GENERAL ASPECT

OF GLANDS
KOUSHIK RAY
A CELL OR COLLECTION OF CELLS WHICH ARE SPECIFICALLY
DIFFERENTIATED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR METABOLIC ACTIVITIES.
WHAT ARE GLANDS?
GENERALLY, THEY ARE MADE UP OF SECRETORY EPITHELIA
CATEGORIES
EXOCRINE DISCHARGE THEIR SECRETIONS VIA A DUCT
ENDOCRINE- SECRETION IS DISCHARGED IN THEIR VICINITY
AND TAKEN UP TO CIRCULATION & AFFECTS A DISTANT ORGAN
THEY ARE DUCTLESS
PARACRINE- SECRETION IS DISCHARGED LOCALLY.
AND AFFECTS CELLULAR TARGETS IN IMMEDIATE VICINITY
CLASSED AS NEURO-ENDOCRINE CELLS WHICH SECRETE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
EXOCRINE GLANDS

UNICELLULAR - GOBLET CELLS
PRODUCES MUCIN
DEVELOPS FROM INDIFFERENT EPITHELIAL CELLS
AFTER A PHASE OF ACTIVE SECRETION CONVERTED BACK INTO
ORDINARY EPITHELIAL CELL
MINUTE MUCIGEN GRANULES APPEAR NEAR THE CELL MEMBRANE
THEY ARE RAPIDLY TRANSFORMED INTO CLEAR DROPLETS OF MUCUS
&BECOME CONFLUENT OFTEN DISTENS THE CELL.
FINALLY THE MUCUS IS DISCHARGED & CELL COLLAPSES.


MULTICELLULAR -
INDIVIDUAL SECRETORY CELLS BECOME AGGREGATED TOGETHER
TO FORM MULTICELLULAR GLANDS.
IT CAN BE SUBDIVIDED ACC. TO SHAPE, DUCT(BRANCHED OR
UNBRANCHED), MANNER OF SECRETION & ACC. TO DEVELOPMENT
TYPE OF MULTICELLULAR GLANDS
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
TUBULAR shape is tubular , straight or coiled
ALVEOLAR/ACINOUS flask shaped/rounded
TUBULO-ALVEOLAR combination of both types
ACCORDING TO THE DUCT(BRANCHED OR UNBRANCHED)
SIMPLE secretion is conveyed to surface by unbranched duct
COMPOUND the duct branches into elaborate duct system
ACCORDING TO THE MANNER OF SECRETION
MEROCRINE /EPICRINE secretion is discharged through intact cell membrane.
membrane bound vesicle are formed.
Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release
substance.
Cells have well developed golgi complexes & ER.
APOCRINE luminal part of cell disintegrates leaving the NUCLEUS
and basal cytoplasm for further regeneration
HOLOCRINE cells disintegrate and die , releasing their secretion
ACCORDING TO THE DEVELOPMENT
In most cases ,secretory cells of glands are developed from diverticular outgrowths
from epithelial surfaces.
Pedicle of the diverticulum eventually forms the duct of the gland.
ECTODERMAL glands of the skin , mammary , lacrimal & salivary glands ,
hypophysis cerebri , chromaffin organs etc
MESODERMAL suprarenal cortex, gonads , kidneys , spleen. Etc.
ENDODERMAL thyroid , parathyroid , thymus , liver , pancreas ,
glands of alimentary tract (except salivary glands) ,
glands of respiratory tract , prostate , urethral , bulbo-urethral.


BRIEF ACCOUNT OF DEVELOPEMENT
THE PRIMORDIAL GLAND ARISES AS AN EPITHELIAL BUD.
GROWS BY BRANCHING INTO A BUSH LIKE SYSTEM OF SOLID DUCTS.
END-TWIGS GET ROUND OUT AND HOLLOWED INTO BERRY LIKE
SECRETORY ACINI & SOLID DUCTS HOLLOWED TO FORM
THE LUMEN OF THE DUCT.
SPECIALIZATION OF THE ACINAL CELLS COMPLETE
THE EPITHELIAL DIFFERENTIATION.
DENSE MASS OF MESENCHYME ,IN WHICH THE EPITHELIAL PRIMORDIUM
LIES, FURNISHES AN ENVELOPING CAPSULE AND
SUBDIVIDES THE GLAND INTO LOBULES.
PARTS OF AN EXOCRINE GLAND
A gland is made up of parenchyma, stroma and duct .
PARENCHYMA contains the secretory units of a gland.
made up of two types mucus secreting &serous secreting cells.
MUCUS ACINUS made up of mucus secreting cells.