Basic Guidelines For Microwave Reactor and Reactions

Basic Guidelines for
Microwave Organic Chemistry

Applications
By Laura Favretto
Microwave Organic Chemistry
Application Specialist

MicroSYNTH START

Basic Guidelines for Microwave Organic Chemistry Applications
Rev. 0/04 Milestone Srl
UNI EN ISO 9001:2000
Vision certified
Microwave Organic Chemistry Application
Basic Guidelines for Microwave Organic Chemistry Application
Page 1

INDEX

1. Introduction Page 2

2. How to convert a conventional reaction
into a microwave reaction
Solvent Page 3
Temperature-Time Page 3
Vessel Page 4
Microwave program Page 5
Stirring Page 6

3. When and how to use Weflon Page 6

4. How to regulate microwave power Page 7

5. How to optimize the microwave program Page 8

6. How to optimize the reaction condition Page 9

7. How to use the rotor Page 9

8. When it is possible to open the reactor Page 10

9. What to do when an exothermic is present Page 10

10. Is it possible to use microwave at constant
power Page 11

11. How to perform solid state reaction Page 11

12. How to work with metal powder
(heterogeneous solution) Page 13

13. Maximum heating time Page 13

14. Which chemistry is not suitable
for microwave Page 14

15. Solvent Library
Solvent List Page 15
Solvent Graphics Page 28
Page 2

1. INTRODUCTION

The main advantages of microwave assisted organic synthesis are:

a) Faster reaction: the microwave can use higher temperatures than
conventional heating system, and consequently the reactions are
completed in few minutes instead of hours.

b) Better yield and higher purity: less formation of side product are
observed using microwave irradiation, and the product is recovered in
higher yield. Consequently, also the purification step is faster and
easier.

c) Easy scale-up: MicroSYNTH, with its technology and large range
of reactor vessels, allows scale-up from few milliliters to one liter
without changing reaction parameters.

d) Reproducibility: the patented microwave diffuser for homogeneous
microwave irradiation inside the cavity and precise control of reaction
parameters, such as temperature, pressure and power, always re-
produces the same reaction conditions. It is very simple to save and
use an optimized synthesis method.

e) Easy to use: all the reactors and software are very easy to use and
all reactions can be easily moved from conventional to microwave
heating.

Page 3

2. HOW TO CONVERT A CONVENTIONAL REACTION INTO A
MICROWAVE REACTION

When the reaction is performed the first time under microwave
irradiation, run the reaction in small scale, slowly increasing the
temperature.

The parameters that are needed to be defined are:
- solvent
- temperature-time
- vessel
- microwave program

Solvent

The same solvent that is usually used with conventional heating
chemistry can also be used with microwave heating.

Solvents interact differently with microwaves, depending on their
polarity. Polar solvents (alcohols, DMF, water, ketone, acid) couple
well with microwaves and reach high temperatures in a short time.
Non-polar solvents (toluene, chloroform, hexane) are transparent to
microwaves. Therefore, two situations are possible:

1) non polar solvent, but polar reagents or at least one polar
reagent: the reaction mixture is heated by microwave.
2) non polar reaction mixture (both solvent and reagents).
(Weflon has to be added in order to heat the mixture. For
more information, see chapter 3 When and how to use
Weflon).

Temperature-Time

a) If the reaction has already been performed with conventional
heating, take in consideration the standard reaction temperature and
time. Based on these two parameters, consider the Arrhenius equation,
e.g. how the time decreases when the temperature increases.
This law defines that every ten degrees that the temperature
increases, the time of the reaction is halved.

Page 4
For example, if a reaction is run in EtOH at 80C for 8 hours and the
Arrhenius law is applied, the time is reduced in accordance to the table
below:

Temperature
(C)
Time

80 8 h
90 4 h
100 2 h
110 60 min
120 30 min
130 15 min
140 8 min
150 4 min

By increasing the temperature of 70C, the time is reduced from 8
hours (480 minutes) to 4 minutes.

This simple procedure can be applied to all the reactions.

b) If the reaction has never been performed before with conventional or
microwave heating, fix the temperature at 30-40C higher than the
boiling point of the solvent, and run the reaction for 10 minutes.
Then check the obtained reaction mixture.

