Regd. Office: IMS Learning Resources Pvt Ltd.

E-Block, 6th Floor, NCL Bandra Premises, Bandra Kurla Complex,

Bandra (E), Mumbai 400 051
Tel No: +91 22 66680005 Fax: +91 22 66680006
Email: ims@imsindia.com Website: www.imsindia.com
Math, DI & LR
2

CMAT
NUMBERS & ALGEBRA Logbook
The Number Glossary
1. Factor: A positive integer f is said to be the
factor of a given positive integer n if f divides
n without leaving a remainder e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4,
6 and 12 are the factors of 12.
2. Rational Number: Real numbers which can be
expressed in the form of
q
p
, where p and q are
integers and q

0. Rational numbers have

repeating or terminating decimals.
3. Irrational Numbers: Real numbers which have
non-terminating and non-repeating decimals are
irrational numbers.
4. Prime Numbers: A prime number is a positive integer
which has only two distinct factors, itself and unity.
5. Composite Numbers: A composite number is a
number which has more than two factors.
6. Factorial: For a natural number n, its factorial
is defined as: n! = 1 2 3 ... ... ... n.
(Note: 0!=1).
7. Absolute value OR Modulus of a Number: For a real
number a, modulus is defined |a| = a when a

0 |a| = a when a < 0.

Tests of Divisibility
1. A non-negative integer is divisible by 2, 4, 8
and so on, if and only if the number formed
by the last digit, last two digits, last three digits
and so on, respectively, is divisible by 2, 4, 8
and so on respectively.
2. A non-negative integer is divisible by 3 and 9
if the sum of all the digits of the integer is
divisible by 3 and 9 respectively.
3. A non-negative integer is divisible by 11, if and
only if the difference between the sum of the
digits at the odd places and the sum of the digits
at the even places is divisible by 11 or is 0.
4. A non-negative integer is divisible by a composite
number, if and only if it is divisible by two or
more of its relatively prime factors e.g. a number
is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by both 3
and 4, similarly a number is divisible by 30
if it is divisible by 2, 3, and 5.
Factors and Multiples
1. HCF/GCD: HCF of two or more numbers is the
greatest number which divides each of them exactly.
2. LCM: LCM is the least number which is exactly
divisible by each of the given numbers.
3. Product of two numbers = HCF LCM
4. HCF of Fracti ons=
rs denominato the of LCM
numerators the of HCF
,
when all the fractions are expressed in their
lowest forms.
5. LCM of Fracti ons=
rs denominato the of HCF
numerators the of LCM
,
when all the fractions are expressed in their
lowest forms.
6. (a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
7. (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
8. (a b)
2
= a
2
2ab + b
2
9. (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ 3ab(a + b) + b
3
10. (a b)
3
= a
3
3ab(a b) b
3
11. a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
)
12. a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
13. a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
14. a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc, if a + b + c = 0
1. a
m
a
n
= a
m+n
2. a
m
a
n
= a
m n
3. a
m
b
m
= (a b)
m
4. (a
m
)
n
= a
mn
5.
m
b
a

=
m
m
b
a
6. p
1
a
=
p
a
7. a
0
= 1; a
1
= a
8. a
p
=
p
a
1
; a
p
=
p
a
1
-
9.
q
p
a =
q
p
a =
10. a
m
= a
n
and a 1,
0, 1 then m = n
11. a
m
= b
m
, m 0
i) a = +b, m is even
ii) a = b, m is odd
Roots & Indices and Number Properties
12. A perfect square should always end with 0,
1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
13. A perfect square ending with zero should end
with even number of zeros.
14. A perfect square ending with 5 must always end with 25.
15. A perfect square ending with 6, must have its
last but one digit odd.
16. A perfect square ending with 1, 4, or 9 must
have its last but one digit even.
17. The digit sum of perfect squares should be 1,
4, 7 or 9.
3

CMAT
18. Cyclicity Rule:
The units digit of successive powers of n
follow a pattern as given in the table below:
The fifth power of any number has the same
units place digit as the number itself
19. To find the powers of a prime number p
contained in n!, where n is a natural number.
Highest power of prime number p in n!
= [n/p] + [n/p
2
] + [n/p
3
] + [n/p
4
] + ...
Where the value of the term in the [ ] is the
greatest integral value less than or equal to
the terms n/p, n/p
2
, n/p
3
, n/p
4
, ...
Rules of Inequalities
1. If a > b and c is any number
a + c > b + c
a c > b c
2. If a > b and c > 0
ac > bc
a
c
>
b
c
3. If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc
4. If a c > b, then a > b + c or c > b a.
5. If x
2
<

