Dr. P. K. Basudhar Dr. P. K.

Basudhar
Dept of Civil Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Soil Problems Soil Problems Soil Problems Soil Problems
&&
Solutions Solutions
A Preview of A Preview of
Soil Behavior Soil Behavior
Pioneers in Pioneers in
Soil Mechanics Soil Mechanics Soil Mechanics Soil Mechanics
CIVIL ENGINEER SOIL CIVIL ENGINEER SOIL
ENCOUNTERS
WHERE ?
CIVIL ENGINEER SOIL CIVIL ENGINEER SOIL
SOIL AS A
ENCOUNTERS
FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTIONMATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
SOIL RETAINING
SPECIAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL PROBLEMS
FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS
WHAT ARE FOUNDATIONS? WHAT ARE FOUNDATIONS?
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOWFOUNDATIONS SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
MAIN PROBLEM IN THE DESIGN
TO PREVENT SETTLEMENT
TOTAL SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
SHALLOWFOUNDATIONS SHALLOWFOUNDATIONS SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Structural Structural loads loads are are
carried carried by by the the soil soil
directly directly under under the the
structure structure
DEEP FOUNDATIONS DEEP FOUNDATIONS DEEP FOUNDATIONS DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Used Used to to carry carry the the Used Used to to ca y ca y t e t e
loads loads to to firm firm soil soil at at
some some depth depth pp
Classic case of bad foundation Classic case of bad foundation Classic case of bad foundation Classic case of bad foundation
Fig Fig.. shows shows the the Palacio Palacio de de las las gg
Bellas Bellas Artes, Artes, Mexico Mexico City City
The The 2 2 m m differential differential
settlement settlement between between the the street street settlement settlement between between the the street street
and and the the building building on on the the right right
necessitated necessitated the the steps steps which which
were were added added as as the the settlement settlement were were added added as as the the settlement settlement
occurred occurred
The The general general subsidence subsidence of of
this this part part of of the the city city is is 77 mm this this part part of of the the city city is is 77 mm
(Photograph (Photograph compliments compliments of of
Raul Raul Marsal) Marsal)
Example of Shallow foundations Example of Shallow foundations Example of Shallow foundations Example of Shallow foundations
Fig Fig shows shows the the MIT MIT
students students centre centre
Mat Mat foundation foundation
Floatation Floatation technique technique Floatation Floatation technique technique
Main Factors Main Factors
11.. Just Just how how deep deep into into the the soil soil should should the the building building be be
placed? placed? placed? placed?
22.. Would Would the the excavation excavation have have to to be be enclosed enclosed by by a a wall wall
during during construction construction to to prevent prevent cave cave- -ins ins of of soil? soil? gg pp
33.. Would Would it it be be necessary necessary to to lower lower the the water water table table in in
order order to to excavate excavate and and construct construct the the foundation foundation and, and,
if if so so h t h t me ns me ns sho ld sho ld be be sed sed to to omplish omplish this this if if so, so, what what means means should should be be used used to to accomplish accomplish this this
lowering lowering of of the the ground ground water water (dewatering)? (dewatering)?
44.. Was Was there there aa danger danger of of damage damage to to adjacent adjacent buildings? buildings? 44.. Was Was t e e t e e aa da ge da ge oo da age da age to to adjace t adjace t b d gs? b d gs?
55.. How How much much would would the the completed completed building building settle settle and and
would would it it settle settle uniformly? uniformly?
66.. For For what what stresses stresses and and what what stress stress distribution distribution should should
the the mat mat of of the the building building be be designed? designed?
Example of Deep foundations Example of Deep foundations Example of Deep foundations Example of Deep foundations
MIT MIT material material centre centre has has
deep deep pile pile foundation foundation pp pp
Reasons Reasons
Basement space not Basement space not
desirable desirable
No sand and gravel at No sand and gravel at
h i h i the site the site
Not to disturb Not to disturb
underground utilities underground utilities underground utilities underground utilities
Point Point bearing bearing pile pile
Friction Friction pile pile pp
Augering Augering
Main Factors Main Factors
I What type of pile should be used? I What type of pile should be used?
