be within the limits set out
opposite and as follows :
holes should be drilled at the neutral axis
holes should be not less than 300mm
apart

Notching is not permitted in wall studs, cripple
studs and lintels.
D
H
max 0.25 D
0.25H
0.25H
0.4H
0.4H
holes on centreline
only. Hole diameter
not greater than 0.25D
and not closer than 300mm
1.E.48 Lateral support by roofs and floors
The wall panels in each storey of a building should extend to the full height of that storey, and be
connected the floors and roofs to provide adequate diaphragm action and transfer lateral forces from
the walls to the racking walls ,be of normal construction and:
a. intermediate floors require the floor deck or sub-deck fixed directly to the top faces of the joists,
or the floor braced by some other means
b. pitched roofs require the plasterboard ceiling to be fixed directly under the roof, together with the
roof bracing recommended in BS5268-3
c. be secured to the supported wall by connections specified in clause 1.E.39

1.E.49 Differential movement
Allowance should be made for differential movement
particularly vertical movement between timber frame
walls and masonry cladding. The allowances
opposite are based upon:
a. conventional platform frame construction
b. concrete ground floor
c. 200 mm deep intermediate floor joists
d. installed timber moisture content of 20 % drying
to 10%

If timber ground floors are used then add 8 mm to
all allowances shown opposite
For a timber frame extension connected to an
existing traditional masonry wall the roof to the
extension should be supported on a timber bearer
connected to the existing wall to minimise the
differential movement in the supports to the
extension roof .

allowance at eaves
and verge


Annex
1.F Timber floor and roof members

1.F.0 Introduction
1.F.1 The use of this Annex
1.F.2 Common timber species/grade combinations
1.F.3 Notches and holes
1.F.4 Strutting to Joists
Loadings
1.F.5 Dead loads
1.F.6 Imposed roof loads including snow
Spans, sizes and spacings for timber members
1.F.7 General
1.F.8 Floor joist tables
1.F.9 Joists for flat roofs tables for maintenance or repair purposes
1.F.10 Joists for flat roofs tables not limited to maintenance or repair
purposes
1.F.11 Raised tie roofs
1.F.12 Collared roofs
1.F.13 Connections for raised tie and collared roofs

contents


annex
1.F
Sizes of certain timber floors and roof members

1.F.0 Introduction
This Section applies only to domestic buildings with the exception of flats and maisonettes of not
more than three storeys.
Where trussed rafters are used reference should be made to BS 5268: Part 3: 1998 for design and
bracing recommendations.

1.F.1 The use of this Annex
This Annex should be used in conjunction with Annex 1.B
The guidance given in this Annex assumes that -
a. the dead and imposed loads to be sustained by the floor, ceiling, or roof of which the member
forms part, do not exceed the values given in the notes to the appropriate diagrams and tables;
b. the species and grade of timber for the strength class to which the table to 1.F.2 relates is
either:
as in 1.F.2 for more common species, or
as in the more comprehensive tables of BS 5268: Part 2: 2002; and
c. that floorboarding complying with BS 1297: 1987 or moisture resistant wood chipboard type P5
complying with BS EN 312 is used.
d. the strength classes, species, grades and species combinations are as defined in BS 5268: Part
2: 2002.
e. the cross sectional dimensions are :
CLS or ALS sizes in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .5, tolerance class 2;
equivalent timbers to dimensions in accordance with BS EN 336:2003 ,Table NA .4 ,tolerance
class 2 but not lesser dimensions to those above
The tables do not apply where these dimensions have been reduced, in the case of tables to 1.F.8 by
planing and in the case of tables to 1.F.9 by planing or regularising. For timber of North American
origin the tables only apply as indicated to surfaced sizes unless the timber has been resawn to BS
EN 336 requirements.
Bearing areas and workmanship should comply with the relevant requirements of BS 5268: Part 2:
2002. Refer also to clauses 1.D.34-36 or clauses 1.E.48 respectively for masonry and timber frame
walls.


