HkqiVy dks izHkkfor djus okys cy

vUrtkZr cy nsk izdkj ds gksrs gS & {kSfrt (horizontal) rFkk

mQokZ/j (verticall) buds dkj.k nks izdkj dh lapyu (movemets) ;k
vUrtkZr cy
(Endogenetic forces)
Cktkr cy
(Exogenetic forces)
iVy fo:i.k
(Disatrophism)
vkdfLed cy
(Sudden forces)
vukPNknu
(Denudation)
vi{k;
(Weathering)
vijnu
(Erosion)
Lkewfgd
LFkkukUrj.k
(Mass transfer)
egksn'k tud cy
(Epeirogenetic
forces)
iorZ
fuekZ.kdkjh cy
(Orogenetic forces)
Tokykeq[k
h
(Volcanicity)
HkqdEi
(Earthquake)
mifjeq[kh cy
(Upward forces)
v/kseq[kh cy
(Downward forces)
voryu
(Subsidence)
mR{ksi
(Uplift)
ruko
(Tension)
LkEihMu
(Compression)
HkwiVd
foHkax
(Crustal fracture)
HkwiVy cadu
(Crustal bending)
pVdu
(Cracking)
Hkza'ku
(Faulting)
laoyu
(Warping)
oyu
(Floding)
?kVuk,W gksrh gSa & (i) iVy fo:i.kdkjh ?kVuk,W (diastrophism)
rFkk (ii) vkdfLed ?kVuk,W ;k Tokykeq[kh ,oa HkwdEi (volcanism
and earthquakes)A
1- iVyfo:i.k (Diastrophism) & i`Foh ds vkUrfjd Hkkx {kSfrt ,oa
mQokZ/j xfr;ksa ds iQyLo:Ik vusd izdkj dh vkd`fr;k
HkwiVy ij fufeZr gksrh gSA ;s nh?kZdkfyd ?kVuk, gSa]
buds mRiUu gkssus esa le; yxrk gSA {kSfrt cy ds dkj.k
/jkry ij ruko (tension) ,oa laihMu (compression) gksrk gSA ruko
ds dkj.k HKwiVy Hkax (crustal fracture) gksrk gS ;k mlesa
njkjsa iM+rh gSa dgha&dgha og vorfyr Hkh gks tkrk gSA
laihMu ds dkj.k HkwiVy dh ijrksa esa oyu (folds) iM+rs
gSaA dqN Hkkx ioZrksa dh Hkkfr mQij mB tkrs gSa]
dgha ?kkVh ds leku uhps /Wl tkrs gSaA mQokZ/j
(vertical) xfr;ksa ds iQyLo:Ik /jkry ij mR{ksi (uplift) ,oa voryu
(subsidence) f;k,W gksrh gSA leqnz rVh; Hkkx fo'ks"k :Ik ls
fueXu (submerge) ;k mUeXu (cmerge) gks tkrs gSA
2- vkdfLed ?kVuk,W (Sudden movemnts) 'kCnkFkZ ds vuq:Ik
vDLekr~ mRiUUk gksrh gSaA bUgsa mRIkUUk djus ;k
lf; cukus dk dk;Z HkwxHkZ esa igys ls pkyw jgrk gSA
buds vUrxZr Tokykeq[kh f;k (volcanisom or volcanicity) ,oa
HkqdEi (earthquake) lfEefyr gSaA Tokykeq[kh ds lf; gksus
ij mlds foLiQksV ls fu%Lk`r inkFkks }kjk HkwiVy ds mQij
o Hkhrj vusd LFkykd`fr;ksa mRiUu gksrh gSA HkwdEi ds
}kjk Hkh HkwiVy ij fooal gksrk gSA ufn;ksas ds ekxZ cny
tkrs gS] >hysa mRiUu gks tkrh gS] dgha njkjsa ,oa xgjs
xrksZ dh mRifk gksrh gSA lkaLd`frd LFkykd`fr;k
bekjrsa] jsy ,oa lM+d ekxZ] vkfn lHkh u"V gks tkrs gSa
tu/u dh vyx gkfu gksrh gSA (vkdfLed ?kVukvksa ,oa
mRiUu LFykd`fr;ksa dk foospu v;k; 17 & ^^Tokykeq[kh
,oa HkwdEi** esa fd;k x;k gSA)
cktky cy
(Exogenetic Forces)
HkwiVy ij vUrtkZr cyksa ds lf; gksus ds vusd fo"kerk,W
iSnk gks tkrh gSaA bu fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djds /jkry dks likV
cukus dh f;k Hkh izd`fr ds lEiUu gksrh jgrh gSA ;g dk;Z
