Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOUNDATION
Prepared by
Dr. V. VIGNESH
Assistant Professor
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
Content
• Types of Shallow Foundations
• Soil Investigation or Exploration
• Types of Borings
• Spacing of Boring
• Types of Soil Samples
• Types of sampler
• Geophysical Exploration
DEFINITION
Foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the
ground level, which transmits the load of the super-structure to the sub- soil.
Types of foundations:-
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types:
Spread footing
Combined footing
Strap footing
Grillage foundations
Raft foundations
SPREAD FOOTING
The footing whose base is extended or spread to distribute the load of the
structure over a large area of sub-soil is called spread footing.
Types:-
Stepped footing:- For Heavily loaded column if single footing is provided, the
footing may fail or crack in the cantilever portion hence to avoid this
stepped footing is provided. It is used in load
bearing structures.
Slopped footing
SPREAD FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
Sometimes two columns are located very near to each other in a structure. If
separate footing under these columns are provided, they may interfere with
other. Therefore, providing a combined footing, is essential.
Types:-
Each column is provided with its independent footings & a beam is used to
connect the two footing.
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
It is a special type of isolated footing generally provided for these locations
where bearing capacity of soil is poor.
The depth of such a foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5 m.
The load of the column is distributed or spread to a very large area by means
of two or more layers of rolled steel joists, each layer being laid at right angle
to the layer bellow it.
Both the tiers of the joists are then embedded in cement concrete to keep the
joists in position and to prevent their corrosion.
TYPES
Depending upon the material used in construction, grillage foundations are
further classified into two types.
Steel Grillage Foundation
Steel grillage foundations are useful for structures like columns, piers, stanchions
subjected to heavy concentrated loads and hence are employed for foundations
of the buildings such as theatres, factories, town, halls etc.
Timber grillage foundations re usually provided for timber columns subjected to
heavy concentrated loads.
Timber grillage foundation can also be safely used for light buildings where the
soil encountered is soft and is permanently water-logged.
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION
The foundation consisting of a thick R.C.C slab covering the whole area of a
mat is known as raft foundation.
SUITABILITY
This type of foundation is useful for public buildings, office buildings, school
buildings, residential quarters etc, where the ground conditions are very poor and
bearing power of the soil is so low that individual spread footing cannot be
provided.
Isolated Footing
Combined Footing
• Reconnaissance
• Data and map study
• Detailed investigation and
• Laboratory testing.
Purpose of Site Investigation
1. To select the type of foundation and depth of foundation.
2. To determine the bearing capacity of the soil.
3. To locate the ground water table.
4. To select suitable construction techniques.
5. To estimate the probable maximum and differential settlement.
6. To investigate the safety of existing strutures and to suggest the remedial
measures.
7. To ascertain the suitability of base of soil as a construction material.
Methods of Exploration
1. Open Excavation
a) Pits and Trenches (Long shallow pits)
b) Drifts and Shafts
• Core drilling is the process of drilling below the earth's surface to obtain a
core of soil or rock sample in order to determine its properties.
• The core boring operation is the insertion of this cutting circle into the
material that is being drilled with a power drill or other means of pushing
this cutting bit into the material.
SPACING OF BORING
1. For a compact building site covering an area of about 0.4 hectare (i.e. 4000
m2), one bore hole in each corner and one in the centre (i.e. 5 boreholes in all)
should be adequate.
2. For smaller areas and less important buildings even one bore hole in the
centre should be sufficient.
3. For very large areas covering industrial and residential colonies, the
geological nature of the terrain will help in deciding the number of bore holes.
Dynamic or static cone penetration tests may be performed at every 100
metre by dividing the area in a grid pattern and numbers of boreholes are
decided by examining the variation in the penetration curves.
4. For Highways-Along the centerline-150 to 300m spacing
5. In case of Gravity dam – 40 to 80 m.
TYPES OF SOIL SAMPLE
Basically, in civil engineering, there are two main types of soil sample that is
collected for the study of the properties of soils:
• Disturbed Soil Samples
• Undisturbed Soil Samples
The Disturbed Soil Samples can be used for the determination of the grain size,
plasticity characteristics, and specific gravity of the soil.
The collection of disturbed soil samples is done by different methods such as
Auger Boring, Wash Boring, Rotary Drilling, and Percussion Drilling, even if the
disturbed soil sample is collected by hand excavating of soil with picks and
shovels.
Undisturbed soil sample:
During the sampling process of the soil sample, if the natural structure of
the soil and water content does not disturb, that means the soil retained its
natural structure and water content, then these types of soil samples are called
undisturbed soil samples.
The undisturbed soil samples are used for the determination of engineering
properties of soils such as shear strength, permeability, and compressibility.
SOIL SAMPLER
Types of sampler
ρ is resistivity in ohm-cm,
R is resistance in ohms,
A is the cross sectional area (cm2),
L is length of the conductor (cm).
The electrical resistivity methods are of the following two types:
1. Electrical Profiling Method.
2. Electrical Sounding method.
• The method is also known as the resistivity mapping method.
Four electrodes are used at a constant spacing ‘a’. To conduct the
test, four electrodes, which are usually in the form of metal
spikes, are driven into the ground.
• The two outer electrodes are known as current electrodes.
• The two inner electrodes are called potential electrodes.
• The mean resistivity of the strata is determined by applying a
D.C. current to the outer electrodes and by measuring the voltage
drop between the inner electrodes. A current of 50 to 100
milliamp is usually supplied.
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