in that year, where he was engaged in the research and development
of communication network architectures and communication switch- ing software. He joined the Division of Medical Informatics, Shi- mane University Hospital, in 2004. He moved to the Department of Medical Informatics, Shimane University School of Medicine, in 2005. His research interests include information processing systems in hospitals as well as computational learning theory and its appli- cation. He is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers of Japan, the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, the Japan Society for Health Care Manage- ment, and the Japanese Society for Clinical Pathway. Takato Kudou was born in Oita, Japan, in 1963. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng. and D. Eng. degrees in communication engineering, all from Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, in 1985, 1987 and 1990, respectively. From 1990 to 1994, he was a Research Associate of the Department of Computer Science and Communica- tion Engineering, Kyushu University. In 1994, he joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Oita University, and is currently an Associate Professor of the same Univer- sity. His research interests have been on electromagnetic direct/inverse scattering and FDTD analysis of the electromagnetic environment. Dr. Kudou is a member of the IEICE of Japan, the IEE of Japan and the Japanese Society of Medical and Biomedical Engineering. Takashi Kano was born in Tokyo, Japan, in 1949. He received his B.Eng. degrees from Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1973. He received his Ph.D. degree from Toa University, Yamaguchi, Japan, in 2004. Since 1973, he has worked at the Department of Medical Engi- neering Service in Mitsui Memorial Hospital for 32 years. Since 2006, he has been working at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University. Prof. Kano is a member of the Japanese Society of Medical and Biomedical Engineering, the Healthcare Engineering Association of Japan and the Japanese Society of Medical Instrumentation. EMC EMI in Modern AC Motor Drive Systems Firuz Zare, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia Email: f.zare@qut.edu.au AbstractIn this paper, several aspects of high frequency related issues of modern AC motor drive systems, such as common mode voltage, shaft voltage and resultant bearing current and leakage currents, have been discussed. Conducted emission is a major prob- lem in modern motor drives that produce undesirable effects on electronic devices. In modern power electronic systems, increasing power density and decreasing cost and size of system are market requirements. Switching losses, harmonics and EMI are the key factors which should be considered at the beginning stage of a design to optimise a drive system. Introduction Nowadays, more than 60 percent of the worlds energy is used to drive electric motors. Due to growing requirements of speed control, pulse width modulated inverters are used in adjustable speed drives. Rapid developments in semiconductor technolo- gy have increased the switching speed and frequency of power switches dramatically. In a motor drive system, a voltage source converter with hard switches generates high dv/dt, which causes leakage currents due to stray capacitances in an electric motor. As shown in Fig.1, a modern power electronic drive consists of a filter, a rectifier, a DC link capacitor, an inverter and an AC motor. Many small capacitive couplings exist in the motor drive systems which may be neglected at low frequency analysis but the conditions are completely different at high frequencies. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is a major problem in recent motor drives that produces undesirable effects on elec- tronic devices. In modern power electronic systems, increasing power density and decreasing cost and size of a system are mar- ket requirements. Switching losses, harmonics and EMI are the key factors which should be considered at the beginning stage of a design to optimise a drive system. Common mode voltage creates shaft voltage through electro- static couplings between a rotor and stator windings and the ro- tor and a frame which can cause bearing currents when the shaft voltage exceeds a breakdown voltage level of the bearing grease. An increase in the carrier frequency of voltage-source Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverters based on high-speed switching devices has improved operating characteristics of the inverters. High speed switching can generate the following se- rious problems due to high dv/dt: Ground current escaping to earth through stray capacitors inside a motor Conducted and radiated noises Shaft voltage and bearing current Models of parasitic couplings and high frequency com- ponents for an inverter fed induction motor drive system are investigated to determine suitable models to