1.F.2 Common species/grade combinations satisfying the strength classes to which
1.F.8-12 relates.
Grades to satisfy strength
Species Origin Grading rule C16 C24
All species listed in
this table
BS EN 519 machine graded to C16 machine graded to C24
Imported Redwood
or Whitewood
BS 4978 GS SS
Douglas Fir UK BS 4978 SS -
Larch SS -
British Pine SS -
British Spruce SS -
Douglas Fir-Larch Canada BS 4978 GS SS
Hem-Fir GS SS
Spruce-Pine-Fir GS SS
Sitka spruce SS -
Douglas Fir-Larch Canada NLGA Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Structural L.F. No 1 & 2
Joist & plank select
Structural L.F select
Hem-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Spruce-Pine-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Sitka spruce Joist & plank select
Structural L.F
-
Douglas Fir-Larch Canada MSR 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Hem-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Spruce-Pine-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Douglas Fir-Larch USA BS 4978 GS SS
Hem-Fir GS SS
Southern Pine GS SS
Spruce-Pine-Fir GS SS
Western
Whitewoods
SS -
Douglas Fir-Larch USA NGRDL Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Hem-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Spruce-Pine-Fir Joist & plank No 1 & 2
Western
Whitewoods
Structural L.F
-
Southern Pine Joist & plank No 3
Stud grade

Douglas Fir-Larch USA MSR 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Hem-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Southern Pine 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
Spruce-Pine-Fir 1450f-1.3E 1800f-1.6E
1 The species/grade combinations given in this Table are for particular use with the other Tables in
this Annex and for the cross section sizes given in those Tables.
2

The grading rules for American and Canadian Lumber are those approved by the American Lumber
Standards Board of Review and the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board respectively
(see BS 5268: Part 2: 2002).


1.F.3 Notches and holes
Notches and holes in simply
supported floor and flat roof
joists should be within the limits
set out below and as follows :
holes should be drilled at the
neutral axis
notches and holes should be
not less than 100mm apart
horizontally; notches may be
at the top or bottom of a joist
but not coinciding. notches
should not be cut in rafters,
purlins or binders unless
approved by the building
designer

0.25L min
0.07L min
Max D/8
0.07L min
0.4L min

1.F.4 Strutting to Joists
Floor joists spanning more than 2.5m should be strutted by one or more rows of solid as shown
in the following table.
Solid timber strutting should be at least 38mm thick extending at least 3/4 depth of joist.

Joist span
m
Number of rows
of strutting
Position
Less than 2.5 none

2.5 to 4.5 1
at mid span

more than 4.5 2
at one third span

Loading
1.F.5 Dead floor and roof loads
Construction Dead load
( kN/m
2
)
Floors
Floor boards , 13 mm plasterboard 0.22
Floor boards , 19 mm plasterboard 0.27
Floor boards , ash deadening, lath &plaster 1.18
Flat roofs
3 layer felt , 16 mm decking , 100mm mineral wool , vapour layer , 13 mm
plasterboard
0.32
13 mm chippings ,50 mm rigid insulation , vapour layer, 19 mm decking , 13
mm plasterboard
0.6
13 mm chippings , 19 mm mastic asphalt , decking , 100 mm mineral wool
,vapour layer, 13 mm plasterboard
0.90
Note that the above is based on 600 mm joist spacing and excludes the weight of the joists and any
partitioning


1.F.6 Imposed roof loads including snow
The map opposite indicates the zones within
Scotland where the snow loading on flat roofs is not
expected to exceed the values set out in the table
below of 0.75, 1.00 or 1.5 kN/m
2
, depending on
geographical location and altitude.
This guidance applies only to pitched and free-
standing flat roofed structures with the roof on one
level only within the limits set out on the tables to
clauses 1.F.8-12, provided that there are no other
buildings within 1.5m of its perimeter but does not
apply to trussed rafter roofs.
For all other circumstances, reference should be
made to BS 6399: Part 3: 1988: Code of Practice for
Imposed Roof Loads.