Main Factors Main Factors
I. What type of pile should be used? I. What type of pile should be used?
2. What was the maximum allowable load for a pile? 2. What was the maximum allowable load for a pile?
3 At h t p in h ld th pil b dri n? 3 At h t p in h ld th pil b dri n? 3. At what spacing should the piles be driven? 3. At what spacing should the piles be driven?
4. How should the piles be driven? 4. How should the piles be driven?
5. How much variation from the vertical should be 5. How much variation from the vertical should be
permitted in a pile? permitted in a pile?
6. What was the optimum sequence for driving piles? 6. What was the optimum sequence for driving piles?
7. Would the driving of piles have an influence on 7. Would the driving of piles have an influence on
adjacent structures? adjacent structures?
Example of Embankment Example of Embankment
on Soft Soil on Soft Soil
10 10..7 7 m m embankment embankment
on on aa 99..88mm layer layer of of on on aa 99..88mm layer layer of of
soft soft soil soil
Preloading Preloading technique technique Preloading Preloading technique technique
Shear Shear rupture rupture should should
not not occur occur
Main Factors Main Factors
11 How How high high aa fill fill could could be be placed? placed?
Main Factors Main Factors
11.. How How high high aa fill fill could could be be placed? placed?
22.. How How fast fast could could the the fill fill be be placed? placed?
33 Wh t Wh t rr th th m im m m im m l p l p f r f r th th fill? fill? 33.. What What were were the the maximum maximum slopes slopes for for the the fill? fill?
44.. Could Could the the fill fill be be placed placed without without employing employing special special
t h i t h i tt t i t i d i d i th th ft ft f d ti f d ti techniques techniques to to contain contain or or drain drain the the soft soft foundation foundation
soil? soil?
55 HH hh ld ld hh fill fill l ? l ? 55.. How How much much would would the the fill fill settle? settle?
66.. How How long long should should the the fill fill be be left left in in place place in in order order
hh hh f d i f d i bb dd hh that that the the foundation foundation be be compressed compressed enough enough to to
permit permit construction construction and and use use of of the the tank? tank?
Example of Foundation Heave Example of Foundation Heave
Occurs Occurs when when foundation foundation soil soil expands expands when when the the
confining confining pressure pressure is is reduced reduced and and // or or the the water water content content confining confining pressure pressure is is reduced reduced and and // or or the the water water content content
of of the the soil soil is is increased increased
Arid Arid regions regions gg
Presence Presence of of montmorillonite montmorillonite
Main Factors Main Factors
Proper Proper size size capacity capacity length length and and spacing spacing of of the the
Main Factors Main Factors
Proper Proper size size ,capacity, ,capacity, length length and and spacing spacing of of the the
piles piles
The The pile pile should should be be long long enough enough to to extend extend below below The The pile pile should should be be long long enough enough to to extend extend below below
the the depth depth of of the the soil soil that that would would expand expand
Th Th d h d h l d l d ii hh hh hh The The depth depth selected selected in in such such aa way way that that the the
confining confining pressure pressure from from the the soil soil overburden overburden
ll i i i i l d l d ii ffi i ffi i plus plus minimum minimum load load is is sufficient sufficient to to prevent prevent
expansion expansion
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Select proper type of soil Select proper type of soil
Method of placement Method of placement
Control of actual placement Control of actual placement Control of actual placement Control of actual placement
Filling Fillinggg
Example of an Earth Dam Example of an Earth Dam
Two main zones Two main zones
Clay core Clay core yy
Rock toe Rock toe
Gravel filter Gravel filter
Rock facing Rock facing
Zoned earth dam & homogeneous earth dam Zoned earth dam & homogeneous earth dam
Main Factors Main Factors
II.. What What should should be be the the dimensions dimensions of of the the dam dam to to give give the the most most
Main Factors Main Factors
economical, economical, safe safe structure? structure?