Vessel

All reactors that work with the MicroSYNTH have different:
a) volume limit
b) temperature limit
c) pressure limit

When the target temperature is fixed, consult the solvent library in
chapter 15 (also present in the EasyWAVE software). Check which
vapor pressure is developed from the solvent at the chosen
temperature. Based on this value, and on the volume that is needed,
decide the appropriate reactor vessel.
Page 5
Example:
The target temperature of the reaction is 150C in EtOH. Based on the
solvent library and on the graphic temperature vs. pressure (see
graphic below), it is possible to predict that a pressure of 10 bar will be
developed during the reaction.

If the reaction is completely unknown, and there is possible exothermic
reaction or development of gas during the test, use the vessel with the
highest specification of temperature and pressure (for example the 100
ml High Pressure reactor (T
max
=250C, p
max
=55 bar)).

Microwave program

The microwave program usually consists of two steps:
The first step is the ramp to reach the target temperature.
The second step is to keep the temperature for the desired reaction
time. The second step is always the same for all sample amounts.

In any case, a maximum total program time of 1 hour is advised.

The first step must be regulated on the base of:
- sample amount
- characteristics of solvent

Page 6

- Polar mixture:
- small amount (up to 30 mL): the increasing of the temperature
can be fixed in the rate 25C/min.

For example a suitable ramp for 15 mL of DMF could be

Time
(min)
Power
(Watt)
Temperature (C)
Step1 6 500 room temp to190

- large amount (more than 30 mL): the first step needs to be
longer. In this case, its advised an increase of 10C/min

- Non polar mixture:
see the below When and how to use Weflon .

Stirring

Always put a stir bar in every reactor/vessel when a reaction is run.
This enhances temperature, and therefore, reaction uniformity.

3) WHEN AND HOW TO USE WEFLON

When the reaction mixture (reagents and solvent) are not polar, the
Weflon is necessary in order to heat the solution. When Weflon is
used, its necessary to use low value of microwave power and long
heating ramp. This is necessary as there is a time lapse due to the
transfer of heat from the Weflon to the solution.

In this case, its advised to build the ramp with 4 steps: ramp up to the
boiling point of the solvent with a rate of 15C/min and keep the
temperature for 1-2 minutes; ramp up to the fixed temperature with a
rate of 5C/min and keep the temperature for the desired time.
The maximum power value to use is 500 Watt.

If Weflon is used in one vessel, then it should be used in every vessel
when processing multiple reactions simultaneously.

Page 7
An example of Toluene heating ramp with Weflon is reported below:

MonoPREP P/N MOP0000, 20 mL of toluene in P/N QRS1550, stirring
bar P/N 86116 and Weflon button P/N WO1703:

Time
(min)
Power
(Watt)
Temperature
(C)
Step1 5 500 110
Step2 2 400 110
Step3 15 500 160
Step4 5 500 160

Below is the temperature profile of 20 mL of Toluene

Toluene,20 mL, 160C
T1Set Values Power Temp. 1 Temp. 2
Time [hh:mm:ss]
00:35:00 00:30:00 00:25:00 00:20:00 00:15:00 00:10:00 00:05:00
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
C
]
200
150
100
50
0
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
a
t
t
]
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20
[1] 110[2] 110
[3] 160 [4] 160

If the temperature is not following the temperature profile, change the
time using longer ramp, but do not increase the power.

4) HOW TO REGULATE THE MICROWAVE POWER

The value of the maximum microwave power depends on the amount
of sample and of the number of reaction vessel. Up to 30 mL of
volume and/or up to three vessels, 400-500 Watt of microwave
power is enough to heat the reaction mixture.

If the temperature is not following the designed temperature profile, use
longer heating time (step n. 1), but do not increase the power.

Page 8
For example:
MonoPREP with 15 mL of water:

Time
(min)
Power
(Watt)
Temperature
(C)
Step1 3 400 150
Step2 5 300 150

When large volume or more than three reactors are used with the
rotor, its better to use an higher value of power (about 700-800
watt) and longer heating ramp.