cktkr cyksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa fooaldkjh cy (destruction
forces) Hkh dgrs gSaA /jkry ij ekStwn LFky:iksa dks dkV NkWV
rFkk f?kldj {kh.k cukus ds dkj.k bu cyksa dks fouk'kdkjh dgk
x;k gSA izokgh ty] iou] ,oa fge blds izeqk dkjd ;k lk/u (agents)
gSaA bu lk/uksa dks lf; cukus esa rhu izeq[k dkjd ;ksx nsrs
gSa & (i) lw;kZir (insolation)] (ii) xq:Rokd"kZ.k (gravitation) ,oa (iii)
i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu (earth's rotation)A lw;kZri gh /jkry ij rkiekuksa ds
fo"ke forj.k dk dkj.k gSA rkih; fHkUurkvksa ls ok;qnkc esa vUrj
vkrk gS rFkk ok;q fo{kksHk] iou vkfn mRiUu gksrs gSaA ;gh
ugha] 'kSyksa ds vi{k; esa Hkh lw;kZri izHkkodkjh gksrk gSA
xq:Ro rFkk i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu iou rFkk fge ds izokg dks
fu;fU=kr djrs gSA
Cktkr cyksa dks lf; cukus esa fdlh u fdlh xfr'khy lk/u dk
;ksx vo';d gksrk gSA izokgh ty] fge] iou] vkfn xfr'khy lk/u gh
/jkry ij dkV&NkWV dk dk;Z djrs gSaA 'kSyksa dh
dkWV&NkWV] f?klus rFkk {kh.k cukus dh f;k dks vukPNknu
(denudation) dgrs gSA eksUdgkml (Monkhouse) ds vuqlkj
vukPNknu esa mu lHkh lk/uksa ds dk;Z lfEEkfyr gSa ftuls
HkwiVy ds fdlh Hkkx dk i;kZIr fouk'k] viO;; rFkk gkfu gksrh
gSA bl miyC/ inkFkZ dk vU;=k fu{ksi gksrk gS rFkk buls
volknh 'kSyksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
vukPNknu ds ize
(Process of denudation)
HkwiVu ds vukPNknu esa nks ize vFkok 'kfDRk;k eq[;
gSa & (i) LFkSfrd ,oa (ii) xfr'khyA
1- LFkSfrd ize (Static process) & LFkSfrd izf;k ls vfHkizk;
'kSyksa dh vius gh LFkku ij (in situ) VwV&iQwV ls gSA blds }kjk
'kSysa <+hyh iM+rh gS rFkk pV~Vkuksa dk pw.kZ curk gSA
bl f;k dks vi{k; (weathering) dgrs gSaA
2- xfr'khy ize (Mobile process) & xq:Ro izokgh ty (o"kkZ ty] unh]
------- ygjs vkfn lk/u 'kSy inkFkks dks rksM+us&iQksM+rs gS
rFkk vi{kf;r inkFkZ dks mBkdj] vU;=k ds tkdj fu{ksfir dj nsrs
gSaA bl f;k ds vUrxZr o`gr~ {kj.k (mass movement) rFkk vijnu
(crosion) lfEEkfyr gSaA ifjogu ,oa fu{ksi Hkh vijnu ls lECk gSA
bl izdkj vi{k; ,oa vijnu f;kvksa dk lfEefyr izHkko
vukPNknu dgykrk gS (DFedudation is sum total of weathering and
crosion.)A


vi{k;
(Weathering)
gksEl (Holmes) ds vuqlkj ^^vi{k; mu fofHkUu Hkwi`"Bh;
izeksa dk izHkko gS tks 'kSyksa ds fouk'k ,oa fo?kVu esa
lgk;d gksrs gSa] c'krsZ fd <hys inkFkZ dk cM+s iSekus ij
ifjogu u gksA**
LikDlZ (Sparks) ds er esa ^^i`Foh dh lrg ij izkd`frd lk/uksa
}kjk 'kSyksa ds vius gh LFkku ij ;kfU=kd fof/ }kjk VwVus ;k
jklk;fud vi?kVu dh izf;k vi{k; dgykrh gSA** (Weathering may be
defined as the mechanical fracturing or chemical decomposition of rocks, in situ,
by natural agents at the surface of the earth.")