22.. What What is is the the minimum minimum safe safe thickness thickness for for the the gravel gravel layers? layers?
33.. How How thick thick aa layer layer of of gravel gravel and and rock rock facing facing is is necessary necessary to to 33.. How How thick thick aa layer layer of of gravel gravel and and rock rock facing facing is is necessary necessary to to
keep keep any any swelling swelling of of the the clay clay core core to to a a tolerable tolerable amount? amount?
44.. What What moisture moisture content content and and compaction compaction technique technique should should be be
employed employed to to place place the the gravel gravel and and clay clay materials? materials? employed employed to to place place the the gravel gravel and and clay clay materials? materials?
55.. What What are are the the strength strength and and permeability permeability characteristics characteristics of of the the
constructed constructed dam? dam?
66 How How would would the the strength strength and and permeability permeability of of the the darn darn vary vary 66.. How How would would the the strength strength and and permeability permeability of of the the darn darn vary vary
with with time time and and depth depth of of water water in in the the reservoir? reservoir?
77.. How How much much leakage leakage would, would, occur occur under under and and through through the the dam? dam?
88 Wh Wh if if i l i l i i i i hh ii ff hh 88.. What, What, if if any, any, special special restrictions restrictions on on the the operation operation of of the the
reservoir reservoir are are necessary? necessary?
Example of a Reclamation Structure Example of a Reclamation Structure Example of a Reclamation Structure Example of a Reclamation Structure
Non Non--availability availability of of yy
good good building building sites sites
Harbor Harbor and and terminal terminal Harbor Harbor and and terminal terminal
facilities facilities
Hydraulic Hydraulic filling filling Hydraulic Hydraulic filling filling
Main Factors Main Factors Main Factors Main Factors
II.. How How deep deep should should the the sheet sheet pile pile wall wall penetrate penetrate the the foundation foundation
soil? soil?
22.. How How should should these these piles piles be be braced braced laterally? laterally?
33.. What What is is the the most most desirable desirable pattern pattern of of fill fill placement placement ii..ee..,, how how 33.. What What is is the the most most desirable desirable pattern pattern of of fill fill placement placement ii..ee..,, how how
should should the the exit exit of of the the dredge dredge pipe pipe be be located located in in order order to to get get
the the firmer firmer part part of of the the fill fill at at the the locations locations where where the the maximum maximum
foundation foundation loads loads would would be be placed? placed? pp
44.. What What design design strength strength and and compressibility compressibility of of the the hydraulic hydraulic fill fill
should should be be used used for for selecting selecting foundations foundations for for the the tanks, tanks,
buildings, buildings, and and pumping pumping facilities facilities to to be be placed placed on on the the island? island? g , g , p p g p p g pp
55.. Where Where did did the the soil soil fines fines in in the the dirty dirty effluent effluent which which went went out out of of
the the island island over over the the spillway spillway ultimately ultimately settle? settle?
Example of Highway Pavement Example of Highway Pavement Example of Highway Pavement Example of Highway Pavement
Most common use of soil as Most common use of soil as
constr ction material constr ction material construction material construction material
Pavements Pavements
Rigid Rigid
Flexible Flexible
Main Factors Main Factors Main Factors Main Factors
11.. How How thick thick should should the the various various components components of of the the .. How How t c t c s o d s o d t e t e va o s va o s co po e ts co po e ts oo t e t e
pavement pavement be be to to carry carry the the expected expected loads? loads?
22.. What What is is the the optimum optimum mixture mixture of of additives additives for for pp
stabilizing stabilizing the the desert desert sand? sand?
33.. Is Is the the desert desert sand sand acceptable acceptable for for the the construction construction of of
the the wearing wearing surface? surface?
44.. What What grade grade and and weight weight of of available available asphalt asphalt make make
hh i l i l i f i f ii f ? f ? the the most most economical, economical, satisfactory satisfactory wearing wearing surface? surface?
55.. What What type type and and how how much much compaction compaction should should be be
sed? sed? used? used?