a, where a is a positive number

a -
< x <
a
(
a
is the positve square
root of a)
6. If x
2
> a, where a is a positive number
x >
a
or x <
a
(
a
is the positve
square root of a)
7. |x| < a a < x < a
8. |x| > a x > a or x < a
9. Quadratic inequalities:
(x a )(x b ) > 0 if x < a or x > b ( a < b )
< 0 if a < x < b
Quadratic Equations
1. For the quadratic polynomial ax
2
+ bx + c,
let a and b be the roots.
Then ax
2
+ bx + c = a (x
2
+
a
b
x +
a
c
)
= a (x a ) (x b )
= a [x
2
( a + b ) x + ab ]
Hence, we have:
i) a + b =
a
b
; ii) ab =
a
c
2. The roots a , b are given by:
a , b =
a 2
b D -
; where D = b
2
4ac is
the discriminant.
3. Properties of the discriminant D :
i) If D 0, then a , b are real.
ii) If D = 0, then a = b .
iii) If D < 0, then a , b are complex conjugates.
4

CMAT
Percentages, Profit & Loss,
Simple & Compound Interest
1. %increase =
value initial
value initial value final -
100
2. %decrease =
value initial
value final value initial -
100
3. If n is increased by a%, and then by b%,
and then c%, then the new value n1 will be
n
1
=

+
100
1
a

+
100
1
b

+
100
1
c
4. %profit =
ice Pr Cost
ice Pr Cost ice Pr Selling -
100
5. %loss =
ice Pr Cost
ice Pr Selling ice Pr Cost -
100
6. %discount =
ice Pr Marked
ice Pr Selling ice Pr Marked -
100
7. Simple Interest =
PNR
100
P Principal
N Number of years
R Rate of interest per Annum (%)
The sum of the principal and interest is the Amount
A = P + S.I.
8. Compound Interest
A = P
N
R
1
100

+


; where A = amount, P = Prin-
cipal, R = rate of interest per Annum (%), N =
number of year.
C.I. = A P
Averages, Mixture & Alligation
1. Arithematic mean/average
=
elements of number Total
elements the all of Sum
2. If two quantities e
1
and e
2
are mixed, such
that their average is a, then where e
2
> e
1
,
then these two quantities should be mixed
in the ratio
1
2
2
1
e a
a e
q
q
-
-
=
.
3. If a vessel contains a litres of wine and if
b litres are withdrawn and replaced with
water, and this operation is continued n times,
then
Volume Total
operations n after left Wine
=
n
a
b a

-
ARITHMETIC Logbook
5

CMAT
Ratio, Proportions & Variations; Partnerships
1. Ratio is the comparison between similar types
of quantities; it is an abstract quantity and
does not have any units.
2. If
b
a
=
d
c
, then a, b, c, d are said to be in
proportion.
3. If
b
a
=
d
c
, then
a) a d = c b
b)
a
b
=
c
d
, invertendo
c)
c
a
=
d
b
, alternendo
d)
b
b a +
=
d
d c +
, componendo
e)
b
b a -
=
d
d c -
, dividendo
f)
b a
b a
-
+
=
d c
d c
-
+
, componendo & dividendo
4. If
b
a
=
d
c
=
f
e
=
h
g
= K
then
) ator min deno the all of sum ( h f d b
) numerators the all of sum ( g e c a
+ + +
+ + +
= K
5. If a b, provided c is constant and a c,
provided b is constant,
then a b c, if all three of them are varying.
6. If A and B are in a business for the same time,
then
Profi t di stri buti on Investment (Ti me i s
constant).
7. If A and B are in a business with the same
investment, then
Profi t di stri buti on Ti me of i nvestment
(Investment is constant).
8. Profit Distribution Investment Time.
Time, Speed and Distances; Work,
Pipes and Cisterns
1. Distance = Speed Time
2. If a distance is covered at a kmph and the
return journey is made at b kmph, then the
speed of the entire journey is
b a
ab 2
+
kmph.
3. If two bodies move in the opposite direction,
their relative speed = sum of their speeds.
4. If two bodies move in the same direction, their
relative speed = difference of their speeds.
5. If the speed of a boat in still water is b,
and the speed of the stream is s, then
a. Upstream speed (u) = b s
b. Downstream speed (d) = b + s
c. b =
2
d u +
d. s =
2
u d -
6. If A can do a piece of work in a days and
B can do the same work in b days then A
and B together can do the work in
b a
ab
+
days.
7. If the A and B can do a work in a and b days
respectively, then their efficiency will be in
the ratio b: a, and their wages will be in the
ratio of their efficiencies, if they are working
together.
8. If pipe A is x times bigger than pipe B, then
A will take
th
1
x
of the time taken by pipe B,
to fill a cistern.
9. If pipe A can fill a cistern in a mins and
B can empty it in b mins, then together they
can fill the cistern in
a b
ab
-
mins.
6

