Calculus - Concepts and Application - Solution Manual - 2nd Ed - 2005

C o n c e p t s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s
Second Edition
P a u l A . F o e r s t e r
Solutions Manual
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2005 by Key Curriculum Press. All rights reserved.
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ISBN: 978-1-55953-657-8
Contents
Chapter 1 Limits, Derivatives, Integrals, and Integrals .................................................... 1
Chapter 2 Properties of Limits ................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 3 Derivatives, Antiderivatives, and Indefinite Integrals .............................. 28
Chapter 4 Products, Quotients, and Parametric Functions ......................................... 51
Chapter 5 Definite and Indefinite Integrals ....................................................................... 82
Chapter 6 The Calculus of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ..................... 118
Chapter 7 The Calculus of Growth and Decay ............................................................ 139
Chapter 8 The Calculus of Plane and Solid Figures ................................................... 168
Chapter 9 Algebraic Calculus Techniques for the Elementary Functions .......... 213
Chapter 10 The Calculus of MotionAverages, Extremes, and Vectors ............. 266
Chapter 11 The Calculus of Variable-Factor Products ................................................. 292
Chapter 12 The Calculus of Functions Defined by Power Series ............................. 313
iii
Overview
This Solutions Manual contains the answers to all problems in Calculus: Concepts and
Applications. Solutions or key steps in the solutions are presented for all but the simplest
problems.
In most cases the solutions are presented in the form your students would be expected to
use. For instance, decimal approximations are displayed as exact answers using ellipsis
format for a mathematical-world answer, then rounded to an appropriate number of
decimal places with units of measurement applied for the corresponding real-world
answer. An answer such as f(3) = 13.7569... 13.8 cm indicates that the precise answer,
13.7569... , has been retained in memory in the students calculator without round-off for
possible use in subsequent computations. The ellipses indicate that the student chooses not
to write all the digits on his or her paper.
Because the problems applying to the real world may be somewhat unfamiliar to both you
and your students, fairly complete solutions are presented for these. Often commentary is
included over and above what the student would be expected to write to further guide your
evaluation of students solutions, and in some cases reference is provided to later sections
in which more sophisticated solutions appear. Later in the text, the details of computing
definite integrals by the fundamental theorem are omitted because students are usually
expected to do these numerically. However, exact answers such as V = 8/3 are presented
where possible in case you choose to have your students do the algebraic integration.
Solutions are not presented for journal entries because these are highly individual for each
student. The prompts in most problems calling for journal entries should be sufficient to
guide students in making their own responses.
Where programs are called for, you may use as a model the programs in the Instructors
Resource Book. Check the publishers Web page (see the address on the copyright page of
this manual) for further information on programs for specific models of the graphing
calculator.
If you or your students find any mistakes, please report them to Key Curriculum Press by
sending in the Correction/Comment Form in the back of this book.
Paul A. Foerster
v
Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 1-2 1
2005 Key Curriculum Press
Chapter 1Limits, Derivatives, Integrals, and Integrals
Problem Set 1-1
1. a. 95 cm
b. From 5 to 5.1: average rate 26 34 . cm/s
From 5 to 5.01: average rate 27 12 . cm/s
From 5 to 5.001: average rate 27 20 . cm/s
So the instantaneous rate of change of d at
t = 5 is about 27.20 cm/s.
c. Instantaneous rate would involve division
by zero.
d. For t = 1.5 to 1.501, rate 31.42 cm/s.
The pendulum is approaching the wall: The
rate of change is negative, so the distance is
decreasing.
e. The instantaneous rate of change is the limit
of the average rates as the time interval
approaches zero. It is called the derivative.
f. Before t = 0, the pendulum was not yet
moving. For large values of t, the pendulums
motion will die out because of friction.
2. a. x = 5: y = 305, price is $3.05
x = 10: y = 520, price is $5.20
x = 20: y = 1280, price is $12.80
b. x = 5.1, rate 46 822 . /ft
x = 5.01, rate 46.9820 /ft
x = 5.001, rate 46.9982 /ft
c. 47 /ft. It is called the derivative.
d. x = 10: 44 /ft. x = 20: 128 /ft
e. The 20-ft board costs more per foot than the
10-ft board. The reason is that longer boards
require taller trees, which are harder to find.
Problem Set 1-2
Q1. Power function, or polynomial function
Q2. f (2) = 8 Q3. Exponential function
Q4. g (2) = 9 Q5.
1
1
x
h(x)
Q6. h (5) = 25 Q7. y = ax
2
+ bx + c, a 0
Q8. y = x Q9. y = |x|
Q10. Derivative
1. a. Increasing slowly b. Increasing fast
2. a. Increasing fast b. Decreasing slowly
3. a. Decreasing fast b. Decreasing slowly
4. a. Decreasing slowly b. Increasing slowly
5. a. Increasing fast b. Increasing slowly
c. Decreasing slowly d. Increasing fast
6. a. Decreasing fast b. Increasing slowly
c. Increasing fast d. Decreasing fast
7. a. Increasing slowly b. Increasing slowly
c. Increasing slowly
8. a. Decreasing fast b. Decreasing fast
c. Decreasing fast
9. a. Increasing fast b. Neither increasing
nor decreasing
c. Increasing fast d. Increasing slowly
10. a. Decreasing slowly b. Decreasing fast
c. Decreasing fast d. Neither increasing
nor decreasing
11. a.
100 200
50
100
T(x) (C)
x (s)
x = 40: rate 1 1 . /s
x = 100: rate = 0/s
x = 140: rate 0 8 . /s
b. Between 0 and 80 s the water is warming
up, but at a decreasing rate.
Between 80 and 120 s the water is boiling,
thus staying at a constant temperature.
Beyond 120 s the water is cooling down,
rapidly at first, then more slowly.
12. a.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
v( x) (ft/s)
x (s)

2 Problem Set 1-2 Calculus Solutions Manual
x = 2: rate 18 (ft/s)/s
x = 5: rate = 0 (ft/s)/s
x = 6: rate 11 (ft/s)/s
b. Units are (ft/s)/s, sometimes written as ft/s
2
.
The physical quantity is acceleration.
13. a.
3 4 7
2
18
h(x)
x

Increasing at x = 3
Decreasing at x = 7
b. h(3) = 17, h(3.1) = 17.19
Average rate

=
0. 19
0. 1
=1.9 ft/s

c. From 3 to 3.01:
average rate =
0. 0199
0.01
=1. 99 ft/s
From 3 to 3.001:
average rate =
0. 001999
0. 001
=1.99 ft/s
The limit appears to be 2 ft/s.
d. h(7) = 9, h(7.001) = 8.993999
Average rate

=
0.006001
0.001
= 6.001 ft /s

The derivative at x = 7 appears to be 6 ft/s.
The derivative is negative because h(x) is
decreasing at x = 7.
14. a.
10
100
300
500
f (t )
t
Decrease
Increase
Not much

b. Enter y
2
=
y
1
(x) y
1
(1)
x 1

t r(t) = y
2
(foxes/year)
0.97
110.5684
0.98 109.7361
0.99 108.9001
1 undefined
1.01 107.2171
1.02 106.3703
1.03 105.5200
c. Substituting 1 for t causes division by zero, so
r(1) is undefined.
Estimate: r approaches the average of r(0.99)
and r(1.01), 108.0586 foxes/year. (Actual
is 108.0604 .)
The instantaneous rate is called the
derivative.
d.

f (4. 01) f (4)
0.01
= 129.9697

f (4) f (3. 99)
0.01
= 131.4833

Instantaneous rate = (129.9697
131.4833)/2 = 130.7265 foxes/year
(actual: 130.7287)
The answer is negative because the number of
foxes is decreasing.
15. a. Average rate
=
a(2. 1) a(2)
0.1
=

52.9902 mm
2
/h
b.
r(t) =
200(1.2
t
) 200(1.2
2
)
t 2

2
20
40
60
r (t ) (mm
2
/hr)
t (mm)

r(2) is undefined.
c. r(2.01) = 52.556504
52.556504 52.508608 = 0.04789
Use the solver to find t when
r(t) = 52.508608 + 0.01 = 52.518608 .
t = 2.002088 , so keep t within
0.002 unit of 2.
16. a. v(x) =
4
3
x
3
v(6) = 288
b. 6 to 6.1: average rate =
4
3
(6.1
3
6
3
)
0.1
=
146.4133
5.9 to 6: average rate =
4
3
(6
3
5. 9
3
)
0.1
=
141.6133
Estimate of instantaneous rate is
(146.4133 + 141.6133)/2 =
144.0133 = 452.4312 cm
3
/cm.
c. r(x) =
4
3
x
3
4
3
6
3
x 6

) (cm /cm)
6
r(x
144
48
3
x

r(6) is undefined.

d. r(6.1) = 146.4133 = 459.9710
r(6.1) is 7.5817 units from the derivative.
Use the solver feature to find x if
r(x) = 144 + 0.1.
x = 6.001326 , so keep x within 0.00132
unit of 6.
17. a. i. 1.0 in./s ii. 0.0 in./s iii. 1.15 in./s
b. 1.7 s, because y = 0 at that time
18. a. i. 0.395 in./min ii. 0.14 in./min
iii. 0.105 in./min
b. The rate is negative, because y is decreasing
as the tire goes down.
19. a. Quadratic (or polynomial)
b. f (3) = 30
c. Increasing at about 11.0 (2.99 to 3.01)
20. a. Quadratic (or polynomial)
b. f (1) = 12
c. Increasing at about 6.0 (0.99 to 1.01)
21. a. Exponential
b. Increasing, because the rate of change from
1.99 to 2.01 is positive.
22. a. Exponential
23. a. Rational algebraic
b. Decreasing, because the rate of change from
3.99 to 4.01 is negative.
24. a. Rational algebraic
25. a. Linear (or polynomial)
26. a. Linear (or polynomial)
27. a. Circular (or trigonometric)
28. a. Circular (or trigonometric)
29. Physical meaning of a derivative:
instantaneous rate of change
To estimate a derivative graphically: Draw a
tangent line at the point on the graph and
measure its slope.
To estimate a derivative numerically: Take a
small change in x, find the corresponding
change in f (x), then divide. Repeat, using a
smaller change in x. See what number these
average rates approach as the change in x
approaches zero.
The numerical method illustrates the fact that
the derivative is a limit.
30. Problems 13 and 14 involve estimating the value
of a limit.
Problem Set 1-3
Q1. 72 ft
2
Q2. y = cos x
Q3. y = 2
x
Q4. y = 1/x
Q5. y = x
2
Q6. f (5) = 4
Q7. Q8.

x
y

x
y

Q9. Q10. x = 3

x
y

1. f (x) = 0.1x
2
+ 7 2. f (x) = 0.2x
2
+ 8
a. Approximately 30.8 a. Approximately 22.2
b. Approximately 41.8 b. Approximately 47.1

x
f(x)
7
1 5 6

f(x)
x
2 3 5
8

3. h(x) = sin x 4. g( x) = 2
x
+5
a. Approximately 2.0 a. Approximately 7.9
b. Approximately 1.0 b. Approximately 12.2

1
3
x
h(x)

1 1 2
6
x
g(x)

5. There are approximately 6.8 squares between the
curve and the x-axis. Each square represents
(5)(20) = 100 feet. So the distance is about
(6.8)(100) = 680 feet.
6. There are approximately 53.3 squares between the
curve and the x-axis. Each square represents
(0.5)(10) = 5 miles. So the distance is about
(53.3)(5) = 266.5 miles.
7. Derivative

=
tan . tan .
. .
.
1 01 0 99
1 01 0 99
3 42K
8. Derivative = 7 (exactly, because that is the
slope of the linear function)
9. a.
100
5 10 8.7
t
v(t)
60
The range is 0 y 32.5660 .
b. Using the solver, x = 8.6967 8.7 s.
c. By counting squares, distance 150 ft.
The concept used is the definite integral.
d. Rate

=
v v ( . ) ( . )
. .
.
5 01 4 99
5 01 4 99
3 1107K
About 3.1 (ft/s)/s
The concept is the derivative.
The rate of change of velocity is called
acceleration.
10. a.
2
10
5
1 3 4 5
t
v(t)
b. v(4) = 9.3203 9.3 ft/s
Domain: 0 t 4
Range: 0 v(t) 9.3203
c. By counting squares, the integral from t = 0
to t = 4 is about 21.3 ft. The units of the
integral are (ft/s) s = ft. The integral tells
the length of the slide.
d. Rate

=
v v ( . ) ( . )
. .
.
3 01 2 99
3 01 2 99
1 8648K
About 1.86 (ft/s)/s
The derivative represents the acceleration.
11. From t = 0 to t = 5, the object travels about
11.4 cm. From t = 5 to t = 9, the object travels
back about 4.3 cm. So the object is located about
11.4 4.3 = 7.1 cm from its starting point.
12. See the text for the meaning of derivative.
13. See the text for the meaning of definite integral.
14. See the text for the meaning of limit.
Problem Set 1-4
Q1. y changes at 30 Q2. Derivative 500
Q3. Q4. f (3) = 9
x
y
Q5. 100 Q6. sin (/2) = 1
Q7. 366 days Q8. Derivative
Q9. Definite integral Q10. f (x) = 0 at x = 4
1. a.
30
20,000
t
v(t)
b. Integral + + + + 5 0 5 0 5 10 15 ( . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) v v v v
v(20) + v(25) + 0.5v(30)) = 5(56269.45) =
281347.26 281 000 , ft
The sum overestimates the integral because
the trapezoids are circumscribed about the
region and thus include more area.
c. The units are (ft/s)(s), which equals feet, so
the integral represents the distance the
spaceship has traveled.
d. Yes, it will be going fast enough, because
v(30) = 27,919.04 , which is greater than
27,000.
2. a. v(t) = 4 + sin 1.4t
5
t
3
v(t)
b. A definite integral has the units of the
x-variable times the y-variable. Distance =
rate time. Because v(t) is distance/time
and t is time, their product is expressed in
units of distance.
c. See graph in part a.
Distance + + + 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 1 . ( . ( ) ( . ) ( ) v v v
v(1.5) + v(2) + v(2.5) + 0.5v(3)) =
0.5(26.041) = 13.02064 13.0 ft
d. v(3) = 3.128 3.1 mi/h
Maximum speed was 5 mi/h at about 1.12 h.
3. Distance + + + + + = 0 6 150 230 150 90 40 0 . ( )
396 ft
4. Volume 3(2500 + 8000 + 12000 + 13000 +
11000 + 7000 + 4000 + 6000 + 4500) =
204,000 ft
3
5. Programs will vary depending on calculator. See
the program TRAPRULE in the Instructors
Resource Book for an example. The program
gives T
20
= 23.819625.
6. See the program TRAPDATA in the Instructors
Resource Book for an example. The program
gives T
7
= 33, as in Example 2.
7. a.
1 4
7
f (x)
x
b. T
10
= 18.8955
T
20
= 18.898875
T
50
= 18.89982
These values underestimate the integral,
because the trapezoids are inscribed in the
region.
c. T
10
: 0.0045 unit from the exact answer
T
20
T
50
T
n
is first within 0.01 unit of 18.9 when
n = 7.
T
7
= 18.8908 , which is 0.0091 unit
from 18.9.
Because T
n
is getting closer to 18.9 as n
increases, T
n
is within 0.01 unit of 18.9 for
all n 7.
8. a.
1 3
1
g(x)
x
b. T
10
= 8.6700
T
20
= 8.6596
50
= 8.65672475
These values overestimate the integral,
because the trapezoids are circumscribed
about the region.
c. T
10
: 0.01385 unit from answer
T
20
T
50
T
n
is first within 0.01 of 8.65617024 when
n = 12.
T
12
= 8.665795 , which is 0.009624 unit
from 8.65617024 .
Because T
n
is getting closer to the exact
answer as n increases, T
n
is within 0.01 unit
of the answer for all n 12.
9. From the given equation,
y x = ( / ) . 40 110 110
2 2
Using the trapezoidal
rule program on the positive branch with n = 100
increments gives 6904.190 for the top half of
the ellipse. Doubling this gives an area of
13,808.38 cm
2
. The estimate is too low
because the trapezoids are inscribed within the
ellipse. The area of an ellipse is ab, where a
and b are the x- and y-radii, respectively. So
the exact area is (110)(40) = 4400 =
13,823.007 cm
2
, which agrees both with the
answer and with the conclusion that the
trapezoidal rule underestimates the area.
10. Integral = 1(0.0 + 2.1 + 7.9 + 15.9 + 23.8 +
29.7 + 31.8 + 29.7 + 23.8 + 15.9 + 7.9 +
2.1 + 0) = 190.6
The integral will have the units (in.
2
)(in.) = in.
3
,
representing the volume of the football.
11. n = 10: integral 21.045
n = 100: integral 21.00045
n = 1000: integral 21.0000045
Conjecture: integral = 21
The word is limit.
12. The trapezoidal rule with n = 100 gives
integral 156.0096.
Conjecture: integral = 156
13. If the trapezoids are inscribed (graph concave
down), the rule underestimates the integral.
If the trapezoids are circumscribed (graph concave
up), the rule overestimates the integral.
Concave down
Inscribed trapezoids
Underestimates integral

Concave up
Circumscribed trapezoids
Overestimates integral
Problem Set 1-5
1. Answers will vary.
Problem Set 1-6
Review Problems
R1. a. When t = 4, d = 90 80 sin [1, 2(4 3)]
15.4 ft.
b. From 3.9 to 4: average rate 40.1 ft/s
From 4 to 4.1: average rate 29 3 . ft/s
Instantaneous rate 34.7 ft/s
The distance from water is decreasing, so he is
going down.
c. Instantaneous rate

d d ( . ) ( . )
.
.
5 01 4 99
0 02
70 8
d. Going up at about 70.8 ft/s
e. Derivative
R2. a. Physical meaning: instantaneous rate of
change of a function
Graphical meaning: slope of a tangent line to
a function at a given point
b. x = 4: decreasing fast
x = 1: increasing slowly
x = 3: increasing fast
x = 5: neither increasing nor decreasing
c. From 2 to 2.1:
average rate =

=
5 5
0 1
43 6547
2 1 2 .
.
. K
From 2 to 2.01:
average rate =

=
5 5
0 01
40
2 01 2 .
.
.5614K
From 2 to 2.001:
average rate

=

=
5 5
0 001
40 2683
2 001 2 .
.
. K
Differences between average rates and
instantaneous rates, respectively:
43.6547 40.235947 = 3.4187
40.5617 40.235947 = 0.3255
40.2683 40.235947 = 0.03239
The average rates are approaching the
instantaneous rate as x approaches 2.
The concept is the derivative.
The concept used is the limit.
d. t = 2: 3.25 m/s
t = 18: 8.75 m/s
t = 24: 11.5 m/s
Her velocity stays constant, 7 m/s, from 6 s
to 16 s. At t = 24, Mary is in her final sprint
toward the finish line.
R3. By counting squares, the integral is
approximately 23.2.
Distance 23 2 . ft (exact answer: 23.2422)
Concept: definite integral
R4. a.
1 4
x
5
f (x)
The graph agrees with Figure 1-6c.
b. By counting squares, integral 15.0.
(Exact answer is 15.)
c. T
6
= 0.5(2.65 + 5.575 + 5.6 + 5.375 + 4.9 +
4.175 + 1.6) = 14.9375
The trapezoidal sum underestimates the
integral because the trapezoids are inscribed in
the region.
d. T
50
= 14.9991; Difference = 0.0009
T
100
= 14.999775; Difference = 0.000225
The trapezoidal sums are getting closer to 15.
Concept: limit
R5. Answers will vary.
Concept Problems
C1. a. f (3) = 3
2
7.3 + 11 1
b. f (x) f (3) = x
2
7x + 11 + 1 = x
2
7x + 12
c.
f x f
x
x x
x
x x
x
( ) ( )
( )( )
3
3
7 12
3
4 3
3
2
=
+
= =
x 4, if x 3
d. The limit is found by substituting 3 for x
in (x 4).
Limit = exact rate = 3 4 = 1
C2. The line through (3, f (3)) with slope 1 is
y = x + 2.
3
2
x
f(x)
The line is tangent to the graph. Zooming in by
a factor of 10 on the point (3, 2) shows that the
graph becomes straighter and looks almost like
the tangent line. (Soon students will learn that
this property is called local linearity.)
2
3
C3. a. f x
x x
x
x x
x
( )
( )( )
=
+
=
4 19 21
3
4 7 3
3
2
4x 7, x 3
When x = 3, 4x 7 = 4 3 7 = 5.
b.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
f(x) (ft)
x (s)
5.8
4.2
2.8 3.2
c. 5.8 = 4(3 + ) 7 4.2 = 4(3 ) 7
5.8 = 12 + 4 7 4.2 = 12 4 7
4 = 0.8 4 = 0.8
= 0.2 = 0.2
d. 4(3 + ) 7 = 5 +
12 + 4 7 = 5 +
4 =
=
1
4
There is a positive value of , namely

1
4
, for
each positive value of , no matter how small
is.
e. L = 5, c = 3. . . . but not equal to 3 is
needed so that you can cancel the (x 3)
factors without dividing by zero.
Chapter Test
T1. Limit, derivative, definite integral, indefinite
integral
T2. See the text for the definition of limit.
T3. Physical meaning: instantaneous rate
T4.
2 5
3
6
x
y
T5. Concept: definite integral
By counting squares, distance 466.
(Exact answer is 466.3496 .)
T6.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
5
10
15
20
25
Speed (ft/s)
Time (s)
T
7
= 5(2.5 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 25 + 20 + 5) =
462.5
Trapezoidal rule probably underestimates the
integral, but some trapezoids are inscribed and
some circumscribed.
T7. Concept: derivative
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
5
10
15
20
25
Speed (ft/s)
Time (s)
Slope 1.8 (ft/s)/s
(Exact answer is 1.8137 .)
Name: acceleration
T8. The roller coaster is at the bottom of the hill at
25 s because thats where it is going the fastest.
The graph is horizontal between 0 and 10 seconds
because the velocity stays constant, 5 ft/s, as the
roller coaster climbs the ramp.
T9. Distance = (rate)(time) = 5(10) = 50 ft
T10. T
5
= 412.5; T
50
= 416.3118 ;
T
100
= 416.340219
T11. The differences between the trapezoidal sum and
the exact sum are:
For T
5
: difference = 3.8496
For T
50
For T
100
The differences are getting smaller, so T
n
is
getting closer to 416.349667 .
T12. From 30 to 31:

average rate =

=
y y ( ) ( )
.
31 30
1
1 9098K
From 30 to 30.1:

average rate =

=
y y ( . ) ( )
.
.
30 1 30
0 1
1 8246K
From 30 to 30.01:
average rate

=

=
y y ( . ) ( )
.
.
30 01 30
0 01
1 8148K
T13. The rates are negative because the roller coaster is
slowing down.
T14. The differences between the average rates and
instantaneous rate are:
For 30 to 31: difference = 0.096030
For 30 to 31.1: difference = 0.010833
For 30 to 30.01: difference = 0.001095
The differences are getting smaller, so the average
rates are getting closer to the instantaneous rate.
T15. Solve . getting
y x y
x
( ) ( )
,
= +
30
30
1 81379936 1
x = 30.092220 . So keep x within 0.092
unit of 30, on the positive side.
T16. Concept: derivative
T17.

=

= f
f f
( )
( . ) ( . )
. . .
4
4 3 3 7
4 3 3 7
35 29
0 6
10
T18. Answers will vary.
Chapter 2Properties of Limits
Problem Set 2-1
1. a. f ( ) 2
8 10 2
2 2
0
0
=
+
=
No value for f (2) because of division by zero.
b.
x f (x)
1.997 2.994
1.998 2.996
1.999 2.998
2 undefined
2.001 3.002
2.002 3.004
2.003 3.006
Yes, f (x) stays close to 3 when x is kept
close to 2, but not equal to 2.
c. To keep f (x) within 0.0001 unit of 3, keep
x within 0.00005 unit of 2. To keep f (x)
within 0.00001 unit of 3, keep x within
0.000005 unit of 2. To keep f (x) arbitrarily
close to 3, keep x within
1
2
that distance
of 2.
d. The discontinuity can be removed by
defining f (2) to equal 3.
2.
3
2
3
x
g(x)
3
2
g(x)
x
The limit seems to be 2.
3.
3
2
x
h(x)
2
3 2.7
h(x)
x
There appears to be no limit, because the graph
cycles infinitely as it approaches x = 3.
Problem Set 2-2
Q1. Q2.
3
8
x
y

1
x
y
Q3. Q4.
6
4
x
y

2 2
4
x
y
Q5. Q6. Trapezoidal rule
1
4
x
y
Q7. Counting squares
Q8. Slope of the tangent line
Q9. Instantaneous rate of change
Q10. B
1. See the text for the definition of limit.
2. f (x) might be undefined at x = c, or might have a
value at x = c that is different from the limit.
3. Has a limit, 3 4. Has a limit, 2
7. Has no limit 8. Has no limit
11. Has no limit 12. Has no limit
13. lim ( ) .
x
f x
=
3
5 For = 0.5, 0.2 or 0.3.
14. lim ( ) .
x
f x
2
3 For 0.5, 0.8.
15. lim ( ) .
x
f x
6
4 For 0.7, 0.5 or 0.6.
(The right side is more restrictive.)
16. lim ( ) .
x
f x
4
2 For 0.8, 0.7 or 0.8.
(The left side is more restrictive.)
17. lim ( ) .
x
f x
5
2 For 0.3, 0.5 or 0.6.
(The right side is more restrictive.)
18. lim ( ) .
x
f x
3
6 For 0.4, 0.1.
19. a. The graph should match Problem 13.
b. lim ( )
x
f x
3
5
c. Graph is symmetrical about x = 3.
Let 5 2 sin (x 3) 5 + 0.5 5.5.
sin (x 3) 0.25
x 3 + sin
1
(0.25)
Max. 3 [3 + sin
1
(0.25)] 0.25268
d. Let 5 2 sin (x 3) 5 + .
sin (x 3) /2
x 3 + sin
1
(/2)
Max. 3 [3 + sin
1
(/2)]
sin
1
(/2) sin
1
(/2), which is positive
for any positive value of .
b. lim ( )
x
f x
2
3
c. The graph is symmetrical about x 2.
Let (x 2)
3
+ 3 3 + 0.5 3.5.
+ . x 2 0 5
3

Max. . . . + 2 0 5 2 0 5 0 7937
3 3
K
d. Let (x 2)
3
+ 3 3 + .
x 2 +
1/3
Max. 2 +
1/3
2
1/3
, which is
positive for any positive value of .
b. lim ( )
x
f x
6
4
c. The right side is more restrictive.
Let 1 + 3(7 x)
1/3
4 0.7 3.3.
x 7 (2.3/3)
3
Max. [7 (2.3/3)
3
] 6 0.5493
d. Because the right side is more restrictive, set
1 3 7 4
3
+ x .
x 7 [(3 )/3]
3
Max. 7 [(3 )/3)
3
] 6 1 [(3 )/3]
3
,
which is positive for all positive values of .
b. lim ( )
x
f x
4
2
c. The left side is more restrictive.
Let 1 + 2
4 x
2 + 0.8 2.8.
2
4x
1.8
x 4
1 8
2
log .
log

Max .
log .
log
.
j
(
,
\
,
(
4 4
1 8
2
0 84799K
d. Because the left side is more restrictive, set
1 + 2
4 x
2 + .
2
4x
1 +
x
+
4
1
2
log( )
log
Max.
log(1 ) log(1 )

+ ,
,
]
]
]

+
4 4
2 2 log log
,
which is positive for all > 0.
b. lim ( )
x
f x
5
2
c. The right side is more restrictive.
Let (x 5)
2
+ 2 2 + 0.3 2.3.
+ . x 5 0 3

Max = ( . ) . . 5 0 3 5 0 54772 + K
d. Because the right side is more restrictive, set
(x 5)
2
+ 2 2 + .
+ x 5
Max. ( ) , + 5 5 which is
positive for all > 0.
b. lim ( )
x
f x
3
6
c. The graph is symmetrical about x 3.
Let 6 2(x 3)
2/3
6 0.4 5.6.
x 3 + 0.2
3/2
Max. (3 + 0.2
3/2
) 3 0.08944
d. Let 6 2(x 3)
2/3
6 .
x 3 + (/2)
3/2
Max. [3 + (/2)
3/2
] 3 (/2)
3/2
, which
is positive for all > 0.
25. a. f ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2
5 6 5 13 5 2
5 2
5 0
0
0
0
2

The graph has a removable discontinuity at
x 2.
Limit 2
2
6(2) + 13 5
b. When f (x) 5.1, x 1.951191 .
1
2 1.951191 0.048808
When f (x) 4.9, x 2.051316 .
2
2.051316 2 0.051316
max. 0.048808
c.
f(x)
x
c = 2
L = 5

26. a.
2
8
x
y
The graph is linear.
There is a removable discontinuity at x = 2.
The limit appears to be 9.
b. f ( )
( ) ( )
2
4 2 7 2 2
2 2
0
0
2
=

=
Indeterminate form
c. f x
x x
x
x x ( )
( )( )
, =
+
= +
4 1 2
2
4 1 2
Limit = 4(2) + 1 = 9
If x 2, then (x 2) 0. Canceling is a
division process, but because (x 2) 0,
you do not risk dividing by zero.
d. If f (x) = 9.001, x = 2.00025.
If f (x) = 8.999, x = 1.99975.
1
= 2.00025 2 = 0.00025
2
= 2 1.99975 = 0.00025
Largest number is 0.00025.
e. L = 9, c = 2, = 0.001, = 0.00025
27. a. m t
d t d
t
t
t
( )
( ) ( )
=

4
4
3 48
4
2
b. Removable discontinuity at x = 4.
30
4
m(t)
t
c. Limit = 24 ft/s
d. m t
t t
t
t t ( )
( )( )
, =
+
= +
3 4 4
4
3 12 4 if
3t + 12 = 24.12 t = 4.04
3t + 12 = 23.88 t = 3.96
Keep t within 0.04 s of 4 s.
e. The limit of the average velocity is the
instantaneous velocity.
Problem Set 2-3
Q1. 13
Q2. Q3.
2
3
y
x
4
y
x
Q4. Q5.
x
y
x
y
1
1
Q6. (x 10)(x + 10) Q7. 75%
Q8. Product of x and y, where x varies and y may
vary
Q9.
3 1 8 22 21
3 15 21
1 5 7 0
x
2
5x + 7
Q10. D
1.
10
2
x
y
g
h
g + h
lim ( ) , lim ( ) , lim ( )
x x x
f x g x h x

= = =
2 2 2
10 4 6 and
= +

lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( ),
x x x
f x g x h x
2 2 2
Q.E.D.
x f (x)
1.96 9.9640
1.97 9.9722
1.98 9.9810
1.99 9.9902
2.00 10
2.01 10.0102
2.02 10.0209
2.03 10.0322
2.04 10.0439
All these f (x) values are close to 10.
2.
9
1.8 f
g
3
x
y
lim ( ) . lim ( )
x x
f x g x

= =
3 3
1 8 9 and
=

lim ( ) . lim ( ),
x x
f x g x
3 3
0 2 Q.E.D.
x f (x)
2.96 1.75232
2.97 1.76418
2.98 1.77608
2.99 1.78802
3.00 1.8
3.01 1.81202
3.02 1.82408
3.03 1.83618
3.04 1.84832
All these f (x) values are close to 1.8.
3.
3
7
Limit = 7
x
f (x)
The limit is 7 because f (x) is always close to 7,
no matter what value x takes on. (It shouldnt
bother you that f (x) = 7 for x 3 if you think of
the definition of limit for a while.)
4.
x
f (x) = x
6
Limit = 6
lim ( ) .
x
f x
=
6
6 The y-value equals the x-value.
5.
1
5
y
1
y
1
y
2
y
2
y
x
lim , lim . , lim
x x x
y y y y

= = =
1
1
1
2
1
1 2
2 1 5 3 and
2 1 5 3
1
1
1
2
1
1 2
( . ) , lim lim lim = =

x x x
y y y y
x y
3
= f (x)
0.997 2.9739
0.998 2.9825
0.999 2.9912
1 3
1.001 3.0087
1.002 3.0174
1.003 3.0262
All these f (x) values are close to 2(1.5) = 3.
6. 2 8
3
3 6
0 5
3
=

= and sin
.
.
r( )
.
3
8
0 5
16 = =
x r (x)
2.9997 15.9894
2.9998 15.9929
2.9999 15.9964
3 16
3.0001 16.0035
3.0002 16.0070
3.0003 16.0105
All these r (x) values are close to 16.
lim ( )
.
.
x
f x
3 6
3 6
2
0
, so the limit of a quotient
cannot be applied because of division by zero.
7. lim ( ) lim
x x
f x x x

= +
3 3
2
9 5
= +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x
3
2
3 3
9 5 Limit of a sum
(or difference)
= +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x x
3 3 3
9 5
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
= (3)(3) 9(3) + 5 Limit of x
= 9 27 + 5 = 13
8. lim ( ) lim
x x
f x x x

= +
1 1
2
3 6
= lim lim lim
x x x
x x

+
1
2
1 1
3 6
Limit of a sum
= lim lim lim
x x x
x x x

+
1 1 1
3 6
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
= (1)(1) + 3(1) 6 Limit of x
= 1 3 6 = 8
9.
8
2 x
r (x)
r( ) = 2
2 4 2 12
2 2
4 8 12
0
0
0
2
( ) ( )
( )

+
=
+
=
r x
x x
x
x x ( )
( )( )
, =
+
+
=
6 2
2
6 2
lim ( )
x
r x
= =
2
2 6 8
Proof:
lim ( ) lim( )
x x
r x x

=
2 2
6 Because x 2
= +

lim lim
2 2 x x
x ( ) 6 Limit of a sum
= 2 6 = 8, Q.E.D. Limit of x, limit of a
constant
10.
13
5
x
f(x)
f ( )
( )
5
5 3 5 40
5 5
25 15 40
0
0
0
2
=
+
=
+
=
f x
x x
x
x x ( )
( )( )
, =
+
= +
8 5
5
8 5
lim ( )
x
f x
= + =
5
5 8 13
Proof:
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x
f x x

= +
5 5
8 Because x 5
= lim lim
x x
x

+
5 5
8 Limit of a sum
= 5 + 8 = 13, Q.E.D. Limit of x, limit of a
constant
11.
41
10
5
x
f (x)
f ( )
( ) ( )
=

=

=
5
5 3 5 4 5 30
5 5
125 75 20 30
0
0
0
3 2
f x
x x x
x
x x x ( )
( )( )
, =
+ +
= + +
2
2
2 6 5
5
2 6 5
lim ( ) ( )
x
f x
= + + =
5
2
5 2 5 6 41
Proof:
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x
f x x x

= + +
5 5
2
2 6 Because x 5
= lim lim ( ) lim
x x x
x x

+ +
5
2
5 5
2 6 Limit of a sum
= lim lim lim
x x x
x x x

+ +
5 5 5
2 6 Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
times a function,
limit of a constant
= 5 5 + 2 5 + 6 = 41, Q.E.D.
Limit of x
12.
28
3
x
f(x)
f ( )
( )
3
3 3 5 3 21
3 3
27 9 15 21
0
0
0
3 2
=
+
=
+
=
f x
x x x
x
x x x ( )
( )( )
, =
+ +
= + +
2
2
4 7 3
3
4 7 3
lim ( ) ( )
x
f x
= + + =
3
2
3 4 3 7 28
Proof:
lim ( ) lim )
x x
f x x x

= + +
3 3
2
4 7 (
Because x 3
= + +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x
3
2
3 3
4 7 Limit of a sum
= + +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x x
3 3 3
4 7 Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
times a function,
limit of a constant
= 3 3 + 4 3 + 7 = 28, Q.E.D.
Limit of x
13.
9
f (x)
x
1
f ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
=
+
+
1
1 4 1 2 1 3
1 1
3 2
=
+ +
=
1 4 2 3
0
0
0
f x
x x x
x
x x x ( )
( )( )
, =
+ +
+
= +
2
2
5 3 1
1
5 3 1
lim ( ) ( ) ( )
x
f x
= + =
1
2
1 5 1 3 9
Proof:
lim ( ) lim( )
x x
f x x x

= +
1 1
2
5 3
Because x 1
= + +

lim lim( ) lim
x x x
x x
1
2
1 1
5 3
Limit of a sum
= +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x x
1 1 1
5 3
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
times a function,
limit of a constant
= (1)(1) + (5)(1) + 3 = 9, Q.E.D.
Limit of x
14.
17
2
x
f(x)
f ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 11 2 21 2 2 10
2 2
16 88 84 2 10
0
0
0
4 3 2
=
+
=
+
=
f x
x x x x
x
( )
( )( )
=
+ +
3 2
9 3 5 2
2
= + + x x x x
3 2
9 3 5 2 ,
lim
x
f x
= + + =
2
3 2
2 9 2 3 2 5 17 ( ) ( ) ( )
Proof:
lim ( ) lim( )
x x
f x x x x

= + +
2 2
3 2
9 3 5
Because x 2
= + + +

lim lim ( ) lim lim
x x x x
x x x
2
3
2
2
2 2
9 3 5
Limit of a sum
= +

lim lim lim ( ) lim lim
x x x x x
x x x x x
2 2 2 2 2
9
+ +
3 5
2
lim
x
x
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
times a function,
limit of a constant
= 2 2 2 + (9)(2 2) + 3 2 + 5 = 17,
Q.E.D. Limit of x
15.
x f (x)
4.990 40.8801
4.991 40.8921
4.992 40.9040
4.993 40.9160
4.994 40.9280
4.995 40.9400
4.996 40.9520
4.997 40.9640
4.998 40.9760
4.999 40.9880
5 undefined
5.001 41.0120
5.002 41.0240
5.003 41.0360
5.004 41.0480
5.005 41.0600
5.006 41.0720
5.007 41.0840
5.008 41.0960
5.009 41.1080
The table shows that f (x) will be within 0.1 unit
of lim ( )
x
f x
=
5
41 if we keep x within 0.008 unit
of 5.
16.
f (x)
x
9
1
When x is close to 1, f (x) is close to 9.
17. f x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
( )
( )( )
( )( )
=
+
+
=

=

2
2
5 6
6 9
2 3
3 3
2
3
You cannot find the limit by substituting into
the simplified form because the denominator still
becomes zero.
18. f x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
( )
( )( )
( )( )
=

+
=
+ +

=
+ +
3
2
2
2
8
4 4
2 2 4
2 2
2 4
2
You cannot find the limit by substituting into
the simplified form because the denominator still
goes to zero.
19. a. 5(0)
1/2
= 0 = v(0)
5(1)
1/2
= 5 = v(1)
5(4)
1/2
= 10 = v(4)
5(9)
1/2
= 15 = v(9)
5(16)
1/2
= 20 = v(16)
b.

a
v v
( ) . 9
9 001 9
9 001 9
0 8333101 =
( . ) ( )
.
K
Conjecture: a( ) . / 9 0 83 5 6 = =
Units of a(t): (mi/h)/s
c. a
v t v
t
t
t
t t
( ) lim
( ) ( )
lim
/
9
9
9
5 15
9
9 9
1 2
= =

=
+
=
+
lim
( )
( )( )
lim
/
/ /
/
t
t
t
t t
t
9
1 2
1 2 1 2
9
1 2
5 3
3 3
5
3
=
5
6
, which agrees with the conjecture.
d. Distance = integral of v(t) from 1 to 9. By the
trapezoidal rule with n = 100 increments,
integral 86.6657 . The units are
(mi/h) s. To convert to ft, multiply by 5280
and divide by 3600, getting 127.1111
(exact: 127
1
9
) . The truck went about 127 ft.
20. a. Derivative =
2 1 2
2 1 2
12 61
3 3
.
.
.
b.
x
x
x x x
x
3 2
8
2
2 2 4
2
( )( )
=
+ +
=
x x
2
2 4 + + , provided x 2. This expression
approaches 12 as x approaches 2.
Proof:
lim
lim( )
x x
x
x
x x

= + +
2
3
2
2
8
2
2 4
Because x 2
= + +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x
2
2
2 2
2 4
Limit of a sum
= + +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x x
2 2 2
2 4
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 4 = 12, Q.E.D.
Limit of x
c. The line through point (2, 8) with slope 12 is
y = 12x 16. The line appears to be tangent
to the graph of f at point (2, 8).
12
1
2
x
f(x)
8
21. By the symmetric difference quotient,
derivative

=
0 7 0 7
2 0 01
0 05994
5 01 4 99
. .
( . )
. .
. .
K
22. By the trapezoidal rule with n = 100,
integral

11 8235 . K .
23. Prove that lim
x c
n n
x c
= for any positive integer n.

Proof:
Anchor:
If n = 1, lim
x c
x c c
=
1 1
= by the limit of x.
Induction Hypothesis:
Assume that the property is true for n = k.
=
lim
x c
k k
x c
Verification for n = k + 1:
lim lim( )
x c
k
x c
k
x x x
=
1
= =

lim lim
x c
k
x c
k
x x c c By the induction
hypothesis
=
+
c
k 1
Conclusion:
=
lim
x c
n n
x c for all integers n 1, Q.E.D.
Problem Set 2-4
Q2. Product of x and y, where x varies and y
can vary
Q3. 0.0005
Q4.
Q5. Exponential function
Q6.
y = cos x
x
Q7. (x + 6)(x 1) Q8. 53
Q9. 120 Q10. 103
1. a. Has left and right limits
b. Has no limit
c. Discontinuous. Has no limit
b. Has a limit
c. Discontinuous. No f (3)
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous
5. a. Has no left or right limit
b. Has no limit
c. Discontinuous. No limit or f (2)
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous (Note that the x-value 5 is not at
the discontinuity.)
b. Has a limit
c. Discontinuous. f (1) limit
b. Has no limit
c. Discontinuous. No limit
b. Has a limit
c. Discontinuous. No f (c)
b. Has no limit
c. Discontinuous. No limit, no f (c)
11. Answers may vary. 12. Answers may vary.
3
x
f (x)

4
f(x)
x
5
x
f (x)

2
x
f(x)
f(2)
x
f (x)
6

2
x
f(x)
10
f (x)
x
2

2
5 x
f(x)
x
f (x)
6
4
1

x
f(x)
5
3
21. Discontinuous at x = 3
22. Discontinuous at x = 11
23. Discontinuous at x = /2 + n, where n is an
integer
24. Nowhere discontinuous
25.
x
f (x)
2
1
2
3
Discontinuous because lim
x
f x
=
2
2 ( ) and f (2) = 3
26.
2
1
2
x
g(x)
Discontinuous because g(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2
27.
2
3
x
s(x)
Discontinuous because s(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2 from the left (no real function
values to the left of x = 2)
28.
2
x
p(x)
1
Discontinuous because p(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2
29.
2
1
x
h(x)
Discontinuous because there is no value of h(2)
30.
2
3
x
f(x)
Discontinuous because f (x) has no limit as x
approaches 2
31.
c f c ( )
lim ( )
x c
f x

lim ( )
x c
f x
+
lim ( )
x c
f x
Continuous?
1 4 2 2 2 removable
2 1 1 1 1 continuous
4 5 5 2 none step
5 none none none none infinite
32.
c f c ( )
lim ( )
x c
f x

lim ( )
x c
f x
+
lim ( )
x c
f x
Continuous?
1 3 2 3 none step
2 1 4 4 4 removable
5 5 5 none none infinite
33. a.
x
d(x)
2
3
b. lim ( ) , lim ( ) .
x x
d x d x

+
= =
2 2
3 3 Limit = 3.
Continuous.
34. a.
3
2
1
x
h(x)
b. lim ( ) , lim ( ) .
x x
h x h x

+
= =
1 1
3 2 No limit.
Not continuous.
35. a.
2
x
m(x)
9
7
b. lim ( ) , lim ( ) .
x x
m x m x

+
= =
2 2
9 7 No limit.
Not continuous.
36. a.
1
2
q(x)
x
b. lim ( ) , lim ( ) .
x x
q x q x

+
= =
1 1
2 2 Limit = 2.
Continuous.
37. 9 2
2
= 2k
k = 2.5
g(x)
x
2
5
38. 0.4(1) + 1 = k(1) + 2
k = 0.6
x
f(x)
1
1.4
39. (3
2
)k = 3k 3
k = 1/2.
3
x
u(x)
1
40. k + 5 = (1)
2
k
k = 5/2
x
v(x)
1
5
41. a. b 1 = a(1 2)
2
b 1 = a
b. a = 1 b = 0. Continuous at x = 1.
x
f (x)
1
1
a = 1, b = 0
c. For example, a = 1 b = 2. Continuous
at x = 1.
1
1
x
f (x)
e.g., a = 1, b = 2
42. lim ( ) lim
x x
f x k x k

= =
2 2
2 2 2
4
lim ( ) lim . . ( )
x x
f x kx k k

+ +
= = =
2 2
1 5 1 5 2 3
For f (x) to be continuous at x = 2, these two
limits must be equal, so find k such that
k
2
4 = 3k
k
2
3k 4 = 0
(k 4)(k + 1) = 0
so k = 4 and k = 1 are the two values of k that
will make f (x) continuous at x = 2.
43. Let T( ) = the number of seconds it takes to
cross.
T( )
if
40
sin
,
if 0 or 90

=
=
< < < <
24
90
90 180
,
90
40
44. a.
x
f(x)
4
1
b. f (x) seems to approach 4 as x approaches 1.
c. f (1.0000001) = 1.0000001 + 3 + 10
13

4.0000001, which is close to 4.
d. There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0. You
must get x much closer to 1 than x =
1.0000001 for the discontinuity to show up.
45. For any value of c, P(c) is determined by addition
and multiplication. Because the set of real
numbers is closed under multiplication and
addition, P(c) will be a unique, real number for
any real value x = c. P(c) is the limit of P(x) as
x approaches c by the properties of the limit of a
product of functions (for powers of x), the limit
of a constant times a function (for multiplication
by the coefficients), and the limit of a sum (for
the individual terms). Therefore, P is continuous
for all values of x.
46. a. lim
x0
|sgn x| = 1 but f (0) = 0
lim ( ) ( ),
x
f x f
0
0 so discontinuous
b.
x
g(x)
2
3
c.
x
h(x)
1
1 1
d. For x > 0, a(x) = x/x = 1 = sgn x.
For x < 0, a(x) = (x)/x = 1 = sgn x.
For x = 0, a(0) is not defined.
a(x) = sgn x for all x 0, Q.E.D.
e.
2
2
2
x
f(x)
Problem Set 2-5

Q1. No limit Q2. 3
Q3. 4 Q4. 3
Q5. 2 Q6. No
Q7. No Q8. Yes
Q9. No Q10. Yes
1. lim
x
f x
( ) = lim
x
f x

3
4 ( ) =
lim
x
f x
+
=
3
3 ( ) lim
x
f x
=
1
( )
lim
x
f x
=
2
1 ( ) lim
x
f x

=
3
( )
lim
x
f x
+
=
3
2 ( ) lim
x
f x
( ) does not
exist.
2. lim
x
g x
= ( ) 2 lim
x
g x

=
2
4 ( )
lim
x
g x
+
=
2
3 ( ) lim
x
g x

=
1
( )
lim
x
g x
=
2
3 ( ) lim
x
g x

=
3
4 ( )
lim ( )
x
g x
= 2
x
f(x)
2
2
x
f(x)
7
5
x
f(x)
x
f(x)
7. a.
3
2
x
f(x)
b. lim
x
f x
+

3
( ) = , lim
x
f x

3
( ) = ,
lim ( ),
x
f x
3
none, lim
x
f x
( ) = , 2
lim
x
f x
( ) = 2
c. 2
1
3
100 +
=
x
1
3
98
x
=
x 3
1
98
=

x = = 3
1
98
3 0102 . K
x f (x)
3.01 102
3.001 1002
3.0001 10002
All of these f (x) values are greater than 100.
lim ( )
x
f x
+
=
3
means that f (x) can be kept
arbitrarily far from zero just by keeping x
close enough to 3 on the positive side.
There is a vertical asymptote at x = 3.
d. 2
1
3
2 001 +
=
x
.

1
3
0 001
3 1000
1003
x
x
x
=
=
=
.
x f (x)
1004 2.00099
1005 2.00099
1006 2.00099
All of these f (x) values are within 0.001 unit
of 2. lim
x
f x
= ( ) 2 means that you can keep

f (x) arbitrarily close to 2 by making the value
of x arbitrarily large. y = 2 is a horizontal
asymptote.
8. a.
/2
1
x
g(x)
b. lim ( ) , lim ( )
/ / x x
g x g x

+
= =
2 2
The limit is infinite because |g(x)| can be kept
arbitrarily far from zero. You cant say
lim ( )
/ x
g x
=
2
because the left and right
limits are not the same (one is positive and the
other is negative).
c. sec x = 1000
cos x = 0.001
x = arccos (0.001) = 1.57179
x g(x)
1.5717 1106.5
1.5716 1244.2
1.5715 1421.1
All of these f (x) values are less than 1000.
lim ( )
/ x
g x
+
=
2
means that arbitrarily far
g(x) can be kept arbitrarily far from zero in the
negative direction by keeping x close enough
to
2
on the positive side.
The line x =

2
is a vertical asymptote.
9. a.
5
3
r (x)
x
2
b. lim ( )
x
r x
= 2 because (sin x)/x approaches zero.

c.

r( )
sin( )
. , 28 2
28
28
2 00967 = + = K which is
within 0.01 unit of 2.

r( )
sin( )
32 2
32
32
= + = 2.01723 , K which is
more than 0.01 unit away from 2.
y
x
1.99
2.01
28 32
r
Keeping r(x) within 0.01 unit of 2 means you
want to keep
sin
. ,
x
x
< 0 01 or |sin x| <
0.01 |x|. You are looking for a large value of
x, so you know x will be positive, so you
want |sin x| < 0.01x. You cant get rid of the
absolute value symbol on the sine because
sine will keep alternating as x gets larger.
You know |sin x| 1 for all values
of x, so you need to make 0.01x > 1, or
x > 100. So D = 100.
d. The line y = 2 is an asymptote. Even though
r(x) oscillates back and forth across this line,
the limit of r(x) is 2 as x approaches infinity,
satisfying the definition of asymptote.
e. The graph suggests that lim ( ) .
x
r x
=
0
3
(The exact value is e, 2.7182 .)
10. a. h x x
x
( ) ( / ) = + 1 1

10
1
2
3
x
h(x)
b. There is a compromise number (bigger than
1, but finite) that wins. (The exact limit is e.)
11. The limit is infinite. y is unbounded as x
approaches infinity. If there were a number E
such that log x < E for all x > 0, then you could
let x = 10
2E
so that log x = log 10
2E
= 2E, which
is greater than E, which was assumed to be an
upper bound.
12. Wanda, heres what happens to a fraction when
the denominator gets close to zero:
1
0 1
10
.
= ,
1
0.0001
1
0.00001
, , , = = 10 000 100 000. The answers
just keep getting bigger and bigger. When the
denominators get bigger and bigger, the fraction
gets closer and closer to zero, like this:
1
10
1
100
1
1000
0 1 01 001 = = = . , 0. , 0. .
13. a. The definite integral is the product of the
independent and dependent variables. Because
distance = (rate)(time), the integral represents
distance in this case.
b. T
9
= 17.8060052
T
45
= 17.9819616
T
90
= 17.9935649
T
450
= 17.9994175
c. The exact answer is 18. It is a limit because
the sums can be made as close to it as you
like, just by making the number of trapezoids
large enough (and thus keeping their widths
close to zero). The sums are smaller than the
integral because each trapezoid is inscribed
under the graph and thus leaves out a part of
its respective strip of the region.
d. T
n
is 0.01 unit from 18 when it equals 17.99.
From part b, this occurs between n = 45 and n
= 90. By experimentation,
T
66
= 17.9897900 and T
67
= 17.9900158 .
Therefore, the approximation is within 0.01
unit of 18 for any value of n 67.
An alternative solution is to plot the graph of
the difference between 18 and T
n
as a function
of the number of increments, n, or to do a
regression analysis to find an equation. The
best-fitting elementary function is an inverse
power variation function, y = (5.01004)
(x
1.48482
). The graph of this function and three
of the four data points are shown here. Use
TRACE or the solver feature of your grapher to
find n 67.
0.01
0.1
y
n
67
90
14. a. Work = force distance. Because a definite
integral measures the y-variable times the
x-variable, it represents work in this case.
b. By the trapezoidal rule, T
10
= 24.147775
and T
100
= 24.004889 . The units are
foot-pounds.
c. The integer is 24.
d. By experimentation, T
289
= 24.001003 and
T
290
= 24.000998 .
D = 290
15. Length = 100 sec x = 100/cos x
Length > 1000 100/cos x > 1000
cos x < 0.1 (because cos x is positive)
x > cos
1
0.1 (because cos is decreasing)
x > 1.4706289
/2 1.4706289 = 0.100167
x must be within 0.100167 radian of /2.
The limit is (positive) infinity.
16. a. f (2) = 5 2 0 (1/0), which has the
form 0 .
g(2) = 5 2 0 (1/0)
2
, which has the
form 0 .
h(2) = 5 2 0
2
(1/0), which has the
form 0 .
b. f x x x
x
x x ( ) ( ) = = 5 2
1
2
5 2
,
=
( ) lim
x
f x
2
10
g x x x
x
x
x
x ( ) ( ) = = 5 2
1
2
5
2
2
2
( )
,
( ) lim
x
g x
2
is infinite.
h x x x
x
x x x ( ) ( ) = ( ), = 5 2
1
2
5 2 2
2
( ) = lim
x
h x
2
0
c. The indeterminate form 0 could approach
zero, infinity, or some finite number.
Problem Set 2-6
Q1. 53 Q2. 53
Q3. Undefined Q4. 5
Q5. Undefined Q6. Does not exist
Q7. 1 Q8. +
Q9. Indeterminate Q10. C
1. IVT applies on [1, 4] because f is a polynomial
function, and polynomial functions are
continuous for all x.
f (1) = 18, f (4) = 3
There is a value x = c in (1, 4) for which
f (c) = 8.
Using the intersect or solver feature,
c = 1.4349 , which is between 1 and 4.
f (x)
x
f (1)
f (4)
8
1 4 c
2. IVT applies on [0, 6] because f is a polynomial
function, and polynomial functions are
continuous for all x.
f (0) = 8, f (6) = 0.224
There is a value x = c in (0, 6) for which
f (c) = 1.
Using the intersect or solver feature,
c = 5.8751 , which is between 0 and 6.
0.224
8
0
6
c
x
f (x)
3. a. For 1 y < 2 or for 5 < y 8, the conclusion
would be true. But for 2 y 5, it would be
false because there are no values of x in [1, 5]
that give these values for f (x).
b. The conclusion of the theorem is true because
every number y in [4, 6] is a value of g(x) for
some value of x in [1, 5].
4. a.

f f f ( ) , ( ) , ( . ) . , 2 4 3 8 0 5 2 1 414 = = = = K
f ( ) 5 8 =
b. f is continuous at x = 3 because it has a limit
and a function value and they both equal 8.
c. f is continuous nowhere else. Because the
sets of rational and irrational numbers are
dense, there is a rational number between any
two irrational numbers, and vice versa. So
there is no limit of f (x) as x approaches any
number other than 3.
d. The conclusion is not true for all values of y
between 1 and 4. For instance, if y = 3, then
c would have to equal log
2
3. But log
2
3 is
irrational, so f (c) = 8, which is not between
1 and 4.
5. Let f (x) = x
2
. f is a polynomial function, so it is
continuous and thus the intermediate value
theorem applies. f (1) = 1 and f (2) = 4, so there
is a number c between 1 and 2 such that f (c) = 3.
By the definition of square root, c = 3 , Q.E.D.
6. Prove that if f is continuous, and if f (a) is
positive and f (b) is negative, then there is at least
one zero of f (x) between x = a and x = b.
Proof:
f is continuous, so the intermediate value
theorem applies. f (a) is positive and f (b) is
negative, so there is a number x = c between a
and b for which f (c) = 0. Therefore, f has at least
one zero between x = a and x = b, Q.E.D.
7. The intermediate value theorem is called an
existence theorem because it tells you that a
number such as 3 exists. It does not tell you
how to calculate that number.
8. Telephone your sweethearts house. An answer to
the call tells you the existence of the
sweetheart at home. The call doesnt tell such
things as how to get there, and so on. Also,
getting no answer does not necessarily mean that
your sweetheart is out.
9. Let f (t) = Jesses speed Kays speed. f (1) =
20 15 = 5, which is positive. f (3) = 17 19 =
2, which is negative. The speeds are assumed to
be continuous (because of laws of physics), so f
is also continuous and the intermediate value
theorem applies.
So there is a value of t between 1 and 3 for
which f (t) = 0, meaning that Jesse and Kay are
going at exactly the same speed at that time.
The existence of the time tells you neither what
that time is nor what the speed is. An existence
theorem, such as the intermediate value theorem,
does not tell these things.
10. Let f (x) = number of dollars for x-ounce letter.
f does not meet the hypothesis of the IVT on the
interval [1, 9] because there is a step
discontinuity at each integer value of x. There is
no value of c for which f (c) = 2 because f (x)
jumps from 1.98 to 2.21 at x = 8.
11. You must assume that the cosine is function
continuous. Techniques:
c = cos
1
0.6 = 0.9272
Using the solver feature, c = 0.9272...
Using the intersect feature, c = 0.9272...
12. You must assume that 2
x
is continuous.
f (0) = 2
0
= 1, because any positive number to the
0 power equals 1.
c = = = log
log
log
2
3
3
2
1 5849 . ...
Using the solver feature, c = 1.5849...
Using the intersect feature, c = 1.5849...
13. This means that a function graph has a high
point and a low point on any interval in which
the function is continuous.
x
f(x)
a b c
1
c
2
If the function is not continuous, there may be a
point missing where the maximum or minimum
would have been.
x
f(x)
a b
Another possibility would be a graph with a
vertical asymptote somewhere between a and b.
14. Prove that if f is continuous on [a, b], the image
of [a, b] under f is all real numbers between the
minimum and maximum values of f (x),
inclusive.
Proof:
By the extreme value theorem, there are numbers
x
1
and x
2
in [a, b] such that f (x
1
) and f (x
2
) are the
minimum and maximum values of f (x) on [a, b].
Because x
1
and x
2
are in [a, b], f is continuous on
the interval whose endpoints are x
1
and x
2
. Thus,
the intermediate value theorem applies on the
latter interval. Thus, for any number y between
f (x
1
) and f (x
2
), there is a number x = c between
x
1
and x
2
for which f (c) = y, implying that the
image of [a, b] under f is all real numbers
between the minimum and maximum values of
f (x), inclusive, Q.E.D.
Problem Set 2-7
Review Problems
R1. a. f ( ) 3
36 51 15
3 3
0
0
=
+
=
Indeterminate form
b. f x x x ( ) = , 4 5 3
9 9
9
9
y
x
At x = 3 there is a removable discontinuity.
c. For 0.01, keep x within 0.0025 unit of 3. For
0.0001, keep x within 0.000025 unit of 3. To
keep f (x) within unit of 7, keep x within
1
4
unit of 3.
R2. a. L f x
x c
=
lim ( ) if and only if for any number

> 0, no matter how small,
there is a number > 0 such that if x is
within units of c, but x c, then f (x) is
within units of L.
b. lim
x
f x
=
1
2 ( )
lim
x
f x
2
( ) does not exist.
lim
x
f x
=
3
4 ( )
lim
x
f x
4
( ) does not exist.
lim
x
f x
5
( ) = 3
c. lim
x
f x
=
2
3 ( )
Maximum : 0.6 or 0.7
d. The left side of x = 2 is the more restrictive.
Let 2 + x 1 = 3 0.4 = 2.6.
x = 1 + 0.6
2
= 1.36
maximum value of is 2 1.36 = 0.64.
e. Let f x ( ) = 3 .
2 1 3 + = x
x = (1 )
2
+ 1
Let = 2 [(1 )
2
+ 1] = 1 (1 )
2
,
which is positive for all positive < 1. If
1, simply take = 1. Then will be
positive for all > 0.
R3. a. See the limit property statements in the text.
b.
20
3
x
g(x)
19
The limit of a quotient property does not
apply because the limit of the denominator
is zero.
g x
x x x
x
( ) =
+
( )( ) 3 10 2
3
2
g(x) = x
2
10x + 2, x 3
You can cancel the (x 3) because the
definition of limit says but not equal to 3.
lim ( )
x
g x
3
= + +

lim lim( ) lim
x x x
x x
3
2
3 3
10 2
Limit of a sum
= +

lim lim lim
x x x
x x x
3 3 3
10 2
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
times a function,
limit of a constant
= 3 3 10(3) + 2 Limit of x
= 19, which agrees with the graph.
c. f (x) = 2
x
,
g x
x x
x
x x
x
( ) =
+
2
8 15
3
3 5
3
( )( )
= x + 5, x 3
lim ( ) , lim
x x
f x g x

= =
3 3
8 2 ( )
p(x) = f (x) g(x)
lim
x
p x
= =
3
8 2 16 ( )
x p(x)
2.997 15.9907
2.998 15.9938
2.999 15.9969
3 undefined
3.001 16.0030
3.002 16.0061
3.003 16.0092
All these p(x) values are close to 16.
r x
f x
g x
( ) =
( )
( )
lim ( )
x
r x
= =
3
8
2
4
3
5
10
15
20
y
x
f
g
r
d. For 5 to 5.1 s: average velocity = 15.5 m/s.
Average velocity = =
f t f
t
( ) ( )
5
5
35 5 50
5
5 2 5
5
2
t t
t
t t
t

( )( )
= =
5(t 2), for t 5. Instantaneous velocity =
limit = 5(5 2) = 15 m/s.
The rate is negative, so the distance above the
starting point is getting smaller, which
means the rock is going down.
Instantaneous velocity is a derivative.
R4. a. f is continuous at x = c if and only if
1. f (c) exists
2. lim ( )
x c
f x
exists
3. lim
x c
f x f c
= ( ) ( )
f is continuous on [a, b] if and only if f is
continuous at every point in (a, b), and
lim ( ) ( )
x a
f x f a
+
= and lim
x b
f x f b

= ( ) ( ).
b.
c f c ( )
lim
x c
f x

( ) lim ( )
x c
f x
+
lim ( )
x c
f x
Continuous?
1 none none none none infinite
2 1 3 3 3 removable
3 5 2 5 none step
c. i. ii.
x
y
1

x
y
2
iii. iv.
x
y
3

x
y
4
v. vi.
5
x
y

L
f (6)
x
y
6
vii.
1
5
2
x
y
d.
2
4
x
f(x)
2
The left limit is 4 and the right limit is 2, so
f is discontinuous at x = 2, Q.E.D.
Let 2
2
= 2
2
6(2) + k.
k = 12
R5. a. lim
x
f x
=
4
( ) means that f (x) can be kept
arbitrarily far from 0 on the positive side just
by keeping x close enough to 4, but not equal
to 4.
lim
x
f x
= ( ) 5 means that f (x) can be made to

stay arbitrarily close to 5 just by keeping x
large enough in the positive direction.
b. lim ( )
x
f x
does not exist.

lim
x
f x
=
2
1 ( )
lim
x
f x

=
2
( )
lim
x
f x
+
=
2
( )
lim
x
f x
= ( ) 2
c. f (x) = 6 2
x
lim
x
f x
= ( ) 6
f (x) = 5.999 = 6 2
x
2
x
= 0.001
x =
log
log
0 001
2
.
x = 9.965...
x f (x)
10 5.999023
20 5.999999046
30 5.99999999907
All of these f (x) values are within 0.001 of 6.
d. g(x) = x
2
lim ( )
x
g x
=
0
g(x) = 10
6
= x
2
x
2
= 10
6
x = 10
3
x g(x)
0.0009 1.2345 10
6
0.0005 4,000,000
0.0001 1 10
8
All of these g(x) values are larger than
1,000,000.
e. v(t) = 40 + 6 t
n Trapezoidal Rule
50 467.9074
100 467.9669
200 467.9882
400 467.9958
The limit of these sums seems to be 468.
By exploration,
T
222
= 467.98995
T
223
= 467.99002
D = 223
R6. a. See the text statement of the intermediate
value theorem.
The basis is the completeness axiom.
See the text statement of the extreme value
theorem.
The word is corollary.
b. f (x) = x
3
+ 5x
2
10x + 20
f (3) = 8, f (4) = 4
So f (x) = 0 for some x between 3 and 4 by
the intermediate value theorem.
The property is continuity.
The value of x is approximately 3.7553.
c.
4
3
x
f(x)
f (6) = 1 and f (2) = 5 by tracing on the
graph or by simplifying the fraction to get
f (x) = x + 7, then substituting. You will not
always get a value of x if y is between 1 and
5. If you pick y = 3, there is no value of x.
This fact does not contradict the intermediate
value theorem. Function f does not meet the
continuity hypothesis of the theorem.
Concept Problems
C1.
hh
f
g
y
x
7
4
Conjecture: lim ( )
x
f x
=
4
7
C2. f (1) = 1
2
6 1 + 9 = 4
As x 1 from the left, f (x) 1
2
+ 3 = 4.
As x 1 from the right, f (x) 1
2
6 + 9 = 4.
lim
x
f x f
1
4 1 ( ) = = ( )
f is continuous at x = 4, Q.E.D.
For the derivative, from the left side,
f x f
x
x
x
x x
x
( ) ( )
( )( )
1
1
3 4
1
1 1
1
2
=
+
=
+
=
x + 1, x 1
= + =

lim
x
f x
1
1 1 2 ( )
For the derivative, from the right side,
f x f
x
x x
x
x x
x
( ) ( )
( )( )
1
1
6 9 4
1
1 5
1
2
=
+
= =
x 5, x 1
lim
x
f x
+

1
1 5 4 ( ) = =
So f is continuous at x = 1, but does not have a
value for the derivative there because the rate of
change jumps abruptly from 2 to 4 at x = 1. In
general, if a function has a cusp at a point, then
the derivative does not exist, but the function is
still continuous.
C3. The graph is a y = x
2
parabola with a step
discontinuity at x = 1. (Use the rise-run
property. Start at the vertex. Then run 1, rise 1;
run 1, rise 3; run 1, rise 5; . . . . Ignore the
discontinuity at first.) To create the
discontinuity, use the signum function with
argument (x 1). Because there is no value for
f (1), the absolute value form of the signum
function can be used.
y x
x
x
=
2
2
1
1
+
| |
C4. The quantity | ( ) | f x L is the distance between

f (x) and L. If this distance is less than , then
f (x) is within units of L. The quantity |x c|
is the distance between x and c. The right part of
the inequality, |x c| < , says that x is within
units of c. The left part, 0 < |x c|, says that x
does not equal c. Thus, this definition of limit is
equivalent to the other definition.
Chapter Test
T1. f is continuous at x = c if and only if
1. f (c) exists
2. lim ( )
x c
f x
exists
3. lim
x c
f x f c
= ( ) ( )
f is continuous on [a, b] if and only if f is
continuous at all points in (a, b), and
lim ( ) ( )
x a
f x f a
+
= and lim ( ) ( )
x b
f x f b

= .
T2. a. lim
x
f x

=
2
3 ( ) lim
x
f x
+
=
2
4 ( )
lim ( )
x
f x
2
does not exist. lim ( )
x
f x

=
6
2
lim ( )
x
f x
+
=
6
2 lim
x
f x
=
6
2 ( )
b. f is continuous on [2, 6] because it is
continuous for all values in (2, 6) and
lim ( ) ( )
x
f x f
+
=
2
2 and lim ( ) ( )
x
f x f

=
6
6 .
T3. See the text statement of the quotient property.
T4. a. Left: 4; right: 4
b. Limit: 4
c. Discontinuous
T5. a. Left: none; right: none
b. Limit: none
c. Discontinuous
b. Limit: 6
c. Continuous
b. Limit: none
c. Discontinuous
T8.
4
4
x
y
T9. a. b.
x
f(x)

x
g(x)
1
c. d.
1
1
h(x)
x

1
1
x
s(x)
T10. a. f ( )
( )( )
, 3
0 5 0 8 0 3
0 3
0
0
2
=
+
=
an indeterminate form
b. lim ( ) lim( ),
x x
f x x x x

= +
3 3
2
5 8 3
Definition of limit
x c
= + +

lim lim( ) lim
x x x
x x
3
2
3 3
5 8
Limit of a sum
= + +

lim lim ( ) lim
x x x
x x x
3 3 3
5 8
Limit of a product,
limit of a constant
times a function,
limit of a constant
= 3 3 + (5) 3 + 8 Limit of x
= 2, Q.E.D.
T11. If k f x
x x
x x
= =

+ >
1
2
1 2
2
, ( )
,
,
lim lim
x x
f x f x

+
= =
2 2
4 3 ( ) , ( )
f is discontinuous at x = 3.
2
5
f(x)
x
T12. lim
x
f x k

=
2
2
2 ( )
lim
x
f x k
+
+
2
2 ( ) =
4k = 2 + k
k = 2/3
T13. See graph in T11.
T14. a. lim
x
T x
= ( ) 20
From the graph, it appears that if x > 63 ft,
then T(x) is within 1 of the limit.
The graph of T has a horizontal asymptote at
T = 20.
b. T = 20 + 8(0.97
x
) cos 0.5x. The amplitude of
the cosine factor is 8 0 97 ( . ).
x
Make this
amplitude < 0.1.
8(0.97
c
) = 0.1
0.97
c
= 0.0125
c =
log .
log .
0 0125
0 97
c = 143.8654
T is within 0.1 unit of 20 whenever
x > 143.8654 .
c. The time of day would be mid-afternoon,
when the temperature of the surface is
highest.
T15. a. Use either TRACE or TABLE to show:
d(0) = 0, d(10) = 6, d(20) = 14, d(30) = 24,
d(40) = 36, and d(50) = 50.
b. Average rate =

=
d d ( . ) ( )
.
20 1 20
20 1 20
14 0901 14
20 1 20
0 901
.
.
= . cm/day
c. Average rate =

=
d t d
t
( ) ( ) 20
20
0 01 0 5 14
20
0 01 70 20
20
2
. .
. ( )( )
t t
t
t t
t
+
=
+
=
0.01t + 0.7, t 20. The limit as t approaches
20 is 0.01(20) + 0.7, which equals
0.9 cm/day. This instantaneous rate is called
the derivative.
d. The glacier seems to be speeding up because
each 10-day period it moved farther than it had
in the preceding 10-day period.
T16. c(0) = p(0) = 10, so each has the same speed at
t = 0. lim ( ) . lim ( ) .
t t
c t p t

= = 16 Surprise for
Phoebe!
T17. f x
kx x
kx x
( )
,
,
=

>
2
2
10 2
if
if
lim
x
f x k k

= =
2
2
2 4 ( )
lim
x
f x k
+
=
2
10 2 ( )
Make 4k = 10 2k k = 5/3. There is a cusp
at x = 2.
2
10
f(x)
x
T18. h(x) = x
3
. h(1) = 1 and h(2) = 8, so 7 is between
h(1) and h(2). The intermediate value theorem
allows you to conclude that there is a real
number between 1 and 8 equal to the cube root
of 7.
Chapter 3Derivatives, Antiderivatives,
and Indefinite Integrals
Problem Set 3-1
1. The graph is correct.
2. Average rate = = =
f f ( . ) ( )
.
.
.
5 1 5
0 1
3 21 3
0 1
2.1 km/min
3.
5
2
x
y
4. The graph of r has a removable discontinuity
at x = 5.
r
f f
( )
( ) ( )
5
5 5
5 5
0
0
=

=
5. r x
f x f
x
x x
x
( )
( ) ( )
=

=
+
5
5
8 18 3
5
2
=

=
( )( )
,
x x
x
x x
5 3
5
3 5
=
f r x
x
( ) lim ( ) 5
5
=

= =

lim
( )( )
lim( )
x x
x x
x
x
5 5
5 3
5
3 2
The derivative is the velocity of the spaceship,
in km/min.
6. Find the equation of the line through (5, f (5)),
or (5, 3), with slope 2.
y 3 = 2(x 5) y = 2x 7
5
3
x
y
This line is tangent to the graph of f (x) at (5, 3).
7. As you zoom in, the line and the graph appear to
be the same.
Problem Set 3-2
Q2. x + 9 Q3. 18
Q4.

x
y
1
Q5. 9x
2
42x + 49
Q6. sign
Q7. Q8.
x
y
3
x
y
5
2
Q9. Newton and Leibniz
Q10. D
1. See the text for the definition of derivative.
2. Physical: Instantaneous rate of change of the
dependent variable with respect to the
independent variable
Graphical: Slope of the tangent line to the graph
of the function at that point
3. a. f
x
x
x
( ) = 3
0 6 5 4
3
3
2
lim
. .
= lim
. ( )( )
.
x
x x
x
+
=
3
0 6 3 3
3
3 6
b. Graph of the difference quotient m(x)
3
3.6
x
m(x)
c., d. Tangent line: y = 3.6x 5.4

3
1 x
f (x)
4. a. f x x f
x
x
x
( ) = . , ( ) = 0 2 6
0 2 7 2
6
2
6
2
lim
. .
=
+
=
lim
. ( )( )
.
x
x x
x
6
0 2 6 6
6
2 4
b.