vi{k; dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd ;g ,d LFkSfrd
ize (Static process) gS ftlds }kjk 'kSysa vius gh LFkku ij
VwV&iQwV dj ;k <hyh iM+dj fc[kj tkrh gSA blds vUrxZr nks
izdkj ds ize lf; gksrs gSa &
1- HkkSfrd ize (Physical processes) & rkih; ifjorZu] rq"kkj f;k
(frost action) rFkk tho&tUrq ,oa ouLifr }kjk 'kSyksa dk
ekSfyd :Ik ls fo?kVu (disintegration) rFkk vinyu (exfoliation)
gksrk gS fdUrq blls 'kSy rRoksa esa dksbZ jklk;fud ifjorZu
ugha gksrkA
2- jklk;fud ize (Chemical process) & ty vkWDlhtu]
dkCkZu&MkbvkWDlkbM vkfn }kjk 'kSyksa esa jklk;fud
ifjorZu gksrs gSa ftlls 'kSy d.k <hys iM+rs gSA bl f;k dks
vi?kVu (decomposition) dgrs gSaA












Hkwxksy
iz'ui=k & 1
Hkwxksy ds flkar
izkd`frd Hkwxksy
1- Hkwvkd`fr foKku % Hkwvkd`fr fodkl ds fu;a=kd dkj.k_
vartkZr ,oa cfgtfr cy_ HkwiiZVh dk mn~xe ,oa fodkl_
Hkw&pqcdRo ds ewy ewy flkar_ i`Foh ds varjax dh izkd`frd
n'kk,a Hkw&vfHkufr_ egk}hih; foLFkkiu_ lefLFkfr_ IysV
foorZfudh_ ioZrksRifr ds laca/ esa vfHkuo fopkj_
Tokykeq[kh;rk_ Hkwdai ,oa lqukeh_ Hkwvkd`frd p ,oa
n`';Hkwfe fodkl dh ladYiuk,a] vUkkPNknu dkykuqe_ tyekxZ
vkd`frdfoKku_ vijnu i`"B_ izo.krk fodkl_ vuqiz;qDr Hkwvkd`fr
foKku_ HkwtyfoKku] vkfFkZd HkwfoKku ,oa Ik;kZoj.k
2- tyok;q foKku % fo'o ds rki ,oa nkc dfVca/] i`Foh dk rkih;
ctV_ ok;qeaMy ifjlapj.k] ok;qeaMy fLFkjrk ,oa vufLFkjrk]
HkweaMyh; ,oa LFkkuh; iou_ ekulwu ,oa tsV izokg_ ok;q jkf'k
,oa okrkxztuu_ 'khrks".k ,oa m".kdfVca/h; pokr_ o"kZ.k ds
izkdkj ,oa forj.k_ ekSle ,oa tyok;q_ dksisu] FkkWuZosV ,oa
=ksok/kZ dk fo'o tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu esa ekuo dh
Hkwfedk ,oa vuqf;k] vuqiz;qDr tyok;q foKku ,oa uxjh tyok;q
3- leq foKku % vVykafVd] fgUn ,oa iz'kkar egklkxjksa dh
ryh; LFkykd`fr_ egklkxjksa dk rki ,oa yo.krk_ mQ"ek ,oa yo.k
ctV] egklkxjh fu{ksi] rjax /kjk,a ,oa Tokj&HkkVk_ leqnzh lalk/u
thoh;] [kfut ,oa mQtkZ lalk/u] izcky fefk;ka_ izoky fojatu_
leqnz ry ifjorZu_ leqnz fu;e ,oa leqnzh iznw"k.k-
4- tho Hkwxksy % e`nkvksa dks mRifr_ e`nkvksa dk oxhZdj.k
,oa forj.k_ e`nk ifjPNsfndk_ e`nk vijnu_ U;wuhdj.k ,oa laj{k.k_
