EXPERIMENT#2(a)

OBJECT:
TO CHECK THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GIVEN SAMPLE GLYCERINE

APPARATUS
Pyknometer(R.D.bottle)
Weighing balance

OBSERVATION:
FOR SAMPLE A
Wt of empty R.D bottle=23.146 g
Wt of empty R.D !ottle " #ater=4.6$4g
Wt of empty R.D !ottle " glycerin=$4.$133g
%herefore&
Wt of #ater=24.'($3g
Wt of glycerin=31.3664g
Specific gravi!"
water of wt
glycerine of wt
=31.3664 =1.26)
24.'($3
FOR SAMPLE B
Wt of empty R.D bottle=23.63$) g
Wt of empty R.D bottle " glycerin=$$.261g
Wt of empty R.D bottle " #ater=46.(3(1g
%herefore&
Wt of glycerin=31.62$'g
Wt of #ater=2$.)$64g
*pecific gra+ity=
water of wt
glycerine of wt
=2.') =1.262
24.)$
RESU#T:
*pecific gra+ity of glycerin (,ample a) i, fo-n. to be=1.26)
*pecific gra+ity of glycerin (,ample a) i, fo-n. to be=1.262
EXPERIMENT#2($)
OBJECT :
TO CHECK THE RESIDUE ON IGNITION
APPARATUS:
/hina .i,h
De,icator
!-rner
Weighing balance
OBSERVATION:
RESU#T:
Re,i.-e on ignition for ,ample a i, fo-n. to be=).'40
Re,i.-e on ignition for ,ample a i, fo-n. to be=1.)0
EXPERIMENT#2(c)
OBJECT:
TO CHECK SULPHATE AND CHLORIDE CONTENT IN GLYCERIN,
APPARATUS:
1ol-metric fla,k
2ea,-ring cylin.er
C%EMICA#S:

