Mila Citrawati

Function of GIS

Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Components of GIS

Oral cavity, teeth, tongue
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Large intestine
The Oral Cavity

Sensory analysis
Mechanical process
Lubrication
Limited digestion
6
The Tongue

Mechanical process
Assist chewing and prepare swallowing
Sensory analysis
Secretion
8
Salivary Glands
Parotid salivary glands (Stensens duct)
Sublingual salivary glands (Rivinus duct)
Submandibular salivary glands (Whartons duct)

Lubricating, moistening, dissolving

1,0 1,5 L/day (99,4% water, electrolytes, buffer,
glycoprotein, antibodies, enzymes, waste products)



10
The Teeth
Incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars

Mastications
12


The Pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Common passage way
Swallowing (deglutition):
1. Buccal phase (voluntary)
2. Pharyngeal phase (medulla oblongata, N. V, N. IX)
3. Esophageal phase (peristaltic wave) 9

14
The Esophagus

25 cm with diameter of about 2 cm (C6 T7)

Conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach



The Stomach
Function :
1. Storage
2. Mechanical breakdown
3. Disruption of chemical bonds
4. Production of intrinsic factor

T7 L3
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
Capacity : 1 1,5 L


17
Gastric glands :
1. Mucus cells (mucus)
2. Parietal cells (intrinsic factor, HCl)
3. Chief cells (pepsinogen)
4. G cells (gastrin) and D cells (somatostatin)
1500 ml/day of gastric juice
pH 1,5 2,0
1. Kills microorganisms
2. Denatures protein and inactivates enzymes in food
3. Breakdown plant cell walls and connective tissue in meat
4. Activation pepsinogen



Regulation of gastric activity
1. CNS
2. Enteric nervous system
3. Hormones
Phase
1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase



Cephalic phase
Sight, smell, taste, thoughts CNS __> sub mucosal plexus
mucus, parietal, chief, G cells
Gastric phase
- Neural response : stretch and chemoreceptor
- Hormonal response : gastrin
- Local response : distention histamine
Intestinal phase
- Neural response : stretch and chemoreceptor
enterogastric reflex
- Hormonal response : CCK, GIP, Secretin
The Small Intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejenum
3. Ileum
Plicae, villi, micro villi ( 600 folds, 300 m
2
)
Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn, Brunners
glands, duodenal glands)
Intestinal juice 1,8 L/day (moistens, buffer,
enzymes)
Peyers patches

23
Regulation of intestinal glands :
1. Local reflex
2. Hormonal
3. Neural (cephalic phase)

Intestinal movements
1. Gastroenteric reflex
2. Gastroileal reflex
3. Enterogastric reflex

The Pancreas
Pancreatic juice (enzymes, water, ions, bicarbonat,
phosphate) 1000 ml
Triggered by secretin watery buffer of pH 7,5 8,8
Triggered by CCK pancreatic enzymes (amylase,
lipase, nuclease, protease, peptidase)
Proenzymes : trypsinogen (activated by enterokinase),
chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase
The Liver
Left, right, caudate, quadrate lobes
100,000 liver lobules, hepatocytes, central vein, Kupffer
cells
Function :
1. Metabolic regulation
2. Hematological regulation
3. Bile production
Metabolic regulation :
1. Carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis,
gluconeogenesis, glikogenesis)
2. Lipid metabolism (triglycerides, fatty acids,
cholesterol)
3. Amino acids metabolism (protein, lipid, glucose)
4. Waste product removal (ammonia urea)
5. Vitamin storage (fat soluble and B
12
)
6. Mineral storage (feritin)
7. Drug inactivation

Hematological regulation
1. Phagocytosis and APC (Kupffer cells)
2. Synthesis plasma proteins
3. Removal of circulating hormones and
absorbs+converts
4. Removal of antibodies
5. Removal or storage of toxin (lipid soluble and others)
6. Synthesis and secretion of bile
Bile production
1 L/day
Consist of water, ions, bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts
Synthesized in the liver
Excreted into duodenum lumen
90% reabsorbed by enterohepatic circulation

Function
Emulsification of lipid droplets
Facilitates interaction between lipid and lipid-digesting
enzymes

The gallbladder
Function as bile storage and bile modification
Released under stimulation of CCK

The Large Intestine
Function :
1. Reabsorption of water
2. Feces formation
3. Absorption of vitamin (K, Biotin, B
5
)
4. Storage of fecal material

Cecum, colon, rectum
Defecation reflex
TO
BE
CONTINUED,
GUYS!