CMAT
MODERN MATH Logbook
SET THEORY
1. Set A is said to be a subset of Set B if each and
every element of Set A is also contained in Set
B. Set A is said to be a proper subset of Set B
if Set B has at least one element that is not
contained in Set A.
2. The Universal set is defined as the set of all
possible objects under consideration. Every
other set is then a subset of the universal set.
3. Union of two sets is represented as A B and
consists of elements that are present in either
Set A or Set B or both.
4. Intersection of two sets is represented as
A

B and consists of elements that are

present in both Set A and Set B.
5. Venn Diagram: A venn diagram is used to
visually represent the relationship between
various sets.
What do each of the areas in the figure
represent?
only A - a
only B - b
only C - c
A and B, not C - d
A and C, not B - e
B and C, not A - f
A, B and C - g
None of A, B or C - h
6. Some important properties:
n(A

B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A

B)
n(A

C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A

B)
n(A

C) n(B

C) n(A

C)
LINEAR ARRANGEMENT
1. Linear arrangement (or permutation) of n
distinct items among themselves = n!
2. Linear arrangement ( or permutation) of r
out of n distinct items =
n
P
r
=
)! r n (
! n
-
3. Linear arrangement of n items out of which
p are alike. q are alike, r are alike =
! r ! q ! p
! n
4. Circular arrangement of n distinct items
= (n 1)!
5. Circular arrangement of n distinct beads in a
necklace =
2
)! 1 n ( -
6. Selection of r items out of n distinct items
=
n
C
r
=
)! 1 n ( ! r
! n
-
7. Selection of atleast one item from n
distinct items =
n
C
1
+
n
C
2
+
n
C
3
+
n
C
4
+ ... +
n
C
n
= 2
n
1
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING:
If there are two jobs which can be performed
independently in m and n ways, then
i) either of the two jobs can be performed in m + n
ways (OR)
ii ) both of the jobs can be performed in m n ways
(AND) e.g. if there are 15 boys and 12 girls in a
class then
i) a boy OR a girl representative can be chosen in
15 + 12 = 27 ways.
ii ) a boy AND a girl representative can be chosen in
15 12 = 180 ways.
7

CMAT
PROBABILITY
Probability deals with the chance or likelihood
of a particular event happening or not happening.
If an event can happen in a ways and fail in
b ways and each is equally likely to happen,
then the probability or chance of its happening
is
+
a
a b
i.e., P(a) =
+
a
a b
and the probability of
failure is P(b) =
+
b
a b
. (P(a) < 1 and P(b) < 1,
P(a) + P(b) = 1, P(a)

0, P(b)

0)
Instead of saying the probability of the happening
of an event is
+
a
a b
, the probability of its not happening
is

-

+

a
1
a b
=
+
b
a b
. It is sometimes stated that
the odds are a to b in favour of the event or b
to a against the event. Two events A and B occur
with probabilities p(A) and p(B). Then, the probability
that A and B occur is P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB);
where P(AB) is the probability of AB occuring together.
P(AB) = P(A) P(B), if the two events are independent
of each other.
LOGARITHMS
If a
n
= b, then = log b n
a
Conventionally, log b represents log
10
b
1] =
b
log 1 0
2] =
a
log a 1
3]
a
log b =
b
1
log a
OR 1 a log b log
b a
=
4] = +
b b b
log (m n) log m log n
5]

= -


b b b
m
log log m log n
n
6] =
n
b b
log (m) nlog (m)
7] = =
a
b a b
a
log m
log m log m log a
log b
8] =

!
b
b
!
log (a ) log a

9] =
x x
log a log b if and only if a = b
10] log
y
x > 0 if both x, y > 1 or both x, y < 1
< 0 if x < 1 < y or y < 1 < x
8

CMAT
GEOMETRY Logbook
GEOMETRY
For a triangle ( D ABC) with sides a, b, c :
1. Sum of interior angles = 180.
2. Side opposite to the greatest angle is longest,
and side opposite to the smallest angle is
smallest.
3. Sum of any two sides of the triangle is always
greater than the third side.
4. Difference between any two sides of the triangle
is always lesser than the third side.
5. Measure of exterior angle = Sum of remote
interior angles.
6. Area =
2
1
(base) (height)
= ) c s )( b s )( a s ( s - - - , where s =
2
c b a + +
= r s, r = radius of the incircle
=
R 4
abc
, R = radius of the circumcircle
7. If BE is the angle bisector then,
BC
AB
=
EC
AE
.
8. A line segment joining the midpoints of any
two sides is parallel to the third side and
has half the length of the third
side.
9. If DE||BC, then
DB
AD
=
EC
AE
(BPT)
10. If AD is the median .i.e. BD =
DC, then AB
2
+ AC
2
= 2(AD
2
+ DC
2
)
11. If