For example:
PRO-6 with 15 mL of water in each vessel, use the following heating
program:

Time
(min)
Power
(Watt)
Temperature
(C)
Step1 10 800 150
Step2 5 700 150

PRO-24 with 10 ml of isopropanol in each vessel, use the following
heating program:

Time
(min)
Power
(Watt)
Temperature
(C)
Step1 16 1000 150
Step2 10 800 150

5) HOW TO OPTIMIZE A MICROWAVE PROGRAM

1) if the temperature doesnt follow the designed profile, make the
ramp longer and/or increase the power.

2) if during the heating ramp the temperature overshoots, reduce
the value of microwave power of about 100-150 Watt.

Page 9
In any case, remember that at high temperatures the solvents
change their behavior. In general, their polarity decreases and
they require more power to reach the desired temperature.
For this reason, temperature spikes may be present at the
beginning, but decrease or disappear at higher temperatures.

6) HOW TO OPTIMIZE THE REACTION CONDITIONS

After the first run of the reactions, there could be four different cases:
1) the reaction is complete (the starting material is not present any
more): transfer the mixture in a proper glassware and proceed
with the usual work-up of the reaction
2) the reaction starts to work but is not complete (some starting
material is still present):
- extend the reaction time
- increase the temperature (not over the temperature and
pressure limit of the vessel)
3) the reaction doesnt work at all:
- extend the time
- increase the temperature
- use more equivalent of one of the starting material or of
the catalyst
4) decomposition of the reagents:
- use lower temperature
- use short reaction time

Note: always remember to check the temperature and pressure limit of
the vessel before increasing the temperature.

7) HOW TO USE THE ROTOR

When a rotor is utilized (with multiple vessels), it is necessary to use
- the same solvent in all the vessels
- similar chemistry, i.e. same reaction, changing only one
substituent of one reagent at time

Temperature and pressure are measured in one vessel, called
reference vessel. This ensures the same conditions of temperature
and pressure in all the vessels of the rotor.

Page 10

For example, if the Heck reaction is considered:

Br
R
+
MeOOC
Pd(OAc)
2
, PPh
3
DMF
R
COOMe

Heck reaction
R = - OMe
- NO
2

- Cl
- H
- CHO

The nature of the group R- in the aryl bromide compound could be
changed in each vessel in order to verify how the R- substituent
influences the coupling reaction.

If the catalyst varies from vessel to vessel, use the high concentration
of catalyst in the reference vessel. In fact, the higher concentration of
catalyst is usually the most reactive one, and needs to be controlled.

The rotor can be used also to perform the same reaction in all the
vessels.

8) WHEN IT IS POSSIBLE TO OPEN THE REACTOR

Before opening the vessel, its always better to wait at least until the
temperature is 10C below the boiling point of the solvent to be sure
there isnt any pressure inside the vessel. It is recommended to open
the reactor slowly under a fume hood.

9) WHAT TO DO WHEN AN EXOTHERMY IS PRESENT

If a very fast increase of temperature is noticed during the ramp-step of
the reaction (80-100C/min), immediately stop the microwave
program. Probably one reagent is highly reactive and the efficient
microwave heating creates a large exothermic effect in the reaction.
For example, a big exothermic effect (100C in less than minute) has
been observed in the alkylation of a primary ammine. No problem is
observed with secondary or tertiary ammine.
Page 11
Also, the presence of a salt in a solution (for example salt plus water)
has shown a large reactivity with microwave. In this case, it is better to
use:
- a small amount of salt (to have a small ionic conduction effect)
- a small quantity of power
- long heating ramp.

10) IS IT POSSIBLE TO USE MICROWAVE AT CONSTANT POWER

A microwave program at constant power can be used, but only with
an open system. In this case the maximum temperature that can be
reached is the boiling point of the solvent. The two parameters that
need to be fixed are: time and power.

Constant power is not recommended in closed vessels because the
temperature can rise without limit, and the vessels can be damaged.