Inverness
Zone
A
B

Zone Imposed roof loads ( kN/m
2
)
Altitudes below 100m Altitudes between
100m and 200 m
Altitudes between
200m and 260 m
A 0.75 1.00 Refer to BS 6399: Part
3

B 1.00 1.50 1.5


Spans, sizes and spacings for timber members
1.F.7 General
The following Table refers to further tables and diagrams with accompanying notes that give
spans, sizes and spacings for certain timber floor and flat roof and pitched roof members .In clauses
1.F.8-12 all spans, except those for floorboards, are measured as the clear dimensions between
supports, and all spacings are the dimensions between longitudinal centres of members.

Key to Tables relating to timber members
Construction
Timber
members
Table numbers for strength classes

C16 C24
Floors joists 1.F.8 1.F.8
Fl at roofs
access for maintenance only
full access allowed
joists
joists
1.F.9
1.F.10
1.F.9
1.F.10
Raised tie roofs All 1.F.11 1.F.11

Collared roofs All 1.F.12 1.F.12

1.F.8 Floor joists
The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for floor
joists which will support the dead loads given in the
Tables and an imposed load not exceeding 1.5kN/m
2
.
Partition loads have not been allowed for
Softwood tongued and grooved floorboards if supported at
a joist spacing of up to 450mm shall be at least 16mm
thick; and if supported at wider spacings up to 600mm
should be 19mm thick.
Wood chipboard, type P5, if supported at a joist spacing of
up to 450mm shall be at least 18mm thick and if supported
at wider spacing up to 600mm shall be 22mm thick.
Floor joists selected from these tables may be used for
intermediate floors in timber frame construction but will
require header joists around the perimeter.
T & G Chipboard flooring should be fixed by 3.35 mm 65
mm angular ring shank nails at 200 mm c/c perimeter and
300 mm intermediate and recommended to be glued by
PVA adhesive between boards and joists to boards to
prevent creaking ( per BS 8103-3)


Permissible clear spans of joists supporting floors with no partitions.
Timber of strength class C16
Dead load
kN/m
2
Not more than 0.25

More than 0.25 but not
more than 0.50
more than 1.25
Spacing of joists
mm
Size of joist

400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
mm mm Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 97
38 122
38 147
38 170
38 195
38 220
1.828
2.482
2.983
3.442
3.939
4.434
1.692
2.385
2.868
3.306
3.752
4.193
1.303
1.925
2.510
2.873
3.263
3.648
1.717
2.368
2.853
3.281
3.724
4.161
1.556
2.215
2.707
3.098
3.518
3.932
1.214
1.755
2.331
2.690
3.056
3.418
1.423
1.947
2.453
2.808
3.189
3.567
1.301
1.791
2.290
2.649
3.010
3.367
1.037
1.448
1.872
2.267
2.609
2.920
47 72
47 97
47 122
47 147
47 170
47 195
47 220
1.324
2.024
2.663
3.200
3.691
4.221
4.723
1.233
1.914
2.561
3.078
3.551
4.063
4.572
0.942
1.583
2.302
2.786
3.188
3.619
4.044
1.272
1.920
2.548
3.062
3.533
4.042
4.549
1.154
1.818
2.450
2.945
3.398
3.889
4.354
0.891
1.460
2.087
2.609
2.987
3.391
3.791
1.091
1.665
2.255
2.723
3.116
3.538
3.954
0.993
1.527
2.081
2.570
2.942
3.341
3.735
0.783
1.228
1.696
2.174
2.552
2.900
3.244
63 97
63 122
63 147
63 170
63 195
63 220
2.319
2.931
3.518
4.055
4.633
5.061
2.197
2.821
3.388
3.905
4.465
4.923
1.919
2.566
3.084
3.558
4.070
4.580
2.191
2.807
3.370
3.886
4.442
4.905
2.079
2.700
3.244
3.741
4.278
4.770
1.822
2.454
2.950
3.404
3.896
4.365
1.934
2.527
3.037
3.504
4.009
4.512
1.839
2.429
2.920
3.370
3.850
4.301
1.533
2.088
2.577
2.950
3.350
3.745
75 122
75 147
75 170
75 195
75 220
3.100
3.719
4.283
4.830
5.268
2.985
3.582
4.128
4.700
5.128
2.718
3.265
3.765
4.306
4.793
2.970
3.564
4.107
4.683
5.109
2.859
3.432
3.957
4.523
4.971
2.601
3.125
3.605
4.125
4.641
2.677
3.216
3.709
4.242
4.740
2.575
3.094
3.569
4.084
4.595
2.327
2.807
3.212
3.646
4.074
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
1.617
2.843
3.721
4.710
1.463
2.733
3.557
4.460
1.121
2.398
3.092
3.890
1.499
2.719
3.530
4.430
1.356
2.587
3.334
4.180
1.052
2.167
2.895
3.640
1.259
2.330
3.022
3.800
1.149
2.149
2.852
3.590
0.910
1.752
2.471
3.110