ABC = 90, then AC

2
= AB
2
+ BC
2
12. In a 30- 60- 90 triangle, the sides are in
the ratio 1 :
3
: 2
13. In a 45- 45- 90 isosceles triangle, the sides
are in the ratio 1 :
2
Note: The above two properties are also used to
solve Trignometry based questions in CMAT
relating to Angle of Elevation and Angle of
Depression.
14. If
D
ABC is an equilateral triangle:
a. Each angle = 60,
b. Height =
2
3
side,
c. Area =
4
3
(side)
2
,
d. Inradius(r) =
3
height
,
e. Circumradius (R) =
3
2
height .
15.
D
ABC is similar to
D
PQR if A = P, B
= Q, C = R and is represented as D ABC
D PQR.
a.
PQ
AB
=
QR
BC
=
PR
AC
i.e ratio of their sides
remains constant, say, k.
b.
PQR of Perimeter
ABC of Perimeter
D
D
=
PQ
AB
= k
c.
PQR of Area
ABC of Area
D
D
=
2
PQ
AB

= k
2
d. All other linear geometric dimensions will
be in the same ratio as is the side.
For a circle with center "O" and radius "r":
16. Chords equidistant from the center are equal.
17. Perpendicular from the center bisects the
chord, conversely, the line segment joining
the center and the midpoint of the cord is
perpendicular to it.
A
D E
B C
A

E
B C
9

CMAT
18. Equal chords subtends equal angle at the
center.
19. In the adjoining Figure, Chord AB divides the
circle into two parts:
P
Q
R
B
x
A
O
y
a. minor arc - AXB
b. major arc - AYC
The area bounded by OAXB is a sector.
20. Measure of arc AXB = AOB = q
21. Length (arc AXB) =
360
q
2 p r
22. Area (sector OAXB) is
360
q
p r
2
23. Angles subtended by the arc at all the points
on the alternates segments are equal. Thus
APB = AQB = ARB
24. Angle subtended by the arc at the center is
twice than that subtended at the alternate
segment. Thus

APB =

AQB =

ARB
25. Angl e i nscri bed i n a semi ci rcl e or that
subtended by the diameter is a right angle.
TANGENT PROPERTIES
PA and PB are tangents to the given circle, OA is
the radius.
1. PA = PB.
2. OA ^ PA..
Secant, Tangent and Chord Properties
3. If two secants viz. AB and CD, intersect at P, then
AP BP = CP DP.
Note: This equation will hold even if the secants
meet outside the circle.
4. If a tangent (OC) and a secant (AB) meet externally
at O, then OC
2
= OA OB.
(Tangent Secant theorem)
5. The angle made by chord (AB) with the tangent at
A (AD) is equal to the angle subtended by it on the
opposite arc.
m

BAD = m

ACB.
(Tangent Chord Property)
POLYGONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
For any regular polygon:
(A polygon which has all its sides and angles equal)
1. Sum of internal angles = 180(n 2).
2. Measure of an internal angle =
n
) 2 n ( 180 -
.
(where n is the number of sides)
Properties of some special polygons:
Parallelogram:
3. Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.
10

CMAT
SOLID FIGURES
Eulers formula:
Number of faces + Number of vertices =
Number of edges + 2
1. Cube: If each edge of a cube is a units,
then
Volume of cube = a
3
Also, edge of the
cube
=
3
cube the of Volume
Total surface area of the cube = 6a
2
Lateral surface area = 4a
2
Longest diagonal of the cube = a 3
2. Cuboid/Rectangular Parallelopiped:
Let length, breadth and height of a cuboid
be l , b and h, respectively, then
Volume of cuboid =
l b h
Total surface area
= 2( l b + bh + h l )
Lateral surface area = 2h( l + b)
4. Opposite angles are congruent.
5. Diagonals bisect each other.
6. Area of parallelogram = Base height .
Rhombus:
7. Opposite sides are parallel and all sides are
equal.
8. Opposite angles are congruent.
9. Diagonals bisect each other at 90.
10. Area =
2
1
Product of diagonals.
Square:
11. All sides are congruent and opposite sides
are parallel. All angles are right angles.
12. Diagonals are congruent and bisect each other
at 90. l (diagonal) = 2 (side).
13. Area = (side)
2
.
Kite:
14. Two pairs of adjacent sides are congurent.
15. Diagonals intersect each other at 90 and
longer diagonal bisects shorter diagonal.
16. Area =
2
1
product of diagonals.
Isosceles Trapezium:
17. One pair of opposite sides is parallel.
18. Non-parallel sides are congruent.
19. Area =
2
1
sum of parallel sides height.
Regular Hexagon:
20. Area =
2
3 3
(side)
2
.
21. Six equilateral triangles are formed by
joining the opposite vertices of the hexagon.
11

