RSMI 2009 Session III RSMI 2009 Session III

Diagnostic X Diagnostic X- -Ray Shielding Design Ray Shielding Design

NCRP NCRP--147 Shielding Models 147 Shielding Models
Douglas J. Simpkin, Ph.D.
A St L k M di l Ct Aurora St. Lukes Medical Ctr
Milwaukee, WI
dsimpkin@wi.rr.com
http://www.geocities.com/djsimpkin/ http://www.geocities.com/djsimpkin/
Models for Diagnostic X Models for Diagnostic X--Ray Ray Models for Diagnostic X Models for Diagnostic X Ray Ray
Shielding Calculations Shielding Calculations
Yes
No
2
Yes
The Three Models for Diagnostic The Three Models for Diagnostic The Three Models for Diagnostic The Three Models for Diagnostic
XX--ray Shielding In NCRP 147 ray Shielding In NCRP 147
1. First-principle extensions to NCRP 49
2. Given calculated kerma per patient, scale
by #patients and inverse squared distance, y p q ,
and then use transmission curves designed
for particular room types p yp
3. NT/(Pd
2
)
3
1
st
principle extensions to NCRP 49
(Underlies the other two methods)
The kerma in the occupied area may have p y
contributions from
primary radiation primary radiation
scatter radiation
leakage radiation
Secondary radiation
}
leakage radiation
}
4
Primary, Scatter, and Leakage Primary, Scatter, and Leakage
Must protect
from primary
radiation radiation
primary
Must protect from
5
scatter & leakage
radiation
1
st
principle extensions to NCRP 49
The models for primary, scatter, and leakage in
NCRP-147 are extensions to whats in NCRP-
49 (1976):
x-ray tubes operating over ranges of potentials y p g g p
(workload distribution)
new model for image receptor attenuation
new model for leakage
6
1
st
principle extensions to NCRP 49
Theseprimary scatter and leakage These primary, scatter, and leakage
radiations may be from multiple x-ray
sources(or tubepositions) sources (or tube positions)
So, simply add up all the contributions to the
k K f ll h i h kerma, K, from all these sources in the
occupied area behind a barrier of thickness x,
( )

+ + =
tubes kVp
L S P
x K x K x K x K ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
7
1
st
principle extensions to NCRP 49
Theniterativelyfindabarrier thicknessx that Then iteratively find a barrier thickness x that
decreases that kerma to P/T, the design goal
modifiedbytheoccupancyfactor modified by the occupancy factor
( )

= + + =
L S P
P
x K x K x K x K ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( )

= + + =
tubes kVp
L S P
T
x K x K x K x K ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
See http://www.geocities.com/djsimpkin/ for
sharewareprogramXRAYBARR todothis
8
shareware program XRAYBARR to do this
1
st
principle extensions to NCRP 49
XRAYBARR waswrittenbymeinthemid XRAYBARR was written by me in the mid
1990s to perform shielding calculations with
thesenewmodelsaswedevelopedNCRP-147. these new models as we developed NCRP 147.
The shielding data and examples in NCRP-147
are based on the output of XRAYBARR. p
Note: Some of the examples in NCRP-147
arent duplicated by XRAYBARR because p y
NCRP-147 takes shortcuts in the tabulated x
pre
values. XRAYBARR is right!
9
PrimaryRadiationModel PrimaryRadiationModel Primary Radiation Model Primary Radiation Model
Primary Kerma at 1 m per workload
In primary beam,
know kerma per p
workload at 1 m,
K
W
(kVp) , for 3
W
p
phase units (data
of Archer et al.
1994)
10
UnshieldedPrimaryBeamKerma UnshieldedPrimaryBeamKerma Unshielded Primary Beam Kerma Unshielded Primary Beam Kerma
At i kV
) ( ) (
) 0 (
W
kVp W kVp K
K At a given kVp,
2
) ( ) (
) 0 (
P
W
P
d
p p
K =
If only a fraction U of the tubes workload
is directed at this barrier, then
2
) ( ) (
) 0 (
W
P
d
kVp W U kVp K
K =
U is the use factor for this barrier
P
d
11
KermaBehindaPrimaryBarrier KermaBehindaPrimaryBarrier Kerma Behind a Primary Barrier Kerma Behind a Primary Barrier
The kerma behind a primary barrier of
transmission B(x, kVp) is
) (
) ( ) (
) ( kV B
kVp W U kVp K
kV K
W
For thewholedistributionof workloads total
) , (
) ( ) (
) , (
2
kVp x B
d
p p
kVp x K
P
W
P
=
For the whole distribution of workloads, total
kerma is
) , (
) ( ) (
) (
2
kVp x B
d
kVp W U kVp K
x K
P
W
kVp
P