predict 54 2009 IEEE bearing currents and shaft voltage over a wide frequency range. A high frequency model of an electric motor is an important issue for power electronic engineers, which helps them to analyse leakage and bearing currents and to design EMI filters. At low frequency, an equivalent circuit of an electric motor consists of inductances and resistances with- out considering stray capacitances and skin effect. These issues become more important at high speed switching ap- plications due to high dv/dt. Fig.2 shows the capacitive cou- plings of an induction motor and a view of stator slot, where: C wr is the capacitive coupling be- tween the stator winding and rotor C ws is the capacitive coupling be- tween the stator winding and stator frame C rs is the capacitive coupling be- tween the rotor and stator frame C ww is the capacitive coupling between turns of stator winding C ball is the capacitive coupling of ball bearing Fig.3 shows a general structure of a ball bearing and shaft in an AC ma- chine. As shown in this figure there are some balls between outer and in- ner races with lubricated grease be- tween the balls and the races. There are capacitive couplings between the outer and inner races. During opera- tion, the distances between the balls and races may be changed and will vary the capacitance values and resul- tant electric field between the races and balls. Due to this fact, this capac- itance has a nonlinear value. Lubricat- ed grease in the ball bearing cannot withstand a high voltage and a short circuit through the lubricated grease may happen, thus this phenomenon can be modelled as a switch. PWM inverters have been found to be a major cause of motor bearing failures in inverter motor drive sys- tems. All inverters generate common mode voltages relative to the ground, which make bearing current through motor parasitic capacitances. According to Fig.4.a, phase volt- ages and a common mode voltage (V n ) can be derived based on the power converter voltages (V a , V b ,V c ). Each leg voltage of a three phase inverter is given by: V a 5V an 1V n V b 5V bn 1V n
(1) V c 5V cn 1V n And then: V a 1V b 1V c 5 1 V an 1V bn 1V cn 2 13V n (2) It is clear that in a three-phase system: V an 1V bn 1V cn 50 (3) So, the common mode voltage can be calculated as: V n 5 1 V a 1V b 1V c 2 /3 (4) Fig. 1. A power electronic motor drive system with capacitive couplings. Filter Voltage Supply Filter Diode Rectifier Inverter dc-Link Capacitor Cables Motor PE Fig. 3. (a) general structure of a ball bearing (b) a view of ball, outer and inner races and capacitive couplings (c) simple model of a ball bearing. Shaft Inner Race Ball Outer Race C BO d BO d BI C BI Outer Race Inner Race Ball S C (a) (b) (c) Fig. 2. A view of stator slot and capacitive coupling in an induction motor. Stator (s) Winding (w) Rotor (r) Stator Stator End Winding End Winding Motor Frame Ballbearing Ballbearing C ww C ws C wr C ball C ball C wr C ww C rs Rotor Shaft 55 2009 IEEE In a three phase power inverter, a DC voltage is converted to three phase voltages with 120 phase shift. Fig.4.b shows three phase leg voltages of an inverter with common mode voltage. The trend in increasing switch- ing frequency improves the quality of current waveforms in motor drive systems but due to short switching time, a high dv/dt is produced across the motor terminal. The leakage current is created by a high voltage stress during switching time and ca- pacitive coupling in an AC motor. Fig.5 shows a simple equiva- lent model of an induction motor which contains main capacitances between the windings, rotor and the stator frame. Analysis of an Electric Motor at High Frequency The stray capacitance between the windings and the stator frame is the most significant parasitic compo- nent compared to the other stray capacitances which generate signifi- cant conducted emission noise. At high frequency, an electric motor can be modeled as distributed capac- itors, inductors and resistors as shown in Fig.6 and the maximum frequency can be determined using the standing waves equation. We consider one v section to model the motor at high frequency as shown in Fig.6.b and only the stray capacitance between the windings and the stator has been considered. Each motor has different high frequency parameters due to its structure, size and materials. Calculation of C ws The first step is to measure the magnitude and the phase values of the impedance in terms of frequency based on two different connections of the windings. The first measurement is based on Fig.7.a where three phas- es are connected to each other at the terminal sides. Thus, the impedance between the phases and the stator (phase and mag- nitude values) can be measured in terms of the frequency using an impedance analyzer. Based on this configuration, the impedance of the stray ca- pacitance, C ws , is much higher than the impedance of L s and R loss at low frequencies and the model