6
2.4
x
m(x)
c., d. Tangent line: y = 2.4x + 7.2

6
7.2
x
f(x)
5. f
x x
x
x
+ + +
+
( ) = 2
5 1 5
2
2
2
lim
= lim
( )( )
x
x x
x
+ +
+
=
2
2 3
2
1
6. ( ) = f
x x
x
x
+ +
+
4
6 2 10
4
4
2
lim
=
+ +
+
lim
( )( )
x
x x
x
4
4 2
4
2 =
7. ( ) = f
x x x
x
x
+ +
1
4 8 6
1
1
3 2
lim

= = lim
( )( )
x
x x x
x
1
2
1 3 2
1
4
8. f
x x x
x
x
+
+
( ) = 1
4 6 8
1
1
3 2
lim

=
+
+
=
lim
( )( )
x
x x x
x
1
2
1 2 2
1
1
9. f
x
x
x
+ +
( ) = 3
0 7 2 0 1
3
3
lim
. .
= =
lim
. ( )
.
x
x
x
3
0 7 3
3
0 7
10. f
x
x
x
( ) = 4
1 3 3 2 2
4
4
lim
. .
= =
lim
. ( )
.
x
x
x
4
1 3 4
4
1 3
11. f
x
x
+
=
( ) = 1
5 5
1
0
1
lim
12. f
x
x
+
=
( ) = 3
2 2
3
0
3
lim
13. The derivative of a linear function equals the

slope. The tangent line coincides with the graph
of a linear function.
14. The derivative of a constant function is zero.
Constant functions are horizontal and dont
change! The tangent line coincides with the
graph.
15. a. Find f ( 1) = 2, then plot a line through point
(1, f (1)) using f ( 1) as the slope. The line is
y = 2x 1.
b. Near the point (1, 1), the tangent line and the
curve appear nearly the same.
c. The curve appears to get closer and closer to
the line.
d. Near point (1, 1) the curve looks linear.
e. If a graph has local linearity, the graph near
that point looks like the tangent line.
Therefore, the derivative at that point could be
said to equal the slope of the graph at that
point.
16. a. f ( x) = x
2
+ 0.1 (x 1)
2/3
f ( 1) = 1
2
+ 0.1(1 1)
2/3
= 1 + 0 = 1, Q.E.D.
The graph appears to be locally linear at
(1, 1), because it looks smooth there.
b. Zoom in by a factor of 10,000.
1
1
c. The graph has a cusp at x = 1. It changes
direction abruptly, not smoothly.
d. If you draw a secant line through (1, 1) from a
point just to the left of x = 1, it has a large
negative slope. If you draw one from a point
just to the right, it has a large positive slope.
In both cases, the secant line becomes vertical
as x approaches 1 and a vertical line has
infinite slope. So there is no real number
equal to the derivative.
17. a.
3
5
x
f (x)
7
b. First simplify the equation.
f x
x x
x
( )
,
,
=
+
=
2 3
7 3
if
if
The difference quotient is
m x
x
x
x
x
( ) =
( )
+
=
2 7
3
5
3
3
5
x
m(x)
c.
x f (x)
2.997 667.66
2.998 1001
2.999 2001
3.000 undefined
3.001 1999
3.002 999
3.003 665.66
The difference quotients are all large positive
numbers on the left side of 3. On the right
side, they are large negative numbers. For a
derivative to exist, the difference quotient
must approach the same number as x gets
closer to 3.
18. a.
1
2
x
s(x)
b. m x
x
x
( ) =
| sin ( ) |
1
1
1
1
x
m(x)
c. As x approaches 1 from the left, m(x)
approaches 1. As x approaches 1 from the
right, m(x) approaches 1. Because the left and
right limits are unequal, there is no derivative
at x = 1.
19. a.
+
f x
x x
x
x
( ) = lim
. . .
3
2
0 25 2 5 7 25 2
3
=
lim
. ( )( )
x
x x
x
3
0 25 3 7
3
=
lim ,
x
x
3
0 25 7 1 . ( ) = Q.E.D.
The tangent line on the graph has slope 1.
b.
Draw secant lines
from here.
f (x)
3
2
x
As the x-distance between the point and 3
decreases, the secant lines (solid) approach the
tangent line (dashed).
c. The same thing happens with secant lines
from the left of x = 3. See the graph in part b.
d.
3
4
x
Draw secant lines
from here.
g(x)
e. A derivative is a limit. Because the left and
right limits are unequal, there is no derivative
at x = 3.
f. m x
x
x
( ) =
cos
6
6
3
. By table,
x m(x)
2.9 3.1401
2.99 3.1415
3 undefined
3.01 3.1415
3.1 3.1401
Conjecture: The numbers are and .
20. From Problem 19, parts b and c, the tangent line
is the limit of the secant lines as x approaches c.
Because the slope of the secant line is the average
rate of change of f (x) for the interval from x to c
(or from c to x) and the derivative, f (c), is the
limit of this average rate, the slope of the tangent
line equals f (c).
Problem Set 3-3
Q1. 3
Q2.
2
y
x
5
Q3.
y
x
Q4. 20%
Q5. 3x
2
2x 8
Q6. 25x
2
70x + 49
Q7. log 6
Q8.
Q9.
Q10. lim
x c
is missing.
1. a.
40
f
2 2
f
x
y
b. f (x) is positive for 2 < x < 2. The graph of
f is increasing for these x-values.
c. f ( x) is decreasing for x satisfying |x| > 2.
f (x) < 0 for these values of x.
d. Where the f graph crosses the x-axis, the
f graph has a high point or a low point.
e. See the graph in part a.
f. Conjecture: f is quadratic.
2.
15
3
x
y
g
g'
The graph does not have the high and low
points that are typical of a cubic function. As x
increases, the graph starts to roll over and form
a high point, but it starts going back up again
before that happens. This behavior is revealed by
the fact that the derivative is positive everywhere.
Between x = 0 and x = 1, the derivative reaches
a low point, indicating that the slope is a
minimum, but the slope is still positive and
the graph of g is still going up.
3. a.
200
h
h
x
y
2 1 2.5
b. The h graph looks like a cubic function
graph. Conjecture: Seventh-degree function
has a sixth-degree function for its derivative.
c. By plotting the graph using a friendly window,
then tracing, the zeros of h are 2, 1, 2.5.
d. If h(x) = 0, the h graph has a high point or
a low point. This is reasonable because if
h(x) = 0, the rate of change of h(x) is zero,
which would happen when the graph stops
going up and starts going down, or vice
versa.
e. See the graph in part a.
4.
10
2 x
y
q
q'
The graph does not have the expected shape for a
quartic function. The two high points and the low
point all appear to occur as a high point at
x = 2. The derivative graph crosses the x-axis just
once, at x = 2, indicating that this is the only
place where the function graph is horizontal.
5. a.

4
5
x
y
f
f
b. Amplitude = 1, period = 2 = 6.283
c. The graph of f also has amplitude 1 and
period 2.
d.
f
g
f and g
5
4
x
y
The graphs of f and g are the same shape,
spaced 1 unit apart vertically. The graphs of
f and g are identical! This is to be expected
because the shapes of the f and g graphs are
the same.
6.
4
5
x
y
f
f
The function available on the grapher is y = cos x.
The amplitude is 1, the period is 2, and the
shape is sinusoidal. cos 0 = 1, and the graph is at
a high point, y = 1, when x = 0.
7. 8.
x
y
4
3
f
f
x
y
4
3
f'
f
9. 10.
x
f
f
y
1
5
x
y
2
3
f'
f
11. The derivative for f ( x) = 2
x
is consistently below
that of the function itself. This fact implies that
f ( x) does not increase rapidly enough to make the
derivative equal the function value. So the base
must be greater than 2. By experimenting, 3 is
too large, but not by much. You can use trial
and error with bases between 2 and 3, checking
the results either by plotting the graph and the
numerical derivative or by constructing tables.
An ingenious method that some students come
up with uses the numerical derivative and
numerical solver features to solve
nDeriv(b
x
, x, 1) = b
1
at x = 1. The answer is
about 2.718281 . (In Section 3-9, students will
learn that this number is e, the base of natural
logarithms.) The graph of f ( x) = 2.781
x
and its numerical derivative are shown here.
f and f '
x
y
1
1
12. Answer will vary depending on calculator.
13. a. Maximum area = (12.01)
2
= 144.2401 in.
2
Minimum area = (11.99)
2
= 143.7601 in.
2
Range is 143.7601 area 144.2401.
Area is within 0.2401 in.
2
of the ideal.
b. Let x be the number of inches.
Area = x
2
.
The right side of 12 is more restrictive, so set
x
2
= 144.02.
x = 144.02
1/2
= 12.000833
Keep the tile dimensions within 0.0008 in. of
12 in.
c. The 0.02 in part b corresponds to , and the
0.0008 corresponds to .
14. The average of the forward and backwards
difference quotients equals
1
2
f x h f x
h
f x f x h
h
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) +
+
=
+
1
2
f x h f x h
h
( ) ( )
=
+ f x h f x h
h
( ) ( )
2
, Q.E.D.
15. a. f ( x) = x
3
x + 1 f ( 1) = 1
f
x x
x
x
( ) = 1
1 1
1
1
3
lim
( )
= =
+

lim
lim
( )( )
x x
x x
x
x x x
x
1
3
1
1
1 1
1
=
lim
x
x x
1
1 2 ( + ) =
b. Forward:
f f ( . ) ( )
.
.
.
.
1 1 1
0 1
1 231 1
0 1
2 31 = =
Backwards:
f f ( ) ( . )
.
.
.
.
1 0 9
0 1
1 0 829
0 1
1 71 = =
Symmetric:
f f ( . ) ( . )
( . )
. .
.
.
1 1 0 9
2 0 1
1 231 0 829
0 2
2 01 = =
The symmetric difference quotient is closer to
the actual derivative because it is the average
of the other two, and the other two span the
actual derivative.
c. f ( 0) = 1
f
x x
x
x
( ) = 0
1 1
0
0
3
lim
( )
= lim
lim( )
x x
x x
x
x

= =
0
3
0
2
1 1
d. Forward:
f f ( . ) ( )
.
.
.
0 1 0
0 1
0 901 1
0 1
= = 0.99
Backwards:
f f ( . ) ( )
.
.
.
0 1 0
0 1
1 099 1
0 1
=

= 0.99
Symmetric:
f f ( . ) ( . )
( . )
. .
.
.
0 1 0 1
2 0 1
0 901 1 099
0 2
0 99 = =
All three difference quotients are equal because
f ( x) changes just as much from 0.1 to 0 as it
does from 0 to 0.1.
16.
h Backwards Forward Symmetric
0.1 1.1544 3.1544 1
0.01 3.6415 5.6415 1
0.001 9 11 1
The backwards difference quotients are becoming
large and negative, while the forward difference
quotients are becoming large and positive. Their
average, the symmetric difference quotient, is
always equal to 1.
Problem Set 3-4
Q1. 9x
2
24x + 16
Q2. a
3
+ 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
+ b
3
Q3. See the text definition of derivative.
Q4.
f x h f x h
h
( ) ( ) +
2
Q5. No limit (infinite) Q6. log 7
3
Q7. 3 Q8. Pythagorean theorem
Q9. 10 Q10. C
1. f ( x) = 5x
4
f ( x) = 20x
3
2. y = 11x
8
dy/dx = 88x
7
3. v = 0.007t
83
dv/dt = 0.581t
84
4. v x
x
v x x ( ) = ( ) =
9
10
18
1
2

5. M(x) = 1215 M (x) = 0 (Derivative of a
constant)
6. f (x) = 4.77
23
f (x) = 0 (Derivative of a
constant)
7. y = 0.3x
2
8x + 4 dy/dx = 0.6x 8
8. r = 0.2x
2
+ 6x 1 dr /dx = 0.4x + 6
9.
d
dx
x ( ) 13 1 =
10. f (x) = 4.5x
2
x f (x) = 9x 1
11. y = x
2.3
+ 5x
2
100x + 4
dy/dx = 2.3x
1.3
10x
3
100
12.
d
dx
x x x x x x ( )
/ 2 5 2 1 3 5 2
4 3 14
2
5
8 3 + = +
/
13. v = (3x 4)
2
= 9x
2
24x + 16 dv/dx = 18x 24
14. u = (5x 7)
2
= 25x
2
70x + 49
du/dx = 50x 70
15. f (x) = (2x + 5)
3
= 8x
3
+ 60x
2
+ 150x + 125
f (x) = 24x
2
+ 120x + 150
16. f (x) = (4x 1)
3
= 64x
3
48x
2
+ 12x 1
f (x) = 192x
2
96x + 12
17. P x
x
x P x x ( ) ( ) = + =
2
2
4 1
18. Q x
x x
x Q x x x ( ) = + ( ) = +
3 2
2
3 2
1 1 +
19. f (x) = 7x
4
=
+
f x
x h x
h
h
( ) lim
( )
0
4 4
7 7
= + + +
lim( )
h
x x h xh h x
0
3 2 2 3 3
28 42 28 7 28 =
By formula, f (x) = 7 4x
3
= 28x
3
, which checks.
20. g(x) = 5x
3
g x
x h x
h
h
( ) = lim
0
3 3
5 5 ( )
= + + =
lim
h
x xh h x
0
2 2 2
15 15 5 15 ( )
By formula, g (x) = 5 3x
2
= 15x
2
, which checks.
21. v(t) = 10t
2
5t + 7
v t
t h t h t t
h
h
+ + + +
( ) = lim
[ ( ) ( ) ] ( )
0
2 2
10 5 7 10 5 7
=
+
lim
h
th h h
h
0
2
20 10 5
= +
lim ( )
h
t h t
0
20 10 5 20 5 =
By formula, v (t) = 10 2t 5 = 20t 5, which
checks.
22. s t t t ( ) = + .
4 2
6 3 7
=
+ + + +
s t
t h t h t t
h
h
( ) lim
[( ) ( ) . ] [ . ]
0
4 2 4 2
6 3 7 6 3 7
=
+ + +
lim

h
t h t h th h th h
h
0
3 2 2 3 4 2
4 6 4 12 6
= + + +
lim ( )
h
t t h th h t h
0
3 2 2 3
4 6 4 12 6
= 4 12
3
t t
By formula, s t t t t t ( ) = = 4 6 2 4 12
3 3
, which
checks.
23. Mae should realize that you differentiate
functions, not values of functions. If you
substitute a value for x into f (x) = x
4
, you get
f (3) = 3
4
= 81, which is a new function, g(x) =
81. It is the derivative of g that equals zero.
Moral: Differentiate before you substitute for x.
24. a. v(x) = h(x) = 10x + 20
b. The book was going down at 10 m/s.
The velocity is 10, so h(x) is decreasing.
c. The book was 15 m above where he threw it.
d. 2 s. The book is at its highest point when the
velocity is zero. v(x) = 0 if and only if x = 2.
25.
x
f
f
y
9
7
26.
6
x
g
g'
y
3
27. a.
f
f
y
x
10
1
b. The graph of f is shown dashed in part a.
c. There appear to be only two graphs because
the exact and the numerical derivative graphs
almost coincide.
d. f (3) = 6.2
f (3) = 3.8 (by formula)
f (3) 3.8000004 (depending on grapher)
The two values of f ( ) 3 are almost identical!
28. a. g(x) = x
1
. Conjecture: g(x) = 1 x
2
.
Conjecture is confirmed.
y
1
y
2
and y
3
1
1
x
y
b. h(x) = x
1/ 2
. Conjecture: g(x) = 0.5x
1/ 2
.
Conjecture is confirmed.
y
1
y
2
and y
3
1
2
x
y
c. e(x) = 2
x
. Conjecture: e (x) = x 2
x 1
.
Conjecture is refuted!
y
1
y
2
y
3
1
11
x
y
29. f x x x ( ) =
/ 1 2
2 13 +
f x x f = ( ) = + , ( )
1
2
/
9
4
1 2
2 4
Increasing by 9/4 y-units per x-unit at x = 4
30. f (x) = x
2
3x + 11
f (x) = 2x
3
3, f (1) = 5
Decreasing by 5 y-units per x-unit at x = 1
31. f (x) = x
1.5
6x + 30
f (x) = 1.5x
0.5
6, f (9) = 1.5
Decreasing by 1.5 y-units per x-unit at x = 9
32. f x x x ( ) = + + 3 1

f x x f = = ( ) + , ( ) .
3
2
/ 1 2
1 2 0 0606K
Decreasing by approximately 0.0607 y-unit per
x-unit at x = 2
33. f x
x
x x f x x x ( ) =
3
2 2
3
3 5 2 3 + , ( ) =
High and low points of the f graph are at the
x-intercepts of the f graph.
1 3
x
y
5
f
f
34. f x
x
x x f x x x ( ) = + + , ( ) = +
3
2 2
3
2 3 9 4 3
High and low points of the f graph are at the
x-intercepts of the f graph.
1 3
15
f
f '
x
y
35. If f (x) = k g(x), then f (x) = k g(x).
Proof:
f x
f x h f x
h
k g x h k g x
h
k
g x h g x
h
k
g x h g x
h
h
h
h
h
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
( ) = lim
( ) ( )
lim
( ) ( )
lim
( ) ( )
lim
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
= k g x ( ), Q.E.D.
Dilating a function f (x) vertically by a constant k
results in the new function g(x) = k f (x). What
has been shown is that
d
dx
k f x k
d
dx
f x ( ( )) ( ) =
That is, dilating a function vertically by a
constant k dilates the derivative function by a
constant factor of k.
36. If f x x ( ) =
5
, then f c c = ( ) 5
4
.
Proof:
f c
f x f c
x c
x c
x c
x c x x c x c xc c
x c
x x c x c xc c
c c c c c
x c
x c
x c
x c
=
=
=
+ + + +
= + + + +
=
( )
+ + + +
lim
( ) ( )
lim
lim
( )( )
lim ( )
5 5
4 3 2 2 3 4
4 3 2 2 3 4
4 4 4 4 4
= 5c
4
, Q.E.D.
37. If f (x) = x
n
, then f(x) = nx
n 1
.
Proof:
f x
x h x
h
h
n n
( ) = lim
( )
0

=
+ + + +

lim
( )
h
n n n n n
x nx h n n x h h x
h
0
1
1
2
2 2
1 L

= + + +

lim ( )
h
n n n
nx n n x h h
0
1 2 1
1
2
1 L

= + + + + nx
n1
0 0 0 L
= ,
nx
n 1
which is from the second term in the
binomial expansion of (x + h)
n
, Q.E.D.
38. If

y u u u u
n n
= + + + + ,
1 2 3
L where the u
i
are
differentiable functions of x, prove that

y u u u u
n n
= + + + +
1 2 3
L for all integers n 2.
Proof:
Anchor: For n = 2, y u u
2 1 2
= + .
y u u
2 1 2
= + by the derivative of a sum of the
two functions property, thus anchoring the
induction.
Induction hypothesis:
Suppose that for n = k > 2,

y u u u u
k k
= + + + +
1 2 3
L .
Let

y u u u u u
k k k + +
.
1 1 2 3 1
= + + + + + L
Then

y u u u u u
k k k + +
= ( + + + + ) +
1 1 2 3 1
L , which
is a sum of two terms.

y u u u u u
k k k + +
= ( + + + + ) +
1 1 2 3 1
L ,
which, by the anchor,
=

( + + + + +
+
u u u u u
k k 1 2 3 1
L )
=

+ + + + +
+
u u u u u
k k 1 2 3 1
L ,
which completes the induction.
Conclusion:

y u u u u
n n
= + + + +
1 2 3
L for all integers
n 2, Q.E.D.
39. a. f x x x f x x x x ( ) = + ( ) = + 3 10 5 5 5
2 3 2
b. g(x) = f (x) + 13 is also an answer to part a
because it has the same derivative as f (x). The
derivative of a constant is zero.
c. The name antiderivative is chosen because it
is an inverse operation of taking the derivative.
d.
d
dx
g x
d
dx
f x C [ ( )] [ ( ) ] = + =
d
dx
f x
d
dx
C
d
dx
f x ( ) ( ) + =
The word indefinite is used because of the
unspecified constant C.
40. a. f (x) = 5x
4
f (x) = x
5
+ C
f(2) = 23 (2)
5
+ C = 23
C = 9
f (x) = x
5
9
b. f (x) = 0.12x
2
f (x) = 0.04x
3
+ C
f (1) = 500 0.04(1)
3
+ C = 500
C = 499.96
f (x) = 0.04x
3
+ 499.96
c. = = + f x x f x x C ( ) ( )
3
1
4
4
f C ( ) ( ) 5 2 5 2
1
4
4
= + =
C = 154.25
= f x x ( ) .
1
4
4
154 25
Problem Set 3-5
Q1. No values of t Q2. dy dx x / =10
Q3. =

y x 51
4
Q4. = f x x ( ) .
.
1 7
0 7
Q5. ( / )( ) d dx x 3 5 3 + = Q6. f ( ) 3 45 =
Q7. f ( ) = 3 30 Q8. 45
Q9. Q10. C
1. y t t t = +
.
5 3 7
4 2 4
v
dy
dt
t t = = . + ,
.
20 7 2 7
3 1 4
a
dv
dt
t t = = .
.
60 10 08
2 0 4
2. y t t = .
0 3 5
4
v
dy
dt
t a
dv
dt
t = = . , = =

1 2 5 6
5 6
3. x = t
3
+ 13t
2
35t + 27. The object starts out
at x = 27 ft when t = 0 s. It moves to the left to
x 0.15 ft when t 1.7 s. It turns there and
goes to the right to x = 70 ft when t = 7 s. It
turns there and speeds up, going to the left for all
higher values of t.
10
x
y
Starts at t = 0, x = 27
Turns at t = 1.7, x = 0.15
Turns at t = 7, x = 76
4. x t t t t = + +
4 3 2
11 38 48 50. The object starts
at x = 50 ft when t = 0 s. It moves to the left
to x 30 ft when t 1.0 s. Then it moves to the
right to x 34.8 ft when t 2.4 s. The object
moves to the left again, turning at x 9.4 ft
when t 4.8 s and then moving back to the right
for higher values of t.
Starts at t 0, x 50
x
y
10
Turns at t 4.8, x 9.4
Turns at t 2.4, x 34.8
Turns at t 1.0, x

30.0
5. a. x t t t = + +
3 2
13 35 27 (See Problem 3.)
v t t a t = + , = + 3 26 35 6 26
2
b. v( ) = + = 1 3 26 35 12
So x is decreasing at 12 ft/s at t = 1.
a( ) = + = 1 6 26 20
So the object is slowing down at 20 (ft/s)/s
because the velocity and acceleration are in
opposite directions when t = 1.
v( ) ( ) ( ) 6 3 6 26 6 35 13
2
= + =
So x is increasing at 13 ft/s at t = 6.
a( ) ( ) 6 6 6 26 10 = + =
So the object is slowing down at 10 (ft/s)/s
because the velocity and acceleration are in
opposite directions when t = 6.
v( ) = ( ) + ( ) = 8 3 8 26 8 35 19
2
So x is decreasing at 19 ft/s at t = 8.
a( ) = ( ) + = 1 6 8 26 22
So the object is speeding up at 22 (ft/s)/s
because the velocity and acceleration are in the
same directions when t = 8.
c. At t = 7, x has a relative maximum because
v( ) = 7 0 at that point and is positive just
before t = 7 and negative just after. No, x is
never negative for t in [0, 9]. It starts out at
27 ft, decreases to just above zero around
t = 1.7, and does not become negative until
some time between t = 9.6 and 9.7.
6. a. x t t t t = + +
4 3 2
11 38 48 50 (See Problem 4.)
v t t t a t t = + , = + 4 33 76 48 12 66 76
3 2 2
b. At t = 1, v( ) = 1 1 and a( ) = 1 22. At t = 3,
v( ) = 3 9 and a( ) = 3 14 . At t = 5, v( ) = 5 7
and a( ) = 5 46. The object is slowing down at
t = 1 because the velocity and acceleration are
in opposite directions. The object is speeding
up at t = 3 and t = 5 because velocity and
acceleration are in the same direction.
c. v = 0 when t = 1.0475 , 2.3708 ,
or 4.8315 .
d. The displacement is at a maximum or a
minimum whenever v = 0.
1 2 3 4 5
10
t
y
x
v
e. a = 0 when t = 1.6413 or 3.8586 .
When a = 0, v is at a maximum or minimum
point and the graph of x is at its steepest for
times around these values.
1 2 3 4 5
10
t
y
x
v
a
7. a.
300
10
t
y
d
d
b. v = d = 30 2t. Velocity is positive for
0 t < 15. Calvin is going up the hill for
the first 15 s.
c. At 15 seconds his car stopped. d(15) = 324,
so distance is 324 feet.
d. 99 30 0 33 3 0 33
2
+ = ( )( + ) = = t t t t t
or t = 3. Hell be back at the bottom when
t = 33 s.
e. d( ) = 0 99. The car runs out of gas 99 ft from
the bottom.
8. a.
30
200
v = 251
y
t
a = v'
v
b. Trace the v graph to find a( ) 0 32 . The
acceleration decreases because the velocity is
approaching a constant. In the real world, this
occurs because the wind resistance increases as
the velocity increases.
c. The limit is 251 ft/s as t approaches infinity.
The term 0.88
t
approaches zero as t gets very
large, leaving only 1 inside the parentheses.
d. 90% of terminal velocity is 0.9(251) =
225.9 ft/s.
Algebraic solution:
251 1 0 88 225 9 0 88 0 1 ( . ) = . . = .
t t
t = =
log .
log .
0 1
0 88
18 012394 18 0 . ... . s
Numerical solution gives the same answer.
Graphical solution: Trace to v(t) = 225.9.
T is between 18 and 18.5.
e. Find the numerical derivative.
v(18.0123) 3.2086 , which is
approximately 10% of the initial acceleration.
9. a. d t t t d t t ( ) = . ( ) = . 18 4 9 18 9 8
2

d( ) = . = . 1 18 9 8 8 2
d ( ) = . = . 3 18 9 8 3 11 4
d is called velocity in physics.
b. At t = 1 the football is going up at 8.2 m/s.
At t = 3 the football is going down at
11.4 m/s. The ball is going up when the
derivative is positive and coming down when
the derivative is negative. The ball is going
up when the graph slopes up and coming
down when the graph slopes down.
c. d( ) = . 4 21 2, which suggests that the
ball is going down at 21.2 m/s. However,
d( ) = . 4 6 4, which reveals that the ball
has gone underground. The function gives
meaningful answers in the real world only if
the domain of t is restricted to values that
make d(t) nonnegative.
10. a.
5
2
t
y
v
a
b. The acceleration at the bottom of the swing
is 0. The acceleration is greatest at either end
of its swing.
11.
5
2
t
y
a
v
12. v(t) = 15t
0.6
. Because v t x t ( ) = ( ) , x(t) must
have had t
1 6 .
in it. The derivative of t
1.6
can be
assumed to be 1.6t
0.6
. So the coefficient of t
1 6 .
must be 151 6 / . , or 9.375. But x(0) was 50.
Thus, x(t) = 9.375t
1.6
+ 50. The derivative x(t)
really does equal v(t). Using this equation,
x( ) = . ( ) + = . .
.
10 9 375 10 50 423 225
1 6
K
So the distance traveled is 423.225 50 =
373.225 , or about 373 ft.
13. The average rate is defined to be the change in
the dependent variable divided by the change in
the independent variable (such as total distance
divided by total time). Thus, the difference
quotient is an average rate. The instantaneous
rate is the limit of this average rate as the change
in the independent variable approaches zero.
14. a.
10
y
t
3
v
b. y is a relative maximum when t 0, 4,
8, .
y is a relative minimum when t 2, 6, 10, .
c. The velocity is a relative maximum when
t 3 or 7. The displacement graph at these
times appears to be increasing the fastest.
d. The equation used in the text is
y t
t
= + 2 0 85
2
. cos
The student could observe that the period is 4,

leading to the coefficient /2. The amplitude
decreases in a way that suggests an exponential
function with base close to, but less than, 1.
The additive 2 raises the graph up two units,
as can be ascertained by the fact that the graph
seems to converge to 2 as t gets larger. The
numerical derivative of the function shown in
part a agrees with the graph of the velocity.
Note that the actual maximum and minimum
values occur slightly before the values of t
read from the graph in part a. For instance,
the maximum near t = 4 is actually at
t = 3.9343 .
15. y x
dy
dx
x
d y
dx
x = = = 5 15 30
3 2
2
2
16. y x
dy
dx
x
d y
dx
x = = = 7 28 84
4 3
2
2
2
17. y x x
dy
dx
x x = + = + 9 18 5
2 5 4
d y
dx
x
2
2
3
18 20 = +
18. y x x = + 10 15 42
2
dy
dx
x
d y
dx
= = 20 15 20
2
2
19.

m( ) = . 5 153 4979K

m( ) = . 10 247 2100K
These numbers represent the instantaneous rate of
change of the amount of money in the account.
The second quantity is larger because the money
grows at a rate proportional to the amount of
money in the account. Because there is more
money after 10 years, the rate of increase should
also be larger.

= m ( ) . 5 14 6299K

= m ( ) . 10 23 5616K
Both quantities are in the units ($/yr)yr.
The quantities represent the instantaneous rate of
change of the instantaneous rate of change of the
amount of money in the account. For example,
at t = 5, the rate of increase of the account
(153.50 $/yr) is increasing at a rate of
14.63 ($/yr)/yr.
20.

= p ( ) . 7 4 9510K

= p ( ) . 14 2 4755K
= p p ( ) ( ) 14 7
1
2
The fact that these derivatives are negative tells
us that the amount of nitrogen 17 is decreasing.

= p ( ) . 7 0 4902K

= p ( ) . 14 0 2451K
Both quantities are in units (% of nitrogen
17/s)/s. The quantities represent the rate of
change of the rate of change of the percentage of
nitrogen 17 remaining. For example, at t = 7 s,
the rate of decrease (4.95%/s) is changing at a
rate of 0.49 (%/s)/s.
21.
5
x
y
2
f f
The graph of the derivative looks like the graph
of y = cos (x).
22.
5
x
y
2
f' f
The graph of the derivative looks like the graph
of y = sin (x).
Problem Set 3-6
1.
y
x
3
10
2. The graph confirms the conjecture.
5
x
y
2
y
1
y
2
y
3
and
3. g(x) = sin 3x
Conjecture: g(x) = 3 cos 3x
The graph confirms the conjecture.
3
10
x
y
g
g
4. h x x ( ) = sin
2
Conjecture: h x x x ( ) = 2
2
cos
5
x
y
1
h
h'
5. t x x ( ) =
.
sin
0 7
Conjecture: t x x x ( ) = .
. .
0 7
0 3 0 7
cos

10
1
x
y
t
t
6. f (x) = sin [g(x)]
f is a composite function.
g is the inside function.
sine is the outside function.
Differentiate the outside function with respect to
the inside function. Then multiply the answer by
the derivative of the inside function with respect
to x.
7. a. f (x) = sin 3x. Inside: 3x. Outside: sine.
b. h(x) = sin
3
x. Inside: sine. Outside: cube.
c. g(x) = sin x
3
. Inside: cube. Outside: sine.
d. r(x) = 2
cos x
. Inside: cosine. Outside:
exponential.
e. q(x) = 1/(tan x). Inside: tangent. Outside:
reciprocal.
f. L(x) = log (sec x). Inside: secant. Outside:
logarithm.
Problem Set 3-7

Q1 exists
Q2 exists
Q3
Any order is acceptable.
. ( )
. lim ( )
. lim ( ) ( )
( )
f c
f x
f x f c
x c
x c
Q4. No (not continuous) Q5. dy dx x / =

/
16
1 5
Q6. f (x) = 10x
3
Q7. Antiderivative
Q8.
y = sin x
x
Q9.
y = cos x
x
Q10. C
1. a. Let y = f (u), u = g(x).
dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
=
b. y f g x g x = ( )] ( ) [
c. To differentiate a composite function,
differentiate the outside function with respect to
the inside function, then multiply by the deriva-
tive of the inside function with respect to x.
2. f x x ( ) ( ) =
2 3
1
a. f (x) = 3(x
2
1)
2
(2x) = 6x(x
2
1)
2
b. (x
2
1)
3
= x
6
3x
4
+ 3x
2
1,
so f (x) = 6x
5
12x
3
+ 6x.
c. From part a, f (x) = 6x(x
2
1)
2
=
6x(x
4
2x
2
+ 1) = 6x
5
12x
3
+ 6x, so the
two answers are equivalent.
3. f x x f x x x ( ) ( ) = = = cos sin sin 3 3 3 3 3
4. f x x f x x ( ) ( ) = = sin cos 5 5 5
5. g x x g x x x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = = cos sin
3 2 3
3
6. h x x h x x x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = = sin cos
5 4 5
5
7. y = (cos x)
3

y = 3(cos x)
2
(sin x) = 3 cos
2
x sin x
8. f x x ( ) ( ) = sin
5
f x x x x x = = ( ) ( ) 5 5
4 4
sin cos sin cos
9. y x y x x = = sin sin cos
6 5
6
10. f x x ( ) = cos
7
f x x x x x = = ( ) ( ) 7 7
6 6
cos sin cos sin
11. y = 6 sin 3x y = 18 cos 3x
12. f (x) = 4 cos (5x)
f (x) = 4[sin (5x)] (5) = 20 sin (5x)
13.
d
dx
x x x (cos ) cos ( sin )
4 3
7 4 7 7 7 =
= 28 cos
3
7x sin 7x
14.
d
dx
x x x (sin ) sin cos
9 8
13 9 13 13 13 =
= 117 sin
8
13x cos 13x
15. f (x) = 24 sin
5/3
4x
f (x) = 40 sin
2/3
4x cos 4x 4
= 160 sin
2/3
4x cos 4x
16. f (x) = 100 sin
6/5
(9x)
f (x) = 120 sin
1/5
(9x) cos (9x) (9)
= 1080 sin
1/5
(9x) cos (9x)
17. f (x) = (5x + 3)
7

f (x) = 7(5x + 3)
6
5 = 35(5x + 3)
6
18. f (x) = (x
2
+ 8)
9

f (x) = 9(x
2
+ 8)
8
2x = 18x(x
2
+ 8)
8
19. y = (4x
3
7)
6

y = 6(4x
3
7)
7
12x
2
= 72x
2
(4x
3
7)
7
20. y = (x
2
+ 3x 7)
5

y = 5(x
2
+ 3x 7)
6
(2x + 3)
= 5(2x + 3)(x
2
+ 3x 7)
6
21. y = [cos (x
2
+ 3)]
100

y = 100 [cos (x
2
+ 3)]
99
[sin (x
2
+ 3)] 2x
= 200x cos
99
(x
2
+ 3) sin (x
2
+ 3)
22. y = [cos (5x + 3)
4
]
5
y = 5[cos (5x + 3)
4
]
4

[sin (5x + 3)
4
] 4(5x + 3)
3
5 =
100(5x + 3)
3
cos
4
(5x + 3)
4
sin (5x + 3)
4
23. y = 4 cos 5x
dy
dx
= 4(sin 5x)5 = 20 sin 5x
d y
dx
2
2
= 20(cos 5x)5 = 100 cos 5x
24. y = 7 sin (2x + 5)
dy
dx
= 7 cos (2x + 5)(2) = 14 cos (2x + 5)
d y
dx
2
2
= 14[sin (2x + 5)](2) =
28 sin (2x + 5)
25. f (x) = cos 5x f (x) =
1
5
sin 5x + C
26. f (x) = 10 sin 2x f (x) = 5 cos 2x + C
27. f (x) = 5 cos 0.2x
f (x) = 5 sin 0.2x 0.2 = sin 0.2x
f (3) = sin 0.6 = 0.5646 and
f (3) = 4.1266
The line has the equation
y = 0.5646x + 5.8205 .
The line is tangent to the graph.
3
5
y
x
28. y = 7 sin t + 12t
1.2
velocity =
dy
dt
= 7 cos t + 14.4t
0.2
Yes, there are times when the beanstalk is
shrinking. The velocity graph is negative for
brief intervals, and the y-graph is decreasing in
these intervals.
10
50
t
y and v
y
v
29. a. V r
dV
dr
r = =
4
3
4
3 2
dV/dr is in (cm
3
/cm), or cm
2
.
b. r = 6t + 10
c.
dr
dt
= 6 (not surprising!). Units: cm/min
d.
dV
dt
dV
dr
dr
dt
=
When t = 5, r = 40. So
dV
dr
= = 4 40 6400
2
( ) .
= =
dV
dt
6400 6 38 400
3
, min. cm /
dV/dr has units cm
2
, and dr/dt has units
cm/min, so dV/dt has units cm
cm
2
min
,
which becomes cm
3
/min, Q.E.D. This
matches the commonsense answer that rate of
change of volume is
volume
time
cm
min
3
= .
e. V t = +
4
3
6 10
3
( )
= + = +
dV
dt
t t 4 6 10 6 24 6 10
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
When t = 5,
dV
dt
= + = 24 6 5 10 38 400
2
[ ] , ( ) .
30. a.

u
x
x
u
u does not approach zero as x approaches
zero from the left side. (u does approach zero
as x approaches zero from the left side.)
b.
u
x
x
u
u does approach zero as x approaches zero
from either side.
Problem Set 3-8
Q1. f(x) = 9x
8
Q2. dy/dx = 3 sin x
Q3. y = 72x
5
(5x
6
+ 11)
1.4
Q4. s = 0
Q5. 12 Q6. 1
Q7. Yes (continuous) Q8. f (x) = cos x
2
Q9. Q10. E
4
4
y
x
f'
1. a.
15
Increasing
x
d(x)
25
5
3
45
23
y(t) = C + A cos B(t D)
Vertical displacement = 25 = C
Amplitude = 0.5(40) = 20 = A
Phase disp. (for cosine) = 3 = D
Period = 60/3 = 20, so B = 2/20 = /10.
(Note that B is the angular velocity in radians
per second.)
y t t ( ) = + 25 20
10
3 cos ( )
b. = y t t ( ) 2
10
3

sin ( )
c.

= = y ( ) 3.69316 15 2
10
15 3

sin ( ) K
y(t) is increasing at about 3.7 ft/s.
d. The fastest that y(t) changes is 2, or
6.28 ft/s. The seat is at y(t) = 25 ft above
the ground then.
2. a. y = C + A cos B(x D).
B = 2 /6 = /3 rad/s
D = phase displacement = 1.3 s
A = 0.5(110 50) = 30 cm
C = 110 30 or 50 + 30, which equals 80 cm.
= + d t 80 30
3
1 3 cos ( . )
b. d t = 10
3
1 3

sin ( . )
c.

d = = ( ) 5 10
3
5 1 3 21 02135

sin ( . ) . K

d = = ( ) 11 10
3
11 1 3 21 02135

sin ( . ) . K
At both times, the pendulum is moving away
from the wall at about 21.0 cm/s. The
answers are the same because the times are
exactly one period apart.
d.

d = = ( ) 20 10
3
20 1 3 21 02135

sin ( . ) . K
The pendulum is moving toward the wall.
Because the derivative is negative, d is
decreasing, which in this problem implies
motion toward the wall.
e. The fastest is 10 31.4 cm/s, when d = 80.
f. 0 10
3
1 3
3
1 3 0 = =

sin ( . ) sin ( . ) t t
= = +
3
1 3 0
3
1 3 0
1
( . ) sin ( . ) t t n
t 1.3 = 3n t = 1.3 + 3n.
The first positive time occurs when n = 0,
that is, when t = 1.3 s. When the velocity
is zero, the pendulum is at its maximum
height.
3. a. The curb has slope (3.25 0.75)/44 = 2.5/44.
equation is f (x) = 0.75 + (2.5/44)x.
b. Sinusoid has period 8 ft, so B = 2 /8 = /4.
Amplitude = 0.5(0.75 0.25) = 0.25 ft. Low
end of ramp is a low point on the sinusoid.
sinusoidal axis is at y = 0.25 when x = 0
and goes up with slope 2.5/44.
Sinusoid is at a low point when x = 0. So
phase displacement is zero if the cosine is
subtracted.
equation is
g x x x ( ) . = + 0 25
2 5
44
0 25
4
.
. cos
(There are other correct forms.)

c. = + g x x ( )
2 5
44 16 4
.
sin

= + = g ( ) ft/ft 9
2 5
44 16 4
9 0 1956
.
sin ( ) .

K
Going up at about 0.2 vertical ft per
horizontal ft

= + = g (15) ft/ft
2 5
44 16 4
15 0 0820
.
sin ( ) .

K
Going down at about 0.08 vertical ft per
horizontal ft. A positive derivative implies
g(x) is getting larger and thus the child is
going up. A negative derivative implies g(x)
is getting smaller and thus the child is going
down.
d. By tracing the g graph, maximum value of
g (x) is 0.2531 ft/ft (about 14.2 up).
Minimum is 0.1395 ft/ft (about 7.9
down).
4. a. Let d = day number and L(d ) = number of
minutes.
14 hours 3 minutes is 843 minutes. 10 hours
15 minutes is 615 minutes.
amplitude = (1/2)(843 615) = 114 min.
Sinusoidal axis is at L(d) = 615 + 114 =
729 min.
Assuming a 365-day year, B = 2/365.
Phase displacement = 172
+ ( ) = L d d 729 114
2
365
172 cos ( )
On August 7, d = 219.
L( ) = 219 729 114
2
365
219 172 + = cos ( )
807.67 , or about 13 hours 28 minutes.

b. L d d ( ) =
228
365
2
365
172

sin ( )
On August 7, d = 219.
= L ( ) = 219
228
365
2
365
219 172

sin ( )
1.42009
Rate 1.42 min/day
(Decreasing at about 1.42 min/day)
c. The greatest rate occurs when the sine is
1 or 1.
Rate is 228/365 1.96 min/day.
1/4 year is about 91 days. So greatest rate
occurs at day 172 91, which is day 263 or
day 81 (September 20 or March 22).
5. In general, the period for a pendulum formed by
a weight suspended by a string of negligible
mass is 2 L g / , where L is the length from the
pivot point to the center of mass (actually, the
center of percussion) of the weight, and g is the
gravitational acceleration, about 9.8 m/s
2
.
Consequently, if the pendulum is 1 meter long,
its period will be

2 1 9 8 2 007 / . . , = K or about
2 s. This is the period for a complete back-and-
forth swing. You must quadruple the length of a
pendulum to double its period. A pendulum hung
from the ceiling will have a period slow enough
to measure fairly precisely. A good way to get
more accuracy is to count the total time for ten
swings, then divide by 10. The period is roughly
constant for any (moderate) amplitude, as long as
the amplitude is not too big. This fact is not
obvious to the uninitiated student and is worth
spending time showing. It is quite dramatic to
watch a pendulum take just as long to make ten
swings with amplitude 2 cm as it does with
amplitude 20 or 30 cm.
6. The following data were computed from actual
sunrise and sunset times for San Antonio for
each ten days. You can get similar information
for your locality from the local weather bureau or
newspaper office, from the Nautical Almanac
Office, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington,
D.C., 20390, or from the Internet.
Day Min Day Min Day Min
0 617 130 811 260 738
10 623 140 823 270 720
20 632 150 833 280 703
30 645 160 840 290 686
40 660 170 842 300 669
50 676 180 842 310 653
60 693 190 836 320 639
70 711 200 828 330 628
80 729 210 816 340 620
90 747 220 803 350 615
100 764 230 789 360 615
110 780 240 772
120 797 250 755
100 200 300
d
L(d )
800
700
0
600
The graph shows a good fit to the data. But there
is a noticeable deviation in the fall and winter,
here the day is slightly longer than predicted.
The main reason for the discrepancy, apparently,
is the fact that in the fall and winter, Earth is
closer to the Sun and hence moves slightly more
rapidly through its angle with the Sun than
during the spring and summer.
7. a.
f
h
g
1
4
y
x
The limits are all equal to 4.
b. f (x) < g(x) and lim ( ) lim ( )
x x
f x g x

= =
1 1
4
f (x) h(x) g(x)
c.
x f(x) h(x) g(x)
0.95 3.795 3.8 3.805
0.96 3.8368 3.84 3.8432
0.97 3.8782 3.88 3.8818
0.98 3.9192 3.92 3.9208
0.99 3.9598 3.96 3.9602
1.00 4 4 4
1.01 4.0398 4.04 4.0402
1.02 4.0792 4.08 4.0808
1.03 4.1182 4.12 4.1218
1.04 4.1568 4.16 4.1632
1.05 4.195 4.2 4.205
d. From the table, if x is within 0.02 unit of 2,
then both f (x) and g(x) are within 0.1 unit of
4. From the table, = 0.01 or 0.02 will
work, but 0.03 is too large. All the values of
h(x) are between the corresponding values of
f (x) and g(x), and the three functions all
approach 4 as a limit.
8. Prove that lim
sin
.
x
x
x
=
0
0 See the text proof.
9. a. The numbers are correct.
b.
x (sin x)/x
0.05 0.99958338541
0.04 0.99973335466
0.03 0.99985000674
0.02 0.99993333466
0.01 0.99998333341
Values are getting closer to 1.
c. Answers will vary according to calculator. For
the TI-83 in TABLE mode, starting x at 0 and
using x = 10
7
shows that all values round
to 1 until x reaches 1.8 10
6
, which
registers as 0.999999999999.
d. Answer will depend on calculator. For TI-83
in TABLE mode, (sin 0.001)/0.001 is
0.999999833333, which agrees exactly with
the value published by NBS to 12 places.
e. If students have studied Taylor series
(Chapter 12) before taking this course, they
will be able to see the reason. The Taylor
series for sin 0.001 is

0 001
0 001
3
0 001
5
0 001
7
3 5 7
.
.
!
.
!
.
!
+ +L
= 0.00100 00000 00000 00000 000
0.00000 00001 66666 66666 666
+ 0.00000 00000 00000 00833 333
_______________________________
= 0.00099 99998 33333 34166 666
10. See the text proof.
11. See the text proof.
12. a. See the text statement of the theorem.
b. Proof:
Given any > 0, there is a
f
> 0 such that
0 < |x c | <
f
|f (x) L| < , because
lim ( ) .
x c
f x L
= Similarly, there is a
g
> 0
such that 0 < |x c | <
g
|g(x) L| < .
Let be the smaller of
f
and
g
. Then 0 <
|x c | <

0 < |x c | <
f
= |f (x) L| <
f (x) < L + , and also 0 < |x c | <

0 < |x c | <
g
|g(x) L| <
L < g(x). Then L < g(x) < h(x) < f(x)
< L + , so |h(x) L| < , so lim ( )
x c
h x L
= .
Q.E.D.
c. See Figure 3-8c or 3-8d.
13. a. The limit seems to equal 2.
b.
2
1
g
g
h
h
c. See the graph in part b. The lines have
equations g(x) = x + 1 and h(x) = 3 x.
d. Prove that lim
x
y
1
2 = .
Proof:
lim( )
x
x
+ = + =
1
1 1 1 2
lim( )
x
x
= =
1
3 3 1 2
For x < 1, g(x) y h(x).
the squeeze theorem applies, and lim
x
y

1
2 = .
For x > 1, h(x) y g(x).
the squeeze theorem applies, and lim
x
y
+
1
2 = .
Because both left- and right-hand limits equal
2, lim
x
y
1
2 = , Q.E.D.
e. The word envelope (a noun) is used because
the small window formed by the two lines
envelops (a verb) the graph of the function.
f. As |x| becomes large, (x 1) sin
1
1 x
=
sin [ /( )]
/( )
1 1
1 1
x
x
takes on the form
sin (argument)
(argument)
as the argument approaches
zero. Thus the limit is 1 and y approaches
2 + 1, which equals 3.
Problem Set 3-9
Q1. 1 Q2. sin x
Q3.
d
dx
x
d
dx
x x
2
2
(cos ) ( sin ) cos = =
Q4. y = sin x + C
Q5. x
8
Q6. x
48
Q7. log 32 = 5 log 2 Q8.
x
y
Q9. Cube function Q10. C
1. M(x) = 1000e
0.06 x
a. M(x) = 1000(0.06)e
0.06 x
= 60e
0.06 x
M(1) = 63.7101 $/yr
M(10) = 109.3271 $/yr
M(20) = 199.2070 $/yr
b. M(0) = $1000
M(1) = $1061.84
M(2) = $1127.50
M(3) = $1197.22
Increase from year 0 to year 1: $61.84
No, the amount of money in the account does
not change by the same amount each year.
c. 1061.84/1000 = 1.06184, so the APR for
0 to 1 year is approximately 6.184%.
1127.50/1061.84 = 1.061836 , so the APR
for 1 to 2 years is approximately 6.184%.
1197.22/1127.50 = 1.06183 , so the APR
for 2 to 3 years is approximately 6.184%.
The APR is higher than the instantaneous
rate. Savings institutions may prefer to
advertise the APR instead of the instantaneous
rate because the APR is higher.
2. a. f (t) = 10e
0.34 t

f (t) = 10(0.34)e
0.34 t
= 3.4e
0.34 t
f (0) = 3.4
f (2) = 1.7224
f (4) = 0.8726
f (6) = 0.4420
Factor of change from 0 to 2:
1.7224/3.4 = 0.5066
0.8726/1.7224 = 0.5066
0.4420/0.8726 = 0.5066
b. f (0) = 10
f (2) = 5.0661
f (4) = 2.5666
f (6) = 1.3002
5.0661/10 = 0.5066
2.5666/5.0661 = 0.5066
1.3002/2.5666 = 0.5066
The factors of change are the same in part a
and part b.
c.
5
10
t
y
f
f '
The values of f are negative because the
amount of 18-F is decreasing as time goes on.
3. a. A p p A p
p
( ) . = =

63 23 5
23 5
ln ( )
.
10
50
x
y
A
A
b. If the pressure is increasing, then the altitude
is decreasing. A(10) = 2.35, so the altitude
is changing at 2.35 thousand feet/psi. That
is, a change of 1 psi would indicate that the
altitude had decreased by 2.35 thousand feet.
The negative sign means that the altitude is
decreasing.
c. = = A ( ) . . 5 4 7 4 7
= = A ( ) . 10 2 35 2.35
This shows that the altitude is changing faster
at 5 psi than it is at 10 psi.
d. A(p) = 0
63 23.5 ln p = 0
23.5 ln p = 63
ln p = 2.6808
p = 14.5975
The fact that A(p) is negative for all values of
p greater than 14.5975 means that if the air
pressure is above 14.5975 psi, then the plane
must be beneath sea level.
4. x = 3000e
0.05 y
a. ln x = ln (3000e
0.05 y
)
ln x = ln 3000 + ln e
0.05 y
ln x ln 3000 = 0.05y
y x = ( )
1
0 05
3000
.
ln ln
y = 20 ln x 20 ln 3000
b. y(3000) = 20 ln 3000 20 ln 3000 = 0
y(4000) = 20 ln 4000 20 ln 3000 =
5.7536
y(5000) = 20 ln 5000 20 ln 3000 =
10.2165
y(6000) = 20 ln 6000 20 ln 3000 =
13.8629
Number of years to get from $3000 to $4000:
5.7536
4.4628
3.6464
The time intervals decrease as the amount of
money increases because when there is more
money in the account, it takes less time to
earn the given amount of interest.
c. y x y
x
= = 20 20 3000
20
ln ln yr/$
y(3000) = 0.0066
y(4000) = 0.005
y(5000) = 0.004
y(6000) = 0.0033
This shows that the number of years it takes
to earn each dollar decreases as the amount of
money increases.
5. f (x) = 5e
3x
f (x) = 15e
3x
6. f (x) = 7e
6x
f (x) = 42e
6x
7. g(x) = 4e
cos x

g(x) = 4(e
cos x
)(sin x) = 4(sin x) e
cos x
8. h(x) = 8e
sin x

h (x) = 8e
sin x
(cos x) = 8(cos x)e
sin x
9. y = 2 sin (e
4x
) y = 2 cos (e
4x
) 4e
4x
= 8e
4x
cos (e
4x
)
10. y = 6 cos (e
0.5 x
)
y = 6[sin (e
0.5 x
)](0.5) e
0.5 x
= 3e
0.5 x
sin (e
0.5 x
)
11. f x x f x
x x
( ) ln( ) ( ) = = = 10 7
10
7
7
10
12. g x x g x
x x
( ) ln ( ) = = = 9 4
9
4
4
9
13. T x T
x
x
x
= = = 18
18
3
54
3
3
2
ln ( )
14. P x P
x
x
x
= = =
1000
1000
0 7
700
0 7
0 7
0 3
ln .
.
.
.
15. y = 3 ln (cos 5x)
= = y
x
x x
3
5
5 5 15 5
cos
( sin ) tan
16. y = 11 ln (sin 0.2x)
= = y
x
x x
11
0 2
0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2
sin .
(cos . ) . . cot .
17. u = 6 ln (sin x
0.5
)
= =

u
x
x x x x
6
0 5 3
0 5
0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
sin
(cos ) . cot
.
. . . .
18. v x = 0 09
8
. ln (cos )
= v
x
x x
0 09
8
8
8 7
.
cos
( sin ) = 0.72x
7
tan x
8
19. r x e r x
e
e
x
x
x
( ) ln ( ) = = =
1
1
Not surprising because we could have first used
the fact that natural log and exp are inverses:
r (x) = ln e
x
= x r (x) = 1
20. c(x) = e
ln x
= x c (x) = 1
c (2) = 1, c (3) = 1, c (4) = 1
21. f (x) = 3
x
f ( x ) = ( ln 3 ) 3
x
22. g (x) = 0.007
x
g(x) = (ln 0.007) 0.007
x
23. y = 1.6
cos x
y = (ln 1.6)1.6
cos x
(sin x) =
ln 1.6 sin x (1.6
cos x
)
24. y = sin 5
x
y = cos 5
x
(ln 5)5
x
25. y x
dy
dx x
x
x
x = = = =
ln
5
5
4 1
1
5
5
5
d y
dx
x
x
2
2
2
2
5
5
= =

26. y e
dy
dx
e
d y
dx
e
x x x
= = =
7 7
2
2
7
7 49
27. y = e
0.7 x
y = 0.7e
0.7 x
y = 0.49e
0.7 x
28. y x y
x x
x = = = =
ln 8
1
8
8
1
1
= =

y x
x
1
1
2
2
29. f (x) = 12e
2x
f ( x ) = 6 e
2 x
+ C
30. y = 5
x
ln 5 y = 5
x
+ C
Problem Set 3-10
Review Problems
R1. a.
x Average rate of change from 2 to x
1.97
f f ( ) ( . )
.
2 1 97
0 03
11 82
= .
1.98
f f ( ) ( . )
.
2 1 98
0 02
11 88
= .
1.99
f f ( ) ( . )
.
2 1 99
0 01
11 94
= .
2.01
f f ( . ) ( )
.
2 01 2
0 01
12 06
= .
2.02
f f ( . ) ( )
.
2 02 2
0 02
12 12
= .
2.03
f f ( . ) ( )
.
2 03 2
0 03
12 18
= .
The derivative of f at x = 2 is approximately 12.
b. r x
f x f
x
( )
( ) ( )
=

2
2
r(2) is of the form
0
0
.
lim ( )
x
r x
2
appears to be 12.
c. r x
x
x
x x x
x
( )
( )( )
( )
=

=
+ +
3 2
8
2
2 2 4
2
= + + x x x
2
2 4 2 ,
lim ( ) lim
x x
r x x x

= + +
2 2
2
2 4 because x 2.
=
lim ( )
x
r x
2
12
d. The answers in parts a, b, and c are the same.
R2. a. f c
f x f c
x c
x c
( ) = lim
( ) ( )
b. f (x) = 0.4x
2
x + 5
=
+
f
x x
x
x
( ) lim
. .
3
0 4 5 5 6
3
3
2
=
+
lim
( )( . . )
x
x x
x
3
3 0 4 0 2
3
= +
lim( . . )
x
x
3
0 4 0 2 1 4 = .
c. m x
x x
x
( ) =
0 4 0 6
3
2
. .
3
1
2
x
m(x)
d. Line: y = 1.4x + 1.4
3
4
x
y
e. The line is tangent to the graph.
f. Yes, f does have local linearity at x = 3.
Zooming in on the point (3, 5.6) shows that
the graph looks more and more like the line.
R3. a.
50
y
1
y
2
1
x
y
b. See the graph in part a.
c. The y
1
graph has a high point or a low point
at each x-value where the y
2
graph is zero.
d.

20
p
p
t
y
1
Take the numerical derivative at t = 3, 6,
and 0.
p(3) 2.688 . Decreasing at about
2.69 psi/h when t = 3.
The units are psi/h. The sign of the pressure
change is negative because the pressure is
decreasing. Yes, the rate of pressure change is
getting closer to zero.
R4. a. See the text for the definition of derivative.
b. Differentiate
c. If y = x
n
, then y = nx
n 1
.
d. See solution to Problem 35 in Problem Set
3-4.
e. See the proof in Section 3-4.
f.
dy
dx
is pronounced d y, d x.
d
dx
y ( ) is pronounced d, d x, of y.
Both mean the derivative of y with respect to x.
g. i. f x x f x x ( ) = ( ) =
/ /
7
63
5
9 5 4 5

ii. g x x
x
x ( ) =
7
6
7
4
2
+
g x x
x
( ) =
28
3
1
5
iii. h(x) = 7
3
h (x) = 0
h. f = = ( ) .
/
32 32 201 6
63
5
4 5
( ) exactly. The
numerical derivative is equal to or very close
to 201.6.
i.

4
4
y
f
f
x
R5. a. v
dx
dt
x t = or ( ).
a
dv
dt
v t a
d x
dt
x t = or ( ), = or ( )
2
2
b.
d y
dx
2
2
means the second derivative of y with
respect to x.
y = 10x
4
y = 40x
3
y = 120x
2
c. = = + f x x f x x C ( ) ( ) . 12 3
3 4
f (x) is
the antiderivative, or the indefinite integral,
of f (x).
d. The slope of y f x = ( ) is determined by the
value of f x ( ). So the slope of y f x = ( ) at
x = 1 is = f ( ) , 1 1 at x = 5 is = f ( ) , 5 3 and
at x = 1 is = f ( ) . 1 0
5
5
x
y
f f
e. i. y = 0.01t
3
+ 0.9t
2
25t + 250
v
dy
dt
t t = = + 0 03 1 8 25
2
. .
a
dv
dt
t = = + 0 06 1 8 . .
ii. a ( 15) = 0.06(15) + 1.8 = 0.9 (km/s)/s
v(15) = 0.03(15
2
) + 1.8(15) 25
= 4.75 km/s
The spaceship is slowing down at t = 15
because the velocity and the acceleration
have opposite signs.
iii. v = 0.03t
2
+ 1.8t 25 = 0
By using the quadratic formula or the
solver feature of your grapher,
t = 21.835 or t = 38.164 .
The spaceship is stopped at about 21.8
and 38.2 seconds.
iv. y = 0.01t
3
+ 0.9t
2
25t + 250 = 0
By using TRACE or the solver feature of
your grapher, t = 50.
v(50) = 10
Because the spaceship is moving at
10 km/s when it reaches the surface, it is
a crash landing!
R6. a.

1
1
x
cosine derivative
y
b. The graph of the derivative is the same as the
sine graph but inverted in the y-direction.
Thus, ( ) cos sin x x = is confirmed.
c. sin 1 = 0.841470984
Numerical derivative 0.841470984
The two are very close!
d. Composite function
f(x) = 2x sin (x
2
)
R7. a. i.
dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
=
ii. f (x) = g(h(x)) f (x) = g (h(x)) h (x)
iii. The derivative of a composite function is
the derivative of the outside function with
respect to the inside function times the
derivative of the inside function with
respect to x.
b. See the derivation in the text. This derivation
constitutes a proof. u must be nonzero
throughout the interval.
c. i. f (x) = (x
2
4)
3
f (x) = 3(x
2
4)
2
2x = 6x(x
2
4)
2
ii. f (x) = x
6
12x
4
+ 48x
2
64
f(x) = 6x
5
48x
3
+ 96x
Expanding the answer to part i gives
f(x) = 6x
5
48x
3
+ 96x, which checks.
d. i. f(x) = 3x
2
sin x
3
ii. g(x) = 5 cos 5x
iii. h(x) = 6 cos
5
x (sin x)
= 6 sin x cos
5
x
iv. k(x) = 0
e. f (x) = 12 cos 3x f (x) =
12(sin 3x)3 = 36 sin 3x
f (x) = 12 cos 3x f (x) = 4 sin 3x + C
f (x) is the second derivative of f (x).
f (x) is the antiderivative, or indefinite
integral, of f (x).
f. W = 0.6x
3
and dx/dt = 0.4
dW
dt
dW
dx
dx
dt
x x = = . . . = 1 8 0 4 0 72
2 2
If x = 2, W = 0.6 2
3
= 4.8 lb
dW/dt = 0.72(2
2
) = 2.88
The shark is gaining about 2.88 lb/day.
If x = 10, W = 0.6 10
3
= 600 lb.
dW/dt = 0.72(10
2
) = 72
The shark is gaining about 72 lb/day.
The chain rule is used to get dW/dt from
dW/dx by multiplying the latter by dx/dt.
R8. a. lim
sin
x
x
x
=
0
1
x (sin x)/x
0.05 0.99958338541
0.04 0.99973335466
0.03 0.99985000674
0.02 0.99993333466
0.01 0.99998333341
0.00 undefined
0.01 0.99998333341
0.02 0.99993333466
0.03 0.99985000674
0.04 0.99973335466
0.05 0.99958338541
The values of (sin x)/x approach 1 as x
approaches 0.
b. See the text for the statement of the squeeze
theorem. Squeeze (sin x)/x between cos x and
sec x.
c. See the proof in Section 3-8 of the text.
d. cos x = sin (/2 x)
cos x = cos (/2 x) (1)
= sin x, Q.E.D.
e. d(t) = C + A cos B(t D)
C = 180, A = 20
D = 0 for cosine because hand starts at a high
point.
B = 2/60 = /30 because period is 60 s.
d t t ( ) = + 180 20
30
cos

= d t t ( )
2
3 30

sin
At 2, t = 10: d (10) 1.81 cm/s
At 3, t = 15: d (15) 2.09 cm/s
At 7, t = 35: d (35) 1.05 cm/s
At the 2 and 3, the tip is going down, so the
distance from the floor is decreasing, which is
implied by the negative derivatives. At the 7,
the tip is going up, as implied by the positive
derivative.
R9. a. p x e p x e
x x
( ) ( ) ( . )
. .
= =

100 100 0 1
0 1 0 1
= 10e
0.1 x
p(0) = 10
p(10) = 3.6787
p(20) = 1.3533
The rates are negative because the amount of
medication in your body is decreasing.
To find the biological half-life, find x such that
p x p ( ) ( ) = =
1
2
0 50
100 50
0 1
e
x
=
.
e
x
=
0 1
1
2
.
=

0 1
1
2
. ln x
x = 10
1
2
ln
x = 6.9314
The half-life is 6.9314 h.
p(2(6.9314)) = p(13.8629) =
100e
0.1(13.8629)
= 25
After two half-lives have elapsed, 25% of the
medicine remains in your body.
b. i. f (x) = 5e
2x
f (x) = 5(2)e
2x
= 10e
2x
ii. y
dy
dx
x x
= = 7 7 7 (ln )
iii.
d
dx
x
x
x x [ln(cos )]
cos
( sin ) tan = =
1
iv. y x x
dy
dx x
x = = = =
ln ln
8 1
8 8
1
8
d y
dx
x
x
2
2
2
2
8
8
= =

c. = = + f x e f x e C
x x
( ) ( ) 12 4
3 3
d.
x
y
3
3
y
2
y
3
y
1
y
1
= e
x
is the inverse of y
2
= ln x, so y
1
is a
reflection of y
2
across the line y = x.
Concept Problems
C1. a. f (x) = x
7
, g(x) = x
9
. So h(x) = f(x) g(x) = x
16
.
b. h(x) = 16x
15
c. f (x) = 7x
6
, g(x) = 9x
8
. So f (x) g(x) =
63x
14
h (x).
d. h(x) = f (x) g(x) + f (x) g(x) =
7x
6
x
9
+ x
7
9x
8
= 16x
15
C2. a. f x
x x
x
( ) =
sin
sin
.
2
f (0) has the form 0/0,
which is indeterminate. f is discontinuous at
x = 0 because f (0) does not exist.
b. By graph (below) or by TABLE, f (x) seems to
approach 1 as x approaches zero. Define f (0)
to be 1.
5
x
f (x)
c. Conjecture: The function is differentiable at
x = 0. The derivative should equal zero
because the graph is horizontal at x = 0.
d. =
f
f x f
x
h
( ) lim
( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
=
lim
sin
sin
( )
x
x x
x
x
0
2
1
=
+
lim
sin sin
sin
x
x x x
x x
0
2
Using TABLE for numerator, denominator, and
quotient shows that the numerator goes to
zero faster than the denominator. For instance,
if x = 0.001,
quotient

=
=
1 1666 10
9 999 10
9
7
.
.
K
K
K 0.00116
Thus, the limit appears to be zero. (The limit
can be found algebraically to equal zero by
lHospitals rule after students have studied
Section 6-5.)
Chapter Test
T1. See the definition of derivative in Section 3-2
or 3-4.
T2. Prove that if f (x) = 3x
4
, then f (x) = 12x
3
.
Proof:
=
+
=
+

f x
f x h f x
h
x h x
h
h h
( ) lim
( ) ( )
lim
( )
0 0
4 4
3 3
=
+ + + +
lim
h
x x h x h xh h x
h
0
4 3 2 2 3 4 4
3 12 18 12 3 3
= + + + =
lim( ) ,
h
x x h xh h x
0
3 2 2 3 3
12 18 12 3 12
Q.E.D.
T3. If you zoom in on the point where x = 5, the
graph appears to get closer and closer to the
tangent line. The name of this property is local
linearity.
Slope = 2 Slope = 2
5
x
y
5
T4. Amos substituted before differentiating instead
of after. Correct solution is f (x) = 7x
f (x) = 7 f (5) = 7.
T5. f (x) = (7x + 3)
15
f (x) = 105(7x + 3)
14
T6. g(x) = cos (x
5
) g (x) = 5x
4
sin x
5
T7.
d
dx
x
x
x x [ln (sin )]
sin
cos cot = =
1
T8. y = 3
6x
y = (ln 3)3
6x
(6) = 6(ln 3)3
6x
T9. f (x) = cos (sin
5
7x)
f (x) = sin (sin
5
7x) 5 sin
4
7x cos 7x 7
= 35 sin (sin
5
7x) sin
4
7x cos 7x
T10. y = 60x
2/3
x + 2
5
y = 40x
1/3
1
T11. y e
dy
dx
e
d y
dx
e
x x x
= = =
9 9
2
2
9
9 81
T12. y 0.6 (Function is y = 3 + 1.5
x
, for which
the numerical derivative is 0.6081 .)
T13. y = 3 + 5x
1.6
v(x) = 5(1.6)x
2.6
= 8x
2.6
a(x) = 8(2.6)x
3.6
= 20.8x
3.6
Acceleration is the second derivative of the
displacement function.
T14. f (x) = 72x
5/4
f (x) = 32x
9/4
T15. f (x) = 5 sin x and f (0) = 13
f (x) = 5 cos x + C
13 = 5 cos 0 + C C = 18
f (x) = 5 cos x + 18
T16. f (x) = cos 3x f (x) = 3 sin 3x
f (5) = 3 sin 15 = 1.95086
Decreasing at 1.95 y-units per x-unit.
T17. f x
x
x
( )
sin
=
1
1
x
f(x)
As x approaches zero, f (x) approaches 1.
The squeeze theorem states:
If (1) g(x) h(x) for all x in a neighborhood of c,
(2) lim ( ) lim ( ) ,
x c x c
g x h x L

= = and (3) f is a
function for which g(x) f (x) h(x) for all x in
that neighborhood of c, then lim ( ) .
x c
f x L
=
T18.
h
5 1
h
h
0.0003 1.6090
0.0002 1.6091
0.0001 1.6093
0 undefined
0.0001 1.6095
0.0002 1.6097
0.0003 1.6098
ln 5 = 1.6094 . The table shows that
lim ln .
h
h
h
=
0
5 1
5
Proof:
d
dx h
x
h
x h x
( ) lim 5
5 5
0
=

+
Definition of derivative.
=

5
5 1
0
x
h
h
h
lim Factor out 5
x
.
= 5x ln 5 Evaluate.
T19. v(t) = 251(1 0.88
t
)
a(t) = 251[ ln (0.88)] 0.88
t
= 251(ln 0.88)0.88t
a(10) = 251(ln 0.88)(0.88)(10) = 8.9360
Numerical derivative gives 8.9360 as well.
T20. If the velocity and the acceleration have opposite
signs for a particular value of t, then the object is
slowing down at that time.
T21. a. v(t) = t
1.5
+ 3 a(t) = 1.5t
0.5
b. d t
t
t C ( )
.
.
=

+ +
2 5
2 5
3
d(1) = 20
1
2 5
3 1 20
2 5 .
.
( ) + + = C
3.4 + C = 20
C = 16.6
d (t) = 0.4t
2.5
+ 3t + 16.6
c. d (9) d (1) = 120.8
This represents the displacement between the
first and ninth seconds.
T22. a. c t t ( ) = + 300 2
2
365
cos

c t t ( ) =
4
365
2
365

sin
b. c =
( ) 273
4
365
2
365
273

sin
= 0.03442 ppm/day
c. Rate is ( )
.
, ,
6 10
0 03442
1 000 000
1
24 60 60
15

=
K
2390.6627 , which is approximately 2390
tons per second!
Chapter 4Products, Quotients, and Parametric Functions
Problem Set 4-1
1. f (x) = 3 cos x f (x) = 3 sin x
g(x) = 2 sin x g(x) = 2 cos x
2.
10
x
p(x)
6
p(2) 3.9218
p(x) is decreasing at x = 2 because p ( ) < . 2 0
This fact corresponds with the graph, which
slopes steeply in the negative direction at x = 2.
f (2) g(2) = (3 sin 2)(2 cos 2) = 2.2704
So p (2) f (2) g (2).
3.
x
10
6
q(x)
q is the cotangent function.
q (2) = 1.8141
q x ( ) is decreasing at x = 2.
f (2)/g (2) = (3 sin 2)/(2 cos 2) = 3.2775
So q (2) f (2)/g (2).
4.
3
2
x
y
t = 2 here
The geometric figure seems to be an ellipse.
5. See graph in Problem 4.
x = 3 cos 2.1 3 cos 1.9 = 0.54466
y = 2 sin 2.1 2 sin 1.9 = 0.16618

dy
dx
y
x
= = 0.3051
.
.
0 16618
0 54466
K
K
K
At , . , t
dy dt
dx dt
= = = 2
2 2
3 2
0 3051
/
/
cos
sin
K
which agrees with the difference quotient.
6. Youll see in Section 4-2 that
p(x) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g(x).
p(2) = (3 sin 2)(2 sin 2) + (3 cos 2)(2 cos 2) =
3.9218 , which agrees with Problem 2.
Youll see in Section 4-3 that

q x
f x g x f x g x
g x
( ) =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( )]
2
= = q ( ) 2
3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
2 2
2
( sin )( sin ) ( cos )( cos )
( sin )
1.8141 , which agrees with Problem 3.
Problem Set 4-2
Q1. = y x
3
4
1 4 /
Q2. y = 1/x
Q3.
dy
dx
x = 30 5 7
7
( )
Q4.
d
dx
x x (sin ) cos 2 2 2 =
Q5. v = 3 cos
2
t sin t Q6. L = 2m + 5
Q7. y = sin x
3
+ C Q8. y 3
Q9. 4 ft/s Q10. B
1. f ( x) = x
3
cos x f (x) = 3x
2
cos x x
3
sin x
2. f ( x) = x
4
sin x f (x) = 4x
3
sin x + x
4
cos x
3. g(x) = x
1.5
e
2x
g (x) = 1.5x
0.5
e
2x
+ 2x
1.5
e
2x
4. h(x) = x
6.3
ln 4x
h (x) = 6.3x
7.3
ln 4x + x
6.3
(1/4x)4
= 6.3x
7.3
ln 4x + x
7.3
5. y = x
7
(2x + 5)
10

dy/dx = 7x
6
(2x + 5)
10
+ x
7
(10)(2x + 5)
9
2
= x
6
(2x + 5)
9
(34x + 35)
6. y = x
8
(3x + 7)
9

dy/dx = 8x
7
(3x + 7)
9
+ x
8
(9)(3x + 7)
8
(3)
= x
7
(3x + 7)
8
(51x + 56)
7. z = ln x sin 3x
z = (1/x) sin 3x + 3 ln x cos 3x
8. v = e
5x
cos 2x v = 5e
5x
cos 2x 2e
5x
sin 2x
9. y = (6x + 11)
4
(5x 9)
7

y = 4(6x + 11)
3
(6)(5x 9)
7
+ (6x + 11)
4
(7)(5x 9)
6
(5)
= (6x + 11)
3
(5x 9)
6
(330x + 169)
10. y = (7x 3)
9
(6x 1)
5

y = 9(7x 3)
8
(7)(6x 1)
5
+ (7x 3)
9
(5)(6x 1)
4
(6)
= (7x 3)
8
(6x 1)
4
(588x 153)
11. P = (x
2
1)
10
(x
2
+ 1)
15