Permissible clear spans of joists supporting floors with no partitions.
Dead load
kN/m
2
Not more than 0.25

more than 0.50
More than 0.50 but
not more than 1.25
Spacing of joists
mm
Size of joist

400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
mm mm Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 97
38 122
38 147
38 170
38 195
38 220
1.936
2.582
3.103
3.580
4.096
4.609
1.829
2.482
2.984
3.444
3.941
4.436
1.586
2.200
2.709
3.128
3.581
4.034
1.838
2.469
2.969
3.426
3.921
4.413
1.739
2.369
2.854
3.294
3.771
4.246
1.514
2.076
2.588
2.989
3.423
3.856
1.635
2.180
2.667
3.079
3.526
3.971
1.551
2.073
2.561
2.958
3.388
3.816
1.358
1.826
2.305
2.678
3.068
3.458
47 72
47 97
47 122
47 147
47 170
47 195
47 220
1.404
2.141
2.770
3.327
3.836
4.387
4.860
1.324
2.025
2.664
3.201
3.693
4.224
4.725
1.144
1.763
2.421
2.910
3.359
3.845
4.328
1.347
2.026
2.651
3.185
3.674
4.202
4.707
1.273
1.920
2.549
3.064
3.535
4.045
4.552
1.103
1.678
2.290
2.783
3.212
3.678
4.141
1.223
1.795
2.382
2.865
3.307
3.786
4.262
1.159
1.705
2.268
2.754
3.179
3.640
4.099
1.010
1.499
2.006
2.496
2.883
3.302
3.720
63 97
63 122
63 147
63 170
63 195
63 220
2.432
3.046
3.665
4.211
4.770
5.204
2.321
2.933
3.521
4.058
4.637
5.064
2.030
2.669
3.207
3.699
4.231
4.731
2.308
2.918
3.503
4.037
4.614
5.046
2.192
2.808
3.372
3.888
4.445
4.908
1.925
2.553
3.069
3.541
4.052
4.560
2.032
2.628
3.158
3.643
4.168
4.678
1.934
2.527
3.038
3.505
4.011
4.514
1.709
2.273
2.759
3.185
3.646
4.106
75 122
75 147
75 170
75 195
75 220
3.220
3.862
4.446
4.966
5.415
3.102
3.721
4.286
4.833
5.272
2.827
3.394
3.913
4.474
4.932
3.086
3.703
4.265
4.816
5.253
2.972
3.567
4.110
4.686
5.113
2.705
3.250
3.748
4.287
4.778
2.784
3.344
3.855
4.408
4.878
2.678
3.218
3.711
4.245
4.743
2.433
2.925
3.376
3.864
4.350
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
1.713
2.957
3.869
4.850
1.617
2.844
3.723
4.710
1.399
2.581
3.382
4.310
1.633
2.829
3.703
4.700
1.544
2.719
3.561
4.540
1.341
2.466
3.232
4.120
1.464
2.541
3.329
4.240
1.388
2.440
3.199
4.080
1.201
2.170
2.897
3.700


1.F.9 Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair

The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for flat
roof joists designed for access only for maintenance
which will support the dead loads given in the Tables and
an imposed load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m
2
or an
imposed concentrated load of 0.9KN.