11) HOW TO PERFORM SOLID STATE REACTION

In the case of solid state reaction, two situations can be considered:
a) reagent absorption on solid support (as silice or alumina)
b) reaction between neat reagent (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid)

a) reagents absorption on solid support: in this case a very efficient
stirring is needed. Magnetic stirring is not enough, and
mechanical stirring is required in order to have an homogeneous
heating of the solid and to be sure that no hot spots are present
in the mixture. In this case, a specific modification of the
labstation is required to have a more efficient stirring

b) reaction between neat reagents: here, three cases can be
distinguished:

- the two reagents are liquid: proceed as standard reaction with
solvent

For example, the synthesis of the ionic liquid 1-Butyl-3-
methylimidazolium chloride is run between neat reagents under
microwave irradiation. Both reagents, the butyl chloride (bp =
77C) and the 1- methylimidazole (bp =198C), are liquid at
room temperature.

Page 12
N
N
Me
+
N
N
Me
Bu
+
BuCl
Cl
-

Synthesis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

- one reagent is liquid (in large quantity as a solvent), one is solid:
presence of heterogeneous mixture, use a good magnetic
stirring and proceed as a standard reaction in an open or closed
system

For example, in the hydrolysis of benzamide, one reagent
(benzamide) is solid, the other one, the 20% sulfuric acid, is a
liquid present in large quantity (ratio benzamide/sulfuric acid:
100 mg benzamide/ml sulfuric acid)

NH
2
O
20% H
2
SO
4
OH
O

Hydrolysis of benzamide

- the two reagents are solid: two cases can be considered:

the two solid reagents are melted during the heating:
if the quantity is small (up to 5-10 grams), the reaction
can be run with standard magnetic stirring.

if quantity is large, a specific stirring system is required
(see chapter 11, point a).

For example, in the synthesis of 4,5-diphenyl-4-
imidazolin-2-one,

OH
+
NH
2
NH
2
O
N
N
O
O
Condensation of benzoine and urea
Page 13

the two reagents (benzoin and urea) have a melting
point of 130C. The reaction is usually performed at
150C. At this temperature both the reagents are
liquid and the reaction can be run under standard
conditions.

- the two solid reagents remain solid during the reaction:
specific stirring system is required (see chapter 11, point a)

12) HOW TO WORK WITH METAL POWDER (HETEROGENEOUS
SOLUTION)

Metal powders in the reaction mixture can create a spark and source of
ignition that it is possible to prevent in a solvent environment.

In order to reduce the risk of exothermic reaction, it is recommended:
- That the metal powders always be completely submerged in the
solvent and that the vessel be purged with inert gas (Nitrogen,
Argon) before closing.
- Good stirring of the mixture is needed to ensure a homogeneous
distribution of the powders.
- Use the minimum amount of catalyst.
- Make sure when using the 100 mL/ 270 mL/ or PRO 16/24 TFM
reactors, that all the reaction solids (catalyst, etc.) are rinsed
down into the solvent pool and do not adhere to the sides of the
vessel. Catalyst sticking to the side of the vessel wall can
absorb microwave energy excessively, resulting in vessel melt
down.
- Never use metal without solvent.

13) MAXIMUM HEATING TIME

To avoid overheating the reactor, the maximum heating time for a
reaction is one hour.

If a longer reaction time is needed, repeat the same program more
times for one hour.

Page 14
14) WHICH CHEMISTRY IS NOT SUITABLE FOR MICROWAVE

Reactions that are extremely exothermic should not be performed in
the instrument. Hydrogen peroxide is, for example, not suitable to use
at high temperature, regardless of the technique, because it is
explosive. When working with reaction mixtures that contain large
amounts of ions or that can release gases, extra precaution is
advisable since the heating rate might be very high and the pressure
increase may be correspondingly quick due to the closed vessel
system. In this case, the experiment can be performed at low
concentration (very diluted solution).

Ionic liquids are often used as an alternative for organic solvent or as a
co-solvent for microwave transparent (non polar) reaction mixtures.
Ionic liquids are environmentally friendly, recyclable alternatives to
dipolar solvents. Their dielectric properties make then highly suitable
for use as solvents or additives as they absorb microwaves efficiently.
Consequently, their heating rate is very high and the temperature rises
very quickly. Therefore, to avoid an exothermic reaction, it is
recommended to use a small amount of the ionic liquid.