P = 10(x
2
1)
9
(2x)(x
2
+ 1)
15
+ (x
2
1)
10
(15)(x
2
+ 1)
14
(2x)
= 10x(x
2
1)
9
(x
2
+ 1)
14
[2(x
2
+ 1) + 3(x
2
1)]
= 10x(x
2
1)
9
(x
2
+ 1)
14
(5x
2
1)
12. P(x) = (x
3
+ 6)
4
(x
3
+ 4)
6

P (x) = 4(x
3
+ 6)
3
(3x
2
)(x
3
+ 4)
6
+ (x
3
+ 6)
4
6(x
3
+ 4)
5
3x
2
= 6x
2
(x
3
+ 6)
3
(x
3
+ 4)
5
[2(x
3
+ 4) + 3(x
3
+ 6)]
= 6x
2
(x
3
+ 6)
3
(x
3
+ 4)
5
(5x
3
+ 26)
13. a ( t) = 4 sin 3t cos 5t
a(t) = 12 cos 3t cos 5t + 4 sin 3t(5 sin 5t)
= 12 cos 3t cos 5t 20 sin 3t sin 5t
14. v = 7 cos 2t sin 6t
v = 14 sin 2t sin 6t + 7 cos 2t(6 cos 6t)
= 14 sin 2t sin 6t + 42 cos 2t cos 6t
15. y = cos (3 sin x)
y = sin (3 sin x) 3 cos x
= 3 sin (3 sin x) cos x
16. y = sin (5 cos x)
y = cos (5 cos x) (5 sin x)
= 5 cos (5 cos x) sin x
17. y = cos e
6x

dy/dx = 6e
6x
(sin e
6x
) = 6e
6x
sin e
6x

d
2
y/dx
2
= 36e
6x
sin e
6x
6e
6x
(6e
6x
cos e
6x
)
= 36e
6x
sin e
6x
36e
12x
cos e
6x
18. y = ln (sin x) dy/dx = (1/sin x) cos x
= (cos x)(sin x)
1
d
2
y/dx
2
= (cos x) [(sin x)]
2
(cos x) + (sin x) (sin x)
1
=
+ = + =
cos
sin
cot csc
2
2
2 2
1 1
x
x
x x
19. z = x
3
(5x 2)
4
sin 6x
z = 3x
2
(5x 2)
4
sin 6x + x
3
[(4)(5x 2)
3
(5) sin 6x
+ (5x 2)
4
(6 cos 6x)]
= 3x
2
(5x 2)
4
sin 6x + 20x
3
(5x 2)
3
sin 6x
+ 6x
3
(5x 2)
4
cos 6x
20. u = 3x
5
(x
2
4) cos 10x
u = 15x
4
(x
2
4) cos 10x + 3x
5
[2x cos 10x
+ (x
2
4) (10 sin 10x)]
= 15x
4
(x
2
4) cos 10x + 6x
6
cos 10x
30x
5
(x
2
4) sin 10x
21. If y = uvw, where u, v, and w are differentiable
functions of x, then y = uvw + uvw + uvw.
Proof:
y = uvw = (uv)w
y = (uv)w + (uv)w = (uv + uv)w + (uv)w
= uvw + uvw + uvw, Q.E.D.
22. If y u u u u
n n
=
1 2 3
where u u
n 1
are differentiable
functions of x, then

= + y u u u u u u u u
n n n 1 2 3 1 2 3
K K

+ + + u u u u u u u u
n n 1 2 3 1 2 3
K L K K .
23. z = x
5
cos
6
x sin 7x
z = 5x
4
cos
6
x sin 7x + x
5
6 cos
5
x (sin x)
sin 7x + x
5
cos
6
x 7 cos 7x
= 5x
4
cos
6
x sin 7x 6x
5
cos
5
x sin x sin 7x
+ 7x
5
cos
6
x cos 7x
24. y = 4x
6
sin
3
x cos 5x
y = 24x
5
sin
3
x cos 5x + 4x
6
3 sin
2
x cos x
cos 5x + 4x
6
sin
3
x(5 sin 5x)
= 24x
5
sin
3
x cos 5x + 12x
6
sin
2
x cos x
cos 5x 20x
6
sin
3
x sin 5x
25. y = x
4
(ln x)
5
sin x cos 2x
y = 4x
3
(ln x)
5
sin x cos 2x + x
4
5(ln x)
4
(1/x)
sin x cos 2x + x
4
(ln x)
5
cos x cos 2x
+ x
4
(ln x)
5
sin x (2 sin 2x)
= 4x
3
(ln x)
5
sin x cos 2x + 5x
3
(ln x)
4
sin x
cos 2x + x
4
(ln x)
5
cos x cos 2x
2x
4
(ln x)
5
sin x sin 2x
26. u = x
5
e
2x
cos 2x sin 3x
u = 5x
4
e
2x
cos 2x sin 3x + x
5
2e
2x

cos 2x sin 3x + x
5
e
2x
(2 sin 2x) sin 3x
+ x
5
e
2x
cos 2x 3 cos 3x
= 5x
4
e
2x
cos 2x sin 3x + 2x
5
2e
2x
cos 2x sin 3x
2x
5
e
2x
sin 2x sin 3x + 3x
5
e
2x
cos 2x cos 3x
27. a. y(t) = 4 + 3e
0.1 t
cos t
v(t) = y(t) = 3(0.1)e
0.1 t
cos t
+ 3e
0.1 t
( sin t)
= e
0.1 t
(0.3 cos t 3 sin t )
b. v(2) = e
0.2
(0.3 cos 2 3 sin 2)
= e
0.2
(0.3 0) = 0.2456
There is not a high point at t = 2 because
v(2) 0.
v(t) = 0 e
0.1 t
(0.3 cos t 3 sin t) = 0
0.3 cos t = 3 sin t t = 1.9898
28. a. y(t) = t sin t v(t) = y(t) = sin t + t cos t
Graph confirms Figure 4-2d.
b. v exceeds 25.
v
25
25
c. In 1940, wind-induced vibrations in the
Tacoma Narrows Bridge increased in
amplitude until the bridge collapsed.
29. Prove that the derivative of an odd function is an
even function and that the derivative of an even
function is an odd function.
Proof:
For any function, the chain rule gives
d
dx
f x f x f x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). = = 1
For an odd function,
d
dx
f x
d
dx
f x f x ( ) = ( ). = [ ( )]
f (x) = f (x) or f (x) = f (x),
and the derivative is an even function.
For an even function,
d
dx
f x
d
dx
f x f x ( ) ( ) ( ). = =
f (x) = f (x) or f (x) = f (x),
and the derivative is an odd function, Q.E.D.
30. f (x) = 2 sin x cos x
f (x) = 2 cos x cos x + 2 sin x(sin x)
= 2 cos
2
x 2 sin
2
x = 2 cos 2x
g(x) = sin 2x g(x) = 2 cos 2x = f (x), Q.E.D.
f(0) = 0 and g(0) = 0
f (x) = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x = g(x), by the
uniqueness theorem for derivatives, Q.E.D.
f (x) = cos
2
x sin
2
x
f (x) = 2 cos x(sin x) 2 sin x cos x
= 4 sin x cos x = 3 sin 2x
g(x) = cos 2x
g(x) = (2 sin 2x) = sin 2x = f (x), Q.E.D.
f(0) = 1 and g(0) = 1
f (x) = cos
2
x sin
2
x = cos 2x = g(x) by the
uniqueness theorem, Q.E.D.
31. Prove that if f
n
(x) = x
n
, then =
f x nx
n
n
( )
1
for all
integers 1.
Proof (by induction on n):
If n = 1, then f
1
(x) = x
1
=

x, which implies that
= = f x x
1
0
1 1 ( ) , which anchors the induction.
Assume that for some integer n = k > 1,
=
f x kx
k
k
( ) .
1
For n = k + 1, f
k+ 1
(x) = x
k+ 1
= (x
k
)(x).
By the derivative of a product property,
= + = +
+
f x x x x x x x x
k
k k k k
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) .
Substituting for (x
k
) from the induction
hypothesis,
= + = + = + =
+
f x kx x x kx x k x
k
k k k k k
1
1
1 ( ) ( )( ) ( )
(k + 1)x
( k+ 1 ) 1
, completing the induction.
=
f x nx
n
n
( )
1
for all integers 1, Q.E.D.
32. Way 1: y = (x + 3)
8
(x 4)
8
y = 8(x + 3)
7
(x 4)
8
+ (x + 3)
8
8(x 4)
7
= 8(x + 3)
7
(x 4)
7
(x + 3 + x 4)
= 8(x + 3)
7
(x 4)
7
(2x 1)
Way 2: y = (x
2
x 12)
8
y = 8(x
2
x 12)
7
(2x 1)
= 8(x + 3)
7
(x 4)
7
(2x 1), which checks.
33. a.

f
f
x
f(x)
5
1
b. f (x) = 3x
2
sin x + x
3
cos x
The graph in part a is correct.
c. The numerical derivative graph duplicates the
algebraic derivative graph, as in part a, thus
showing that the algebraic derivative is right.
34. a.
1/9
1.4
500,000
599,128
500,000
1.5
x
f(x)
b. f (x) = 4(5x 7)
3
(5) (2x + 3)
5
+ (5x 7)
4
(5)(2x + 3)
4
(2)
= 10(5x 7)
3
(2x + 3)
4
[2(2x + 3)
+ 5x 7]
= 10(5x 7)
3
(2x + 3)
4
(9x 1)
c. f (x) = 0 5x 7 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
or 9x 1 = 0
x = 7/5 = 1.4, or x = 3/2 = 1.5,
or x = 1/9
See graph in part a.
d. f (1.4) = 0, f (1.5) = 0, f (1/9) = 599,127.6 .
See graph in part a.
e. False. The graph may have a point where it
levels off and then continues changing in the
same direction, as at x = 1.5 in part a.
35. a. A = LW
dA
dt
dL
dt
W L
dW
dt
= +
b. W t
dW
dt
t = + = 2 2 2 cos sin
L t
dL
dt
t = + = 3 2 2 4 2 sin cos
dA
dt
t t = + ( )( ) 4 2 2 2 cos cos
+ + ( )( ) 3 2 2 2 sin sin t t
At t = 4, dA/dt = 7.132 , so A is increasing.
At t = 5, dA/dt = 4.949 , so A is
decreasing.
Problem Set 4-3
Q1. 1066x
1065
Q2. f (x) = 12x
5
+ C
Q3. y = 3x
2
sin x + x
3
cos x
Q4. dy/dx = sin (x
7
) 7x
6
= 7x
6
sin (x
7
)
Q5. f (x) = 0 (derivative of a constant)
Q6. 54e
9t
Q7. See the text for the definition of derivative.
Q8. Instantaneous rate of change at a given x
Q9. (x 3)
4
(x 3 + 2x) = 3(x 3)
4
(x 1)
Q10.
4
4
y
x
1. f x
x
x
f x
x x x x
x
( ) ( ) = =
3 2 3
2
3
sin
sin cos
sin
2. f x
x
x
f x
x x x x
x
( ) ( ) = =
+
4 3 4
2
4
cos
cos sin
cos
3. g x
x
x
( )
cos
ln
=
3
=

g x
x x x x x
x
( )
cos ( sin ) ln cos ( / )
(ln )
3 1
2 3
2
=
3
2 3
2
ln sin cos (cos )/
(ln )
x x x x x
x
4. h x
x
e
x
( )
sin
=
5
3
=

h x
x x e x e
e
x x
x
( )
sin cos sin
( )
5 3
4 3 5 3
3 2

=
5 3
4 5
3
sin cos sin x x x
e
x
5. y
x
x
=
sin
cos
10
20
=
+
y
x x x x
x
10 10 20 20 10 20
20
2
cos cos sin sin
cos
6. y
x
x
=
cos
sin
12
18
= y
x x x x
x
sin sin cos cos
sin
12 12 18 18 12 18
18
2
7. y
3x 7
6x 5
=

+

y
x x
x x
=
+
+
=
+
3 6 5 3 7 6
6 5
57
6 5
2 2
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
8. y
x
x
=
+

10 9
5 3
=
+
= y
x x
x x
10 5 3 10 9 5
5 3
75
5 3
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
9. z
x
x
dz
dx
=
+
( )
( )
8 1
5 2
6
9
=
+ +
6 8 1 8 5 2 8 1 9 5 2 5
5 2
5 9 6 8
18
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
x x x x
x
=
+ + ( ) ( )
( )
8 1 120 141
5 2
5
10
x x
x
10. A
x
x
dA
dx
=
+

( )
( )
4 1
7 2
7
4
=
+ +
+
7 4 1 4 7 2 4 1 4 7 2 7
7 2
6 4 7 3
8
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
x x x x
x
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
+
28 4 1 7 2 7 2 4 1
7 2
28 4 1 7 2 3 3
7 2
84 4 1 1
7 2
6 3
8
6 3
8
6
5
( ) ( ) [( ) ( )]
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
11. Q
e
x
Q
x e x e x
x
x x x
= =

3 3 3
3
2
2
sin
sin cos
sin
12. r
x
x
=
ln
cos
4
=

r
x x x x x
x
4 1
3 4 4
2
( / )cos (ln )( sin )
cos
=
+
=
+ ( cos )/ (ln ) sin
cos
cos ln sin
cos
4 4
4
2
4
2
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x
13.
d
dx
x x ( )
/
60 80
4 3 7 3
=
/
14.
d
dx
x x ( )
/
24
7 3
=
/
56
10 3
Problems 1522 and 2526 can be done using either
the power rule or the quotient rule.
15. r x
x
x r x x
x
( ) ( ) = = = =

12
12 36
36
3
3 4
4
16. t x
x
x t x x
x
( ) ( ) = = = =

51
51 867
867
17
17 18
18

17. v x
x
x ( ) = =
14
0 5
14 0 5
1
cos .
(cos . )
v(x) = 14(cos 0.5x)
2
(sin 0.5x)(0.5)
=
7 0 5
0 5
2
sin .
cos .
x
x
18. a x
x
x ( ) = =
20
20
2
2
sin
(sin )
a (x) = 40(sin x)
3
(cos x)
=
cos
sin
40
3
x
x
19. r x
x
x r x x
x
( ) ( ) = = = =

1 1
1 2
2
20. s x
x
x s x x
x
( ) ( ) = = = =

1
2
2
2
2 3
3
21. W x
x
x ( ) ( )
5
= =
10
1
10 1
3 5
3
( )
W(x) = 150x
2
(x
3
1)
4
22. T x
x x
x x ( ) = =
1
1
cos sin
(cos sin )
=
T x x x x x ( ) ( ) ( cos sin sin sin

2
+ = cos cos )
sin cos
cos sin
x x
x x
x x
2 2
2 2
,
which transforms to
T x
x
x
x x = = ( )
cos
sin
csc cot
2
2
4 2 2
1
4
2
23. T x
x
x
( ) =
sin
cos
T x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x
=
=
+
= =
( )
(cos )(cos ) (sin )(sin )
cos
cos sin
cos cos
sec
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
(T is for tangent function.)
24. C x
x
x
( ) =
cos
sin
C x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x
=
= = =
( )
(sin )(sin ) (cos )(cos )
sin
sin cos
sin
sin
csc
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
(C is for cotangent function.)
25. C x
x
C x
x
x
( ) ( ) = =
1 0
2
sin
cos
sin
= =
1
sin
cos
sin
csc cot
x
x
x
x x
(C is for cosecant function.)
26. S x
x
x ( ) ( ) = =
1
1
cos
cos
S(x) = (cos x)
2
(sin x)
= =
sin
cos
sec tan
x
x
x x
2
(S is for secant function.)
27. a. v t
t
( ) =
1000
3
v( ) mi h 1
1000
3 1
500 = = /
v( ) mi h 2
1000
3 2
1000 = = /
v( ) . 3
1000
3 3
1000
0
= =
No value for v(3).

b. v(t) = 100(3 t)
1

a(t) = 1000(3 t)
2
1 =
1000
3
2
( ) t
a( ) (mi h) h 1
1000
3 1
250
2
= = / /
( )
a( ) (mi h) h 2
1000
3 2
1000
2
= = / /
( )
a( ) = . 3
1000
3 3
1000
0
2
( )
= No value for a (3).
c.
2000
v
a
t
a or v
3
d.
1000
3
500 2 3
2
( ) t
t = = ( )
2
3 2 3 2 = = t t

t = = 3 2 1 585 . K in the domain.
Range is 0 t < 1.585 .
28. a. Because they are walking in the same
direction, their relative rate is the difference
(x 5).
b. t x
x
( ) =
300
5
, assuming Willies rate is
constant.
t(6) = 300 s, t(8) = 100 s, t(10) = 60 s,
t(5) = 300/0, which is infinite, t(4) = 300,
which is not reasonable in the real world,
and t(5.1) = 3000 s. A reasonable domain
is x > 5.
c. t(x) = 300(x 5)
1
t(x) = 300(x 5)
2
=

300
5
2
( ) x
t(6) = 300 s/(ft/s)
d. t(5) does not exist because of division by
zero. More fundamentally, t(5) does not exist
because t(5) does not exist.
29. f x
x
x
( ) =
+
+

3 7
2 5
f x
x x
x x
=
+ +
+
=
+
( )
3 2 5 3 7 2
2 5
1
2 5
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

f = = ( ) . 4
1
169
0 005917159K
Using 4.1, f (4) 0.005827505 .
Using 4.01, f (4) 0.005908070 .
Using 4.001, f (4) 0.005916249 .
f (4) (exact) = 0.005917159
Difference quotients are approaching f (4).
30. a. Sketch. See accurate plot in part b.
b. f x
x
x
( ) =
2
8
3
= =
+
( )
f x
x x x
x
x x
x
( )
2 3 8 1
3
6 8
3
2
2
2
2
( ) ( )( )
( )
f
f'
x 3
5
f (x)
y
2

and y
3
both agree with the graph of f .
c.
x f (x) f (x)
2.95 14.05 399
2.96 19.04 624
2.97 27.363 1110.11
2.98 44.02 2499
2.99 94.01 9999
3.00 undefined undefined
3.01 106.01 9999
3.02 56.02 2499
3.03 39.363 1110.11
3.04 31.04 624
3.05 26.05 399
f ( x) changes faster and faster as x approaches
3, shooting off to negative infinity as x
approaches 3 from the negative side and to
positive infinity as x approaches 3 from the
positive side. Note that the rates are
symmetrical about x = 3.
d. There is a relative minimum at x = 4 and a
relative maximum at x = 2.
=
+
= f ( )
( )
( )
2
2 6 2 8
2 3
0
2
2
=
+
= f ( )
( )
( )
4
4 6 4 8
4 3
0
2
2
31. If y = x
n
, where n is a negative integer, then
y = nx
n 1
.
Proof:
Let n = p, where p is a positive integer.
= =
y x
x
p
p
1
=

y
x px
x
p p
p
0 1
1
2
because p is a
positive integer.
= = =

px
x
px px
p
p
p p p
.
1
2
1 2 1
Replacing p with n gives y = nx
n 1
, Q.E.D.
32.
1
1
x
y
y
y'
1
1
x
y
y'
y
Problem Set 4-4
Q1. (sin x)/(tan x) = cos x
Q2. 1/(sec x) = cos x
Q3. sin
2
3 + cos
2
3 = 1
Q4. f (x) = e
x
sin x + e
x
cos x
Q5. g x
x x x
x
=
+
( )
cos sin
cos
2
Q6. h (x) = (15/7)(3x)
12/7
Q7. dy/dx = 3(cos x)
4
sin x
Q8. Limit = 3
Q9. (Function is secant.)
1
x
y
y
y'
Q10. C
1. f (x) = tan 5x f (x) = 5 sec
2
5x
2. f (x) = sec 3x f (x) = 3 sec x tan x
3. y = sec x
7
y = 7x
6
sec x
7
tan x
7
4. z = tan x
9
z = 9x
8
sec
2
(x
9
)
5. g(x) = cot e
11x
g (x) = 11e
11x
csc
2
(e
11x
)
6. h(x) = csc e
10x
h (x) = 10e
10x
csc (e
10x
) cot (e
10x
)
7. r (x) = ln (csc x)
= r x
x
( )
1
csc
(csc x cot x) = cot x
8. p(x) = ln (cot x)
p x
x
x
x x
= = ( ) ( )
1 1
2
cot
csc
cos sin
9. y = tan
5
4x
(d/dx)(y) = 5 tan
4
4x sec
2
4x 4
= 20 tan
4
4x sec
2
4x
10. y = tan
7
9x
(d/dx)(y) = 7 tan
6
9x sec
2
9x 9
= 63 tan
6
9x sec
2
9x
11. (d/dx)(sec x tan x) = sec x tan x tan x +
sec x sec
2
x = sec x tan
2
x + sec
3
x
12. (d/dx)(csc x cot x) = csc x cot x cot x +
csc x (csc
2
x) = csc x cot
2
x csc
3
x
13. y = sec x csc x
y = sec x tan x csc x + sec x (csc x cot x)
= sec
2
x csc
2
x
14. y = tan x cot x = 1 for all x y = 0
15. y
x
x
=
tan
sin
= sec x y = sec x tan x
16. y
x
x
=
cot
cos
= csc x y = csc x cot x
17. y
x
x
=
5 7
14
ln
cot
y
x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
=

=
+
= +
5 7 14 5 7 14 14
14
5 14 70 7 14
14
5
14
70 7
14
1
7
2
2
2
2
2
( )cot ln ( csc )
cot
( cot )/ ln csc
cot
cot
ln
cos
18. y
x
e
x
=
4 10
40
csc
y
x x e x e
e
x x
x
=
4 10 10 10 4 10 40
40 40
40 2
( csc cot ) csc ( )
( )
=
40 10 10 160 10
40
csc cot csc x x x
e
x
19. w = tan (sin 3x)
w = sec
2
(sin 3x) 3 cos 3x
= 3 sec
2
(sin 3x) cos 3x
20. t = sec (cos 4x)
t = sec (cos 4x) tan (cos 4x) (4 sin 4x)
= 4 sec (cos 4x) tan (cos 4x) sin 4x
21. S(x) = sec
2
x tan
2
x = 1 S(x) = 0
(The differentiation formulas give the same.)
22. m(x) = cot
2
x csc
2
x = 1 m(x) = 0
(The differentiation formulas give the same.)
23. A(x) = sin x
2
A(x) = cos x
2
2x = 2x cos x
2
24. f (x) = cos x
3
f (x) = sin x
3
3x
2
= 3x
2
sin x
3
25. F(x) = sin
2
x F (x) = 2 sin x cos x
26. g(x) = cos
3
x
g(x) = 3 cos
2
x (sin x) = 3 cos
2
x sin x
27. y = tan x dy/dx = sec
2
x
d
2
y/dx
2
= 2 sec x(sec x tan x) = 2 sec
2
x tan x
28. y = sec x y = sec x tan x
y = (sec x tan x) tan x + sec x sec
2
x
= sec x tan
2
x + sec
3
x
29. y x
x
x
= = cot
cos
sin
y
x x x x
x
=
sin sin cos cos
sin
2
= =
sin
csc
1
2
2
x
x or:
y
x
x = =
1
tan
tan ( )
1
y = 1 (tan x)
2
sec
2
x = csc
2
x
30. y x
x
x = = = csc
sin
sin
1
1
( )
y x x
x
x
x x = =

=
( ) sin cos
cos
sin
csc cot
2
2
31. a. See graph in part b.
b. f (x) = tan x f (x) = sec
2
x. Predicted graph
should be close to actual one.
f
f
1
1
x
y
c.

tan . tan .
( . )
1 01 0 99
2 0 01
3 42646416 = . K
tan 1 = sec
2
1 = (1/cos 1)
2
= 3.42551882
Difference quotient is within 0.001 of actual.
32. a. f (x) = sec x f (x) = sec x tan x
f (1) = sec 1 tan 1 = 2.8824
b.
1
5
x
y
y
1
y
2
The formula is confirmed by the fact that the
line is tangent to the graph.
c.
f
f '
x
y
/2
1
If f (x) is negative, the graph of f is
decreasing.
33. a. y/10 = tan x y = 10 tan x, Q.E.D.
b. y = 10 sec
2
x. At x = 1, y = 10 sec
2
1 =
34.2551 . y is increasing at about
34.3 ft/radian.

( . ) 34 2551
180
K

= 0.5978 ft/degree
c. y = 535 x = tan
1
53.5 = 1.55210
y = 10 sec
2
1.55210 = 28632.5
y is increasing at about 28,632.5 ft/radian.
34. a. tan x
y
= =
opposite side
adjacent side 500
y = 500 tan x, Q.E.D.
b. dy/dt = 500 sec
2
x dx/dt
c. dx/dt = 0.3 rad/s
At y = 300, x = tan
1
(300/500) = 0.5404
dy/dt = 500 (sec
2
0.5404)(0.3)
= 500(1.36)(0.3) = 204 ft/s
35. a. y = sin x + C
b. y x C = +
1
2
2 cos
c. y x C = +
1
3
3 tan
d. y x C = +
1
4
4 cot
e. y = 5 sec x + C
Problem Set 4-5
Q1. sin x = cos x Q2. cos x = sin x
Q3. tan x = sec
2
x Q4. cot x = csc
2
x
Q5. sec x = sec x tan x Q6. csc x = csc x cot x
Q7. f (1) is infinite. Q8. f (3) is undefined.
Q9. f (4) = 1 Q10. f (6) = 0
1. See Figure 4-5d. 2. See Figure 4-5d.
3. See Figure 4-5d. 4. See Figure 4-5d.
5. The principal branch of the inverse cotangent
function goes from zero to so that the function
will be continuous.
6. There are no values of the inverse secant for x
between 1 and 1, so the inverse secant function
cannot be continuous. (Some texts restrict the
range of the inverse cosecant to 0 y /2 so
that the function will be continuous, but doing
so throws away the other half of the possible
values.)
7. sin (sin
1
0.3) = 0.3
8. cos
1
(cos 0.8) = 0.8
9. y = sin
1
x sin y = x cos y y = 1
y
y
x
= =
1 1
1
2
cos
, Q.E.D.
y
x
1
[Because sin y = (opposite leg)/(hypotenuse), put
x on the opposite leg and 1 on the hypotenuse.
Adjacent leg = 1
2
, x and cos y =
(adjacent)/(hypotenuse).]
10. y = cos
1
x cos y = x sin y y = 1
y
y
x
= =
1 1
1
2
sin
, Q.E.D.
y
1
x
1 x
2
[Because cos y = (adjacent leg)/(hypotenuse), put

x on the adjacent leg and 1 on the hypotenuse.
Opposite leg = 1
2
, x and sin y =
(opposite)/(hypotenuse).]
11. y = csc
1
x csc y = x csc y cot y y
y
y y
x x
= =
1 1
1
2
csc cot
if x > 0
If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV (see Fig-
ure 4-5d). So both csc y and cot y are negative,
and thus their product must be positive.
= , y
x x
1
1
2
| |
Q.E.D.
y
1
x
x
2
1
[Because csc y = (hypotenuse)/(opposite leg), put
x on the hypotenuse and 1 on the opposite leg.
1 x
2

Adjacent leg , = x
2
1 and csc y = x and cot y =
(adjacent)/(opposite).]
12. y = cot
1
x cot y = x csc
2
y y = 1
y
y
x
x
= =
+
( )
=
+
1 1
1
1
1
2
2
2 2
csc
, Q.E.D.
y
x
1
1 + x
2
[Because cot y = (adjacent leg)/(opposite leg),

put x on the adjacent leg and 1 on the opposite
leg. Hypotenuse = + 1
2
x , and csc y =
(hypotenuse)/(opposite).]
Problems 1318 are shown done from scratch, as
in Example 1. If students practice doing them this
way, they will not be dependent on memorized
formulas. Problem 13 shows how an alternate
solution could be found using the formulas and the
chain rule.
13. y = sin
1
4x sin y = 4x cos y y = 4
= = y
y
x
4 4
1 16
2
cos
y
4x
1
1 16x
2
Alternate solution by application of the formula:

y x y
x x
= = =
sin
( )
1
2 2
4
1
1 4
4
4
1 16
14. y = cos
1
10x cos y = 10x
sin y y = 10 y
y
x
= =
10 10
1 100
2
sin
y
1
10x
1 100x
2
15. y e y e
x x
= =
cot cot
1 0 5 0 5 . .
= csc
2 0 5
0 5 y y e
x
.
.
= =
+
( )
=
+
y
e
y
e
e
e
e
x x
x
x
x
0 5 0 5
1
0 5
0 5
2
0 5
2
0 5
. . .
1
. . .
csc
y
1 + e
x
e
1
0.5x
16. y = tan
1
(ln x) tan y = ln x
sec
2
y y = l/x
= =
+
( )
=
+
y
x y
x x
x x
1 1
1
1
1
2
2
2 2
sec
ln
( ln )
y
1
1 + ln
2
x
ln x
17. y
x
y
x
y y y = = =
sec sec sec tan

1
3 3
1
3
= =
y x
y y
x
x
1
3
1
3
2
9 3 3
sec tan
( ) /
, if > 0
If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant II, where both
sec y and tan y are negative. So their product is
positive.
= y
x x
3
2
9 | |
y
x
3
x
2
9
18. y
x
y
x
= =
csc csc
1
10 10
= csc cot y y y
1
10
y
y y
x x
= =
1
10
1
10
10
100
100
2
csc cot
If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV, where both

csc y and cot y are negative. So their product is
positive.
= y
x x
10
100
2
| |
y
10
x
2

100
x
For Problems 1924, a solution is shown using the

appropriate formula.
19. y = cos
1
5x
2
= = y
x
x
x
x
1
1 5
10
10
1 25
2 2 4
( )
20. f (x) = tan
1
x
3
=
+
=
+
f x
x
x
x
x
( )
1
1
3
3
1
3 2
2
2
6
( )
21. g(x) = (sin
1
x)
2
=
g x x
x
( ) 2
1
1
1
2
sin
22. u = (sec
1
x)
2
=
u x
x x
2
1
1
1
2
sec
| |
23. v = x sin
1
x + (1 x
2
)
1/ 2
= + +
= + =
/

v x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
2
1 2
1 1
1
2
2 1 2
1
2 2
1
sin
( )
sin

sin
( )
The surprise is that you now have seen a formula
for the antiderivative of the inverse sine function.
24. f (x) = cot
1
(cot x) = x f (x) = 1 (Surprise!!)
Application of the formulas gives the same
result.
25. a. tan = x/100, so = tan
1
(x/100), Q.E.D.
b.
d
dx x x
=
+
=
+
1
1 100
1
100
100
10000
2 2
( / )
d
dt
d
dx
dx
dt x
dx
dt

= =
+

100
10000
2
c. If x = 500 ft and d/dt = 0.04 rad/s, then
=
+
0 04
100
10000 500
2
.
dx
dt
dx
dt
= =
( . )( ) 0 04 260000
100
104
The truck is going 104 ft/s.
104(3600/5280) = 70.909 71 mi/h
26. a. = tan
1
(50/x) tan
1
(30/x) or
= cot
1
(x/50) cot
1
(x/30)
The inverse tangent equation has the
advantage that the function appears on the
calculator. The inverse cotangent equation has
the advantage that x is in the numerator of the
argument, which makes the chain rule less
complicated to use.)
b.
d
dx
x
x
x
x
=
+

+
( / )
( / )

50
1 50
30
1 30
2
2
2
2
=
+
+
+
50
2500
30
900
2 2
x x
=
+
+ +
( )( )
20 30000
2500 900
2
2 2
x
x x
c. d/dx = 0 20x
2
+ 30000 = 0
20x
2
= 30000

x = = 1500 38 729 . K
About 38.7 ft
d. Maximum is between x = 38 and 39.
0.5
100
x
40
27.
x Num. Deriv.* Alg. Deriv.
0.8 1.666671 1.666666
0.6 1.250000 1.25
0.4 1.091089 1.091089
0.2 1.020620 1.020620
0 1.000000 1
0.2 1.020620 1.020620
0.4 1.091089 1.091089
0.6 1.250000 1.25
0.8 1.666671 1.666666
*The precise value for the numerical
derivative will depend on the tolerance to
which the grapher is set. The values given
by numerical derivative and the formula are
very close.
28. a. y x
dy
dx
x x
= =
sec
| |
1
2
1
1
At x = 2,

dy
dx
= =
1
2 3
0 288675
| |
. . K
The answer is reasonable because the graph
slopes up at x = 2, with slope significantly
less than 1.
b. At x = 2, y = sec
1
2 = cos
1
(1/2) =
1.04719 .
d
dy
y y y (sec sec tan ) =
At y = 1.047 ,

d
dy
y (sec ) (sec . )(tan . ) = = 1 047 1 047 K K
3.464101 .
c. The answer to part b is the reciprocal of the
answer to part a. That is,

1
3 464101 . K
=
0.288675 . Thus, the derivative of the
inverse secant at x = c is the reciprocal of
the derivative of the secant at y = sec
1
c.
29. a. y = sin
1
x sin y = x cos y y = 1
= y
y
1
cos
, Q.E.D.
b. = = = y
x
1 1
0 6
1 25
1 1
cos(sin ) cos(sin . )

.
y
x
= = = =
1
1
1
1 0 6
1
0 8
1 25
2 2
.
.
. , Q.E.D.
c. y f x f y x f y
d
dx
y = = =
1
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d
dx
y
f y
d
dx
f x
f f x
( )
( )
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
,

1 1
1
1
Q.E.D.
d. f ( x) = x
3
+ x = 10 (x 2)(x
2
+ 2x + 5) = 0
x = 2 (only)
h(10) = 2
Because h(x) = f
1
(x) and f (x) = 3x
2
+ 1,
=
=
+
= h
f h f
( ) . 10
1
10
1
2
1
3 2 1
113
2
[ ( )] ( )
/
30. The inverse trig cofunctions, cos
1
, cot
1
, and
csc
1
, are the ones whose derivatives are preceded
by a minus sign.
Problem Set 4-6
Q1. See the text for the definition of continuity.
Q3. y = 6x
2
+ C Q4. cos x = sin x
Q5. dy/dx = sec
2
x Q6. 1 1
2
| | x x
( )
Q7. f (x) = 4x
3
; f (x) = 12x
2
; f (2) = 48
Q8. dy/dx = 15x
2
(x
3
+ 1)
4
Q9. Integral 5.4 (Function is y = 2
x
.)
Q10. E
1. Continuous 2. Neither
3. Neither 4. Both
5. Neither 6. Neither
7. Both 8. Neither
9. Neither 10. Neither
11. Continuous 12. Both
For Problems 1320, sample answers are given.
Equations do not necessarily correspond to the graphs
shown.
13. a.
5
f(x)
x
3
b. f ( x) = x + 2
14. a.
x
f(x)
4
2
b. f ( x) = x
2
15. a.
6
x
f(x)
b. f x
x x
x
( )
( )( )
=
+
6 1
6
16. a.
1
2
f (x)
x
b. f x
x x
x
x
x
( )
( )
,
,
=
2
1
1
5
if 1
if 1
17. a.
5
x
f(x)
b. f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
=

>
if
if
5
3 5
18. a.
1
3
f(x)
x
b. f ( x) = (x + 1)
2/3
+ 3
19. a.
4
x
f(x)
7
b. f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
=
<

2
9 4
11 4
if
if
20. a. No such function
x
f(x)
Not possible.
Differentiability
implies
continuity.
b. No such function
21. Continuous 22. Both

3
x
f(x)

4
x
f(x)
2
23. Both 24. Neither

1
x
y

x
f(x)
/2
25. f x
x x
a x b x
( )
,
( ) ,
=
<
+
3
2
1
2 1
if
if
For f to be continuous at x = 1,
lim lim[ ( ) ]
x x
x a x b

+
= +
1
3
1
2
2
1 = a(1 2)
2
+ b a + b = 1 b = 1 a
For f to be differentiable at x = 1,
lim lim ( )
x x
x a x a

+
= =
1
2
1
2 2 3 3 2 (1 2)
a = 1.5
b = 1 a = 1 (1.5) b = 2.5
1
1
x
f(x)
f is differentiable at x = 1.
26. f x
x x
ax b x
( )
if
if
=
+
+ <
( ) ,
,
3 7 2
2
2
3
lim( ) lim
x x
ax b x

+
+ = +
2
3
2
2
3 7 [ ( ) ]
a 2
3
+ b = 6 8a + b = 6 b = 6 8a
lim lim )
x x
ax x a

+
= =
2
2
2
2
3 2 3 3 2 2 [ ( ]
a =1 6 /
b = 6 8(1/6) b = 14/3
2
x
f(x)
6
27. f x
ax x
x x b x
( ) =
+ <
+
2
2
10 2
6 2
, if
, if
lim( ) lim( )
x x
ax x x a

+
+ = + + =
2
2
2
2
10 6 6 4 10
4 12 + b b = 4a + 18
lim lim( )
x x
ax x a

+
= =
2 2
2 2 6 2 2 2 2 6
a = 0.5
b = 4(0.5) + 18 b = 16
2
10
f(x)
x
28. f x
a x x
bx x
( )
if
, if
=

>
/ , 1
12
2
1
lim lim( )
x x
a x bx a b

+
= =
1 1
2 2
12 1 12 1 / /
a + b = 12
lim lim
x x
ax bx a b
+
= =
1
2
1
2
2 1 2 1
a = 2b
2b + b = 12 b = 4
a = 2 4 a = 8
1
10
x
f(x)
29. f x
e x
b x x
ax
( )
ln
=

+
, if
, if >
1
1
lim lim( ln )
x
ax
x
a
e b x e b

+
= + =
1 1
lim lim
x
ax
x
a
ae x ae

+
= =
1 1
1 1 ( / )
Solve by grapher: a = 0.5671 and
b = 1.7632
1
2
x
f(x)
30. f x
a x x
e x
bx
( )
sin
,
=
, if < /
if /
2 3
2 3
For f to be continuous at x = 2/3,

lim sin lim
( / ) ( / ) x x
bx
a x e

+
=
2 3 2 3
a
e a
e
b
b
3
2
2
3
2 3
2 3
= =

/
/
For f to be differentiable at x = 2/3,
lim
( / ) x

2 3
a x be
x
bx
cos lim
( / )
=
+
2 3
= =
a
be a be
b b
2
2
2 3 2 3 / /
So
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
3
2 3
2 3
e
be b b
b
b
/
= = =

/

= = =
. and 0 5773
2
3
0 3446
2 3 3
a e
/( )
. K
3
0.5
x
f(x)
f is differentiable at x = 2/3.
31. a. y
ax bx cx d x
x k x
=
+ + +
+
3 2
0 0 5
0 5
, .
,
if
if > .
For y to contain the origin,
a 0
3
+ b 0
2
+ c 0 + d d = = 0 0
For y = 0 at x = 0, y = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c
0 = 3a 0
2
+ 2b 0 + c c = 0
For y = 1 at x = 0.5, y = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c
1 = 3a(0.5)
2
+ 2b(0.5) + c 1 = 0.75a + b
b = 1 0.75a
For = = y x 0 0 5 at . , = + y ax b 6 2
0 = 3a + 2b
Solve for a and b:
3a + 2(1 0.75a) = 0 1.5a = 2
a = 4/3 b = 2
b. For the function to be continuous,
lim ( ) lim ( )
. . x x
x x x k

+
+ = +
0 5
4
3
3 2
0 5
2
+ = +
4
3
3 2
0 5 2 0 5 0 5 ( . ) ( . ) . k
k = = . 666
1
6
0 1 K
32. Equation of the linear part of the fork is
y 20 = 5(x 10) y = 5x 30
=
+ <

y
ax bx x
x x
3
if
if

,
,
10
5 30 10
For y to be continuous at x = 10,
a b + = 10 10 5 10 30
3
1000a + 10b = 20 b = 2 100a

For y to be differentiable at x = 10,
3 10 5
2
a b + =
300a + (2 100a) = 5
200a = 3 a = 3/200
b = 2 100(3/200) b = 0.5
33. f x
x
x
x
x
x
( )
,
,
=

2
2
2
2
4 2
if
if

Simplifying the equation for f (x) gives
f x
x x
x x
x
( )
,
, =
+ <
2
2
1 2
1
2
if
if > 2
4, if
Taking the derivative for each branch gives
=
<
>
=
f x
x x
x x
x
( )
,
,
2 2
2 2
2
if
if
undefined, if
Taking the left and right limits gives
lim ( ) ; lim ( ) .
x x
f x f x

+
= = = =
2 2
2 2 4 2 2 4
Using the definition of derivative, taking the
limit from the left, =
+

f x
x
x x
( ) lim ,
2
2
1 4
2
1
0
which is infinite. The same thing happens from
the right. As the following graph shows, the
secant lines become vertical as x approaches 2
from either side.
4
2
x
f(x) Secant
slope
becomes
infinite.
Thus, f is not differentiable at x = 2, even
though the right and left limits of f (x) are equal
to each other. The function must be continuous
if it is to have a chance of being differentiable.
34. a. d t
t
t
t
t
t
( )
.
.
.
, .
, .
=
60 5
0 5
0 5
0 5
150 2
1
0 5
if
if
=
+ <
>
d t
t t
t t
( )
. ( . ) , .
, .
60 5 0 5 0 5
150 0 5
2
2
if
if
The inequality signs must be < and > because
although the function is defined at x = 0.5,
the derivative is not.
b. d d = = ( ) (
1 150 1 150
2
) is continuous at
x = 1 because it is differentiable there.
c. lim ( ) . ( . . ) .
. x
d t
= + =
0 5
2
60 5 0 5 0 5 60 5
lim ( ) ( . )
. x
d t
+
= =
0 5
2
150 0 5 600
As the ball was about to be hit, it was
approaching the plate at 60.5 ft/s.
Just after the ball was hit, it was going away
from the plate at 600 ft/s.
d. Function d is not differentiable at t = 0.5
because d (t) approaches different limits from
both sides of x = 0.5.
Function d is continuous at t = 0.5 because
you get zero as the limit of d (t) as t
approaches zero from either left or right.
e. A regulation baseball diamond has the
pitchers mound 60.5 feet from home plate.
Substituting zero for t gives d (0) = 60.5,
confirming that the pitcher was on the mound
at that time.
35. a. y = mx + b y = m, which is independent
of x.
linear functions are differentiable for all x.
linear functions are continuous for all x.
b. y = ax
2
+ bx + c y = 2ax + b, which
exists for all x by the closure axioms.
quadratic functions are differentiable for
all x.
quadratic functions are continuous for all x.
c. y = 1/x = x
1
y = x
2
, which exists for
all x 0 by closure and multiplicative inverse
axioms.
the reciprocal function is differentiable for
all x 0.
the reciprocal function is continuous for all
x 0.
d. y = x y = 1, which is independent of x.
the identity function is differentiable for
all x.
the identity function is continuous for
all x.
e. y = k y = 0, which is independent of x.
constant functions are differentiable for
all x.
constant functions are continuous for all x.
36. See text proof.
Problem Set 4-7
Q1. y = 243x
1214
Q2. dy/dx = 2/(x1)
2
Q3. f (x) = 1 + ln x Q4. y(x) = 5e
5x

cos e
5x
Q5. (d /dx)(y) = 3x
2
, x 0; d
2
y/dx
2
= 6x, x 0
Q6. y = 0 Q7. = 1 1
2
/ x
Q8. v(t) is decreasing at t = 5.
Q9. Q10. E
1
/2
x
y
y'
1. x = t
4
, y = sin 3t
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t
d y
dx
d
dx
t
t
= = =

/
/
cos cos 3 3
4
3 3
4
3
2
2 3
=
( sin )( / ) cos ( )( / )
( )
9 3 4 3 3 12
4
3 2
3 2
t dt dx t t t dt dx
t
=

36 3 36 3
16
3 2
6
t t t t
t
dx
dt
sin cos
=
36 3 36 3
64
3 2
9
t t t t
t
sin cos
=
9 3 9 3
16
7
t t t
t
sin cos
2. x = 6 ln t, y = t
3
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t
t
d y
dx
d
dx
t t dt dx t
dx
dt
t
t
t
= = =
= = =
= =
/
/ /
) .
.
/
3
6
0 5
0 5 1 5 1 5
1 5
6
0 25
2
3
2
2
3 2 2
2
3
.
( . ) . ( /
.
3. a. x = 2 + t, y = 3 t
2
t x y
3 1 6
2 0 1
1 1 2
0 2 3
1 3 2
2 4 1
3 5 6
b.
3
2
x
y
c.
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t = =

=
/
/
2
1
2
If t = 1, dy dx / = 2 and (x, y) = (3, 2).
Line through (3, 2) with slope 2 is tangent
to the graph. See part b.
d. x = 2 + t t = x 2 y = 3 (x 2)
2
This is the Cartesian equation of a parabola
because only one of the variables is squared.
e. By direct differentiation, dy dx x / ( ). = 2 2
At (x, y) = (3, 2), dy/dx = 2(3 2) = 2,
which agrees with part c.
dy/dx = 2(x 2) = 2(2 + t 2) = 2t,
4. a. x = t
2
, y = t
3
t x y
3 9 27
2 4 8
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
b.
x
y
5
5
c.
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t
t = = =
/
/
.
3
2
1 5
2
If t = 1, dy/dx = 1.5 and (x, y) = (1, 1).
Line through (1, 1) with slope 1.5 is tangent
to the graph. See graph in part b.
d. x t t x y x y x = = = =
2 1 2 1 2 3 1 5 / / .
( )
The name semicubical is picked because 1.5
is half of 3, the exponent for a cubic function.
The name parabola is used because the equation
looks similar to y = x
2
for a parabola.
e. By direct differentiation, dy/dx = 1.5x
0.5
.
At (x, y) = (1, 1), dy/dx = 1.5 1
0.5
= 1.5,
dy/dx = 1.5x
0.5
= 1.5(t
2
)
0.5
= 1.5t, which
agrees with part c.
5. a. The graph confirms the figure in the text.
b.
dy
dx
t
t
t =
=
5
3
5
3
cos
sin
cot
c. If t = /4, x y = = 3 2 2 5 2 2 / and / .
(x, y) = (2.121 , 3.535)
dy
dx
=

=
5
3 4
5 3 cot /
5
5
3 3
y
x
d. False. The line from (0, 0) to (2.1 , 3.5)
does not make an angle of 45 with the
x-axis. (This shows that the t in parametric
functions is not the same as the in polar
coordinates.)
e. The tangent line is horizontal if dy/dx = 0.
cos t = 0 and sin t 0.
This happens at t = /2, 3/2, .
Points are (0, 5), (0, 5).
Tangent line is vertical if dy/dx is infinite.
sin t = 0 and cos t 0.
This happens at t = 0, , 2, .
Points are (3, 0), (3, 0). See graph in part c.
f. x/3 = cos t (x/3)
2
= cos
2
t
y/5 = sin t (y/5)
2
= sin
2
t
Adding left and right sides of the equations
gives (x/3)
2
+ (y/5)
2
= cos
2
t + sin
2
t.
(x/3)
2
+ (y/5)
2
= 1, which is a standard form
of the equation of an ellipse centered at the
origin, with x-radius 3 and y-radius 5.
6. a. The graph confirms the figure in the text.
b.
dy
dx
t t
t t
t
t
t =
= =
24
24
2
2
sin cos
cos ( sin )
sin
cos
tan
dy/dx = tan t
c. If t = 1, x = 8 cos
3
1 = 1.2618 , and
y = 8 sin
3
1 = 4.7665 ,
(x, y) = (1.2618 , 4.7665).
At t = 1, dy/dx = tan 1 = 1.5574 .
x
y
8 8
8
8
d. dx/dt = 24 cos
2
t sin t
dy/dt = 24 sin
2
t cos t
The cusps occur where t is a multiple of /2.
At each such value, dx/dt and dy/dt equal zero.
t = 0 gives the cusp at (8, 0).
lim( / ) lim( tan ) tan
t t
dy dx t

= = =
0 0
0 0
So the graph becomes horizontal at (8, 0).
t = /2 gives the cusp at (0, 8).
lim( / ) lim( tan ),
/ / t t
dy dx t

=
2 2
which is infinite.
So the graph becomes vertical at (0, 8).
e. x/8 = cos
3
t (x/8)
2/3
= cos
2
t
y/8 = sin
3
t (y/8)
3/2
= sin
2
t
(x/8)
2/3
+ (y/8)
2/3
= cos
2
t + sin
2
t
x
2/3
+ y
2/3
= 4
7. a. x = 6 + 5 cos t, y = 3 + 5 sin t
6
3
dy/dx is
infinite
here.
x
y
b.
dy
dx
t
t
dy dx t =
=
5
5
cos
sin
/ cot
c. dy/dx = 0 if cos t = 0 and sin t 0.
t = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5,
dy/dx is infinite if sin t = 0 and cos t 0.
t = 0, , 2,
At a point where dy/dx is infinite, dx/dt must
be zero. This happens where t n = / , 2
so dy/dx = 5 cos t = 0 at those points. See
graph in part a.
d.
x
t
y
t
=

=
6
5
3
5
cos sin and
x y
t t
= +
6
5
3
5
2 2
2 2
cos sin
x y
=
6
5
3
5
1
2 2
This is an equation of a circle centered at
(6, 3) with radius 5.
e. The 6 and 3 added in the original equations
are the x- and y-coordinates of the center.
The coefficients, 5, for cosine and sine in the
original equations are the x- and y-radii,
respectively. Because the x- and y-radii are
equal, the graph is a circle.
8. x = cos
2
t, y = sin
2
t
dy
dx
t t
t t
t t =

=
2
2
1 0 0
cos ( sin )
sin cos
cos sin ( , )
1
1
x
y
The graph is a line segment with a slope of 1.
x + y = cos
2
t + sin
2
t x + y = 1
This is the equation of a line with slope 1,
confirming what was observed on the graph.
The parametric equations restrict the ranges of x
and y to the first quadrant, no matter what is the
domain of t. This is true because cos
2
t and sin
2
t
are never negative.
The Cartesian equation allows
< x < and < y < .
9. a. The grapher confirms the figure in the text.
b.
dy
dx
t t
t t
t t
t t
=

=

2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
cos cos
sin sin
cos cos
sin sin
c. Cusps occur where both dx/dt and dy/dt = 0.
A graphical solution shows that this occurs at
t = 0, t = 2/3, t = 4/3, t = 2, .
(A cusp could also happen if dx/dt = 0 and
dy/dt 0, but for this figure there is no such
place.)
0
2
2 4
3
3
__
__
dx/dt
dy/dt
t
dx/dt or dy/dt
At t = 0, 2, , the tangent appears to
be horizontal. At t = 2/3, 4/3, 8/3,
10/3, , there appears to be a tangent
line but not a horizontal one.
A numerical solution shows the following
values as t approaches 2/3:
t dy/dx
2/3 0.1 1.547849
2/3 0.01 1.712222
2/3 0.001 1.730052
2/3 indeterminate
2/3 + 0.001 1.734052
2/3 + 0.01 1.752225
2/3 + 0.1 1.951213
dy/dx seems to be approaching about 1.732
as t approaches 2/3.
[The exact answer is 3, which students
will be able to prove easily with lHospitals
rule after they have studied Section 6-5. Joan
Gell and Cavan Fang have shown clever
trigonometric transformations that remove
the removable discontinuity and lead to the
same answer. These are
1. Use the sum and product properties on
dy/dx:
dy
dx
t t
t t
=
2 1 5 0 5
2 1 5 0 5
sin . sin .
sin . cos .
= tan . / 0 5 0 t dx dt if
As t dy dx = 2 3 3 / , / ( / ) 3 tan .
2. Use the double argument properties on
dy/dx:
dy
dx
t t
t t t
=
+
cos ( cos )
(sin sin cos )
2 1
2
2
=
+
+
=
( cos )( cos )
(sin )( cos )
cos
sin
1 1 2
1 2
1 t t
t t
t
t
,
which approaches 3 as t 2/3.]
b.
dy
dx
a t t
a t
t t = =
4
2
2
2
3
cos (sin )
sec
cos sin
(The answer is independent of a.)
c. x a t
a t
t
a t
t
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
4
4 4 1
= = = tan
sin
cos
( cos )
cos
y = 2a cos
2
t cos
2
t = y/(2a)
= =

x
a y a
y a
a a y
y
2
2 2
4 1 2
2
4 2 [ /( )]
/( )
( )
x
2
y = 8a
3
4a
2
y (x
2
+ 4a
2
)y = 8a
3

y
a
x a
=
+
8
4
3
2 2
a y
x
= =
+
3
216
36
2
d. y a x a = +
8 4
3 2 2 1
( )
dy
dx
a x a x
a x
x a
= + =
+
8 4 2
16
4
3 2 2 2
3
2 2 2
( )
( )
e. At t = /4, x = 2a tan (/4) = 2a.
From part d,
dy
dx
a a
a a
a
a
=
+
= =
( )
[( ) ]
16 2
2 4
32
64
3
2 2 2
4
4
1/2
From part b,
dy
dx
= ( / ) ( / ) 2 4 4
3
cos sin
= = ( / ) ( / ) / , 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
3
which agrees.
At t = /4, x = 2a tan (/4) = 2a = 6 and
y = 2a cos
2
(/4) = 2a(1/2) = a = 3.
A line through (6, 3) with slope 1/2 is
tangent to the graph at that point.
5
y
x
10
5
5 10 15 0 5 10 15
t = /4
11. a. x = cos t + t sin t
y = sin t t cos t
The grapher confirms the figure in the text.
[Note: In the derivation of these equations
from the geometric definition of involute,
x = cos t + t cos (t /2)
y = sin t + t sin (t /2)
(cos t, sin t) is the point of tangency of the
string.
Because the circle is a unit circle, the length
of the string is also t, the central angle in
radians.
The string makes an angle of (t /2) with
the positive x-axis so that
(t cos (t /2), t sin (t /2)) is a vector
representing the unwound string.
The cofunction properties and odd-even
properties from trig are used to simplify the
equations so that the calculus will be easier.]
b.
dy
dx
t t t t
t t t t
=
+
+ +
cos [cos (sin )]
sin (sin cos )
= =
t t
t t
t
sin
cos
tan
c. At t = , dy/dt = tan = 0. The string will
be pointing straight up from the x-axis. The
diagram shows that the tangent to the graph is
horizontal at this point.
x
1
1
y
String
(x, y)
t =
12. a. x starts at a middle point and increases.
y starts at a high point and decreases.
x = 25 + 15 sin Bt
y = 20 + 15 cos Bt
The period is 60 seconds.
So B = 2/60 = /30
= + x t 25 15
30
sin

y t = + 20 15
30
cos

b. dx dt t / =

2 30
cos
dy dt t / =

2 30
sin
At t = 5,

dx dt / / . = = =

2 6
3 4 1 3603 cos K

dy dt / / . = = =

2 6
4 0 7853 sin K
c. The slope of the circular path is dy/dx.
At t = 5,
dy
dx
= = =
/
/
4
3 4
1 3 0 5773 / . K
d.
x
t
x
t
sin
sin
25
15 30
25
15 30
2
2
=
=

y
t
y
t
cos
cos
20
15 30
20
15 30
2
2
=
=

Because sin cos
2 2
30 30
1

t + = ,
x y
.
25
15
20
15
1
2 2
=
This is an equation of a circle centered at
(25, 20) with radius 15, confirming that the
path really is a circle.
13. The actual solutions will vary depending on the
period of the pendulum, as determined by the
length of the string. The following solution
supposes that the period turns out to be 3.1
seconds.
x t y t = = 30
2
3 1
20
2
3 1
cos
.
sin
.

dy
dx
t
t
t = =
( / . ) cos
.
( / . ) sin
.
40 3 1
2
3 1
60 3 1
2
2
3
2
3 1
3.1
cot
At t = 5, x 22.8, y 13.0,
and dy/dx 0.78.
If the measurements have been accurate, the
pendulum will be above the coin when t = 5.
14. The graph looks like an ellipse that moves in the
x-direction as t increases. Because y starts at a
high point and varies between 5 and 1, the ellipse
has center at y = 3 and y-radius 2. Thus, an
equation for y would be y = 3 + 2 cos t.
x starts at 0 and increases. If the ellipse had
x-radius 0.5, an equation for x would be
x = 0.5 sin t. The graph of this ellipse is
x
y
5
10
The graph seems to move over 1 unit to the right
each cycle. Thus, if t increases by 2, x increases
by 1. The equations are thus
x = t/(2) + 0.5 sin t, y = 3 + 2 cos t
The graph here duplicates the one in the text.
x
y
5
10
To locate interesting features,
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t
= =
+
/
/
sin
/( ) . cos
2
1 2 0 5
.
For horizontal tangents, dy/dt = 0 and dx/dt 0.
2 sin t = 0 t = 0 + n (n an integer)
Thus, x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, .
For vertical tangents, dx/dt = 0 and dy/dt 0.
1/(2) + 0.5 cos t = 0 cos t = 1/
Solving numerically for t gives
t = 1.8947 + 2 n or 4.3884 + 2n.
For crossing points, x = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5,
from symmetry on the graph. If x = 0.5, then
1/(2)t + 0.5 sin t = 0.5.
Solving numerically for the value of t closest to
0, t = 0.8278 .
y(0.8278) = 3 + 2 cos 0.8278 = 4.3529
A crossing point is (0.5, 4.3529) at t =
0.8278 .
b. (x = cos 4t, y = sin t)
1
1
x
y
If n is an even number, the graph comes to
endpoints and retraces its path, making two
complete cycles as t goes from 0 to 2.
If n is an odd number, the graph does not
come to endpoints. It makes one complete
cycle as t goes from 0 to 2.
c. i. (x = cos 5t, y = sin t)
1
1 y
x
ii. (x = cos 6t, y = sin t)
1
1 y
x
d. n = 1. (x = cos t, y = sin t)
1
1
y
x
n = 2. (x = cos 2t, y = sin t)
1
1 y
x
If n = 1, the graph is a circle.
If n = 2, the graph is a parabola.
e. Jules Lissajous (18221880) lived in France.
Nathaniel Bowditch (17731838) lived in
Massachusetts.
Problem Set 4-8
Q1. y = 2001x
2000
Q2. y = ln (2001)2001
x
Q3. 5 Q4. f (u) = csc
2
u
Q5. product Q6. 1/(1 + 9x
2
)
Q7. x
3
+ C Q8. Instantaneous rate
Q9. Q10. 2.4033 ft/s
6
4
x
y
y'
1. x
3
+ 7y
4
= 13 3x
2
+ 28y
3
y = 0
y
x
y
=
3
28
2
3
2. 3x
5
y
4
= 22 15x
4
4y
3
y = 0 y
x
y
=
15
4
4
3
3. x ln y = 10
4
1 ln y +
x
y
y
1
= 0
=

y
y y
x
ln
4. y
ex
= 21
3
p
x
y

+ ye
x
= 0 y = y
5. x + xy + y = sin 2x
1 + y + xy + y = 2 cos 2x
y(x + 1) = 2 cos 2x 1 y
y
x y
x
=
+
2 2 1
1
cos
6. cos xy = x 2y
(sin xy) ( y + xy) = 1 2y
y(x sin xy + 2) = 1 + y sin xy
y
y xy
x xy
=
+ 1
2
sin
sin
7. x
0.5
y
0.5
= 13
0.5x
0.5
0.5y
0.5
y = 0 y = y
0.5
/x
0.5
8. x
1.2
+ y
1.2
= 64 1.2x
0.2
+ 1.2y
0.2
y = 0
y = x
0.2
/y
0.2
9. e
xy
= tan y e
xy
(1 y + x y) = ysec
2
y ye
xy
+ xye
xy
= ysec
2
y xye
xy
ysec
2
y = ye
xy
y(xe
xy
sec
2
y) = ye
xy
y =

ye
xe y
xy
xy
sec
2
10. ln (xy) = tan
1
x tan (ln xy) = x
sec
2
(ln xy)

1
xy
(1 y + yx) = 1 y + yx =
xy cos
2
(ln xy) yx = xy cos
2
(ln xy) y
=

y
xy xy y
x
cos (ln )
2
11. (x
3
y
4
)
5
= x y
5(x
3
y
4
)
4
(3x
2
y
4
+ x
3
4y
3
y) = 1 y
y(20x
15
y
19
+ 1) = 1 15x
14
y
20

y
x y
x y
=
+
1 15
1 20
14 20
15 19
12. (xy)
6
= x + y
6(xy)
5
(y + xy) = 1 + y
y(6x
6
y
5
1) = 1 6x
5
y
6

y
x y
x y
=
1 6
6 1
5 6
6 5
13. cos
2
x + sin
2
y = 1
2 cos x (sin x) + 2 sin y cos y y = 0
y
x x
y y
=
cos sin
cos sin
14. sec
2
y tan
2
x = 1
2 sec y sec y tan y y 2 tan x sec
2
x = 0
y
x x
y y
=
sec tan
sec tan
2
2
15. tan xy = xy
(sec
2
xy) (y + xy) = y + xy
y(x sec
2
xy x) = y y sec
2
xy
y
y xy
x xy
y
y
x
= =
( sec )
(sec )
1
1
2
2

16. cos xy = xy
(sin xy) (y + xy) = y + xy
y(x x sin xy) = y + y sin xy
y
y xy
x xy
y
y
x
=
+
=
( sin )
( sin )
1
1
17. sin y = x cos y y = 1 y = sec y

18. cos y = x sin y y = 1 y = csc y
19. csc y = x csc y cot y y = 1
y = sin y tan y
20. cot y = x csc
2
y y = 1 y = sin
2
y
21. y = cos
1
x cos y = x sin y y = 1
y
y
x
= =
1 1
1
2
sin
y
1
x
1 x
2
22. y = ln x e
y
= x e
y
y = 1 y
= =
1 1
e x
y
23. y = x
11/5
y
5
= x
11
5y
4
y = 11x
10

y
x
y
x
x
x
x
x = = = =
11
5
11
5
11
5
11
5
10
4
10
11 5 4
10
44 5
6 5
( )
/ /
/
,
which is the answer obtained using the derivative
of a power formula, Q.E.D.
24. Prove that if y = x
n
, where n = a/b and a and b
are integers, then y = na
n 1
.
Proof:
y = x
n
= x
a/ b
y
b
= x
a
.
Because a and b are integers,
by
b 1
y = ax
a 1
y
ax
by
ax
b x
ax
bx
a
b
x
a
b
a
a b b
a
a a b
a a a b
= = = =

/
( / )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
a
b
x nx
a b n /
,
1 1
Q.E.D.
25. a. x
2
+ y
2
= 100
At (6, 8), (6)
2
+ 8
2
= 100, which shows
that (6, 8) is on the graph, Q.E.D.
b. x
2
+ y
2
= 100 2x + 2y dy/dx = 0
dy/dx = x/y
At (6, 8), dy/dx = (6)/8 = 0.75.
A line at (6, 8) with slope 0.75 is tangent to
the graph, showing that the answer is
reasonable.
x
y
10
10
c. x = 10 cos t y = 10 sin t
dy
dx
t
t
t
t
= =
10
10
cos
sin
cos
sin
At x = 6, t = cos
1
(0.6).
sin [cos
1
(0.6)] = 0.8
= =
dy
dx
. ,
.
.
0 6
0 8
0 75
which agrees with part b, Q.E.D.
26. a. x
2
y
2
= 36
At (10, 8), 10
2
(8)
2
= 36, which shows
that (10, 8) is on the graph, Q.E.D.
b. x
2
y
2
= 36 2x 2y dy/dx = 0
dy/dx = x/y
At (10, 8), dy/dx = 10/(8) = 1.25.
A line at (10, 8) with slope 1.25 is tangent
to the graph, showing that the answer is
reasonable.
x
y
10
10
c. x = 6 sec t y = 6 tan t
dy
dx
t t
t
t
t
= =
6
6
2
sec tan
sec
tan
sec

At x = 10, t = sec
1
(10/6).
tan [sec
1
(10/6)] = 8/6.
Choose the negative value because y < 0.
= =
dy
dx
/
/
10 6
8 6
1 25 . ,
which agrees with part b, Q.E.D.
27. a. x
3
+ y
3
= 64 3x
2
+ 3y
2
dy/dx = 0
dy/dx = x
2
/y
2
x = 0: y
3
= 64 y = 4
dy/dx = 0/16 = 0
The tangent is horizontal (see the next graph).
x = 2: 8 + y
3
= 64 y
3
= 56
y = 3.8258
dy/dx = 2
2
/(3.8258)
2
= 0.2732
The tangent line has a small negative slope,
which agrees with the graph.
x = 4: 64 + y
3
= 64 y = 0
dy/dx = 4
2
/0, which is infinite.
The tangent line is vertical.
x
y
10
10
b. y = x: x
3
+ x
3
= 64 x
3
= 32
x = 3.1748
dy/dx = x
2
/y
2
= x
2
/x
2
= 1
c. y = (64 x
3
)
1/3
As x becomes infinite, (64 x
3
)
1/3
gets closer
to (x
3
)
1/3
, which equals x. The graph has
a diagonal asymptote at y = x, and
dy/dx 1.
d. By analogy with the equation of a circle, such
as x
2
+ y
2
= 64
28. a. First simplify the equation.
[(x 6)
2
+ y
2
][(x + 6)
2
+ y
2
] = 1200
(x 6)
2
(x + 6)
2
+ (x 6)
2
y
2
+ (x + 6)
2
y
2
+ y
4
= 1200
(x
2
36)
2
+ (x
2
12x + 36 + x
2
+ 12x + 36)y
2
+ y
4
= 1200
x
4
72x
2
+ 1296 + 2x
2
y
2
+ 72y
2
+ y
4
= 1200
x
4
72x
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ 72y
2
+ y
4
= 96
Differentiate the simplified equation
implicitly.
4x
3
144x + 4xy
2
+ 4x
2
y dy/dx
+ 144y dy/dx + 4y
3
dy/dx = 0
(4x
2
y + 144y + 4y
3
) dy/dx = 4x
3
+ 144x 4xy
2
dy
dx
x x xy
x y y y
=
+
+ +

3 2
2 3
36
36
At x = 8: (4 + y
2
)(196 + y
2
) = 1200
784 + 200y
2
+ y
4
= 1200
y
4
+ 200y
2
416 = 0

y
2
200 41664
2
2 058806 =

=
. K or
202.0
y = 1.4348542 (No other real solutions)
At (8, 1.434), dy/dx = 1.64211 .
At (8, 1.434), dy/dx = 1.64211 .
Both answers agree with the moderately steep
negative and positive slopes, respectively.
x
y
10
5
b. At the x-intercepts, y = 0.
(x 6)
2
(x + 6)
2
= 1200
(x
2
36)
2
= 1200

x = = 36 1200 8.4048K or
1.1657
Derivative appears to be infinite at each
x-intercept.
At x = + = 36 1200 8.4048K ,

dy
dx
=
+
+ +
( . ) ( . ) ( . )( )
( . ) ( ) ( )
8 4 36 8 4 8 4 0
8 4 0 36 0 0
3
2 3
K K K
K

=
896 29
0
.
,
K
which is infinite, as conjectured.
c. From part a,
x
4
72x
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ 72y
2
+ y
4
= 96
y
4
+ (2x
2
+ 72)y
2
+ (x
4
72x
2
+ 96) = 0
y
2
=
+ + + ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 2 72 2 72 4 1 72 96
2
2 2 2 4 2
x x x x
y x x
2 2 2
36 144 1200 =
Only the positive part of the ambiguous
sign gives real solutions for y.
y x x = +
2 2
36 144 1200
Plot the graph letting y
1
equal the positive
branch and y
2
equal the negative branch. The
graph is as in the text. The two loops may
not appear to close, depending on the window
you use for x.
d. Repeating the algebra of parts a and c with
1400 in place of 1200 gives
y x x = +
2 2
36 144 1400
Plot the graph as in part a. The two ovals in
the original graph merge into a single closed
figure resembling an (unshelled) peanut.
x
y
10
5
e. The two factors in the equation
[(x 6)
2
+ y
2
][(x + 6)
2
+ y
2
] = 1200
are the squares of the distances from (x, y) to
the points (6, 0) and (6, 0), respectively.
The product of the distances is 1200, a
constant.
Problem Set 4-9
Q1. y
2
+ 2xyy Q2. Implicit differentiation
Q3. Product rule Q4. Chain rule
Q5. Speeding up Q6. smaller
Q7. cos x x sin x Q8.
1
x
dx
dt
Q9. 2e
x
+ xe
x
Q10. E
1. Know:
dA
dt
= 12 mm
2
/h. Want:
dr
dt
.
A r
dA
dt
r
dr
dt
dr
dt r
= = =
2
2
6
3
r
dr /dt
1

dr
dt
= =
2
0 6366
. K mm/h when r = 3 mm.

dr
dt
varies inversely with the radius.
2. Know:
dr
dt
= 2 cm/s. Want:
dV
dt
.
V r
dV
dt
r
dr
dt
= =
4
3
4
3 2

dV
dt
= = 72 226 1946
3
. / K cm s at r = 3 cm

dV
dt
= = 288 904 7786 . / K cm s
3
at r = 6 cm
3 6
dV/dt
r
500
The graph shows that the larger the balloon gets,
the faster Phil must blow air to maintain the
2 cm/s rate of change of radius.
3. Know:
dA
dt
= 144 cm /s.
2
Want:
da
dt
.
A = ab and a = 2b A a =
1
2
2
dA
dt
a
da
dt
da
dt a
dA
dt
= =
1

b a
da
dt
= = = = 12 24
6
1 9098
. K
1 91 . cm/s
The length of the major axis is 2a, so the major
axis is decreasing at 12/ cm/s.
4. Know:
dK
dt
= 100 000 , MJ/s;
dm
dt
= 20 kg/s.
Want:
dV
dt
. (Note: 1 megaJouleMJis the
energy required to accelerate a 1-kg mass by
1 km/s through a distance of 1 km; it can be
expressed 1 MJ = 1 kg km
2
/s
2
.)
K mV
dK
dt
V
dm
dt
mV
dV
dt
= = +
1
2
1
2
2 2

dV
dt mV
dK
dt
V
m
dm
dt
=
1
2
dV
dt
=
=
100000
5000 10
10 20
2 5000
2 02
( )
. (km/s)/s
5. Let y = Milts distance from home plate.
Let x = Milts displacement from third base.
Know:
dx
dt
= 20 ft/s. Want:
dy
dt
.
y x y
dy
dt
x
dx
dt
2 2 2
90 2 2 = + =
= =
+
dy
dt
x
y
dx
dt
x
x
20
90
2 2
90
10
x
dy/dt
At x
dy
dt
= = 45 8 944 8 9 , . K . ft/s
(exact: 4 5 ).
At x
dy
dt
= = 0 0 , ft/s, which is reasonable because
Milt is moving perpendicular to his line from
home plate.
6. Let y = displacement from stern to dock along
pier. Let x = displacement from bow to pier
along dock.
Know:
dy
dt
= 3 m/s. Want:
dx
dt
.
x
2
+ y
2
= 200
2
2 2 0
3
200
2 2
x
dx
dt
y
dy
dt
dx
dt
y
x
dy
dt
y
y
+ = = =
At y
dx
dt
= = = 120
360
160
2 25 , . m/s.
200
10
y
dx/dt
120
7. a. Let L = length. Let W = width. Let H = depth
(meters).
Know:
dW
dt
dL
dt
= = 0 1 0 3 . m/s; . m/s.
Want:
dH
dt
.
LWH = 20
dL
dt
WH L
dW
dt
H LW
dH
dt
+ + = 0
dH
dt
H
W
dW
dt
H
L
dL
dt
LW L W
=
=
20
0 1
20
0 3
2 2
( . ) ( . )
b.
dH
dt
=

=
20 0 1
5 2
20 0 3
5 2
0 02
2 2
. .
.
Depth is increasing at 0.02 m/s.
8. Let L = distance between spaceships.
Know:
dx
dt
dy
dt
= = 80 50 km/s; km/s.
Want:
dL
dt
.
L x y L
dL
dt
x
dx
dt
y
dy
dt
2 2 2
2 2 2 = + = +
=
+
dL
dt
x y
x y
1
80 50
2 2
( )
dL
dt
= = =
1
1300
80 500 50 1200
200
13
( )
15.3846
Distance is decreasing at about 15.4 km/s.
9. a. Let x = distance from bottom of ladder to
wall. Let y = distance from top of ladder to
floor.
20 0 2 2
2 2 2
= + = + x y x
dx
dt
y
dy
dt
dy
dt
x
y
dx
dt
=
Note that the velocity of the weight is dy/dt,
so
v
x
x
dx
dt
=
400
2
b.

v = = =
4
384
3
6
4
0 6123 ( ) . ft/s K
c. Here x
dx
dt
v = = = 20 2
40
0
, , so (!!)
10. a.
1200 in.
2
W
L
D
Know:
dL
dt
. Want:
dW
dt
.
LW
dL
dt
W L
dW
dt
= + = 1200 0
=

=
dW
dt
W
W
dL
dt
W
dL
dt 1200
1
1200
2
/
b. = = 2
1
1200
6 20
2
W W ( ) in.
L = 60 in.
c. D L W D
dD
dt
L
dL
dt
W
dW
dt
2 2 2
2 2 2 = + = +
=
+
+
dD
dt
L W
L
dL
dt
W
dW
dt
1
2 2

At L = 60 and W = 20,
dD
dt
=
+
+
1
20 60
60 6 20 2
2 2
[ ( ) ( )]
= = =
320
4000
1 6 10 5 0596 . . K
Diagonal is increasing at about 5.06 in./min.
11. a. Let h = depth of water. Let r = radius of water
at surface. Let V = volume of water.
Know:
dh
dt
= 5 m/h. Want:
dV
dt
.
V r h =
1
3
2
By similar triangles,
r
h
=
3
5
r =
3
5
h
=

= V h h h
1
3
3
5
3
25
2
3

dV
dt
h
dh
dt
=
9
25
2
At h = 3,

dV
dt
= = =
81
5
16 2 50 8938 . . K
50.9 m
3
/h.
b. i. Know:
dV
dt
= 2 m
3
/h. Want:
dh
dt
.
dV
dt
h
dh
dt
dh
dt h
dV
dt
= =
9
25
25
9
2
2
dh
dt
= =
50
144
0 1105
. K
0.11 m/h at h = 4 m
ii.
dh
dt
as h 0 m
c. i. Know:
dV
dt
k h = .

dV
dt
h k = = = 0 5 4 0 25 . at .

dV
dt
h = 0 25 .
ii.
dV
dt
= = 0 25 0 64 0 2 . . m /h
3
.
at m h = 0 64 .
iii.
dV
dt
h = = 0 2 0 64 . at . m

dh
dt
= =
25
9 0 64
0 2 0 4317
2
( . )
( . ) . K
0.43 m/h
12. Let h = altitude. Let r = radius. Let V = volume
of cone.
Know:
dh
dt
= 6 ft/min;
dr
dt
= 7 ft/min. Want:
dV
dt
.
V r h
dV
dt
r
dr
dt
h r
dh
dt
= = +
1
3
2
3
1
3
2 2

dV
dt
= + =
2
3
8 3 7
1
3
8 6
2
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
16 ft
3
/min = 50.2654
Volume is decreasing at about 50.3 ft
3
/min.
13. a. Let = angular velocity in radians per day.