S
p
a
n

o
f

r
o
o
f

j
o
i
s
t
s
The tables are for
a slope of up to
10 from the
horizontal
support
Roof
joist
Roof joist
spacing

Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
Timber of strength class C16.
Dead load kN/m
2
Not more than 0.5

more than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists (mm)
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Size of joist
mm mm
Maximum clear span of joist
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 97
38 122
38 147
38 170
38 195
38 220
1.738
2.368
3.020
3.631
4.303
4.943
1.719
2.336
2.974
3.571
4.226
4.762
1.666
2.250
2.851
3.368
3.855
4.340
1.666
2.250
2.851
3.412
4.025
4.641
1.642
2.212
2.797
3.342
3.939
4.491
1.578
2.113
2.659
3.166
3.629
4.087
1.605
2.155
2.717
3.239
3.810
4.383
1.578
2.113
2.659
3.166
3.719
4.274
1.507
2.005
2.511
2.980
3.446
3.881
47 72
47 97
47 122
47 147
47 170
47 195
47 220
1.272
1.919
2.602
3.304
3.960
4.677
5.282
1.260
1.896
2.565
3.252
3.892
4.530
5.093
1.229
1.835
2.468
3.115
3.612
4.132
4.649
1.229
1.835
2.468
3.115
3.716
4.372
4.991
1.214
1.808
2.425
3.055
3.639
4.277
4.808
1.175
1.735
2.313
2.900
3.402
3.893
4.383
1.192
1.765
2.360
2.964
3.525
4.136
4.747
1.175
1.735
2.313
2.900
3.444
4.037
4.577
1.130
1.654
2.192
2.736
3.232
3.700
4.166
63 97
63 122
63 147
63 170
63 195
63 220
2.190
2.948
3.722
4.439
5.141
5.771
2.162
2.905
3.662
4.345
4.961
5.572
2.088
2.790
3.444
3.969
4.537
5.101
2.088
2.790
3.503
4.161
4.864
5.464
2.055
2.740
3.434
4.074
4.689
5.270
1.968
2.609
3.246
3.744
4.282
4.816
2.005
2.664
3.330
3.945
4.612
5.212
1.968
2.609
3.256
3.853
4.468
5.024
1.873
2.469
3.069
3.561
4.074
4.585
75 122
75 147
75 170
75 195
75 220
3.168
3.984
4.736
5.415
6.000
3.121
3.919
4.583
5.229
5.869
2.995
3.640
4.194
4.791
5.383
2.995
3.747
4.439
5.129
5.758
2.940
3.672
4.334
4.949
5.558
2.797
3.435
3.959
4.526
5.088
2.857
3.561
4.208
4.894
5.497
2.797
3.481
4.110
4.719
5.303
2.645
3.268
3.768
4.310
4.847
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
1.543
2.836
4.007
5.271
1.528
2.794
3.937
5.078
1.484
2.682
3.641
4.630
1.484
2.682
3.755
4.975
1.464
2.633
3.676
4.790
1.410
2.505
3.427
4.360
1.433
2.559
3.559
4.726
1.410
2.505
3.476
4.556
1.350
2.369
3.254
4.142


Joists for flat roofs with access only for the purposes of maintenance or repair
Dead load
kN/m
2
Not more than 0.5

more
than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists
mm
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Size of joist
mm mm