The recommended ratio is 0.2 mmol of ionic liquid/ 2 ml of solvent.

Example:
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate:

N
N
Me
Bu
+
PF
6
-

PM =284.2 and density 1.37 g/ml
0.2 mmol correspond to 56 mg of reagent and in term of volume is 41
l, or 0.04 ml.

The ratio solvent: ionic liquid is: 2:0.04 =50.

The amount of ionic liquid needed to heat up the solvent is very small
but sufficient and ensures safety when working with them.


Page 15
Rev. 0/04 April 2004 Milestone Srl

LIST OF THE COMMON SOLVENTS USED

Solvent Name Boiling Point [C] dH evap [KJ /mol]
(+)-Camphor 207,4 59,5
(Trifluoromethyl)benzene 102,1 32,6
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 243,5 48,7
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-d 92,8 35
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 113,8 34,8
1,1,2-Trichlorofluoroetha 47,7 27
1,1-Dichloroethane 57,4 28,9
1,1-Dichloroethylene 31,6 26,1
1,1-Difluoroethane -24,9 21,6
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphtha 207,6 43,9
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 157 37,1
1,2-Dibromoethane 131,6 34,8
1,2-Dibromopropane 141,9 35,6
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroeth 47,3 27
1,2-Dichloroethane 83,5 32
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroet 3,8 23,3
1,2-Epoxybutane 63,3 30,3
1,2-Propanediol 187,6 52,4
1,3-Butanediol 207,5 58,5
1,3-Propanediol 214,4 57,9
1,4-Dioxane 101,5 34,2
1,5-Pentanediol 239 60,7
1-Bromobutane 101,6 32,5
1-Bromonaphthalene 281 39,3
1-Bromopentane 129,8 35
1-Bromopropane 71,1 29,8

Page 16

1-Butanethiol 98,5 32,2
1-Butanol 117,7 43,3
1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 68,5 29,2
1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 98,9 32
1-Chlorobutane 78,6 30,4
1-Chloronaphthalene 259 52,1
1-Chloropentane 107,8 33,2
1-Chloropropane 46,5 27,2
1-Decene 170,5 38,7
1-Dodecene 213,8 44
1-Hexanol 157,6 44,5
1-Hexene 63,4 28,3
1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 121,1 33,5
1-Iodobutane 130,6 34,7
1-Iodopropane 102,6 32,1
1-Methylcyclohexanol 155 79
1-Methylnaphthalene 244,7 45,5
1-Nitropropane 131,1 38,5
1-Octanol 195,1 46,9
1-Octene 121,2 34,1
1-Pentanol 137,9 44,4
1-Pentene 29,2 25,2
1-Propanol 97,2 41,4
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 80,8 28,9
2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 110 31,9
2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentan 122,2 32,5
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 99,2 30,8
2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 124 33,7

Page 17

2,2-Dimethylbutane 49,7 26,3
2,2-Dimethylhexane 106,8 32,1
2,2-Dimethylpentane 79,2 29,2
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 114,8 32,1
2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 131,4 34,4
2,3-Dimethylbutane 57,9 27,4
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 170,6 39,9
2,4-Lutidine 158,5 38,5
2,4-Xylenol 210,9 47,1
2,5-Xylenol 211,1 46,9
2,6-Lutidine 144,1 37,5
2,6-Xylenol 201 44,5
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 73,3 29,2
2-Bromobutane 91,2 30,8
2-Bromopropane 59,5 28,3
2-Butanol 99,5 40,8
2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 50,9 27,6
2-Chlorobutane 68,2 29,2
2-Chloropropane 35,7 26,3
2-Ethyl-1-butanol 147 43,2
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 184,6 54,2
2-Ethylhexyl acetate 199 43,5
2-Ethylhexylamine 169,2 40
2-Hexanol 140 41
2-Iodobutane 120 33,3
2-Iodopropane 89,5 30,7

