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2

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aemuf+yD; =umjrifhpGmuwnf;uyif qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufowif;pm(tpPu&ma[mif;) u
u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; tHkur_wckwGif e,fbuft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;ESifh ppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;ukd
tnmtwmuif;pGm okwfoif&efrSm u|Ekfyfwkd@. wm0efyifjzpfonf[k axmufjycJh
zl;onf? bkdvf&Sm,m qmylacghAfpum,m vrf;ray:wGif jzpfysufcJhonfwkd@. t"du
vuQ%mrsm;twkid ;f eufpAf pPu;D ESihf u&Gww
f pPu;D ppfwef;vsm;rsm;wGif xyfjzpfco
hJ nf?
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tvufZef;'a&mhAf&Sd tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@okd@ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; apv$wfonfhtcg/
armfpudkokd@vmae aom a&mhAfpawmhtajrmufwyf jyefvSnfhoGm;onfhtcg/ ckdvkdrmrSm
tif*sief ,
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wkdufyw
GJ m0efukd rpGrf;aqmifEkdifa=umif; jyocJhonf?
'DZifbmta&;tcif;onf tacsmiform;rsm; arhavsmhaeaom rmhufpf.
euf_dif;aom aemuftqkdw&yfukd twnfjyKcJhonf? xkdtqkdrSm ykefuefr_qdkonfrSm
tEkynmw&yfjzpfonf? TtEkynm&yf. t"du Oya'orSm tvGe&f &J if+h yD; r,dr;f ,kid f
aom oHEdM mef&adS om xk;d ppf ukd qifE&J$ rnf[I
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ovkd vlxk}uD;tm;vnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf xkd;ppfqif&rnf[laom TtEkynm&yfukd oif
ray;&ao;ay? TonftwGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@ &Sdor#cGeftm;ukd toHk;jyK&rnf? EkdifiHa&;
au;a=umfoHjy\emwGif wzufzufY &yfwnfHkjzifh rvHkavmufacs? vufeufukdif
ykefuefr_jy\emwGifvnf; wzufzufY &yfwnf&ayrnf? Tonfukd qef@usifaom
TtwGuf rjyifqifaomolrsm;tm; awmfvSefa&;axmufcHolrsm; wyfzGJ@xJrS rnm
rwm xkwfypf+yD; &efol@xHopPmazmuf okd@r[kwf vla=umufrsm;xHokd@ ykd@ypf&rnf?
ta=umif ; rS m tjzpf t ysuf r sm;. wG e f ; tm;ES i f h wk d u f y G J . tajctaersm;onf
u|Eyfk w
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a=umifh jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh rwufua&;/ ppfwyfawG ukd,fhbuf ul;vm
6

zkd@apmifhqkdif; a&; wkd@ukd ajymvkd@rjzpfacs? rjzpfbl;? u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh tdrfacgifrkd;