CMAT
Longest di agonal of cuboi d =
2 2 2
h b + + l
3. (Right) Circular Cylinder: Let r be the radius
of the circular base and h
be the height of a right cir-
cular cylinder, then
Area of each circular face
= p r
2
Lateral surface area =
Circum-ference of
base height = 2 p rh
Total surface area = Curved surface
area + Area of two circular bases = 2 p rh
+ 2 p r
2
= 2 p r(h + r)
Volume of cylinder = (Area of base)
height = p r
2
h
4. Right Circular Cone: If h is the height, l
is the slant height and r is the radius of
the base of the right circu-
lar cone, then
Volume of cone =
3
1
p r
2
h
Lateral surface area =
p r l
Total surface area = Curved surface area
+ Area of circular base
= p r l + p r
2
= p r( l + r)
l
2
= h
2
+ r
2
i.e., l =
2 2
r h +
5. Sphere: If r is the radius
of a sphere, then
Volume of sphere =
3
4
p r
3
Surface area of sphere
= 4 p r
2
6. Hemisphere: If r is
the radius of a hemi-
sphere, then
Volume of hemisphere =
3
2
p r
3
Lateral/Curved surface area of hemi-
sphere = 2 p r
2
Total surface area of hemisphere = 2 p r
2
+ p r
2
= 3 p r
2
7. Spherical Shell: Let R and r be the outer
and the inner radius of a spherical shell,
then
Volume of spherical shell =
3
4
p (R
3
r
3
)
8. Solid Ring: Let R and r be the outer and
the inner radius of a ring, then
Volume of a solid ring =
4
2
p
(R r)
2
(R + r)
Lateral/Curved surface area of solid ring
= p
2
(R
2
r
2
)
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Distance between two points
The distance between two points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
,
y
2
) =
2
2 1
2
2 1
) y y ( ) x x ( - + - .
Section Formula
If P is a point dividing the joint of two points
A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) internally in the ratio
m : n (i.e., PA : PB = m : n), then the co-ordinates
(x, y) of P are given by:

+
+
+
+
=
n m
ny my
,
n m
nx mx
) y , x ( P
1 2 1 2
If P(x, y) divides the joint of A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
,
y
2
) externally in the ratio m : n
(i.e., PA : PB = m : n), then the co-ordinates (x,
y) of P are given by:

-
-
-
-
=
n m
my my
,
n m
nx mx
) y , x ( P
1 2 1 2
12

CMAT
I(x, y) =

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
c b a
cy by ay
,
c b a
cx bx ax
3 2 1 3 2 1
where a, b and c are the lengths of the three
sides opposite to BAC, ABC and ACB.
Area of a triangle
If A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) and C(x
3
, y
3
) are the
three vertices of a triangle, then
Area of the triangle =
1 1 1
y y y
x x x

2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= )] y y ( x ) y y ( x ) y y ( x [
2
1
2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 1
- + - - -
If area = 0, then the three points are col-
linear.
Parallel and Perpendicular lines
i) Two lines whose slopes are m
1
and m
2
are
parallel to each other, if and only if m
1
= m
2
, or both m
1
and m
2
does not exist.
i i ) Two lines whose slopes are m
1
and m
2
are
perpendicular to each other, if and only
if either m
1
m
2
= 1 or if m
1
= 0 and m
2
does not exist.
Thus, if the slope of a line is m, then the
slope of a line perpendicular to it is
m
1
- .
Midpoint of a Segment
If P is the midpoint of the segment joining the
points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
), then the co-ordinates
(x, y) of P are given by:
P(x, y) =

+ +
2
y y
,
2
x x
2 1 2 1
Centroid and Incentre of a triangle
If A(x, y), B(x
2
, y
2
) and C(x
3
, y
3
) are the vertices
of a triangle, then
i) The co-ordinates of the centroid G(x, y) of
D ABC are:
G(x, y) =

+ + + +
3
y y y
,
3
x x x
3 2 1 3 2 1
i i )
The co-ordinates of the incentre I(x, y) of D ABC
with vertices A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) and C(x
3
, y
3
)
are:
13