Page 18

2-Methyl-1-butanol 128 45,2
2-Methyl-1-pentanol 149 50,2
2-Methyl-1-propanol 107,8 41,8
2-Methyl-2-butanol 102,4 39
2-Methyl-2-pentanol 121,1 39,6
2-Methyl-2-propanol 82,4 39,1
2-Methylheptane 117,6 33,3
2-Methylhexane 90 30,6
2-Methylpentane 60,2 27,8
2-Methylpropanenitrile 103,9 32,4
2-Methylthiophene 12,6 33,9
2-Nitropropane 120,2 36,8
2-Octanol 180 44,4
2-Pentanol 119,3 41,4
2-Picoline 129,3 36,2
2-Propanol 82,3 39,9
3,3-Diethylpentane 146,3 34,6
3,3-Dimethylpentane 86 29,6
3,4-Xylenol 227 49,7
3,5-Xylenol 221,7 49,3
3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 115,6 32,9
3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 118,2 32,8
3-Ethylhexane 118,6 33,6
3-Ethylpentane 93,5 31,1
3-Heptanol 157 42,5
3-Methyl-1-butanol 131,1 44,1

Page 19

3-Methyl-2-butanol 112,9 41,8
3-Methylhexane 92 30,9
3-Methylpentane 63,2 28,1
3-Methylthiophene 115,5 34,2
3-Pentanol 116,2 43,5
3-Picoline 144,1 37,4
4-Methyl-2-pentanol 131,6 44,2
4-Picoline 145,3 37,5
Acetal 102,2 36,3
Acetaldehyde 20,1 25,8
Acetic acid 117,9 23,7
Acetic anhydride 139,5 38,2
Acetone 56 29,1
Acetonitrile 81,6 29,8
Acetonphenone 202 38,8
Acetylacetone 138 34,3
Acrolein 52,6 28,3
Acrylonitrile 77,3 32,6
Allyl acetate 103,5 36,3
Allyl alcohol 97 40
Aniline 184,1 42,4
Anisole 153,7 39
Benzaldehyde 179 42,5
Benzene 80 30,7
Benzenethiol 169,1 39,9
Benzonitrile 191,1 45,9

Page 20

Benzyl acetate 213 49,4
Benzyl alcohol 205,3 50,5
Benzyl benzoate 323,5 53,6
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 178,5 45,2
Bromochloromethane 68 30
Bromoethane 38,5 27
Bromoethylene 15,8 23,4
Bromomethane 3,5 23,9
Butanal 74,8 31,5
Butane -0,5 22,4
Butanenitrile 117,6 33,7
Butanoic anhydride 200 50
Butyl acetate 126,1 36,3
Butyl ethyl ether 92,3 31,6
Butyl formate 106,1 36,6
Butyl methyl ketone 127,6 36,4
Butyl vinyl ether 94 31,6
Butylamine 77 31,8
Butylbenzene 183,3 38,9
Butyrolactone 204 52,2
Carbon disulfide 46 26,7
Chlorobenzene 131,7 35,2
Chlorodifluoromethane -40,7 20,2
Chloroethane 12,3 24,7
Chloroethylene -13,3 20,8
Chloromethane -24 21,4
Chloropentafluoroethane -37,9 19,4
Chlorotrifluoromethane -81,4 15,8

Page 21

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 60,1 30,2
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexa 129,8 33,5
cis-2-Pentene 36,9 26,1
cis-Decahydronaphthalene 195,8 41
Cumene 152,4 37,5
Cyclohexane 80,7 30
Cyclohexanone 155,4 40,3
Cyclohexene 82,9 30,5
Cyclohexylamine 134 36,1
Cyclopentane 49,3 27,3
Cyclopentanone 130,5 36,4
Decane 174,1 38,8
Dibromomethane 97 32,9
Dibutyl ether 140,2 36,5
Dibutyl phthalate 340 79,2
Dibutyl sulfide 185 41,3
Dibutylamine 159,6 38,4
Dichlorodifluoromethyane -29,8 20,1
Dichlorofluoromethane 8,9 25,2
Dichloromethane 40 28,1
Diethanolamine 268,8 65,2
Diethyl carbonate 126 36,2
Diethyl ether 34,5 26,5
Diethyl ketone 101,9 33,5
Diethyl malonate 200 54,8
Diethyl oxalate 185,7 42
Diethyl sulfide 92,1 31,8
Diethylamine 55,5 29,1