m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 97
38 122
38 147
38 170
38 195
38 220
1.837
2.496
3.177
3.814
4.512
5.134
1.816
2.462
3.128
3.750
4.399
4.947
1.759
2.370
2.997
3.503
4.009
4.512
1.759
2.370
2.997
3.580
4.218
4.847
1.733
2.329
2.939
3.507
4.127
4.668
1.664
2.223
2.792
3.298
3.775
4.251
1.693
2.267
2.853
3.398
3.991
4.586
1.664
2.223
2.792
3.320
3.895
4.441
1.588
2.108
2.635
3.123
3.586
4.039
47 72
47 97
47 122
47 147
47 170
47 195
47 220
1.347
2.025
2.739
3.472
4.153
4.879
5.482
1.334
2.001
2.700
3.416
4.081
4.704
5.287
1.300
1.935
2.596
3.256
3.755
4.294
4.831
1.300
1.935
2.596
3.269
3.894
4.575
5.182
1.284
1.905
2.549
3.205
3.813
4.441
4.995
1.241
1.826
2.430
3.041
3.538
4.048
4.556
1.259
1.860
2.480
3.110
3.693
4.327
4.938
1.241
1.826
2.430
3.041
3.607
4.223
4.756
1.192
1.740
2.301
2.868
3.363
3.849
4.333
63 97
63 122
63 147
63 170
63 195
63 220
2.307
3.098
3.903
4.645
5.332
5.983
2.277
3.052
3.838
4.509
5.147
5.779
2.198
2.929
3.578
4.123
4.712
5.296
2.198
2.929
3.670
4.353
5.047
5.668
2.162
2.876
3.597
4.261
4.868
5.470
2.069
2.736
3.375
3.891
4.449
5.003
2.108
2.795
3.487
4.125
4.816
5.409
2.069
2.736
3.409
4.029
4.640
5.216
1.968
2.588
3.212
3.702
4.235
4.764
75 122
75 147
75 170
75 195
75 220
3.325
4.172
4.924
5.612
6.000
3.274
4.103
4.754
5.422
6.000
3.141
3.781
4.354
4.973
5.585
3.141
3.921
4.638
5.319
5.969
3.082
3.842
4.498
5.135
5.765
2.931
3.569
4.113
4.700
5.283
2.994
3.725
4.396
5.078
5.703
2.931
3.641
4.289
4.899
5.503
2.770
3.397
3.916
4.477
5.035
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
1.633
2.985
4.205
5.473
1.615
2.940
4.131
5.275
1.568
2.820
3.787
4.813
1.568
2.820
3.937
5.169
1.546
2.768
3.854
4.979
1.488
2.632
3.566
4.535
1.513
2.689
3.730
4.921
1.488
2.632
3.642
4.737
1.424
2.487
3.387
4.310


1.F.10 Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
The tables below give sizes, spacings and spans for flat
roof joists designed for access not limited to maintenance or
repair purposes which will support the dead loads given in
the Tables and an imposed load not exceeding 1.5 kN/m
2

or an imposed concentrated load of 1.8 kN.
S
p
a
n

o
f

r
o
o
f

j
o
i
s
t
s
The tables are for
a slope of up to
10 from the
horizontal
support
Roof
joist
Roof joist
spacing
Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
Dead load kN/m2
Not more than 0.5