CMAT
TRIGNOMETRY
1. Angle of Elevation:
O
B
L
i
n
e
o
f
s
i
g
h
t
A
Horizontal
q
O
B
L
i
n
e
o
f
s
i
g
h
t
A
Horizontal
Angle of
elevation q
If a person at a lower level looks up at
an object at a higher level, the line of sight
makes an angle with the horizontal line
which is called the angle of elevation.
2. Angle of Depression:
If a person standing at a higher level observes
an object at a lower level, the line of sight
makes an angle with the horizontal line which
is called the angle of depression.
Note:
i] Numerically, the angle of elevation is equal
to the angle of depression.
i i ] The angle of elevation and the angle of de-
pression are measured with the horizontal
line.
14

CMAT
DATA INTERPRETATION Logbook
Comparison of fractions
1. If a < b or
b
a
< 1 then
b
a
<
k b
k a
+
+
k being a positive integer.
2. If a > b or
b
a
> 1 then
b
a
>
k b
k a
+
+
k being a positive integer.
3. If ad > cb then
b
a
>
d
c
a, b, c, d being positive integers.
General Terms Involved in DI.
1. Percentage change =

Value Initial
Value Initial value final
100
2. Growth = final value Initial Value
3. Growth Rate (in percentage) =
Value Initial
Growth Total
100%
4. Average Annual Growth Rate =
years of Number Total
Rate Growth Total
5.
100 1
Value Initial
Value final
Rate Growth Annual Average Cumulative
OR
Rate Growth Annual Average Compounded
n
1

We need to know the decimal values.

2
1
= 0.5
3
1
= 0.33
3
2
= 0.66
4
1
= 0.25
4
3
= 0.75
5
1
= 0.2
5
2
= 0.4
5
3
= 0.6
5
4
= 0.8
6
1
= 0.166
6
5
= 0.833
7
1
= 0.142857
7
2
= 0.285714
7
3
= 0.428571
7
4
= 0.571428
7
5
= 0.714285
7
6
= 0.857142
8
1
= 0.125
8
3
= 0.375
8
5
= 0.625
8
7
= 0.875
9
1
= 0.11
9
2
= 0.22
9
4
= 0.44
9
5
= 0.55
9
7
= 0.77
9
8
= 0.88
11
1
= 0.0909
11
2
= 0.1818
11
3
= 0.2727
11
4
= 0.3636
11
5
= 0.4545
11
6
= 0.5454
11
7
= 0.6363
11
8
= 0.7272
11
9
= 0.8181
11
10
= 0.9090
15

CMAT
(5) "A is neither greater than nor equal to B" means
"A is less than B" (A < B)
(6) Comparison should always be done in a Unique
Mode i.e., either greater than or lesser than.
i.e., if A is not less than B, B is less than C
and D is equal to A, then D = A > B < C is
conventionally incorrect.
D = A > B or B < A = D
C > B or B < C is conventionally correct.
(7) Two quantities which are not the part of an
inequality cannot be compared among them-
selves e.g., In the above example C cannot be
compared with A and D.
Alphanumeric Series
The logics which are generally used to frame
such type of questions can be categorized as
(1) Difference series:
Difference between the successive elements
will lead to the logic behind these types of series.
(a) Constant difference series eg. 3, 5, 7, 9,
11, 13
(b) Increasing difference series eg. 3, 5, 8, 12,
17, 23
(c) Decreasing difference series eg. 12, 8, 5,
3, 2, 2
(d) Increasing decreasing difference series
eg. 17, 19, 23, 26, 31, 35
(2) Product Series
Ratio between the successive elements will
lead to the logic behind these type of series.
(a) Constant ratio series eg. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48,
96
(b) Increasing ratio series eg. 3, 3, 6, 18, 72,
360
(c) Decreasing ratio series eg. 72, 18, 6, 3, 3,
0
(d) Increasing and decreasing ratio series.
eg. 3, 3, 9, 18, 72, 216, 1080
(3) Square/Cube series
These types of series can be characterized by
Seating Arrangement
(1) In seating arrangement, generally the data will
be given with respect to the subjects or the
people involved in the puzzle. Hence the left
and right should be considered with respect
to the subjects or the people involved in.
(2) The candidate/observer is always assumed to
be facing North Direction.
(3) In case of linear Seating Arrangement if noth-
ing is mentioned the subjects are considered
to be facing North Direction. If mentioned
otherwise the left of the subject will become
the right of the observer and vice-versa. Cir-
cular seating arrangement will not have this
problem.
The language of the question should be carefully
understood.
eg., (i) In the photograph who
is to the left of Harbhajan?
Ans. Pointing.
(ii) Who was standing to the
left of Harbhajan Singh when
the photograph was taken? Ans. Symonds.
(4) In case of linear seating arrangement the
statement, "A is seating to the left of B" does
not mean "A is seating to the immediate left
of B". But i n case of ci rcul ar seati ng
arrangement it does mean so.
(5) The term diagonally opposite is generally used
to denote two people who are seated as far
as possible.
Comparisons
(1) "A is neither greater than nor less than B" means
"A is equal to B" (A = B).
(2) "A is not less than B" means "A is either greater
than or equal to B" (A > B)
(3) "A is not greater than B" means "A is either
less than or equal to B" (A < B)
(4) "A is neither less than nor equal to B" means
"A is greater than B" (A > B)
LOGICAL REASONING logbook
16