SLOPES AND EXCAVATIONS SLOPES AND EXCAVATIONS SLOPES AND EXCAVATIONS SLOPES AND EXCAVATIONS
(a) Natural Slope (b) Excavation for Building
(c) Excavation for Pipe (d) Canal
UNDERGROUND AND EARTH UNDERGROUND AND EARTH
T T T T T T
Soil Soil--structure interaction structure interaction
RETAINING STRUCTURES RETAINING STRUCTURES
Soil Soil structure interaction structure interaction
Examples Examples
Pi h ll Pi h ll Pipe shells Pipe shells
Basement walls of the building Basement walls of the building
Sheet pile wall Sheet pile wall
Tunnels Tunnels Tunnels Tunnels
Drainage structures Drainage structures
Example of Earth retaining structure Example of Earth retaining structure Example of Earth retaining structure Example of Earth retaining structure
Anchored bulkhead Anchored bulkhead Anchored bulkhead Anchored bulkhead
Take care of lateral Take care of lateral
tr tr stresses stresses
Stability against shear Stability against shear
rupture rupture
11 Wh t Wh t t p t p ff ll ll (m t ri l (m t ri l nd nd rr ti n) ti n) h ld h ld bb d? d?
Main Factors Main Factors
11.. What What type type of of wall wall (material (material and and cross cross section) section) should should be be used? used?
22.. How How deep deep must must the the wall wall penetrate penetrate the the foundation foundation soil soil in in order order to to
prevent prevent the the wall wall from from kicking kicking out out to to the the left left at at its its base? base?
33 AA hh h i h h i h hh ll ll h ld h ld hh hh ii bb l d? l d? 33.. At At what what height height on on the the wall wall should should the the anchor anchor tie tie be be located? located?
44.. How How far far from from the the wall wall should should the the anchor anchor tie tie extend? extend?
55.. What What type type of of anchoring anchoring system system should should be be employed employed at at the the gg
onshore onshore end end of of the the anchor anchor tie? tie? (One (One way way to to anchor anchor the the wall wall is is to to
use use a a large large mass mass of of concrete, concrete, ii..e e..,, dead dead man man.. Another Another way way is is to to use use
aa system system of of piles piles ;;including including some some driven driven at at a a slope slope with with the the
vertical vertical;; such such aa sloping sloping pile pile is is termed termed aa batter batter pile) pile) vertical vertical;; such such aa sloping sloping pile pile is is termed termed aa batter batter pile) pile)
66.. What What was was the the distribution distribution of of stresses stresses acting acting on on the the wall? wall?
77.. What What type type of of (drainage (drainage system system should should be be installed installed to to prevent prevent a a
ll diff i l diff i l ff d l i d l i hh i id i id ff large large differential differential water water pressure pressure from from developing developing on on the the inside inside of of
the the wall? wall?
88.. How How close close to to the the wall wall should should the the loaded loaded crane crane ((578 578 kN kN when when
f ll f ll l d d) l d d) bb p itt d? p itt d? fully fully loaded) loaded) be be permitted? permitted?
99.. What What restrictions, restrictions, if if any, any, are are necessary necessary on on the the storage storage of of cargo cargo on on
the the area area back back of of the the wall? wall?
Example of Buried Pipeline Example of Buried Pipeline Example of Buried Pipeline Example of Buried Pipeline
Fl ibl Fl ibl dd Ri id Ri id Pip Pip Flexible Flexible and and Rigid Rigid Pipes Pipes
Failures Failures
Faulty Faulty construction construction Faulty Faulty construction construction
Excess Excess construction construction load load
Sagging Sagging of of pipe pipe Sagging Sagging of of pipe pipe
Select Select
Proper Proper thickness thickness of of the the pp
pipe pipe wall wall
Workout Workout and and supervise supervise
hh i ll i i ll i the the installation installation
SPECIAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL PROBLEMS SPECIAL PROBLEMS
Vibrations Vibrations Vibrations Vibrations
Explosions and earthquakes Explosions and earthquakes
S f i d i l fl id i h i S f i d i l fl id i h i Storage of industrial fluids in earth reservoirs Storage of industrial fluids in earth reservoirs
Frost Frost
Regional subsidence Regional subsidence
Oil storage Oil storage Oil storage Oil storage
Frost Heave Frost Heave Frost Heave Frost Heave
SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS
SOIL MECHANICS
Stress-strain
properties Theoretical properties Theoretical
analyses for
soil masses
GEOLOGY,
EXPLORATION
Composition of actual
ENGINEERING
JUDGEMENT
Composition of actual
soil masses
EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE
ECONOMICS ECONOMICS
Why Soil problems are UNIQUE? Why Soil problems are UNIQUE?