=
12
d
P
kVp
i i i i i i Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation:
The Old NCRP The Old NCRP--49 Model 49 Model The Old NCRP The Old NCRP 49 Model 49 Model
x
Barrier of thickness x decreases raw
i di ti k t P/T
13
primary radiation kerma to P/T
Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation:
The Reality The Reality
Grid, cassette,
supporting structures
ti t patient
Primary radiation is significantly
tt t d b f hi b i
14
attenuated before reaching barrier
Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation:
A Conservative, Realistic Model A Conservative, Realistic Model
Grid, cassette, maybe
image receptor
supporting structures
Even without the patient, primary radiation is still
i ifi tl tt t d b f hi b i
15
significantly attenuated before reaching barrier
Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation: Primary Radiation:
NCRP NCRP--147 Model 147 Model
Grid, cassette, maybe
supporting structures
N ti t! No patient!
x
x
pre
}
x
tot
= x +x
pre
Assume primary beam attenuation in image receptor is due to a
pseudo-barrier whose equivalent thickness x
pre
gives same
16
transmission as that seen for actual image receptors.
6
8
1E+0
Primary Transmission Through Patient,
Image Receptor, and Supports
2
4
1E-1
e
r
s
No patient & grid & cassette:
Data of Dixon (1994)
2
4
6
8
1E-1
s
i
o
n
u
n
t
e
d

G
r
i
d

+
C
a
s
s
e
t
t
e

H
o
l
d
B = 4.7E-6 kVp
2.181
4
6
8
1E-2
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
No patient & grid & cassette &
cassette support structures &
radiographic table:




W
a
l
l
-
M
o
u
C
a
s
s
e
t
t
e

+

C
6
8
2
1E-3
g p
B = 9.36E-13 kVp
4.917
Type of Radiographic Table
(data of Dixon 1994)
GE RTE Table
C
2
4
6
1E 4
GE Advantx Table
Siemens Multix-T Table
Picker Clinix-T Table
17
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150
kVp
1E-4
1E+3
Values of x
pre
(Grid+cassette+support)
1E+2
Plate Glass
Gypsum
p
1E 2
m
)
Concrete
1E+1
x
p
r
e

(
m
m
Steel
1E+0
Lead
1E-1
18
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
kVp
1E 1
xx for RadiographicRoom for RadiographicRoom xx
pre pre
for Radiographic Room for Radiographic Room
Workload Distributions Workload Distributions
From NCRP-147 Table 4.6:
Grid + cassette:
0.3 mm Pb
30 mm concrete
G id+ tt +t bl / h t b k t Grid + cassette + table/chest bucky supports:
0.85 mm Pb
72mmconcrete 72 mm concrete
(See Dixon & Simpkin Health Phys 74;181-
189;1998for amorecompletelist.)
19
189;1998 for a more complete list.)
Calculation of Primary Kerma Calculation of Primary Kerma
Same as model in NCRP-49 except
account for workloaddistributioninkVp account for workload distribution in kVp
May account for image receptor shielding x
pre
Primarykermainoccupiedareaisthen Primary kerma in occupied area is then
= +
pre P
x x K ) (

+
pre W
kVp x x B kVp W U kVp K
d
) , ( ) ( ) (
1
2
20
kVp
P
d
2
Scatter Radiation Scatter Radiation
i patient
21
ScaledNormalizedScatter Fraction ScaledNormalizedScatter Fraction Scaled Normalized Scatter Fraction Scaled Normalized Scatter Fraction
1 m
K
S
1 m
1m 1 m
6 +

S
K
K

6
1
10
+
=

P
S
K
K
a
22
K
P
1 cm
2
area
primary beam
at 1 m
Scaled Normalized Scatter Fraction Scaled Normalized Scatter Fraction
'
23
Scatter Radiation Scatter Radiation Scatter Radiation Scatter Radiation
Same theory as old NCRP-49
scatter fraction data of Kelley & Trout reevaluated
by Simpkin & Dixon (Health Phys 1998)
i b (
2
) d i di d pri beam area F (cm
2
) measured at pri distance d
F
conveniently taken as image receptor area @ SID
li itl h kV d d d explicitly show kVp dependence and sum over
workload distribution to yield shielded scatter
kerma kerma
) , (
) ( ) ( 10
) , (
2 2
6
1
kVp x B
d
F
d
kVp W kVp K a
x K
W
S