Page 22

Diethylene glycol 245,8 52,3
Diethylene glycol diethyl 188 49
Diiodomethane 182 42,5
Diisobutyl ketone 169,4 39,9
Diisopentyl ether 172,5 35,1
Diisopropyl ether 68,5 29,1
Diisopropyl ketone 125,4 34,6
Diisopropylamine 83,9 30,4
Dimethyl disulfide 109,8 33,8
Dimethyl ether -24,8 21,5
Dimethyl sulfide 37,3 27
Dimethyl sulfoxide 189 43,1
Dimethylamine 6,8 26,4
Diphenyl ether 258 48,2
Dipropyl ether 90 31,3
Dipropylamine 109,3 33,5
Dodecane 216,3 44,5
Ethanol 78,2 38,6
Ethanolamine 171 49,8
Ethyl acetate 77,1 31,9
Ethyl acrylate 99,4 34,7
Ethyl butanoate 121,5 35,5
Ethyl formate 54,4 29,9
Ethyl isovalerate 135 37
Ethyl propanoate 99,1 33,9
Ethyl vinyl ether 35,5 26,2
Ethylbenzene 136,1 35,6
Ethylcyclohexane 131,9 34

Page 23

Ethylene glycol 197,3 50,5
Ethylene glycol diacetate 190 45,5
Ethylene glycol diethyl e 119,4 36,3
Ethylene glycol dimethyl 85 32,4
Ethylene glycol monoethyl 143 43,9
Fluorobenzene 84,7 31,2
Formic acid 101 22,7
Furan 31,5 27,1
Furfural 161,7 43,2
Furfuryl alcohol 171 53,6
Glycerol 290 61
Heptane 98,5 31,8
Hexafluorobenzene 80,2 31,7
Hexane 68,7 28,9
Hexylene glycol 197,1 57,3
Iodobenzene 188,4 39,5
Iodoethane 72,5 29,4
Iodomethane 42,5 27,3
Isobutane -11,7 21,3
Isobutyl acetate 116,5 35,9
Isobutyl formate 98,2 33,6
Isobutyl isobutanoate 148,6 38,2
Isobutylamine 67,7 30,6
Isobutylbenzene 172,7 37,8
Isopentane 27,8 24,7
Isopentyl acetate 142,5 37,5
Isopentyl isopentanoate 190,4 45,9
Isopropyl acetate 88,6 32,9

Page 24

Isopropylamine 31,7 27,8
Isoquinoline 243,2 49
m-Cresol 202,2 47,4
m-Dichlorobenzene 173 38,6
m-Toluidine 203,3 44,9
m-Xylene 139,1 35,7
Mesityl oxide 130 36,1
Mesitylene 164,7 39
Methanol 64,6 35,2
Methyl acetate 56,8 30,3
Methyl acrylate 80,7 33,1
Methyl ethyl ketone 79,5 31,3
Methyl formate 31,7 27,9
Methyl isobutyl ketone 116,5 34,5
Methyl pentyl ketone 151 38,3
Methyl propyl ketone 102,2 33,4
Methyl salicylate 222,9 46,7
Methylacrylonitrile 90,3 31,8
Methylamine -6,3 25,6
Methylcyanoacetate 200,5 48,2
Methylcyclohexane 100,9 31,3
Methylcyclopentane 71,8 29,1
Methylmethycrylate 100,5 36
Morpholine 128 37,1
N,N-Dimethylacetamide 165 43,4
N,N-Dimethylformamide 153 38,4
Naphtalene 217,9 43,2
Neopentane 9,4 22,7