11.. Soil Soil does does not not possess possess a a linear linear or or unique unique stress stress- -strain strain
relationship relationship
22.. Soil Soil behavior behavior depends depends on on pressure, pressure, time, time, and and
environment environment
33 Th Th il il tt ti ll ti ll l ti l ti ii diff t diff t 33.. The The soil soil at at essentially essentially every every location location is is different different
44.. In In nearly nearly all all cases cases the the mass mass of of soil soil involved involved is is under under- -
ground ground and and cannot cannot be be seen seen in in its its entirety entirety but but must must be be ground ground and and cannot cannot be be seen seen in in its its entirety entirety but but must must be be
evaluated evaluated on on the the basis basis of of small small samples samples obtained obtained
from from isolated isolated locations locations
55 MM il il i i i i di b di b ff 55.. Most Most soils soils are are very very sensitive sensitive to to disturbance disturbance from from
sampling, sampling, and and thus thus the the behavior behavior measured measured by by a a
laboratory laboratory test test may may be be unlike unlike that that of of the the in in situ situ soil soil yy yy
An Overview
Particulate Nature of Soil
Nature of Soil Deformation
Role of Pore Phase
Chemical Interaction Chemical Interaction
Physical Interaction
Sharing the Load
A brief look at Consolidation
Particulate Nature of Soil f
Soil is composed of microscopic or macroscopic discrete Soil is composed of microscopic or macroscopic discrete
particles, whicharenot stronglybondedtogether ascrystals
Soil particles arerelatively freeto movewith respect to another,
lessfluent thanthemovement of fluidparticles p
Particulate system pertains to a system of particles, and the Particulate system pertains to a system of particles, and the
sciencedealingwith thestress-strain behavior of soils is referred
asParticulate Mechanics
Nature of Soil Deformation
Contact forces develop due to
appliedforces
Contact forces are resolved into
normal N andtangential T forces
The usual types of deformation in
thevicinityof contact forces
Elastic strain
Plastic strain
P i l hi d hi h Particle crushing under high stress
Contact area enlarges due to
the deformations and thus the the deformations, and thus the
center of the particles come
closer (Fig. a)
Plate like particles bend to
ll l i allow relative movement
between adjacent particles
(Fig. b) ( g )
Interparticle sliding occurs
when the shear force at the
contact surface exceeds the
shear resistanceof soil particle shear resistanceof soil particle
(Fig. c)
Overall strain of a soil mass is the combined effect of particle
deformationandinterparticlesliding deformationandinterparticlesliding.
Relative sliding of soil particles result in rearrangement of soil Relative sliding of soil particles result in rearrangement of soil
particles , which is anonlinear and irreversiblephenomena, thus
resulting in anon-linear and irreversiblestress-strain behavior of
soils.