E M
, = =
2
365
2
687
d
dt
= =
=
E M
2
1
365
1
687

644
250755
0 008068
= . K 0.00807 rad/day
b.

T =
1
365
1
687
778 7422
1
. K
778.7 days
The next time after 27 Aug. 2003 when the
two planets will be closest is 779 days later,
on 14 Oct. 2005 (or 15 Oct., if the planets
were aligned later than about 6:11 a.m. back
on 27 Aug. 2003). Because the actual orbits
of Earth and Mars are not as simple as
previously assumed, the actual closest
distances are not always the same. In fact, the
approach on 27 Aug. 2003 was the closest
one in nearly 60,000 years! Nor is the period
between close approaches quite so simple.
The next close approach will actually be on
30 Oct. 2005, not 15 Oct.
c. By the law of cosines,
D
2
= 93
2
+ 141
2
2 93 141 cos
D= 28530 26226 cos million mi
d.
dD
dt
d
dt
=
26226
2 28530 26226
sin
cos
26226
1
365
1
687
2
2 28530 26226
sin
cos
million mi/day
=

1 000 000 26226

1
365
1
687
2
24 2 28530 26226
, , sin
cos

1 092 750 000

1
365
1
687
28530 26226
, , , sin
cos

mi/h
To find out how fast D is changing today,
first determine how many days after 27 Aug.
2003 it is today, then multiply that number
by
d
dt
1
365
1
687
2 to find , then
substitute into the previous expressions.
e. To maximize
dD
dt
, plot the variable part of
dD
dt
, y
sin
cos
.
28530 26226
y
0.01
2
From the graph, it is clear that the maximum

occurs well before /2 (90). Using the
maximize feature, the maximum occurs at
0.8505 , or 48.7.
(The exact value is cos
1
(93/141). One can
find this by finding (d/dt)(dD/dt) and setting it
equal to zero. One can also see this by
decomposing Earths motion vector into two
componentsone toward/away from Mars and
the other perpendicular to the first. The rate of
change in D is maximized when all of Earths
motion is along the Earth-to-Mars component,
which occurs when the Earth-Mars-Sun
triangle has a right angle at Earth.
In this case, cos
93
141
.)
f.
_
,
1
365
1
687
2 t if t days since
27 Aug. 2003.
D t

_
,
1
]
1
28530 26226
1
365
1
687
2 cos
1000
200
t
D
The graph is not a sinusoid. The high and low
points are not symmetric.
14. As B moves from negative values of x to positive
values of x, the length of AB decreases to about
0.56 unit, then begins to increase when the x-
value of point B passes about 0.3.
Let l length of AB.
Know:
dx
dt
2 units/s. Want:
dl
dt
.
l e x
dl
dt
e x x
dx
dt
e
dx
dt
e x
e x
x
x x
x
x
+
+ +
_
,
+
+
0 8 2
0 8 2 1 2 0 8
0 8
0 8 2
1
2
2 0 8
0 8 2
.
. / .
.
.
( ) .
.
dl
dt
1.9963 units/s at x 5 units.
dl
dt
2.6610 units/s at x 2 units.
The length of AB is at a minimum when dl/dt 0.
Use your grapher to solve 0.8e
0.8x
+ 2x 0.
At x 0.3117 , the length of AB stops
decreasing and starts increasing.
Problem Set 4-10
Review Problems
R1. a. x g(t) t
3
g(t) 3t
2
y h(t) cos t h(t) sin t
If f (t) g(t) h(t) t
3
cos t, then, for example,
f (1) 0.7794 by numerical differentiation.
g(1) h(1) 3(1
2
) (sin 1) 2.5244
f (t) g(t) h(t), Q.E.D.
b. If f (t) g(t)/h(t) t
3
/cos t, then, for example,
f (1) 8.4349 by numerical differentiation.
g(1)/h(1) 3(1
2
)/(sin 1) 3.5651
f (t) g(t)/h(t), Q.E.D.
c. y cos t
x t
3
t x
1/3
y cos (x
1/3
)
dy
dx
x x

sin ( )
/ / 1 3 2 3
1
3
At x 1,

dy
dx
sin 1 0.280490
1
3
K .
If x 1, then t 1
1/3
1.

dy dt
dx dt
t
t
/
/
sin sin
3
1
3
0 280490
2
. , K
which equals dy/dx, Q.E.D.
R2. a. If y uv, then y uv + uv.
b. See the proof of the product formula in the
text.
c. i. f (x) x
7
ln 3x
f (x) 7x
6
ln 3x + x
x
7
3
3
7x
6
ln 3x + x
6
ii. g(x) sin x cos 2x
g(x) cos x cos 2x 2 sin x sin 2x
iii. h(x) (3x 7)
5
(5x + 2)
3
h(x) 5(3x 7)
4
(3) (5x + 2)
3
+ (3x 7)
5
(3)(5x + 2)
2
(5)
15(3x 7)
4
(5x + 2)
2
(5x + 2
+ 3x 7)
15(3x 7)
4
(5x + 2)
2
(8x 5)
iv. s(x) x
8
e
x
s(x) x
8
e
x
+ 8x
7
e
x
d. f (x) (3x + 8)(4x + 7)
i. f (x) 3(4x + 7) + (3x + 8)(4) 24x + 53
ii. f (x) 12x
2
+ 53x + 56
f (x) 24x + 53, which checks.
R3. a. If y u/v, then y
u v uv
v

2
.
b. See proof of quotient formula in text.
c. i. f x
x
x
( )
sin10
5
f x
x x x x
x
x x x
x

( )
10 10 10 5
10 10 5 10
5 4
10
6
cos sin
cos sin
ii. g x
x
x
g x ( ) ( )
+

( )
( )
2 3
9 5
9
4
+ +
9 2 3 2 9 5 2 3 4 9 5 9
9 5
8 4 9 3
8
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
x x x x
x
+ 18 2 3 5 11
9 5
8
5
( ) ( )
( )
x x
x
iii. h(x) (100x
3
1)
5

h (x) 5(100x
3
1)
6
300x
2
1500x
2
(100x
3
1)
6
d. y 1/x
10
As a quotient:
y
x x
x x
x

0 1 10 10
10
10 9
20 11
11

As a power:
y x
10
y 10x
11
, which checks.
e. t x
x
x
x ( )
sin
cos
tan
t x
x x x x
x
( )
cos cos sin (sin )
cos
2
+

cos sin
cos cos
sec
2 2
2 2
2
1 x x
x x
x
t (1) sec
2
1 3.4255
f. m x
t x t
x
x
x
( )
( ) ( )
tan tan
1
1
1
1
1
1
x
m(x)
3.42...
x m(x)
0.997 3.40959
0.998 3.41488
0.999 3.42019
1 undefined
1.001 3.43086
1.002 3.43622
1.003 3.44160
The values get closer to 3.4255 as x
approaches 1 from either side, Q.E.D.
R4. a. i. y tan 7x y 7 sec
2
7x
ii. y cot (x
4
) y 4x
3
csc
2
(x
4
)
iii. y sec e
x
y e
x
sec e
x
tan e
x
iv. y csc x y csc x cot x
b. See derivation in text for tanx sec
2
x.
c. The graph is always sloping upward, which
is connected to the fact that tan x equals the
square of a function and is thus always
positive.

x
y
1
d. f (t) 7 sec t f (t) 7 sec t tan t
f (1) 20.17
f (1.5) 1395.44
f (1.57) 11038634.0
There is an asymptote in the secant graph at
t /2 1.57079 . As t gets closer to this
value, secant changes very rapidly!
R5. a. i. y x y
x

+
tan
1
2
3
3
1 9
ii.
d
dx
x
x x
(sec )
| |
1
2
1
1
iii. c x x c x
x
x
( ) ( ) ( )
2

cos
cos
1
1
2
2
1
b. y x y
x

sin
1
2
1
1

1
/2
x
y
y ( ) 0
1
1 0
1
2
, which agrees with the

graph.
y ( ) 1
1
1 1
1
0
2
, which is infinite.
The graph becomes vertical as x approaches 1
from the negative side. y(2) is undefined
because y(2) is not a real number.
R6. a. Differentiability implies continuity.
b. i. Answers may vary. ii. Answers may vary.

c
x
f (x)

c
x
f (x)
iii. No such function. iv. Answers may vary.
c
x
f (x)
c. i.
1
2
x
f (x)
ii. f is continuous at x 1 because right and
left limits both equal 2, which equals f (1).
iii. f is differentiable. Left and right limits
of f (x) are both equal to 2, and f is
continuous at x 2.
d. g x
x x
x ax b x
( )
if
if

+ +
sin ,
,
1
2
0 1
0
g x
x x
x a x

< <
+ <
( )
if
if
( ) ,
,
/
1 0 1
2 0
1 2
lim
x
g x a b b

+ +
0
0 0 ( )
lim ( ) sin
x
g x
+

0
1
0 0
b 0
lim
x
g x a a
+
0
0 ( )
lim
/
x
g x
+

0
1 2
1 1 ( )
a 1
1 0
1
x
g(x)
The graph appears to be differentiable and
continuous at x 0.
R7. a. x e y t
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
e
t
t

2 3
2
2
3
2
,
/
/
d y
dx
d
dx
t
e
t
2
2
2
2
3
2
j
(
,
\
,
(

6 2 3 4
2
3 3 3 3
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
4
t dt dx e t e dt dx
e
t t
e
dx
dt
t t
e
t t
t
t t
( / ) ( / )
( )
b. x (t/) cos t
y (t/) sin t
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t t t
t t t

+
+
/
/
( / ) sin ( / )(cos )
( / ) cos ( / )(sin )
1
1

+ sin cos
cos sin
t t t
t t t
Where the graph crosses the positive x-axis,
t 0, 2, 4, 6, .
If t 6, x 6 and y 0.
(6, 0) is on the graph.
If t 6, then
dy
dx

+
sin cos
cos sin
6 6 6
6 6 6
0 6
1 0
6

.
So the graph is not vertical where it crosses
the x-axis. It has a slope of 6 18.84 .
c. At a high point, y is a maximum and x is zero.
Use cosine for y and sine for x.
For y, the sinusoidal axis is at 25 ft.
For x, the sinusoidal axis is at 0 ft.
Both x and y have amplitude 20 ft, the radius
of the Ferris wheel.
The phase displacement is 3 seconds.
The period is 20 seconds, so the coefficient
of the arguments of sine and cosine is
2/20 /10.
x t 20
10
3 sin ( )
y t + 25 20
10
3 cos ( )
dx dt t / 2
10
3

cos ( )
dy dt t / 2
10
3

sin ( )
When t 0, dy/dt 5.0832 .
The Ferris wheel is going up at about
5.1 ft/s.
When t 0, dx/dt 3.6931 .
The Ferris wheel is going right at about
3.7 ft/s.
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
/
/
dy/dx will be infinite if dx/dt 0 and
dy/dt 0.
dx/dt 0 if 2
10
3 0

cos ( ) t .

10
3
2
( ) t n + (where n is an integer)
t 8 + 5n
The first positive time is t 8 s.
R8. a. y x
8/5
y
5
x
8
5 8
8
5
8
5
8
5
4 7
7
4
7
8 5 4
3 5
y y x y
x
y
x
x
x
( )
/
/
Using the power rule directly:
y x y x
8 5
8
5
3 5 / /
b. y
3
sin xy x
4.5

3y
2
y sin xy + y
3
(cos xy)(y + xy) 4.5x
3.5
y[3y
2
sin xy + xy
3
cos xy]
4.5x
3/5
y
4
cos xy
y
dy
dx
x y xy
y xy xy xy

+
4 5
3
3 5 4
2 3
. cos
sin cos
.
c. i. 4y
2
xy
2
x
3

8yy y
2
x 2yy 3x
2
y(8y 2xy) 3x
2
+ y
2
y
dy
dx
x y
y xy

+ 3
8 2
2 2
At (2, 2), dy/dx 2. At (2, 2), dy/dx 2.

Lines at these points with these slopes are
tangent to the graph (see diagram).
x
y
5
5
2
ii. At (0, 0), dy/dx has the indeterminate form
0/0, which is consistent with the cusp.
iii. To find the asymptote, solve for y.
(4 x)y
2
x
3
y
x
x
2
3
4
As x approaches 4 from the negative side,

y becomes infinite. If x > 4, y
2
is negative,
and thus there are no real values of y.
Asymptote is at x 4.
R9.
70
x
z
Let x Rovers distance from the table.
Let z slant length of tablecloth.
Know:
dx
dt
20 cm/s. Want:
dz
dt
at z 200.
z
2
x
2
+ 70
2
2 2 z
dz
dt
x
dx
dt
dz
dt
x
z
dx
dt
x
z

20
At z 200, x 200 70 30 39
2 2
dz
dt
= = = . .
20 30 39
200
3 39 18 7349
..
The glass moves at the same speed as the
tablecloth, or about 18.7 cm/s, which is about
1.3 cm/s slower than Rover.
Concept Problems
C1. a. Let (x, y) be the coordinates of a point on the
tangent line.
y y
x x
m y m x x y
0
0
0 0
+ ( )
b. Substituting (x
1
, 0) for (x, y) gives
0
1 0 0 1 0
0
+ m x x y x x
y
m
( ) , Q.E.D.
c. The tangent line intersects the x-axis at (x
2
, 0).
Repeating the above reasoning with x
2
and x
1
in place of x
1
and x
0
gives
x x
y
m
2 1
1

Because y
1
f (x
1
) and m f (x
1
),
x x
f x
f x
2 1
1
1

( )
( )
, Q.E.D.
d. Programs will vary according to the kind of
grapher used. The following steps are needed:
Store f (x) in the Y menu.
Input a starting value of x.
Find the new x using the numerical
derivative.
Display the new x.
Save the new x as the old x and repeat.
For f (x) x
2
9x + 14, the program should
give x 2, x 7.
e. For g(x) x
3
9x
2
+ 5x + 10, first plot the
graph to get approximations for the initial
values of x.
20
1
x
g(x)
Run the program three times with x
0
1, 1,
and 8. The values of x are
x 0.78715388
x 1.54050386
x 8.24665002
The answers are the same using the built-in
solver feature. The same preliminary analysis
is needed to find starting values of x.
f. f (x) sec x 1.1
Starting with x
0
1, it takes seven iterations
to get x 0.429699666 .
C2. a. The connecting rod, the crankshaft, and the
y-axis form a triangle with angle /2
included between sides of 6 cm and
(y 8) cm.
8
y 8
20
6
By the law of cosines,

20
2
(y 8)
2
+ 6
2
2 6
(y 8) cos ( /2)
20
2
(y 8)
2
+ 6
2
12(y 8) sin
(y 8)
2
12 sin (y 8) 364 0
Solve for y 8 using the quadratic formula.
y + 8 6 36 364
2
sin sin . ( + ) (The
solution with the negative radical gives a
triangle below the origin, which has no real-
life meaning.)
y + + 8 6 2 9 91
2
sin sin +
b. v
dy
dt
d
dt
d
dt
+
6
18
9 91
2
cos
sin cos
sin
+
v
d
dt
d
dt
+
6
9 2
9 91
2
cos
sin
sin
+
c. a
d y
dt
2
2

j
(
\
,
6 sin
d
dt
2
+
j
(
\
,
18
91 2 9
9 91
4
2 3 2
2
cos sin
sin

( + )

/
d
dt

,
,
]
]
]
j
(
\
,
18
91 2 9
9 91
6
4
2 3 2
2
cos sin
sin
sin

( + )
/
d
dt
(There are many other correct forms of the
answer, depending on how you use the
double-argument properties and Pythagorean
properties from trigonometry.)
Note that the angular velocity is constant at
6000 radians per minute, so
d
dt
100 rad/s.
d. See the graph. Note that a line at a 980
is so close to the x-axis that it does not
show up.
500,000
3
a
Solving graphically and numerically,
a < 980 for (0.2712 , 2.8703). The
piston is going down (v < 0) for
( /2, 3 /2).
So the piston is going down with acceleration
greater than gravity for between /2 and
2.8703 .
Chapter Test
T1. y uv y uv + uv
T2.
+
+

+
+
,
,
,
,
]
]
]
]
]

y
u u
v v
u
v
x
v v v
v v v
x
lim
( )
( )
0
+ +
+
,
,
]
]
]

lim
( ) ( )
( )
x
u u v u v v
x v v v
0
+
+
,
,
]
]
]

lim
( )
x
uv uv uv u v
x v v v
0
,
]
]
]

lim
( )
x
v v v
u v u v
x
0
1
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]

lim
( )
x
v v v
u
x
v u
v
x
0
1

j
(
\
,

1
2 2
v
du
dx
v u
dv
dx
u v uv
v
[Because as x 0, u/x and v x / become
du/dx and dv/dx and v 0, so ( ) ] v v v v +
2
.
T3. cot
cos
sin
x
x
x
sin sin cos cos

sin
x x x x
x
2
+

(sin cos )
sin sin
csc
2 2
2 2
2
1 x x
x x
x
T4. y x y x y y
sin sin cos

1
1
y
y
y y y y +
1
1 1
2 2 2 2
cos
cos sin cos sin
cos sin y y x y
x

1 1
1
1
2 2
2
T5.
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t
t
d y
dx
d
dx
t
/
/
4
2
2 2
3
2
2
2
2
( )
4 4
4
2
2 t dt dx t
dx
dt
t
t
( / )
T6. c(x) = cot 3x
c(x) = 3 csc
2
3x, which is negative for all
permissible values of x.
c(5) = 3 csc
2
15 = 3/sin
2
15 = 7.0943
c(t) is decreasing at about 7.1 y-units/x-unit.
T7. f (x) = sec x f (x) = sec x tan x
f (2) = sec 2 tan 2 = 5.25064633
Use m(x) for the difference quotient.
m x
x
x
( ) =
1 1 2
2
/cos /cos
x m(x)
1.997 5.28893631
1.998 5.27611340
1.999 5.26335022
2.000 undefined
2.001 5.23800134
2.002 5.22541482
2.003 5.21288638
T8. Answers may vary.
x
f(x)
2
7
1 2
T9. f (x) = mx + b
f (x) = m for all x
f is differentiable for all x.
f is continuous for all x, Q.E.D.
T10. f (x) = sec 5x f (x) = 5 sec 5x tan 5x
T11. y = tan
7/3
x y =
7
3
tan
4/3
x
T12. f (x) = (2x 5)
6
(5x 1)
2
f (x) = 6(2x 5)
5
(2) (5x 1)
2
+ (2x 5)
6
2(5x 1) 5
= 2(2x 5)
5
(5x 1)[6(5x 1) + 5(2x 5)]
= 2(2x 5)
5
(5x 1)(40x 31)
T13. ( ) f x
e
x
x
=
3
ln
=

=

f x
e x e x
x
xe x e
x x
x x x x
( )
ln ( / )
(ln )
ln
(ln )
3 1 3
3 3
2
3 3
2
T14. x = sec 2t
y = tan 2t
3
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t t
t t
t t
t t
= =

=
/
/
sec
sec tan
sec
sec tan
2 3 2 2 2 3
2 6
2 2 2
3 2
2 2
T15. y = 4 sin
1
(5x
3
)
y
x
x
x
x
= = 4
1
1 5
15
60
1 25
3 2
2
2
6
( )
T16. 9x
2
20xy + 25y
2
16x + 10y 50 = 0
18x 20y 20xy + 50yy 16 + 10y = 0
y (20x + 50y + 10) = 18x + 20y + 16
y
dy
dx
x y
x y
= =
+ +
+ +
18 20 16
20 50 10
=
+ +
+ +
9 10 8
10 25 5
x y
x y
If x = 2, then
36 + 40y + 25y
2
+ 32 + 10y 50 = 0
25y
2
+ 50y + 18 = 0
Solving numerically gives
y = 0.4708 or y = 1.5291 , both of
which agree with the graph.
(Solving algebraically by the quadratic formula,
y = 1 7 5 / , which agrees with the numerical
solutions.)
At (2, 0.4708), dy/dx = 1.60948 .
At (2, 1.5291), dy/dx = 0.80948 .
The answers are reasonable, because lines of
these slopes are tangent to the graph at the
respective points, as shown here.
x
y
5
5
2
T17. f x
x x
a x b x
( )
if
if
=
+
+ >
3
2
1 1
2 1
,
( ) ,
f x
x x
a x x
=
<
>
( )
if
if
3 1
2 2 1
2
,
( ),
For equal derivatives on both sides of x = 1,
lim
x
f x
= =
1
2
3 1 3 ( )
lim
x
f x a a
+
= =
1
2 1 2 2 ( ) ( )
= = 2 3 1 5 a a .
For continuity at x = 1,
lim
x
f x
= + =
1
3
1 1 2 ( )
lim
x
f x a b a b
+
= + = +
1
1 2 ( ) ( )
2
+ = a b 2
Substituting a = 1.5 gives b = 3.5.
The graph shows differentiability at x = 1.
1
2
x
f(x)
Values of b other than 3.5 will still cause the
two branches to have slopes approaching 4
as x approaches 1 from either side as long as
a = 1.5. However, f will not be continuous,
and thus will not be differentiable, as shown
here for b = 4.5.
1
2
x
f (x)
T18. y = x
7/3
y
3
= x
7
3y
2
y = 7x
6
y
x
y
x
x
x x = = = =
7
3
7
3
7
3
7
3
6
2
6
7 3 2
6 14 3 4 3
( )
/
/ /
This answer agrees with y = nx
n 1
. 4/3 is
7/3 1.
T19. cot = adjacent/opposite = x/5 = cot
1
(x/5)
T20.
d
dx x x
=
+
=
+
1
1 5
1
5
1
5 5 25
2 2
( / ) ( / )
=
+
=
+
1
5 5
5
25
2 2
( / ) x x
T21.
dx
dt
= 420 mi/h
T22.
d
dt
d
dx
dx
dt x x

= =
+
=
+
5
25
420
2100
25
2 2
( )
T23. The plane is changing fastest when x approaches
zero, when the plane is nearest the station.
30
25
x
y
Chapter 5Definite and Indefinite Integrals
Problem Set 5-1
1. f (1000) = 20 + (0.000004)(1000
2
) = 24 $/ft
f (4000) = 20 + (0.000004)(4000
2
) = 84 $/ft
The price increases because it is harder and slower
to drill at increasing depths.
2. T
6
= 500(24 + 29)/2 + 500(29 + 36)/2
+ 500(36 + 45)/2 + 500(45 + 56)/2
+ 500(56 + 69)/2 + 500(69 + 84)/2
= 13,250 + 16,250 + 20,250 + 25,250
+ 31,250 + 38,250 = 144,500
About $144,500, an overestimate because the
trapezoids are circumscribed above the curve.
(Note that T
6
can be found more easily by first
factoring out the 500, then adding the function
values.)
3. R
6
= 500(26.25) + 500(32.25) + 500(40.25) +
500(50.25) + 500(62.25) + 500(76.25) = 143,750
About $143,750
(Note that R
6
can be found more easily by first
factoring out the 500, then adding the function
values.)
R
6
is close to T
6
. (They differ by less than 1%.)
4. T
100
= 144,001.8, T
500
= 144,000.072
Conjecture: Exact value is $144,000.
5. g (x) = 20x +
1
3
0 000004 ( . )x
3
+ C
g (4,000) g (1,000) = (165,333.3333 + C)
(21,333.3333 + C) = 144,000,
which is the conjectured value of the definite
integral!
The other name for antiderivative is indefinite
integral.
6. a. f (x) = x
7
+ C b. y = cos x + C
c. u = 0.5e
2x
+ C d. v =
1
32
(4x + 5)
8
+ C
Problem Set 5-2
Q1. Answers may vary.
y
x
Area = product
of x and y
a b
Q3. f (x) = (ln 2)2
x
Q4. y = sin x + C
Q5. y = 4 m/s Q6. sec x tan x (derivative)
Q7. 1 Q8. That constant.
Q9. 0 Q10. B
1. f (x) = 0.2x
4
f (x) = 0.8x
3
f (3) = 21.6;
f (3) = 0.2(3
4
) = 16.2
y 16.2 = 21.6(x 3) y = 21.6x 48.6
x f (x) y Error
3.1 18.47042 18.36 0.11042
3.001 16.22161 16.2216 0.0000108
2.999 16.17841 16.1784 0.0000107
2. g (x) = sec x g (x) = sec x tan x
g ( /3) = 2 3 = 3.464
g ( /3) = sec ( /3) = 2
Linear function is y 2 = 2 3 (x /3)
y = 2 3 (x /3) + 2.
dx f (x) y Error
0.04 2.15068 2.13856 0.01212
0.04 1.87184 1.86143 0.01041
0.001 2.003471 2.003464 7.01 10
6
3. a. f (x) = x
2
f (x) = 2x f (1) = 2
Tangent line: y 1 = 2(x 1) y = 2x 1
The graph shows a zoom by factor of 10.
1
1
graph tangent line
Local linearity describes the property of the
function because if you keep x close to 1 (in
the locality of 1), the curved graph of the
function looks like the straight graph of the
tangent line.
b.
x f (x) y Error, f (x) y
0.97 0.9409 0.94 0.0009
0.98 0.9604 0.96 0.0004
0.99 0.9801 0.98 0.0001
1 1 1 0
1.01 1.0201 1.02 0.0001
1.02 1.0404 1.04 0.0004
1.03 1.0609 1.06 0.0009
The table shows that for x-values close to 1 (the
point of tangency), the tangent line is a close
approximation to the function values.
4. f (x) = x
2
0.1(x 1)
1/3
Zooming in on (1, 1) shows that the graph goes
vertical at x = 1. This observation is confirmed
algebraically.
f (x) = 2x (1/3)(0.1)(x 1)
2/3
f (1) = 2 (1/3)(0.1)(0)
2/3
, which is infinite.
graph
tangent line
1
1
f does not have local linearity at x = 1. Because
the slope of the graph becomes infinite, no linear
function can approximate the graph there. If f is
differentiable at x = c, then f is locally linear
there. The converse is also true. If f is locally
linear at x = c, then f is differentiable there.
5. a. Let A be the number of radians in degrees.
By trigonometry, tan A =
x
100

A = tan
1

x
100
.
Because 1 radian is 180/ degrees,
=
180
tan
1

x
100
, Q.E.D.
b. d =
180

1
1 100
2
+ ( / ) x

1
100
dx
=
1 8
1 100
2
. /
( / )
+ x
dx
x = 0: d = 0.5729 dx
x = 10: d = 0.5672 dx
x = 20: d = 0.5509 dx
c. At x = 0, = 0. For x = 20, dx = 20.
(0 + 0.5729)(20) = 11.459
The actual value is (180/)(tan
1
0.2) =
11.309 .
The error is 0.1492, which is about 1.3%.
d. 0.5729 is approximately 0.5, so multiplying
by it is approximately equivalent to dividing
by 2. For a 20% grade, this estimate gives 10,
compared to the actual angle of 11.309, an
error of about 11.6%. For a 100% grade, this
estimate gives 50, compared to the actual
angle of 45, an error of about 11.1%.
6. dV = 4r
2
dr
dr = 0.03 and r = 6, so dV = 4(6
2
)(0.03) =
4.32 13.57 mm
3
V
4
3
(6
3
) + 4.32 = 288 + 4.32 =
292.32 918.350 mm
3
Actual volume is V =
4
3
(6.03
3
) =
292.341636 918.418 mm
3
.
V =
4
3
3
4
3
3
6 03 6 ( . ) ( ) = 4.341636
13.640 mm
3
Error is 292.32 292.341636 = 0.021636,
or about 0.068 mm
3
too low.
7. a. (6000 0.05)/365 = 0.8219 , or about
82 cents.
b. m = 6000e
(0.05/365)t

dm = 6000(0.05/365)e
(0.05/365)t
dt
Substituting t = 0 and dt = 1 gives dm =
0.8219 , the same as part a.
24.6575 $24.66.
49.3150 $49.32.
c. t = 1: m = 6000e
(0.05/365)(1)
6000 =
0.8219 , almost exactly equal to dm.
t = 30: m = 6000e
(0.05/365)(30)
6000 =
24.7082 , about 5 cents higher than dm.
t = 60: m = 6000e
(0.05/365)(60)
6000 =
49.5182 , about 20 cents higher than dm.
As t increases, dm is a less accurate
approximation for m.
8. a. dS = 1.636 dt
March 11: dS = 1.636(10) = 16.36
minutes
Sunrise time 6:26 0:16 = 6:10 a.m.,
which agrees with the tabulated value.
March 21: dS = 1.636(20) = 32.72 minutes
Sunrise time 6:26 0:33 = 5:53 a.m.,
which agrees with the tabulated value.
b. By September 1, t = 185, giving
dS = 1.636(185) = 302.66, or 5:04 hours.
So the predicted sunrise time would be
6:26 5:04 = 1:22 a.m. Because the sunrise
reaches its earliest in mid-June, the time
predicted by dS is not reasonable.
9. y = 7x
3
dy = 21x
2
dx
10. y = 4x
11
dy = 44x
10
dx
11. y = (x
4
+ 1)
7
dy = 28x
3
(x
4
+ 1)
6
dx
12. y = (5 8x)
4
dy = 32(5 8x)
3
dx
13. y = 3x
2
+ 5x 9 dy = (6x + 5) dx
14. y = x
2
+ x + 9 dy = (2x + 1) dx
15. y = e
1.7x
dy = 1.7e
1.7x
dx
16. y = 15 ln x
1/3
dy =
15 1
3
5
1 3
2 3
x
x
x
dx
/
/
=
17. y = sin 3x dy = 3 cos 3x dx

18. y = cos 4x dy = 4 sin 4x dx
19. y = tan
3
x dy = 3 tan
2
x sec
2
x dx
20. y = sec
3
x dy = 3 sec
3
x tan x dx
21. y = 4x cos x dy = (4 cos x 4x sin x) dx
22. y = 3x sin x dy = (3 sin x + 3x cos x) dx
23. y = x
2
/2 x/4 + 2 dy = (x 1/4) dx
24. y = x
3
/3 x/5 + 6 dy = (x
2
1/5) dx
25. y = cos (ln x) dy =
sin(ln ) x
x
dx
26. y = sin (e
0.1 x
) dy = 0.1e
0.1 x
cos (e
0.1 x
) dx
27. dy = 20x
3
dx y = 5x
4
+ C
28. dy = 36x
4
dx y = 7.2x
5
+ C
29. dy = sin 4x dx y = (1/4) cos 4x + C
30. dy = cos 0.2x dx y = 5 sin 0.2x + C
31. dy = (0.5x 1)
6
dx y = (2/7)(0.5x 1)
7
+ C
32. dy = (4x + 3)
6
dx y = ( 1/20)(4x + 3)
5
+ C
33. dy = sec
2
x dx y = tan x + C
34. dy = csc x cot x dx y = csc x + C
35. dy = 5 dx y = 5x + C
36. dy = 7 dx y = 7x + C
37. dy = (6x
2
+ 10x 4) dx y = 2x
3
+ 5x
2
4x + C
38. dy = (10x
2
3x + 7) dx
y = (10/3)x
3
(3/2)x
2
+ 7x + C
39. dy = sin
5
x cos x dx y = (1/6) sin
6
x + C
40. dy = sec
7
x tan x dx = sec
6
x(sec x tan x dx)
y = (1/7) sec
7
x + C
41. a. y = (3x + 4)
2
(2x 5)
3

y = 2(3x + 4)(3)(2x 5)
3
+ (3x + 4)
2
3(2x 5)
2
2
= 6(3x + 4)(2x 5)
2
[2x 5 + 3x + 4]
dy = 6(3x + 4)(2x 5)
2
(5x 1) dx
b. dy = 6(7)( 3)
2
(4)( 0.04) = 60.48
c. x = 1 y = (7)
2
( 3)
3
= 1323
x = 0.96 y = 1383.0218
y = 1383.0218 ( 1323)
= 60.0218
d. 60.48 is close to 60.0218 .
42. a. y = sin 5x dy = 5 cos 5x dx
b. dy = 5 cos (5 /3) 0.06 = 0.15
c. x = /3 y = sin (5 /3) = 3 /2
= 0.86602
x = /3 + 0.06 y = 0.679585565
y = 0.679 ( 0.866)
= 0.186439
d. 0.15 is (fairly) close to 0.186439... .
Problem Set 5-3
Q1. Antiderivative = x
3
+ C
Q2. Indefinite integral = (1/6)x
6
+ C
Q3. y = 3x
2
Q4. y = ln 3(3
x
)
Q5. dy = ln 3(3
x
) dx Q6. = y x 5
4
Q7. Integral = sin x + C Q8. y = sin x
Q9. 1 Q10. E
1. x dx x C
10 11
1
11
= +
2. x dx x C
20 21
1
21
= +
3. 4
4
5
6 5
x dx x C

= +
4. 9
7 6
x dx x C

= +
3
2
5. cos sin x dx x C = +
6. sin cos x dx x C = +
7. 4 7
4
7
7 cos sin x dx x C = +
8. 20 9
20
9
9 sin cos x dx x C = +
9. 5
5
0 3
0 3 0 3
e dx e C
x x . .
.
= +
10. 2 200
0 01 0 01
e dx e C
x x
= +
. .
11. 4
4
4
m
m
dm C = +
ln
12. 8 4
8 4
8 4
.
.
r
r
dr C = +
ln .
13. ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 9
1
4
4 9 4
2 2
v dv v dv + = +

= +
1
12
4 9 ( ) v
3
+ C
14. ( ) ( ) ( )
5 5
3 17
1
3
3 17 3 p dp p dp + = +

= +
1
18
3 17 ( ) p
6
+ C
15. ( ) ( ) ( )
3
8 5
1
5
8 5 5
3
=

x dx x dx
= +
1
20
8 5
4
( ) x C
16. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
20 1 20 =

x dx x dx
=
1
5
20 ( ) x
5
+ C
17. ( )
6
sin cos sin x x dx x C = +
1
7
7
18. ( )
8
cos sin cos x x dx x C = +
1
9
9
19. cos sin cos
4 5
1
5
d C = +
20. sin cos sin

5 6
1
6
d C = +
21. ( ) x x dx x x x C
2 3 2
3 5
1
3
3
2
5 + = + +
22. ( ) x x dx x x x C
2 3 2
4 1
1
3
2 + = + +
23. ( ) ( ) x dx x x x dx
2 3 6 4 2
5 15 75 125 + = + + +

=
1
7
x
7
+ 3x
5
+ 25x
3
+ 125x + C
24. ( ) ( ) x dx x x dx
3 2 6 3
6 12 36 = +

=
1
7
x
7
3x
4
+ 36x + C
25. e x x dx e C
x x sec sec
sec tan = +
26. e x dx e C
x x tan tan
sec
2
= +
27. sec tan

2
x dx x C = +
28. csc cot

2
x dx x C = +
29. tan sec tan

7 2 8
1
8
x x dx x C = +
30. cot csc cot

8 2 9
1
9
x x dx x C = +
31. csc cot csc csc cot

9 8
x x dx x x x dx ( ) =

=
1
9
csc
9
x + C
32. sec tan sec sec tan
7 6
x x dx x x x dx ( ) =

=
1
7
sec
7
x + C
33. v (t) = 40 + 5 t = 40 + 5t
1/ 2
D t t dt t t C ( ) ( ) = + = + +
40 5 40
10
3
1 2 3 2 / /
D (0) = 0 0 = 40 0 +
10
3
0
3/ 2
+ C C = 0
D (t) = 40t +
10
3
t
3/ 2
D (10) = 505.4092... 505 ft
34. a. f (x) = 0.3x
2
+ 1
T
100
= 9.300135
b. g x x dx x x C ( ) ( . ) . = + = + +
0 3 1 0 1
2 3
c. g (4) g (1) = 6.4 + 4 + C 0.1 1 C =
9.3, which is about equal to the definite
integral! It is also interesting that the constant
C drops out.
35. Prove that if f and g are functions that can be
integrated, then
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) . f x g x dx f x dx g x dx + = +

Proof:
Let h x f x dx g x dx ( ) ( ) ( ) . = +

By the derivative of a sum property,
h x
d
dx
f x dx
d
dx
g x dx = +

( ) ( ) ( ) .
By the definition of indefinite integral applied
twice to the right side of the equation,
h (x) = f (x) + g (x).
By the definition of indefinite integral applied in
the other direction,
h x f x g x dx ( ) [ ( ) ( )] = +
By the transitive property, then,

[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) , f x g x dx f x dx g x dx + = +

Q.E.D.
36. Calvin says x x dx x x x C cos sin cos = + +
.
Phoebe checked this by differentiating:
d
dx
x x x C ( sin cos ) + +
= 1 sin x + x (cos x) sin x + 0 = x cos x
By the definition of indefinite integral, she knew
that Calvin was right.
37. a.
C v (t)
1.5 12.25
2.5 16.25
3.5 22.25
Sum: 50.75
Integral 50.75
b.
c v (t)
1.25 11.5625
1.75 13.0625
2.25 15.0625
2.75 17.5625
3.25 20.5625
3.75 24.0625
Sum: 101.8750
Integral (101.8750)(0.5) = 50.9375
c. As shown in Figures 5-3c and 5-3d, the
Riemann sum with six increments has
smaller regions included above the graph and
smaller regions excluded below the graph, so
the Riemann sum should be closer to the
integral.
d. Conjecture: Exact value is 51.
By the trapezoidal rule with n = 100,
integral 51.00045, which agrees with the
conjecture.
e. The integral is the product of v (t) and t, and
thus has the units (ft/min)(min), or ft. So the
object went 51 ft. Average velocity = 51/3 =
17 ft/min.
Problem Set 5-4
Q1. y = sin x + x cos x
Q2. tan x + C
Q3. f (x) = sec
2
x
Q4. (1/4)x
4
+ C
Q5. z = 7 sin 7x
Q6. cos u + C
Q7. Limit = 8
Q8.
x
y
4
7
Q9. If a + b = 5, then a = 2 and b = 3.
Q10. No
1. x dx
2
1
4

2. x dx
3
2
6

c f (c) c f (c)
1.25 1.5625 2.25 11.390625
1.75 3.0625 2.75 20.796875
2.25 5.0625 3.25 34.328125
2.75 7.5625 3.75 52.734375
3.25 10.5625 4.25 76.765625
3.75 14.0625 4.75 107.171875
Sum = 41.8750 5.25 144.703125
R
6
= (0.5)(41.875) 5.75 190.109375
= 20.9375 Sum = 638.000000
R
8
= (0.5)(638) = 319
3. 3
1
3
x
dx
4. 2
1
2
x
dx
c f (c) c f (c)
0.75 0.43869 0.75 0.59460
0.25 0.75983 0.25 0.84089
0.25 1.31607 0.25 1.18920
0.75 2.27950 0.75 1.68179
1.25 3.94822 1.25 2.37841
1.75 6.83852 1.75 3.36358
2.25 11.84466 Sum = 10.04849
2.75 20.51556 R
6
= (0.5)(10.04)
Sum = 47.94108 = 5.024249
R
8
= (0.5)(47.94)
= 23.97054
5. sin x dx
1
2
6. cos x dx
0
1
c f (c) c f (c)
1.1 0.891207 0.1 0.995004
1.3 0.963558 0.3 0.955336
1.5 0.997494 0.5 0.877582
1.7 0.991664 0.7 0.764842
1.9 0.946300 0.9 0.621609
Sum = 4.790225 Sum = 4.214375
R
5
= (0.2)(4.79) R
5
= (0.2)(4.21)
= 0.958045 = 0.842875
7. tan
.
.
x dx
0 4
1 2
L
4
= 0.73879 , U
4
= 1.16866
M
4
= 0.92270 , T
4
= 0.95373
M
4
and T
4
are between L
4
and U
4
, Q.E.D.
8. 10
1
3
/ : x dx
L
4
= 9.5, U
4
= 12.8333
M
4
= 10.89754 , T
4
= 11.1666
M
4
and T
4
are between L
4
and U
4
, Q.E.D.
9. ln x dx
1
5
is underestimated by the trapezoidal

rule and overestimated by the midpoint rule.
5
2
y
x
5
2
y
x
10. e dx
x

0
2
is overestimated by the trapezoidal rule

and underestimated by the midpoint rule.
1
4
y
x
1
4
y
x
11. a. h (x) = 3 + 2 sin x
For an upper sum, take sample points at x
equals 1, /2, 2, 3, 4, and 6.
b. For a lower sum, take sample points at x
equals 0, 1, 3, 4, 3/2, and 5.
c. U
6
= 1[h (1) + h (/2) + h (2) + h (3) + h (4)
+ h (6)] = 21.71134
L
6
= 1[h (0) + h (1) + h (3) + h (4) + h (3/2)
+ h (5)] = 14.53372
12. Programs will vary depending on the type of
grapher used. See the program in the Programs
for Graphing Calculators section of the
Instructors Resource Book.
13. a. For x dx
2
1
4
,
the program should give the

values listed in the text.
b. L
100
= 20.77545, L
500
= 20.955018.
L
n
seems to be approaching 21.
c. U
100
= 21.22545, U
500
= 21.045018.
U
n
also seems to be approaching 21.
f is integrable on [1, 4] if L
n
and U
n
have the
same limit as n approaches infinity.
d. The trapezoids are circumscribed around the
region under the graph and thus contain more
area (see left diagram). For rectangles, the
triangular part of the region that is left out
has more area than the triangular part that is
added, because the triangles have equal bases
but unequal altitudes (see right diagram).
Trapezoid
includes
more area.
x
y
Rectangle
leaves out
more area.
x
y
14. a. x dx
2
0
3

U
100
= 9.13545, L
100
= 8.86545
Conjecture: Integral equals 9 exactly.
b. The sample points will be at the right of each
interval, 1 3/n, 2 3/n, 3 3/n, . . . ,
n 3/n.
c. U
n
= (3/n)(1 3/n)
2
+ (3/n)(2 3/n)
2
+ (3/n)(3 3/n)
2
+ + (3/n)(n 3/n)
2
d. U
n
= (3/n)
3
(1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ + n
2
)
= (3/n)
3
(n/6)(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= (4.5/n
2
)(n + 1)(2n + 1)
U
100
= (4.5/100
2
)(101)(201) = 9.13545, which
is correct.
e. Using the formula, U
1000
= 9.013504 ,
which does seem to be approaching 9
f. U
n
n
n
n
n
=
+
+
4 5
1 2 1
.
= 4.5(1 + 1/n)(2 + 1/n)
As n approaches infinity, 1/n approaches zero.
U
n
approaches 4.5(1 + 0)(2 + 0),
which equals 9, exactly!
15. x dx
3
0
2
Find an upper sum using the sample points

1 2/n, 2 2/n, 3 2/n, . . . , n 2/n.
U
n
= (2/n)(1 2/n)
3
+ (2/n)(2 2/n)
3
+ (2/n)(3 2/n)
3
+ + (2/n)(n 2/n)
3
= (2/n)
4
(1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ + n
3
)
= (2/n)
4
[(n/2)(n + 1)]
2
= 4/n
2
(n + 1)
2
= 4(1 + 1/n)
2
lim ( )
n
n
U
= + = 4 1 0 4
2
Problem Set 5-5
Q1. x
2
/2 + 2x + C Q2.
10
10
t
C
ln
+
Q3. cot x + C Q4. csc x cot x
Q5.
5
4
(ln ) x
x
C + Q6.
1 2
x
y
Q7. Answers may vary. Q8. Answers may vary.
x
y
5
3
x
y
1
2
Q9. No limit (infinite) Q10. D
1. See the text for the statement of the mean value
theorem.
2. See the text for the statement of Rolles
theorem.
3. g (x) 6/x; [1, 4]
1 4
6
2
g(x)
x
c
m
6 4 6
4 1
3 2
/
/
g (x) 6x
2
6c
2
3/2 c 2
Tangent at x 2 parallels the secant line.
4. f (x) x
4
; [ 1, 2]
f(x)
1 2
10
x
c
m
16 1
2 1
5
( )
g (x) 4x
3
4 5 5 4 1 077
3
3
c c / . K
Tangent at x 1.077 parallels the secant line.
5. c x x ( ) ; , +
,
,
]
]
]
2 0
2
cos
1
x
c(x)
/2 c

m
cos ( / ) cos
/
2 0
2 0
2 0 6366 / . K
c(x) sin x
sin c 2/ c 0.69010
Tangent at x 0.690 parallels the secant line.
6. h x x ( ) ; [ , ] 5 1 9
c 1 9
5
h(x)
x
m
2 4
9 1
1 4
/
h (x) (1/2)x
1/ 2
( 1/2)c
1/2
1/4 c 4
Tangent at x 4 parallels the secant line.
7. f (x) x cos x on [0, /2]
1
1
2
_
0
f(x)
x
c
f (x) cos x x sin x
x cos x 0 x 0 or cos x 0
cos x 0 at /2 + 2 n, where n is an integer
hypotheses are met on [0, /2].
Using the solver feature, f (c) 0 at
c 0.86033 .
Horizontal line at x 0.86033 is tangent.
8. f (x) x
2
sin x
0
1
f(x)
x
c
f (x) 2x sin x + x
2
cos x
x
2
sin x 0 x 0 or sin x 0
sin x 0 at x 0 + n , where n is an integer
Interval: [0, ]
Using the solver feature, f (c) 0 at
c 2.28892 .
Horizontal line at x 2.288 is tangent.
9. f (x) (6x x
2
)
1/2
6 0
3
f(x)
x
c
f x x x x
( ) ( )
/
1
2
2 1 2
6 6 2 ( )
f is differentiable on (0, 6).
f is continuous at x 0 and x 6.
(6x x
2
)
1/2
0
x(6 x) 0 x 0 or 6
Interval: [0, 6]
(6c c
2
)
1/2
(3 c) 0 c 3
Horizontal line at x 3 is tangent.

10. f (x) x
4/3
4x
1/3
c
4
1
f(x)
x
0
f x x x
( )
/ /
4
3
1 3
4
3
2 3
f is differentiable for all x 0.
f is continuous at x 0.
f (x) 0 x
4/3
4x
1/3
0
x
1/3
(x 4) 0 x 0 or 4
Interval: [0, 4]
4
3
1 3
4
3
2 3
0 c c
/ /

4
3
2 3
1 0 1 c c c

/
( )
Horizontal line at x 1 is tangent.
11. a. d (t) 1000(1.09
t
)
d (50) 1000(1.09
50
) 74,357.520
$74,357.52 (Surprising!)
b. Average rate is

74357 5 1000
50
. K
1467.150 $1,467.15 per year.

c. d (t) ln (1.09)1000(1.09)
t
d (0) $86.18 per year
d (50) $6,407.96 per year
The average of these is $3,247.07 per year,
which does not equal the average in part b.
d. Solving 1000(1.90)
t
ln 1.09
1000 1 09 1000
50
50
( . )
algebraically gives
( . ) 1 09
1 09 1
50 1 09
50
t
.
ln .

t ln ln
.
ln .
1 09
1 09 1
50 1 09
50
.
ln (1.09
50
1) ln 50 ln (ln 1.09)
t
ln ( . ) ln ln (ln . )
ln .
1 09 1 50 1 09
1 09
50

32.893 years. K
This time is not halfway between 0 and 50.
12. d t
t
t
t
t
t
( )
if
if
+
j
(
\
,
j
(
\
,
43
1
1
1
200 1
1
1
,
,
The hypotheses of the mean value theorem do not
apply on any interval that contains t 1 as an
interior point, such as [0, 2] and [0.5, 2], because
d is not differentiable there. The hypotheses do
apply on any interval not containing 1 and on
intervals for which 1 is an endpoint, such
as [1, 2].
The conclusion is true if the instantaneous
velocity, d (t), ever equals the average velocity.
The average velocity equals
m
d d

( ) ( ) 2 0
2
28 5 0 2 . ft/s for [ , ],

m
d d

( ) ( . )
.
.
2 0 5
1 5
57 111 0 5 2 K ft/s for [ . , ],
m
d d

( ) ( ) 2 1
1
100 1 2 ft/s for [ , ].
Between t 0 and t 1, d (t) is negative.
Above t 1, d (t) 200t
2
.
For d (c) 28.5 ft/s,
200c
2
28.5 c 2.649 .
But 2.649 is outside (0, 2), so the conclusion
is not true. See the left graph.
For d (c) 57.111 ft/s,
200c
2
57.111 c 1.871 .
Because 1.871 is in (0.5, 2), the conclusion is
true. See the right graph.
100
200
0.5 1 2
t
d(t)
c?
c is outside
(0, 2).

100
200
0.5 1 2
t
d(t)
c?
c is in
(0.5, 2).
For d (c) 100, 200c
2
100 c 1.414 .
Because 1.414 is in (1, 2), the conclusion is
true, as is guaranteed by the mean value theorem.
The fact that the conclusion is true when the
hypotheses are met illustrates the fact that the
hypotheses are sufficient. The fact that the
conclusion can be true even if the hypotheses are
not met proves that the hypotheses are not
necessary.
13. See Figure 5-5d. 14. Answers may vary.
a b
f(x)
x
f(x)
x
a
d
b
a b
x
f(x)
17. Answers may vary.
x
a c b
f(x)
18. Michel Rolle (1652 1719) lived in France.
Sources will vary.
19. f (x) = x
2
4x 20. f (x) = x
2
6x + 5
f (1) = 3 0 f (2) = 3 0
Conclusion is not true. Conclusion is not true.
f (2) = 0, but 2 is not f (3) = 0, but 3 is not
in the interval (0, 1). in the interval (1, 2).
1 0
x
f(x)
3
x
f(x)
1 2
3
21. f (x) = x
2
4x 22. f (x) = x
2
6x + 5
f (2) = 4 0 f (4) = 3 0
Conclusion is not true. Conclusion is true.
f (2) = 0, but 2 is not in f (3) = 0, and 3 is in
the open interval (0, 2). the interval (1, 4).
0 2
1
x
f(x)
1 4
x c
f(x)
1
23. f (x) = x
2
4x 24. f (x) = |x 2| 1
f (3) = 3 0 f is not differentiable
at x = 2.
Conclusion is true. Conclusion is not
true.
f (2) = 0, and 2 is in f (x) never equals 0.
the interval (0, 3).
3 0
3
x
f(x)
c
1 3
1
x
f(x)
25. f (x) = 1/x 26. f (x) = x [x]
f (0) does not exist. f is discontinuous at
1 and 2.
Conclusion is Conclusion is
not true. not true.
f (x) never equals 0. f (x) never equals 0.
5
5
x
f(x)
1 2
1
x
f(x)
27. f (x) = 1 (x 3)
2/3
28. f x ( ) =
x x x
x
3 2
6 11 6
2

+
f is not differentiable f is not continuous or
at x = 3. differentiable at 2.
Conclusion is Conclusion is
not true. not true.
f (x) never equals 0. There is no point at x = 2
to draw the tangent line.
f(x)
x
1
2 4
1 3
x
f(x)
1
No point of
tangency
29. g x
x x x
x
( ) =
+
3 2
7 13 6
2

=
+
= +
( )( )
x x x
x
x x x
2 5 3
2
5 3 2
2
2
,
Thus, g is discontinuous at x = 2, and the
hypotheses of the mean value theorem are not
met. The conclusion is not true for [1, 3],
because the tangent line would have to contain
(2, g (2)), as shown in the left graph. The
conclusion is true for (1, 5), because the slope of
the secant line is 1, and g (x) = 1 at x = 3, which
is in the interval (1, 5). See the right graph.
2 x
g(x)
3
1 3 2 x
g(x)
1
3
3
5
30. h (x) = x
2/3
h (x) = (2/3)x
1/ 3
h is differentiable for all x 0.
h (0) would be 0
1/3
= 1/(0
1/3
) = 1/0, which is
infinite. The hypotheses of the mean value
theorem are met on the interval [0, 8], because
the function need not be differentiable at an
endpoint. The hypotheses are not met on [ 1, 8],
because the point x = 0 where h is not
differentiable is in the open interval ( 1, 8). To
see if the conclusion of the mean value theorem
is true anywhere, find the slope of the secant line
(see next graph).
m = =
4 1
8 1
1 3
( )
/
The tangent line has slope h (c) = 1/3. Therefore,
(2/3)c
1/3
= 1/3 c
1/3
= 1/2 c
1/3
= 2 c = 8.
So the conclusion of the mean value theorem is
not true because 8 is at the endpoint of the
interval, not in the open interval ( 1, 8).
1 8
4
x
h(x)
31. a. f x
x x
x x
( )
if
if
=
+ <
3 3 3
3 3
,
,
3
6
x
f(x)
b. f is continuous at x = 3 because the right and
left limits both equal 6. f is not differentiable
at x = 3 because the left limit of f (x) is 1
and the right limit is 3.
c. f is not differentiable at x = 3, which is in (1, 6).
The secant line has slope 11/5. The tangent line
has slope either 1 or 3, and thus is never 11/5.
d. f is integrable on [1, 6]. The integral equals
41.5, the sum of the areas of the two trapezoids
shown in this diagram.
3
6
x
f(x)
1 6
4
15
32. a. f (t) = number of miles in t hours
t = number of hours driven
For the mean value theorem to apply on
[a, b], f must be differentiable on (a, b) and
continuous at t = a and t = b.
b. The 60 mi/h equals the slope of the secant
line. Therefore, there must be a tangent line
at some value t = c in (a, b) with slope equal
to 60. This tangent lines slope is the
instantaneous speed at t = c. Therefore, the
speed was exactly 60 at some time between
t = a and t = b, Q.E.D.
33. a. f (x) = 25 (x 5)
2
+ 4 cos 2 (x 5)
The graph agrees with Figure 5-5l.
b. f (x) = 2(x 5) 4 sin 2 (x 5) 2 =
2x + 10 8 sin 2 (x 5) f (5) = 0
Because the derivative at x = 5 is 0, the
tangent line at x = 5 is horizontal. This is
consistent with x = 5 being a high point on
the graph.
c.
20
4
x
y
1
y
2
m(x)
x m (x) x m (x)
3.0 2 5.5 16.5
3.5 6.8333 6.0 1
4.0 1 6.5 6.833
4.5 16.5 7.0 2
5.0 no value
The difference quotient is positive when x is
less than 5 and negative when x is greater
than 5.
d. In the proof of Rolles theorem, the left limit
of the difference quotient was shown to be
positive or zero and the right limit was
shown to be negative or zero.
The unmentioned hypothesis is
differentiability on the interval (a, b). The
function f is differentiable. Because there is a
value of f (5), both the left and right limits
of the difference quotient must be equal. This
number can only be zero, which establishes
the conclusion of the theorem. The
conclusion of Rolles theorem can be true
even if the hypotheses arent met. For
instance, f (x) = 2 + cos x has zero derivatives
every units of x, although f (x) is never
equal to zero.
34. a. m
f f
= = =
( . ) ( )
.
.
.
4 5 2
2 5
5 5 4
2 5
0 6 .
g (x) 4 = 0.6(x 2)
g (x) = 0.6x + 2.8
Your graph should agree with Figure 5-5m.
b. f (x) = 1 sin x
Using the solver feature, f (c) = 0.6 at
c = 2.0406 , 2.9593 , and 4.0406 ,
all of which are in (2, 4.5).
c. h (x) = f (x) g (x)
2
5
x
y
y
1
y
2
y
3
For c
1
= 2.0406 :
x h(x)
1.7906 0.2925
1.8406 0.1865
1.8906 0.1022
1.9406 0.0411
1.9906 0.0041
2.0406 0.0081
2.0906 0.0039
2.1406 0.0397
2.1906 0.0977
2.2406 0.1760
2.2906 0.2723
For c = 2.9593 : For c = 4.0406 :
x h(x) x h(x)
2.7093 1.3274 3.7906 0.5075
2.7593 1.4237 3.8406 0.6134
2.8093 1.5021 3.8906 0.6977
2.8593 1.5601 3.9406 0.7588
2.9093 1.5959 3.9906 0.7958
2.9593 1.6081 4.0406 0.8081
3.0093 1.5958 4.0906 0.7960
3.0593 1.5589 4.1406 0.7602
3.1093 1.4979 4.1906 0.7022
3.1593 1.4136 4.2406 0.6239
3.2093 1.3077 4.2906 0.5276
h(c
1
) = h(2.0406) = 0.0081
So h(c
1
) is an upper bound for h(x).
h (c
2
) = h (2.9593) = 1.60811669
So h (c
2
) is a lower bound for h (x).
h (c
3
) = h (4.0406) = 0.808116698
So h (c
3
) is an upper bound for h (x).
d. f meets the hypotheses of the mean value
theorem, because f is differentiable for all x.
h (x) = f (x) g (x)
h (x) = f (x) g (x)
h (c) = f (c) g (c)
For each of the values of c in part b, h (c) = 0.
f (c) g (c) = 0
f (c) = g (c)
f (c) = the slope of the secant line, Q.E.D.
35. The hypotheses of the mean value theorem
state that f should be differentiable on the open
interval (a, b) and continuous at x = a and x = b.
If f is differentiable on the closed interval [a, b],
it is automatically continuous at x = a and x = b,
because differentiability implies continuity.
36. a. h (x) = f (x) g (x)
The mean value theorem applies to h because
both f and g are given to be differentiable, and
a linear combination of differentiable
functions is also differentiable.
b. By the mean value theorem, there is a number
c in (a, b) for which
=
h c
h b h a
b a
( )
( ) ( )
.
If f (a) = g (a) + D
1
and f (b) = g (b) + D
2
,
then h (a) = D
1
and h (b) = D
2
.
= h c
D D
b a
( )
2 1
c. If D
1
D
2
, then h (c) 0.
But h (x) = f (x) g (x) by the derivative of
a sum, and thus h (x) = 0 for all x in the
domain.
= h c ( ) , 0 which contradicts h c ( ) . 0
So the supposition that D
1
D
2
is false,
meaning that D
1
and D
2
are equal, Q.E.D.
37. By the definition of antiderivative (indefinite
integral), g x dx ( ) =
0 if and only if g (x) = 0.

Any other function f for which f (x) = 0 differs
from g (x) by a constant. Thus the antiderivative
of zero is a constant function, Q.E.D.
38. f (x) = (cos x + sin x)
2
, and g (x) = sin 2x
y
x
1
1
g
f
x f (x) g (x)
0 1 0
1 1.9092 0.9092
2 0.2431 0.7568
3 0.7205 0.2794
4 1.9893 0.9893
In each case, f (x) = g (x) + 1.
Proof:
(cos x + sin x)
2
= cos
2
x + 2 cos x sin x + sin
2
x
= 2 cos x sin x + 1 = sin 2x + 1, Q.E.D.
39. The hypotheses of Rolles theorem say that f
is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
Because differentiability implies continuity,
f is also continuous on the interval (a, b).
Combining this fact with the hypothesis of
continuity at a and at b allows you to conclude
that the function is continuous on the closed
interval [a, b].
40. The intermediate value theorem applies to
continuous functions, whereas the mean value
theorem applies to differentiable functions. Both
are existence theorems, concluding that there
is a value x = c in the open interval (a, b). For
the intermediate value theorem, f (c) equals a
pre-selected number v between f ( a) and f ( b).
For the mean value theorem, f (c) equals the
slope of the secant line connecting (a, f ( a))
and (b, f ( b)).
Problem Set 5-6
Q1. r(x) = m(x)
Q3. Increasing at 6 units/unit
Q4. dy = sec x tan x dx
Q5. y = 8x(x
2
+ 3)
3
Q6. d
2
z/dz
2
= 25 sin u
Q7. f (x) = 0
Q8. 4.5
Q9. See Figure 5-5b.
Q10. E
1. a. I x dx =
10
1 5
4
9
.
= (10/0.5)(9
0.5
) (10/0.5)(4
0.5
)
= 20/3 + 20/2 = 10/3 = 3.33333
The +C and C add up to zero.
b.
4 9
x
y
1
c. Pick sample points at left ends of subintervals
for U
5
and at right ends for L
5
.
k x f ( x)
1 4 1.25
2 5 0.89442719
3 6 0.68041381
4 7 0.53994924
5 8 0.44194173
Sum = 3.80673199
U
5
= (1)(3.80673199) = 3.80673199
k x f ( x)
1 5 0.89442719
2 6 0.68041381
3 7 0.53994924
4 8 0.44194173
5 9 0.37037037
Sum = 2.92710236
L
5
= (1)(2.92710236) = 2.92710236
Average = (U
5
+ L
5
)/2 = 3.36691717 .
Average overestimates the integral,
3.33333 .
This fact is consistent with the fact that the
graph is concave up.
d. Use sample points at the midpoints.
M
10
= 3.32911229
M
100
= 3.33329093
M
1000
= 3.33333290
Sums are converging toward 10/3.
2. I x dx = =
sin cos . ( cos )

.
1 5 0
0
1 5
= 0.92926279
Using sample points at the midpoints,
M
10
= 0.93013455
M
100
= 0.92927151
M
1000
= 0.92926288
Integral = 0.92926279
The sums are converging toward the integral.
The rectangle and the region differ by the two
triangular regions. Because the sample point
is at the midpoint of the subinterval, the
triangles have equal bases. Because the graph
is concave down, the triangle below the
horizontal line has a larger altitude, and
thus a larger area, than the one above the line.
So the rectangle includes more area on the left
than it leaves out on the right, and thus
overestimates the integral.
Rectangle
includes
more area.
y
x
3. See the statement of the fundamental theorem in
the text.
4. See the work in the text preceding the proof of
the fundamental theorem for a derivation of a
Riemann sum that is independent of the number
of subintervals.
5. See the text proof of the fundamental theorem.
6. If c is picked as the point in (a, b) where the
mean value theorem is true for g x f x dx ( ) ( ) , =
then the exact integral equals

g b g a
b a
b a
( ) ( )
( )
( ), which equals g(b) g(a).
7. v(t) = 100 20(t + 1)
1/2
Distance = +
[ ( ) ]
/
0
8
1 2
100 20 1 t dt
= + 100
40
3
1
3 2
0
8
t t ( )
/
= + 800
40
3
9 0
40
3
1
3 2 3 2
( ) ( )
/ /
= 453
1
3
ft
8. a. h(x) = x
1/2
k x f ( x)
1 4.25 2.0615528
2 4.75 2.1794494
3 5.25 2.2912878
4 5.75 2.3979157
5 6.25 2.5
6 6.75 2.5980762
7 7.25 2.6925824
8 7.75 2.7838821
9 8.25 2.8722813
10 8.75 2.9580398
Sum = 25.3350679
M
10
= (0.5)(25.3350679) = 12.66753
b. h(u)u and h(u + u)u are terms in a lower
sum and an upper sum, respectively, because
h(x) is increasing.
h(u)u < A(u + u) A(u) < h(u + u)u
c. h u
A u u A u
u
h u u ( )
( ) ( )
( ) <
+
< +

But the limits of h(u) and h(u + u) both equal
h(u) because h is continuous and h(u) is
independent of u. Therefore, by the squeeze
theorem,
lim
( ) ( )
( ).
u
A u u A u
u
h u
=
0
But the limit on
the left is defined to be dA/du.
dA/du = h(u), Q.E.D.
d. dA = h(u) du
A(u) = h(u) du = u
1/2
du = (2/3)u
3/2
+ C
A(u) = (2/3)u
3/2
16/3
e. A( ) 9 12
2
3
= , which agrees with M
10
= 12.667 .
(Note also that A(9) < M
10
, which is expected
because the graph of h is concave down.)
9. a. Answers may vary. b. Answers may vary.
x
f(x)
x
f(x)
c. Answers may vary. d. Answers may vary.
x
f(x)
x
f(x)
e. Answers may vary. f. Answers may vary.
x
f(x)
x
f(x)
Problem Set 5-7
Q1.
1
6
6
x C + Q2.
1
18
6
3 7 ( ) x C + +
Q3. +
1
3
3
x C Q4.
1
6
6
sin x C +
Q5.
1
5
5 sin x C + Q6. x + C
Q7. tan x + C Q8. y = 1/x
2
Q9. definite Q10. indefinite
1. x dx x
2 3
1
4
1
4
1
3
1
3
64
1
3
1 21 = = =
( ) ( )
2. x dx x
3 4
2
5
2
5
1
4
1
4
625
1
4
16
609
4
152
1
4
= = = =
( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( ) 1 3
1
9
1 3
2 3
2
3
2
3
+ = +
x dx x
= =
1
9
1000
1
9
125 125 ( ) ( )
4. ( ) ( ) 5 2
1
15
5 2
2
1
4
3
1
4
x dx x
=
= = = =
1
15
5832 343
6175
15
1235
3
411
2
3
[ ( )]
5. 60 36 36 32 1 1116
2 3 5 3
1
8
1
8
x dx x
/ /
= = =
( )
6. 24 9 6 9 6 32 1 297 6
3 2 5 2
1
4
1
4
x dx x
/ /
. . . = = =
( )
7. 5 5 40 10 30
2
8
2
8
dx x = = =
8. dx x = = =
20
50
20
50
50 20 30
9. ( ) x x dx x x x
2
2
0
3 2
2
0
3 7
1
3
3
2
7 + + = + +
= +
= = 0
8
3
6 14
32
3
10
2
3
10. ( ) x x dx x x x
2
3
0
3 2
3
0
4 10
1
3
2 10 + + = + +
= 0 (9 + 18 30) = 21
11. 4 5
1
4
4 5 4
1
1
1 2
1
1
x dx x dx + = +

( )
/
( )
= + = = =
1
4
2
3
4 5
1
6
27 1
13
3
4
1
3
3 2
1
1
( ) ( )
/
x
12. 2 10
1
2
2 10 2
3
3
1 2
3
3
x dx x dx + = +

( )
/
( )
= + = = =
1
2
2
3
2 10
1
3
64 8
56
3
18
2
3
3 2
3
3
( ) ( )
/
x
13. 4 4 4 1 4 1 8
0
0
sin cos x dx x = = + =

( ) ( )
14. 6 6 6 1 6 1 12
2
2
2
2
cos sin
/
/
/
/
x dx x = = =
( ) ( )
or: Integral of an even function between
symmetric limits.
2 6 12 12 1 0 12
0
2
0
2
cos sin
/
/
x dx x = = =

( )
15. (sec cos )
/
/
2
6
3
x x dx +
= + = + tan sin / /
/
/
x x
6
3
3 3 2 1 3 2 / 1

= = ( / ) / . 7 6 3 1 2 1 52072K
16. (sec tan sin ) sec cos
/
/
x x x dx x x + =
0
3
0
3

= + = 2
1
2
1 1 1 5 .
17. e dx e e e
x x 2
0
4
2
0
4
2 4 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
7 5
ln
ln
ln
.
= = =
18. e dx e e e
x x
= = +
0
3
0
3
3 0
ln
ln
ln
= + =
1
3
1
2
3
19. sin cos sin
3 4
1
2
1
2
1
4
x x dx x =

= =
1
4
2 1 0 045566
4 4
(sin sin ) . K
20. ( cos ) sin ( cos ) 1
1
5
1
4 5
3
3
3
3
+ = +
x x dx x
= + + + =
1
5
1 3
1
5
1 3 0
5 5
( cos ) [ cos( )]
or: Integral equals zero because an odd function is
integrated between symmetric limits.
21. cos sin
.
.
.
.
3
1
3
3
0 1
0 2
0 1
0 2
x dx x =
= =
1
3
0 6 0 3 0 0897074 (sin . sin . ) . K
22. sin cos
.
.
2
1
2
2
0
0 4
0
0 4
x dx x =
= =
1
2
0 8 0 (cos . cos ) 0.1516466K
23. ( sin ) x x x dx dx
7 3
5
5
6 4 2 2 2 + + =

0
5
= = = 2 2 20 0 20 ( )
0
5
x
24. (cos tan ) cos x x x dx x dx + =

10 2
3
1
1

0
1

= = = 2 2 1 2 0 1 682941
0
1
sin sin sin x . K
25. x dx
2
1
1
has no value because y = x
2
has a
vertical asymptote at x = 0, which is within the
interval.
26. x dx
2
2
has no value because the integrand is
not a real number for negative values of x.
27. Integral = (area) 28. Integral = area
x 3 6
-5
f(x)
5 7
1
f(x)
x
29. Integral area 30. Integral area
7 x
0
f(x)
1
x 8
2
1
f (x)
1
31. f x dx f x dx
b
a
a
b
( ) ( )

7
32. 4 4 4 7 28 ( ) ( ) ( ) f x dx f x dx
a
b
a
b

33. g x dx g x dx g x dx
a
c
a
b
b
c
( ) ( ) ( ) +

12 + 13 25
34. f x dx
a
c
( )
cannot be determined.
35. f x dx g x dx
a
c
a
c
( ) ( )

+ cannot be determined.
36. [ ( ) ( )] f x g x dx
a
b
+
f x dx g x dx
a
b
a
b
( ) ( ) 7 12 19

+ +
37.
5 10
7
y
x
y = f' (x)
f(3) = 7
y = f(x)
38.
7
8
y
x
y = f ' ( x)
f (1) = 8
y = f (x )
39. Statement:
If f ( x) < g(x) for all x in [a, b],
then f x dx g x dx
a
b
a
b
( ) ( ) .