=
24
) ( ) (
2 2
p
d d
F
kVp
S
S
Leakage Radiation
Radiation originating from x-
ray tube focal spot but not
emanating from the tube
portal
i
portal
patient
25
Leakage radiation Leakage radiation Leakage radiation Leakage radiation
Intensitycant exceedL =100mR/hr at 1m Intensity can t exceed L 100 mR/hr at 1 m
when tube is operated at its leakage
technique factors technique factors
maximum potential for continuous operation
kVp (typically135-150kVp or 50kVpfor kVp
max
(typically 135 150 kVp, or 50 kVp for
mammography)
I
max
is the maximum continuous tube current
max
st e a u co t uoustubecu e t
possible at kVp
max
. Note that this is usually a
low mA, not typical of clinical radiography.
26
Leakage radiation Leakage radiation Leakage radiation Leakage radiation
These leakage technique factors specify
how thick the shielding in the tube housing
should be
NCRP49 suggested leakage technique gg g q
factors of 3.3 mA at 150 kVp, 4 mA at 125
kVp, 5 mA at 100 kVp; remain fairly p p y
typical today
27
Leakage radiation Leakage radiation Leakage radiation Leakage radiation
NCRP-147calculations(andshieldingmethods NCRP 147 calculations (and shielding methods
2 and 3) use
33mA at 150kVp 3.3 mA at 150 kVp
worst case leakage rates
(Subsequently wevefoundthat assuming4mA at (Subsequently, weve found that assuming 4 mA at
125 kVp leakage technique factors specifies
barriers that are 10-20% thicker than in the report) p )
However, actual leakage rates are 0-30% of the
maximum leakage so we dont see a problem
28
g p
New Leakage Model New Leakage Model gg
For tube operating at techniques (kVp, I) with p g q ( p, )
transmission through the tube housing B
housing
,
assume leakage kerma rate at 1 m through tube
housing is
) ( ) (
h i
2
kVp B I kVp kVp K
L

Assume worst case scenario: leakage kerma rate =

) ( ) (
housing
kVp B I kVp kVp K
L

limit L for tube operation at leakage technique
factors (conservative by factors of 3 to ~infinity)
29
New Leakage Model New Leakage Model gg
Estimate thickness of tube housing by using primary beam
output at leakage technique factors as model for unhoused p g q
leakage radiation.
1931 mGy/hr
100 mR/hr =0.873 mGy/hr
1 m
1 m
Tube operated at
150 kVp, 3.3 mA
unhoused
tube
Tube housing
=2.32 mm Pb
thick
1 m
1 m
30
1931 mGy/hr
1931 mGy/hr
New Leakage Model New Leakage Model gg
Write ratio of leakage kerma rates at any kVp
toL at kVp to L at kVp
max
and knowing that at a given kVp, workload
W(kVp) isthetimeintegral of thetube W(kVp) is the time integral of the tube
current:
h hi ld dl k k ( 1 )

= dt I kVp W ) (
then unshielded leakage kerma K
L
(at 1 m) at
that kVp is
) (
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) , 0 (
max housing max
2
max
housing
2
kVp B I kVp
kVp B kVp W U kVp L
kVp K
L

=
31
) (
max housing max max
kVp kVp
New Leakage Model New Leakage Model gg
Applyinginversesquaretodistanced
L
from Applying inverse square to distance d
L
from
tube to shielded area,
andputtingabarrier withtransmission and putting a barrier with transmission
exp(ln(2)x/HVL) between tube & area yields
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
2
kV B kV W U kV L

=
) (
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
) , (
max housing max
2
max
housing
2
kVp B I kVp
kVp B kVp W U kVp L
kVp x K
L

) (
) 2 ln(
exp
1
2
g
kVp HVL
x
d
32

) (kVp HVL d
L
How far off is NCRP How far off is NCRP- -49s leakage model? 49s leakage model?
1E-1
1E+0
1E-3
1E-2
e
/