ay:uae+yD; &J&ifh onfhxkd;ppfESifh vufeufukdifwkduf ckdufa&;/ xkdokd@aomtcsdefrsdK;wGif
&efol@ppfrdef@ay; t&m&Sdrsm;ukd okwfoifa&;/ aemuf+yD; awGa0aeaom wyfrsm;twGuf
tm;ukefoGefI wkdufyGq
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armfpukdu oif=um;ay;aom wwd,oifcef;pmrSm ykefuefr_tiftm;rsm;.
enf;y&d,m,fEiS hf zG@J pnf;r_qidk &f m udpP jzpfonf? ppfy&d,m,frsm;ukd ppfenf;ynma&csed f
u jymef;onf? T&Sif;aeaom trSefw&m;ukd tdef*,fu rmhufpf0g'D rsm;tm; rarh
Ekdifavmufatmif oif=um;cJhonf? ,ae@acwf ppfenf;ynmrSm 19 &mpktv,fykdif;ESifh
rwlawmh+yD? tajrmufrsm;tm; vltkyf}uD;ESifh &ifqkdifjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ cHuwkwf
rsm;ukd ajcmufv;kH jyL;jzifh umuG,jf cif;onfvnf;aumif; rku
d rf &J mom usayonf? armfp
udk ta&;tcif; +yD;onfhaemuf ,cktcgwGif tdef*,f. ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm;ukd jyefvnfoHk;
oyf&rnf? aemuf+yD; armfpukdta&;tcif;onf cHuwkwf enf;y&d,m,fopfukd
zGifhvSpfcJhonf[k aumufpuDu a&;cJhjcif;rSm rSefayonf? Tenf;y&d,m,fonf
ajymufusm;enf;y&d,m,fjzpfonf? tqkdyg enf;y&d,m,frsdK;twGuf zGJ@pnf;r_rSm
v_yf&Sm;Edkdif+yD; tvGefao;i,fonfh wyfzG@J uav;rsm;/ 10 a,mufwzG@J / oHk;a,mufwzG@J /
ESpfa,mufwzG@J tzG@J uav; rsm; yifjzpfonf? ,cktcg ig;a,mufwzG@J / oHk;a,mufwzG@J
wyfzGJ@rsm;[kqkdv#if &,f=uaom qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;ukd r=umc% awG@=u&onf?
okd@aomf Tokd@ &,farmjcif;rSm acwfopfppfenf;ynmu csrSwfaom tajctaersm;
atmuf&Sd vrf;rwkdufyGJrsm;u awmif;qkdaeaom enf;y&d,m,fESifh zGJ@pnf;r_qkdif&m
opf ukd OayuQmjyKonfh taygpm;enf;emom jzpfonf? vl}uD;rif;rsm; taejzifh
jy\emopf
armfpukdtHkur_Zmwfvrf;udk aocsmavhvm=unfh=uprf;yg? ig;a,mufwzGJ@qkd
onfEiS hf cHuwkwef nf;y&d,m,fopfqdo
k nfw@dk t=um; rnfo@dk aom qufpyfr&_ o
dS nf
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armfpukdta&;tcif;onf Tenf;y&d,m,fukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? okd@aomf
toH k ; jyKEk d i f a om twk d i f ; twmtxd v nf ; aumif ; / vl x k v uQ % maqmif o nf h
twkid ;f twmtxdaomfvnf;aumif; wd;k cs@J &efysuu
f u
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hJ nf? wyfz@JG ta&t wGurf mS
enf;vSonf? aemuf+yD;vlxktm; &J&J&ifh&ifhwkdufckdufa&; au;a=umfoHukdvnf;
xkwfray;cJhacs? olwkd@uvnf; xkd au;a=umfoHtwkdif; rvkyfcJh=uay? ajymufusm;
wyfzGJ@rsm;rSm wyHkpHwnf;vkd jzpfaeonf? vufeufwyfqifr_ESifh enf;emwkd@rSm rvHk
avmufacs? vltkyfukd acgif;aqmifEkdifpGrf;rSm zGH@+zdK;r_vHk;0r&Sdoavmufyif? u|Ekfyfwkd@
taejzifh Tvpf[if;csuu
f dk jznfq
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wDxGifEkdifpGrf;jzifh TtawG@t}uHKukd xyfrHwkd;cs@J &ef v_H@aqmfjcif;jzifh Tvpf[if;csufukd
7