<
Converse:
If f x dx g x dx
a
b
a
b
( ) ( ) ,

<
then f ( x) < g(x) for all x in [a, b].
The converse can be shown to be false by any
counterexample in which the area of the region
under the g graph is greater than the area under
the f graph, but the g graph touches or crosses
the f graph somewhere in [a, b]. One
counterexample is
f ( x) 1.5 and g(x) 2 + cos x on [0, 2].
g
f
y
3
2 0
x
40. x dx x C
2
1
4
3
1
4
1
3
+
+
1
3
4
1
3
1 21
3 3
( ) ( ) C C
The two Cs will always cancel, so it is not
necessary to write them.
Problem Set 5-8
Q1. 30x
2.4
+ C
Q2. 30(4
2.4
1) 805.72
Q3. y x 1/ 1
2
Q4. f (x) 3x
2
sin x + x
3
cos x
Q5.
x
1
1
f (x) and f'(x)
f
f'
Q6. Yes, continuous
Q7. Increasing at x 7
Q8. f ( a) f ( b) 0
Q9. v(9) 450 ft/s
Q10. a(9) 25 (ft/s)/s

1. a.
t
50
100
v
t = a t = b 1
(t, v)
dt
dy v dt (55 + 12t
0.6
) dt
b. Displacement +
( )
.
55 12
0 6
t dt
a
b
( )
. .
55 12 55 7 5
0 6 1 6
0
1
0
1
+ +
t dt t t .
55 + 7.5 0 0 62.5 mi
( )
. .
55 12 55 7 5
0 6 1 6
1
2
1
2
+ +
t dt t t .
110 + 22.735 55 7.5 70.2 mi
c. ( )
. .
55 12 55 7 5
0 6 1 6
0
2
0
2
+ +
t dt t t .
110 + 22.735 0 0 132.735 ,
which equals the sum of the two integrals
above.
d. ( )
.
55 12
0 6
0
+
t dt
b
300
55 7 5 300
1 6
0
t t
b
+ .
.
55b + 7.5b
1.6
300
b 4.13372 4.134 h
300
x
y
4.134
e. v(4.13372) 55 + 12(4.13372)
0.6

83.1181 . At the end of the trip, you were
going about 83 mi/h.
2.
10
10
v
t
dv
(t, v)
dy v dt e dt
t

15
0 1 .
15 150 150 150
0 1 0 1
0
20
0
20
2
e dt e e
t t
+
. .
129.6997 ft
3. a.
2
5
y
x
dx
(x, y)
b. dA y dx 10e
0. 2x
dx
c. 10 50 50 50
0 2 0 2
0
2
0
2
0 4
e dx e e
x x . . .

d.

10
0 2
0
2
e dx
x .
24.59123K
The region is approximately a trapezoid with
height 2 and bases 10 and y(2). y(2)
14.9182 , so the area of the trapezoid is
2/2(10 + 14.9182) 24.9182 .
4.
3
4
y
x
dx
(x, y )
dA (6x x
2
) dx
( ) 6 3
1
3
3 6
1
3
6 36
2
0
6
2 3
0
6
2 3
x x dx x x
The area of the circumscribed rectangle is 6 9

54. The area of the parabolic region is two-thirds
this area.
5. a. dA [x + 2 (x
2
2x 2)] dx
The top and bottom of the strip are not
horizontal, so the area of the strip is slightly
different from dA. As dx approaches zero, the
differences in height at different values of x in
the strip become smaller, so the difference
between dA and the area of the strip gets
smaller.
b. y
1
y
2
x + 2 x
2
2x 2
0 x
2
3x 4 0 (x 4)(x + 1)
x 4 or x 1
( ) + + + +
x x dx x x x
2
1
4
3 2
1
4
3 4
1
3
3
2
4
+ +
j
(
\
,
1
3
4
3
2
4 4 4
3 2
+ +
,
,
]
]
]
1
3
1
3
2
1 4 1
3 2
( ) ( ) ( )

125
6
20 83333 . K
c. R
100
20.834375 (Checks)
6.
4
1
y
x
dx
(x, y )
1
(x, y )
2
The curves intersect at x = /4.
dA = (cos x sin x) dx
(cos sin ) (sin cos )
/
/
x x dx x x = +
0
4
0
4

= 2 1
7. a.
9 0
6
x
F
dx
(x, F )
b. dW = F dx = 0.6x dx
W x dx x = =
0 6 0 3
2
0
9
0
9
. .
= 24.3 0 = 24.3 inch-pounds
c. The region under F from x = 0 to x = 9 is a
triangle with base 9 and height F(9) = 5.4. So
the area is 1/2 9 5.4 = 24.3.
d. dW is found by multiplying F by dx. F is
measured in pounds, and dx is measured in
inches, so the units of dW are
(pounds)(inches), or inch-pounds.
8.
5
30
F
x
dx
(x, F )
dW x dx = 50
20
cos

50
20
1000
20 0
10
0
10
cos sin
x dx x =
= =
=
1000
2
1000
0
1000
318 3098

sin sin
.
The midpoint Riemann sum R
100
gives
318.313 , which is close to the answer found
using integration.
9. a.
dx
(x, T )
0.5 1
x
T
20
b. dD = T dx = [20 12 cos 2(x 0.1)] dx
c. D x dx =
[ cos ( . )]
.
20 12 2 0 1
0
0 5
= 20 6 2 0 1 x x ( ) ( . )
0
0.5
/ sin
= 10 (6 /) sin 0.8 0 + (6 /) sin (0.2)
= 7.75482 7.75 degree-days
d. From noon to midnight,
D x dx =
[ cos ( . )]
.
20 12 2 0 1
0 5
1
= 20 6 2 0 1 x x ( ) ( . )
0.5
1
/ sin
= 20 (6 /) sin 1.8 10 + (6 /) sin 0.8
= 12.24517 12.25 degree-days
The total number of degree-days is
D = 7.75482 + 12.24517 =
20 degree-days.
Note that this answer can be found more
easily by observing that in one full cycle of a
sinusoid, there is just as much area above the
sinusoidal axis, T = 20, as there is below it.
So the average temperature difference for the
day is 20 degrees, making the number of
degree-days for one day equal to 20.
10. a.
10 30
T
C
1000
dT
dH = C dT
= (0.016T
3
+ 0.678T
2
+ 7.45T + 796) dT
H T T = +
( . . 0 016 0 678
3 2
10
30
+ + 7 45 796 . ) T dT
= + + 0 004 0 226 3 725
4 3 2
. . . T T T
+ 796T
10
30
= 3240 + 6102 + 3352.5
+ 23880 + 40 226 372.5 7960
= 21,576 Btu
b. (2000)(21576) = 43,152,000 Btu
The property is the integral of a constant
times a function. That is, 2000
10
30
C dT
=
2000
10
30
C dT.
11. a.
x
dx
P
1000
100 0 200
(x, P)
b. dC = P dx = (100 + 0.06x
2
) dx
C x dx x x
b
b
= + = +
( . ) 100 0 06 100 0 02
2 3
0
.
0
= 100b + 0.02b
3
0 0
C = 100b + 0.02b
3
c. b = 100: C = 100(100) + 0.02(100
3
) =
$30,000
b = 200: C = 100(200) + 0.02(200
3
) =
$180,000
For 100 m to 200 m, the cost should be
180,000 30,000 = $150,000.
As a check,
( . ) 100 0 06 100 0 02
2 3
100
200
100
200
+ = +
x dx x x .
= 100(200) + 0.02(200
3
) 100(100)
0.02(100
3
) = 150000
Thus, P dx P dx P dx
0
200
0
100
100
200

= + ,
which shows that the sum of integrals with
the same integrand applies.
12. Using trapezoids, the area is approximately
10(0/2 + 38 + 50 + 62 + 60 + 55 + 51 + 30 +
3/2) = 3475 ft
2
. The fundamental theorem cannot
be used because the function is specified only by
data, not by an equation whose antiderivative can
be found.
Plan of attack for area problems:
Do geometry to get dA in terms of sample
point (x, y).
Do algebra to get dA in terms of one variable.
Do calculus to sum the dAs and take the limit
(i.e., integrate).
13.
y
x
(x, y)
(x, 0)
4
1 5
The graph intersects the x-axis at x = 1 and x = 5.
y = x
2
+ 6x 5 = (x 1) ( x 5) = 0 x = 1,
5, which confirms the graphical solution.
dA = (y 0) dx = (x
2
+ 6x 5) dx
A x x dx x x x = + = +
( )
2 3 2
1
5
1
5
6 5
1
3
3 5
= + + + =
125
3
75 25
1
3
3 5 10
2
3
14.
2 3
6
x
y
(x, 0)
(x, y)
The graph intersects the x-axis at x = 2
and x = 3.
y = x
2
x 6 = (x + 2)(x 3) = 0 x = 2,
3, which confirms the graphical solution.
dA = (0 y) dx = (x
2
+ x + 6) dx
A x x dx x x x = + + = + +
( )
2 3 2
2
3
2
3
6
1
3
1
2
6
= + + + = 9
9
2
18
8
3
2 12 20
5
6
15.
(x, y)
y
x
2
(0, y)
4
The graph intersects the y-axis at y = 1
and y = 4.
x = (y 1) ( y 4) = 0 y = 1, 4, which
confirms the graphical solution.
dA = (0 x) dy = (y 1) ( y 4) =
(y
2
+ 5y 4) dy
A y y dy y y y = + = +
( )
2 3 2
1
4
1
4
5 4
1
3
5
2
4
= + + + =
64
3
40 16
1
3
5
2
4 4
1
2
16.
y
x
1
5
5
(x, y)
(0, y)
The graph intersects the y-axis at y = 1
and y = 5.
x = 5 + 4y y
2
= (1 + y) ( 5 y) = 0 y =
1, 5, which confirms the graphical solution.
dA = (x 0) dy = (5 + 4y y
2
) dy
A y y dy y y y = + = +
( ) 5 4 5 2
1
3
2 2 3
1
5
1
5
= + + = 25 50
125
3
5 2
1
3
36
17.
y
x
1
4
2
(x, y
1
)
(x, y
2
)
The graphs intersect at x = 1 and x = 4.
x
2
2x 2 = x + 2 x
2
3x 4 = 0 x =
dA = (y
2
y
1
) dx = (x
2
+ 3x + 4) dx
A x x dx x x x = + + = + +
( )
2 3 2
1
4
1
4
3 4
1
3
3
2
4
= + + + =
64
3
1
3
3
2
5
6
24 16 4 20
18.
y
x
10
2
4
(x, y
1
)
(x, y
2
)
2x + 7 = x
2
4x 1 x
2
2x 8 = 0
(x + 2)(x 4) = 0 x = 2, 4, which confirms
the graphical solution.
dA = (y
1
y
2
) dx = (x
2
+ 2x + 8) dx
A x x dx x x x = + + = + +
( )
2 3 2
2
4
2
4
2 8
1
3
8
= + + + =
64
3
16 32
8
3
4 16 36
19.
y
x
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
2 2
6
0.5x
2
+ 2x = x
2
+ 2x + 6 1.5x
2
= 6 x =
dA = (y
2
y
1
) dx = (1.5x
2
+ 6) dx
A x dx x x = + = +
( . ) 1 5 6 0 5 6
2 3
2
2
2
2
.
= 4 + 12 4 + 12 = 16
20.
0 5
5
x
y
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
0.2x
2
+ 3 = x
2
4x + 3 0.8x
2
4x = 0
0.8x(x 4) = 0 x = 0, 5, which confirms the
graphical solution.
dA = (y
1
y
2
) dx = (0.8x
2
+ 4x) dx
A x x dx x x = + = +
( . ) 0 8 4
4
15
2
2 3 2
0
5
0
5
= + + =
500
15
2
3
50 0 0 16
21.
(x, y
2
)
x
2
0
(x, y
1
)
5
y
dA = (y
1
y
2
) dx = (2e
0. 2x
cos x) dx
A e x dx e x
x x
= =
( cos ) sin
. .
2 10
0 2 0 2
0
5
0
5
= 10e sin 5 10 + 0 = 18.1417
22.
x
y
1
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
dA = (y
2
y
1
) dx = (e
2x
sec
2
x) dx
A e x dx e x
x x
= =
( sec ) tan
2 2 2
0
1
0
1
0 5 .
= 0.5e
2
tan 1 0.5 + 0 = 1.6371
23.
4
(x
1
, y)
(x
2
, y)
2 2
x
y
1
The graphs intersect at y = 1 and y = 4.
Write y = x + 3 as x = y 3.
y 3 = y
2
+ 6y 7 y
2
5y + 4 = 0
(y 1)(y 4) = 0 y = 1, 4, which confirms
the graphical solution.
dA = (x
2
x
1
) dy = (y
2
+ 5y 4) dy
A y y dy y y y = + = +
( )
2 3 2
1
4
1
4
5 4
1
3
5
2
4
= + + + =
64
3
40 16
1
3
5
2
4 4
1
2
24.
(x
2
, y) (x
1
, y)
y
x
5
5
8
The graphs intersect at y = 5 and y = 5.
Write y = 2x
1
+ 11 as x
1
= 5.5 0.5y.
5.5 0.5y = 0.25y
2
0.5y 0.75
0.25y
2
= 6.25 y = 5, 5, which confirms the
graphical solution.
dA = (x
1
x
2
) dy = (0.25y
2
+ 6.25) dy
A y dy y y = + = +
( . . ) 0 25 6 25
1
12
25
4
2 3
5
5
5
5
= + + =
125
12
125
4
125
12
125
4
2
3
41
25.
(x, y
1
)
y
x
(x, y
2
)
1 2
4
x
3
4x = 3x
2
4x 4 x
3
3x
2
+ 4 =
(x + 1) ( x 2)
2
= 0 x = 1, 2, which
confirms the graphical solution.
dA = (y
1
y
2
) dx = (x
3
3x
2
+ 4) dx
A x x dx x x x = + = +
( )
3 2 4 3
1
2
1
2
3 4
1
4
4
= + + = 4 8 8 1 4 6
1
4
3
4
26.
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
y
x
1 8
2
x
2/3
= (x + 1)
1/2
+ 1 x = 1, 8 numerically,
which confirms the graphical solution.
Or x
2/ 3
1 = (x + 1)
1/ 2
(x
2/ 3
1)
2
= x + 1.
Write t = x
1/ 3
, so (t
2
1)
2
= t
3
+ 1
t
4
t
3
2t
2
= t
2
(t + 1)(t 2) = 0
t = 0, 1, 2 x = t
3
= 0, 1, 8.
But x = 0 is extraneous from the irreversible step
of squaring both sides. So x = 1, 8.
dA = (y
2
y
1
) dx = [(x + 1)
1/2
+ 1 x
2/3
] dx
A x x dx = + +
[( ) ]
/ /
1 1
1 2 2 3
1
8
= + +
2
3
1
3
5
3 2 5 3
1
8
( )
/
x x x
/
= + + = 18 8 0 1 7
96
5
3
5
1
5
27. Wanda: You can always tell the right way
because the altitude of the strip should be
positive. This will happen if you take
(larger value) minus (smaller value). In this case,
if you slice vertically, its line minus curve
(see graph).
curve
line
x
y
For curve minus line, youd get the opposite of
the right answer. Note that if you slice
horizontally, it would be curve minus line.
28. a. Peter: Horizontal slicing would be awkward
because for some values of y the length of the
strip would be given by line minus curve, but
in others it would be boundary minus curve,
and yet elsewhere it would be curve minus
curve. If you use vertical slices, the length
of the strip will always be line minus curve.
(See graphs.)
x
y
x
y
(x, y
1
)
(x, y
2
)
b. Peter: In the graph on the right, y
1
y
2
will
be positive. Because y
2
is negative, you will
get (pos.) (neg.), which is equivalent to
(pos.) + (pos.). Thus, the altitude for the strip
is positive.
29.
x
y
h
(x, y)
(x, ah
2
)
h
The graph shows the parabolic region from
x = h to x = h and a strip from the graph to a
horizontal line at y = ah
2
.
dA = (ah
2
y) dx = (ah
2
ax
2
) dx
A ah ax dx ah x ax
h
h
h
= =
( )
2 2 2 3
0
2
1
3
=
= 2
1
3
4
3
3 3 3
a h h ah
Area of rectangle = 2h(ah
2
) = 2ah
3
= =
area of region
area of rectangle
,
( / ) 4 3
2
2
3
3
3
ah
ah
Q.E.D.
The graph shows y = 67 0.6x
2
and the line
y = 7, with a circumscribed rectangle.
67
y = 7
y
x
7 = 67 0.6x
2
0.6x
2
= 60 x = 10
Rectangle has width 10 (10) = 20 and length
67 7 = 60. Area of region =
2
3
20 60 800 ( )( ) = .
30. dA = sin x dx
A x dx x = = = + =
sin cos
0
0
1 1 2
( ) , which
is a rational number.
1
x
y
(x, y)
y = cos x

/10 /10
x
y = 7 cos 5x
y
7
For y = 7 cos 5x, width is 1/5 as much and
altitude is 7 times as much.
A = (2)(1/5)(7) = 2.8
31.
2 3
8
x
y
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
dA = (y
2
y
1
) dx = (x
2
+ x + 6) dx
A x x dx x x x = + + = + +
( )
2 3 2
2
3
2
3
6
1
3
1
2
6

= + + + = = 9
9
2
18
8
3
2 12 20
5
6
20 8333 . K
R
10
= 20.9375
R
100
= 20.834375
R
1000
= 20.83334375
The Riemann sums seem to be approaching the
exact answer.
32.
10
2 3 4
x
t(x)
t(x) = 1 + cos x
t(x) = 0 cos x = 1
x = + 2 n = , , 3, 5,
t(x) is never negative, so t(x) does not change
signs. These points are plateau points.
Problem Set 5-9
Q1.
1
3
1
2
3 2
x x x C + + + Q2.
4
7
7 4
x C
/
+
Q3. y x =
2
3
1 3 /
Q4. +
1
3
3
e C
x
Q5. csc x + C Q6. x
1
Q7. See Section 5-4. Q8. mean value
Q9. Q10.
4
x
y
x
y
1
1
Plan of attack for volume problems:
Do geometry to get dV in terms of sample
point (x, y).
Do algebra to get dV in terms of one variable.
Do calculus to add up the dVs and take the limit
(i.e., integrate).
1. a. dV = x
2
dy
y = 9 x
2
x
2
= 9 y
dV = (9 y) dy
b. V y dy y y = =
( ) ( . ) 9 9 0 5
2
0
9
0
9
= (81 40.5) (0 0) = 40.5
= 127.2345
c. R
100
= 127.2345 (Checks.)
d. Volume of circumscribed cylinder is 9( 3
2
)
= 254.4690 . Half of this is 127.2345 ,
equal to the volume of the paraboloid.
2. dV = x
2
dy
y = 10 2x x = 5 0.5y
dV = (5 0.5y)
2
dy
V y dy y = =
( . ) ( . )
2 3
0
10
5 0 5
2
3
5 0 5
0
10
= + = =
2
3
0
2
3
125
250
3
261 7993
( ) ( ) .
V
cylinder
= r
2
h, so
1
3
of that is V r h =
1
3
2
.
Here, r = 5 and h = 10, so V = =
1
3
5 10
2
( )( )
250
3
, as found by integrating.
3. a. dV = y
2
dx = (3e
0.2 x
)
2
dx = 9 e
0.4 x
dx
b. 9 22 5
0 4 0 4
0
5
0
5
e dx e
x x
=
. .
.
= 22.5 e
2
+ 22.5 e
0
= 61.1195
100
gives
61.1185 , which is close to the answer
found using integration.
c. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so
slice vertically if rotating about the x-axis and
horizontally if rotating about the y-axis.
4. y = 4x x
2
is rotated about the x-axis.
4 1
x
y
(x, y)
dV = y
2
dx = (4x x
2
)
2
dx
V x x dx x x x dx = = +

( ) 4 16 8
2 2
1
4
2 3 4
1
4
( )
= +
= =
16
3
2
1
5
30 6 96 132
3 4 5
1
4
x x x . .
100
gives
using integration.
5. y = x
1.5
(x, y)
1
9
27
x
y
dV = y
2
dx = x
3
dx
V x dx x = = = =

3 4
1
9
1
9
1
4
1640 5152 2119 .
6. y = ln x x = e
y
is rotated about the y-axis.
(x, y)
x
y
1
1
dV = x
2
dy = e
2y
dy

V e dy e e
y y
= = = =

2 2
0
1
2
0
1
2 2
1 10 0359 ( ) . K
7. y = x
3/4
x = y
4/ 3
is rotated about the y-axis.
(x, y)
x
y
1
8
1 16
dV = x
2
dy = y
8/3
dy
V y dy y = = =

8 3 11 3
1
8
3
11
6141
11
/ /
1
8
= 1753.8654
8. y x =
1
4
and y = 8x
2
, intersecting at (0, 0) and
(2, 16), are rotated about the y-axis. Area of cross
section is x x
1
2
2
2
.
x
1
y
1/ 4
, and x y
2
1
8

j
(
\
,
dV x x dy y y dy ( )
/
1
2
2
2 1 2 2
1
64
V y y dy
j
(
\
,
1 2 2
0
16
1
64
/

j
(
\
,

2
3
1
192
64
3
67 0206
3 2 3
0
16
y y
/
. K
100
gives V
using integration.
9. y
1
e
0.4 x
and y
2
x + 1, from x 0 to x 3, are
rotated about the x-axis.
Area of cross section is y y
2
2
1
2
.
dV y y dx x e dx
x
+ ( ) [( ) ]
2
2
2
1
2 0 8
1
.
V x e dx
x e
e
e
x
x
+
+
,
,
]
]
]
+
j
(
\
,

[( ) ]
.
1.25 1.25
( . . ) . ft
2
.
1
1
3
1 1 25
64
3
1
3
22 25 1 25 26 6125
0 8
0
3
3 0 8
0
3
2 4
2 4 3
.
.
.
( )
100
gives
V 26.6127 , which is close to the answer
found using integration.
10. y
1
x
1/3
and y
2
10e
0.1 x
are rotated about the
x-axis. Only the back half of the solid is shown.
8
0
10
y
x
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
dV y y dx e x dx
x

( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 0 2 2 3
100
. /
V e x dx
e x
e
x
x

+
( )
( . )
( . ) .
0
8
.
100
500 0 6
500 480 8 1193 3394
0 2 2 3
0
8
0 2 5 3
1 6
. /
. /
11. y 4 x
1
x
1
4 y, and y 4 x
2
2
x
2

4 , y intersecting at x 0 and x 1, are
rotated about the y-axis. Only the back half of
the solid is shown.
x
y
4
3
1
(x
1
, y)
(x
2
, y)
dV x x dy y y dy ( ) [( ) ( ) ]
2
2
2
1
2
4 4
(y
2
+ 7y 12) dy
V y y dy +
( )
4
2
3
7 12
+
j
(
\
,
1
3
7
2
12
3 2
3
4
y y y
+ + +
j
(
\
,
64
3
56 48 9
63
2
36

1
6
0 523598 .
12. y ax
2
x (y/a)
1/2
, from (0, 0) to (r, h), is
rotated about the y-axis.
r
h
(x, y)
x
y
dV x
2
dy (y/a) dy ( /a)y dy
V a y dy a y a h
h
h

( / ) ( / )( ) ( / )
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
0
2
Because y ax
2
, h ar
2
.
V a ar ar
1
2
1
2
2 2 4
( / )( )
Volume of circumscribed cylinder is
V
c
r
2
h r
2
(ar
2
) ar
4
.
Thus, the volume of the paraboloid is half the
volume of the circumscribed cylinder, Q.E.D.
13. a. y 0.3x
1.5
2
4
(x, y)
x
y
dV y
2
dx (0.3x
1.5
)
2
dx (0.09x
3
) dx
V x dx x

( . ) .
5.76 18.09557
0 09 0 0225
3 4
0
4
0
4
b. R
10
= 5.7312
R
100
= 5.75971
R
1000
= 5.7599971
Values are getting closer to V = 5.76.
14. y = 4 x
2
x = (4 y)
1/2
dy
Inner radius is 3 x; outer radius is 3.
dV = [3
2
(3 x)
2
] dy
= {9 [3 (4 y)
1/2
]
2
} dy
= [6(4 y)
1/2
4 + y] dy
V y y dy = +
[ ( ) ]
1/2
6 4 4
0
4
= + [ ( ) . ]
3/2
0
4
4 4 4 0 5
2
y y y
= (0 16 + 8 + 32 + 0 0) = 24
= 75.3982
15. y = 4 x
2
is rotated about the line y = 5. Only
the back half of the solid is shown.
(x, y)
4
y = 5
x
y
2
dV = [(y + 5)
2
5
2
] dx
= [(9 x
2
)
2
5
2
] dx = (56 18x
2
+ x
4
) dx
V x x dx
x x x
= +
= +
= + +
= =
( )
( . )
( . )
. .
0
2
56 18
56 6 0 2
112 48 6 4 0 0 0
70 4 221 168
2 4
0
2
3 5
16. Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are
squares with side length (y
2
y
1
). The curves
intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
x
1
y
1
dV = (y
2
y
1
)
2
dx = (x
1/5
x
2
)
2
dx

V x x dx
x x x dx
=
= +
( )
( )
/
/ /
1 5 2
0
1
2
2 5 11 5 4
0
1
2

= +
= =
5
7
5
8
1
5
81
280
0 2892
7 5 16 5 5
0
1
x x x
/ /
. K
17. Cross sections perpendicular to y-axis are squares
of edge 2x, where (x, y) is a sample point on the
line in the xy-plane.
y = (15/4)x + 15
4
15
(x, y)
x
y
Equation of line is
y x x y = + =
15
4
15 4
4
15
.
dV x dy y dy
y dy
= =
( )
2
2
2
2 4 4
4
15
64 1
1
15
64 1
1
15
320 1
1
15
0
15
0
15
y dy y
2 3
= 320
3
cm
The circumscribed rectangular box has volume
l w h = 8 8 15 = 960 = 3V, so the pyramid
is 1/3 the volume of the circumscribed rectangular
solid, Q.E.D.
The volume of a pyramid is one-third the volume
of the circumscribed rectangular box, just as the
volume of a cone is one-third the volume of the
circumscribed cylinder.
18. Center line: y = 0.2x
2
Upper bound: y = 0.16x
2
+ 1
Radius of circular cross section is 1 0.04x
2
.
The tip of the horn is where 0.2x
2
= 0.16x
2
+ 1
with x 0, which is at x = 5.
dV = (1 0.04x
2
)
2
dx
= (1 0.08x
2
+ 0.0016x
4
) dx
V x x dx
x x x
= +
= +
= + +
= =
( . . )
. cm
0
5
3
1 0 08 0 0016
0 08
3
0 0016
5
5
10
3
1 0 0 0
8
3
8 3775 8 4
2 4
0
5
3 5
. .
.
19. a. y x
0.6
Pick sample point (x, y) on the curve within
the slice. One leg of the isosceles triangle is
y, so the other leg is also equal to y.
dV y dx x dx
1
2
1
2
2 1 2 .
b. V x dx x
1
2
1
4 4
1
4 4
4 0
1 2 2 2
0
4
0
4
2 2 . .
. .
.
4.7982
100
gives
using integration.
c. If the cross sections were squares, they would
have twice the area of the triangles, so dV
would be twice as much and V
1
2 2
4
2 2
.
.
9.5964 .
20. y e
x
, y 3, and x 0. Cross sections
perpendicular to the x-axis are rectangles with
height equal to 4 times the base. Each base has
length (3 y).
x
y
1
2
dV y y dx
e e dx e dx
x x x

( )[ ( )]
( )[ ( )] ( )
3 4 3
3 4 3 4 3
2
V e dx e e dx
x e e
x x x
x x
+
+
j
(
\
,
+ +
j
(
\
,

4 3 4 9 6
4 9 6
1
2
4 9 3 6 3
1
2
9 0 6
1
2
7 5500
2
0
3
2
0
3
2
0
3
( ) ( )
ln
ln ln
ln
.
21. y x
2
and y 2 x
2
, intersecting at x 1.
Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are
equilateral triangles. Each base has length (y
2
y
1
).
x
y
1
1
Using properties of special right triangles, you
can find that an equilateral triangle with
base b has height
3
2
b.
b
b
b 3
1
2
60
1
2
dV bh dx y y y y dx
y y dx x x dx
x dx

1
2
1
2
( )
3
2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
3
4
3
4
2
3
4
2 2
V x dx
x x dx
x x x

+
+
j
(
\
,
+ +
j
(
\
,

3
4
2 2
3
4
4 8 4
3
4
4
8
3
4
5
3
4
4
8
3
4
5
0 0 0
8 3
15
0
1
2 2
2 4
0
1
3 5
0
1
( )
( )
0.9237...
22. y ln x and y 1. Cross sections perpendicular
to the y-axis are rectangles with height equal to
1/2 the base. Each base has length x.
x
y
1
5
dV x x dy x dy
1
2
1
2
2

Solve y ln x for x, to get x e
y
.
dV e dy e dy
y y

1
2
2
1
2
2
( )

V e dy e e
y y

1
2
1
4
1
4
1
4
1 5972
2 2
0
1
2
0
1
. K
23. a. Line has equation y x
1
2
, 0 x 6.
b. The log has radius 6, so the circle is
x
2
+ z
2
36, or z x x 36 36
2 2
( ) .
1/2
c. dV y 2z dx
1
2
x 2(36 x
2
)
1/2
dx
(36 x
2
)
1/2
(x dx)
V x x dx
x x dx
( )
( )
36
1
2
36 2
2 1 2
0
6
2 1 2
0
6
/
/
( )
( )

1
2
2
3
36 72
2 3 2
0
6
( ) x
/ 3
in.
24. The points (0, 0) and (r, h) in xy-coordinates are
on the line running up the top surface, so the
line is y
h
r
x . The circle forming the boundary
for the bottom surface has radius r and center
(0, 0) in xz-coordinates, so the circle is x
2
+ z
2

r
2
, or z r x
2 2
. The slab at x x
0
is
rectangular of height y
hx
r
0
, width
2 2
2
0
2
z r x , and thickness dx, so
dV
hx
r
r x dx
2
2 2
, and
V
h
r
x r x dx
h
r
r x x dx
r
r

2
2
2 2
0
2 2 1 2
0
( ) ( )
/

2
3
2
3
0
2
3
2 2 3 2
0
3 2 3
2
h
r
r x
h
r
r
r h
r
( ) ( )
/ /
25. A cone of radius r and altitude h can be generated
by rotating about the x-axis the line
y
r
h
x from x 0 to h.
(x, y)
r
h
x
y
dV y dx
r
h
x dx
2
2
2
2
V
r
h
x dx
r
h
x r h
h
h

2
2
2
2
2
3
0
0
2
1
3
1
3
, Q.E.D.
26. a. Equation of circle in xy-plane is x
2
+ y
2
100.
dV x
2
dy (100 y
2
) dy
V y dy
( ) 100
2
10
10

j
(
\
,
100
1
3
3
10
10
y y
+
,
,
]
]
]
1000
1
3
1000 1000
1
3
1000 ( ) ( )
4
3
(1000) cm
3
b. Formula: V r
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
10 1000 ( ) cm
3
,
which agrees with the answer by calculus.
27. Sphere can be generated by rotating about the
y-axis the circle x
2
+ y
2
r
2
.
Slicing perpendicular to the y-axis as in Problem
26 gives dV x
2
dy (r
2
y
2
) dy.
V r y dy r y y
r
r
r
r

j
(
\
,
( )
2 2 2 3
1
3

j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
r r r r r
3
,
1
3
1
3
4
3
3 3 3 3
Q.E.D.
28. The graph shows slices perpendicular to x-axis
with sample points (x, y) and (x, z).
a
b
y
x
z
(x, y)
(x, z) c
Equation of ellipsoid is
x
a
y
b
z
c
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

2
.
2 2
1
For a fixed value of x, the x-term will be
constant. Subtracting this term from both sides
of the equation gives an equation of the form
y
b
z
c
k
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

2 2
2
, where k
2
1 (x/a)
2
.
Dividing both sides by k
2
gives
y
kb
z
kc
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

2 2
1. Thus, the y- and z-radii are
kb and kc, which have the original ratio b/c.
Therefore, each elliptical cross section is similar
to the ellipse at the yz-plane, Q.E.D.
dV yz dx
Because z (c/b)y, dV (c/b)y
2
dx.
The ellipse in the xy-plane (z 0) has equation
x
a
y
b
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

2 2
1, from which y
2
(b/a)
2
(a
2
x
2
).
dV (c/b)(b/a)
2
(a
2
x
2
) dx
V c b b a a x dx
a
a

( / )( / ) ( )
2 2 2

j
(
\
,
( / )( / )
2
c b b a a x x
a
a
2 3
1
3
( / )( / )
2
c b b a a abc
4
3
4
3
3
Note that the volume formula for a sphere is a
special case of the volume formula for an
ellipsoid in which a b c r, the radius of the
sphere.
29.
50 + 2L
L
y
L
50
Note that the top of each isosceles trapezoidal
cross section has length 50 + 2L yards, where
y
L
L y y tan cot cot ( ) ( ) . 52 52
52
180
So each slab is dV L y dx + +
1
2
50 2 50 ( ) ;
dV y y dx + 50
52
180
2
cot

, and
V y y
k k
k
+
j
(
\
,

50
52
180
30
1 649 443 6 1 649 443
2
0
19
cot
, , . , , .
K yd
3
Cost 12 1,649,443.6 $19,793,324
Problem Set 5-10
Q1.
1
3
3
x x C + + Q2. 24
Q3. sec
2
x dx x C +
tan Q4. 2 sec

2
x tan x
Q5. Answers may vary. Q6. See graph in Q5.
dt
t
v
(t, v)
Q7. See graph in Q5. Q8. d (disp) v dt
Q9. v dt
a
b
Q10. A
1. cos x dx .
0.3
1.4
0 6899295233K
2. ( ) x x dx
2
1
4
3 5 13 5 +
.
3. 2 10 0988652
x
dx
.
0
3
K
4. tan
0.1
1.4
x dx
1 76714178 . K
5. cos sin sin sin
.
.
.
.
x dx x
0 3
1 4
0 3
1 4
1 4 0 3
. .
0.6899295233
For the ten digits of the answer shown by
calculator, there is no difference between this
solution and the solution to Problem 1.
6. ( ) x x dx x x x
2
1
4
3 2
1
4
3 5
1
3
3
2
5 + +
j
(
\
,
+
,
,
]
]
]
1
3
4
3
2
4 5 4
3 2
( ) ( ) ( )
+
,
,
]
]
]

1
3
1
3
2
1 5 1 13 5
3 2
( ) ( ) ( ) .
There is no difference between this answer and
the solution to Problem 2.
7.
x
y
2

sin
2
0
4 9348
x dx . K
We cannot compute this integral algebraically
because we do not know an antiderivative for
sin
2
x.
8.
x
y
5
2
(ln ) . x dx
2
2
5
14 6673
K
We cannot compute this integral algebraically
(ln x)
2
.
9. a.
20 20
2
2
Si x
x
b. (sin x)/(x) approaches 1 as x approaches zero.
c. Answers will vary depending on the grapher
used. The TI-83 gives Si 0.6 0.58812881
using TRACE or 0.588128809608 using TABLE,
both of which are correct to as many decimal
places as the NBS values.
d. By TABLE, Si x seems to be oscillating between
about 1.53 and 1.61 when x is between 20
and 30. The limit is somewhere between
these two numbers, say about 1.57. The
actual limit is /2, which equals 1.570796 .
e.

20 20
2
2
Si x
x
The f graph is positive when x is between
and (as well as elsewhere), and has its
greatest values there, which agrees with the
large positive slope of the Si x graph in this
region. Each place where the Si x graph has a
high or low point, the f ( x) graph has a zero,
corresponding to the zero slope of the Si x
graph. So f ( x) is the derivative of Si x.
10. a. erf x e dt
t
x
2
2
0
The integrand e
t
2
is an even function
integrated between symmetrical limits. Thus,
rather than using the entire interval [x, x],
one may find the integral on [0, x] and double
the result.
b.
y = erf x
x
1
2
c. By TABLE, values of erf x are
x erf x
1 0.842700792
2 0.995322265
3 0.999977909
4 0.999999984
The values approach 1, meaning that the
fraction of the data between x and x is
virtually 100% when x is beyond 4.
d. Answers will vary depending on the
grapher used. The TI-83 gives erf 0.5
0.52049987781 using TABLE, which is
correct to as many decimal places as the NBS
value.
e.
y = erf x
x
1
2
The slope of y erf x appears to equal about
1 when x 0 and decreases toward zero as x
increases, which agrees with the graph of f.
11. a. (speed) [( / )/ ]( dt + +
2 60 3 33 4 25 2 27
0
12
+ 4 13 + 2 21 + 4 5 + 9)
(1/90)(310) 3.444 3.4 nautical miles
b. T
6
(1/30)(33 0.5 + 25 + 27 + 13 + 21 + 5
+ 9 0.5)
(1/30)(112) 3.7333 3.7 nautical miles
c. The answer by Simpsons rule should be
closer, because the graph is represented by
curved segments instead of straight ones.
12. (Data and CAT scans for this problem were
provided by Dr. James Stewart of San Antonio.)
a. A dD ( . / )( . + +
0 8 3 6 8 4 6 8 2 20 1
0
8
. .
+ 4 25.3 + 2 29.5 + 4 34.6 + 2 38.4
+ 4 33.9 + 2 15.8 + 4 6.1 + 2.3)
(0.8/3)(643.5) 171.6 cm
3
b. The mass will be 171.6 g, which is within
the normal range of 150 to 200 g.
13. a.
0.5
Distance (in.)
Force (lb)
300
b. Let F force, x displacement, W work.
W F dx

0
0 5 .
(0.05/3)(0 + 4 120 + 2 240 + 4 360
+ 2 370 + 4 330 + 2 290 + 4 280
+ 2 270 + 4 270 + 190)
(0.05/3)(7970) 132.8333
132.8 inch-pounds
14. Let C heat capacity (Btu/lb mole)/F,
T temperature (F), H heat (Btu/lb-mole).
Approximate values of C to the nearest 0.02 are
from the given figure.
T C Simpsons factor
500 8.44 1
1000 9.24 4
1500 10.08 2
2000 10.84 4
2500 11.48 2
3000 11.98 4
3500 12.36 2
4000 12.68 4
4500 12.94 1
H C dT +

500
3
8 44 9 24 4
500
4500
[ . ( . )( )
+ (10.08)(2) + (10.84)(4) + (11.48)(2)
+ (11.98)(4) + (12.36)(2)
+ (12.68)(4) + 12.94]

500
3
268 18 44696 6666 ( . ) . K 44, 697 Btu
The answers students get will vary slightly.
15. a. Simpsons rule will give a more accurate
answer because the function y = sin x is
approximated better by quadratic functions
than by straight lines.
b. S
4
= (1/3)( /4)[sin 0 + 4 sin ( /4) +
2 sin (/2) + 4 sin (3 /4) + sin ] = 2.0045
T
4
= (1/2)( /4)[sin 0 + 2 sin (/4) +
2 sin ( /2) + 2 sin (3 /4) + sin ] = 1.8961
sin cos
0
x dx x
= = =
0
0 2 cos cos
Simpsons rule does give a better
approximation of the integral because S
4
is
closer to 2 than is T
4
.
16. Programs will vary depending on the type of
grapher used. See the program in the Programs
for Graphing Calculators section of the
Instructors Resource Book.
17. Using a Simpsons rule program, the mass of the
spleen is 171.6 cm
3
.
18. Enter Y1
2
2
=
e
x
. A Simpsons rule program
gives S
50
= 0.5204998781 and S
100
=
0.5204998778 . There is little difference
between the two estimations, and both are close
to the tabulated value.
19. a.
1
2
y
t
x
As x varies, the area beneath the curve y = 1/t
from t = 1 to t = x varies also.
b. Using the power formula on t dt
1
gives
t
0
0
.
Division by zero is undefined, so this
approach does not work.
c. Graph Y1 = fnint(x
1
, x, 1, x). (Entries may
be different for different calculators.) The
graph looks like y = ln x. The value of f (x)
is negative for x < 1 because for these values
the lower limit of integration is larger than the
upper limit, resulting in negative values for dx.
5
1
y
x
d. f (2) = 0.6931
f ( 3) = 1.0986
f ( 6) = 1.7917
f ( 2) + f ( 3) = f ( 2 3). This is a property of
logarithmic functions.
Problem Set 5-11
Review Problems
R1. a. The width of each region is 4. So
T
3
= (4/2)[v(4) + 2v(8) + 2v(12) + v(16)] =
2[22 + 2(26.9705) + 2(30.7846) + 34] =
343.0206 . T
3
underestimates the integral
because v(t) is concave down, so trapezoids
are inscribed under the curve.
b. R
3
= 4[v(6) + v(10) + v(14)] = 4(24.6969 +
28.9736 + 32.4499) = 344.4821
This Riemann sum is close to the trapezoidal-
rule sum.
c. T
50
= 343.9964 , and T
100
= 343.9991
Conjecture: The exact value of the integral
is 344.
d . g ( t) = 10t + 4t
1.5
g(16) g(4) = 344
This is the value the trapezoidal-rule sums are
approaching.
R2. a. The slope of the linear function is the same
as the slope of the curve at x = 1. So the
slope is
f ( x) = sin x f (x) = cos x
f( 1) = cos =
At x = 1, y = sin = 0
y 0 = (x 1) l(x) = x +
1
1
y
x
f (x)
l (x)
0.8 1 1.2
x
f (x)
l (x)
0.2
As you zoom in, you see that f ( x) is very
close to the line l(x) for values near x = 1.
For x = 1.1, the error is sin [ ( 1.1)]
[ ( 1.1) + ] = 0.0051
For x = 1.001, the error is sin [ ( 1.001)]
[(1.001) + ] = 5.1677 10
9
.
b. i. y = csc
5
2x dy = 10 csc
5
2x cot 2x dx
ii. y = x
5
/5 x
3
/3 dy = (x
4
+ x
4
) dx
iii. y = (7 3x)
4
dy = 12(7 3x)
3
dx
iv. y = 5e
0. 3x
dy = 1.5e
0. 3x
dx
v. y x dy
x
x dx = = ln
( )
( ) ( )
4
2
1
2
4 2 2
4
3
= 4/x dx; or y = ln ( 2x)
4
= 4 ln ( 2x)
dy = 4
1
2
2
x
dx = 4/x dx
c. i. dy = sec x tan x dx y = sec x + C
ii. dy x dx y x C = + = + + ( )
5
3 7
1
18
3 7
6
( )
iii. dy = 5 dx y = 5x + C
iv. dy = 0.2e
0.2 x
y = e
0.2 x
+ C
v. dy dx y C
x
x
= = + 6
6
6 ln
d. i. y = (2x + 5)
1/2
dy = (2x + 5)
1/2
dx
ii. x = 10 and dx = 0.3
dy = 25
1/2
0.3 = 0.06
iii. y = (2 10.3 + 5)
1/2
(2 10 + 5)
1/2
= 0.059644
iv. 0.06 is close to 0.059644 .
R3. a. See the text for the definition of indefinite
integral.
b. i. 12 7 2
2 3 5 3
x dx x C
/ /
= +
.
ii. sin cos sin
6 7
1
7
x x dx x C = +
iii. ( ) x x dx x x x C
2 3 2
8 3
1
3
4 3 + = + +
iv. 12 4
3 3
e dx e C
x x
= +
v. 7
7
7
x
x
dx C
= +
ln
R4. a. See the text for the definition of integrability.
b. See the text for the definition of definite
integral.
c. sec
.
.
x dx
0 2
1 4
i. U
6
= 2.845333
ii. L
6
= 1.872703
iii. M
6
= 2.209073
iv. T
6
= 2.359018
d. U
6
L
6
0.2 1.4
x
5
y
0.2 1.4
x
5
y
M
6
T
6
0.2 1.4
x
5
y
0.2 1.4
x
5
y
e.
y
x
f (x)
R5. a. The hypothesis is the if part of a theorem,
and the conclusion is the then part. (Hypo-
means under, and -thesis means theme.)
b. d t t ( ) = + 20 3
4
sin
Average velocity 1.5 m/s = =

d d ( ) ( )
2 0
2 0
Instantaneous velocity = d (t) = 0.75 cos
4
t
d c c = = ( ) . . 0 75
4
1 5
cos
4
c = cos
1
(2/) = 0.880689
c = 1.12132 1.12 s
c. g(x) = x
4/3
4x
1/3
= x
1/3
(x 4)
g(x) = 0 x = 0 or x = 4. Interval is [0, 4].
g(x) = (4/3)x
1/3
(4/3)x
2/3
= (4/3)x
2/3
(x 1)
g(c) = 0 c = 1
At x = 0, g(0) takes the form 1/0, which is
infinite.
Thus, g is not differentiable at x = 0.
However, the function need not be
differentiable at the endpoints of the interval,
just continuous at the endpoints and
differentiable at interior points.
d. For a function to be continuous on a closed
interval, the limit needs to equal the function
value only as x approaches an endpoint from
within the interval. This is true for function f
at both endpoints, but not true for function g
at x 2. The graphs show that the conclusion
of the mean value theorem is true for f but
not for g.
2 7
4
f (x)
x
Tangent parallels secant
c
Secant
2 7
4
g(x)
x
Secant
No tangent
parallels
secant
(Middle branch has the equation y 1.4
( x2 )
.
Point c 4.4825 .)
e. g is the linear function containing the points
(a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)). h is the function h (x)
f ( x) g(x). Thus, h(a) h ( b) 0, satisfying
one hypothesis of Rolles theorem. The other
two hypotheses are satisfied because f and g
are differentiable and continuous at the
appropriate places, and a difference of
differentiable and continuous functions also
has these properties. The c in (a, b) for which
h(c) 0 turns out to be the c in (a, b) for
which f (c) equals the slope of the secant line,
g(c), which equals [f (b) f (a)]/(b a).
f.
x
f(x)
8
1
Points are
1
8
1
4
3
8
1
2
5
8
3
4
7
8
, , , , , , and .
g. If r(x) s(x) for all x in an interval, then
r(x) s(x) + C for some constant C.
R6. a. g x x dx x C ( ) . +
1 5 2 5
0 4
. .
Without loss of generality, let C 0.

g c
g g
( ) .
1
2 1
2 1
1 862741
( ) ( )
K
c
1
1 5
1 862741
.
.
c
1
(1.862741)
1/1.5
1.513915927
Similarly, c
2
2.50833898 .
c
3
3.505954424
For x dx
1 5
1
.
4
,
R
3
(1.513)
1.5
+ (2.508)
1.5
+ (3.505)
1.5
12.4, which is the exact value of the
integral.
b. ( ) 10 10 1 3
2 3
1
3
1
3
x dx x x
( / )
30 9 (10) + (1/3) 92/3 30.6666
c. T
100
30.6656, which is close to 92/3.
d. M
10
30.72
M
100
30.6672
M
1000
30.666672
These Riemann sums are approaching 92/3.
R7. a. i. x dx x

+
2 1
1
5
1
5
1 1
5 1 4 5 /
ii. ( ) x x dx
2 5
3
4
3 +
( )
+
( / ) ( ) 1 2 3 2
2 5
3
4
( ) x x dx
+ ( / )( ) 112 3
2 6
3
4
x
(1/12)(19)
6
(1/12)(12)
6
3,671,658.08
iii. (sin ) cos x dx x x 5 5
0
0

cos 5 + cos 0 + 0 2 5
iv. 4 2 2 2 48
2 2
0
5
0
5
2 5 0
e dx e e e
x x

ln
ln
ln
v. 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
78
3 1
4
1
4
4 1
x
x
dx

ln ln ln ln
70.9986
b.
x
y
5
Integral is negative, because each y-value in
the Riemann sum is negative.
c. ( sin ) 4 6 8 4 2 4
7 3
10
10
x x x dx dx + +

0
10
8 80 x
0
10
d. Total area sum of two areas
x
f(x)
a c b
R8. a.
dt
t
v
(t, v)
dy v dt 150t
0.5
dt
y t dt t
150 100 2700

0 5 1 5
0
9
0
9
. .
ft
For [ , ], .
.
0 4 150 800
0 5
0
4
y t dt
For [ , ],
.
4 9 150 2700 800
0 5
4
9
y t dt
1900.
So v t dt ( ) +
2700 800 1900

0
9
+

v t dt v t dt ( ) ( ) .
4
9
0
4
b. dA x dy
y ln x x e
y
dA e
y
dy
e dy e e e
y y
0
4
0
4
4 0
4 1 3
ln
ln
ln

R9. a. y e
0.2 x
, from x 0 to x 4, is rotated about
the x-axis.
0 4
1
(x, y)
x
y
dV y
2
dx e
0.4 x
dx
V e dx e
x x

0 4 0 4
0
4
0
4
2 5
. .
.
2.5 (e
1.6
1) 31.0470
b. y x
1
0 25 .
and y x
2
, intersecting at (0, 0) and
(1, 1) in Quadrant I, is rotated about the
y-axis. Only the back half of the solid is
shown.
1
1
x
y
(x
2
, y)
(x
1
, y)
y x x y
1
0 25
1
4 .
y x
2
x
2
y
dV x x dy y y dy ( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 2 8
V y y dy y y
j
(
\
,

( )
.
2 8 3 9
0
1
0
1
1
3
1
9
2
9
0 6981K
c. y x
1
+ 2 x
1
y 2
y 3x
2
6 x
2

1
3
y + 2
Graphs intersect at y 6. Diameter of circular
cross section is (x
2
x
1
).
dV [0.5(x
2
x
1
)]
2
dy
+
j
(
\
,

,
,
]
]
]

j
(
\
,

4
1
3
2 2
4
4
2
3
2 2
y y dy y dy ( )
V dV
0
6
25.1327 (exactly 8)
The right circular cone of altitude 6 and
radius 2 also has volume
1
3
2 6 8
2
.
R10. a.

log x dx
6 0913
1
10
. K
The integral is reasonable because counting
squares gives approximately 6.
1 10
1
t
v(t)
b. dW v y dx (1000 + 50x)(4 0.2x
2
) dx
( )( . ) , . 1000 50 4 0 2 10 897 5
2
0
3
+
x x dx
c. v t dt ( )
3
5
1/3(0.2)[29 + 4(41) + 2(50) + 4(51)

+ 2(44) + 4(33) + 2(28) + 4(20)
+ 2(11) + 4(25) + 39] 67.6
Values of velocity are more likely to be
connected by smooth curves than by straight
lines, so the quadratic curves given by
Simpsons rule will be a better fit than the
straight lines given by the trapezoidal rule.
Concept Problems
C1. a.
5
b
f(b)
/2
5
5
5
b.
3
1
b
f (b)
The two lines are horizontal asymptotes. y
4
is
the inverse of y
1
.
c. The graph of f in part a is a reflection of
the graph of y = tan x in part b across the line
y = x. Function f seems to be the inverse
tangent function, f (b) = tan
1
b. (In Chapter 9,
students will learn that this is actually true.)
C2. f (x) = ax
2
+ bx + c
y
x
d k e
f (d ) = ad
2
+ bd + c
f (e) = ae
2
+ be + c
=
+ + + +
m
ae be c ad bd c
e d
2 2
( )
=
+
= + +
a e d b e d
e d
a e d b
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
f (x) = 2ax + b f (k) = 2ak + b
2ak + b = a(e + d) + b
2ak = a(e + d)
k = (1/2)(e + d)
k is at the midpoint of [d, e], Q.E.D.
C3.

S n n ( ) = + + + + + 0 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
L
a. S(0) = 0, S(1) = 1, S(2) = 5, S(3) = 14
S(n) = an
3
+ bn
2
+ cn + d
0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + d
1 = a + b + c + d
5 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d
14 = 27a + 9b + 3c + d
Solving this system gives a = 1/3, b = 1/2,
c = 1/6, d = 0.
S(n) = (1/3)n
3
+ (1/2)n
2
+ (1/6)n
= (n/6)(n + 1)(2n + 1)
b. By equation,
S(4) = (4/6)(5)(9) = 30
S(5) = (5/6)(6)(11) = 55
By addition,
S(4) = 0 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30, which checks.
S(5) = 0 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 = 55, which
checks.
S(1000) = (1000/6)(1001)(2001) =
333,833,500
c. Prove that S(n) = (n/6)(n + 1)(2n + 1) for any
positive integer n.
Proof (by induction on n):
Anchor:
For n = 1, S(n) = (1/6)(2)(3) = 1, the correct
answer, which anchors the induction.
Induction hypothesis:
Assume that for some integer n = k > 1,
S(k) = (k/6)(k + 1)(2k + 1).

S k k k ( ) ( )
2
+ = + + + + + 1 0 1 1
2 2 2
L

= + + + + + ( ) ( )
2
0 1 1
2 2 2
L k k
= (k/6)(k + 1)(2k + 1) + (k + 1)
2
= [(k + 1)/6][k(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)]
= [(k + 1)/6][2k
2
+ 7k + 6]
= [(k + 1)/6][(k + 2)(2k + 3)]
= [(k + 1)/6][(k + 1) + 1]
[2(k + 1) + 1],
which is the formula with (k + 1) in place of
k, thus completing the induction.
S(n) = (n/6)(n + 1)(2n + 1) for any positive
integer n, Q.E.D.
d.

S n n ( ) = + + + + + 0 1 2 3
3 3 3 3 3
L
S(0) = 0
S(1) = 0 + 1 = 1
S(2) = 0 + 1 + 8 = 9
S(3) = 0 + 1 + 8 + 27 = 36
S(4) = 0 + 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 = 100
(The answers are perfect squares!)
Assume that S(n) = an
4
+ bn
3
+ cn
2
+ dn + e.
0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + e
1 = a + b + c + d + e
9 = 16a + 8b + 4c + 2d + e
36 = 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d + e
100 = 256a + 64b + 16c + 4d + e
Solving this system gives
a = 1/4, b = 1/2, c = 1/4, d = 0, e = 0.
S(n) = (1/4)n
4
+ (1/2)n
3
+ (1/4)n
2
= (1/4)n
2
(n
2
+ 2n + 1)
= [(n/2)(n + 1)]
2
,
which agrees with the observation that S(n) is
a perfect square.
By equation,
S(5) = [(5/2)(6)]
2
= 225
S(6) = [(6/2)(7)]
2
= 441
By addition,
S(5) = 0
3
+ 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ 4
3
+ 5
3
= 225,
which checks.
S(6) = 0
3
+ 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ 4
3
+ 5
3
+ 6
3
=
441, which checks.
C4. a. 4 10
0
sin sin x x dx
= +
[ cos cos ( )] 2 11 2 9
0
x x dx
=
2
11
11
2
9
9
0
sin sin x x ( )
= 0 0 + 0 + 0 = 0, Q.E.D.
There is just as much area below the x-axis as
there is above it, so the integral is 0.
b. 4
0
sin sin x nx dx
= + +
{ cos [( ) ] cos [( ) ]} 2 1 2 1
0
n x n x dx
=
+
+ +
sin ]
sin
2
1
1
2
1
1
0 n
n x
n
n x [( ) [( ) ]
=
+
+ +
sin
sin
2
1
1
2
1
1
n
n
n
n ( ) ( )
sin
sin
2
1
0
2
1
0
n n
If n is an integer, the first two terms will
involve sines of integer multiples of , and
are thus equal to 0. The last two terms are 0
unless n = 1. Thus, the integral equals 0 for
any integer n > 1, Q.E.D.
C5. a. Algebraic solution:
Pick sample points c
k
at the right end of each
subinterval. Because f (x) is increasing on the
interval [1, 9], the high points of f (x) are
located at the right ends of the subintervals
and the low points are at the left ends.
=
=
U f c x
n k k
k
n
( )
1
and L f c x
n k k
k
n
=

=
( )
1
1
Note that c
0
= 1 and c
n
= 9. Subtracting gives
U L f c f c x
n n k k k
k
n
=

=
[ ( ) ( )]
1
1

= + + [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] f c f c x f c f c x
1 0 1 2 1 2
L
+ [ f ( c
n
) f ( c
n1
)]x
n
[ f ( c
1
) f ( c
0
)] ||P|| + [ f ( c
2
) f ( c
1
)] ||P||

+ +

L [ ( ) ( )] || || f c f c P
n n 1

= + + + [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f c f c f c f c f c
n 1 0 2 1
L ( )
f ( c
n1
)] ||P||
= [ f ( c
n
) f ( c
0
)] ||P|| = ||P||(1.2
9
1.2
1
)
U
n
L
n
||P||(1.2
9
1.2
1
), Q.E.D.
Graphical solution:
The difference U
n
L
n
is equal to the area of
the spaces between the lower and upper
rectangles in Figure 5-11g. Imagine these
spaces moved over to the left so that they
align at x = 1 (graph). The spaces can be
circumscribed with a rectangle of base ||P||
and altitude (1.2
9
1.2
1
). Thus, U
n
L
n

||P|| (1.2
9
1.2
1
), Q.E.D.
1
9
x
f(x)
Norm = largest x
Slide them over.
Norm
1.2
1
1.2
9
b. From part a, 0 U
n
L
n
||P|| (1.2
9
1.2
1
).
As ||P|| approaches zero, the rightmost
member of the inequality goes to zero. By the
squeeze theorem, lim ( ) ,
P
n n
U L
=
0
0 which
implies lim lim .
P
n
P
n
U L

=
0 0
So f is integrable
on [1, 9] by the definition of integrability,
Q.E.D.
c. Prove that g(x) = 1/x is integrable on [1, 4].
Proof:
Partition the interval [1, 4] into n
subintervals whose widths are not necessarily
equal. Let ||P|| be the norm of the partition.
Pick sample points c
k
at the left end of each
subinterval. Because g (x) is decreasing on
[1, 4], the high points are located at the left
ends of the subintervals and the low points
are at the right ends (graph).
1 4
x
y
1
By algebraic or graphical reasoning as in
part a, U
n
L
n
||P||(1 1/4). As ||P||
approaches zero, U
n
L
n
is squeezed to zero.
Thus, U
n
and L
n
approach the same limit,
which implies that g is integrable on [1, 4],
Q.E.D.
d. This reasoning cannot be applied directly to
h (x) = sin x on the interval [0, 3] because
h (x) is both increasing and decreasing on
different parts of the interval. Thus, the high
points are not always at the same end of the
subinterval and the high point at /2 may not
be at either end of a subinterval (graph).
x
y = sin x
0 3
1
/2
The reasoning could be applied indirectly by
first splitting the interval [0, 3] into [0, /2]
and [ /2, 3] so that h(x) is increasing on one
and decreasing on the other.
Chapter Test
T1. Indefinite integral:
g x f x dx ( ) ( ) =
if and only if g(x) = f (x).

T2. Definite integral:
Let L
n
and U
n
be lower and upper sums of f (x)
on the interval [a, b]. Then
f x dx L U
n
n
a
b
n
n
( ) lim lim , = =

provided the two limits are equal.

T3. Fundamental theorem:
If f is an integrable function, and
g x f x dx ( ) ( ) , =
then
f x dx g b g a
a
b
( ) ( ) ( ). =
T4. The function f is continuous on the interval

[3, 8] and differentiable on (3, 8). It does not
matter that it is not differentiable at the
endpoints.
T5.
3
x
f (x)
8 c
T6. Hypotheses: f (a) = f (b) = 0
Differentiable on (a, b).
Continuous at x = a and x = b.
Conclusion: There is a c in (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0.
a
c
b
x
f(x)
T7.
3
x
f (x)
8
T8. y = e
sin x
dy = cos x e
sin x
dx
T9. 0 1
0 1
0 1
.
.
ln .
x
x
dx C = +
T10. ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 13
1
72
4 13
3 5 2 3 6
x x dx x C + = + +
T11. x dx
x
2
3
1
4
1
4
3 3
3
4
3
1
3
21 = = =
T12. ( ) 12 10 3
10
3
3 2 4
2
2
3
2
2
x x dx x x + = +
= = 48
80
3
48
80
3
53
1
3
T13. [( ) ( ) ] x x dy
c
d
1
2
2
2

T14. The slope of the linear function is the same as
the slope of the curve at x = 1. So the slope is
found by y = x
3
y = 3x
2
y(1) = 3.
At x = 1, y = 1.
y 1 = 3(x 1) y = 3x 2
1
1
x
y
(1, 1)
1
1
1.2
1.2
As you zoom in on (1, 1), you see that the graph
of y = x
3
is locally linear.
T15. a. 12 48
0 25 0 25
0
3
0
3
e dx e
x x . .
=
= = 48 48 53 6160
0 75 0
e e
.
. K
b. M
50
= 53.6154
T
50
= 53.6170
S
50
= 53.61600081
The midpoint Riemann sum error is
0.000502646712 .
The trapezoidal-rule error is 0.0010052962 .
The midpoint Riemann sum error is half of
the trapezoidal-rule error, because
2(0.000502646712) = 0.0010052962 .
The Simpsons rule error is
0.000000015077 , which is much smaller
than the error for the other two methods.
T16. a.
y = cos x
x
(x, y)
y
1
b. dV y dx dV x dx = =
1
2
1
2
2 2
cos
V x dx =
1
2
2
0
2
cos
/
c. This integral cannot be evaluated algebraically
cos
2
x.