can be simplified as two parallel stray capacitances. Fig.8 shows measurement results of the impedance between the phases and the stator frame of a 5.5 KW motor. According to Fig.8, the phase value is around 90 at ,40 KHz which addresses the fact that the two capacitors are connected to each other in parallel. The stray capacitance of the electric motor has been calculated using the magnitude and the phase values from 10 kHz up to 40 kHz and the result shows that C ws is almost around 0.9 nF. The capacitance value is calculated based on the measurement results and 0 Z c ws 0 51/vC ws . Calculation of L s and R loss The second measurement is based on Fig.7.b where three phases are connected to each other and the impedance between the phases and star point is measured. Based on this configura- tion, the impedance of the stray capacitance is much higher than the impedance of L s and R loss (Fig.9.a) at low frequencies Fig. 4. (a) three phase voltage source inverter (b) PWM voltage. V a V an V bn V cn V b V c V n (a) (b) 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 Fig. 5. A high frequency model of an induction motor. C ws C rs C wr C ball Rotor Stator Frame Winding 56 2009 IEEE and it can be simplified as an induc- tive and a resistive load as shown in Fig.9.b. Fig.10 shows measurement re- sults of the impedance between the phases and the star point. The in- ductance and resistance values can be calculated using the measure- ment results and based on the cir- cuit diagram shown in Fig.9.b. The inductance value is decreased from 5.77 mH down to 5.56 mH when L s L s c ws c ws R Loss R Loss (a) (b) Fig. 9. Circuit diagram for measurement between phases and star point (a) a model of motor (b) simplified model for low frequency range. 1 10 100 718 4.73 100 50 0 50 100 72.2 85.5 1 10 3 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 7 1 10 5 1 10 6 1 10 7 Z1 0 Z1 1 (a) 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 7 1 10 5 1 10 6 1 10 7 P1 0 (b) P1 1 Fig. 10. Measurement results (a) magnitude and (b) phase values between the phases-star point of a 5.5 KW motor. Fig. 6. (a) a distributed model of an electric motor at high frequency (b) a simple model of an electric motor. C C C R-L stator R-L stator R-L stator R loss L s Phase C C C C ws C ws C C 1 2 n n (a) (b) Fig. 7. Two different connections to measure the impedance between (a) the phases and the stator (b) the phases and the star point. Phase Phase Stator n n (a) (b) Fig. 8. Measurement results (a) magnitude and (b) phase values between the phases and the stator of a 5.5 KW motor. 1 10 100 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 5 1 10 6 1 10 7 1 10 3 Z2 1 Z2 0 100 50 0 50 100 (a) 1 10 4 1 10 5 1 10 6 1 10 7 P2 0 (b) P2 1 57 2009 IEEE the frequency is increased from 10 kHz up to 40 kHz. At low frequency (below 100 kHz), the input impedance of the wind- ings (according to Fig.9.b) is Z RL 5R loss 3jvL s /jvL s 1R loss . The magnitude and phase values of this configuration, which are used to extract the resistance and inductance values, are given in Fig.10. The simulations have been carried out based on the follow- ing equations driven from the above figures: Z stator_winding 5 Z C ws 1 Z RL 1Z C ws 2 2 3 Z C ws 1Z RL Z winding_winding 5 Z C ws 2 1 Z RL 2 Z C ws 2 1Z RL Where Z RL 5R loss 3
jvL s /jvL s 1R loss and 0 Z c ws 0 51/vC ws There is a short cable from the motor terminals to the impedance analyzer, which can be modeled as a R_L in series with the motor as shown in Fig.11. The second resonance frequency shown in Fig.10 is associated with this inductance and the first stray capacitance, C ws . Thus the inductance value of the cable can be calculated using L cable 51/ 1 2pf 2 2 C ws 5378 nH. The resistance value of the cable can be calculated at the second resonance frequency. Based on this analysis, the parameters of the 5.5 kW motor have been extracted as follow: L s 5 5.56 mH; C ws 5 0.9 nF; R loss 5 2215 V; L cable 5 378 nH; R cable 5 3 V The 5.5 kW motor is modeled based on this analysis and the simulation and experimental results are shown in Fig.12. The cable impedance is negligible at frequencies below 4-5 MHz but it becomes significant above that frequency range. Active EMI Filters The use of Active EMI filters based on current injection is a proper solution to cancel common mode high frequency cur- rents. Fig.13 shows a block diagram of an active EMI filter with a common mode transducer. The filter composes of an emitter follower using complemen- tary transistors and a common mode transformer to measure the Fig. 12. Experimental and simulation results of a 5.5 kW motor; (a) magnitude (b) phase values between phases-stator (c) magnitude (d) phase values between phases-star point. 1 10 100 1 10 4 100 78.3 91.1 50 0 0 50 100 100 79.087 85.5 50 50 100 1 10 3 1 10 4 1 10 4 3.1 10 3 2.79 1 10 7 1 10 5 1 10 6 1 10 7 Z_exp 0 ,
Fig. 11. A high frequency model of a motor with a short cable.