1E 5
1E-4
Leakage dose as function of kVp
transmitted through x-ray tube
housing of 2.32 mm Pb compared
1
4
7

l
e
a
k
a
g
e
4
9

l
e
a
k
a
g
e
1E-6
1E-5
ous g o 3 b co pa ed
to that at 150 kVp
Leakage technique factors:
150 kVp, 3.3 mA for 100 mR/hr
N
C
R
P
-
1
N
C
R
P
-
4
1E-8
1E-7
33
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
kVp
1E-9
Summary: Shielding Model No 1 Summary: Shielding Model No 1 Summary: Shielding Model No. 1 Summary: Shielding Model No. 1
Rigorous model based on the well-accepted
NCRP-49 methods.
But you need a computer program y p p g
(XRAYBARR, for example) to implement
fully! f y
Is there a shielding method that allows
paper andcalculator solutions? paper and calculator solutions?
34
NCRP NCRP--147 Shielding Model No 2 147 Shielding Model No 2 NCRP NCRP 147 Shielding Model No. 2 147 Shielding Model No. 2
For each clinical workload distribution, of
l kl dW i f b h total workload W
norm
per patient, for both
primary and secondary barriers, NCRP-147
provides: provides:
K
1
, the kerma per patient at 1 m distance
Primarykermaper patient K
1
isinTable45 Primary kerma per patient K
P
is in Table 4.5
Secondary kerma per patient K
sec
1
is in Table 4.7
B, the transmission of the radiation ,
generated by this workload distribution for
primary or secondary barriers (cf App B & C)
35
NCRP NCRP--147 Shielding Model No 2 147 Shielding Model No 2 NCRP NCRP 147 Shielding Model No. 2 147 Shielding Model No. 2
Primary Air Kerma at 1 m for Workload
Di ib i K
1
36
Distributions, K
1
NCRP NCRP--147 Shielding Model No 2 147 Shielding Model No 2 NCRP NCRP 147 Shielding Model No. 2 147 Shielding Model No. 2
Secondary Air Kerma at 1 m for Workload
37
S y W
Distributions, K
1
sec
NCRP NCRP--147 Shielding Model No. 2 147 Shielding Model No. 2
For single kVp operation For single kVp operation cf. Simpkin and
Dixon Health Phys. 74(3), 350365 for y ( ),
secondary kerma per workload at 1 m at
single kVp operation g p p
All other data is available in NCRP 147
But be careful reading scientific notation: But be careful reading scientific notation:
1.234 x 10
1
= 12.34
38
Shielding Model No. 2 Shielding Model No. 2
Get theunshieldedkerma K(0) byscalingthekerma Get the unshielded kerma, K(0), by scaling the kerma
per patient at 1 m, K
1
, by
N patient procedures (suggested values of N are in Table
4.3) or, equivalently
total workload W
tot
(where workload/pat = W
norm
)
cantweakW byaQE-specifieddifferent workloadper can tweak W
tot
by a QE-specified different workload per
patient, W
site
t t
W U K N U K
1 1
Kerma is then
( h U i l db 1f d b i )
norm
tot
W d
W U K
d
N U K
K
2 2
) 0 ( = =
39
(where U is replaced by 1 for secondary barriers)
Shielding Model No. 2 Shielding Model No. 2
Ratioof P/T toK(0) istherequiredtransmission Ratio of P/T to K(0) is the required transmission
1
2
1
2
) 0 (
/
) (
W d P d P
K
T P
x B
norm
= = =
(again, U is replaced by 1 for secondary barriers)
T i i B i f i f
1 1
) 0 (
) (
UD T W UD T N
K
tot
Transmission B is now a function of
barrier material and thickness
kl ddi ib i workload distribution
primary or secondary
40
41
B=0.0047
42
x=1.2 mm Pb
Now the Now the
difficulty is in
reading the
correct curve!
43
Shielding Model No 3 for Shielding Model No 3 for Shielding Model No. 3 for Shielding Model No. 3 for
Representative Rooms Representative Rooms
Model No. 2 fails for
complicated complicated
assemblages of x-ray
tubes/ positions/
workload
distributions, such as
i di hi in a radiographic or
radiographic/
fluoroscopicroom
44
fluoroscopic room
Shielding Model No 3 for Shielding Model No 3 for Shielding Model No. 3 for Shielding Model No. 3 for
Representative Rooms Representative Rooms
(Using XRAYBARR) NCRP-147 shows
barrier thicknessrequirementscalculatedfor barrier thickness requirements calculated for
representative rooms:
Assumeconservativelysmall roomlayout Assume conservatively small room layout
assures maximum contribution from all sources
Presumesthat thekindsof exposuresmade Presumes that the kinds of exposures made
amongst the various x-ray tubes/positions follow
those observed by the AAPM TG-9 survey
45
y y
Representative Radiographic Room Representative Radiographic Room Representative Radiographic Room Representative Radiographic Room
46
Use Factors fromAAPMSurvey Use Factors fromAAPMSurvey Use Factors from AAPM Survey Use Factors from AAPM Survey
Cross-table
Rad Room:
Chest Bucky
Lateral Position
U=9%
Overtable Position
U=89% shooting down
t fl
Rad Room: floor/
other barriers applies
at floor
(Another primary wall gets
other barriers applies
to Overtable and
Crosstable positions
( p y g
U=2% of the floor/ other
barrier distribution; assume
tube is centered overtable)
47
tube is centered overtable)
Representative Radiographic Room Representative Radiographic Room p g p p g p
Cross-table
Lateral Wall Secondary Barrier
Chest
primary
y
Chest
Bucky
wall
U=2%
primary
k
y
d
a
r
y
U 2%
primary
wall
e
s
t