V x dx = =
1
2
0 3926
2
0
2
cos .
/
K
T17. a. g x x dx x C x ( ) . . . = = + =
0 3 0 1 0 1
2 3 3
b.
1 2.64...
4
x
f (x)
5
1 2.64...
4
x
g(x)
5
c. m
g g
= = =
( ) ( )
. . 4 1
4 1
6 4 0 1
3
2 1 .
g(x) = f ( x) = 0.3x
2
0.3c
2
= 2.1 c = 7 = 2.6457513
In the right graph in part b, the tangent line at
x = 2.64 is parallel to the secant line from
x = 1 to x = 4.
d. f ( 2.645) = 0.3(2.645)
2
= 2.1 (exactly)
The point is (2.645 , 2.1).
Area of region under graph equals area of
rectangle, as shown in the graph on the left in
part b.
Chapter 6The Calculus of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions
Problem Set 6-1
1. The integral would be
1
0
0
P , which involves
division by zero.
N Integral
1000 0
1500 0.4054
2000 0.6931
2500 0.9162
500 0.6931
100 2.3205
1000 2000
1
2
1
2
Integral
N
The graph resembles a logarithmic function.
2. 0 05 0 05 0 5 0 0 5
0
10
0
10
.
= = = dt t . . . , Q.E.D.
0.5 is between 0.4054 and 0.6931 , the
values of the left integral for N = 1500 and
N = 2000.
By solver,
1
1000 P
N
dP = 0.5 when
N = 1648.7212 , or about 1649 people.
3. At 20 years, the integral on the right equals 1. At
0 years, the integral equals 0. Solving for N at
these times gives N = 2718.2818 for 20 years,
and N = 1000 (as expected!) for 0 years.
5 10 15 20
1000
2000
3000
Population
Time (yr)
The graph resembles an exponential function.
4. ln 1648.7212 ln 1000 = 0.5, exactly. This
is the value of the integral on the left!
Problem Set 6-2
Q1.
1
0 7
0 7
.
x C
.
+ Q2. 9
Q3. f ( x) = 2 cos x sin x Q4. continuous
Q5. differentiable Q6. y
x
=
1
1
2
Q7. y = csc x cot x Q8. Riemann sum

Q9. indefinite integral, or antiderivative
Q10. log 12
1. y = ln 7x y = 1/(7x) 7 = 1/x
2. y = ln 4x y = 1/(4x) 4 = 1/x
3. f (x) = ln x
5
f (x) = 1/(x
5
) 5x
4
= 5/x
4. f (x) = ln x
3
f (x) = 1/(x
3
) 3x
2
= 3/x
5. h (x) = 6 ln x
2
h (x) = 6/(x
2
) (2x
3
) = 12/x
6. g (x) = 13 ln x
5

g (x) = 13/(x
5
) (5x
6
) = 65/x
7. r (t) = ln 3t + ln 4t + ln 5t
r (t) = 1/(3t) 3 + 1/(4t) 4 + 1/(5t) 5 = 3/t
8. v (z) = ln 6z + ln 7z + ln 8z
v (z) = 1/(6z) 6 + 1/(7z) 7 + 1/(8z) 8 = 3/z
9. y = (ln 6x)(ln 4x)
y = 1/(6x) 6 (ln 4x) + (ln 6x)[1/(4x) 4]
= (1/x)(ln 4x + ln 6x) or
ln 24
2
x
x
10. z = (ln 2x)(ln 9x)
z = 1/(2x) 2 (ln 9x) + (ln 2x)[1/(9x) 9]
= (1/x)(ln 9x + ln 2x) or
ln 18
2
x
x
11. y
x
x
=
ln
ln
11
3

y
x x x x
x
=
1 11 11 3 11 1 3 3
3
2
/( ) (ln ) (ln ) /( )
(ln )
=
ln ln
(ln )
3 11
3
2
x x
x x
or
ln( / )
(ln )
311
3
2
x x
12. y
x
x
=
ln
ln
9
6
y
x x x x
x
=
1 9 9 6 9 1 6 6
6
2
/( ) (ln ) (ln ) /( )
(ln )
=
ln ln
(ln )
6 9
6
2
x x
x x
or
ln( / )
(ln )
2 3
6
2
x x
13. p = (sin x)(ln x)
p = (cos x)(ln x) + (sin x)(1/x)
14. m = (cos x)(ln x)
m = (sin x)(ln x) + (cos x)(1/x)
15. y = cos (ln x) y = sin (ln x) (1/x)
16. y = sin (ln x) y = cos (ln x) (1/x)
17. y = ln (cos x), where cos x > 0
y = (1/cos x) (sin x) = tan x (Surprise!)
18. y = ln (sin x), where sin x > 0
y = (1/sin x) (cos x) = cot x (Surprise!)
19. T (x) = tan (ln x) T (x) = sec
2
(ln x) (1/x)
20. S (x) = sec (ln x)
S (x) = sec (ln x) tan (ln x) (1/x)
21. y = (3x + 5)
1

y = (3x + 5)
2
3 = 3(3x + 5)
2
22. y = (x
3
2)
1
y = (x
3
2)
2
3x
2
= 3x
2
(x
3
2)
23. y = x
4
ln 3x
y = 4x
3
ln 3x + x
4
1/(3x) 3
= 4x
3
ln 3x + x
3
24. y = x
7
ln 5x
y = 7x
6
ln 5x + x
7
1/(5x) 5
= 7x
6
ln 5x + x
6
25. y = ln (1/x) y = 1/(1/x) (x
2
) = 1/x
26. y = ln (1/x
4
) y = 1/(1/x)
4
(4x
5
) = 4/x
27. 7 7 / | | x dx x C = +
ln
28. 5 5 / x dx x C = +
ln | |
29. 1 3
1
3
/( ) x dx x C = +
ln | |
30. 1 8
1
8
/( ) | | x dx x C = +
ln
31.
x
x
dx
x
x dx
2
3 3
2
5
1
3
1
5
3
+
=
+

( )
= + +
1
3
5
3
ln | | x C
32.
x
x
dx
x
x dx
5
6 6
5
4
1
6
1
4
6

( ) =

= +
1
6
4
6
ln | | x C
33.
x
x
dx
x
x dx
5
6 6
5
9
1
6
1
9
6

( ) =

= +
1
6
9
6
ln | | x C
34.
x
x
dx
x
x dx
3
4 4
3
10
1
4
1
10
4

( ) =

= +
1
4
10
4
ln | | x C
35.
sec tan
sec
ln sec
x x dx
x
x C
1
1
+
= + +
| |
36.
sec
tan
ln | tan |
2
1
1
x dx
x
x C
+
= + +

37.
cos
sin
ln | sin |
x dx
x
x C = +
38.
sin
cos
sin
cos
ln | cos |
x dx
x
x dx
x
x C = = +

39. ( / ) ln ln ln
.
.
1 4 0 5
0 5
4
0 5
4
w dw w = =
| | .
= ln 8 = 2.079441
40. ( / ) ln ln ln
.
.
1 10 0 1
0 1
10
0 1
10
v dv v = =
| | .
= ln 100 = 4.605170
41. ( / ) ln ln ln
.
.
1 3 0 1
0 1
3
0 1
3
x dx x | | | | | . | = =
= ln 3 ln 0.1 = ln 30 = 3.401197
42. ( / ) ln ln ln
.
.
1 4 0 2
0 2
4
0 2
4
x dx x = =
| | | | | . |
= ln 4 ln 0.2 = ln 20 = 2.995732
43.
x dx
x x
x dx
1 2
3 2
4
9
3 2
4
9
1 2
1
2
3
1
1
3
2
/
/ /
+
=
+

/

= + = =
2
3
1
2
3
28 9 0 756653
3 2
4
9
ln| | (ln ln )
/
x . K
44.
x dx
x x
x dx
+
=
+

1 3
2 3
1
8
2 3
1
8
1 3
2
3
2
1
2
2
3
/
/ /
/
= + = =
3
2
2
3
2
6 3 1 5 2
2 3
1
8
ln | | (ln ln ) ln
/
x .
= 1.039720
45. ( )
5
ln (ln ) x
dx
x
x C = +
1
6
6
46.
ln
ln (ln )
x
x
dx x
dx
x
x C = = +

( )
1 2
1
2
47. f x t dt f x x
x
( ) ( ) = =
cos cos 3 3
2
48. f x t t dt
x
( ) = +
( )
2
5
10 17
= + f x x x ( )
2
10 17
49.
d
dx
t dt x
x
tan tan
3
2
3
=
50.
d
dx
dt
t
x
x
2
1
= 2
51. f x dt f x x
t x
x
( ) ( ) = =
3 2 3
2
2
1
52. g x t dt
x
( ) =
0
cos
g x x x = ( ) ( ) cos sin
53. h x t dt
x
( ) = +
1
2
0
3 5
h x x = + ( ) 3 1 3 5
2
( )
54. p x t dt p x x x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) = + = +
( )
4 7 12 7 2
1
1 1 3
3
55. ( / ) ln ln ln 5 5 5 3 5 1
1
3
1
3
x dx x = =
| | = 5 ln 3
= 5.493061
Midpoint Riemann sum: M
100
= 5.492987
Trapezoidal rule: T
100
= 5.493209
Numerical integration: 5.493061
57. a. By finding areas, g (0) 2.7, g (1) = 0,
g(2) = 1, g(3) 0.3, g(4) 0.3, g(5) 0.7,
g (6) 3.3, g (7) = 6, and g (8) = 7.
1 2 3 5 6 7 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
g
x
y
b. h x f t dt h x f x
x
( ) ( ) = =
( ) ( )
1
1
2
2
1 2x
h(2) = f (3) 4 = 1 4 = 4
58. a. By finding areas, g (0) = 6, g (1) = 2.5,
g (2) = 0, g (3) = 1.5, g (4) = 2, g (5) = 1.5,
g (6) = 0.75, g (7) = 0.5, g (8) = 0.75,
g (9) = 1.5, and g (10) = 2.75.
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
g
x
y
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = =
2 2
2
2
h(4) = f (8) 2 = (0.5)(2) = 1
59. ( / ) ln ln ln 1 1000
1000
1000
P dP P N
N N
= =
| |
0 05 0 05 0 5
0
10
0
10
. . dt t = =
.
ln N ln 1000 = 0.5
ln
N
1000
0 5 = .
N
e
1000
0 5
=
.
N = 1000e
0.5
1648.721
1649 people
60. a. F + 30 = k/h
0 + 30 = k/20 k = 600
F + 30 = 600/h F = 600/h 30
b.
h
F
30
10 20
dh
(h, F)
c. Work equals force times displacement.
Because the force varies, a definite integral
must be used.
d. The work done compressing the air a small
amount, dh, is approximately equal to the
force at the sample point (h, F ) times dh
(see part b).
dW = F dh = (600/h 30) dh
=
W h dh ( / ) 600 30
20
10
= 600 30 ln | |
20
10
h h
= 600 ln 10 300 600 ln 20 + 600
= 115.8883 116 inch-pounds
This number is negative because each value of
dh is negative and F is positive, making their
product negative.
e. Distance is measured in inches, force is
measured in pounds, and we are finding their
product.
61. a. d (f ) = a + b ln f
0 = a + b ln 53, 10 = a + b ln 160
10 = b ln 160 b ln 53
b = =
10
160 53
9 050741
ln ln
. ...
a = 9.050741 ln 53 = 35.934084
d ( f ) = 35.934084 + 9.050741 ln f
b.
f d cm d (part c)
53 0 0.1707
60 1.1227 0.1508
70 2.5197 0.1292
80 3.7265 0.1131
100 5.7461 0.0905
120 7.3962 0.0754
140 8.7914 0.0646
160 10.0 0.0565
The measured distances will vary. They
should be close to the calculated distances.
c. d ( f ) = b/f = 9.050/f. See table in part b.
d. d ( f ) is in cm/10 kHz.
e. d ( f ) decreases as f gets larger; this is
consistent with the spaces between the
numbers getting smaller as f increases.
62. a. ln 2 = 0.693147
ln 3 = 1.098612
ln 6 = 1.791759
ln 2 + ln 3 = ln 6
Conjecture: ln (ab) = ln a + ln b
b. ln (10/2) = ln 5 = 1.609437
ln 10 = 2.302585
ln 2 = 0.693147
ln (10/2) = ln 10 ln 2
Conjecture: ln (a/b) = ln a ln b
c. ln (2
10
) = ln 1024 = 6.931471
ln 2 = 0.6931471
ln (2
10
) = 10 ln 2
Conjecture: ln (a
b
) = b ln a
d.
ln
log
2
2
= 2.30258
ln
log
3
3
2 30258 = .
They seem to be the same.
ln 10 = 2.30258
1
2 30258
loge
= .
log 4 = 0.60205 and

ln
ln
.
.
4
10
1 3862
2 30258
0 60205 = =
K
K
K .
Problem Set 6-3
Q1. y = 1/(1 + x
2
) Q2.
1
4
4 1 ln | | x C + +
Q3. 1 Q4. 1/4
Q5. 35 Q6. 8
Q7.
1
x
y
2
Q8. f is differentiable on (a, b).
Q9. f is continuous at x = a and x = b.
Q10. B
1. ln 6 + ln 4 = 1.79175 + 1.38629 =
3.17805
ln 24 = 3.17805
2. ln 5 + ln 7 = 1.60943 + 1.94591 =
3.55534
ln 35 = 3.55534
3. ln 2001 ln 667 = 7.60140 6.50279 =
1.09861
ln (2001/667) = ln 3 = 1.09861
4. ln 1001 ln 77 = 6.90875 4.34380 =
2.56494
ln (1001/77) = ln 13 = 2.56494
5. 3 ln 1776 = 3(7.48211) = 22.44635
ln (1776
3
) = ln 5,601,816,576 = 22.44635
6. 4 ln 1066 = 4(6.97166) = 27.88667
ln (1066
4
) = ln 1,291,304,958,736 = 27.88667
7. See the text for the proof of the uniqueness
theorem.
8. See the text for the proof.
9. Prove that ln (a/b) = ln a ln b for
all a > 0, b > 0.
Proof:
Let f (x) = ln (x/b), g(x) = ln x ln b for x, b > 0
Then f (x) = (b/x)(1/b) = 1/x, and
g (x) = (1/x) 0 = 1/x.
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0.
f (b) = ln (b/b) = ln 1 = 0
g(b) = ln b ln b = 0
f (b) = g (b).
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0 by the uniqueness
theorem.
ln (x/b) = ln x ln b for all x > 0.
ln (a/b) = ln a ln b for all a > 0 and b > 0,
Q.E.D.
10. Prove that ln (a
b
) = b ln a for all a > 0 and all b.
Proof:
Let f (x) = ln (x
b
); g (x) = b ln x for x > 0.
Then f (x) = 1/(x
b
) bx
b 1
= b/x and
g (x) = b (1/x) = b/x.
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0.
f (1) = ln (1
b
) = ln 1 = 0
g(1) = b ln 1 = b 0 = 0
f (1) = g (1).
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0 by the uniqueness
theorem.
ln (x
b
) = b ln x for all x > 0.
ln (a
b
) = b ln a for all a > 0 and all b, Q.E.D.
11. Prove that ln (a/b) = ln a ln b for
all a > 0, b > 0.
Proof:
ln (a/b) = ln (a b
1
) = ln a + ln b
1
=
ln a + (1) ln b = ln a ln b
ln (a/b) = ln a ln b, Q.E.D.
12. Example: ln (2 + 3) = ln 5 = 1.60943
ln 2 + ln 3 = 0.69314 + 1.09861 =
1.79175
ln (2 + 3) ln 2 + ln 3.
ln (a + b) = ln a + ln b is false, Q.E.D.
13. See the text definition of ln x.
14. log
ln
ln
log
log
b
a
a
x
x
b
x
b
= =
15. f (x) = log
3
x f (x) = 1/(x ln 3)
f (5) = 0.182047
The graph shows a tangent line with a small
positive slope.
5
1
x
f(x)
16. f (x) = log
0.8
x f (x) = 1/(x ln 0.8)
f (4) = 1.120355
The graph shows a tangent line with slope 1.
x
f (x)
4
10
5
17. g (x) = 8 ln (x
5
) = 40 ln x g (x) = 40/x
18. h (x) = 10 ln (x
0.4
) = 4 ln x h (x) = 4/x
19. T(x) = log
5
(sin x) =
T x
x
x ( )
sec ln
cos
1
5
T (x) = (cot x)/(ln 5)
20. R (x) = log
4
(sec x)
R x
x
x x
x
=
= ( )
1
4 4 sec ln
sec tan
tan
ln
21. p (x) = (ln x)(log
5
x)
p (x) = (1/x) (log
5
x) + (ln x) [1/(x ln 5)]
=
+ =
1
5 5
2
5
ln
ln
ln
ln
ln
ln
x
x
x
x
x
x
22. q (x) = (log
9
x)/(log
3
x) = = =
ln
ln
ln
ln
ln
ln
x
x 9
3 3
2 3
1
2
q (x) = 0 because q (x) is constant.
23. f x
x
x
x x ( ) =
= ln
sin
ln ln sin
3
3
= 3 ln x ln sin x f (x) = 3/x cot x
24. f (x) = ln (x
4
tan x) = ln x
4
+ ln (tan x)
= 4 ln x + ln (tan x)
f x
x
x
x
= + ( )
4
2
sec
tan
= +
4 1
x x x sin cos
25.
d
dx
x
d
dx
x x
x
( ) ( ) ln ln
3
3 = =
3
3
3 3 ln ln x
x
x
x + = +
26.
d
dx
d
dx
x
x
(ln ) (sec ln )
sec
5 5 =
= ln 5 sec x tan x
27. a. y = 7 (2 0.9
x
)
dy/dx = 7(0.9
x
)(ln 0.9)
dy/dx = 0.737523(0.9
x
)
x = 0: dy/dx = 0.737 mi/h
x = 1: dy/dx = 0.663 mi/h
x = 5: dy/dx = 0.435 mi/h
x = 10: dy/dx = 0.257 mi/h
The lava is slowing down.
b. y/7 = 2 0.9
x
0.9
x
= 2 y/7
x ln 0.9 = ln (2 y/7)
x = (1/ln 0.9)[ln (2 y/7)]
c.
dx
dy y
=
( / . ) 1 0 9
1
2 7
1
7
ln
/
dx
dy y
=
9 491221
14
.
K
y = 10: dx/dy = 2.372 h/mi
d. If x = 10, then y = 7(2 0.9
10
), so

dx
dy
= =
9 491221
14 7 2 0 9
3 888651
10
.
( . )
K
. .
e. 3.88 is the reciprocal of 0.257 , the
value of dy/dx when x = 10, not when y = 10.
28. a. 1000(1.06
t
) = M 1.06
t
= M/1000
log
1.06
1.06
t
= log
1.06
(M/1000)
t = log
1.06
(M/1000)
b. dt dM
M
/ =
1
1 06 1000
1
1000 (ln . )( / )
=
1
1 06 Mln .
c. If , / M dt dM = = = 1000
1
1000 1 06 ln .
0.01716 yr/$. At this rate, with $1000 in
the account, it would take 0.017 year, or
about 6 days, to earn a dollar of interest.
d. dt/dM gets smaller as M increases; more
interest is earned when M is larger, so it takes
less time to accumulate $1000.
29. The intersection point is at x = 2.7182818 ,
which is approximately e.
Problem Set 6-4
Q1. y = 3/x Q2. (1/10)(5x)
2
+ C
Q3.
1
5
5 ln x C + Q4. y x = 1 1
2
/
Q5. 5 tan (5x) Q6.
ln
ln
23
17
Q7. 36 Q8. 8
Q9. B Q10. E
1. a. R(t) = ae
kt
60,000 = ae
k0
a = 60,000
2,400,000 = ae
k2
= 60,000e
2k
40 = e
2k
2k = ln 40
k = (ln 40)/2 = 1.844
(Store 1.844 without round-off as k.)
R(t) = 60,000e
1.844t
b. R ( 5 ) = 60,000e
1.844(5)
= 607,157,310.7
About 607 million rabbits.
c. 2 = 60,000e
1.844t
1/30,000 = e
1.844t

ln 30,000 = 1.844t t = 5.589
So the first pair of rabbits was introduced
about 5.6 years earlier, or in about 1859.
2. a. v (t) = 20,000e
0.1 t
v(0) = 20,000e
0
= 20,000
$20,000 when built.
b. v (10) = 20,000e
1
= 7357.588
v(11) = 20,000e
1.1
= 6657.421
At 10 years, value is $7357.59.
At 11 years, value is $6657.42.
So depreciation is 7357.59 6657.42 =
$700.17.
c. v (t) = 2000e
0.1 t
v (10) = 2000e
1
= 735.758 ,
or about $736 per year.
This rate is higher than the actual depreciation
in part b because the latter rate is an average
for the year. The rate at the end will be lower
than 736 to give the average of 700.
d. 5,000 = 20,000e
0.1 t
0.25 = e
0.1 t
ln (0.25) = 0.1t
t = (ln 0.25)/(0.1) = 13.8629
14 yr.
3. a. m(t) = 1000(1.06)
t
ln m(t) = ln 1000 + t ln 1.06
1/m(t) m (t) = 0 + ln 1.06
m (t) = m (t) ln 1.06
m (t) = 1000(1.06)
t
(ln 1.06)
m (0) = 58.27 $/yr
m (5) = 77.98 $/yr
m (10) = 104.35 $/yr
b. m(0) = $1000.00
m(5) = $1338.23
m(10) = $1790.85
The rates are increasing. $338.23 is earned
between 0 and 5 years; $452.62 is earned
between 5 and 10 years, which agrees with
the increasing derivatives shown in part a.
c.
m t
m t
t
t
= =
( )
( )
( . ) (ln . )
( . )
ln
1000 1 06 1 06
1000 1 06
1 06 .
m (t)/m(t) = ln 1.06, a constant
d. m(1) = 1060.00. So you earn $60.00.
The rate starts out at only $58.27/year but
has increased enough by years end to make
the total for the year equal to $60.00.
4. d (t) = 200t 2
t
ln d (t) = ln 200t t ln 2
1
1 2
d t
d t t
( )
ln = ( ) /
= /
d t t t
t
( ) ( )(1 ln 2) 200 2
d (1) = (200 2
1
)(1 ln 2) = 30.685
d (2) = (400 2
2
)(1/2 ln 2) = 19.314
So the door is opening at about 30.7/s at
1 second and closing at about 19.3/s at
2 seconds, which agrees with the graph.
1 2
100
t
d(t)
The widest opening occurs when d (t) = 0.
Solving numerically for t in
(200t 2
t
)(1/t ln 2) = 0,
t = 1.44269 .
d (1.44269) = 106.147
So the widest is about 106 at t 1.4 s.
5. e
n
n
n
= +

lim 1
1
and e n
n
n
= +
lim( )
/
0
1
1
When you substitute for n in the first equation,
you get the indeterminate form 1
. When you
substitute 0 for n in the second equation, you
also get the indeterminate form 1
.
n (1 + 1/n)
n
100 2.70481
1000 2.71692
10000 2.71814
n (1 + n)
1/ n
0.01 2.70481
0.001 2.71692
0.00001 2.71826
6. y = 17e
5x
y = 85e
5x
7. y = 667e
3x
y = 2001e
3x
8. h(x) = x
3
e
x
h (x) = 3x
2
e
x
+ x
3
e
x
= x
2
e
x
(3 + x)
9. g (x) = x
6
e
x

g (x) = 6x
7
e
x
+ x
6
e
x
= x
7
e
x
(6 + x)
10. r (t) e
t
sin t r (t) e
t
sin t + e
t
cos t
11. s (t) e
t
tan t s (t) e
t
tan t + e
t
sec
2
t
12. u 3e
x
e
x
3 u 0
13. v e
4x
e
4x
1 v 0
14. y
e
x
y
e x e x
x
x x x

ln
ln ( / )
(ln )
1
2
15. y
x
e
y
x e x e
e
x
x x
x

ln ( / ) ln 1
2
16. y 4e
sec

x
y 4e
sec

x
sec x tan x
17. y 7e
cos

x
y 7e
cos

x
sin x
18. y 3 ln e
2x
6x ln e 6x y 6
19. y 4 ln e
5x
4 5x 20x y 20
20. y (ln e
3x
)(ln e
4x
) 3x 4x 12x
2
y 24x
21. y (ln e
2x
)(ln e
5x
) 2x 5x 10x
2

y 20x
22. g(x) 4e
ln 3x
4 3x 12x g (x) 12
23. h (x) 6e
ln 7x
6 7x 42x h (x) 42
24. y e
x
+ e
x
y e
x
e
x
25. y e
x
e
x
y e
x
+ e
x
26. y e y e x x e
x x x

5 5 2 2 5
3 3 3
15 15
27. y e y e x x e
x x x
8 8 5 40
5 5 5
4 4
28. f (x) 0.4
2x
ln f (x) 2x ln 0.4
1
2 0 4 0 4 2 0 4
2
f x
f x f x
x
( )
ln ln ( ) . ( ) . .
29. f (x) 10
0.2 x
ln f (x) 0.2x ln 10
1
0 2 10
f x
f x
( )
ln ( ) .

f x
x
( ) ( .
.
10 0 2 10
0 2
ln )
30. g (x) 4(7
x
) ln g (x) ln 4 + x ln 7
1
7 4 7 7
g x
g x g x
x
( )
ln ln ( ) ( ) ( )
31. h (x) 1000(1.03
x
) ln h (x) ln 1000 +
x ln
( )
ln 1 03
1
1 03 . ( ) .
h x
h x
h x ( ) 1000(1.03
x
) ln 1.03
32. c (x) x
5
3
x
ln c (x) 5 ln x + x ln 3
1
5 3
c x
c x x
( )
ln + ( ) /
c x ( ) x
5
3
x
(5/x + ln 3)
33. m(x) 5
x
x
7
ln m(x) x ln 5 + 7 ln x
1
5 7
m x
m x x
( )
ln + ( ) /
m (x) 5
x
x
7
(ln 5 + 7/x)
34. y (ln x)
0.7 x
ln y 0.7x ln (ln x)
1
0 7 0 7
1
y
y x x
x x
+ . ln (ln ) .
ln

+
,
,
]
]
]
y x
x
x
x
0 7
0 7
0 7
. ( ) ln ln
.
ln
(ln )
.
35. y x
ln x
ln y ln x ln x ln y (ln x)
2
1
2
1
y
y x
x
ln
j
(
\
,
y
x
x
x
x
2ln
ln
2 ln x x
ln

x1
36. y (csc 5x)
2x
ln y 2x ln (csc 5x)
1
y
y
2 5 2
1
5
ln csc
csc
( )

x x
x
+ ( csc cot ) 5 5 5 x x
y (csc 5x)
2x
[2 ln (csc 5x) 10x cot 5x]
37. y (cos 2x)
3x
ln y 3x ln (cos 2x)
1
3 2 3
1
2
2 2
y
y x x
x
x + ln cos
cos
( sin ) ( )
y (cos 2x)
3x
[3 ln (cos 2x) 6x tan 2x]
38. Two solution methods are possible.
Differentiate directly:
y
x
x
+
ln
5 2
7 8

+
+ ,
,
]
]
]
y
x
x
x x
x
7 8
5 2
5 7 8 5 2 7
7 8
2
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
54
5 2 7 8 x x
Or simplify using properties of logarithms first:
y ln (5x + 2) ln (7x 8)

+

+
y
x x x x
5
5 2
7
7 8
54
5 2 7 8
( )( )
39. Two solution methods are possible.
Differentiate directly:
y ln [(4x 7)(x + 10)]

+
+ + y
x x
x x
1
4 7 10
4 10 4 7 1
( )( )
[ ( ) ( ) ]
+
+
8 33
4 7 10
x
x x ( )( )
Or simplify using properties of logarithms first:
y ln (4x 7) + ln (x + 10)

+
+

+
+
y
x x
x
x x
4
4 7
1
10
8 33
4 7 10 ( )( )
40. y (2x + 5)
3
4 1 x
ln y 3 ln (2x + 5) +
1
2
4 1 ln ( ) x
1 6
2 5
2
4 1 y
y
x x

+
+

+
+
j
(
\
,
+ y
x x
x x
6
2 5
2
4 1
2 5 4 1
3
[( ) ]
+ +
( )( ) 28 4 2 5
4 1
2
x x
x
41. y
x
x
y x
+
+
( )
( )
ln ln ( )
10 3
4 5
10 10 3
10
3
3 4 5
1 30
10 3
15
4 5
ln ( )
+
+
x
y
y
x x

+
+
j
(
\
,
+
y
x x
x
x
30
10 3
15
4 5
10 3
4 5
10
3
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
270 105 10 3
4 5
9
4
x x
x
42.
d
dx
dt
t
x
x
10 10
3
j
(
,
\
,
(
43.
d
dx
t dt x
x
ln ln
3
j
(
,
\
,
(
44.
d
dx
t dt x
x
log log ( )
2
5
4
2
4 4
j
(
,
\
,
(
45.
d
dx
t dt x x
x
ln (cos ) (ln cos )
. 6 3
2
2
2
,
]
]
]

46.
d
dx
x
d
dx
x
d
dx x x
2
2
5
2
2 2
5
5 5
(ln ) ( ln )
j
(
\
,

47.
d
dx
e
d
dx
e e
x x x
2
2
7 7 7
7 49 ( ) ( )
48. e dx e C
x x 5 5
1
5
+
49. e dx e C
x x 7 7
1
7
+
50. 7
7
2 7
2
2
x
x
dx C +
ln
51. 1 05
1 05
1 05
.
.
ln .
x
x
dx C +
52. 6 6 e dx e C
x x
+
53. e dx e C
x x 0 2 0 2
5
. .
+
54. e x dx e C
x x sin sin
cos +
55. e x dx e C
x x tan tan
sec
2
+
56. e dx x dx x C
x 3 3 4
1
4
ln

+
57. 60 60 5 150
5 2
e dx x dx x C
x ln

+
58. ( ) ( ) 1
1
102
1
2 50 2 2 51
+ + +
e e dx e C
x x x
59. ( ) ( ) 1
1
404
1
4 100 4 4 101
+
e e dx e C
x x x
60. ( ) e e dx e e
x x x x
+

0
2
0
2
+
e e
2 2
1 1 5 524391 . ...
Numerically: integral 5.524391... (Checks.)
61. ( ) ( )

e e dx e e
x x x x
+
1
2
1
2
e
2
e
2
e
1
+ e
1
9.604123
Numerically: integral 9.604123... (Checks.)
62. Step 2: Definition of derivative.
Step 3: Logarithm of a quotient, applied in
reverse.
Step 4: Write division as multiplication by the
reciprocal; distribute division over addition.
Step 6: 1/x does not depend on h, so it is a
constant with respect to h.
Step 7: Logarithm of a power, applied in reverse.
Step 9: The expression in parentheses has the form
(1 + n)
1/n
, whose limit is e as n approaches zero.
Problem Set 6-5
Q1. e 2.71828 Q2. e
n
n
n
+
j
(
\
,
lim 1
1
or
e n
n
n
+
lim( )
/
0
1
1
Q3. 1 Q4. x
Q5. x Q6. e
Q7. (ln x)/(ln b) Q8. e
x
Q9. e
x
+ C Q10. E
1. lim
sin
x
x
x
0
2 5
3
0
0

lim
cos
x
x
0
10 5
3
10
3
1
1
x
y
2. lim
tan
x
x
x
0
4 3
5
0
0

lim
sec
x
x
0
2
12 3
5
12
5
1
1
x
y
3. lim
tan
x
x
x
0
0
0
lim
sec
x
x
0
2
1
1
4. lim
sin
x
x
x
0
0
0
lim
cos
,
x
x
0
1
1 a well-known limit.
5. lim
cos
x
x
x
0
2
1 0
0
=

lim
sin
x
x
x
0
2
0
0
=
=
lim
cos
x
x
0
2
1
2
6. lim
cos
x
x
x

0
2
3 1
0
0
=
lim
sin
x
x
x
0
2
3 3
0
0
=
lim
cos
x
x
0
2
9 3
2
9
7. lim
sin
x
x
x
+

0
2
0
0
= =
+
lim
cos
x
x
x 0 2
8. lim
cos
x
x
x x
+

0
2
1 0
0
=
+
=
lim
sin
x
x
x
0
1 2
0
9. lim
ln
/ x
x
x
+

0 1
=
= =
+ +
lim lim( )
x x
x
x
x
0
1
2
0
0
10. lim .
x
x
e
x
0
3
2
Form is
1
0
11. lim
ln
x
x
e e
x
1
5
0
0
= =

lim
x
x
e
x
e
1
1
5 5
12. lim
ln
x
x x
x x
+
+

1
2
1
2 1
0
0
=

lim
x
x
x
1
1
1
2 2
0
0
=

=
lim
x
x
1
2
2
1
2
13.

lim
cos cos
.
x
x
x
+
= =
2
3 5 11
2
26 43297K
14. lim
tan
.
x
x
x
2
2
Form is
tan 2
0
15. lim
x
x
e
x
2
=

lim
x
x
e
x 2
= =
lim
x
x
e
2
16. lim
x
x
x
e
3
=

lim
x
x
x
e
3
2
=

lim
x
x
x
e
6
= =

lim .
x
x
e
6
0
6
Form:
17. lim
lim
x x
x
x

+
= =
3 17
4 11
3
4
3
4
18. lim lim
x x
x
x

+
= =
2 7
3 5
7
5
7
5
19. lim

x
x x x
x x x
+
+

3 2
3 2
5 13 21
4 9 11 17
=
+
+

lim
x
x x
x x
3 10 13
12 18 11
2
2
=
+

lim
x
x
x
6 10
24 18
= =
lim
x
6
24
1
4
20. lim
x
x
x
3 2
7 8
5
5
= = =

lim lim
x x
x
x
15
35
15
35
3
7
4
4
21. L x
x
x
=
+
lim
0
0
0
ln lim( ln ) lim
ln
L x x
x
x x x
= =

+ +
0 0
1
=
= =
+ +
lim lim( )
x x
x
x
x
0
1
2
0
0
= = L e
0
1
22. L x
x
x
=
+
lim(sin )
sin
0
0
0
ln lim sin (ln sin ) lim
lnsin
csc
L x x
x
x x x
= =

+ +
0 0
=

=

+ +
lim
/(sin ) cos
csc cot
lim
csc x x
x x
x x x 0 0
1 1
= =
+
lim ( sin )
x
x
0
0
= = L e
0
1
23. L x
x
x
=
lim (sin )
/
tan
2
1
ln lim tan ln sin
/
L x x
x
=

2
( )
=
=

lim
ln sin
cot
lim
( /sin ) cos
csc
lim
cos sin
sin
/
/
/
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
1
= =

lim ( cos sin )
/ x
x x
2
0
= = L e
0
1
24. L x
x
x
=
lim
/( )
1
1 1
1
ln lim [ /( ) ln ] L x x
x
=
+
1
1 1
=
= =

+ +
lim
ln
lim
/
x x
x
x
x
1 1 1
0
0
1
1
1
= = L e e
1
25. L ax a
x
x
= +
lim( ) ( .)
/
1 0
1 0
Note:
ln lim [ / ln ( )] lim
ln ( )
L x ax
ax
x
x x
= + =
+

1 1
1
=
+
=
+
=

lim
/( )
lim
x x
ax a a
ax
1 1
1 1
0
= = L e
0
1
26. L ax
x
x
= +
lim( )
/
0
1
1 1
ln lim[ / ln ( )] lim
ln ( )
L x ax
ax
x
x x
= + =
+
0 0
1 1
1 0
0
=
+
=
+
=

lim
/( )
lim
x x
ax a a
ax
a
0 0
1 1
1 1
= L e
a
27. L x
x
x
=
+
lim
/(ln )
0
3 0
0
ln lim ] lim L x x
x x
= = =

+ +
0 0
3 3 [3/(ln ) ln
= = L e
3
20 08553 . ...
28. L x
x
x
=
+
lim( )
/(ln )
0
5 0
7 0
ln lim[ /(ln ) ln( )] L x x
x
=
+
0
5 7
=

=

=
+
+
lim
ln ( )
ln
lim
[ /( )]
/
x
x
x
x
x
x
0
0
5 7
5 1 7 7
1
5
= = L e
5
148 4131 . ...
29. lim
x
x
x e

0
1 1
1
=

lim
( )
x
x
x
e x
x e
0
1
1
0
0
=
+

lim
( )
x
x
x x
e
e x e
0
1
1 1
0
0
=
+

lim
x
x
x x
e
e xe
0
1
1
0
0
=
+ +
=
lim
x
x
x x x
e
e e xe
0
1
2
30. lim
sin
x
x x

0
1 1
=

lim
sin
sin
x
x x
x x
0
0
0
=

+

lim
cos
cos sin
x
x
x x x
0
1 0
0
=

+
=
lim
sin
sin cos
x
x
x x x
0
2
0
31. f x x x ( ) . = sec tan
2 2
2 2

Where secant and
tangent are defined, the Pythagorean properties
tell us that f (x) = 1.
1 1 3 5
1
x
f(x)
32. Using lHospitals rule leads to
lim
sec
tan
lim
sec tan
sec
/ / x x
x
x
x x
x

=
2 2
2
= =

lim
tan
sec
lim
sec
sec tan
/ / x x
x
x
x
x x
2 2
2
=
lim
sec
tan
,
/ x
x
x
2
the original expression!
Using tan x = (sec x)/(csc x), the expression
reduces to
lim
sec
(sec )/(csc )
lim csc
/ / x x
x
x x
x

= =
2 2
1
33. L x
x
k x
=
+
lim
/(ln )
0
0
0
ln L k x x k k
x x
= = =

+ +
lim ln ln lim
0 0
[ /( ) ]
L = e
k
The graph turns out to be a horizontal line,
y = e
k
, defined for x > 0.
x
y
y = e
k
By the definition of a power,
x x e e
k x k x k x x k / / /
= = =
( )
( ) ( )
ln ln ln ln 1 1
34. a. f x
g x
h x
x
x x
( ) = =
+
( )
( )
. .
. .
0 3 2 7
0 2 2 4 2
2
2
g(3) = 0.3(9) 2.7 = 0,
h(3) = 0.2(9) 2(3) + 4.2 = 0, Q.E.D.
b. g (x) = 0.6x g (3) = 1.8
h (x) = 0.4x 2 h (3) = 0.8
Tangent lines at (3, 0) have these equations.
For g: y
1
= 1.8(x 3)
For h: y
2
= 0.8(x 3)
c.
y
y
x
x
x
1
2
1 8 3
0 8 3
2 25 = =
. ( )
. ( )
. , for 3.
g
h
= =
( )
( )
.
.
3
3
1 8
0 8
2 25 . , which equals y
1
/y
2
,
Q.E.D.
d. Because the ratio g (x)/h(x) approaches the
ratio y
1
/y
2
as x approaches 3, and because
y
1
/y
2
equals g (3)/h (3) for all x 3, the ratio
g (x)/h(x) also approaches g (3)/h (3) as x
approaches 3. This is what lHospitals rule
concludes.
If g (3) or h (3) were any number other than 0,
the canceling of the (x 3)s in part c could
not be done, and the ratio would almost
certainly not equal 1.8/(0.8).
e. The graph shows a removable discontinuity at
(3, 2.25):
3
1 x
f(x)
35. a. For yearly compounding, m(t) =
1000(1 + 0.06)
t
. For semiannual compound-
ing, m ( t) = 1000(1 + 0.06/2)
2t
because there
are two compounding periods per year, each
of which gets half the interest rate.
b. m(t) = 1000(1 + 0.06/n)
nt
lim lim
n n
nt
m t n

= + ( ) ( . / ) 1000 1 0 06
= +
1000 1 0 06 lim ( . / )
n
nt
n
Let L n
n
nt
= +
lim ( . / ) 1 0 06 .
ln L nt n
n
= +
lim[ ln ( . / )] 1 0 06
=
+
lim
ln ( . / )
/( )
n
n
nt
1 0 06
1
0
0
=
+
lim
/( . / ) ( . )
/
n
n n
n t
1 1 0 06 0 06
2
2
=
+
=
lim
.
( . / )
n
t
n
t
0 06
1 0 06
0 06 .
= =
L e m t e
t
n
t 0 06 0 06
1000
. .
lim ( )
When interest is compounded continuously,
m(t) = 1000e
0. 06t
.
c.
t m(t), Annual
m(t),
Continuous Difference
5 1,338.23 1,349.86 11.63
20 3,207.14 3,320.12 112.98
50 18,420.15 20,085.54 1,665.38
d. For 7% interest, compounded continuously,
m (t) = 1000e
0.0 7t
.
36. a. f (x) = x
n
, g (x) = ln x, h (x) = e
x
lim
( )
( )
lim
ln
x x
n
f x
g x
x
x

=

= = =

lim
/
lim ,
x
n
x
n
nx
x
nx n
1
1
0 if >
a power function is higher-order than the
natural log function.
lim
( )
( )
lim
x x
n
x
f x
h x
x
e

=

lim ,
x
n
x
nx
e
1
if n 1 > 0
Eventually, the exponent of the power will
become zero, in which case the limit takes the
form constant/, which is 0.
a power function is lower-order than an
exponential function.
Using < to represent is lower-order than,
natural log < power < exponential.
b. i. lim
ln
x
x
x
=
3
0
5
ii. lim
.
x
x
x
e
=
100
0 01
0
iii. lim
ln
.
x
x
e
x
=
0 3
100
iv. lim lim
x x
x
x x

= =
1
0
v. lim lim
.
x
x
x
x
x
e
e
e

= =
0 2
0 8 .
Problem Set 6-6
1. y = ln (3x + 4) y = 3/(3x + 4)
2. y = ln (3x
5
) = ln 3 + 5 ln x y = 5/x
3. y = ln (e
3x
) = 3x y = 3
4. y = ln (sin 4x) y = =
4 4
4
cos
sin
x
x
4 cot 4x
5. y = ln (cos
5
x) = 5 ln (cos x)
=

= y
x
x
x
5
5
sin
cos
tan
6. y = ln (e
5
) = 5
y = 0 (Derivative of a constant!)
7. y = ln [cos (tan x)]
y =
sin (tan )
cos (tan )
x
x
sec
2
x = tan (tan x) sec
2
x
8. y x x x x = + = + ln ln
2 2
2 3
1
2
2 3 ( )
=

+
=

+
y
x
x x
x
x x
1
2
2 2
2 3
1
2 3
2 2
9. y = cos (ln x) y = (1/x) sin (ln x)
10. y = sin x ln x y = cos x ln x + (1/x) sin x
11. y = e
7x
y = 7e
7x
12. y e y x e
x x
= =
3 3
3
2
13. y e e x y x
x x
= = = =
5 5 4
5
5
ln ln

14. y = e
cos x

y = e
cos x
(sin x) = e
cos x
sin x
15. y = cos (e
x
) y sin (e
x
) e
x
= e
x
sin e
x
16. y = (cos
3
x)(e
3x
)
y = 3 cos
2
x (sin x) e
3x
+ cos
3
x e
3x
3
= 3e
3x
cos
2
x sin x + 3e
3x
cos
3
x
= 3e
3x
cos
2
x (sin x + cos x) (Factoring
optional)
17. y e y x e
x x
= =
5 5
5
4
18. y e y e e
e e x
x x
= =
19. sin y = e
x
cos y y = e
x

y =
e
y
e
e
x x
x
cos
=
1
2
(See sketch.)
1
sin y = e
x
y
(Showing cos y e
x
= 1
2
)
20. y = e
x
ln x
y = e
x
ln x + e
x
(1/x) = e
x
(ln x + 1/x)
21. y = 1
1
/t
x
dt y = 1/x
22. tan y = e
x
sec
2
y y = e
x

y =
e
y
e
e
x x
x
sec
2 2
1
=
+
(See sketch.)
1
e
x
y
1 + e
2x
23. y = ln (e
ln x
) = ln x y = 1/x
24. y = 2
x
ln y = x ln 2 (1/y)y = ln 2
y = y ln 2 = 2
x
ln 2
25. y e e
x x
x
= = =
ln ln 2 2
2
y = 2
x
ln 2 (See Problem 24.)
26. y = e
2 ln x
= e
x ln
2
= x
2
y = 2x
27. y = x
2
y = 2x
28. y = e
x ln x
(which equals x
x
)
y = e
x ln x
[ln x + x (1/x)] = x
x
(ln x + 1)
29. y = x
x
= (e
ln x
)
x
= e
x ln x

y = x
x
(ln x + 1) (See Problem 28.)
30. y = x ln x x y = ln x + x (1/x) 1 = ln x
(Note: This answer reveals that the integral of
ln x is x ln x x. )
31. y = e
x
(x 1) y = e
x
(x 1) + e
x
1 = xe
x
32. y =
1
2
( )
e e
x x
+ y =
1
2
( )
e e
x x
33. y =
1
2
( )
e e
x x
y =
1
2
( )
e e
x x
+
(Problems 32 and 33 are the hyperbolic cosine
and sine functions, respectively. See Chapter 8.)
34. y =
e
e
x
x
1+

y =
e e e e
e
x x x x
x
+
+
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
2
=
+
e
e
x
x
( ) 1
2
35. y = 5
x
ln y = x ln 5 (1/y)y = ln 5
y = y ln 5 = 5
x
ln 5
36. y = log
5
x =
ln
ln
x
5
y =
1
5
/
ln
x
=
1
5 x ln
37. y = x
7
log
2
x = x
7

ln
ln
x
2

y =
1
2
7
1
8 7
ln
ln

x x x
x
+
=
x
x
ln
( ln )
8
2
7 1 +
38. y = 2
x
cos x
y = 2
x
(ln 2) cos x + 2
x
(sin x)
= 2
x
(ln 2 cos x + sin x) (Factoring optional)
39. y = e
2x
ln 5x
y = 2e
2x
ln 5x + e
2x
(1/x)
= e
2x
(2 ln 5x + 1/x)
40. y y
x
x x
= = =
7
7
1
7
7 7 7
ln ln
ln
41. y
x
e
x x y
x
e
= = = =
log
log
log ln
3
3
1

42. y
x
e
x x y
x
e
= = = =
log
log
log ln
10
10
1

43. y x
x
= = ( )( ) log ln
ln
ln
ln
8
8
8
8 = ln x
y =
1
x
44. y = (log
4
x)
10

y = 10(log
4
x)
9

1
4 x ln
=
10
4
4
9
(log )
ln
x
x
45. y = log
5
x
7
= 7 log
5
x =
7
5
ln
ln
x
y =
7
5 x ln
46. y = tan e
x
y = sec
2
e
x
e
x
= e
x
sec
2
e
x
47. y = e
sin x
y = e
sin x
cos x
48. y = ln csc x
y = (1/csc x) (csc x cot x) = cot x
49. y = 3
5
y = 0 (Derivative of a constant!)
50. y = ln (cos
2
x + sin
2
x) = ln 1 = 0 y = 0
51. y = sin x y = cos x
52. y = sin
1
x y =
1
1
2
x
53. y = csc x y = csc x cot x
54. y = tan
1
x y =
1
1
2
+ x
55. y = tan x y = sec
2
x
56. y = cot x y = csc
2
x
57. e dx e C
x x 4 4
1
4
= +
58. e dx e x C
4 4
= +
59. x e dx e x dx e C
x x x 3 3
4 4 4
1
4
4
1
4

= = + ( )
60. cos cos
sin sin
x e dx e x dx
x x
=

( )
= + e C
x sin
61.
(ln )
(ln ) (ln )
x
x
dx x
x
dx x C
5
5 6
1 1
6
= = +

62. 5
5 x x
dx e dx =

ln

=
( / ) 1 5 5
5
ln ln
ln
e dx
x
= + = +
1
5
5
5
5
ln ln
ln
e C C
x
x

63. e dx dx C
x x
x
ln
ln
5
5
5
5
= = +

(See Problem 62.)
64.
1
2
1
2
( ) ( )

e e dx e e C
x x x x
+ = +
65.
1
1 t
x
dt = ln x (By definition!)
66. e dx e C
x x
= +

67. 2
2
2
x
x
dx C = +
ln
68. ( ) . x dx x C
x
x
+ = + +
0 2 0 8
3 1 25
3
3
. .
ln
69. ( / ) | | 3 3 x dx x C = +
ln
70.

4
4
4
12
4
8 656170
1
2
1
2
x
x
dx = = =
ln ln
. K
71. (ln ) (ln ) x
x
dx x C
9 10
1 1
10
= +
73. e dx x dx x C
x ln
= = +

1
2
2
74. ln ln ( ) e dx x e dx x dx x C
x 3 2
3 3
3
2
= = = +

75. 0 dx C =
(Integral of zero is a constant.)

76. cos sec x x dx dx x C = = +

1
77. sec sec 2
1
2
2 2 x dx x dx =

( )
= + +
1
2
2 2 ln | sec tan | x x C
78. tan tan 3
1
3
3 3 x dx x dx

= ( )
= +
1
3
3 ln | sec | x C
79. cot cot 4
1
4
4 4 x dx x dx =

( )
= +
1
4
4 ln | sin | x C
80. csc csc 5
1
5
5 5 x dx x dx =

( )
= + +
1
5
5 5 ln | csc cot | x x C
81. lim
cos
x
x
x

0
1 0
0
= lim
sin
x
x
=
0
1
0
82. lim
cos
x
x
x
0
1
0
0
= =
lim
0 x
x
1
sin
(Reciprocal of Problem 81.)
83. lim
cos
/
cos ( / )
/ x
x
x
= =
2
1
2
1 2 2
84. lim
cos
x
x
x
+
=

1 0
Form:
85. lim
sin
x
x x
x

0
3
5 5 0
0
=
lim
cos
x
x
x
0
2
5 5 5
3
0
0
=
lim
sin
x
x
x
0
25 5
6
0
0

= = =
lim
cos
x
x
0
125 5
6
125
6
20 8333 . K
86. lim( . / )
x
x
x
+ 1 0 03 1
Let L x
x
x
= +
lim( . / ) 1 0 03 .
ln L = + = +

ln lim( . / ) lim ln
x
x
x
x
x x 1 0 03 1 0 03 ( . / )
= +
lim[ ln
x
x x ( . / )] 1 0 03
=
+
lim
ln ( . )
x
x
x
1 0 03 0
0
1
1
=
+
=
lim
/( . / ) ( . )
x
x x
x
1 1 0 03 0 03
0 03
2
2
.
L = e
0.03
= 1.03045
87. lim ( . )
/
x
x
x
+ 1 0 03
1 0
Let L x
x
x
= +
lim( . ) 1 0 03
1/
.
ln lim ln L x x
x
= +
[( / ) ( . )] 1 1 0 03 0
=
+
lim
ln ( . )
x
x
x
1 0 03
=
+
=
lim
/( . ) .
x
x 1 1 0 03 0 03
1
0
L = e
0
= 1
88. lim
x
x
x
2
2
=

lim
ln
x
x
x
2 2
2
= =
lim
(ln )
x
x
2 2
2
2
or: lim
x
x
x
=
2
2
by (exponential)/(power)
89. lim( . )
/( )
x
x
x
2
3 2
0 5 1
Let L = ln (0.5x)
3/(2 x)
.
ln lim
ln . L
x
x
x
=

2
3
2
0 5 0
=
lim
x
x
x
2
3 0 5
2
0
0
ln .
=

=
lim
/( . ) .
x
x
2
3 0 5 0 5
1
3
2
L = e
3/2
= 0.22313
90. lim
x
x
e x

0
3
1
1
1
3
=
lim
( )
( )
x
x
x
x e
x e
0
3
3
3 1
3 1
0
0
=
+

lim
( )
x
x
x x
e
e x e
0
3
3 3
3 3
3 1 3 3
0
0
=
+ +
=
lim
x
x
x x x
e
e e xe
0
3
3 3 3
9
9 9 27
1
2
Problem Set 6-7
Review Problems
R1. a. dM/dt = 0.06M M
1
dM = 0.06 dt
=

M dM dt
x
1
0
5
100
0 06 . , Q.E.D.
0.06 0.06 0.3
0
5
dt t = =
0
5
b. Solving numerically for x in
M dM
x
1
100
0 3 .
gives x 134.9858 .
c. There will be $134.99 in the account, so the
interest will be $34.99.
R2. a. Integrating x
1
by the power rule results in
division by zero:
x
C
1 1
1 1
+
+
+ .
b. If g x f t dt
a
x
( ) =
( ) and f (x) is continuous in

a neighborhood of a, then g (x) = f (x).
ln x
t
dt
x
=
1
1
d
dx
x
d
dx t
dt
x
x
(ln ) =

1 1
1
c. i. y = (ln 5x)
3
y = (3/x)(ln 5x)
2
ii. f (x) = ln x
9
= 9 ln x f (x) = 9/x
iii. y = csc (ln x)
y = csc (ln x) cot (ln x) (1/x)
iv. g x t dt g x x x
x
( ) ( ) = =
csc csc 2
2
1
2
d. i.
sec tan
sec sec
sec tan
x x
x
dx
x
x x dx =

1

= + ln sec | | x C
ii.
10
10
2
3
2
3
x
dx x =
ln
| |
= 10 3 10 2 ln | | ln | |
= 10(ln 3 ln 2) = 4.054651
iii. x x dx x x dx
2 3 1 3 1 2
4
1
3
4 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) =

= +
1
3
4
3
ln | | x C
e. By finding areas, h (1) = 2.5, h (2) = 0,
h (6) = 2.7, h (10) = 0, and h (11) = 2.5.
1 2 6 11
4
4
y
x or t
y = f (t )
y = h(x)
f. i. y (100) 70 names; 70% remembered
y(1) = 1 name; 100% remembered
ii. y
x
=
+
101
100
y (100) = 101/(200) = 0.505 names/person
y (1) = 101/101 = 1 name/person
iii. Paula has probably not forgotten any
names as long as x y < 0.5. After
meeting 11 people, she remembers about
10.53 11 names, but after meeting
12 people, she remembers about 11.44
11 names.
R3. a. i. See the text for the definition of logarithm.
ii. See the text for the definition of ln x.
iii. See the text for the statement of the
uniqueness theorem.
iv. See the text for the proof.
v. See the solution to Problem 10 in
Lesson 6-3.
b. i. e n e n
n
n
n
n
= + = +

lim ( ) lim ( / )
/
0
1
1 1 1 or
ii. log
ln
ln
b
x
x
b
=
c. i. y x
x
y
x
= = = log
ln
ln ln
4
4
1
4
ii. f x x
x
( ) ( ) = = log cos
ln(cos )
ln
2
2
= f x
x
x ( ) ( )
1
2 (cos )(ln )
sin
=
tan
ln
x
2
iii. y x y
x
= = = log log
5 5
9 9 9 log
5
R4. a. i.
2
10
y
x
ii.
2
10
y
x
iii.
5
1
y
x
b. i. f (x) = x
1.4
e
5x

f (x) = 1.4x
0.4
e
5x
+ 5x
1.4
e
5x
ii. g (x) = sin (e
2x
) g (x) = 2e
2x
cos(e
2x
)
iii.
d
dx
e
d
dx
x
x
( ) ( )
ln
= =1
iv. y = 100
x
y = (ln 100)100
x
v. f (x) = 3.7 10
0.2 x

f (x) = 0.74 ln 10 10
0.2 x
v i . r (t) = t
tan t
ln r = tan t ln t
1
2
r
r t t
t
t
= + sec ln
tan
= +
r t t t
t
t
t tan
sec ln
tan
2
c. y = (5x 7)
3
(3x + 1)
5

ln y = 3 ln (5x 7) + 5 ln (3x + 1)
1 15
5 7
15
3 1 y
y
x x
=
+
+

=
+
+
+ y
x x
x x
15
5 7
15
3 1
5 7 3 1
3 5
( ) ( )
= (120x 90)(5x 7)
2
(3x + 1)
4
d. i. 10 5
2 2
e dx e C
x x
= +
ii. e x dx e C
x x cos cos
sin = +
iii. e dx e
x x
0 1 0 1
2
2
2
2
10
. .

= + =
10 10 4 02672
0 2 0 2
e e
. .
. K

iv. 10
10
0 2 10
0 2
0 2
.
.
. ln
x
x
dx C = +
e. i. The exposure is the product of C (t) and t,

where C (t) varies. Thus, a definite integral
must be used.
ii. E x e dt e
t x
x
( ) . ( )
. .
= = +

150 937 5 1
0 16 0 16
0
E(5) = 937.5(e
0.8
+ 1) =
516.25 ppm days E (10) =
937.5(e
1.6
+ 1) = 748.22 ppm days
As x grows very large, E (x) seems to
approach 937.5.
iii. E (x) = 150e
0.16 x
= C (x)
E (5) = 67.39 ppm (or ppm days
per day)
E (10) = 30.28 ppm
f. i. From Figure 6-7d, the maximum
concentration is about 150 ppm at about
2 hours. (These values can be found more
precisely by setting the numerical or
algebraic derivative equal to zero, solving
to get t = 1/ln 0.6 = 1.9576 . Then
C (1.9576) = 200/(e ln 0.6) =
144.0332 .)
ii. C (t) = 200t 0.6
t
C (t) = 200t 0.6
t
ln 0.6 + 200 0.6
t
C (1) = 200 0.6
1
(ln 0.6 + 1) = 58.70
C(5) = 200 0.6
5
(5 ln 0.6 + 1)
= 24.16 < 0
C(t) is increasing at about 58.7 ppm/h
when t = 1 and decreasing at about
24.2 ppm/h when t = 5. The concentration
is increasing if C (t) is positive and
decreasing if it is negative.
iii. Solving 50 = 200t 0.6t numerically for t
gives t 0.2899 and t 6.3245 .
So C(t) > 50 for 6.3245 0.2899 =
6.03 , or about 6 hours.
iv. C
1
(t) = 200t 0.3
t
100
C(t)
1
50
t
From the graph, the maximum is about
60 ppm around t = 1. (Exactly, t = 1/ln 0.3 =
0.8305 , for which C (0.8305) =
200/(e ln 0.3) = 61.11092 61.1 ppm.)
Repeating the computations of part iii
gives C (t) > 50 for 0.409 < t < 1.473 ,
or for about 1.06 hours.
In conclusion, the concentration peaks
sooner at a lower concentration and stays
above 50 ppm for a much shorter time.
ln 0.5 = 0.025t
R5. a. lim
x
x
x
2 3
7 5
2
2
=
lim
x
x
x
4
10
2
5
b. lim
cos
x
x
x x
e x
+

0
2
1
1
0
0
=
+
lim
sin
x
x
x x
e
0
2
1
0
0
=
+
=
+
=
lim
cos
x
x
x
e
0
2 2 1
1
3
c. lim
x
x
x e

3
0
=

lim
x
x
x
e
3
=

lim
x
x
x
e
3
2
=

lim
x
x
x
e
6
= =
lim
x
x
e
6
0 (Form: 6/ )
d. L x
x
x
=
lim
tan( / )
1
2
1
ln lim [tan( / ) ln ] L x x
x
=
1
2
=
lim
ln
cot ( / )
x
x
x
1
2
0
0
=
lim
/
( / )csc / /
x
x
x
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
2

L = e
2/
= 0.529077
e. lim
x
x
=
2
4
3 48
f. lim (tan sec ) lim ( )
/ / x x
x x

= =
2
2 2
2
1 1
g. Examples of indeterminate forms:
0/0, /, 0 , 0
0
, 1
,
0
,
R6. a. i. y = ln (sin
4
7x) = 4 ln sin 7x
y = 4(1/sin 7x) cos 7x 7 = 28 cot 7x
ii. y = x
3
e
2x

y = 3x
4
e
2x
+ x
3
2e
2x
= x
4
e
2x
(2x 3)
iii. y = cos (2
x
) y = sin (2
x
) 2
x
ln 2
iv. y x
x
y
x
= = = log
ln
ln ln
3
4
4
3
4
3
b. i. e dx e C
x x
= / +
1 7 1 7
1 1 7
. .
( . )
ii. 2
sec
sec tan
x
x x dx
e x x dx
x ln sec
sec tan
2
ii. E x e dt e
t x
x
( ) . ( )
. .
= = +

150 937 5 1
0 16 0 16
0
E(5) = 937.5(e
0.8
+ 1) =
516.25 ppm days E(10) =
937.5(e
1.6
+ 1) = 748.22 ppm days
As x grows very large, E(x) seems to
approach 937.5.
iii. E (x) = 150e
0.16x
= C(x)
E (5) = 67.39 ppm (or ppm days
per day)
E (10) = 30.28 ppm
f. i. From Figure 6-7d, the maximum
concentration is about 150 ppm at about
2 hours. (These values can be found more
precisely by setting the numerical or
algebraic derivative equal to zero, solving
to get t = 1/ln 0.6 = 1.9576 . Then
C(1.9576) = 200/(e ln 0.6) =
144.0332 .)
ii. C(t) = 200t 0.6
t
C (t) = 200t 0.6
t
ln 0.6 + 200 0.6
t
C (1) = 200 0.6
1
(ln 0.6 + 1) = 58.70
C(5) = 200 0.6
5
(5 ln 0.6 + 1)
= 24.16 < 0
C(t) is increasing at about 58.7 ppm/h
when t = 1 and decreasing at about
24.2 ppm/h when t = 5. The concentration
is increasing if C (t) is positive and
decreasing if it is negative.
iii. Solving 50 = 200t 0.6t numerically for t
gives t 0.2899 and t 6.3245 .
So C(t) > 50 for 6.3245 0.2899 =
6.03 , or about 6 hours.
iv. C
1
(t) = 200t 0.3
t
100
C(t)
1
50
t
From the graph, the maximum is about
60 ppm around t = 1. (Exactly, t = 1/ln 0.3
= 0.8305 , for which C(0.8305) =
200/(e ln 0.3) = 61.11092 61.1
ppm.)
Repeating the computations of part iii
gives C(t) > 50 for 0.409 < t < 1.473
, or for about 1.06 hours.
In conclusion, the concentration peaks
sooner at a lower concentration and stays
above 50 ppm for a much shorter time.
ln 0.5 = 0.025t
R5. a. lim
x
x
x
2 3
7 5
2
2
=
lim
x
x
x
4
10
2
5
b. lim
cos
x
x
x x
e x
+

0
2
1
1
0
0
=
+
lim
sin
x
x
x x
e
0
2
1
0
0
=
+
=
+
=
lim
cos
x
x
x
e
0
2 2 1
1
3
c. lim
x
x
x e

3
0
=

lim
x
x
x
e
3
=

lim
x
x
x
e
3
2
=

lim
x
x
x
e
6
= =
lim
x
x
e
6
0 (Form: 6/ )
d. L x
x
x
=
lim
tan( / )
1
2
1
ln lim [tan( / ) ln ] L x x
x
=
1
2
=
lim
ln
cot ( / )
x
x
x
1
2
0
0
=
lim
/
( / )csc / /
x
x
x
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
2

L = e
2/
= 0.529077
e. lim
x
x
=
2
4
3 48
f. lim (tan sec ) lim ( )
/ / x x
x x

= =
2
2 2
2
1 1
g. Examples of indeterminate forms:
0/0, /, 0 , 0
0
, 1
,
0
,
R6. a. i. y = ln (sin
4
7x) = 4 ln sin 7x
y = 4(1/sin 7x) cos 7x 7 = 28 cot 7x
ii. y = x
3
e
2x

y = 3x
4
e
2x
+ x
3
2e
2x
= x
4
e
2x
(2x 3)
iii. y = cos (2
x
) y = sin (2
x
) 2
x
ln 2
iv. y x
x
y
x
= = = log
ln
ln ln
3
4
4
3
4
3
b. i. e dx e C
x x
= / +
1 7 1 7
1 1 7
. .
( . )
ii. 2
sec
sec tan
x
x x dx
e x x dx
x ln sec
sec tan
2
C4. a. Suppose there is a number M > 0 such that
ln x M for all x > 0. Let x = e
M+1
. Then
ln x = ln e
M+1
= (M + 1) ln e = M + 1 > M.
This contradicts ln x M for all x > 0. Thus
the supposition is false, and there can be no
such number M that is an upper bound for
ln x, Q.E.D.
b. If M were a lower bound for ln x, then M
would be an upper bound for ln (1/x), but
part a shows no such number can exist.
c. ln x = 1/x, which shows that ln is
differentiable for all x > 0. Thus, ln is
continuous for all x > 0 because
differentiability implies continuity.
d. Because ln is continuous for all x > 0, the
intermediate value theorem applies. Thus, if k
is between ln a and ln b, there is a number c
between a and b such that ln c = k.
ln a
ln b
a b c
k
x
y = ln x
e. Part a shows k cannot be an upper bound for
ln, so there must be some b > 0 such that
ln b > k. Similarly, part b shows k is not
a lower bound, so some a > 0 exists for
which ln a < k. By part d there is some
number c between a and b such that ln c = k,
Q.E.D.
f. The domain of ln is the positive reals, and the
range is all reals; the domain of the inverse to
ln (i.e., exp) is the range of ln (i.e., all reals),
and the range of the inverse is the domain of
ln (i.e., positive reals).
C5. a. g x t dt t dt
x
x
( ) = =

sin sin
4
4
2
2
g (x) = 2x sin x
2
b. g x t dt
x
x
( ) =
sin
tan
2
= +

sin sin
tan
t dt t dt
x
x 4
4
2
g (x) = 2x sin x
2
+ sin (tan x) sec
2
x
c. g x f t dt
u x
v x
( ) =
( )
( )
( )
g (x) = f (v(x)) v (x) f ( u ( x ) ) u (x)
C6. log cabin
(or log cabin + C, which equals houseboat)
Chapter Test
T1. ln x
t
dt
x
=
1
1
T2. e
n
n
n
= +

lim 1
1
or e n
n
n
= +
lim( )
/
0
1
1
T3. If g (x) = f t dt
a
x
( )
and f ( t ) is continuous in a
neighborhood of a, then g (x) = f ( x ) .
T4. If (1) f ( x ) = g (x) for all x in the domain and
(2) f ( a ) = g ( a ) for some a in the domain, then
f ( x ) = g ( x ) for all x in the domain.
T5. Prove that ln x = log
e
x for all x > 0.
Proof:
Let f ( x ) = ln x, and g (x) = log
e
x.
f ( x ) = 1/x and
g (x) = (1/x) log
e
e = (1/x) 1 = 1/x
f ( x ) = g (x) for all x > 0
f ( 1 ) = ln 1 = 0 and g (1) = log
e
1 = 0
f ( 1 ) = g (1)
by the uniqueness theorem,
f ( x ) = g (x) for all x > 0.
ln x = log
e
x for all x > 0, Q.E.D.
T6. f ( x ) = ln (x
3
e
x
)
a. = + = + f x
x e
x e x e x
x
x x
( ) ( ) /
1
3 3 1
3
2 3
b. f ( x ) = 3 ln x + x ln e = 3 ln x + x
f ( x ) = 3/x + 1 (Checks.)
T7. y = e
2x
ln x
3
= 3e
2x
ln x
y e x e x
x x
= + / 6 3 1
2 2
ln ( )
= + / 3 2 1
2
e x x
x
( ) ln
T8. v = ln (cos 10x)
v = 1/(cos 10x) (10 sin 10x) = 10 tan 10x
T9. f ( x ) = (log
2
4x)
7
= [(ln 4x)/(ln 2)]
7

f ( x ) = 7[(ln 4x)/(ln 2)]
6
[(1/4x) 4 (1/ln 2)]
=
7 4
2
2
6
(log )
ln
x
x
T10. t ( x ) = ln (cos
2
x + sin
2
x) = ln 1 = 0
t (x) = 0
T11. p x e
t
x
( )
ln
=
1
sin t dt
p (x) = e
ln x
sin ln x 1/x = sin ln x
T12. e dx e C
x x 5 5
1
5
= +
T13. ( ) ( )
6
ln (ln ) x dx x x C / = +
1
7
7
T14. sec ln sec tan 5
1
5
5 5 x dx x x C = + +
| |
T15. 5
1
5
5
1
5
25 1
0
2
0
2
x x
dx = =
ln ln
( )
= 14.9120
T16. lim
ln
x
x
x
5 3
4
=
= =

lim
[ /( )]
lim( )
x x
x
x
3
1 4 4
3
T17. L x
x
x
=
lim (tan )
/
cot
2
0
ln lim cot ln tan
/
L x x
x
=
2
0 [ ( )]
=
lim
ln (tan )
tan / x
x
x 2
=
= =

lim
( / tan ) sec
sec
lim cot
/ / x x
x x
x
x
2
2
2
2
1
0
L = e
0
= 1
T18. a.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
y
t or x
f
g

x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , = =
3 5 3
2
3 5
h f f = = = = ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 9 5 3 4 3 1 3 3
T19. ln , x
t
dt
x
=
1
1
so ln .
.
1 8
1
1
1 8
=
t
dt

M
4
0 2
1
1 3
1
1 5
1
1 7
0 58664 = + + +
= .
1
1.1
.
. . .
K
From calculator, ln 1.8 = 0.58778 .
T20. g x t dt t
x
x
( ) sin cos = =
2
2
2
2
= cos x
2
+ cos 2 g(x) = 2x sin x
2
= =
g x
d
dx
t dt x x
x
( ) sin sin 2
2
2
2
T21. Let h ( x ) = f ( x ) g (x).
Then h ( a ) = f ( a ) g (a) = 0 and
h ( b ) = f ( b ) g (b) 0.

h b h a
b a
( ) ( )
0
By the mean value theorem, there is a number c
between a and b such that
= h c
h b h a
b a
( )
( ) ( )
.
h (c) 0
But h ( x ) = f ( x ) g (x), which equals 0 for
all values of x.
h ( c ) = 0
This result thus contradicts the mean value
theorem, Q.E.D.
T22. a. F ( x ) = 60e
0.1 x
F ( x ) = 6e
0.1 x
so
F ( 5 ) = 6e
0.5
= 9.8923 lb/ft
F ( 1 0 ) = 6e = 16.3096 lb/ft
b. Work equals force times displacement. But the
force varies at different displacements. Thus, a
definite integral has to be used.
c.
dx
F
x
5
100
(x, F)
dW = F dx = 60 e
0.1 x
dx
W e dx
x
=
60
0 1
0
5
.

= = 600 600 1
0 1
0
5
0 5
e e
x . .
( )
W 389.23 ft-lb
Problem Set 6-8
Cumulative Review, Chapters 16
1. f ( x ) = 2
x

f = ( ) . 3
2 2
0 2
5 549618
3 1 2 9 . .
.
K
2. There are about 10.0 squares, each 20 units.

g x dx ( ) 200
10
50
(Function is g x x x ( ) . = + + 2 0 1
2
15
sin ,
so exact
answer is 200.)
3. L f x
x c
=
lim ( ) if and only if for any > 0, there is

a > 0 such that if x is within units of c but
not equal to c, f ( x ) is within units of L.
4. Answers may vary.
3
4
x
f(x)
5. f (x) =
+
lim
( ) ( )
h
f x h f x
h
0

or =

f c
f x f c
x c
x c
( ) lim
( ) ( )
6. f (x) = x
3
f x
x h x
h
h
=
+
( ) lim
( )
0
3 3
=
+ + +
lim
h
x x h xh h x
h
0
3 2 2 3 3
3 3
= + + =
lim( )
h
x xh h x
0
2 2 2
3 3 3 , Q.E.D.
7. f (x) = x
3
f (x) = 3x
2
f (5) = 35
2
= 75
f (5)
5 01 4 99
0 02
75 0001
3 3
. .
.
. =
f (5)
5 001 4 999
0 002
75 000001
3 3
. .
.
. =
The symmetric differences are getting closer to
75 as x gets closer to zero.
8. f (x) = 3 5 3 5
1 2
x x ( )
/
=
f (x) =
1
2
3 5 3 1 5 3 5
1 2 1 2
( ) x x

=
/ /
. ( )
f (7) = 1.5(21 5)
1/2
= 1.5/4 = 0.375 = 3/8
9. Line with slope of 3/8 is tangent to the graph at
x = 7.
5
5
x
f(x)
8
3
10. a. y = e
2x
cos 3x
y = 2 e
2x
cos 3x 3e
2x
sin 3x
b. q x
x
x
q x ( )
ln
tan
( ) = =
(tan )/ ln sec
tan tan sin
x x x x
x x x
x
x
=
2
2 2
1 ln
c.
d
dx
d
dx
x x x
2
2
2
5 5 5 5 5 ( ) [(ln ) ] (ln ) = =
11. For the function to be differentiable,
lim( ) lim( )
x x
ax x x b

+
+ = + +
2
2
2
2
1 6 and
lim lim( )
x x
ax x

+
= +
2 2
2 2 6 .
4a + 1 = 8 + b and 4a = 2 a =
1
2
and b = 5
2
2
y
x
12. Optional graph showing upper sum:
1 4
10
x
y = x
2
x dx
2
1
4
U
6
= 0.5(1.5
2
+ 2
2
+ 2.5
2
+ 3
2
+ 3.5
2
+ 4
2
)
= 24.875
13. M
10
= 20.9775
M
100
= 20.999775
Sums seem to be approaching 21.
14. a. cos sin cos
5 6
1
6
x x dx x C = +

b. ( / ) | | 1 x dx x C = +
ln
c. tan ln sec ln cos x dx x C x C = + = +
| | | |
d. sec ln sec tan x dx x x C = + +
| |
e. ( ) ( ) ( )
/ /
3 5
1
3
3 5 3
1 2 1 2
x dx x dx =

= + = +
1
3
2
3
3 5
2
9
3 5
3 2 3 2
( ) ( ) x C x C
/ /
15. x dx x
2 3
1
4
1
4
1
3
64
3
1
3
21 = = =
,
which agrees with the conjecture in Problem 13.
16. The graph shows a tangent line at x = c parallel
to the secant line.
a c b
x
f(x)
Statement:
If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous at
x = a and x = b, then there is a number x = c in
(a, b) such that f x
f b f a
b a
= ( )
( ) ( )
.
17. y = x
9/7
y
7
= x
9
7y
6
y = 9x
8
y
x
y
x
x
x x x = = = = =

9
7
9
7
9
7
9
7
9
7
8
6
8
9 7 6
8 54 7 2 7 9 7 1
( )
/
/ / /
as from the derivative of a power formula
18. If x
1
were the derivative of a power, then the
power would have to be x
0
. But x
0
= 1, so its
derivative equals 0, not x
1
. Thus, x
1
is not the
derivative of a power, Q.E.D.
19. f x t dt
x
( ) =
cos
tan
3
1
f (x) = cos (3 tan x) sec
2
x
20. f x t dt f x x
x
( ) ,
1
= =
( / ) ( ) / 1 1 Q.E.D.
21. Prove ln x
a
= a ln x for any constant a and all
x > 0.
Proof:
Let f (x) = ln x
a
and g (x) = a ln x.
Then f x
x
ax a
x
a
x
a
a
= = =
( )
1 1
1
and
g x a
x
a
x
= = ( ) .
1
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0
f (1) = ln (1
a
) = ln 1 = 0 and g(1) = a ln 1 = 0
f (1) = g (1)
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0, and thus
ln x
a
= a ln x for all x 0, Q.E.D.
22. x = 5 cos t, y = 3 sin t
= = =
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t
t
t
/
/
cos
sin
cos
3
5
3
5
23. At t = 2, (x, y) = (5 cos 2, 3 sin 2)
= (2.08 , 2.72).
At t = 2,
dy
dx
= =
3
5
2 0 2745 cot . .
The graph shows that a line of slope 0.27
at point (2.08 , 2.72) is tangent to the
curve.
5
3
x
y
24. y = tan
1
t
v
dy
dt t
t = =
+
= +

1
1
1
2
2
( )
1
a
dv
dt
t t
t
t
= = + =
+
1 1 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
( )
( )
25. lim
sin
x
x
e
x
0
3
1
5
0
0
= =
lim
x
x
e
x
0
3
3
5 5
3
5 cos
26. L n
n
n
= +
lim( )
/
0
1
1 1
ln lim ln ( ) L
n
n
n
= +
0
1
1 0
=
+
lim
ln ( )
n
n
n
0
1 0
0
=
+
=
lim
/( )
n
n
0
1 1
1
1
L = e
1
= e, Q.E.D.
27. Know:
dx
dt
dy
dt
= = 30 40 ft/s, ft/s
Want:
dz
dt
when x = 200 and y = 100
x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
2 2 2 x
dx
dt
y
dy
dt
z
dz
dt
+ =
When x = 200 and y = 100, z = = 50 000 100 5 , .
2 200 30 2 100 40 2 100 5 ( )( ) ( )( ) + =
dz
dt

dz
dt
=

=
20
5
8 94427 . K ft/s
The distance z is decreasing.
28. f x ( )
2
5
dx (1/3)(0.5)(100 + 4 150 + 2 170 +

4 185 + 2 190 + 4 220 + 300)
= (1/3)(0.5)(3340) = 556
2
3
29. Area of cross section = y
2
Because the end of the radius is on a line through
the origin with slope r/h, y = (r/h)x.
= = Area [( / ) ]
2

r h x
r
h
x
2
2
2
dx
(x, Area)
Area
x
h
dV = (Area) dx
= =

V dx
r
h
x dx
h h
( ) Area

2
2
2
0 0
= = =

r
h
x
r
h
h r h
h 2
2
3
0
2
2
3 3 2
1
3
1
3
0
1
3
( ) , Q.E.D.
Chapter 7The Calculus of Growth and Decay
Problem Set 7-1
1. D (0) = 500
D (10) = 895.4238482
D (20) = 1603.567736
2. D (t) = 500(ln 1.06)(1.06
t
) $/yr
D (0) = 29.13445406
D (10) = 52.17536994
D (20) = 93.43814108
The rate of change, in $/yr, increases as the
amount in the account increases.
3. R t
D t
D t
t
t
( )
( )
( )
(ln . ) ( . )
( . )
=

=

500 1 06 1 06
500 1 06
= ln 1.06 = 0.0582689081
R(0) = ln 1.06
R(10) = ln 1.06
R(20) = ln 1.06
4. The percent interest rate stays the same:
approximately 5.83%.
5. f (x) = a b
x

f (x) = a (ln b) b
x
= (ln b)(a b
x
)
= (ln b) f (x)
So f (x) is directly proportional to f (x).
6. See Problem 11 in Section 7-2.
Problem Set 7-2
Q1. Q2.
1
y
x
1
y
x
Q3. Q4.
x
y
1
y
x
Q5. Q6.
x
y y
x
Q7. Q8.
y
x
3
x
y
Q9. Q10.
4
x
y
3
3
x
y
1. a. B = number of millions of bacteria;
t = number of hours
dB dt kB dB B k dt B kt C / = = = +

/ ln | |
| | B e e e B C e
kt C kt C kt
= = =
+
1
b. 5 5
1
0
1
= =
C e C
k
7 = 5e
3k
ln (7/5) = 3k

= = k
1
3
7
5
0 112157 ln . K

= =

= B e e
t
t
t
5 5
7
5
5
1 3 7 5
3
0 112157 ( / ) ln( / )
/
. K
c.
B
t 5
10
d. B = 5(7/5)
24/3
= 73.78945
About 74 million
e. 1000 = 5(7/5)
t/3
ln (1000/5) = t/3 ln (7/5)
t = =
3 200
7 5
47 24001
ln
ln ( / )
. K
About 47 hours after start, so in a little less
than 2 days
2. a. N = number of units of radiation from N
17
;
t = number of seconds
dN dt kN dN N k dt / / = =

ln |N| = kt + C
| | N e N C e
kt C kt
= =
+
1
b. 3 10
17
= C
1
e
k0
C
1
= 3 10
17
5.6 10
13
= 3 10
17
e
60k
=
ln ) ( . 1 866 10 60
4
K k
k = 0.143103

=

N e
t
3 10
17 0 143103 . K
c.
N
t
3 10
17
d. t = 5(60) = 300 s

N e = =
3 10 0 067991
17 0 143103 300 ( . )( )
.
K
K
It will not be safe because 0.067 > 0.007.
3. a. F = number of mg; t = number of minutes
dF dt kF dF F k dt F kt C / / = = = +

ln | |
| | F e F C e
kt C kt
= =
+
1
50 = C
1
e
k0
C
1
= 50
30 = 50e
20k
ln (30/50) = 20k
k = (1/20) ln (0.6) = 0.025541

( . )
( . ) / / .
F e e
t t t
= = =

50 50 0 6 50
0 6 20 20 0 025541 ln K
b.
F
t
50
50
c. F = 50(0.6)
(60/20)
= 10.8 mg (exactly)
d. 0.007 = 50(0.6)
t/20
ln (0.007/50) = ln (0.6)t/20
t = 347.4323
About 5 h 47 min
4. a. V = number of dollars trade-in value;
t = number of months from the present
dV dt kV dV V k dt V kt C / / = = = +

ln | |
| | V e V C e
kt C kt
= =
+
1
b. 4200 4200
1
0
1
= =
C e C
k
4700 4200 4700 4200 3
3
= =
e k
k ( )( )
( / ) ln
k = (1/3) ln (4700/4200) = 0.037492

=

V e
t
4200
0 037492 . K
c.
30 30
t
V
4200
d. At 1 year after V = 4700, t = 9 months.
V = 4200e
( 0.037492)(9)
= 2997.116
About $3000
e. 1200 = 4200e
0.037492t
ln (1200/4200) = 0.037492t
t = (1/0.037492) ln (1200/4200)
= 33.4135
About 33 months from the present
f. 31 months before V = 4700, t = 34.

= =

V e 4200 15026 795
0 037492 34 ( . )( )
.
K
K
About $15,000
g. The difference between $16,000 and $15,000
is the dealers profit.
5. a. dC/dt = kC
b. dC C k dt C kt D / = = +

ln | |
= =
+
| | C e C D e
kt D kt
1
0 00372 0 00372
1
0
1
. . = =
D e D
k
0.00219 = 0.00372e
8k
ln (0.00219/0.00372) = 8k
k = (1/8) ln (219/372) = 0.0662277
C = 0.00372e
0.0662277t
c. Either: C = 0.015
0.015 = 0.00372e
0.0662277t
ln 4.0322 = 0.0662277t
t = 21.05 , which is before the poison was
inhaled,
or: t = 20 C = 0.00372e
0.0662277( 20)
C = 0.0139 , which is less than 0.015
the concentration never was that high.
d.
20,000
t
P
50
100
e. (1/2)(0.00372) = 0.00372e
0.0662277t
ln (1/2) = 0.0662277t t = 10.4661
About 10.5 hours
6. a. dP/dt = kP
b. dP P k dt P kt C / = | | = +

ln
= =
+
| | P e P C e
kt C kt
1
100 100
1
0
1
= =
C e C
k
50 = 100e
5750k
ln 0.5 = 5750k
k = 0.0001205473
P = 100e
0.0001205473t
c. P = 100e
( 0.0001205473)(4000)
= 61.74301
About 61.7%
d.