CMAT
Groups & Conditionalities
In the formation of a group, or for an event to
occur or for a particular arrangment, certain
conditions are imposed. While forming the group,
the conditions have to be taken into account along
with the directions given in each question.
Types of Conditional Statements
Conditional statements can be classified into four
groups:
a) If A occurs then B will also occur.
A B
The reverse implication of this statement
is, that, if B has not occurred A will also
not occur. The not statement i s
denoted by the symbol ~, i.e., not B is
denoted as ~B.
~B ~A
It is not necessary that B A.
b) If A occurs then B will not occur.
A ~B
The reverse implication is
B ~A
It is not necessary that ~B A
c) If A has not occurred then B will occur.
~A B
the presence of peculiar squares or cubes either
in the series or in the series of the difference
of the elements in the series.
eg. 4, 8, 17, 33, 58, 94
eg. 4, 9, 1, 6, 2, 5
(4) Miscellaneous
(a) Fibbonocci series: Every element is the
sum of two preceding terms.
eg. 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
(b) Prime number/Square Cubes of prime
numbers
(c) Product of consecutive prime numbers,
eg. 6, 15, 35, 77, 143, 221
(5) Combination series
(a) Alternate elements forming two different
series
eg. 2, 13, 4, 17, 6, 19, 8
(b) Difference and product series.
eg. 2, 4, 12, 45, 206.5, 1140.75
The reverse implication is
~B A
It is not necessary that B ~A
d) If A has not occurred then B will also not
occur.
~A ~B
The reverse implication is
B A
It is not necessary that ~B ~A.
Notation
1. A belongs to group I.
A I
2. A does not belong to group I.
A I
3. A and B are in the same group.
AB
4. A and B are not in the same group.
AB
x
17

CMAT
BLOOD RELATIONS
Mothers or fathers son Brother
Mothers or fathers daughter Sister
Mothers or fathers brother Uncle
Mothers or fathers sister Aunt
Mothers or fathers father Grandfather
Mothers or fathers mother Grandmother
Sons wife Daughter-in-law
Daughters husband Son-in-law
Husbands or wifes sister Sister-in-law
Husbands or wifes brother Brother-in-law
Brothers son Nephew
Brothers daughter Niece
Uncle or aunts son or daughter Cousin
Sisters husband Brother-in-law
Brothers wife Sister-in-law
Grandsons or granddaughters daughter
Great granddaughter
Notations
1. A is a male
2. A is a female
3. Sex of A is not known
A
4. A and B are married to each other
A = B
5. A and B are siblings
A <> B
6. A is the child of B
B

A
7. A is the uncle / aunt of B
DIRECTIONS
Logical reasoning questions based on directions
test your sense of directions and understanding
of them.
The figure below shows the four main directions
(North N, South S, East E and West W) and its
cardinal directions (NorthEast NE, NorthWest NW,
SouthEast SE and SouthWest SW).
N
NE
SE
S
SW
W
NW
E
There are 2 types of questions based on Direc-
tions, one that tests your sense of directions and
the other that involve calculations.
CALENDARS
1] An ordinary year contains 365 days, i.e., 52
weeks and 1 odd day.
2] A leap year contains 366 days, i.e., 52 weeks
and 2 odd days.
3] 100 years (a century) contain 76 ordinary
years and 24 leap years
= (76 52) weeks + 76 odd days + (24
52) weeks + 48 odd days
= [(76 52) + (24 52)] weeks + 124 odd
days
= [(76 52) + (24 52) + 17] weeks + 5 odd
days
i.e., 100 years contain 5 odd days.
200 years contain 10 and therefore 3 odd
days. Similarly, 300 years contain 1 odd day,
400 years will have (20 + 1) odd days i.e.,
0 odd days. Similarly, the years 800, 1200,
18

CMAT
1600, 2000 each contain no odd days.
4] 1
st
January, AD was Monday. Therefore, we must
count days from Sunday, i.e., Sunday for 0 odd
day, Monday for 1 odd day, Tuesday for 2 odd
days and so on.
5] February in an ordinary year gives no odd
day, but in a leap year gives one odd day.
CLOCKS
1] The entire clock can be divided into 60 mins
spaces.
60 mins space is not a time of 60 mins,
but a distance.
60 mins space equals 360
o
turn. So, 1 minute
space equals 6
o
turn.
2] The hour hand goes over 5 mins spaces.
The minute hand passes over 60 mins
spaces.
Thus, in an hour, the minute hand gains
(60 5) = 55 mins spaces over the hour
hand.
3] In one minute, the minute hand moves 6
o
and in one minute, the hour hand moves
o
1
2