jznfhqnf;=u&rnf? 'DZifbmvaemufykdif; k&Sm;jynf ae&mtESH@tjym;ESifh qufwkduf

eD;yg;jzpfyGm;aeaom ajymufusm;ppfyGJESifh tpkvkduft+yHKvkduf owfjzwfr_rsm;onf
tkHur_wckwGif usifhokH;&rnfh rSefuefaom enf;emrsm;ukd rvGJraoGyif oif=um;ay;
ayvdrfhrnf? qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pD0g'taejzifh TtpkHvkduftyHvkdufowfjzwfr_ukd
todtrSwfjyK+yD; rdrdenf;y&d,m,frsm;/ zG@J pnf;r_ESifh csKyfukdifr_wkd@wGif aygif;pyfay;&rnf?
trSefyif Tonfukd tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_. tajctaeESifh tusdK;pD;yGm;
rsm;atmufwiG f vufatmufcjH yK&rnf? wcsed f wnf;wGif tHk ur_twGi;f 0,f u|Eyfk w
f @dk .
&Jabmfrsm;uvnf;aumif;/ emrnfq;dk ESihf ausm=f um;vSaom vufwf (letts) orRwEkid if H
emrnfqdk;jzifh ausmf=um;aom vuforRw EkdifiH qdkonfrSm 1905 ckESpf/ 'DZif
(emrnf
bmvwG i f ay:ayguf c J h o nf h wl u G r f / awmf f v f q if / k d t if / zk d u f & pf w wf p onf h
vwfAD;,m;+rdK@rsm;tm; tvkyform;/ aus;vufvkyfom;rsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;
yg0ifaom vufeufukdifolykefrsm;u odrf;ykdufchJaom ta&;tcif;jzpfonf? Zmbk&ifh
wyfrsm;ukd ajymufusm;ppf qifc=hJ uonf? 1986 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v
D wGif Zmbk&ifu Tykef
uef r _ u k d acsr_ e f ; ypf v k d u f o nf ? ) (lettish Republics)wG i f vuf w f t rsd K ;om;
rsm;uaomfvnf;aumif; ajymifajrmuftnm twmuif;pGm csdK;ESdrfcJhonfh ajymuf
usm;ppfyG.
J *sykd; qefr_ukd z,f&Sm;jcif;/ rnm rwmokwfoifjcif; jyK&ayrnf?
r=umrDumvrsm;twGif; ppfenf;ynmrSm wkd;wufr_opfrsm; &SdcJhonf?
*syefppfyo
JG nf vufypfA;kH ukd arG;xkwcf o
hJ nf? vufeufpufikH ,fuav;rsm;u aps;uGuf
wGif armif;jyefaoewfrsm;ukd wifco
hJ nf? Tvufeuf ESprf sKd ;pvH;k ukd k&mS ;awmf vSeaf &;
wGif atmifjrifpGm toHk;jyKcJhonf? okd@aomf tifrwefrvHkavmufaom twkdif; twm
jzifh toHk;jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf? enf;ynmwkd;wufr_rsm;ukd u|Ekfyfwkd@ tcGifhaumif; ,lEkdif
onf? ,l&rnf? tvkyform;wyfzG@J rsm;ukd AHk;trsm;tjym; xkwfvkyfwwfatmif oif
=um; ay;&rnf? ,rf;/ peufwHESifh armif;jyefaoewfrsm; &&Sdatmif wkd@ESifh u|Ekfyfwkd@
. wkdufckdufa&; wyfpdwfrsm;tm; ulnD&rnf? tu,fIom +rdK@rsm;rS tHkur_rsm;wGif
tvkyform;awGyg0if=u+yDqkdv#if/ &efoltay: xkESihfxnfESifh wkdufckduf=u+yDqkdv#if
'l;rm;udpP/ pADbmh*fESifh u&Gefpwwfta&;tcif; (1906 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 17 &ufae@u
pADbmh*fcHwyf&Sd wyfrsm;twGif; ay:aygufcJhaom wyfwGif;ykefuefr_ukd qkdvkdonf?
ykefuefolrsm;vufokd@ cHwyfwckvHk;eD;yg; usa&muf oGm;cJhonf? Zlvkdif 20 &ufae@wGif
abmvfwpfa&wyfrS wyfzGJ@wzGJ@u ykefuefolrsm;ukd vufeufcsapcJhonf? Zlvkdif 19
&ufae@wGif u&Gefpwwf&Sd a&wyfom;rsm;onfvnf; pADbmh*fykefuefr_. *,ufjzifh
ykefuef=ujyefonf? okd@aomf olwkd@vnf; tvsiftjrefyif ESdrfeif;cHvkduf&onf?)
rsm;t+yD; ykdIykdIawGa0ae=uaom wyfrsm; ukd,fhbufygatmif oEMdmef&Sd&Sdjzifh
u|rf;u|rf;usifusif wkdufyGJ0if=uv#if aemuf+yD;aus;vufrsm;uvnf; taxGaxG
8

wkdufyG}J uD;wGif yg0if=u+yDqkdv#if vmrnfhk&Sm;wjynfvHk;vufeufukdif tHkur_ wGif

u|Ekfyfwkd@ atmifyGJcHayvdrfhrnf?
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rsm;ukd em,l&if; u|Eyfk w
f @dk . vkyif ef;ukd ykrd u
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EkdifiHjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_twGuf rsufarSmufvkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuef wGufq
Ekdif&efjzpfonf? tpkd;&jzKwfcs &;ESifh awmfvSefaomtpkd;&w&yfu wkdif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfw&yf(Constituent Assembly) ac:,lusif;ya&;qkdonfh awmif;qkdcsuf au;
a=umfoHywfvnfwGif u|Ekfyfwkd@onf ykdrkdrsm;jym;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;rsm;/ v,f
orm;ESifh ppfwyf tiftm;rsm;ukd pkpnf;aeayonf? qufIvnf; pkpnf;oGm;ayrnf?
,cktxdqkdv#if u|Ekfyfwkd@ vkyfief;. tajccHESifh t"du ta=umif;t&mrSm vlxk.
todukd wkd;jrifha&;jzpfonf? okd@aomf TtaxGaxG/ t+rJwrf;/ tajccHvkyfief; wm0ef
ESit
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rsm;ukd t"dy`m,fr&Sd nef;aernfhtpm; vuf&Sdtcsdef. txl;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ wkdufyGJ
omef. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd ausmfv$m;roGm;=uygeJ@pkd@?
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l dk
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ukd wufuaom wkdufyGJ twGif; qGaJ c:=urnf? vlwef;pm;tod &Sdaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;.
ygwDonf Tr[mwkdufyGJ }uD;wGif rdrd.wm0efukd xrf;aqmifoGm;&rnf? ?
(1906 ck/ pufwifbm 11 (=o*kwf 29)ae@xkwf ypPnf;rJ@pmapmif trSwf 2
(t*FvdyfbmomrS jyefqkdjcif;jzpfonf?)