more than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists (mm)
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Size of joist
mm mm
m
BS EN 336 sizes
38 97
38 122
38 147
38 170
38 195
38 220
1.211
1.798
2.347
2.876
3.470
4.078
1.202
1.785
2.327
2.848
3.432
4.030
1.176
1.736
2.272
2.771
3.293
3.710
1.176
1.736
2.272
2.771
3.329
3.897
1.164
1.712
2.246
2.736
3.282
3.838
1.130
1.647
2.177
2.641
3.156
3.564
1.145
1.675
2.207
2.681
3.210
3.747
1.130
1.647
2.177
2.641
3.156
3.680
1.090
1.573
2.088
2.533
3.017
3.430
47 72
47 97
47 122
47 147
47 170
47 195
47 220
0.869
1.436
2.000
2.601
3.176
3.820
4.477
0.864
1.428
1.986
2.578
3.144
3.777
4.383
0.850
1.404
1.944
2.513
3.056
3.539
3.986
0.850
1.404
1.944
2.513
3.056
3.659
4.271
0.844
1.363
1.925
2.484
3.015
3.605
4.204
0.825
1.362
1.871
2.403
2.907
3.401
3.831
0.833
1.375
1.894
2.438
2.953
3.524
4.102
0.825
1.362
1.871
2.403
2.907
3.463
4.027
0.802
1.210
1.809
2.311
2.784
3.282
3.697
63 97
63 122
63 147
63 170
63 195
63 220
1.666
2.306
2.981
3.624
4.338
4.999
1.655
2.287
2.953
3.585
4.286
4.816
1.625
2.236
2.874
3.408
3.900
4.390
1.625
2.236
2.874
3.478
4.146
4.821
1.611
2.212
2.838
3.430
4.084
4.639
1.572
2.146
2.741
3.277
3.752
4.224
1.589
2.174
2.783
3.356
3.987
4.624
1.572
2.146
2.741
3.301
3.917
4.483
1.526
2.070
2.631
3.157
3.623
4.079
75 122
75 147
75 170
75 195
75 220
2.503
3.225
3.908
4.663
5.278
2.482
3.193
3.865
4.526
5.088
2.423
3.105
3.609
4.128
4.645
2.423
3.105
3.747
4.454
5.088
2.396
3.065
3.694
4.360
4.904
2.322
2.957
3.472
3.973
4.472
2.354
3.003
3.611
4.280
4.923
2.322
2.957
3.551
4.203
4.742
2.237
2.835
3.353
3.838
4.321
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
1.038
2.190
3.206
4.449
1.032
2.173
3.173
4.360
1.012
2.123
3.082
3.960
1.012
2.123
3.082
4.242
1.003
2.101
3.040
4.175
0.977
2.038
2.929
3.804
0.988
2.065
2.976
4.072
0.977
2.038
2.929
3.996
0.946
1.942
2.803
3.647


Joists for flat roofs access not limited to maintenance or repair purposes
Dead load
kN/m
2
Not more than 0.5

more than 0.75
more than 1.00
Spacing of joists
mm
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Size of joist
mm mm
m
BS EN 336 size
38 97
38 122
38 147
38 170
38 195
38 220
1.367
1.908
2.486
3.041
3.663
4.299
1.359
1.895
2.464
3.011
3.622
4.247
1.337
1.856
2.404
2.928
3.429
3.862
1.337
1.856
2.404
2.928
3.511
4.104
1.327
1.838
2.377
2.889
3.460
4.041
1.298
1.788
2.301
2.787
3.294
3.711
1.311
1.809
2.333
2.831
3.383
3.943
1.298
1.788
2.301
2.787
3.326
3.872
1.263
1.729
2.214
2.671
3.176
3.580
47 72
47 97
47 122
47 147
47 170
47 195
47 220
0.982
1.526
2.120
2.751
3.354
4.026
4.711
0.978
1.517
2.104
2.725
3.319
3.980
4.556
0.966
1.490
2.058
2.656
3.216
3.682
4.147
0.966
1.490
2.058
2.656
3.223
3.853
4.491
0.960
1.478
2.037
2.623
3.179
3.795
4.385
0.944
1.444
1.979
2.536
3.062
3.540
3.987
0.951
1.459
2.004
2.573
3.112
3.708
4.310
0.944
1.444
1.979
2.536
3.062
3.643
4.230
0.924
1.403
1.911
2.437
2.931
3.417
3.849
63 97
63 122
63 147
63 170
63 195
63 220
1.766
2.439
3.146
3.818
4.561
5.191
1.754
2.418
3.116
3.776
4.449
5.003
1.722
2.362
3.030
3.544
4.055
4.564
1.722
2.362
3.030
3.661
4.357
5.003
1.706
2.336
2.992
3.609
4.289
4.820
1.663
2.265
2.887
3.409
3.902
4.393
1.682
2.295
2.931
3.529
4.187
4.839
1.663
2.265
2.887
3.471
4.112
4.660
1.613
2.183
2.769
3.292
3.769
4.243
75 122
75 147
75 170
75 195
75 220
2.644
3.399
4.111
4.785
5.477
2.261
3.364
4.065
4.700
5.283
2.557
3.253
3.751
4.291
4.827
2.557
3.269
3.938
4.673
5.283
2.528
3.226
3.881
4.529
5.093
2.448
3.110
3.611
4.131
4.648
2.482
3.160
3.794
4.489
5.113
2.448
3.110
3.729
4.380
4.927
2.356
2.980
3.488
3.991
4.493
CLS/ALS sizes
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
1.203
2.321
3.387
4.686
1.197
2.302
3.351
4.535
1.180
2.248
3.238
4.122
1.180
2.248
3.253
4.464
1.171
2.223
3.208
4.362
1.148
2.155
3.088
3.961
1.158
2.185
3.139
4.282
1.148
2.155
3.088
4.202
1.119
2.077
2.953
3.822