!ari-m chlori.e

).)2342*54
OBSERVATION
*ample ! i, more t-rbi. than ,ample 6.
&OR SAMP#E (a) &OR SAMP#E($)
Wt of empty china .i,h '$.43)(g ''.3(g
Wt of china .i,h"glycerin ).'6g 3.3(g
Wt of glycerin $g $g
Wt of china .i,h"glycerin(after
ignition
'$.3'6g ''.42g
Wt of glycerin lo,, ).)44(g ).)$g
'Re(i)*e"
100 x
sample of wt
loss wt
).)44( 71))
$
).'40
).)$ 71))
$
1.)0
RESU#T:
*ample ! contain, more ,-lphate content than *ample 6.
8la,k 6 ha, more t-rbi. ,o it contain, more chlori.e content9
EXPERIMENT#2())
OBJECT:
TO CHECK FATTY ACID AND ESTERS IN GIVEN SAMPLE OF GLYCERIN
APPARATUS:
!-rette
/onical fla,k
!eaker
Pipette
C%EMICA#S:
+,- N NAO%
+,- N %C#
OBSERVATIONS:
INITIA# REA.IN/(01) &INA# REA.IN/(01) .I&&ERENCE(01)
FOR BLANK READING
).) 3.) 3.)
3.) 6.) 3.)
FOR SAMPLE A
) 3.4 3.4
3.4 6.( 3.3
FOR SAMPLE B
) 3.' 3.'
3.' (.$ 3.(
Discussion
Introduction
Glycerin, sometimes spelled glycerin, is a commercial product whose
principal component is glycerol. Glycerin is obtained from fats and oils during
soap and fatty acid production and Glycerol, the main component of glycerin,
has the chemical formula C3H5(OH)3. hese !ualities enable glycerin to be
used as a humectants, plastici"er, emollient, thic#ener, sol$ent, dispersing
medium, lubricant, sweetener, bodying agent, antifree"e and processing aid.
Glycerin is used in many consumer products such as personal care
preparations, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods because of its stability
and compatibility with a wide $ariety of chemicals, and relati$e non%to&icity.
'arge !uantities of glycerin are now obtained as a by%product in the
manufacture of soaps and candles.
Resources Of Glycerin
Up until 1889, people didn't know how to recover glycerine from the soapmaking
process, so commercially produced glycerin mostly came from the candlemaking
industry (remember, back then candles were made from animal fats! "n 1889, a viable
way to separate the glycerin out of the soap was finally implemented! #ince the number
one use of glycerin was to make nitroglycerin, which was used to make dynamite,
making soap suddenly became a lot more profitable$ " have an untested theory that you
could trace the roots of most big soapmakers (and the %fall% of the small, local
soapmaker to about this time in history! &he process of removing the glycerin from the
soap is fairly complicated (and of course, there are a lot of variations on the theme! "n
the most simplest terms' you make soap out of fats and lye! &he fats already contain
glycerin as part of their chemical makeup (both animal and vegetable fats contain from
() * 1+) glycerine! ,hen the fats and lye interact, soap is formed, and the glycerin is
left out as a %byproduct%!
Chemistry of Glycerin:
(ater has $ery little e)ect on combined glycerol but that it signi*cantly
reduces free glycerol in the ester. Glycerin is o+cially described as follows, -.
clear, colorless, li!uid, of a thic#, syrupy consistence, oily to the touch,
odorless, $ery sweet and slightly warm to the taste. (hen e&posed to the air,
it slowly abstracts moisture. /oluble, in all proportions, in water or alcohol,
also soluble in a mi&ture of 3 parts of alcohol and 0 part of ether, but
insoluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, ben"in, ben"ol, and *&ed or
$olatile oils. Heated by itself to a higher temperature, it yields acrid
decomposition products and is *nally entirely decomposed and dissipated.
Turbidity:
Occasionally a batch of washed ester may end up with turbidity caused by
traces of condensed moisture. his moisture may be con$eniently remo$ed
(e$aporated) by aeration with dry air, using the gas di)usion dis#s from the
washing step, to increase the surface contact between the air and the ester.
/light warming along with the aeration also hastens the remo$al of this trace
of moisture. he simplest trihydric alcohol, formula1 C3H5(OH)3. he name
glycerol is preferred for the chemical, but commercially the product is usually
called glycerin, sometimes spelled glycerin, which is interchangeably used.
Purification Of Glycerin:
One initial step common to all glycerol puri*cation processes is that fat, soap
and other organic impurities need to be chemically separated and remo$ed
by *ltration and2or centrifugation. 3inal puri*cation is typically completed
using $acuum distillation followed by acti$ated carbon bleaching for large
operations or ion e&change followed by 4ash drying to remo$e water for
smaller capacity plants. 5acuum distillation is $ery e&pensi$e in terms of
capital cost and energy consumption, cannot always be carried out
continuously and is accompanied by considerable losses of glycerol. 6n order
to separate glycerol from higher boiling point impurities the mi&ture needs to
be additionally sub7ected to se$ere thermal stresses that further result in
additional losses of glycerol and creates more decomposition products.
8ecause of the high salt content, ion e&change is not economically practical,
unless it is used to polish a diluted low salt content glycerol%in%water solution.
Grades Of Glycerin:
/e$eral grades of glycerin are mar#eted, including high gra$ity, dynamite,
yellow distilled, 9/: (9./. :harmacopoeia), and C: (chemically pure). 9/:
grade is water%white and suitable for use in foods, pharmaceuticals, and
cosmetics or for any purpose where the product is designed for human
consumption.
Applications Of Glycerin:
hese !ualities enable glycerin to be used as a humectants, plastici"er,
emollient, thic#ener, sol$ent, dispersing medium, lubricant, sweetener,
bodying agent, antifree"e and processing aid. Glycerin is used in many
consumer products such as personal care preparations, cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals and foods because of its stability and compatibility with a
wide $ariety of chemicals, and relati$e non%to&icity. 'arge !uantities of
glycerin are now obtained as a by%product in the ;anufacture of soaps and
candles. -lycerin has over 1,.00 known end uses, including many applications as an
ingredient or processing aid in cosmetics, toiletries, personal care, drugs, and food
products! "n addition, glycerin is highly stable under typical storage conditions,
compatible with many other chemical materials, virtually non*to/ic and non*irritating in
its varied uses, and has no known negative environmental effects!