ikni ,oa tarqvksa ds oSf'od forj.k dks izHkkfor djusokys dkjd_
ou vijksi.k dh leL;k,a ,oa lja{k.k ds mik;_ lkekftd okfudh_ d`fr
okfudh_ oU; thou_ izeq[k thu iwy dsUnz-
5- i;kZoj.kh; Hkwxksy % ikfjfLFkfrdh ds flkar_ ekuo
ikfjfLFkfrd vuqdwyu% ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa Ik;kZoj.k ij ekuo dk
izHkko_ oSf'od ,oa {ks=kh; ikfjfLFkfrd ifjorZu ,oa vlarqyu%
ikfjra=k mudk izca/u ,oa laj{k.k_ i;kZoj.kh; fuEuhdj.k] izca/ ,oa
laj{k.k% tSo fofo/rk ,oa laiks"k.kh; fodkl% i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk ,oa
fo/ku-
ekou Hkwxksy
1- ekuo Hkwxksy esa lan'kZ% {ks=kh; foHksnu_ izknsf'kd
la'ys"k.k_ f}Hkktu ,oa }Srokn_ i;kZoj.kokn_ ek=kkRed
kafr ,oa vofLFkfr fo'ys"k.k% mxzlq/kj] O;kogkfjd] ekuoh;
,oa dY;k.k mikxe% Hkk"kk,a] /eZ ,oa fujis{khdj.k_ fo'o ds
lkaLd`frd izns'k_ eko fodkl lwpd-
2- vkfFkZd Hkwxksy % fo'o vkfFkZd fodkl eki ,oa leL;k,a_
fo'o lalk/u ,oa mudk forj.k_ mQtkZ ladV% lao`f dh
lhek,a_ fo'o d`f"k% d`f"k izns'kksa dh iz:irk% d`f"k fuos'k
,oa mRikndrk_ [kk| ,oa iks"k.k leL;k,a_ [kk| lqj{kk_
nqfHkZ{k_ dkj.k] izHkko ,oa mipkj] fo'o m|ksx_ voLFkkfud
izfr:Ik ,oa leL;k,a_ fo'o O;kikj ds izfreku-
3- tula[;k ,oa cLrh Hkwxksy % fo'o tula[;k dh o`f vkSj
forj.k_ tulkaf[;dh xq.k_ ioklu ds dkj.k ,oa ifj.kke_
vfrjsd&vYi ,oa vuqdwyre tula[;k dh ladYiuk,a_ tula[;k ds
flkar_ fo'o tuola[;k leL;k,a vkSj uhfr;ka_ lkekftd iwath ds
:Ik esa tula[;k- xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa ds izdkj ,oa izfr:i_ xzkeh.k
cfLr;ksa esa i;kZoj.kh; eqs_ uxjh; cfLr;ksa dk inkuqe_
uxjh; vkdfjdh_ izeq[k 'kgj ,oa Js.kh vkdkj iz.kkyh dh
ladYiuk_ uxjkas dk izdk;kZRed oxhZdj.k_ uxjh; izHkko
{ks=k_ xzke uxj mikar_ vuq"kaxh uxj uxjhdj.k dh leL;k,a
,oa lek/ku_ uxjksa dk laiks"k.kh; fodkl-
4- izknsf'kd vk;kstu % izns'k dh ladYiuk_ izns'kksa ds izdkj
,oa izns'khdj.k dh fof/;ka_ o`f dsUnz rFkk o`f /zqo_
izknsf'kd vlarqyu_ izknsf'kd fodkl dk;Zuhfr;ka_ izknsf'kd
vk;sktuk esa Ik;kZoj.kh; eqs_ laiks"k.kh; fodkl ds fy,
vk;kstuk-
5- ekuo Hkwxksy esa ekWMy] flkar ,oa fu;e% ekuo
Hkwxksy esa iz.kkyh fo'ys"k.k_ ekYFkl dk] ekDlZ dk vkSj