48 37 100
0 0001205473
.
.
=

e
t K
ln 0.4837 = 0.0001205473t
t = 6024.939
The wood is about 6025 years old. For 1996,
the flood would have been 1996 (4004) =
6000 years ago, so the wood is old enough.
e.
20,000
t
P
50
61.7
4000
5750
100
7. dM/dt = kM M = Ce
kt
by the techniques in
Problems 16, where C is the initial investment.
M varies exponentially with t.
Let i = the interest rate as a decimal.
dM/dt = Ck e
kt
At t = 0, dM/dt = Ci.
Ci = Ck e
0
k = i M = Ce
it
Examples:
$1000 at 7% for 5 yr: $1419.07
$1000 at 7% for 10 yr: $2013.75
$1000 at 14% for 5 yr: $2013.75
$1000 at 14% for 10 yr: $4055.20
Leaving the money in the account twice as long
has the same effect as doubling the interest rate.
Doubling the amount invested obviously doubles
the money at any particular time, but that doesnt
tell us how that compares with doubling the time
or the interest rate.
Algebraically, Ce
i 2t
= Ce
2i t
shows that doubling
the time is equivalent to doubling the interest
rate. Solving Ce
2it
> 2Ce
it
gives Ce
2it
2Ce
it
> 0
Ce
it
(e
it
2) > 0 e
it
> 2 (because Ce
it
> 0, so
C > 0, being an investment) it > ln 2. So
doubling either the time or the interest rate will
always eventually yield more than doubling the
investment, once t is high enough. For example,
at 7%, 0.07t > ln 2 t > (ln 2)/0.07 =
9.9021 t, so by 9 years 11 months,
doubling the time or interest rate will yield more
than doubling the investment.
8. Assume an investment of $1000 at 7% per year.
For 5 years, as in Problem 7:
Annually: M = 1000(1.07)
5
= $1402.55
Quarterly: M = 1000(1.0175)
20
= $1414.78
Monthly: M = 1000(1.00583)
60
= $1417.63
Daily: M = 1000(1.0001917808)
1825
=
$1419.02
Continuously (Problem 7): $1419.07
Note that compounding continuously is only
5 cents better than compounding daily for a
$1000 investment in 5 years!
M = M
0
(1 + k/n)
nt
Let L k n
n
nt
= +
lim ( / ) . 1 1
ln lim[ ln L nt k n
n
= + /
( )] 0 1
=
+
lim
ln( / )
n
t k n
n
1
1
=
lim
/
( )
n
t
k n
kn
n
1
1
2
2
=
+
=
lim
/
n
kt
k n
kt
1
L = e
kt
=
lim
n
kt
M M e
0
, which is the continuous
compounding equation.
9.
dy
dx
y = 0 3 .
dy
y
dx =

0 3 .
ln |y| = 0.3x + C
| | = =
+
y e e e
x C x C 0 3 0 3 . .
y = e
C
e
0.3 x
= C
1
e
0.3 x
4 = C
1
e
0
C
1
= 4, showing that C
1
can be
negative.
y = 4e
0.3 x
5
10
20
10
20
y
x
10.
dy
dx
y = 0 2 .
dy
y
x dx =

0 2 .
ln |y| = 0.2x + C
| | = =
+
y e e e
x C x C 0 2 0 2 . .
y = e
C
e
0.2 x
= C
1
e
0.2 x
30 = C
1
e
1.4

C
e
1 1 4
30
7 3979 = =
.
. K
y = 7.3979e
0.2 x
11. dy dx ky dy y k dx y kx C / = / = | | = +

ln
1
| | y e y Ce
kx C kx
= =
+
1
y Ce C y y y e
k kx
( ) ( ) , 0 0
0
0
= = =
Q.E.D.
Problem Set 7-3
Q1. Ce
kx
Q2. (kx
2
)/2 + C
Q3. kx + C Q4. cos x + C
Q5. 1 1
2
/ x Q6. 5 cos x
Q7. tan x
Q8.
x
1
1
y' or y
y
y'
Q9. lim lim
x
n
x
n
L U

=
0 0
Q10. B
1. a. dM/dt = 100 S
b. S = kM dM/dt = 100 kM
c.
dM
kM
dt
k
k dM
kM
dt
100
1
100
=

=

| | = +
1
100
k
kM t C ln
|100 kM| = e
kt
e
kC
100 km = C
1
e
kt
kM = 100 C
1
e
kt
= M
k
C e
kt
1
100
1
( )
Substitute M = 0 when t = 0.
0
1
100 100
1
0
1
= =
k
C e C ( )
= M
k
e
kt
100
1 ( )
d. k = 0.02 M = 5000(1 e
0.02 t
)
e.
M
t
5000
30 60 90
f. t = 30: $2255.94 ($3000 in, $744.06 spent)
t = 60: $3494.03 ($6000 in, $2505.97 spent)
t = 90: $4173.51 ($9000 in, $4826.49 spent)
g. t = 365: (365.23 or 366 could be used.)
M = 5000(1 e
7.30
) = 4996.622
$4996.62 in the account
dM/dt = 100 0.02(4996.622) = 0.06755
Increasing at about $0.07 per day
h. lim lim
.
t t
t
M e

= 5000 1
0 02
( )
= 5000(1 0) = 5000
2. dM/dt = 100 + kM (k = daily interest rate)
dM
kM
dt
k
k dM
kM
dt
100
1
100 +
=
+
=

1
100 100
k
kM t C kM e e
kt kC
ln | | | | + = + + =
100 + km = C
1
e
kt
kM = 100 + C
1
e
kt

M
k
C e
kt
=
1
100
1
( )
Substitute M = 0 when t = 0.
0
1
100 100
1
0
1
= =
k
C e C ( )
= M
k
e
kt
100
1 ( )
Let k = 0.0002 (0.02% per day).
M = (500000)(e
0.0002t
1)
The graph is almost straight. The $100/day
deposits far exceed the interest for the first few
years.
t
500
50,000
M
Make a table of M and dM/dt for various
numbers of years. Neglect leap years.
Years M dM/dt
0 0 100.00
1 37865 107.57
10 537540 207.51
20 1652980 430.60
After 1 year, the $100/day is putting more into
the account. After 10 years, the interest has
started putting in more than the $100/day. After
20 years, the interest puts in about $331 a day,
while the winnings still put in only $100 a day.
As t approaches infinity, the amount in the
account becomes infinite!
3. a. E = RI + L(dI/dt)
b. L dI/dt = E RI
LdI
E RI
dt
L
R
RdI
E RI
dt
=

= + | |
L
R
E RI t C ln
=

| | E RI e e
R L t R L C ( / ) ( / )
= =
E RI C e I
R
E C e
R L t R L t
1 1
1
( / ) ( / )
[ ]
Substitute I = 0 when t = 0.
0
1
1
0
1
= =
R
E C e C E ( )
= I
E
R
e
R L t
[ ]
( / )
1
c. I e
t
=
110
10
1
10 20
[ ]
( / )
I = 11(1 e
0.5 t
)
I
t
5 10
11
d. i. I = 11(1 e
0.5
) = 4.3281 4.33 amps
ii. I = 11(1 e
5
) = 10.9258 10.93 amps
iii. lim lim
.
t t
t
I e

= = 11 1 11 1 0
0 5
( ) ( )
= 11 amps
e. I = 0.95(11) = 10.45
10 45 11 1
0 95 1
0 05
0 5 0 05
0 5
0 5
0 5
. ( )
.
.
. .
.
.
.
=
=
=
=
e
e
e
t
t
t
t
ln
t = 2 ln 0.05 = 5.9914
About 6 seconds
4. a. R = C(dT/dt) + hT
b. C dT/dt = R hT
C dT R hT dt /( ) =

=

C
h
hdT
R hT
dt
= +
C
h
R hT t D ln | |
| |
( / ) ( / )
R hT e e
h C t h C D
=

R hT D e
h C t
=
/
1
( )
T h R D e
h C t
= /
/
( )[ ]
( )
1
1
Substitute T = 0 when t = 0.
0
1
1
0
1
= =
h
R D e D R ( )
= T
R
h
e
h C t
[ ]
( / )
1
c. T = (50/0.04)[1 e
(0.04/ 2)t
]
T = 1250(1 e
0.02t
)
d.
1250
T
t
100 200
e. Use TRACE or TABLE.
t = 10: T = 226.586 227
t = 20: T = 412.099 412
t = 50: T = 790.150 790
t = 100: T = 1080.830 1081
t = 200: T = 1227.105 1227
f. lim lim
.
t t
t
T e

= = 1250 1 1250 1 0
0 02
( ) ( )
= 1250
g. T = 0.99(1250) = 1237.5
1237.5 = 1250(1 e
0.02t
)
0.99 = 1 e
0.02t
e
0.02t
= 0.01
0.02t = ln 0.01
t = 50 ln 0.01 = 230.258
About 230 seconds
5. a.
dV
dt
kV =
1 2 /
b. V dV k dt
=

1 2 /
2
2
1 2
2
V kt C V
kt C
/
= + =
+
V varies quadratically with t.

c. Initial conditions t = 0; V = 196;
dV/dt = 28:
196
0
2
28
1 2 /
=
+
=
k C
C
and 28 = k 196
1/ 2
k = 2
=
+
=
V
t
V t
2 28
2
14
2
2
( )
d. False. dV/dt = 2t 28, so the water flows
out at 28 ft
3
/min only when t = 0. For
instance, at t = 5, dV/dt = 18, which
means water flows out at only 18 ft
3
/min.
So it takes longer than 7 min to empty
the tub.
e. 0 = (t 14)
2
the tub is empty at
t = 14 min.
f.
14
100
V
t
g. See the solution to Problem C4 in Problem
Set 7-7.
6. The following data were gathered in the authors
class in December 1994. Times t are in seconds
and volumes V are in mL. Note that a burette
reads the amount of fluid delivered, so you
must subtract the reading from 50 to find the
volume remaining. Use food coloring in the
water to make the liquid level easier to read.
Read from the bottom of the meniscus (the
curved surface of the liquid).
Seconds Reading Volume
0 0 50
10 2.4 47.6
20 4.4 45.6
30 6.4 43.6
40 8.5 41.5
50 10.5 39.5
60 12.4 37.6
70 14.3 35.7
80 16.1 33.9
90 17.8 32.2
100 19.9 30.1
110 21.2 28.8
120 22.8 27.2
130 24.5 25.6
140 25.6 24.4
150 27.4 22.6
160 28.6 21.4
170 30.0 20.0
180 31.3 18.7
190 32.6 17.4
200 33.8 16.2
210 35.1 14.9
220 36.4 13.6
230 37.4 12.6
240 38.5 11.5
250 39.5 10.5
260 40.6 9.4
M M M
320 46.1 3.9
360 49.3 0.7
Using quadratic regression with these data,
V = 0.000209255t
2
0.20964t + 49.54 .
The data and the equation can be plotted on the
grapher, as shown.
t
V
100
50
The volume does seem to vary quadratically with
time. Because there is still fluid in the burette
when V = 0, the graph crosses the t-axis, unlike
the graphs in Problem 5 and Example 1. The
position of the vertex can be used to predict the
position of the stopcock and the time when the
fluid would all be gone if the burette were of
uniform diameter all the way down to the
stopcock. For the preceding data, the vertex is at

t =

0 20964
2 0 000209255
500
.
( )( . )
K
K
s
V 3.0 mL
So the stopcock should be found at a point
corresponding to about 3 mL below the bottom
mark.
7. a. n = 1, k = 1, C = 3:
= = =

dy dx y dy y dx y x / / ln | | 3
|y| = e
x3
= e
x
e
3
y = 0.04978e
x
1
1
x
y
b. n = 0.5, k = 1, C = 3:
= =

dy dx y y dy dx /
. . 0 5 0 5
= = 2 3
1
4
3
0 5
y x y x
.
( )
2
Note: x 3 because y
0.5
is a positive number.
3
1
x
y
c. n dy dx ky y dy k dx = = =

1
1
/
= + = +
1
2
2 2
2
y kx C y kx C
k C y x = = = 1 3 2 6 ,
5
3
x
y
n dy dx ky y dy k dx = = =

2
2 2
/
= + = +
1
3
3 3
3 3
y kx C y kx C
k C y x = = = 1 3 3 9
3
,
5
3
x
y
d. For n
dy
dx
ky y dy k dx
n n
> = =

1,

= + >

y
n
kx C n
n ( )
,
1
1
1 because
so y
n kx C
n
=

+
1
1
1
( ) ( )
which has a vertical asymptote at x = C/k
because the denominator equals zero for this
point.
Note that the radical will involve a sign
when the root index is even (for example,
when n is odd).
For , , : ( ) n k C y x = = = =

2 1 3 3
1
2
3
x
y
For n k C y
x
= = = =

3 1 3
1
2 6
, , :
2
3
x
y
Note that the graph shows two branches.
e. For so n
dy
dx
ky k y kx C = = = = + 0
0
, , ,
a linear function. For k = 1, C = 3, y = x 3.
2
3
x
y
8. dB/dt = c ( M kB), where k and c are constants.
dB
M kB
c dt
k
k dB
M kB
c dt
=

1
= +
1
k
M kB ct C ln | |
=

| | M kB e e
kct kcC
=
=
M kB C e
B
k
M C e
kct
kct
1
1
1
( )
Use the initial condition B = 0 when t = 0.
0 = (1/k) ( M C
1
e
0
) C
1
= M
= B
M
k
e
kct
( )
1
Use the initial condition kB = 80 when
B = 1000.
80 = k(1000) k = 0.08
Use the initial condition dB/dt = 500 when t = 0.
From dB/dt = c (M kB), 500 = c (M 0)
c = 500/M.
particular equation is
B M e
B M e
M t
M t
=
=
( / . )[ ]
. [ ]
. /( / )
( / )
0 08 1
12 5 1
0 08 500
40
Assume various values of M:
M = 1000: B = 12500(1 e
0.04 t
)
M = 5000: B = 62500(1 e
0.008 t
)
M = 10000: B = 125000(1 e
0.004 t
)
250
100,000
M = 1000
M = 5000
M = 10000
500
B
t
As shown on the graph, the sales start out
increasing at the same rate (500 bottles/day). As
t increases, the number of bottles/day increases,
approaching a steady state equal to 12.5M.
To find the break-even time, first find the total
number of bottles sold as a function of time. B is
in bottles per day, so the total sales in x days,
T(x), is
T x B dt
x
( ) . =
0
Use, for example, M = $10,000/day.
T x e dt
t e
x e
x e
t
x
t
x
x
x
( ) ( )
( / . )
( )
[ ( )]
.
.
.
.
=
= +
= +
=
125000 1
125000 1 0 004
125000 250 0 250
125000 250 1
0 004
0
0 004
0
0 004
0 004
[ ]
For selling prices of $0.25 and $0.50/bottle, the
total numbers of dollars are
D
25
(x) = 31250[x 250(1 e
0.004 x
)]
D
50
(x) = 62500[x 250(1 e
0.004 x
)]
The total amount spent on advertising is M x,
or A(x) = 10000x.
The three graphs can be plotted by grapher. For
$0.25/bottle, the break-even time is 207 days.
For $0.50/bottle, the break-even time is 90 days
(less than half!).
Dollars (millions)
x
2
1
207 90
$0.50/bottle
$0.25/bottle
9. The differential equation is dT/dt = k(1200 L),
and L = h (T 70), where h is a proportionality
constant.
dT/dt = k(1200 + 70h hT )
dT h hT k dt /( ) 1200 70 + =

(1/h) ln |1200 + 70h hT | = kt + C
ln |1200 + 70h hT | = kht hC
|1200 + 70h hT | = e
kht
e
hC
1200 + 70h hT = C
1
e
kht

hT = 1200 + 70h C
1
e
kht
T = 1200/h + 70 (C
1
/h) e
kht
Use T = 70 when t = 0.
70 = 1200/h + 70 C
1
/h e
kh 0
C
1
= 1200
T = 1200/h + 70 1200/h e
kht
T = 70 + (1200/h)(1 e
kht
)
Substitute t = 0, L = 0, and dT/dt = 3 into the
original differential equation.
3 = k(1200 0) k = 0.0025
T = 70 + (1200/h)(1 e
0.0025 ht
)
Using T = 96 when t = 10,
26 = (1200/h)(1 e
0.025 h
).
Solving numerically gives h 11.7347 .
equation is T 70 + 102.26(1 e
0.02933t
).
Time data for various temperatures can be found
by grapher or by substituting for T and
solving for t.
100
180
170
160
140
Never reaches
39 72 130
t
T
T t
140 39 min
155 61 min
160 72 min
170 130 min
180 Never!
The limit of T as t increases is 70 +
102.26(1 + 0), which equals 172.26. Thus,
the temperature never reaches 180. When the
heater turns off, the differential equation becomes
dT
dt
kh T T C e
kht
= = +

( ) . 70 70
2
Using T = 160 at time t = 0 when the heater
turns off, T = 70 + 90e
0.02933t
.
To find the time taken to drop to 155, substitute
155 70 90
0 02933
= +

e
t .
.
K
Solving numerically or algebraically gives
t = 1.9 . Thus, it takes only 2 minutes for the
temperature to drop 5! By contrast, from the
preceding table, it takes 11 minutes
(t = 61 to t = 72 in the table) to warm back up
from 155 to 160.
The design of the heater is inadequate because it
takes much longer to warm up by a certain
amount than it does to cool back down again.
Near 172, a slight increase in the thermostat
setting for the heater makes a great increase in
the time taken to reach that setting. For instance,
it takes an hour (72 minutes to 130 minutes) to
warm the 10 degrees from 160 to 170. These
inadequacies could be corrected most easily by
adding more insulation. The resulting decrease in
h would make the heater cool more slowly, heat
up faster, and reach the 180 degrees it currently
cannot reach. Decreasing h would also reduce the
power consumption.
10. a. dP/dT = kP/T
2
dP P k dT T P kT C / = / = +

2 1
ln | |
= =
/ +
| | P e P C e
k T C k T
1
/
b. 0 054
1
293
. =
/
C e
k
3 95
1
343
. =
/
C e
k
( . . )
( )
3 95 0 054
343 293
/ =
/ + /
e
k k
ln (3.95/0.054) = k/343 + k/293
k = / / / + /
=
[ ( . . )] ( )
.
ln 3 95 0 054 1 343 1 293
8627 812641K
From ln |P| = kT
1
+ C,
C = ln 0.054 + 8627.812641/293.
C = 26.52768829 C
1
= e
26.52768829
P e e
T
=
/ 26 52768829 8627 812641 . .
P e
T
=
/ ( . . ) 26 52768829 8627 812641 K K
c.
Temperature T P Actual*
10 283 0.0190 0.021
20 293 0.054 0.054
30 303 0.142 0.133
40 313 0.354 0.320
50 323 0.832 0.815
60 333 1.85 1.83
70 343 3.95 3.95
80 353 8.05 7.4
(melting
point)
90 363 15.7 12.6
100 373 29.8 18.5
110 383 54.6 27.3
200 473 3972.1 496.5
*Source: Langes Handbook of Chemistry, 1952, p. 1476.
The function models the data well up to the
melting point, but not above it. The
differences between the predicted and actual
answers are most likely due to the fact that
naphthalene changes from solid to liquid at
80C; the constants for solid and liquid
naphthalene differ.
Use initial conditions for T = 90, 110 as in
part b to get a better equation for the liquid:
12.6 = C
1
e
k/ 363
496.5 = C
1
e
k/ 473
k = [ln (496.5/12.6)]/(1/473 + 1/363)
= 5734.569702
C = ln 12.6 + 5734.569702/363
= 18.33140949
C
1
= e
18.33140949
P = e
(18.331409495734.569702/ T)
With the new equation,
Temperature T P Actual
10 283 0.144 0.021
20 293 0.289 0.054
30 303 0.551 0.133
40 313 1.01 0.320
50 323 1.78 0.815
60 333 3.03 1.83
70 343 5.01 3.95
80 353 8.05 7.4
(melting
point)
90 363 12.6 12.6
100 373 19.2 18.5
110 383 28.7 27.3
200 473 496.5 496.5
So the new equation models the data above
the melting point, but not below it.
d. Using the equation for liquid naphthalene,
760 = e
(18.331409495734.569702/ T )
,
ln 760 = 18.33140949 5734.569702/T

T . = =
5734 569702
18 33140949 760
490 214
.
. ln
K
K
K
About 490 K, or 217C (actual: 218C)
e. Answers will vary.
Problem Set 7-4
Q1. y = 5x
4
Q2. y = 5
x
ln 5
Q3. (1/8)x
8
+ C Q4. 7
x
/ln 7 + C
Q5. y = y/x or y = 3x
2
Q6. 87.5
Q7. Q8.
1
1
y
x
1
1
x
y
Q9. g(5) g(1) Q10. E
1. a. dy/dx = x/(2y)
At (3, 5), dy/dx = 3/10 = 0.3.
At (5, 1), dy/dx = 5/2 = 2.5.
On the graph, the line at (3, 5) slopes upward
with a slope less than 1. At (5, 1) the line
slopes downward with a slope much steeper
than 1.
b. The figure looks like one branch of a
hyperbola opening in the y-direction. (The
lower branch shown on the graph is also part
of the solution, but students would not be
expected to find this graphically.)
y
5
5
x
(5, 1) (1, 2)
(5, 1)
(3, 5)
c. See graph in part b. The figure looks like the
right branch of a hyperbola opening in the
x-direction. (The left branch is also part of the
solution, but students would not be expected
to find this graphically.)
d.
dy
dx
x
y
y dy x dx y x C = = = +

2
2
1
2
2 2
x = 5, y = 1 C = 1 12.5 = 11.5
By algebra, x
2
2y
2
= 23. This is the
particular equation of a hyperbola opening in
the x-direction, which confirms the
observations in part c.
2. At (3, 3), dy/dx = 0.1(3) = 0.3, which is
reasonable because the slope is positive and less
than 1. At (0, 2), dy/dx = 0.1(2) = 0.2, which
is reasonable because the slope is negative and
less than 1 in absolute value. The next graph
shows the two particular solutions. For the first,
y (6) 4.0. For the second, y (6) 3.6.
dy
dx
y y C e
x
= = 0 1
1
0 1
.
.
For (3, 3), the particular solution is
y = 2.2224e
0.1 x
, giving y(6) = 4.0495 .
For (0, 2), the particular solution is
y = 2e
0.1 x
, giving y(6) = 3.6442 .
Both graphical answers are close to these actual
answers.
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
y
x
3. a. At ( , ), . . 3 2
3
2 2
0 75
dy
dx
= =
( )( )
At ( , ), , 1 0
1
2 0
dy
dx
=
( )( )
which is infinite.
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
2
1
2
y
x
b. See the graph from part a. The figures
resemble half-ellipses.
c.
dy
dx
x
y
=
2
2y dy = x dx
2 y dy x dx =

y x C
2 2
1
2
= +
( ) . = + = 1
1
2
1 1 5
2 2
( ) C C
y
2
= 1.5 0.5x
2
y x . . = 1 5 0 5
2
(Use the negative square root because of the
initial condition.)
The graph agrees with part b.
From the next-to-last line, add 0.5x
2
to both
sides, getting 0.5x
2
+ y
2
= 1.5, which is the
equation of an ellipse because x
2
and y
2
have
the same sign but unequal coefficients.
4. a. At ( , ), ( ) . 3 1 3 1 1 0
dy
dx
= =
At ( , ), ( ) . 1 2 1 1 2 1
dy
dx
= =
At ( , ), ( ) . 0 1 0 1 1 0 = + =
dy
dx
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
2
3
1
y
x
b. See the graph from part a. Both graphs have a
horizontal asymptote at y = 1.
c.
dy
dx
x y = ( ) 1
dy
y
x dx
1
=
dy
y
x dx
1
=

ln |1 y| = 0.5x
2
+ C
1
0 5
2
=

y e e
x C .
y C e
x
= +

1
1
0 5
2
.
(C
1
can be positive or
negative.)
1 = 1 + C
1
e
0
C
1
= 2
=

.
y e
x
1 2
0 5
2
The grapher confirms the graph in part b.
As | | , .
.
x e
x

0 5
2
0 So y 1,
which agrees with the horizontal asymptote
at y = 1.
5.
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.5
1
1.5
2
y
x
6.
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.5
1
1.5
2
y
x
7.
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.5
1
1.5
2
y
x
8.
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.5
1
1.5
2
y
x
9. a.
x
y
(3, 2)
(1, 2)
b.
dy
dx
xy = 0 2 .
Evidence: At (1, 1) the slope was given to
be 0.2, which is true for this differential
equation. As x or y increases from this
point, the slope gets steeper in the negative
direction, which is also true for this
differential equation. In Quadrants I and III the
slopes are all negative, and in Quadrants II
and IV they are all positive. (Note: The
algebraic solution is y Ce
x
=
0 1
2
.
.)
10. a. Initial condition (0, 2)
(0, 5)
(0,2.5)
y
(0, 2)
x
5
5
b. See the graph in part a with initial condition
(0, 5). The graph goes toward in the
y-direction instead of toward +.
c. If a ruler is aligned with the slope lines, the
lines that form a straight line are the ones
crossing the y-axis at 2.5 with slope 1/2.
(In courses on differential equations, students
will learn that the given equation is a first-
order linear equation that can be solved using
an integrating factor. The general solution is
y = Ce
0.2 x
0.5x 2.5. For C = 0, the curve
is the line y = 0.5x 2.5, which intersects
the y-axis at (0, 2.5).)
11. a. Initial condition (0, 2)
P
t
(0, 18)
(4, 2) (0, 2)
10.5
(4, 2). The graph is the same as that in part a
but shifted over 4 months. This behavior is
to be expected because dP/dt depends only on
P, not on t, and both initial conditions have
the same value of P.
c. See the graph in part a with initial condition
(0, 18). The population is decreasing to the
same asymptote, P = 10.5, as in parts a
and b.
d. The asymptote at P = 10.5 indicates that the
island can sustain only 1050 rabbits. If the
population is lower than that, it increases. If
the population is higher than that, it
decreases. The number 10.5 is a value of P
that makes dP/dt equal zero. Note that there is
another asymptote at P = 0, which also
makes dP/dt equal zero.
12. a. dv/dt = 32.16 0.0015v
2
The slope at (5, 120) appears to be about 1,
but dv/dt actually equals 32.16
0.0015(120)
2
= 10.56. The answers are
different because the graph is scaled by a
factor of 10.
b. Initial condition (0, 0)
t
v
(5,120)
(0,180)
146.4...
(0, 0) (5, 0)
50
c. Terminal velocity occurs when dv/dt = 0.
0 = 32.16 0.0015v
2
v = (32.16/0.0015)
1/2
= 146.424 146 ft/s
The graph shows this velocity for times
above about 15 seconds.
d. See the graph in part b with initial condition
(5, 0). The graph is identical to the one in
part b except shifted 5 seconds to the right.
This behavior is to be expected because the
differential equation is independent of t.
e. See the graph in part b. This graph decreases
to the terminal velocity because the diver
starts out going faster.
f. Similarities include: Both models have a
horizontal asymptote that the particular
solutions approach from above or below.
Both models decrease rapidly and gradually
level off for values above the asymptotic
limit.
Differences include: For values below the
asymptotic limit, one model starts with rapid
increase and gradually slows its growth,
whereas the other starts with a slow increase
that becomes more rapid growth before
slowing toward the asymptote.
13. a. ma
mg
r
=
2
By hypothesis
dv
dt
g
r
=
2
Divide by m; a
dv
dt
= .
dv
dr
dr
dt
g
r
=
2
Chain rule
dv
dr
v
g
r
=
2
v
dr
dt
r = = ( ) distance
dv
dr
g
r v
=
2
Divide by v.
b.
dv
dr
( , ) 5 2 1 2488 . =
dv
dr
( , ) 1 10 6 244 . =
dv
dr
( , ) 10 4 0 1561 . =
These slopes agree with those shown.
c. Initial condition (r, v) = (1, 10)
From the graph, the velocity is zero at r 5.
So the spaceship is about 4 Earth radii, or
about 25,000 km, above the surface.
r
v
(1,18)
5
14.11...
(1,12)
(2,10) (1,10)
6.12...
4.37...
(10,4)
(5,2)
The precise value of r can be found
algebraically.
dv
dr r v
v dv
r
dr = =

. . 62 44 62 44
2 2
= +
v
r
C
2
2
62 44 .
For the solution through (1, 10), C = 50
62.44 = 12.44, so the ship starts falling
when v = 0 at r = 62.44/12.44 5.
d. See the graph in part c with initial condition
(r, v) = (1, 12). The graph levels off between
4 and 5 km/s. The precise value of v can be
found algebraically.
C
v
r
= = = + 72 62 44 9 56
2
62 44
9 56
2
. . .
.
Because r > 0, v is never zero, so the
spaceship never stops and falls back.
As r approaches infinity, v
2
/2 approaches
9.56, and thus v approaches
( )( . ) 2 9 56 4 37 = . km/s.
e. See the graph in part c with initial condition
(r, v) = (1, 18). The graph levels off at
v 14 km/s. Here the spaceship loses about
4 km/s of velocity, whereas it loses 7 or
8 km/s when starting at 12 km/s. Both cases
lose the same amount of kinetic energy,
which is proportional to v
2
(the change in v
2
is the same in both cases). The precise value
of v can be found algebraically as in part d.
For the solution through (1, 18),
C = 162 62.44 = 99.56. As r ,
v = ( )( . ) 2 99 56 14 11 . km/s.
f. See the graph in part c with initial condition
(r, v) = (2, 10). The graph levels off at
about 6 km/s, so the spaceship does escape.
Alternatively, note that the solution through
(2, 10) lies above the solution through
(1, 12). The precise value of v can be found
algebraically as in parts d and e. For the
solution through (2, 10), C = 50 31.22 =
18.78. As r , v = ( )( . ) 2 18 78
6.12 km/s.
14. See the Programs for Graphing Calculators
section of the Instructors Resource Book.
Problem Set 7-5
Q1. ky Q2. y = Ce
3x
Q3. 4.8 Q4. 100
Q5. ln |1 v| + C Q6. sec x tan x
Q7.
1
1
x
y
y'
y'
Q8. 3x
2
y
5
+ 5x
3
y
4
y = 1 + y
Q9. continuous Q10. A
1. a. dy = (x/y) dy
For (1, 3), dy = (1/3)(0.5) = 0.1666 ,
so new y 3 0.1666 = 2.8333 at
x = 1.5.
For (1.5, 2.8333), dy =
(1.5/2.8333)(0.5) = 0.2647 ,
so new y 2.8333 0.2647 = 2.5686
at x = 2.
x y
0 3.2456
0.5 3.1666
1 3
1.5 2.8333
2 2.5686
2.5 2.1793
3 1.6057
The Eulers y-values overestimate the actual
values because the tangent lines are on the
convex side of the graph and the convex side
is upward.
b. dy = (x/y) dy
y dy x dx =

0.5y
2
= 0.5x
2
+ C
0.5(3
2
) = 0.5(1
2
) + C C = 5
0.5y
2
= 0.5x
2
+ 5
y x = 10
2
(Use the positive square root.)
At x y = = = 3 10 3 1
2
, .
The particular solution stops at the x-axis
because points on the circle below the x-axis
would lead to two values of y for the same
value of x, making the solution not a
function.
The Eulers value of 1.6057 overestimates
the actual value by 0.6057 .
2. a. dy = (x/y) dy
For (1, 2), dy = (1/2)(0.5) = 0.25, so new
y 2 + 0.25 = 2.25 at x = 1.5.
For (1.5, 2.25), dy = (1.5/2.25)(0.5) =
0.3333 , so new y 2.25 + 0.3333 =
2.5833 at x = 2.
x y
0 1.6071
0.5 1.75
1 2
1.5 2.25
2 2.5833
2.5 2.9704
3 3.3912
The Eulers y-values underestimate the actual
values because the tangent lines are on the
convex side of the graph and the convex side
is downward. The error is greater at x = 0
because the graph is more sharply curved
between x = 0 and x = 1 than it is between
x = 1 and x = 3.
b. dy = x/y dy
y dy x dx =

0.5y
2
= 0.5x
2
+ C
0.5(2
2
) = 0.5(1
2
) + C C = 1.5
0.5y
2
= 0.5x
2
+ 1.5
y x = +
2
3 (Use the positive square root.)
At x y = = + = = 0 0 3 3 1 7320 , . .
The particular solution stops at the x-axis
because points on the circle below the x-axis
would lead to two values of y for the same
value of x, making the solution not a
function.
The Eulers value of 1.6071 underestimates
the actual value by 0.1249 unit.
3. dx = 0.2. Make a table showing values of dy =
0.2(dy/dx) and new y = old y + dy.
x dy/dx dy y
2 3 0.6 1
2.2 5 1.0 1.6
2.4 4 0.8 2.6
2.6 1 0.2 3.4
2.8 3 0.6 3.6
3 6 1.2 3.0
3.2 5 1.0 1.8
3.4 3 0.6 0.8
3.6 1 0.2 0.2
3.8 1 0.2 0.0
4 2 0.4 0.2
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
y
x
You cannot tell whether the last value of y is an
overestimate or an underestimate because the
convex side of the graph is downward in some
places and upward in other places.
4. dx = 0.3. Make a table showing values of dy =
0.3(dy/dx) and new y = old y + dy.
x dy/dx dy y
1 3 0.9 2
1.3 2 0.6 1.1
1.6 1 0.3 0.5
1.9 0 0 0.2
2.2 1 0.3 0.2
2.5 2 0.6 0.5
2.8 3 0.9 1.1
3.1 4 1.2 2
3.4 5 1.5 3.2
3.7 6 1.8 4.7
3.9 7 2.1 6.5
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
5
y
x
The approximate values of y underestimate the
actual values of y because the convex side of the
graph is down.
7. a. and b.
dy
dx
xy = 0 2 .
x
y
(3, 2)
(1, 2)
8. a. and b.
dy
dx
x y = + 0 1 0 2 . .
x
5
5
y
(0, 2)
(0, 4)
c. When the graph is observed, the slope lines
seem to follow a straight path using (0, 2.5)
as an initial condition. Eulers method
confirms this.
(In differential equations, students will learn
how to solve such first-order linears by
multiplying both sides by the integrating
factor e
0.2x
. The general solution is
y = Ce
0.2x
+ 0.5x 2.5. For C = 0, the
particular solution is y = 0.5x + 2.5.)
9. a. Using dr = 0.6, v(13.6) 0.1414 and
v(14.2) 1.2900 , so the spacecraft seems
to reverse direction somewhere between these
two values of r, as shown in the graph in
part b.
b. Using dr = 0.1, v(20) 4.5098 , and the
values are leveling off, as shown in the
graph.
dr = 0.1
dr = 0.6
10 20
10
20
v
r
Actual
c.
dv
dr r v
=
. 62 44
2
v dv r dr =

62 44
2
.
0 5 62 44
2 1
. . v r C = +
0 5 12 62 44 1 9 56
2 1
. ( ) . ( ) = + =
C C .
0 5 62 4 9 56
2 1
. . . v r = +
v r = + 124 88 19 12
1
. .
When r = 20, v = 5.0362 .

Because the graph is concave up (convex side
down), the Eulers solution underestimates
the actual velocity. The first increment, where
the graph is so steep, makes a large error that
accumulates as the iterations continue,
putting the graph into a region of the slope
field from which the spacecraft would not
escape Earths gravity.
d. Let v
1
be the initial velocity at r = 1.
Solving for C gives
0 5 62 44
1
2
. . v C = +
C v = 0 5 62 44
1
2
. .
If v
1
2 62 44 < ( . ), then C is negative,
making v r C = + 128 88
1
.
an imaginary
number when r is large enough. If
v
1
> 2 62 44 ( . ), then C is positive, making v
a positive real number for all positive
values of r. (The asymptote is v C = .)
10. a. v(2) = 61.6831 , v(4) = 106.2850 ,
v(6) = 129.7139 , v(8) = 139.9323 ,
v(10) = 143.9730 , v(20) = 146.4066
These values will be overestimates because
the graph is concave down (convex side up),
so the Eulers tangent lines will be above the
actual graph, as in the next graph.
v
t
Actual
Euler
100
10 20
200
b. v(2) = 157.7979 , v(4) = 150.5128 ,
v(6) = 147.9234 , v(8) = 146.9777 ,
v(10) = 146.6290 , v(20) = 146.4254
These values will be underestimates because
the graph is concave up (convex side down),
so the Eulers tangent lines will be below the
actual graph.
c.
dv
dt
v = = 0 0 0015 32 16
2
. .

v = =
32 16
0 0015
146 42404
.
.
. (store) K
The terminal velocity is about 146.4 ft/s.
d. The table shows the values of v and the
errors, Euler minus actual. The errors increase
only for a while, then approach zero because
both the Eulers solution and the actual
solution approach the same asymptote. (It is
not always true that values farther from the
initial condition have a greater error in their
Eulers approximation.)
t Eulers v Actual v Error
2 61.6831 60.4791 1.2040
4 106.2850 103.3298 2.9552
6 129.7139 126.8383 2.8756
8 139.9323 137.9573 1.9749
10 143.9730 142.8466 1.1264
20 146.4066 146.3792 0.0274
The graph in part a shows the Eulers
solutions from parts a and b, and the actual
solution from part c, thus confirming
graphically the numerical answers to this
problem.
11. a. For x 5, the radicand 25 x
2
is non-
negative, giving a real-number answer for y.
For x > 5, the radicand is negative, giving no
real solution.
b. The slope field shows that the graph will be
concave up (convex side down), making the
Eulers tangent lines lie below the graph,
leading to an underestimate.
At x y = = = 4 9 0 6 25 4 9 0 5969
2
. , . . . .
The Eulers solution at x = 4.9 is
0.8390 , which is an underestimate
because 0.8390 < 0.5969 but is
reasonably close to the actual value.
c. The Eulers solutions for the given points are
x y
5.1 0.3425
5.2 0.1935
5.3 0.7736
6.6 26.9706
From 5.1 to 5.2,

dy =
( )( . )
( )( . )
( . )
9 5 1
25 0 3425
0 1
K
= 0.5360 , indicating that the graph is still
taking upward steps.
From 5.2 to 5.3,

dy =
( )( . )
( )( . )
( . )
9 5 2
25 0 1935
0 1
K
= 0.9672 , indicating that the graph takes
a relatively large downward step. The sign
change in dy happens whenever the prior
Eulers y-value changes sign. The graph starts
over on another ellipse representing a different
particular solution.
d. Eulers method can predict values that are
outside the domain, which are inaccurate.
Problem Set 7-6
Q1. definition of definite integral
Q2. fundamental theorem of calculus
Q3. definition of indefinite integral
Q4. the intermediate value theorem
Q5. Rolles theorem
Q6. the mean value theorem
Q7. the chain rule Q8. general
Q9. particular Q10. initial
1. a. dB/dt is proportional to B, which means that
the larger the population is, the faster it
grows. But dB/dt is also proportional to
(30 B)/30, which means that the closer B is
to 30, the slower it grows. dB/dt > 0 when
0 < B < 30 because when the population is
less than 30 million the population will
increase until it reaches the carrying capacity.
dB/dt < 0 when B > 30 because when the
population is greater than 30 million, the
population will decrease until it reaches the
carrying capacity.
b.
B
t
Euler
Actual
10 20 30 40
10
20
30
40
For the initial condition (0, 3), the population
grows, leveling off at B = 30. For the initial
condition (10, 40), the population drops
because it is starting out above the maximum
sustainable value (carrying capacity).
c.
t B
0 3
10 13.8721
20 26.4049
30 29.5565
40 29.9510
See the graph in part b. The graph shows that
the Eulers points and graphical solution are
close to each other.
d.
dB
dt
B
B
= 0 21
30
30
.
30
30
0 21
B B
dB dt
( )
= .
Separate the variables.
1 1
30
0 21
B B
dB dt +
.
By partial fractions
(see Example 1).
ln |B| ln |30 B| = 0.21t + C
Why the sign?
ln |B| + ln |30 B| = 0.21t C
To simplify later
steps.
30
27
3
9
1
0 21
1
1
0
B
B
C e
C e
C e C
t
C
=
=
= =
.
1
Substitute the initial
condition (0, 3) to
find C
1
.
30
9
30 9
0 21
0 21
B
B
e
B Be
t
t
=
=
.
.
B
e
B
t
t
Solve for explicitly
in terms of .
=
+

30
1 9
0 21 .

At , 26.4326 . t B
e
= =
+
= 20
30
1 9
4 2 .
K
The Eulers value, B 26.4049 , is very
close to this precise value.
e.
d
dB
dB
dt
B
= + 0 014 30 0 007 . ( . )
Derivative = 0 if 0.014B + 30(0.007) = 0,
which is true if and only if B = 15.
This value is halfway between B = 0 and
B = 30.
15
30
1 9
0 21
=
+ e
t .
t 10.4629
The point of inflection is (10.4629 , 15).
2. a. A logistic function is reasonable because the
number of houses grows at an increasing rate
for a while, then slows down as the number
approaches 120, the carrying capacity of the
subdivision.
b.
dy
dx
y
y
= 0 9
120
120
.
120
120
0 9
y y
dy dx
( )
= .
1 1
120 y y
+
dy = 0.9 dx
ln |y| ln |120 y| = 0.9x + C
ln |y| + ln |120 y| = 0.9x C
120
1
0 9
1
y
y
C e C e
x C
= =
.
115
5
= C
1
e
0
C
1
= 23
condition (0, 5) to
find C
1
.
120
23
120 23
0 9
0 9
y
y
e
y ye
x
x
=
=
.
.

y
e
x
=
+
120
1 23
0 9 .
The graph confirms that the particular
solution follows the slope lines.
y (houses)
50
5 10
100
x (years)
c. 70% of 120 is 84.

84
120
1 23
4 4253
0 9
=
+

e
x
x .
. , K or about
4 years 5 months Solve numerically
for x.
1 lot left means 119 lots built on.
119
120
1 23
0 9
=
+

e
x
x .
8.7940 , or about
8 years 10 months.
d.
dy
dx
y
y
y y = = 0 9
120
120
0 9
120
120
2
.
.
( )
d
dy
dy
dx
y
=
0 9
120
120 2
.
( )
The derivative is zero if 120 2y = 0, which
is true if and only if y = 60. This value is
halfway between y = 0 and y = 120.
If y < 60, the derivative is positive, so dy/dx
is increasing. If y > 60, the derivative is
negative, so dy/dx is decreasing. Therefore,
dy/dx is a maximum when y = 60, and the
number of houses is increasing the most
rapidly at this point of inflection.
3. a.
dy
dx
ky
M y
M
=
0 5 10 10
0 5
10 10
. = =
k
M
M
k
M M
( )( )
.
( )
1 1 24 24
1 1
24 24
. = =
k
M
M
k
M M
( )( )
.
( )
0 5
10 10
1 1
24 24
.
( )
.
( ) M M
Eliminate k by
equating the two
values of k/M.
12(M 24) = 11.0(M 10)
12M 11M = 288 110 M = 178
Solve for M.
k
k
178
0 5
10 178 10
89
1680
=
= =
.
( )
0.05297 (Store this.)
Ajax expects to sell 178,000 CDs based on
this mathematical model.
b.
dy
dx
y
y
=
89
1680
178
178
y (thousand CDs)
50 100
100
178
200
x (days)
The slope field has horizontal slope lines at
about y = 178, thus confirming M = 178.
c. The general solution is y
M
ae
kx
=
+

1
.
Substitute M = 178 and k = 89/1680 =
0.05297 and the initial condition y = 10 at
x = 0.
10
178
1
16 8
0
=
+
=
ae
a .
The equation is

y
e
x
=
+

178
1 16 8
0 05297
.
. K
.
See the graph in part b. The graph follows the
slope lines.
d. At x = 50, y = 81.3396 .
At x = 51, y = 83.6844 .
83.6844 81.3396 = 2.35447
They expect to sell about 2354 CDs on the
51st day.
e. The point of inflection is halfway between
y = 0 and y = 178, that is, at y = 89.

89
178
1 16 8
0 05297
=
+

.
.
e
x K
Solving numerically gives x 53.2574 ,
or on the 54th day.
4.
dy
dx
ky
M y
M
=

M dy
y M y
k dx
( )
=

1 1
y M y
dy k dx +
=

See Section 9-7 for a
quick way to resolve
into partial fractions.
ln |y| ln |M y| = kx + C
The differential of the
second denominator
is dy.
ln |y| + ln |M y| = kx C
ln
M y
y
kx C
=
M y
y
e e e
kx C C kx
= =

M y
y
e e C e C e
C kx kx C
= = =

1 1
M y = C
1
ye
kx
y + C
1
ye
kx
= M
y
M
C e
M
ae
kx kx
=
+
=
+

1 1
1
a = C
1
, Q.E.D.
5. a. At t = 5.5, F 1.7869 2 fish left.
At t = 5.6, F 11.0738 , meaning no
fish are left.
The fish are predicted to become extinct in
just over 5.5 years.
Part a, dt = 0.1
F (fish)
t (years)
Part b
Parts c and d
5 10
200
500
1000
(3, 1200), showing that the fish population
will decrease because the initial condition is
above the 1000 maximum sustainable.
c. See the graph in part a with initial condition
(0, 300), showing that the population rises
slowly at first, then faster, eventually
slowing down as the population approaches
the 1000 maximum sustainable (carrying
capacity).
d. Let F = y + 200.
dy
dt
y y
=

130
200
800
1000
200000
800
130
y y
dy dt
( )
=

250 250
800
130
y y
dy dt +
=

See Section 9-7 for
quick partial fractions.
250 ln |y| 250 ln |800 y| = 130t + C
Why ?
800
13 25
=

y
y
e e
t C ( / )
800
1
13 25
=

y
y
C e
t ( / )
Substitute y = 100 (F = 300) when t = 0.
800 100
100
7
1
0
1
= = C e C
800
7
13 25
=

y
y
e
t ( / )
y
e
t
=
+

800
1 7
13 25 ( / )
F
e
t
=
+
+
800
1 7
200
13 25 ( / )
See the graph in part a, showing that the
sketch from part c reasonably approximates
this precise algebraic solution.
6. Answers will vary. Here is a typical run with a
class of 25 people.
x N
0 1
1 3
2 6
3 13
4 21
5 25
6 25
7 25
8 25
Logistic regression gives

N
e
x
=
+

25 5083
1 43 1120
1 3032
.
.
.
K
K
K
The logistic function fits reasonably well (as
shown in this graph), especially if you use
several values of the maximum number of
people as shown in the table.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5
10
15
20
25
N
x
7. a. and b.
Year P P/t (P/t)/P
1940 131.7
1950 151.4 2.38 0.01571
1960 179.3 2.59 0.01444
1970 203.2 2.36 0.01161
1980 226.5 2.275 0.01004
1990 248.7
You cant find P/t for 1940 and 1990
because you dont know values of P both
before and after these values.
c. Using linear regression on the values of
(P/t)/P without round-off gives
1
0 02802596 0 0000792747
P
P
t
P
. . .
The correlation coefficient is r = 0.98535 .
For the other types of regression:
r = 0.978 for logarithmic
r = 0.981 for exponential
r = 0.971 for power
Thus, a linear function fits best because r is
closest to 1.
d.
1
0 02802596 0 0000792747
P
dP
dt
P . .
=
dP
dt
P P ( . . 0 02802596 0 0000792747 )
e.
100
500
P
0
t
50 50
Stable population at 353.5 million
f.
Year t Euler Actual* Euler**
1890 50 44.6 62.9 46.1
1900 40 56.9 76.0 58.3
1910 30 71.7 92.0 72.9
1920 20 89.2 105.7 90.1
1930 10 109.3 122.8 109.8
1940 0 131.7 131.7 131.7
1950 10 155.4 151.4 155.0
1960 20 180.1 179.3 179.2
1970 30 204.7 203.2 203.5
1980 40 228.2 226.5 226.9
1990 50 249.9 248.7 248.8
2000 60 269.3 281.4 268.6
2010 70 286.1
2020 80 300.2
2030 90 311.8
2040 100 321.1
*Data from The World Book Encyclopedia.
**Note that although linear regression gives the
best fit for ( P/t ) /P versus P, actually plotting
the graph shows that the data point for 1960 is
considerably out of line.
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
150 200
(P/t)/P
P
1950
1960
1980
1970
Using the two endpoints, 1950 and 1980,
gives (P/t)/P = 0.002716
0.00007557P. Using this equation gives
populations much closer to the actual ones
for the given years, as shown in the
rightmost column of the table in part f. This
is, of course, no guarantee that the later
model fits any better in the future than the
former one.
g. The population growth rate is zero
if dP/dt = 0.
Let
P(0.02802596 0.0000792747P) = 0.
P = 0 or P = (0.02802596)/
(0.0000792747) = 353.5
Predicted ultimate population 353.5 million
Differential equation: P = 353.5 makes
dP/dt = 0.
Graph: P = 353.5 is a horizontal
asymptote.
h. See the graph in part e. Data do follow the
solution.
i. Sample answer: The predicted populations
agree fairly well with the data for the six
given years. The fit is exact for 1940 because
this point was used as an initial condition.
For the other five years, the predicted
populations are a bit higher than the actual
population.
j. Actual data are given in the table in part f.
k. The predicted population for 2010 from part f
is 286.1 million. Using 486.1 million as
an initial condition in 2010 gives the
following predictions:
Year
t Euler
2010 70 486.1
2020 80 444.5
2030 90 417.7
2040 100 399.7
2050 110 387.1
The logistic model predicts that the
population will drop, approaching the
ultimate value of 353.5 million from above.
This behavior shows up in the slope field of
part e because the slopes are negative for
populations above 353.5.
8. a.
1
10 10
10
10 y y
A
y
B
y
A y By
y y ( )
( )
( )
= + =
+
The numerator of the first fraction must
equal that of the last fraction for all values
of y. That is, 1 = 10A Ay + By. The
constant and linear coefficients on the left
must equal the corresponding ones on the
right. Thus, 1 = 10A and 0 = Ay + By.
So A = B = 0.1.
b.
1
10
0 1 0 1
10 y y
dy
y y
dy
( )
. .
= +
0 1
1 1
10
. ,
y y
dy
which equals 3 dx.
0.1(ln |y| ln |y 10|) = 3x + C

ln
ln
y
y
y
y
x C
10
10
30 10 = = +
y
y y
e
x C
10
1
10
30 10
= =
+ ( )
10
1
10 30
y
e e
C x
=

y
ke
k e
x
C
=
+
=

10
1
30
10
, where , Q.E.D.
c.
dP
dt
P P = ( . . ) 0 02802 0 00007927
= 0.00007927P(353.5 P)

1
353 5
0 00007927
P P
dP dt
( . ) K
K =

.

=
1
353 5
1 1
353 5 . . K K P P
dP

=
0 00007927 . K dt
ln |P| ln |P 353.5|
= 353.5(0.00007927t + C)

ln
.
ln
. P
P
P
P 353 5
353 5
K
K
=
= 0.02802t + 353.5C

P
P
e
t C
. 353 5
0 02802 353 5
K
=
+ ( . . )

353 5
1
0 02802
. K
P
ke
t
= +
.

P
ke
t
=
+
353 5
1
0 02802
.
. ...
K
For the initial condition t = 0, P = 131.7,

k = =
353 5
131 7
1 1 684
.
.
K
. .
d.
Year t Algebraic Euler Actual
1940 0 131.7 131.7 131.7
1950 10 155.5 155.4 151.4
1960 20 180.2 180.1 179.3
1970 30 204.7 204.7 203.2
1980 40 228.2 228.2 226.5
1990 50 249.8 249.9 248.7
The two methods of evaluating the
mathematical model agree almost perfectly.
However, the fact that they agree with each
other is no guarantee that they will fit the real
world as closely as they match each other.
9.
dR
dt
k R
dR
R
k dt R k t C = = = +
1 1 1
ln | |
= = | | R e e R C e
C k t k t
1 1
1
R is increasing because k
1
> 0.
10.
dF
dt
k F
dF
F
k dt = =
2 2
= + ln | | F k t C
2
= =

| | F e e F C e
C k t k t
2 2
2
F is decreasing because k
2
< 0.
11.
dR
dt
k R k RF =
1 3
dF
dt
k F k RF = +
2 4
12.
dF
dR
dF dt
dR dt
k F k RF
k R k RF
= =
+ /
/
2 4
1 3
The dt cancels out.
13. R = 70, F = 15

=
+
= =
dF
dR
.
.
.
.
15 0 025 1050
70 0 04 1050
11 25
28
0 4017K
14. The slope at (70, 15) is about 0.4.
100
50
F
R
(70, 15)
At R F
dR
dt
dF
dt
= = = = 70 15 28 11 25 , , , and . ,
which are both positive. So both populations are
increasing and the graph starts up and to the
right.
15. The populations vary periodically and the graph
is cyclical. The fox population reaches its
maximum 1/4 cycle after the rabbit population
reaches its maximum.
16. Neither population changes when dR/dt =
dF/dt = 0.
dF/dt = 0 F = 0 or R = 1/0.025 =
40 (4000 rabbits)
dR/dt = 0 R = 0 or F = 1/0.04 = 25 foxes
17. Assume that dF/dt still equals F + 0.025RF.
dF
dR
dF dt
dR dt
F RF
R RF R
= =
+ /
/
.
. .
0 025
0 04 0 01
2
R F
dF
dR
= = =
= 70 15
11 25
21
0 5357 and
.
. K
18.
100
50
F
R
(70, 15)
Note that the slope at (70, 15) is now negative.
19. The populations now spiral to a fixed point. The
rabbit population stabilizes at the same value as
in Problem 16, R = 40 (4000 rabbits), which is
surprising. The stable fox population decreases
from 25 to 15.
20. Assume that dF/dt still equals = F + 0.025RF.
dF
dR
dF dt
dR dt
F RF
R RF R
= =
+ /
/
.
. .
0 025
0 04 0 01 10
2

R F
dF
dR
= = =
= 70 15
11 25
31
0 3629 and
.
. K
21.
100
50
F
R
(70, 15)
(70, 30)
Note that the slope at (70, 15) is about 0.4.
22. The fox and rabbit populations spiral toward a
fixed point. Again, and even more surprisingly,
the rabbits stabilize at R = 40 (4000). But the
stable fox population is reduced to 8 or 9. Along
the way, the model shows that the foxes are
reduced to about 1, thus becoming in danger of
extinction!
23. See the graph in Problem 21 with initial
condition (70, 30). With this many foxes and
hunters chasing rabbits, the rabbits become
extinct. At this point, the foxes have been
reduced to just 5. After the rabbits become
extinct, the foxes decrease exponentially
with time, eventually becoming extinct
themselves.
Problem Set 7-7
Review Problems
R1. P(t) = 35(0.98
t
)
P(t) = 35(0.98
t
) ln 0.98
t P(t) P(t) P(t)/P(t)
0 35 0.7070 0.2020
10 28.5975 0.5777 0.2020
20 23.3662 0.4720 0.2020
P t
P t
t
t
= =
( )
( )
( . ) ln .
( . )
ln
35 0 98 0 98
35 0 98
0 98 .
= 0.2020 , which is a constant, Q.E.D.
R2. a. V = speed in mi/h; t = time in s
dV
dt
kV =
b.
dV
V
k dt =

ln |V| = kt + C
| | V e e e
kt C C kt
= =
+
V = C
1
e
kt
C
1
can be positive or negative, so the
absolute value sign is not needed for V. In the
real world, V is positive, which also makes
the absolute value sign unnecessary.
c. 400 = Ce
k0
C = 400
500 400
1 25
40
0 005578
40
=
= =
e
k
k
ln .
.
V = 400e
0.005578t
d. 750 = 400e
0.005578t
= = t
ln .
. ...
1 875
0 005578
112 68 113 . s
R3. a. y dy dx y x C
= = +

1 2
6 3
/ 2
( )
b. y = (3x 4)
2
(y = (3x 14)
2
does not work
because at (3, 5), dy/dx = 30 but 6y
1/2
= 30.)
c.
(3, 25) y
x
10
1 2 3
d. At x = 2, y = 12 and y = 4.
See graph in part c.
A line through (2, 4) with slope 12 is tangent
to the graph.
e. i. dN/dt = 100 kN
dN
kN
dt
100

=
(1/k) ln |100 kN| = t + C
Using (0, 0) gives (1/k) ln 100 = C.
Substituting this value for C gives
(1/k) ln |100 kN| = t (1/k) ln 100.
ln |100 kN| ln 100 = kt
ln |1 (k/100)N| = kt
1 100 =

( / ) k N e
kt
N k e
kt
=

( / )( ) 100 1
Using (7, 600) and solving numerically
gives k 0.045236.
N = 2210.6(1 e
0.045236 t
)
ii. t = 30: About 1642 names
iii. lim
t
N
= = 2210.6 (1 0) 2210.6
The brain saturates at about 2211 names.
iv. Let dN/dt = 30.
30 100
70
1547 4 = = = kN N
k
.
names. Substituting this for N gives

1547 4 2210 6 1
0 045236
. . ( ).
.
K K =

e
t

e
t
= =
0 045236
1
1547 4
2210 6
0 3
.
.
.
.
K
K
(exactly)

t = =
ln .
.
0 3
0 04523
26 6 27
K
. days
or:
30 = N(t) N(t 1)

= +

2210 6
0 045236 0 045236 1
. [ ]
. . ( )
K e e
t t

= +

2210 6 1
0 045236 1 0 045236
. ( )
. ( ) .
Ke e
t t
t 27 days
R4. a.
dy
dx xy
y = +
20
0 05 .
At (2, 5), dy/dx = 1.75.
At (10, 16), dy/dx = 0.675.
The slopes at (2, 5) and (10, 16) agree with
these numbers.
b. Initial conditions (1, 8) and (1, 12)
5
5
y
x
(10, 16)
(2, 5)
(1, 8)
(1, 10)
(1, 12)
The solution containing (1, 8) crosses the
x-axis near x = 7, converges asymptotically
to the y-axis as x approaches zero, and is
symmetric across the x-axis. The solution
containing (1, 12) goes to infinity as x goes
to infinity.
c. See the graph in part b with initial condition
(1, 10). The solution containing (1, 10)
behaves more like the one containing
(1, 12), although a slight discrepancy in
plotting may make it seem to go the
other way.
R5. a.
dy
dx xy
y = +
20
0 05 .
Table with initial condition (1, 9), x = 1:
x y (x = 1) y (x = 0.1)
1 9 9
2 7.227 7.707
3 6.205 6.949
4 5.441 6.413
5 4.794 5.999
6 4.200 5.662
7 3.616 5.377
8 3.007 5.130
9 2.326 4.910
10 1.488 4.712
11 0.2185 4.529
12 8.091 4.359
13 4.199
14 4.045
15 3.896
16 3.750
17 3.604
18 3.457
19 3.306
20 3.150
M M
28.9 0.1344
29 0.3810
5
5
y
x
(1, 9)
x = 1
x = 0.1
For x = 1, the graph crosses the x-axis at
about x = 11.
b. See the table in part a for x = 0.1.
See the graph in part a.
c. The accuracy far away from the initial
condition is very sensitive to the size of the
increment. For instance, in part a the first
step takes the graph so far down that it
crosses the x-axis before running off the
edge of the grid. The greater accuracy with
x = 0.1 shows that the graph actually does
not cross the x-axis before x = 20.
d. Continuing the computations in part c, the
graph crosses the x-axis close to x = 28.9.
See the table in part a.
R6. a.
y (hundred beavers)
x (years)
5 10
5
10
The population is decreasing because it is
above the maximum sustainable, 900 beavers
(y = 9). By Eulers method, y 9.3598 , or
about 936 beavers, at x = 3 years.
(3, 100), showing that the population is
expected to increase slowly, then more
rapidly, then more slowly again, leveling off
asymptotically toward 900. This happens
because the initial population of 100 is below
the maximum sustainable.
c.
dy
dx
y
y
= 0 6
9
9
.
y
ae
x
=
+
9
1
0 6 .
Substitute into the
general equation.
1
9
1
1 8
=
+ ae
.
condition (3, 1).
a = 8e
1.8
= 48.3971 Solve for a.

y
e e e
x x
=
+
=
+
9
1 8
9
1 48 3971
1 8 0 6 0 6 . . .
. K
The point of
inflection is halfway
between the
asymptotes at y = 0
and y = 9.
4 5
9
1 8
1 8 0 6
. =
+

e e
x . .
Substitute 4.5 for y.
x = ln (8e
1.8
)/0.6 = 6.4657 6.5 yr
d.
dy
dx
x
y
=
. ( )
( )
0 5 6
7
dy = 0 when x = 6, and dx = 0 when y = 7. So
the stable point is (6, 7), corresponding to the
present population of 600 Xaltos natives and
7000 yaks.
(Note that the general solution to the differ-
ential equation is (x 6)
2
+ 2(y 7)
2
= C,
and the specific solution for the given initial
condition is (x 6)
2
+ 2(y 7)
2
= 0, whose
graph is a single point.)
e. Initial condition (9, 7)
5
5
x
y
(6, 7) (9, 7) (15, 7) (19, 7)
Suddenly there are too many predators for the
number of prey, so the yak population
declines. Because y is decreasing from (9, 7),
the graph follows a clockwise path.
f. See the graph in part e with initial condition
(19, 7). The graph crosses the x-axis at
x 14.4, indicating that the yaks are hunted
to extinction. (The Xaltos would then starve
or become vegetarian!)
g. See the graph in part e with initial condition
(15, 7). The graph never crosses the x-axis,
but crosses the y-axis at y 2.3, indicating
that the yak population becomes so sparse
that the predators become extinct. (The yak
population would then explode!)
Concept Problems
C1. a.
dy
dx
k y y dy k dx = =
/ / 1 2 1 2
2 0 5
1 2 2
y kx C y kx C
/
= + = + , so [ . ( )] .
b. The differential equation would have to
become y
1 3 /
after it is integrated. So the
original equation would have to contain
y
/ 2 3
after the variables have been separated.
Conjecture:
dy
dx
ky =
2 3 /
c. Confirmation:
dy
dx
ky y dy k dx = =
/ / 2 3 2 3

3y
1/ 3
= kx + C y = [(1/3)(kx + C)]
3
, a
cubic function, Q.E.D.
d. For n 0,
dy
dx
k y
n n
=
/ ( ) 1
y dy k dx ny kx C
n n n / /
= = +
( )

1 1
y = [(1/n)(kx + C)]
n
For example:
dy
dx
y y dy dx = =
/ / 7 8 7 8

= + = / +
/
8 1 8
1 8 8
y x C y x C [( )( )]
C2. a.
Ticket Price People
2.00 460
2.50 360
3.00 320
4.00 260
4.50 140
5.50 120
6.00 80
b.
500
6
P
N
Function behaves (more or less) linearly.
Let N = number of tickets and P = number of
$/ticket.
By linear regression, N 90.83P + 605.4,
with correlation coefficient r = 0.9747 .
c. Let M = total number of dollars.
M P N = P(90.83P + 605.4)
M 90.83P
2
+ 605.4P
d. Maximize M: M 181.66P + 605.4
M = 0 P
605 4
181 66
.
.
= 3.332
Maximum M at P 3.332 because M
changes from positive to negative there (or
because the graph of M is a parabola opening
downward).
Charge $3.30 or $3.35.
e. M has a local maximum at this price because
charging more than the optimum price
reduces attendance enough to reduce the total
amount made, whereas charging less than the
optimum price increases attendance, but not
enough to make up for the lower price per
ticket.
C3. a. g t e
e
t
( )
.
.
=

10
0 8
0 5
The graph does look like Figure 7-7e.
lim
. lim
. .
t
e e
e e
t
t
t

= 10 10
0 8
0 5 0 5
= =

10 10
0 8 0
e
.
Limit is 10, indicating maximum possible
population.
b. a = 421.3692 , c = 0.7303036 , and
k = 0.01589546 , either by twice taking
logarithms as suggested, or by this method:
Taking ln once ln a ce
kt
= ln P, so
ln a ce
10k
= ln 179
ln a c = ln 203
ln ln a ce
k
=
10
226
Then substituting ln a = c + ln 203 into the
first and third equations gives
c(1 e
10k
) = ln 179 ln 203
c e
k
( ) 1 226 203
10
=
ln ln
Substituting c e c e e
k k k
( ) ( ) 1 1
10 10 10
= =

e
k 10
179 203 ( ) ln ln into the previous
equation yields
e
k
=

10
226 203
179 203
226 203
203 179
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln

so k =

=
1
10
226 203
203 179
0 01589 ln
ln ln
ln ln
. . K
Then find c using c e
k
( ) 1 226
10
=
ln
ln 203 and find a using 203 =

ae
c
.
c = 0.7303 and a = 421.3692
431.3...
t
g(t)
100
100
Note that this model predicts an ultimate
population of lim ( )
t
P t
421 million.
c. Now a = 551.1655 , c = 0.9988291 ,
k = 0.01186428 , and the ultimate
population is lim ( )
t
P t
551 million. Thus,

the Gompertz model is quite sensitive to a
small change in initial conditions. The
predicted ultimate population increased by
130 million with only a 1 million change in
one data point!
C4. dV/dt = 2V
1/ 2
+ F, where F is a constant.
dV
F V
dt
=

2
1 2 /
The integral on the right is not the integral of
the reciprocal function because the numerator
cannot be made the differential of the
denominator. A slope field gives information
about the solutions. The following graph is for
F = 20 ft
3
/min flowing in. (The dashed line
shows the solution with F = 0, the original
condition.) Starting with 196 ft
3
in the tub, the
volume levels off near 100 ft
3
. Starting below
100 ft
3
, the volume would increase toward 100.
14
196
F = 20
F = 0
t
V
If the inflow rate is too high, the tub will
overflow. The next graph is for F = 40 ft
3
/min.
In this case, the stable volume is above the
initial 196 ft
3
.
14
196
F = 0
t
V
F = 40
It is possible to antidifferentiate the left side by
the algebraic substitution method of Problem
Set 9-11, Problems 101106. The general
solution is
t C
F
F V V + =
2
2
1 2 1 2
ln ( )
/ /
and the particular solution for V = 196 at t = 0 is
t
F F
F V
V =

14
2
28
2
1 2
1 2
ln
/
/
Unfortunately, it is difficult or impossible to
solve for V. The volume will asymptotically
approach F
2
/4, overflowing the tub if F
2
/4 > tub
capacity.
Chapter Test
T1.
dy
dx
ky =
T2. Solving a differential equation means finding the
equation of the function whose derivative appears
in the differential equation.
T3. The general solution involves an arbitrary
constant of integration, C. A particular solution
has C evaluated at a given initial condition.
T4.
5
5
y
x
(0, 4)
T5. The concave side of the graph is up, so the
actual graph curves up from the Eulers tangent
lines, making the Eulers method values an
underestimate. (Or: The convex side of the graph
is down, so the Eulers tangent lines are below
the actual graph.)
T6. General logistic differential equation:
dy
dx
ky
M y
M
=

T7.
dy
dx
y = 0 4 .
dy
y
dx

= 0 4 .
ln |y| = 0.4x + C
|y| = e
C
e
0.4 x
y = C
1
e
0.4 x
5 = C
1
e
0.4(0)
= C
1
y = 5e
0.4 x
T8.
dy
dx
y y dy dx = =

12 12
1 2 1 2 / /
2 12
1 2
y x C
/
= +
T9. a.
dP
dt
kP P Ce
kt
= =
P = 3000 at t = 0 P = 3000e
kt
b. P = 2300 at t = 5

k = =
1
5
2300
3000
0 05314 ln . K
P(25) = 794.6
Phoebe will not quite make it because the
pressure has dropped just below 800 psi by
time t = 25.
or:
800 3000
0 05314
=

e
t . K
t =
=
1
0 05314
800
3000
24 87
.
ln .
K
K
Phoebe will not quite make it because the
pressure has dropped to 800 just before t = 25.
T10. a. y = number of grams of chlorine dissolved
t = number of hours since chlorinator was
started
dy
dt
ky = 30
dy
ky
dt
30

=
= +
1
30
k
ky t C ln | |
ln |30 ky| = kt + C
1
30 ky = C
2
e
kt
y = 0 when t = 0 C
2
= 30
ky = 30(1 e
kt
)
y
k
e
kt
=
30
1 ( )
The rate of escape is ky = 13 when y = 100.