F i ti l d dh i f l ff ti i d i Frictional and adhesion forces are also effective in producing
particledeformation
Thereare5 million contacts within 1 cm
3
of sand mass. Hence,
defining stress-strain relation of soil at each of the contacts is
impossible, andthusonehastorelyonexperimental results
If the box has rigid walls, and
the vertical load is increased the vertical load is increased,
the soil particles will nestle
closer andcloser. Thisiscalled
Volumetric Compression Volumetric Compression
Sliding failure will occur at g
individual contacts, but thesoil
mass will not undergo an
overall shear failure overall shear failure
Removal of theloadwill result
i f il in Expansion or Swell of soil
mass throughareverseprocess
due to rearrangement of
particles
If thebox has flexiblewalls,,
the entire soil mass will
undergo an overall shear
failure failure
The load at which failure
occurs is called the Shear
Strength of Soil Strength of Soil
Shear strength is determined
by the resistance to sliding
between particles moving between particles moving
laterallytoeachother
Role of Pore Phase : Chemical Interaction
The spaces among the soil particles are called
Pore Spaces
Thespacesareusually filledwithair and/or water
(withor without dissolvedmatter)
Soil isaMultiphase system
Mineral Phase(Mineral Skeleton)
Fl idPh (P Fl id) FluidPhase(Pore Fluid)
Pore fluid influences the magnitude of the shear
resistance existing between two particles by
introducing chemical matter to the surface of
contact
Pore fluid intrudes particle spaces and acts in
transmissionof normal andtangential forces
Role of Pore Phase : Physical Interaction Role of Po e Phase : Physical Inte action
Hydrostatic condition of water y
pressure
Thepressureintheporewater
at anypoint isequal totheunit
weight of water times the weight of water times the
depth of the point below the
water surface
Inthiscase, thereisnoflowof
water
Water pressure at the base of Water pressure at the base of
box is increased, while
overflows hold the water
surfaceconstant
Upward flow of water takes
place, the amount of which is
controlled by excess pressure controlled by excess pressure
at baseandPermeability of the
soil mass
Themorethepermeableasoil,
the more water will flow for a the more water will flow for a
givenexcessporepressure
If the excess water pressure at If the excess water pressure at
thebaseis increased, apressure
will be reached where the sand
will start toflowupwards along
withtheupwardflowingwater
It is called Quicksand
condition or Sand Boiling condition or Sand Boiling
The soil will occupy greater py g
volume than initial state, and
has less shear strength than
normal condition normal condition
Changes involumeandshear Changes involumeandshear
strength come about due to
the changes in contact
pressure between the
particles
Contact forces are related to
the difference between the the difference between the
stress pressing downward
(Total Stress) and the Pore
PPressure
This difference is defined as This difference is defined as
theEffective Stress
l f h h i h d Role of Pore Phase : Sharing the Load
As soil is a multiphase system, the load applied to a soil
ldb i di b h i l k l d masswouldbecarriedinapart bythemineral skeleton and
partlybythepore fluid
Thesharing of theload is analogous to thepartial pressure
in gases, and is well simulated by the Hydromechanical
Model for loadsharingandconsolidation.
Fig (a) shows a cylinder of
saturatedsoil
The porous piston permits load
to be applied to saturated soil to be applied to saturated soil
and yet permits escape of the
fluidfromtheporesof thesoil
Fig (b) shows a Fig (b) shows a
hydromechanical analog in
which the properties has been
lumped
The resistance of the mineral
skeleton to compression is
representedbyaspring representedbyaspring
The resistance to the flow of
water through the soil is
represented by a a valve in an
otherwiseimpermeablepiston otherwiseimpermeablepiston
Fig (c) represents a load applied to
thepistonof thehydromechanical the piston of the hydromechanical
analog but the valve is kept closed
The piston load is apportioned by the
water and the spring
The piston will be moved very little
th t i l i bl as the water is nearly incompressble.