R cable L cable L s n R loss C ws C ws Stator 58 2009 IEEE leakage current. A high frequency amplifier generates the same current and injects it into the motor drive circuit in order to by- pass the current as shown in Fig.13. In this case, the leakage cur- rent generated by dv/dt is circulated through the active filter. There are few issues to design an active EMI filter which should be considered: A high band width power amplifier to generate the leakage current A three-phase or a single-phase current transducer with sym- metrical configuration to measure current accurately A separate power supply for the active EMI filter. Conclusions A high frequency model of an electric motor has been analyzed in this paper. One of the advantages of the high frequency model of the electric motor is to estimate and analyze the leak- age and bearing currents to design EMI filters using simula- tions. This paper addresses a simple method to extract high frequency parameters of an electric motor based on the mea- surement results. It is recommended to estimate the behavior of the motor in a frequency range, when the motor acts as a capacitive or an inductive load according to the phase values of the impedance. Then, the parameters can be calculated directly from the magnitude and the phase values of the impedance. In this paper several aspects of high frequency related issues of modern AC motor drive systems, such as common mode voltage, shaft voltage and resultant bearing current and leak- age currents, have been discussed. Conducted and radiated emissions are major problems in modern motor drives that pro- duce undesirable effects on electronic devices. In modern pow- er electronic systems, increasing power density and decreasing cost and size of system are market requirements. Switching losses, harmonics and EMI are the key factors which should be considered at the beginning stage of a design to optimise a drive system. In most power electronic designs, EMI issues have not been taken into account as one of the main factors; and mitigation techniques for EMI are considered at the last stage of design! References [1] Firuz Zare, Power Electronics E-Book, www.peeeb.com; from this web- site, you can virtually attend lectures and tutorials and also access to lecture notes and computer Labs. [2] Firuz Zare, High frequency model of an electric motor based on measure- ment results, Australian Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (AJEEE), Vol 4, No 1, 2008, page 17-24. Biography Dr. Firuz Zare received his B.Eng degree in Electronic Engineering from Gilan University, his MSc degree in Power Engineering from K.N Toosi University and his Ph.D. degree in Power Electronics from Queensland University of Tech- nology in 1989, 1995 and 2001, respectively. He spent several years in industry as a team leader and development engineer where he was involved in electronics and power electronics projects. Dr. Zare won a student paper prize at the Australian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC) conference in 2001 and was awarded a Sym- posium Fellowship by the Australian Academy of Technological Sci- ence and Engineering in 2001. He received the Vice Chancellors Award in research in 2009 and faculty excellence award in research as an early career academic from Queensland University of Technol- ogy in 2007. Dr. Zare has published over 60 journal and conference papers and technical reports in the area of Power Electronics. He has been invited as a reviewer and technical chair of national and inter- national conferences and presented several seminars and workshops. He presented a half-day tutorial at the 2007 IEEE International Sym- posium on EMC in Hawaii, at the EMC Asia Pacific Workshop in Singapore in May 2008 and at the 2008 IEEE International Sym- posium on EMC in Michigan. Dr. Zare is a senior lecturer at the Queensland University of Technology, Australia and a senior member of the IEEE. EMC Vs Active EMI Filter Motor I leakage Fig. 13. An active EMI filter.