.
4] In one minute, the minute hand gains
1
5
2



o
over the hour hand.
Every hour, both hands coincide exactly
once.
Every hour, the two hands are twice at right
angles. In this position they are 15 mins
spaces apart.
5] In an hour, the two hands point exactly once
in the opposite direction. In this position,
they are 30 mins spaces apart.
6] The hands are said to be in the same straight
line, when they are coincident or opposite
to each other.
7] If a clock shows 10:20 when the time is
10:00, then the clock is said to be 20 mins
fast.
8] If a clock shows 7:45 when the exact time
is 8:00, then the clock is said to be 15 mins
slow.
9] If both hands start moving from the same
position, then they coincide in
5
65
11
mins.
If the hands coincide in time less than
5
65
11
mins, then the clock is fast. If the hands
coincide in time more than
5
65
11
mins, then
the clock is slow.
10] In a slow clock i.e., a clock that loses time:
Total ti me l ost i n T hours = (T
60)
5
x 65
11
x

-





mins, where x is the time
in which the hands of slow clock coincide.
11] For a fast clock, i.e., a clock that gains time:
Total ti me gai ned i n T hours = (T
60)
5
65 x
11
x

-





mins, where x is the time
in which the hands of fast clock coincide.
19

CMAT
VISUAL PUZZLES - BASIC CONCEPTS
A Clockwise Movement:
As the hands of a clock move.
e.g., Begin
The direction in which the + moves is clock-
wise.
B Anticlockwise Movement:
Movement in the reverse direction of clockwise
movement. [ceiling fans move in this fashion].
e.g., Begin
Taking the same example, the movement of +
is in the reverse direction.
C Rotation:
The object rotates by certain degrees in the
movement specified. The most commonly used
movements are: rotations by 45, 90 and 135.
Remember that these are identifiable with just
visual inspection a precise measurement is
not required.
e.g.,
1] Rotate 90 clockwise =>
to
original position after rotation
2] Rotate 45

anticlockwise =>
to
original position after rotation
3] Rotate 135
0
clockwise =>
to
original position after rotation
When movements/rotations are different from
the ones mentioned above you will have clues
like multiples of 30
0
in a clock.
D Lateral Inversion:
This is basically a mirror reflection or if you
like, think of it as turning over an object on
its side while keep it vertical.
e.g.
original position laterally inverted
original position laterally inverted
E Vertical Inversion:
This is inverting an object vertically - think of
it as a reflection of trees in a pond.
e.g., to
original position vertically inverted
or to
original position vertically inverted
F Spatial inversion:
When you invert an object laterally or verti-
cally, one of two things can happen. One, the
object is inverted and is placed in the original
position; two, the object is inverted on its axis
and placed below or to the side of the original
position as the case may be.
e.g., to
20

CMAT
This is vertical inversion, but the inverted object
is placed in the same position as the original
object.
But to
Here the object is inverted and moves down.
This movement is what we call spatial inversion.
There is no fixed type of visual reasoning
question. Any or all of the types discussed may
be asked. You could find all three forms of
inversion together.
e.g., to
Here the object is vertically and laterally
inverted; it also moves down.
By the end of this section, you should not have
any difficulty recognising these movements.
G Move 1 space or move 1/2 space:
This is purely our terminology coined for visual
reasoning questions.
e.g., or
This is moving one space - from a corner to
the other corner, or from a particular place
on one side to the same place on the adjoining
side.
e.g., or
This is half space movement - half of what you
would move in moving one space.
SERIES COMPLETION
Compare each figure to the preceding one and
find out the difference.Numbers of elements in-
creasing or decreasing; rotary movements in one
or more elements; elements changing in a definite
pattern; common properties in all figures, and
so on.
The ideal strategy is these kinds of questions
is el imi nation. If you can el imi nate 2 or 3
alternatives using a defined pattern, then your
task is that much simpler. You do not need to
consider each alternative for all elements.
ANALOGIES
There exists a defined relationship between 2
figures and given that you have to identify a pair
whi ch exhi bi ts/does not exhi bi t the same
relationship.
ODD FIGURE OUT
You have to identify similarities/patterns in a group
of figures and make the figure which does not
fit in with the group. A variation of this type of
questi ons is identifying the odd fi gure in a
sequence.You have to identify the figure which does
not follow the set rules of the sequence.
The things you would look for remain the same
number of elements, angles, number of straight
lines or curves, arrangements and such.