tulkaf[;dh; lae.k ekWMy_ fLVkoj ,oa ykW'k dk dsUnzh;
LFkku flkar_ is: ,oa cwnsfo,_ okWu Fkwusu dk d`f"k
voLFkku ekWMy_ oscj dk vkS|ksfxd voLFkku ekWMy_
vksLrkso dk o`f voLFkk ekMy] var% Hkwfe ,oa cfg%
Hkwfe flkar varjjkZ"Vh; lhek,a ,oa lhekar {ks=k ds fu;e-
iz'ui=k&2
Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy
1- HkkSfrd foU;kl- iM+kslh ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr dk varfj{k
laca/_ lajpuk ,oa mPpkop_ viokgra=k ,oa vy foHkktd_
Hkw&vkd`frd izns'k% Hkkjrh; ekulwu ,oa o"kkZ izfr:i]
m".kdfVca/h; pokr ,oa if'peh fo{kksHk xb f;k fof/_ ck<+
,oa vuko`f"V_ to;k;oh izns'k_ izkd`frd ouLifr] e`nk izdkj ,oa
mudk forj.k-
2- lalk/u% Hkwfe] lrg ,oa HkkSety] mQtkZ] [kfut] thoh; ,oa
leqnzh lalk/u_ ou,oa oU; thou lalk/u ,oa mudk laj{k.k_
mQtkZ ladV-
3- d`f"k volajpuk% flapkbZ] cht] moZjd] fo|qr_ laLFkkxr
dkjd% tksr Hkw&/kj.k ,oa Hkwfe lq/kj% 'kL;u izfr:i] d`f"k
mRikndrk] d`f"k izd"kZ] iQly la;kstu] Hkwfe {kerk_ d`f"k
izd"kZ] iQly la;kstu] Hkwfe {kerk_ d`f"k ,oa lkekftd
okfudh_ gfjr kafr ,oa bldh lkekftd vkfFkZd ,oa ikfjfLFkfrd
foo{kk_ o"kkZ/hu [ksrh dk egRo_ Ik'kq/u lalk/u ,oa 'osr
kafr_ ty d`f"k] js'ke dhVikyu] e/qef{kikyu] ,oa dqdqV
ikyu_ d`f"k izkns'khdj.k_ d`f"k tyok;oh {ks=k_ d`f"k
ikfjfLFkfrd izns'k-
4- m|ksx% m|ksxksa dk fodkl% dikl] tqV] oL=kks|ksx] yksg
,oa bLikr] vyqfefu;e] voZjd] dkxt] jlk;u ,oa iQkekZL;qfVdYl]
vkVkseksckby] dqVhj ,oa d`f"k vk/kfjr m|ksxksa ds
vofLFkfr dkjd_ lkoZtfud {ks=k ds mieksa lfgr vkS|ksfxd
?kjkus ,oa ladqy_ vkS|ksfxd izkns'khdj.k_ ubZ vkS|ksfxd
uhfr;ka_ cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ka ,oa mnkjhdj.k_ fo'ks"k
vkfFkZd {ks=k_ ikfjfLFkfrdh&Ik;ZVu lesr i;ZVu-
5- ifjogu] lapkj ,oa O;kikj % lM+d] jsyekxZ] tyekxZ] gokbZ
ekxZ ,oa ikbiykbu] usVodZ ,oa izknsf'kd fodkl esa mudh
iwjd Hkwfedk_ jk"Vh; ,oa fons'kh O;kikj okys iruksa dk
c<+rk egRo_ O;kikj larqyu_ O;kikj uhfr_ fu;kZr ize.k
{ks=k_ lapkj ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh esa vk;k fodkl vkSj
vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk lekt ij mudk izHkko_ Hkkjrh; varfj{k
dk;Ze-