The spring shortens very slightly as it
carries a very little load y
Essentially all of the applied load is
resisted by an increase in the fluid
pressure within the chamber
Fig (d) shows the valve to be
opened
As water escapes, the spring
shortens and begins to carry a
significant fraction of the load significant fraction of the load
applied
Thereis acorresponding decrease
inpressureinthechamber fluid
Fig (e) shows a condition in g ( )
which all the applied load is
carriedbythespring
Thepressureinthewater has
returned to the original returned to the original
hydrostaticcondition
Now, thereis no further flow
of water
A limited amount of water can flow out through thevalveat A limited amount of water can flow out through thevalveat
anyinterval of time
Theprocess of transferring load fromwater to thespring is a
gradual process, whichisshowninFig (f)
This process of gradual squeezing out of water from the
porespacesof soil massiscall Consolidation
The time interval involved in the above mentioned
phenomenaiscalledHydrodynamic Time Lag phenomenaiscalledHydrodynamic Time Lag
Theamount of compressionthat hasoccurredat any timeis Theamount of compressionthat hasoccurredat any timeis
related to theapplied load and also to theamount of stress
transmitted at the particle contacts i.e. to the difference
b t th li d t d th Thi between the applied stress and the pore pressure. This
differencegivestheconcept of Effective Stress
The most important effect of Hydrodynamic Time Lag is The most important effect of Hydrodynamic Time Lag is
thedelayedsettlement of structures
Consolidation
Thetimerequiredfor consolidationprocessisrelatedto::
The time should be directly proportional to the volume of water
squeezed out of the soil. The volume of water is related to the
product of stress change the compressibility of the mineral product of stress change, the compressibility of the mineral
skeleton, andthevolumeof thesoil
Th i h ldb i l i l h f h Thetimeshouldbeinversely proportional tohowfast thewater can
flowthroughthesoil. Thevelocity of flowis relatedto theproduct
of the permeability and the hydraulic gradient. The gradient is
ti l t th fl id l t ithi th il di id db th proportional to thefluidpressurelost withinthesoil dividedby the
distanceof theflowpathof thefluid.
( )( )( ) H ( )( )( )
( )( ) H k
H m
t
/

( )( ) H k /
where,
t = The time required to complete some percentage of
consolidationprocess
=Thechangeintheappliedstress
Th ibilit f th i l k l t m = Thecompressibilityof themineral skeleton
H =Thethicknessof thesoil mass(per drainagesurface)
k =Thepermeabilityof thesoil k =Thepermeabilityof thesoil
The time required to reach a specified stage in the
consolidationprocessisgivenby:: consolidationprocessisgivenby::
mH
t
2

The above relation suggests that the consolidation time :

k
Increases with increasing compressibility
Decreases with increasing permeability
Increases rapidly with increasing size of soil mass
Is independent of the magnitude of the stress change
Soils with significant clay content requires long time for
consolidation fromoneyear tomanyhundredsof years consolidation from one year to many hundreds of years
Coarse granular soils consolidates very quickly, in a matter
of minutes
1
st
Consequence
Th d f i f f il i ll d b The deformation of a mass of soil is controlled by
interactions between individual particles, especially
byslidingbetweenparticles
2
nd
Consequence
Soil isinherentlymultiphase andtheconstituentsof Soil isinherentlymultiphase, andtheconstituentsof
the pore phase will influence the nature of the
mineral surfaces and hence affect the processes of
forcetransmissionat theparticlecontacts
3
rd
Consequence
Water can flow through the soil and thus interact Water can flow through the soil and thus interact
withthemineral skeleton, alteringthemagnitudeof
the forces at the contacts between particles and
influencingthecompressionandshear resistanceof
thesoil
4
th
Consequence
Whentheloadappliedtoasoil issuddenlychanged,
thechangeiscarriedbyjointlybytheporefluidand
by the mineral skeleton. The change in pore by the mineral skeleton. The change in pore
pressurewill causewater to movethrough thesoil,
h th ti f th il ill h ith hence the properties of the soil will change with
time
Consolidation Theory
Foundation Design and Foundation Design and
Construction
C ff d l i Cofferdam analysis
Landslide Mechanisms L M m
Famous Book
F Th t From Theory to
Practice in Soil
Mechanics
KARL VON TERZAGHI
Mechanics
(1883 - 1963)
Fat her of Soi l Mechani c s
Fundamentals of soil
mechanics.