B
u
c
k
l

s
e
c
o
n
d
48
C
h
e
w
a
l
Secondary Barrier
RepresentativeR&F Room RepresentativeR&F Room Representative R&F Room Representative R&F Room
Also assume a Representative R&F room
Has same layout as Standard Radiographic Room
except an undertable fluoro x-ray tube and image
intensifier areadded centeredover table intensifier are added, centered over table
Does fluoro as well as standard radiographic work,
with table and chest buckies and crosstable work
Assume
75% of patients imaged as if in radiographic room p g g p
25% of patients imaged by fluoroscopy tube
49
Representative R&F Room Representative R&F Room
Overtable
Radtube
Chest Rad
tube
Rad tube
IImage
Intensifier
Crosstable
Lateral Rad
Tube
50
Tube
Undertable Fluoro Tube
RepresentativeRoom RepresentativeRoom Representative Room Representative Room
Barrier Requirements Barrier Requirements
From Model 2, transmission requirement is
2
1
2
) (
UK T N
d P
x B =
so the barrier thickness requirement must
scale as:
2
d P
T N
51
2
d P
RepresentativeRoom RepresentativeRoom Representative Room Representative Room
Barrier Requirements Barrier Requirements
Method:
GivenN patients/week, needtoshieldtoP/T, a Given N patients/week, need to shield to P/T, a
distance d from the x-ray source
Calculate in mGy
-1
m
-2
T N
y
Lookuptherequiredbarrier thicknessonthe
2
d P
Look up the required barrier thickness on the
graph appropriate for that workload
distribution, barrier, and barrier material
52
22
There are 12 There are 12 NT/Pd NT/Pd
22
graphs graphs
For Representative Radiographic and R&F
Rooms:
For Lead and Concrete:
Primarybarriers with preshielding y p g
Primarybarriers without preshielding
Secondary barriers
53
54
22
NT/Pd NT/Pd
22
curves have been fit curves have been fit
The NT/Pd
2
curves have been fit to a
modified Archer eqn:
Seefittingparametersat See fitting parameters at
http://geocities.com/djsimpkin/Shielding/Shield
ing.htm
55
g
56
NT/Pd NT/Pd
22
: From where is : From where is dd
measured? measured?
Primary Barriers
Floor overhead radiographic tube
Chest Buckywall chest tube(72" SID) Chest Bucky wall chest tube (72 SID)
Crosstable Lateral Wall cross-table tube (40" SID)
2% U wall center of table
Secondary Barriers
Floor patient ontable Floor patient on table
Chest Bucky secondary wall chest tube (72" SID)
Secondary Wall patient on table
Ceiling patient ontable
57
Ceiling patient on table
Equivalencyof ShieldingMaterialsfor Equivalencyof ShieldingMaterialsfor Equivalency of Shielding Materials for Equivalency of Shielding Materials for
Model No. 3 Calculations Model No. 3 Calculations
For representative room calculations only,
conservatively conclude y
Steel thickness requirement =
8 Pb thickness requirement q
Gypsum wallboard thickness requirement =
3.2 concrete thickness requirement
Glass thickness requirement =
1.2 concrete thickness requirement
58
Conclusions Conclusions
NCRP-147 utilizes 3 shielding models
Model No 1: Extensionof themethodsof NCRP 49 Model No. 1: Extension of the methods of NCRP-49
With kVp dependence
With new models for primary and leakage
R i t t i l t f ll Requires computer program to implement fully
Model No. 2: Based on data from model no. 1,
NCRP-147 shows kerma per patient at 1 m and transmission
i f i kl d curves appropriate for a given workload.
Calculate unshielded kerma and then transmission needed to
reduce to P/T. Look up barrier thickness.
M d l N 3 B d d f d l 1 Model No. 3: Based on data from model no. 1,
For N patients at distance d (for a particular workload
distribution & barrier), calculate NT/Pd
2
NCRP 147 h b i hi k f i f NT/Pd
2
59
NCRP-147 shows barrier thickness as function of NT/Pd
2