6- lkaLd`frd foU;kl % Hkkjrh; lekt dk ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{;_
izktkrh;] Hkkf"kd ,oa u`tkrh; fofo/rk,a_ /kfeZd vYila[;d_
izeq[k tutkfr;ka] tutkfr;ka {ks=k rFkk mudh leL;k,a_
lkaLd`frd izns'k_ tula[;k dh lao`f] forj.k ,oa ?kuRo_
tulkaf[;dh; xq.k_ fyax vuqikr] vk;q lajpuk] lk{kjrk nj] dk;Zcy]
fuHkZjrk vuqikr] vk;qdky_ izoklu (var% izknsf'kd]
izns'kkarj rFkk varjk"Vh;) ,oa uhfr;ka_ LokLF; lwpd-
7- cLrh% xzkeh.k cLrh ds izdkj] izfr:Ik rFkk vkdkfjdh_ uxjh;
fodkl_ Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa dh vkdkfjdh_ Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa dk
izdk;kZRed oxhZdj.k_ l=kuxj ,oa egkuxjh; izns'k_ uxj
Loizlkj_ xanh cLrh ,oa mlls tqM+h leL;k,a] uxj vk;kstuk_
uxjhdj.k dh leL;k ,oa mipkj-
8- izknsf'kd fodkl ,oa vk;kstu% Hkkjr esa izknsf'kd vk;kstu
dk vuqHko_ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a_ lefUo; xzkeh.k fodkl
dk;Ze_ iapk;rh jkt ,oa fodsanzh;d`r vk;sktuk_ deku
{ks=k] fodkl_ ty foHkktu izca/_ fiNM+k {ks=k] e:LFky]
vuko`f"V izc.k] igkM+h] tutkrh; {ks=k fodkl ds fy, vk;kstuk_
cdgqLrjh; ;kstuk_ izknsf'kd ;kstuk ,oa }hi {ks=kksa dk
fodkl-
9- jktuSfrd ifjizs{;% Hkkjrh; la?kokn dk HkkSxksfyd vk/kj_
jkT; iquxZBu_ u, jkT;ksa dk vkfoHkkZo_ izknsf'kd psruk
,oa varjkZT; eqs] lhekikj vkradokn_ oSf'od ekeyksa esa
Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk_ nf{k.k ,f'k;k ,oa fgUnh egklkxj ifjeaMy
dh Hkw&jktuhfr-
10- ledkyhu eq% ikfjfLFkfrd eqs% i;kZoj.kh; ladV_
Hkw&L[kyu] Hkwdai] lqukeh] ck<+ ,oa vuko`f"V] egkekjh_
i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k ls lacaf/r eqs_ Hkwfe mi;ksx ds izfr:Ik
esa cnyko_ i;kZoj.kh; izHkko vkdyu ,oa i;kZoj.k izca/u ds
flkar_ tula[;k foLiQksV ,oa [kk| ljq{kk_ i;kZoj.kh;
fuEuhdj.k] ouksUeqyu] e:LFkyhdj.k ,oa e`nk vijnu% d`f"k
,oa vkS|ksfxd v'kkafr dh leL;k,a_ vkfFkZd fodkl esa
izknsf'kd vlekurk,a] laiks"k.kh; o`f ,oa fodkl dh ladYiuk_
i;kZoj.kh; lapsruk_ ufn;ksa dk lgou HkweaMyhdj.k ,oa
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk-
fVIi.kh% vH;kfFkZ;ksa dks bl iz'ui=k esa fy, x,
fo"k;ksa ls laxr ,d vfuok;Z ekufp=k & vk/kfjr iz'u dk
mkj nsuk vufok;Z gSA