Consolidation
h h f Shear strength of
cohesive soils
Stability of earth
slopes p
Famous Book
Fundamentals of
DONALD WOOD TAYLOR
Fundamentals of
Soil Mechanics
DONALD WOOD TAYLOR
(1900 - 1955)
Soil Classification Soil Classification
Seepage through
h earth structures
Shear Strength g
Best Teacher in The
Harvard University
ARTHUR CASAGRANDE
y
U C S G
(1902 - 1981)
Application of soil
mechanics to design
and construction
Evaluation and Evaluation and
presentation of the
results of research in f
form suitable for
ready use by the y y
practicing engineer
Famous Book
Soil Mechanics in
Engineering Practice
RALPH BRAZELTON PECK (1912 - )
Engineering Practice
Fundamentals of
effective stress
Pore pressures in
clays clays
Bearing capacity
Slope stability
Best Teacher in The
Imperial College in The
ALEC WESTLEY SKEMPTON
g
University of London
C S S O
(1914 2001)
Fundamentals of shear
strength
Sensitivity of clays
bili f l Stability of natural
slopes
Best Teacher and the
First Director in The
Norwegian Geotechnical
LAURI TS BJ ERRUM
Institute
(1918 1973)
Concepts of Active and
Passive Earth Pressure
Concept of Friction
C i d h Coined the term
Cohesion
Add d h A d f Addressed the Academy of
Science (Paris, 1773) presenting
a modest " essay on the
application of the rules of
maxima and minima to certain
statics problems relevant to
CHARLES AUGUSTI N DE COULOMB
architecture
(1736 - 1806)
Gr andf at her of Soi l Mechani c s
Active and Passive
Earth Pressure theories E
Pioneer with a
d t i ti
WI LLI AM J OHN MAQUORN RANKI NE
determination
(1820 - 1872)
Concepts in Slope Concepts in Slope
Stability Analysis
Geotechnical professor
emeritus at the
Norwegian Technical
University, Trondheim,
NI LMAR JANBU
Norway
(1920 - )
PIONEERING CONTRIBUTIONS on
Strength and compressibility of
compacted clay soils compacted clay soils
Strength and consolidation of natural
deposits of soft clay
Cracking of earth dams
Frost action
Flexible and rigid pavement design Flexible and rigid pavement design
Analysis of buried conduits
Pile foundations, stability of slopes , y p
and embankments on soft clays
Stress-deformation and liquefaction
of sand, and methodologies for
GERALD A. LEONARDS
of sand, and methodologies for
investigating failures
(1921 1997)
1. Engineer of the Year (Georgia Society of
Professional Engineers), 1973
2. The Herschel Prize (The Boston Society of
Civil Engineers) 1976 Civil Engineers), 1976
3. The ASCE Middlebrooks Award, 1977
4. The Terzaghi Lecture, 1979
5 The ASCE Martin Kapp Lecture in New Y rk 5. The ASCE Martin Kapp Lecture in New York,
1985
6. The Brooks Award, 1990
7 Elected to The National Academy of 7. Elected to The National Academy of
Engineering, 1994
8. The ASCE Middlebrooks Award, 1994
9. ASCE Forensic Engineer of the Year Award, g
1994
10. The ASCE Terzaghi Award, 1995
Heck of an Engineer &
GEORGE F SOWERS
g
A Master of Anecdotes
GEORGE F. SOWERS
(1921 - 1996)
Mechanics of Pile
Foundations and Soil-Pile
Interaction Analysis Interaction Analysis
Soil Compaction
Analytical Methods in
Pavement Design
Analytical and experimental
techniques of earthquake
engineering engineering
Father of Geotechnical
HARRY BOLTON SEED
Earthquake Engineering
August 19, 1922 April 23, 1989
Appropriate methods of calculation
for Seismic Design of Foundations
free Torsion Vibrating Pendulum to free Torsion Vibrating Pendulum to
determine the dynamical properties of
soil
R i d f th b il Resonance period of the subsoil
Coastal Engineering and Dewatering
System y
Highly compressible soils
k Famous Book
Foundation Engineering ou dat o g ee g
for Difficult Subsoil
Conditions
LEONARDO ZEEVAERT WI ECHERS