1.F.11 Raised tie roof
The tables below give member sizes for raised tie roofs designed for access limited to maintenance
or repair purposes which will support dead load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m
2
and an imposed load not
exceeding 1.5 kN/m
2
for truss centres of 400 , 450 and 600 mm

Maximum span 5000 mm
h
30 - 55
Ridge
Sarking
Rafters
Tie Joist

Rafter Size
mmmm
Tie Joist Size
mmmm
h (max)
mm
Span (max)
mm
47220 47220 575 5,000
47195 47195 450 5,000

47195 47195 325 5,000

Timber of strength class C24( TR26)
Rafter Size
mmmm
Tie Joist Size
mmmm
h (max)
mm
Span (max)
mm
47170 or 38195 47170 or 38195 575 5,000
38195 38195 450 5,000

38195 38195 325 5,000

Roof bracing to comply with BS 5268: part 3
Masonry walls to comply with Annex 1.D and be cavity walls comprising 100 mm thick 3.5 N/mm2
blockwork inner leaf and 102 mm thick brickwork outer leaf
Connection details should be as in 1.F.13
Trusses to be tied down to walls in accordance with 1.E.39


1.F.12 Collared roof
The tables below give member sizes for collared roofs designed for access limited to maintenance or
repair purposes which will support dead load not exceeding 0.75 kN/m2 and an imposed load not
exceeding 1.5 kN/m
2
for truss centres of 400, 450 and 600 mm and spans of 6.0m and 7.5 m.
Roof space is for ceilings for access only for an imposed load of 0.25 kN/m
2
together with a
concentrated load of 0.9kN and does not include for water tanks.

Maximum span 7500 mm
H
Ridge
H/2
Sarking
Rafters
Collars
Hangers
Ceiling tie

Span not exceeding 7.5 m
Centres
mm
Rafter Size
mmmm
Ceiling Tie
mmmm
Collar Size
mmmm
Hanger Size
mmmm
400 47147 47147 4797 4797
450 47195 47195 47122 47122

600 47220 47220 47147 47147

Span not exceeding 7.5 m
Timber of strength class C24( TR26)
Centres
mm
Rafter Size
mmmm
Ceiling Tie
mmmm
Collar Size
mmmm
Hanger Size
mmmm
400 47147 47147 4797 4797
450 47147 47147 47122 47122

600 47195 47195 47147 47147

Roof bracing to comply with BS 5268: part 3
Masonry walls to comply with Annex 1.D and be cavity walls comprising 100 mm thick 3.5 N/mm2
blockwork inner leaf and 102 mm thick brickwork outer leaf
Connection details should be as in 1.F.12
Trusses to be tied down to walls in accordance with 1.E.39


1.F.13 Connection details for raised tied and collared roofs
Connections for raised and collared roofs should be as shown below

Ceiling tie to rafter connection

Double sided
toothed connector
Grade 4.6 bolt

a. Up to 450mm rafter centres: 38mm diameter double sided toothed connector and M10, grade 4.6
bolts should be used.
b. Up to 600mm rafter centres: 51mm diameter double sided toothed connector and M12, grade 4.6
bolts should be used.

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domestic structure SBSG 2007

resistance of the wall to the racking ( win

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