Page 25

Nitroethane 114 38
Nitromethane 101,1 34
Nonane 150,8 36,9
o-Chloraniline 208,8 44,4
o-Chlorotoluene 159 37,5
o-Cresol 191 45,2
o-Dichlorobenzene 180 39,7
o-Fluorotoluene 115 35,4
o-Toluidine 200,3 44,6
o-Xylene 144,5 36,2
Octane 125,6 34,4
Octanoic acid 239 58,5
Oleic acid 360 67,4
p-Chlorotoluene 162,4 38,7
p-Cresol 201,9 47,5
p-Cymene 177,1 38,2
p-Dichlorobenzene 174 38,8
p-Fluorotoluene 116,6 34,1
p-Toluidine 200,4 44,3
p-Xylene 138,3 35,7
Pentachloroethane 159,8 36,9
Pentane 36 25,8
Pentanenitrile 141,3 36,1
Pentanoic acid 186,1 44,1
Pentyl acetate 149,2 41
Pentylamine 104,3 34
Perfuorobutane -1,9 22,9
Perfuorocyclobutane -5,9 23,2

Page 26

Phenetole 169,8 40,7
Phenol 181,8 45,7
Propanal 48 28,3
Propane -42,1 19
Propanenitrile 97,1 31,8
Propanoic acid 141,1 32,3
Propanoic anhydride 170 41,7
Propyl acetate 101,5 33,9
Propyl formate 80,9 33,6
Propylamine 47,2 29,6
Pyridine 115,2 35,1
Pyrrole 129,7 38,8
Pyrrolidine 86,5 33
Quinoline 237,1 49,7
Salicylaldehyde 197 38,2
sec-Butylamine 63,5 29,9
Styrene 145 38,7
Succinonitrile 266 48,5
tert-Butylamine 44 28,3
Tetrachloroethylene 121,3 34,7
Tetrachloromethane 76,8 29,8
Tetrahydrofuran 65 29,8
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcoho 178 45,2
Tetrahydropyran 88 31,2
Tetrahydrothiophene 121 34,7
Thiophene 84 31,5
Toluene 110,6 33,2
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylen 48,7 28,9

Page 27

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohe 123,5 33
trans-2-Methylcyclohexano 167,5 53
trans-2-Pentene 36,3 26,1
trans-Decahydronaphthalen 187,3 40,2
Triacetin 259 57,8
Tribromomethane 149,1 39,7
Tributyl borate 234 56,1
Tributylamine 216,5 46,9
Trichloroethylene 87,2 31,4
Trichlorofluoromethane 23,7 25,1
Trichloromethane 61,1 29,2
Tridecane 235,4 45,7
Triethylamine 89 31
Triethylene glycol 285 71,4
Trifluoroacetic acid 73 33,3
Trimethylamine 2,8 22,9
Trinonafluorobutylamine 178 46,4
Vinyl acetate 72,5 34,6
Water 100 40,23
Page 28

GRAPHICS OF THE COMMON SOLVENTS USED

Page Solvent

30 1-Butanol
30 1-Hexanol
31 1-Propanol
31 2-Butanol
32 2-Hexanol
32 2-Propanol
33 Acetone
33 Acetylacetone
34 Benzaldehyde
34 Butyl acetate
35 Chlorobenzene
35 Cyclohexane
36 Cyclohexene
36 Dibuthyl ether
37 Dibuthylamine
37 Dichloromethane
38 Diethyl ether
38 Ethanol
39 Ethyl acetate
39 Heptane
40 Hexane
40 Isobuthyl acetate
41 Methanol
41 Methyl ethyl ketone
42 Tetrahydrofuran
42 Toluene
43 Trichloromethane
43 Water

Page 29

1-Butanol

1-Hexanol

Page 30

1-Propanol

1-Butanol

Page 31

2-Hexanol

2-Propanol

Page 32

Acetone

Acetylacetone

Page 33

Benzaldehyde

Butyl acetate

Page 34

Chlorobenzene

Cyclohexane

Page 35

Cyclohexene

Dibuthyl ether

Page 36

Dibuthylamine

Dichloromethane

Page 37

Diethyl ether

Ethanol

Page 38

Ethyl acetate

Heptane

Page 39

Hexane

Isobuthyl acetate

Page 40

Methanol

Methyl ethyl ketone

Page 41

Tetrahydrofuran

Toluene

Page 42

Trichloromethane

Water

Basic Guidelines For Microwave Reactor and Reactions

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Basic Guidelines For Microwave Reactor and Reactions

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Basic Guidelines for

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