So k = 0.13.
= =

y e e
t t
30
0 13
1 230 7 1
0 13 0 13
.
( ) .
.
K( )
.
b. 200 230 7 1
0 13
=

. ( e
t .
)

e
t
= =
0 13
1
200
230 7
0 1333
.
.
. K
K

t = =
ln .
.
0 1333
0 13
15 499
K
K . 15.5 hr
T11. a.
dy
dx
y
y
= 0 5
16
16
.
y
ae ae
a
x
=
+
=
+
=
16
1
2
16
1
7
0 5 0 .
y
e
x
=
+
16
1 7
0 5 .
b. At x = 0, y = 2:
dy = 0.5(2)(16 2)/(16)(0.1) = 0.0875
At x = 0.1, y 2 + 0.0875 = 2.0875,
so dy = 0.5(2.0875)(16 2.0875)/(16)(0.1) =
0.09075 .
At x = 0.2, y 2.0875 + 0.09075 =
2.17825 .
The precise solution is y
e
=
+
16
1 7
0 1 .
=
2.18166 , which is greater than
2.17825 , as expected because the
graph is concave up (convex side downward).
c. 4
16
1 7
0 5
=
+ e
x .
x = [ln (3/7)]/0.5 =
1.6945
About 1 month 21 days
d.
y (hundred lilies)
x (months)
The graph shows that the number of lilies is
expected to decrease toward 1600 (y = 16)
because of overcrowding.
T12. a.
R (roadrunners)
C (coyotes)
(80, 700)
The graph starts going downward and to the
right from (80, 700) because the coyote
population is relatively high, thus decreasing
the number of roadrunners.
b. There can be two different values for the
roadrunner population for a particular coyote
population because the two events happen at
two different times. For example, coyotes are
increasing from 80 when there are 700 road-
runners, but later they are decreasing from 80
when there are about 200 roadrunners.
Problem Set 7-8
Cumulative Review, Chapters 17
1.
200
8
t
v(t)
(t, v(t))
v(t) dt represents the distance traveled in time dt.
2. Definite integral
3. ( ) t t t dt
3 2
0
8
21 100 80 + +
= + +
1
4
7 50 80
4 3 2
0
8
t t t t
= 1280 mi
4. M
100
= 1280.0384
M
1000
= 1280.000384
The Riemann sums seem to be approaching 1280
as n increases. Thus, the 1280 that was found by
purely algebraic methods seems to give the
correct value of the limit of the Riemann sum.
5.
200
8
t
v(t)
(t, v(t))
6. Any Riemann sum is bounded by the
corresponding lower and upper sums. That is,
L
n
R
n
U
n
.
By the definition of integrability, the limits of L
n
and U
n
are equal to each other and to the definite
integral. By the squeeze theorem, then, the limit
of R
n
is also equal to the definite integral.
7. Definition:
f x dx L U
a
b
x
n
x
n
( ) lim lim
0 0
= =

provided that the two limits are equal.
Fundamental theorem: If f is integrable on
[ , ] and ( ) ( ) , a b g x f x dx =
then f x dx g b g a
a
b
( ) ( ) ( ). =
Or: If F x f t dt
a
x
( ) ( ) , =
then = F x f x ( ) ( ).
8. Numerically, the integral equals 1280. By
counting, there are approximately 52 squares.
Thus, the integral 52(25)(1) = 1300.
9. v
v v
=
/
( ) .
(mi )
4
4 1 3 9
0 2
19 9
( . ) ( . )
.
min
min
v
v v
= ( ) .
(mi/min)
min
4
4 01 3 99
0 02
19 9999
( . ) ( . )
.
10. f c
f x f c
x c
x c
=
( ) lim
( ) ( )
or
f x
f x x f x
x
x
=
+
( ) lim
( ) ( )
0
11. v(t) = 3t
2
42t + 100 v(4) = 20
12. Slowing down. v(4) < 0 and v(4) = 208 > 0
velocity is positive but decreasing speed is
slowing down.
13. The line has slope 20, and passes through
(4, 208). The line is tangent to the graph.
100
200
10 0 5
v(t)
t
5
100
Slope
= 20
14. Acceleration
15. At a maximum of v(t), v(t) will equal zero.
3t
2
42t + 100 = 0 t =
42 42 4 3 100
6
2
t = 3.041 or 10.958
So the maximum is not at exactly t = 3.
16. v(t) = 6t 42
17. Know:
dx
dt
= 0 3 . . Want:
dy
dt
and
dz
dt
.
y e
dy
dt
e
dx
dt
e
x x x
= = =

6 3 0 9
0 5 0 5 0 5 . . .
.
At x = 2,
dy
dt
e = =
0 9 0 3310
1
. . . K
y is decreasing at about 0.33 unit per second.
18. z x y z
dz
dt
x
dx
dt
y
dy
dt
2 2 2
2 2 2 = + = +
dz
dt z
x e e
x x
= +
1
0 3 6 0 9
0 5 0 5
[ . ( . )]
. .
At

x z = = + = 2 2 2 2072 2 9786
2 2
, . . , K
so

dz
dt
= =
1
2 9786
0 6 0 7308 0 04391
.
( . . )
K
K K . .
z is decreasing at about 0.044 unit per second.
19.
dm
dt
km =
20.
dm
m
k dt m kt C = = +

ln | |
| | m e m C e
kt C kt
= =
+
1
21. Exponentially
22. General
23. 10000 = C
1
e
0
C
1
= 10000
10900 10000
1
=

e
k
k = ln 1.09 m = 10000e
ln(1.09) t
= 10000(1.09)
t
24. False. The rate of increase changes as the amount
in the account increases. At t = 10,
m = 10000(1.09)
10
23673.64.
The amount of money would grow by
$13,673.64, not just $9,000.
25. By Simpsons rule, y dx
30
42
+ + + +
2
3
74 4 77 2 83 4 88 2 90 (
+ + = 4 91 89 1022 ) .
26. By symmetric difference quotient, at x = 36
y =
90 83
2 2
1 75
( )
. .
27. If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous at
x = a and x = b, and if f ( a) = f ( b) = 0, then there
is a number x = c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
28.
a c b
f(b)
f(a)
f(x)
x
tangent
secant
29.
f(x) and f(x)
x
5
0 5 10
f f
f
30.
x
f(x)
1
2
Step discontinuity at x = 1.
31. g(x) = x
1/ 3
(x 1)
g x x x x x x = + =
/ / /
( ) ( ) ( )
13 2 3 2 3
1
3
1
1
3
4 1
g(0) is undefined because 0
2 3 /
takes on the form
1 0
2 3
/
/
or 1/0.
g(x)
x
1
1 1
32. e
0.2 x
= 0.6x x 3.0953 (Store as a.)
Or x 7.5606 (Store as b.)
dA = (0.6x e
0.2 x
) dx

A x e dx
x
a
b
=
( . )
.
0 6 0 8787
0 2
. K
(Integrate numerically.)
33. dV = [(e
0.2x
)
2
(0.6x)
2
] dx

V e x dx
x
a
=
. ( . )
. 0 4 2
0
0 36 8 0554K
(Integrate numerically.)
34.
dy
dx
x
y
= 0 25 .
Initial conditions: (0, 3) and (10, 4)
5
5
x
y
(0, 3)
(10, 4)
35. See the graph in Problem 34. Any initial
condition for which y = 0.5x, such as (2, 1),
gives the asymptote.
36. y dy x dx y x C = = +

0 25 0 5 0 125
2 2
1
. . .
x
2
4y
2
= C
Initial condition: (10, 4)
100 64 = C C = 36
= = x y y x
2 2 2
4 36 0 5 36 .
37. x y = = = 10 5 0 5 10 5 36 4 30842
2
. : . . .
38. At ( , ), . . . 10 4 0 25
10
4
0 625
dy
dx
= =
Using x = 0.5, y(10.5) 4 + (0.625)(0.5) =
4.3125, which is close to the exact value of
4.30842 .
39.
d
dx
x
x
x
(sin )
1 3
2
6
3
1
=
40. x = ln (cos t) and y = sec t
dx dt
t
t t / = =
1
cos
sin tan ( )
dy/dt = sec t tan t
dy
dx
dy dt
dx dt
t t
t
t y = = = =
/
/
sec tan
tan
sec
41.
dx
x
x C
4 3
1
3
4 3
ln | | = +
42. h x e h x e
x x x
( ) ( ) 5 = = = =

5 5 5
5 5 5 ln ln
ln ln
43. lim
sin cos
x
x x x
x
0
2
5 3 5 1 0
0
=
lim
cos sin
x
x x
x
0
5 5 3 3 5
2
0
0
= =
lim
sin cos
x
x x
0
25 5 9 3
2
4 5 .
44. y
x x x
x
=
+ sin cos 5 3 5 1
2
, showing a
removable discontinuity at (0, 4.5).
5
5
1 1
x
y
(0, 4.5)
Chapter 8The Calculus of Plane and Solid Figures
Problem Set 8-1
1. f (x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 9x + 3
f (x) = 3x
2
12x + 9
f f
x
y
1 3 2 4
g (x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 15x 9
g (x) = 3x
2
12x + 15
x
y
1 3 2 4
f
f
h (x) = x
3
6x
2
+ 12x 3
h (x) = 3x
2
12x + 12
f
x
y
1 3 2 4
f
Positive derivative increasing function
Negative derivative decreasing function
Zero derivative function could be at a high
point or a low point, but not always.
2. The functions have vertex points at values of x
where their derivatives change sign. If the
derivative is never zero, as for function g, the
function graph has no vertex points. If the
derivative is zero but does not change sign, as
for function h, the function graph just levels
off, then continues in the same direction, with
no vertex.
3. g (x) = (d/dx)(3x
2
12x + 15) = 6x 12
h (x) = (d/dx)(3x
2
12x + 12) = 6x 12
All the second derivatives are the same!
4. The curves are concave up where the second
derivative is positive and concave down where the
second derivative is negative.
5. Points of inflection occur where the first
derivative graph reaches a minimum.
Points of inflection occur where the second
derivative graph crosses the x-axis.
Problem Set 8-2
Q1. Q2.
1
1
x
y
1
1
x
y
Q3. Q4.
1
1
x
y
1
1
x
y
Q5. Q6.
1
1
x
y
1
1
x
y
Q7. Q8.
1
1
x
y
1
1
x
y
Q9. Q10.
1
1
x
y
2
1
x
y
1.
x
f(x)
f (x)
2
+ 0
max.
x 2

no p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
2.
x
f'(x)
f(x)
2
+ 0
min.
x
f"(x)
f(x)
2
+ + 0
no p.i.
3.
x 2
+ 0 +
plateau
f(x)
f (x)
x 2
0 +
p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
4.
x
f' (x)
f(x)
2
undef. +
max.
x
f"(x)
f(x)
2
undef. + +
no p.i.
5.
x 2
+ undef.
min.
f(x)
f (x)
x 2
0 0 undef.
no p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
6.
x
f'(x)
f(x)
2
undef.
no max./min.
x
f"(x)
f(x)
2
+ undef.
p.i.
7.
x 2
no max./min.
f(x)
f (x)
x 2
p.i.
+ f(x)
f (x)
8.
x
f'(x)
f(x)
2
no max./.min.
x
f"(x)
f(x)
2
0
+
p.i.
9.
x 2
undef.
no max./min.
f(x)
f (x)
x 2
+ undef.
no p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
10.
x
f'(x)
f(x)
2
undef. +
no max.min.
x
f"(x)
f(x)
2
undef. + +
no p.i.
11.
x
2 1 3
0 0 0 + +
max. min. max.
f(x)
f (x)
x
1 2
0 0 +
p.i. p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
x
f (x)
2 1 1 2 3
12.
3 1 3
0 0 0 + +
min. plateau max.
f'(x)
f(x)
x
x
2 1 2
0 0 0 + +
p.i. p.i. p.i.
f(x)
f"(x)
x
f(x)
3 2 1 2 3
13.
x
1
0 +
2
max. plateau
f(x)
f (x)
x
1
0 + +
2
no p.i. p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
x
f (x)
2 1
14.
2 3 4
0 0 + +
f(x)
max. max. none
f'(x)
x
3
+
f(x)
p.i.
f"(x)
x
x
f(x)
2 3 4
15.
3
zero +
1 1 5
0 0 e.p. e.p.
min. max. min.
x
f(x)
f (x)
3
zero
1 1 5
0 0 e.p. e.p.
no p.i.
x
f(x)
f (x)
x
f (x)
1 1 3 5
16.
6
+ +
2 7
0 0 e.p. e.p.
1
f(x)
min. max. max. min.
x
f'(x)
x
5
+
3 7
0 0 e.p. e.p.
1
zero
f(x)
no p.i.
f"(x)
f(x)
1 2 3 5 6 7
x
17.
3 6
3
3
y
x
f
f
f
f
18.
4 8
4
4
y
x
f'
f' f'
f
19.
4 8
4
y
x
f f
f
20.
4
4
y
x
2
f'
f
21. f (x) = 3e
x
xe
x
f (x) = 3e
x
e
x
xe
x
= e
x
(2 x)
f (2) = e
2
(2 2) = 0 critical point at x = 2
f (x) = 2e
x
e
x
xe
x
= e
x
(1 x)
f (2) = e
2
(1 2) = 7.3890... < 0
local maximum at x = 2
1 2 3
5
f (x)
x
The graph confirms a maximum at x = 2.
22. f x x ( ) = sin
4
f x x = ( )

4 4
cos
f = = ( ) 2
4 4
2 0

cos ( ) critical point
at x = 2
= f x x ( )

2
16 4
sin
= = > f ( ) . 2
16 4
2 0 6168 0
2

sin ( ) K
local minimum at x = 2
2
1
1
f ( x )
x
The graph confirms a minimum at x = 2.
23. f (x) = (2 x)
2
+ 1
f (x) = 2(2 x)
f (2) = 2(2 2) = 0 critical point at x = 2
f (x) = 2 f (2) = 2 > 0
local minimum at x = 2
2
1
f (x)
x
24. f (x) = (x 2)
2
+ 1
f (x) = 2(x 2)
f (2) = 2(2 2) = 0 critical point at x = 2
f (x) = 2 f (2) = 2 < 0
local maximum at x = 2
2
1
f(x)
x
The graph confirms a maximum at x = 2.
25. f (x) = (x 2)
3
+ 1
f (x) = 3(x 2)
2
f (2) = 3(2 2)
2
= 0 critical point at x = 2
f (x) = 6(x 2)
f (2) = 6(2 2) = 0, so the test fails.
f (x) goes from positive to positive as
x increases through 2, so there is a plateau
at x = 2.
2
1
f (x)
x
The graph confirms a plateau at x = 2.
26. f (x) = (2 x)
4
+ 1
f (x) = 4(2 x)
3
f (2) = 4(2 2)
3
= 0 critical point at x = 2
f (x) = 12(2 x)
2
f (2) = 12(2 2)
2
= 0, so the test fails.
f (x) changes from negative to positive as
x increases through 2, so there is a local
minimum at x = 2.
2
1
f(x)
x
27. a. f (x) = 6x
5
10x
3
f (x) = 30x
4
30x
2
= 30x
2
(x + 1)(x 1)
f (x) = 0 x = 1, 0, or 1 (critical points
for f (x))
= = + f x x x x x x ( ) 120 60
3
60 2 1 2 1 ( )( )
f (x) = 0 x = 0, 1 2 / (critical points for
f (x))
b. The graph begins after the f-critical point at
x = 1; the f -critical point at x = 1 2 / is
shown, but is hard to see.
c. f (x) is negative for both x < 0 and x > 0.
28. a. f (x) = 0.1x
4
3.2x + 7
f (x) = 0.4x
3
3.2 = 0.4(x 2)(x
2
+ 2x + 4)
x
2
+ 2x + 4 has discriminant = 2
2
4 4 < 0,
so f (x) = 0 x = 2 (critical point for f (x)).
f (x) = 1.2x
2
f (x) = 0 x = 0 (critical point for f (x))
b. f (x) does not change sign at x = 0.
( f (x) 0 for all x)
c. f (c) = 0, but f (c) 0
29. a. f x xe
x
( ) =
f x xe e e x
x x x
= + =

( ) ( ) 1
= =

f x xe e e x
x x x
( ) 2 2 ( )
b. Because f (x) approaches its horizontal
asymptote (y = 0) from above, the graph must
be concave up for large x; but the graph is
concave down near x = 1, and the graph is
smooth; somewhere the concavity must
change from down to up.
c. No. e
x
0 for all x, so xe x
x
= = 0 0.
30. a. f (x) = x
2
ln x
f (x) = x + 2x ln x = x (1 + 2 ln x)
f (x) and f (x) are undefined at x = 0, so
f x x x e = = = =
( ) . 0 0 5
0 5
ln
.
0.6065 (critical point for f (x)).
f (x) = 3 + 2 ln x
= = = =
f x x x e ( ) ln
.
0 1 5
1 5
.
0.2231 (critical point for f (x)).
b. lim ln lim
ln
lim
/

x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
+ + +
= =
0
2
0
2
0
3
1
2
= =
+
lim .
x
x
0
2
0 5 0 by LHospitals rule.
lim
x
x
0
2
ln x does not exist because x
2
ln x is
undefined for x < 0.
c. All critical points from part a appear,
although the inflection point at x e =
1 5 .
is
hard to see on the graph.
31. a. f (x) = x
5/3
+ 5x
2/3
= + = +

f x x x x x ( ) ( )
/ / /
5
3
10
3
5
3
2
2 3 1 3 1 3
f (x) = 0 x = 2, and f (x) is undefined
at x = 0 (critical points for f (x)).
= =

f x x x x x ( ) ( )
/ / /
10
9
10
9
10
9
1
1 3 4 3 4 3
f (x) = 0 x = 1 (critical point for f (x);
f (0) is undefined, so f has no critical point
at x = 0).
b. The y-axis (x = 0) is a tangent line because
the slope approaches from both sides.
c. There is no inflection point at x = 0 because
concavity is down for both sides, but there is
an inflection point at x = 1.
32. a. f x x x ( ) =
1 2 0 2
3
. .
f x x x x x = =

( ) . . . ( ) 1 2 0 6 0 6 2 1
0 2 0 8 0 8 . . .
f (x) = 0 x = 0.5, and f (x) is undefined
at x = 0 (critical points for f (x)).
= + = +

f x x x x x ( )
. . .
0 24 0 48 0 24 2
0 8 1 8 1 8
. . . ( )
f (x) = 0 x = 2 (critical point for f (x);
f (0) is undefined, so f has no critical point
at x = 0).
b. f (0) = 0
1.2
3 0
0.2
= 0 has only one value.
c. Curved concave up because f (x) > 0 for
x < 2
33. a. f (x) = x
3
+ 5x
2
6x + 7
7
1
x
f (x)
Maximum (2.5, 7.6), minimum (0.8, 4.9),
points of inflection (1.7, 6.3)
No global maximum or minimum
b. f (x) = 3x
2
+ 10x 6
= = = f x x ( ) . 0
1
3
5 7 2 5485 ( ) K or
0.7847
= + = = = f x x f x x ( ) ; ( ) 6 10 0
5
3
1.666
c. f (0.7847) = 6(0.7847) + 10 =
5.2915 > 0, confirming local minimum.
d. Critical and inflection points occur only
where f, f , or f is undefined (no such points
exist) or is zero (all such points are found
above).
34. a. f (x) = x
3
7x
2
+ 9x + 10
f(x)
10
1
x
Maximum (0.8, 13.2), minimum (3.9, 2.1),
points of inflection (2.3, 5.6)
No global maximum or minimum
b. f (x) = 3x
2
14x + 9

= = = f x x ( ) at . 0
1
3
7 22 3 896 ( ) K or
0.769

= = = = f x x f x x ( ) ; ( ) at . 6 14 0
7
3
2 333K
c. f (0.769) = 6(0.769) 14 =
9.3808 < 0, confirming local maximum.
where f, f , or f is undefined (no such points
exist) or is zero (all such points are found
above).
35. a. f (x) = 3x
4
+ 8x
3
6x
2
24x + 37,
x [3, 2]
3 2
80
x
f (x)
Maximum (3, 82), (1, 50), (2, 77),
minimum (2, 45), (1, 18), points of
inflection (1.5, 45.7), (0.2, 32.0)
Global maximum at (3, 82) and global
minimum at (1, 18)
b. f (x) = 12x
3
+ 24x
2
12x 24
= 12(x + 2)(x 1)(x + 1)
f (x) = 0 x = 2, 1, 1
f (x) is undefined x = 3, 2.
f (x) = 36x
2
+ 48x 12 = 12(3x
2
+ 4x 1);
= = = f x x ( ) 0.2152 0
1
3
2 7 ( )
or 1.5485
f (x) is undefined x = 3, 2.
c. f (2) = 12[3(4) + 4(2) 1] = 36 > 0,
confirming local minimum.
where f, f , or f is undefined (only at
endpoints) or is zero (all such points are found
above).
36. a. f (x) = (x 1)
5
+ 4, x [1, 3]
1
10
3 1
x
f(x)
Maximum (3, 36), minimum (1, 28),
plateau and points of inflection (1, 4)
Global maximum at (3, 36) and global
minimum at (1, 28)
b. f (x) = 5(x 1)
4
f (x) = 0 x = 1; f (x) is undefined
x = 1, 3.
f (x) = 20(x 1)
3
;
f (x) = 0 x = 1; f (x) is undefined
x = 1, 3.
c. f (1) = 20(1 1)
3
= 0, so the test fails.
where f, f , or f is undefined (only at
endpoints) or is zero (all such points are found
above).
37. f (x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d; f (x) = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c;
f (x) = 6ax + 2b f (x) = 0 at x = b/(3a)
Because the equation for f (x) is a line with
nonzero slope, f (x) changes sign at x = b/(3a),
so there is a point of inflection at x = b/(3a).
38. f (x) may not have a local maximum or
minimum (if f (x) is never zero); if this is not
the case, then the maximum and minimum occur
where f (x) = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c = 0, at
x
b b a c
a
b
a
b ac
a
=

=

,
2 4 4 3
6 3
3
3
2 2
and the maximum and minimum occur at
b ac a
2
3 3 /( ) units on either side of the
inflection point b/(3a) (see Problem 33).
39. f (x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d
f (x) = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c; f (x) = 6ax + 2b
Points of inflection at (2, 3) f (3) = 0
18a + 2b = 0
Maximum at (5, 10) f (5) = 0 75a + 10b +
c = 0
(3, 2) and (5, 10) are on the graph
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 2.
125a + 25b + 5c + d = 10
Solving this system of equations yields
f x x x x ( ) = +
1
2
9
2
15
2
5
2
3 2
.
3 5
5
(5, 10)
x
f (x)
(3, 2)
The graph confirms maximum (5, 10) and points
of inflection (3, 2).
40. f (x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d
f (x) = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c; f (x) = 6ax + 2b
Points of inflection at (2, 7) f (2) = 0
12a + 2b = 0
Maximum at (1, 61) f (1) = 0
3a 2b + c = 0
(2, 7) and (1, 61) are on the graph
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 7.
a + b c + d = 61
Solving this system of equations yields
f (x) = x
3
6x
2
15x + 53.
2 1
80
f(x)
x
The graph confirms maximum (1, 61) and
points of inflection (2, 7).
41. a. f (x) = x
3
f (x) = 3x
2
f (0.8) = 1.92
f (0.5) = 0.75
f (0.5) = 0.75
f (0.8) = 1.92
b. The slope seems to be decreasing from 0.8
to 0.5; f (x) = 6x < 0 on 0.8 x 0.5,
which confirms that the slope decreases. The
slope seems to be increasing from 0.5 to 0.8;
f (x) = 6x > 0 on 0.5 x 0.8, which
confirms that the slope increases.
c. The curve lies above the tangent line.
42. Ima could notice that y = 0 at x = 0
(or y = 3 at x = 1), so the graph could not
possibly be a straight line with slope = 1.
43. a.
c
x
f (x)
b.
c
x
f (x)
c.
c
x
f (x)
d.
c
x
f (x)
e.
(Locally
constant)
c
x
f (x)
44. f (x) = 10(x 1)
4/3
+ 2
f (1) = 2, so f (1) is defined.
f x x = ( )
/
40
3
1
1 3
( )
f (1) = 0, so f is differentiable at x = 1.
f x x =

( )
/
40
9
1
2 3
( )
f (1) has the form
40
9
0
40
9
1 0
2 3
( ) ( / )
/
or , so
f (1) is infinite.
There seems to be a cusp at (1, 2), but zooming
in on this point reveals that the tangent is
actually horizontal there.
f(x)
2
1
x
See Problem 20 in Problem Set 10-6 for
calculation of curvature.
45. f (x) = e
0.06 x
, f (x) = 0.06e
0.06 x
,
f (x) = 0.0036e
0.06 x
g (x) = 1 + 0.06x + 0.0018x
2
+ 0.000036x
3
g (x) = 0.06 + 0.0036x + 0.000108x
2
g (x) = 0.0036 + 0.000216x
f (0) = 1 and g (0) = 1
f (0) = 0.06 and g (0) = 0.06
f (0) = 0.0036 and g (0) = 0.0036
(In fact, f (0) = g (0).)
But f (10) = e
0.6
= 1.822 g (10) = 1.816;
f (10) = 0.109 g (10) = 0.1068.
Because f (x) > 0 for all x, f has no x-intercept.
But g (0) = 1 and g (100) = 23.
By the intermediate value theorem, g (x) = 0
somewhere between x = 100 and x = 0, meaning
that g does have an x-intercept.
46. f x
x
x
x
x
( )
if
if
=
+
=
( ) sin
,
,
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
3
2.01
2
1.99
1
f(x)
lim lim( )
( )
x x
f x x
x
f

= + = =
1 1
3
1
1
1
2 2 1 ( ) sin
(The limit of the first term is zero because
(x 1)
3
approaches zero and the sine factor is
bounded.)
f is continuous at x = 1.
f
f x f
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
+
= =
( )
sin 0
1
1
1
1 1 1 2 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
lim
( ) ( )
lim
[( ) sin( /( ))]
lim( )
(x 1)
2
0 and the sine factor is bounded.
f (1) = 0
1.999
2
2.001
1 1.1 0.9
The graph is zoomed in by a factor of 10 both
ways. The graph does appear to be locally linear
at x = 2. Although the sine factor makes an
infinite number of cycles in any neighborhood of
x = 1, the (x 1)
3
factor approaches zero so
rapidly that the graph is flattened out. The
name pathological is used to describe the fact that
the graph makes an infinite number of cycles in a
bounded neighborhood of x = 1.
Problem Set 8-3
Q1. y x = +

3 3 5 ( )
2
Q2. ln |x + 6| + C
Q3.

2
3
5 3
x
/
Q4. 3x
1/3
+ C
Q5. +
x C
1
Q6. x + C
Q7. ln |sin x| + C
Q8. Q9.
x
y
1
1
2
1
x
y"
Q10. D
1. Let x = total width of pen, y = length of pen.
Domains: 0 x 300, 0 y 200
Maximize A(x) = xy.
2 3 600 200
2
3
x y y x + = =
= A x x x ( ) 200
2
3
2
300 150
max.
A(x)
x
The graph shows a maximum at x 150.
Algebraically, A x x = ( ) . 200
4
3
A(x) = 0 x = 150, confirming the graph.
x y = = = 150 200
2
3
150 100
Make the total width 150 ft and length 100 ft.
(Note: The maximum area was not asked for.)
2. a. Let x = width of a room across the front,
y = depth of a room from front to back.
Domains: x 0, y 0
Minimize P (x) = 12x + 7y.
xy = 350 y = 350x
1
P (x) = 12x + 2450x
1
14.28...
x
P(x)
The graph shows a minimum at x 14.
Algebraically, P (x) = 12 2450x
2
.
P (x) = 0 2450x
2
= 12
x = = = 2450 12 35 6 14 288 / / .
Minimum is at x y = = = 35 6 10 6 / ,
24.49 .
Make rooms 14.3 ft across and 24.5 ft deep.
b. For 10 rooms, P (x) = 20x + 11y =
20x + 3850x
1
.
P (x) = 20 3850x
2
= 0 at x = 192 5 .
Minimum at x = = 192 5 13 87 . . ,
y = = 350 192 5 25 22 / . .
For 3 rooms, P (x) = 6x + 4y = 6x + 1400x
1
.
P (x) = 6 1400x
2
= 0 at x = = 1400 6 /
10 7 3 /
Minimum at x = = 10 7 3 15 27 / . ,
y = = 5 21 22 91 .
3. a. Let x = width of rectangle, 2x = length of
rectangle, y = width of square.
A
rect
= 2x
2
, A
sq
= y
2
For minimal rectangle, 2x
2
800 x 20.
For minimal square, y
2
100 y 10.
Perimeter P = 6x + 4y = 600
y = 150 1.5x
150 1.5x 10 x 140/1.5 =
93.3333
Domain: 20 x 93.3333
b. Total area A(x) = 2x
2
+ y
2
= 2x
2
+ (150 1.5x)
2
= 22500 450x + 4.25x
2
20,000
93.3
x
A(x)
20
c. The graph shows a maximum at endpoint
x = 93.3333 .
A(x) = 450 + 8.5x
A(x) = 0 x = 450/8.5 = 52.9411
Because A(52.9) is a minimum, the
maximum occurs at an endpoint.
A(20) = 15200, A(93.3333) =
17522.2222
Greatest area 17,522 ft
2
4. a. Let r = radius of circle, s = width of square
Diameter 50 r 25
Circumference 1000 2r 1000
r 500/
Domain of r : 25 r 500/ = 159.154
Minimize A(r) = r
2
+ s
2
.
Perimeter 2r + 4s = 1000 s = 250 r/2
A(r) = r
2
+ (250 r/2)
2
70 25 160
r
A
max.
min.
The graph shows minimum area at x 70.
A(r) = 2r + 2(250 r/2)(/2)
A(r) = 0 2r (250 r/2) = 0
r = 500/(4 + ) = 70.012
A(25) = 46370.667
A(70.012) = 35006.197
A(159.154) = 79577.471
Minimum area at r = 70.012 ,
s = 1000/(4 + ) = 140.024
For square, 4(140.024) 560.
For circle, 2(70.012) 440.
Use 440 yd for square and 560 yd for circle.
(You could build a square corral with side 140
around the circular fence of radius 70 to
enclose a total area of only 19,607 yd
2
, but
Big Bill might not like your solution!)
b. The graph of A versus r shows that the
maximum area occurs at the largest possible
circle. Big Bill should use all 1000 yards for
the circular fence and not build a corral.
5. a. Let x = length of square base, z = height
of box.
Domain of x x : . 0 120 10 954 =
Maximize V(x) = x
2
z.
Area = x
2
+ 4xz = 120 z = 30/x x/4
V(x) = 30x x
3
/4
6.32... 10.95... 0
max.
V
x
The graph shows a maximum at x 6.3.
V(x) = 30 3x
2
/4 = 0 at x = 40
x = 40 is out of the domain.
Critical points at x = 0, x x = = 40 120 ,
V V ( ) , ( ) 0 0 120 0 = =
V( ) . 40 20 40 126 49 = =
Maximum at x = = 40 6 324 . ,
z = = 40 2 3 162 / .
Make the box 6.32 cm square by 3.16 cm
deep.
b. Conjecture: An open box with square base of
side length x and fixed surface area A will
have maximal volume when the base length
is twice the height, which occurs when
x A = /3 (see the solution to Problem 8b).
6. a. Domain of x is 0 x 6.
b. V(0) = 0 cm
2
V(1) = 180 cm
2
V(2) = 256 cm
2
(largest volume for an integer
value of x)
V(3) = 252 cm
2
V(4) = 192 cm
2
V(5) = 100 cm
2
V(6) = 0 cm
2
c. V(x) = (20 2x)(12 2x)x
= 240x 64x
2
+ 4x
3
200
6
x
V(x)
V(x) = 240 128x + 12x
2
= 0 at
x = ( ) 128 4864 24 / = 2.427 or 8.239
x = 8.239 is out of the domain.
V(2.427) = 262.68 is a maximum
because it is positive and V(0) = V(6) = 0.
Maximum volume 262.7 cm
2
at
x 2.43 cm
7. Let x = length, y = depth, C(x) = total cost.
Domains: x > 0, y > 0
Area of bottom = 5x
Total area of sides is (10 + 2x)y.
Minimize C(x) = 10(5x) + 5(10 + 2x)y.
Volume = 72 5xy = 72
y x x = =

72 5 14 4
1
/( ) .
= + +

C x x x x ( ) ( )( . ) 50 5 10 2 14 4
1
C x x x ( ) = + +
50 720 144
1
3.794...
x
C
The graph shows a minimum at x 3.8.
C(x) = 50 720x
2
= 0 x = 72 5 / =
3.7947
x = 3.7947 is out of the domain.
Minimum is at x = 3.7947 because C(x)
changes from negative to positive there.
C(3.7947) = 120 10 + 144 523.47
Minimum cost is $523.47.
8. a. Maximize V = xyz.
Fixed area A = xy + 2xz + 2yz
y = (A 2xz)/(x + 2z)
=
+
V
Axz x z
x z
2
2
2 2
dV
dx
z x z x Az
x z
=
+
+

( )
2 8 2
2
2 2 3 2
2
dV
dx
x z z A = = + + 0 2 4
2
at
y
A z z z A
z z A z
z z A
=
+ +
+ + +
= + +
( )
2 2 4
2 4 2
2 4
2
2
2
Therefore, x = y for maximum volume,
Q.E.D.
b. Let x = y. Maximize V = xyz = x
2
z.
Fixed area A = xy + 2xz + 2yz = x
2
+ 4xz
z = A/(4x) x/4
V = (A/4)x x
3
/4
dV
dx
A x x A = = = ( / ) at 4 3 4 0 3
2
/ /
dV/dx goes from positive to negative at
x A = /3 maximum at x A = /3.
z A A A A x = = = /( ) / 4 3 3 4
1
2
3
1
2
/ / /
c. For the maximal box in part b, the depth is
half the length of the base. Thus, the box is
short and fat. This makes sense because the
problem is equivalent to maximizing the
volume of two open boxes with the second
box placed upside-down on the first. The
resulting single closed box will have
maximum volume when it is a cube, which
will happen if each open box is half a cube.
9. For y = e
x
, minimize D x x y ( ) = + =
2 2
x e
x 2 2
+ .
0.4263...
1
D(x)
x
D x x e x e
x x
= + +
( )
/
1
2
2 2
2 2 1 2 2
( ) ( )
D(x) = 0 2x + 2e
2x
= 0 x = e
2x
Because x appears both algebraically and
exponentially, there is no analytic solution.
Solving numerically gives x 0.4263. By
graphing D(x), D(0.4263) is a minimum.
Closest point to the origin is
(x, y) = (0.4263 , 0.6529).
10. Minimize A(r) = r
2
+ 2rx, r 20.
2 r + 2x = 400 x = 200 r
x 100 r 100/
domain is 20 r 100/.
A(r) = r
2
+ 2r(200 r) = 400r r
2
10,000
20 31.83...
r
A(r)
The graph shows a minimum at endpoint x = 20.
A = 400 2r
A = 0 r = 200/ = 63.6 (out of domain)
A > 0 for all r in the domain.
minimum occurs at left end of domain, r = 20.
x = 200 20 = 137.168
Make radius of semicircles 20 m and straight
sections 137.17 m.
11.
y
x
x 1
L
1
8
L x x y ( ) = +
2 2
.
Domains: x 1, y 8
Minimize L
2
(x) = x
2
+ y
2
.
Using similar triangles,
y
x x
=
8
1
y
x
x
=
8
1
.
L
2
(x) = x
2
+
64
1
2
2
x
x ( )
10
1 5
x
L
The graph shows a minimum of L(x) at x 5.
(L
2
)(x) = 2x
128
1
3
x
x ( )
(L
2
)(x) = 0 2
128
1
3
x
x
x
=
( )

x = 0 (out of domain) or (x 1)
3
= 64 x = 5
By graph, L(x) is a minimum at x = 5.
Shortest ladder has length L( ) 5 5 5 = 11.18 ft.
12. Let x and y be the segments shown.
x
y
L
7
5
L x x y ( ) = + + + ( ) ( ) 7 5
2 2
Maximize L
2
(x) = (x + 7)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
.
Using similar triangles, y/7 = 5/x y =
35/x.
L
2
(x) = (x + 7)
2
+ (35/x + 5)
2
L
2
(x) = x
2
+ 14x + 49 + 1225/x
2
+ 350/x + 25
5.59...
x
L
20
The graph shows a minimum of L(x) at x 5.6.
( ( )) L x x x x
2 2 3
2 14 350 2450 = +

By numerical solution, (L
2
) = 0 at x 5.5934 .
(Exact answer is x = 175
3
.)
But a minimum distance L in the hall implies
that the maximal ladder that will go through the
hall is at x = 5.5934 .
L
2
(5.5934) = 285.3222
L(5.5934) = 16.8914
No ladder longer than 16.8 ft (rounded down) can
pass through the hall.
13. Let r = radius, h = height.
V = r
2
h
2r + 2h = 1200 h = 600 r
V = r
2
(600 r) = (600r
2
r
3
)
V
400
r
The graph shows a maximum at r 400.
V = (1200r 3r
2
)
V = 0 r = 0 or r = 400
From graph, maximum is at r = 400.
h = 600 400 = 200
Maximum volume occurs with rectangle
400 mm wide (radius), 200 mm high.
14. Rotating a square does not give the maximum
volume. The solution to Problem 13 gives a
counterexample. Repeating the calculations with
perimeter P instead of 1200 gives r = (1/3)P and
h = (1/6)P, showing that the proportions for
maximum volume are with radius twice the
height.
15. a. Let r = radius, h = height.
V = r
2
h = (3.65
2
)(10.6) = 141.2185
= 443.6510 cm
3
b. A = 2rh + 2r
2
V = r
2
h = 141.2185 h = 141.2185/r
2
A = 2r(141.2185/r
2
) + 2r
2
A r r = +
2 141 2185
1 2
( . )
c. A
r
4.13...
500
A r r = +
2 141 2185 2
2
( . )
A = 2/r
2
(141.2185 + 2r
3
)
A = 0 r
3
= 70.60925
r = = 70 60925 4 1332
3
. .
Minimum at r = 4.1 because A goes from
negative to positive.
h = = 141 2815 70 60925 2 70 60925
3 3
. /( )
2
. .
= 8.2664
Radius 4.1 cm, height 8.3 cm
Because height = 2 radius, height = diameter.
So minimal can is neither tall and narrow nor
short and wide.
d. Normally proportioned can is taller and
narrower than minimal can. For normal can,
A = 2(3.65)(10.6) + 2(3.65)
2
=
326.8041 .
For minimal can, A = 2(4.13)(8.26) +
2(4.13)
2
= 322.014 .
Difference is 4.78 cm
2
.
Percent: (4.789)(100)/326.80 = 1.465
1.5% of metal in normal can
e. Savings = (0.06)(20 10
6
)(0.01465)(365) =
6.419 10
6
, or about $6.4 million!
16. a. C r r k rh r k r ( ) . = + = +

2 2 2 282 437
2 2 1

C r rk r =

( ) . 4 282 437
2

=
4 70 60925
2 3
r kr ( . )
C(r) = 0 at r k = 70 60925
3
. /
C r k r = + >
( ) . 4 564 874 0
3
for all r > 0,
so this is a local minimum.
If the normal can is the cheapest to make,
then 3 65 70 60925
3
. = . /k
k = =
70 60925 3 65 1 4520
3
. ( . ) . .
This is reasonable because metal for the ends
is cut into circles, so some must be wasted.
b. Now it takes (2r)
2
cm
2
of metal to make each
end of the can, so the function to minimize is
C r r k rh r k r ( ) . . = + = +

8 2 8 282 437
2 2 1

C r rk r =

( ) . 16 282 437
2
C r r
k
= = ( ) at 0
282 437
16
3
.
C r k r = + >
( ) . 16 564 874 0
3
for all r > 0,
so this is a local minimum.
If the normal can is the cheapest to make,
then 3 65
282 437
16
282 437
16 3 65
3
3
. = =
. .
( . )

k
k
= 1.1404 .
To minimize the area (not the cost) of the
can, minimize 8 2 8 282 437
2 2 1
r rh r r + = +

. .
C r r r = =
( ) . 16 282 437 0
2
r = =
282 437
16
3
.
3.8126 cm

h =
( )
=
141 2185
282 437 16
9 7099
3
2
.
. /
.
K cm.
The proportions of this can are closer to those
of the normal can.
c. If the metal for the ends can be cut without
waste, then it takes (r + 0.6)
2
to make each
end and (2r + 0.5)h to make the sides, so
minimize
C(r) = 2(r + 0.6)
2
+ (2r + 0.5)h
= + + +

2 0 6 141 2185 2 0 5
2
( . ) . ( . )
2
r r r
C r r r = +

( ) ( . ) . 4 0 6 282 437
2

. 141 2185
3
r
C(r) = 0 at r 3.9966 by graphing calculator.
C r r r = + + >

( ) . . 4 564 874 423 6555 0
3 4

for all r > 0, so this is a minimum point.
Minimal can has r 3.9966 ,
h 8.8411 cm.
But if the metal for the ends is cut from
squares, then it takes 4(r + 0.6)
2
to make each
end and (2r + 0.5)h to make the sides, so
minimize:
C(r) = 8(r + 0.6)
2
+ (2r + 0.5)h
= + + +

8 0 6 141 2185 2 0 5
2
( . ) . ( . )
2
r r r
C r r r = +

( ) ( . ) . 16 0 6 282 437
2

. 141 2185
3
r
C(r) = 0 at r 3.6776 by graphing
calculator.
= + + >

C r r r ( ) 16 564 874 423 6555 0
3 4
. .
for all r > 0, so this is a minimum point.
Minimal can has r 3.6776 ,
h 10.4411 .
This is close to the normal can!
17. a. Volume of cup = (2.5)
2
7 = 43.75
Let r = radius of cup, h = height of cup.
Minimize A(r) = r
2
+ 2rh.
r h h r
2 2
43 75 43 75 = =

. .
= +

A r r r ( ) .
2 1
87 5
100
3.52...
r
A
The graph shows a minimum at r 3.5 cm.
A r r r r r = =

( ) . ( . ) 2 87 5 2 43 75
2 2 3

A(r) = 0 at r = 43 75
3
. = 3.5236 .
There is a minimum at x = 3.5236 because
A(r) goes from decreasing to increasing.
(See graph.)
h r = = =
43 75 43 75 43 75
2 3 3
. ( . )
/
.
Minimal cup has r 3.52 cm, h 3.52 cm.
b. Ratio is d : h = 2r : h = 2 : 1.
c. Current cup design uses (2.5)
2
+ 5 7 =
41.25 = 129.59 cm
2
= 0.012959 m
2
per
cup, which costs
(300,000,000)(0.012959)(2.00)
$7,775,441.82 per year.
Minimal cup design uses 3(43.75)
2/3
=
117.01 cm
2
= 0.011701 m
2
per cup,
which costs (300,000,000)(0.011701)(2.00)
$7,021,141.88 per year.
Switching to minimal cup design would
save 754,299.93 $754,000 per year in
paper costs (about 10% of the current annual
paper bill), but would likely result in loss of
sales because a cup of that shape is hard to
drink from.
d. Let r = radius of cup, h = height of cup.
r h V h V r
2 2
= =

( / )
Minimize ( ) . A r r rh r Vr = + = +

2 2 1
2 2
A r r Vr r V = = =
( ) at 2 2 0
2
3
/
= + >
A r Vr ( ) 2 4 0
3
for all r > 0, so this is
a minimum.
Minimal cup has r = V/
3
,
h V V V r = = =
( / )( / )
2 3
3
/
/ .
18. a. A = yz = (30 + 0.2x)(40 0.2x)
A(x) = 1200 + 2x 0.04x
2
Left rectangle: A(0) = 1200 in.
2
Right rectangle: A(100) = 1000 in.
2
b. A(80) = 1104 in.
2
c.
25 100
1000
x
A(x)
A(x) = 2 0.08x = 0 at x = 25.
Critical points at x = 0, 25, 100
A(25) = 1225 in.
2
; A(0) = 1200 in.
2
;
A(100) = 1000 in.
2
(from part a)
Maximum area at x = 25 in., minimum area for
x = 100 in.
19. Maximize A(x) = 2xy = 2x cos x.
Use 0 x /2 for the domain of x.
1
1
x
A(x)
A(x) = 2 cos x 2x sin x
A(x) = 0 when x = cot x.
Solving numerically gives x 0.8603 .
A(0) = A(/2) = 0; A(0.8603) = 1.1221
Maximum area = 1.1221
20.
50
200
Street
x y
Let x = width of store, y = length of store.
Minimize C(x) = 100x + 80(x + 2y).
xy y x = =

4000 4000
1
C x x x ( ) = +

180 640000
1
y 200 x 20, so domain of x is
20 x 50.
Graph shows minimum at x endpoint x = 50.
20 50
50,000
C(x)
x
C x x = =
( ) 180 640000 0
2
at x =
80 5
3
= 59.628 , outside the domain.
C(20) = $35,600.00; C(50) = $21,800.00
Minimum cost is at x = 50, y = 4000/50 = 80.
Bill should build the store 50 ft 80 ft.
21. a. A = 0.5xy = 0.5x cot x
lim lim
tan
x x
A
x
x

=
0 0
2
0
0
= =
lim
sec
x
x
0
2
1
2
1
2
b. Domain of x is 0 < x /2.
/2
0.5
A(x)
x
The graph shows that the area approaches a
maximum as x approaches the endpoint x = 0
from the positive side.
A x x x x = ( )
1
2
2
(cot csc )
A(x) = 0 when x = cos x sin x or
2x = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x,
which happens at x = 0.
A(/2) = 0, so the maximum occurs at x = 0.
But x = 0 is not in the domain; A(x) can get
arbitrarily close to 1/2, but never achieve it.
22.
y
x
(x, y)
3 x
Domain of x is 0 x 3.
Maximize A = 0.5(3 x) ( y) = 0.5(3 x)e
x
=
1.5e
x
0.5xe
x
.
4
2 3 0
x
A(x)
A(x) = 1.5e
x
0.5e
x
0.5xe
x
= 0.5e
x
(2 x)
A(x) = 0 at x = 2, confirming the graph.
A(x) > 0 for x < 2, and A(x) < 0 for x > 2,
confirming maximum point at x = 2.
Maximum area A(2) = e
2
/2 = 3.69452 .
23. a. Maximize A(x) = 2xy = 2x(9 x
2
) =
18x 2x
3
.
Domain: 0 x 3
1.732 0 3
20
x
A(x)
= = = = A x x x ( ) at 18 6 0 3
2
1.732
1.732 is out of the domain.
A A A ( ) ( ) ; ( 3) . 0 3 0 12 3 20 7846 = = = = K
Maximal rectangle has width = 2 3,
length = 9 3 = 6.
b. Maximize P(x) = 4x + 2y = 4x + 18 2x
2
.
1 0 3
20
x
P(x)
P(x) = 4 4x = 0 at x = 1
P(0) = 18; P(1) = 20; P(3) = 12
Maximal rectangle has width = 2,
length = 9 1 = 8.
c. No. The maximum-area rectangle is 2 3by 6.
The maximum-perimeter rectangle is 2 by 8.
24. a. Maximize V(x) = x
2
y = x
2
(9 x
2
) =
9x
2
x
4
.
Domain: 0 x 3
2.121... 0 3
50
x
V(x)
V x x x x = = = ( ) at , 18 4 0 0 4 5
3
. .
4 5 . is out of the domain.
V V V ( ) ( ) , ( ) . 0 3 0 4 5 20 25 = = = = .
63.6172
Maximum is at x y = = = 4 5 9 4 5 4 5 . , . . .
Maximal cylinder has radius = = 4 5 .
2.12132 and height = 4.5.
b. Maximize L(x) = 2xy = 2x(9 x
2
) =
18 x 2 x
3
.
1.732... 0 3
50
x
L(x)
L x x x = = = ( ) at 18 6 0 3
2
.
3 is out of the domain.

L L L ( ) ( ) ; ( ) . 0 3 0 3 12 3 65 2967 = = = = K
Maximum is at x y = = = 3 9 3 6 , .
Maximal cylinder has radius = = 3
1.7320 and height = 6.
c. Maximize A(x) = 2x
2
+ 2 xy = 2 x
2
+
2 x(9 x
2
) = 2 x
2
+ 18 x 2 x
3
.
2.097... 0 3
50
x
A(x)
A(x) = 18 + 4 x 6 x
2
A(x) = 0 at

x =

=
1 2 7
3
2 0971 . K or
1.430
A(0) = 0; A(2.0971) = 88.2727 ;
A(3) = 18 = 56.5486
Maximal cylinder has radius =
+
=
1 2 7
3
2.0971 and height = =
52 4 7
9
4.6018 .
d. No. The maximum-volume cylinder has
dimensions different from both of the
maximum-area cylinders in parts b and c.
e. No. Rotating the maximum-area rectangle
does not produce the maximum-volume
cylinder. But it produces the cylinder with
maximum lateral area.
f. If y = a
2
x
2
, the paraboloid has radius = a.
V = x
2
(a
2
x
2
) = (a
2
x
2
x
4
)
V = (2a
2
x 4x
3
)
V x x a = = = / 0 0 2 or .
V is maximum at x a = / 2.
For the cylinder of maximum volume,
(cylinder radius):(paraboloid radius) = / 1 2,
a constant.
Note: This ratio is also constant (1 3 / ) for the
cylinder of maximum lateral area, but is not
constant for the cylinder of maximum total
area.
25. a. x
2
+ y
2
= 100, 0 x 10
Maximize V x x y x x ( ) . = =
2 2 2
2 100
b.
10 0
2000
x
V(x)
8.16...
The graph shows a maximum volume at
x 8.2.
V x
x
x
x x = + ( )
2
100
4 100
3
2
2
=
+
6 400
100
3
2
x x
x

V x x = = = = ( ) at , . 0 0
200
3
10 6
3
8 1649K
V(0) = V(10) = 0
V
10 6
3
4000 3
9
2418 399
= =
. K
Maximal cylinder has radius = 8.1649 ,
height

= =
20 3
3
11 5470 . , K and volume =
2418.39 .
c. Height radius = 2
Volume of sphere V
s
= =
4
3
1000
4000
3

Volume of maximal cylinder V
c
=
4000 3
9
= / V V
c s
3
26. Let r = radius of cone, h = height.
Lateral area A(r) = r (slant height) = + r r h
2 2
V r h h r = = =

1
3
5 15
2 2

= + A r r r r ( )
2 4
225
h 2r 2r 15r
2
Domain of r is

0 7 5 1 9574
3
< = r . . . K
1
20
r
A(r)
1.957...
The graph shows a minimum of A(r) at endpoint
r = 1.957 .
Minimize ( ) ( ). A r r r
2 2 4 2
225 = +

( ( )) ( ) at A r r r r
2 2 3 3 6
4 450 0 112 5 = = = =
.
2.1971 , which is out of the domain.
A(1.9574) = 26.915 , lim
r
A r
+
=
0
( ) .
Minimal cone has radius = = 7 5 1 9574
3
. .
and height

= = = 2 2 7 5 3 9148
3
r . . . K
Make r 1.96 ft and h 3.91 ft.
27. a. Lateral area L(x) = 2 xy
Domains: 0 x 5 and 0 y 7
Equation of element of cone is
y x y x = + = +
7
5
7 1 4 7 . .
L(x) = 2x(1.4x + 7) = 2(1.4x
2
+ 7x)
5
50
x
L(x)
2.5 0
The graph shows a maximum of L(x) at
x 2.5.
L(x) = 2(2.8x + 7)
L(x) = 0 at x = 2.5.
L(x) goes from positive to negative at
x = 2.5.
maximum lateral area at radius x = 2.5 cm.
b. Total area A(x) = 2xy + 2x
2
= 2x(1.4x + 7) + 2x
2
A(x) = 2(7x 0.4x
2
)
150
A(x)
x
5 0
The graph shows a maximum at endpoint
x = 5.
A(x) = 2(7 0.8x) = 0 at x = 8.75, out of
domain.
maximum is at an endpoint, x = 5.
A(0) = 0; A(5) = 2(5
2
) = 50 = 157.07
Maximum area is with the degenerate cylinder
consisting only of the top and bottom, radius
5 and height 0.
28. a. Let r = radius of cone, h = height of cone
(constants).
Let (x, y) be a sample point on cone element.
Domain of x is 0 x r.
L(x) = 2xy.
Equation of element of cone is
y = (h/r)x + h.
L(x) = 2x[(h/r)x + h] = 2h(x
2
/r + x)
L(x) = 2h(2x/r + 1)
L(x) = 0 at x = r/2.
L(x) goes from positive to negative at
x = r/2.
maximum lateral area at radius x = r/2.
b. A(x) = 2xy + 2x
2
= 2x[h (h/r)x] + 2x
2
A(x) = 2[(1 h/r)x
2
+ hx]
A(x) = 2[2(1 h/r)x + h] = 0 at
x
h
h r
=
( / ) 2 1
A(x) = 0 at x
h
h r
rh
h r
= =
/ ( ) 2 2 2
If h 2r, then A(x) 0 for all x r, so in
this case the critical points are the endpoints,
x = 0, r.
A(0) = 0; A(r) = 2r
2
If h 2r, then 0
2

rh
h r
r
( )
, so this is a
critical point; A
rh
h r
rh
h r 2 2
2
( ) ( )
=

.
A(x) goes from positive to negative at
x
rh
h r
=
2( )
.
Maximum area at x
rh
h r
=
2( )
if h 2r;
x = r otherwise.
c. From part b, the maximal cylinder degenerates
to two circular bases if the radius of the cone
is at least half the height.
29. Maximize V = y
2
x.
Ellipse equation is (x/9)
2
+ (y/4)
2
= 1, from
which y
2
= (16/81)(81 x
2
).
V = (16/81)(81x x
3
)
Domain: 0 x 9

150
0 5.196... 10
x
V
The graph shows a maximum V at x 5.2.
V = (16/81)(81 3x
2
) = (16/27)(27 x
2
)
V = 0 at x = = 27 5 196 .
V V V ( ) ( ) ; ( ) . 0 9 0 27 32 3 174 1 = = = =
At x = 5.196 , y
2
= (16/81)(81 27) =
32/3 y = 32 3 / = 3.2659
maximum volume 174.1 cm
3
at radius
3.27 m and height 5.20 m.
30. Maximize C(y) = y
2
x, the volume of the cylinder.
The parabola has an equation of the form
x = ay
2
+ 16.
0 = a 16 + 16 a = 1 x = 16 y
2
V(y) = y
2
(16 y
2
) = (16y
2
y
4
)
Domain: 0 y 4
0 4
300
2.828...
y
F(y)
The graph shows a maximum V(y) at y 2.8.
C(y) = (32y 4y
3
) = 4y(8 y
2
) = 0 at
y = 0 8 , .
y = 8 is out of the domain.
C C C ( ) ( ) , ( ) . 0 4 0 8 64 201 0619 = = = =
Maximum C(y) at y = 8.
At y x = = 8 8 , .
Maximal cylinder has radius = 8 2 83 . m,
height = 8 m, and volume = 64 201.1 m
3
.
Maximize F(y), the volume of the frustum.
Note that V
f
= (1/3)h(R
2
+ r
2
+ Rr), where
V
f
= volume of frustum, h = height of frustum,
R = larger radius, and r = smaller radius.
= + + F y x y y ( ) ( )
1
3
16 4
2
= + +
1
3
16 4 16
2 2
( )( ) y y y
F y y y y ( ) ( ) = +
1
3
256 64 4
3 4
0 4
300
1.821...
y
F(y)
The graph shows a maximum F(y) at y 1.8.
= F y y y ( ) ( )
1
3
64 12 4
2 3
F (y) = 0 64 12y
2
4y
3
= 0
Solving numerically for y close to 1.8 gives
y 1.8216 .
Substituting y = 1.8216 gives
x = 16 y
2
12.6816 .

F x y y ( . ) ( ) 1 8216
1
3
16 4
2
K = + +
353.318 .
Maximal frustum has radii = 4 m and 1.82 m,
height 12.68 m, and volume 353.3 m
3
.
The maximal frustum contains 152.3 m
3
more
than the maximal cylinder, about 75.7% more.
31. a. If f (c) is a local maximum, then
f (x) f (c) 0 for x in a neighborhood of c.
For x to the left of c, x c < 0.
Thus,
f x f c
x c
( ) ( )
0 (neg./neg.) and
=

f c
f x f c
x c x
( ) lim
( ) ( )
.
0
0
For x to the right of c, x c > 0.
Thus,
f x f c
x c
( ) ( )
0 (neg./pos.) and
=
+
f c
f x f c
x c x
( ) lim
( ) ( )
.
0
0
Therefore, 0 f (c) 0.
Because f (c) exists, f (c) = 0 by the squeeze
theorem, Q.E.D.
b. If f is not differentiable at x = c, then f (c)
does not exist and thus cannot equal zero.
Without this hypothesis, the reasoning in
part a shows only that f (x) changes sign at
x = c. There could be a cusp, a removable
discontinuity, or a step discontinuity at x = c.
c. The converse would say that if f (c) = 0, then
f (c) is a local maximum. This statement is
false because f (c) could be a local minimum
or a plateau point.
32. a. Let x = length of corral (parallel to wall), y =
width of corral (perpendicular to wall).
A = xy
If x 600, then 1000 = x + 2y
y = 500 0.5x.
If x 600, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x 600)
y = 800 x.
=

>
A
x x x
x x x
500 0 5 600
800 600
2
2
. ,
,
500
x
150,000
A
The graph shows a maximum A at x 500.
A
x x
x x
=
<
>
500 600
800 2 600
,
,
For x < 600, A = 0 x = 500.
For x > 600, A = 0 x = 400 (out of the
domain).
A is undefined at the cusp, x = 600.
Maximum at x = 500 because graph is
parabola opening downward.
Or: Check the critical points.
A(500) = 500(500) 0.5(500)
2
= 125,000
A(600) = 500(600) 0.5(600)
2
= 120,000 ft
2
Maximum area is 125,000 f t
2
at x = 500 ft.
b. If x 400, then 1000 = x + 2y
y = 500 0.5x.
If x 400, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x 400)
y = 700 x.
=

>
A
x x x
x x x
500 0 5 400
700 400
2
2
. ,
,
400
x
150,000
A
The graph shows a maximum A at the cusp,
x = 400.
=
<
>
A
x x
x x
500 400
700 2 400
,
,
For x < 400, A = 0 x = 500 (out of the
domain).
For x > 400, A = 0 x = 350 (out of the
domain).
Maximum area is at the cusp, x = 400.
A = 700(400) 400
2
= 120,000
Maximum area is 120,000 f t
2
.
c. If x 200, then 1000 = x + 2y
y = 500 0.5x.
If x 200, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x 200)
y = 600 x.
=

>
A
x x x
x x x
500 0 5 200
600 200
2
2
. ,
,
300
x
150,000
A
The graph shows a maximum A at x 300.
=
<
>
A
x x
x x
500 200
600 2 200
,
,
For x < 200, A = 0 x = 500 (out of the
domain).
For x > 200, A = 0 x = 300.
A is undefined at the cusp, x = 200.
Maximum area is at x = 300 because graph is
a parabola opening downward.
Or: Check critical points.
A(300) = 600(300) 300
2
= 90,000
A(200) = 500(200) 0.5(200)
2
= 80,000 ft
2
Maximum area is 90,000 ft
2
at x = 300 ft.
Problem Set 8-4
Q1. Q2.
x
y
x
y
Q3. Q4.
x
y
x
y
Q5. Q6.
x
y
x
y
Q7. Q8. Sample answer:
x
y
2
1
y
x
Q9. tan x C + Q10. B
1. a. y = 4 x
2
dV = 2xy dx = 2(4x x
3
) dx
b. 0 = 4 x
2
= (2 x)(2 + x) at x = 2
V x x dx x x = =
2 4 2 2
1
4
3
0
2
2 4
0
2
( )
= 8 = 25.1327
c. y = 4 x
2
x
2
= 4 y
Upper bound of solid is at y = 4.
dV = x
2
dy = (4 y) dy
V y dy y y = = =
( ) ( . ) 4 4 0 5
0
4
2
0
4
8 = 25.1327 , which is the same answer
as by cylindrical shells in part b.
2. a. Height of cylinder = 8 x
b. y = x
2/3
x = y
3/ 2
dV = 2(8 x)y dy = 2(8 y
3/2
)y dy
= 2(8y y
5/2
) dy
c. At x = 8, y = 8
2/3
= 4.
V y y dy y y = =
2 8 2 4
2
7
5 2 2 7 2
0
4
0
4
( )
/ /
= =
384
7
172 3387 .
d. dV = y
2
dx = x
4/3
dx
V x dx x = = = =

4 3 7 3
0
8
0
8
3
7
384
7
/ /
172.3387 , which is the same as the
volume by cylindrical shells in part c.
3. The graph shows y = x
2
+ 4x + 3, from x = 1 to
x = 4, sliced parallel to the y-axis, with sample
point (x, y), rotated about the y-axis, showing
back half of solid only.
(x, y)
1 4
1
x
y
dV = 2xy dx = 2(x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 3x) dx
V x x x dx = + +
2 4 3
3 2
1
4
( )
268.6061 (exactly 85.5)
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 1 and
4 and height 7 has volume (4
2
1
2
) 7 =
329.8 , which is a reasonable upper bound for
the calculated volume.
2
8x + 17, from x = 2 to
x = 5, sliced parallel to the y-axis, with sample
point (x, y), rotated about the y-axis, showing
(x, y)
x
y
2 5
5
dV = 2xy dx = 2(x
3
8x
2
+ 17x) dx
V x x x dx = +
2 8 17
3 2
2
5
( )
117.8097 (exactly 37.5)
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 5
and height 5 has volume (5
2
2
2
) 5 =
329.8 , which is a reasonable upper bound
for the calculated volume. Assuming that the
part of the solid above y = 2 could be fit into
the trough, the volume is approximately
(5
2
2
2
) 2 = 131.9 , which is close to the
calculated volume.
5. The graph shows x = y
2
+ 6y 5, intersecting
y-axis at y = 1 and y = 5, rotated about the
x-axis, showing back half of solid only.
(x, y)
x
y
1
5
4
(0, y)
dV = 2y(x 0) dy = 2(y
3
+ 6y
2
5y) dy
V y y y dy = +
2 6 5
3 2
1
5
( )
201.0619 (exactly 64)
2
1
2
) 4 =
6. The graph shows x = y
2
10y + 24, intersecting
y-axis at y = 4 and 6, rotated about the x-axis,
showing back half of solid only.
x
y
6
1
(x, y)
(0, y)
dV = 2y(0 x) dy = 2(y
3
+ 10y
2
24y) dy
V y y y dy = +
2 10 24
3 2
4
6
( )
41.8879 exactly
40
3


2
4
2
) 1 =
7. Figure 8-4h shows y = x
3
, intersecting the line
y = 8 at x = 2 and the line x = 1. Rotate about
the y-axis. Slice parallel to the y-axis. Pick
sample points (x, y) on the graph and (x, 8) on
the line y = 8.
dV = 2x(8 y) dx = 2(8x x
4
) dx
V x x dx =
2 8
4
1
2
( )
36.4424 (exactly 11.6)
2
1
2
) 7 = 65.9 ,
which is a reasonable upper bound for the
calculated volume.
8. The graph shows y = 1/x, intersecting line y = 4
at x = 0.25 and the line x = 3, rotated about the
y-axis, showing back half of solid only.
3
x
(x, y)
y = 4
0.25
y
(x, 4)
dV = 2x (4 y) dx = 2(4x 1) dx
V x dx =
2 4 1
0 25
3
( )
.
95.0331 (exactly 30.25)
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 0.25 and 4
and height 3.7 has volume (3
2
0.25
2
)(3.7) =
9. Figure 8-4i shows y = 1/x
2
x = 5 at y = 0.04 and the line y = 4. Rotate
about the x-axis. Slice parallel to the x-axis. Pick
sample points (x, y) on the graph and (5, y) on
the line x = 5.
dV = 2y(5 x) dy = 2(5y y
1/2
) dy
V y y dy =

2 5
1 2
0 04
4
( )
217.8254 (exactly 69.336 )
/
.
Circumscribed cylinder of radius 4 and height 4.5
has volume 4
2
4.5 = 226.1 , which is a
reasonable upper bound for the calculated
volume.
2/3
y = 1 and intersecting the line x = 8 at y = 4,
rotated about the x-axis, showing back half of
solid only.
(8, y) (x, y)
x
y
8 1
1
4
dV = 2y(8 x) dy = 2(8y y
5/2
) dy
V y y dy =

2 8
47
3
7
5 2
1
4
( )
149.0012 exactly
/
2
1
2
) 7 =
11. Figure 8-4j shows y
1
= x
2
6x + 7 and y
2
=
x + 1, intersecting at (1, 2) and (6, 7). Rotate
about the y-axis. Slice parallel to y-axis. Pick
sample points (x, y
1
) and (x, y
2
).
dV = 2x (y
2
y
1
) dx = 2(x
3
+ 7x
2
6x) dx
V x x x dx = +

2 7 6
145
5
6
3 2
1
6
( )
458.1489 exactly
2
1
2
) 7 =
12. The graph shows y x x y = =
1
1 3
1
3 /
and y =
0.5x
2
2 x
2
= 2y + 4, intersecting at (8, 2)
in Quadrant I and bounded by the x-axis, rotated
about the x-axis, showing back half of solid
only.
2
8 4
(x
1
, y)
(x
2
, y)
x
y
dV = 2y(x
2
x
1
) dy = 2(2y
2
+ 4y y
4
) dy
V y y y dy = +
2 2 4
13
13
15
2 4
0
2
( )
43.5634 exactly K
Circumscribed cylinder of radius 2 and height 8
has volume 2
2
8 = 100.5 , which is a
volume.
13. Figure 8-4k shows y = x
3/2
, from x = 1 to x = 4.
Rotate about the line x = 5. Slice parallel to the
y-axis. Pick sample point (x, y).
dV = 2(5 x)y dx = 2(5x
3/2
x
5/2
) dx
V x x dx =

2 5
161 5676 51
3
7
3 2 5 2
1
4
( )
. exactly
/ /
Circumscribed cylinder of radius 4 and height 8
has volume (4
2
) 8 = 402.1 , which is a
volume.
2
, from x = 1 to x = 2,
rotated about the line x = 3, showing back half of
solid only.

(x, y)
1
1 2 3
x
y
dV x y dx x x dx = =

2 3 2 3
2 1
( ) ( )
V x x dx =

2 3
2 1
1
2
( )
5.0696 (exactly (3 2 ln 2))
2
1
2
) 1 = 9.4 ,
which is a reasonable upper bound for the
calculated volume.
15. The graph shows y
1
= x
4
and y
2
= 5x + 6,
intersecting at x = 1 and x = 2, rotated about
the line x = 4, showing back half of solid
only.
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
1 2 4
16
x
y
dV = 2(4 x)(y
2
y
1
) dx
= 2(4 x)(5x + 6 x
4
) dx
V x x x dx = +

2 4 5 6
4
1
2
( )( )
390.1858 (exactly 124.2 )
2
2
2
) 16 =
1
= x = x
1/2
and y
2
= 6 x,
intersecting at x = 4 in Quadrant I and bounded
by the line x = 1, rotated about the line x = 1,
(x, y
2
)
(x, y
1
)
x
4 1
1
5
y
1
dV = 2(x + 1)(y
2
y
1
) dx
= 2(x + 1)(6 x x
1/2
) dx

V x x x dx = +
2 1 6
109 5368 34
13
15
1 2
1
4
( )( )
. exactly
/
K
2
2
2
) 4 =
17. Figure 8-4l shows y
1
= x
2
+ 4x + 1 and y
2
=
1.4
x
, intersecting at x = 0 and x = 3.3740
(store as b). Rotate about the line x = 2. Slice
parallel to the y-axis. Pick sample points (x, y
1
)
and (x, y
2
).
dV = 2(x + 2) (y
1
y
2
) dx
= 2(x + 2)(x
2
+ 4x + 1 1.4
x
) dx
V x x x dx
x
b
= + + +
2 2 4 1 1 4
2
0
( )( . )
163.8592
Circumscribed hollow cylinder with radii 2 and
5.4 and height 4 has volume (5.4
2
2
2
)4 =
316.1 , a reasonable upper bound for calculated
volume.
1
and y
2
as described in
Problem 17, but rotated about the line y = 1,
showing back half of solid only. Slicing
perpendicular to the x-axis is appropriate
because slicing parallel to it would give strips
of length (curve) minus (curve) at some values
of y and (curve) minus (other curve) at other
values of y.
0 3
1
(x, y
1
)
(x, y
2
)
x
y
y = 1
dV = [(y
1
+ 1)
2
(y
2
+ 1)
2
] dx
= [(x
2
+ 4x + 2)
2
(1.4
x
+ 1)
2
] dx
Limits of integration are 0 to b, where
b = 3.3740 , as in Problem 17.
V x x dx
x
b
= + + +
[( ) ( . ) ]
2 2 2
0
4 2 1 4 1
181.0655
and height 3.4 has volume (6
2
2
2
) 3.4 =
341.8 , a reasonable upper bound for the
calculated volume.
19. Slice perpendicular to the y-axis. Pick sample
points (x, y) on the graph of y = x
3
and (1, y)
on the line x = 1.
y = x
3
x = y
1/3
; y
1/3
= 1 at y = 1
dV = ( x
2
1
2
) dy = (y
2/3
1) dy
V y dy =
( ) .
/ 2 3
1
8
1 36 4424
(exactly 11.6 ), which agrees with the answer to
Problem 7.
20. See the graph for Problem 8. Slice
perpendicular to the y-axis. Pick sample points
(x, y) on the graph of y = 1/x and (3, y) on the
line x = 3.
dV x dy y dy = =

( ) ( ) 3 9
2 2 2
V y dy =
( ) . 9 95 0331
2
1 3
4
/
(exactly
30.25 ) , which agrees with the answer to
Problem 8.
1/3
, from x = 0 to x = 8,
solid only.
(8, y)
(x, y)
8
2
x
y
y = x
1/3
x = y
3
dV = 2y ( 8 x) dy = 2 ( 8y y
4
) dy
V y y dy y y = =
2 8 2 4
1
5
4 2 5
0
2
0
2
( )
= 2 ( 16 6.4) = 19.2 = 60.3185789
R
8
= 19.3662109 = 60.8407460
R
100
= 19.2010666 = 60.3219299
R
1000
= 19.2000106 = 60.3186124
R
n
is approaching 19.2 as n increases.
22. a. y = sin x from x = 0 to x = 2, rotated about
the y-axis, as in Figure 8-4m. Slice parallel
to the y-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on
the graph.
dV = 2xy dx = 2x sin x dx
V x x dx =
2 10 9427
0
sin .
2
numerically (exactly 2 ( sin 2 2 cos 2),
integrating by parts).
b. The integrand, x sin x, is a product of two
functions, for which the antiderivative cannot
be found using techniques known so far.
23. a. x = 5 cos t, dx = 5 sin t dt
y = 3 sin t, dy = 3 cos t dt
Slice parallel to the x-axis, then rotate about
the x-axis. Pick sample points (x, y) at the
left end of the strip and (x, y) at the right end.
dV = 2y [ x (x)] dy = 4xy dy
= 4 ( 5 cos t)(3 sin t)(3 cos t dt)
= 180 cos
2
t sin t dt
Limits of integration are y = 0 to y = 3.
At y = 0, t = 0. At y = 3, t = /2.
V t t dt =
180
2
0
2
cos sin
/
= 60
3
0
2

cos
/
t
= 60 ( 0 1) = 60 = 188.4955
b. Slice the region in Quadrant I perpendicular to
the x-axis, then rotate about the x-axis. Pick
sample point (x, y) on the graph.
dV = y
2
dx = ( 3 sin t)
2
(5 sin t dt)
= 45 sin
3
t dt
Limits of integration are from x = 5 to
x = 5.
At x = 5, t = . At x = 5, t = 0.
V t dt =
45 188 4955
3
0
sin .
(exactly 60 ) , which agrees with the volume
found in part a.
The integral can be found algebraically
using the Pythagorean properties from
trigonometry.
sin
3
t = (1 cos
2
t) sin t = sin t cos
2
t sin t
V t dt t t dt =

45 45
2
0

sin cos sin
0
( )
= 45 15
3
0

cos cos t t
= 45 15 (45 ) + (15 ) = 60
c. Slice the region parallel to the line x = 7 and
rotate about that line. Pick sample points
(x, y) and (x, y) on the upper and lower
branches.
dV = 2 ( 7 x)[y (y)] dx
= 4 ( 7 5 cos t)(3 sin t)(5 sin t dt)
= 60 ( 7 5 cos t)(sin
2
t) dt
Limits of integration are t = to t = 0, as in
part b.
V 2072.6169 (exactly 210
2
, using the
half-argument properties for sin
2
t, as in
Problem 16 of Problem Set 5-9, or by using
integration by parts as in Chapter 9).
Problem Set 8-5
Q1. Q2.
4
16
x
y
0 1 4
16
x
y
Q3. A x dx =
2
1
4
Q4. A x =
1
3
3
1
4
Q5. A = 21
Q6.
4
16
x
y
Q7. V x dx =
2
3
1
4
Q8. V x =

2
4
1
4
Q9. V = 127.5 Q10. E
1. a.
y
x
2
1
0
b. L e e
n n
n
+
=
=
( . ) [ ]
. . ( )
0 4
2 0 4 0 4 1 2
1
5
6.7848
c. dy = e
x
dx
dL dx dy e dx
x
= + = +
2 2 2
1
L e dx
x
= +
1 6 7886
2
0
.
2
numerically
2. a.
y
x
3
1
0
b. L
n n
n
+
=
=
( . ) [ ]
. . ( )
0 6 2 2
2 0 6 0 6 1 2
1
5
7.7853
c. dy = (2
x
ln 2) dx
dL dx dy dx
x
= + = +
2 2 2
1 2 2 ( ln )
L dx
x
= +
1 2 2 7 7920
2
0
3
( ln ) . K
numerically
3. a.
1.5 0
10
x
y
b. L n n
n
+
=
( . ) [tan . tan . ( )] 0 3 0 3 0 3 1
2 2
1
5
= 14.4394
c. dy = sec
2
x dx
dL dx dy x dx = + = +
2 2 4
1 sec

L x dx = +
1 14 4488
4
0
1 5
sec
.
. K
numerically
4. a.
1.5 0
10
x
y
1
b. L n n
n
+
=
( . ) [sec . sec . ( )] 0 3 0 3 0 3 1
2 2
1
5
= 13.7141
c. dy = sec x tan x dx
dL dx dy x x dx = + = +
2 2 2 2
1 tan sec
L x x dx = +
1
2 2
0
1 5
tan sec
/
13.7304
numerically
5. a.
6 1
9
1
x
y
b. dy = (2x 5) dx
2 2 2
1 2 5 ( )

L x dx = +
1 2 5 15 8617
2
1
6
( ) . K
c. Low point is (2.5, 3.25). Chords from
(1, 1) to (2.5, 3.25) and from (2.5, 3.25)
to (6, 9) have combined length 7 3125 . +
162 3125 15 4 . = . , which is a reasonable
lower bound for L.
6. a.
0 4
4
x
y
b. dy = (4 2x) dx
2 2 2
1 4 2 ( )

L x dx = +
1 4 2 9 2935
2
0
4
( ) . K
c. Chords from (0, 0) to (2, 4) and from
(2, 4) to (4, 0) have combined length
2 20 8 9442 = . , which is a reasonable
lower bound for L.
7. a.
2
16
1
x
y
b. dy = 4x
3
dx
2 2 6
1 16

L x dx = +
1 16 18 2470
6
1
2
. K
c. Chords from (1, 15) to (0, 16) and (0, 16) to
(2, 0) have combined length 2 260 + =
17.5 , which is a reasonable lower bound
for L.
8. a.
1 9
50
x
y
b. dy = (3x
2
18x + 5) dx
dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + + 1 3 18 5
2 2
( ) x x dx
L x x dx = + +
1 3 18 5 219 4873
2 2
1
9
( ) . K
c. Using five chords with x = 2, L
204.4605 , which is a reasonable lower
bound for L.
9. a.
1 e
1
x
y
b. dy x x dx x x dx = =

2 2
1 1
ln ln
2 2 1 2
1 2 ( ln )
L x x dx
e
= +
1 2 7 6043
1 2
0 1
( ln )
.
.
c. Chords from x = 0.1 to x = 1 and from x = 1
to x = e have combined length 7.3658 ,
which is a reasonable lower bound for L.
10. a.
5
5 4 0
x
y
b. dy = (sin x + x cos x) dx
dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + + 1
2
(sin cos ) x x x dx

L x x x dx = + +
1
2
0
4
(sin cos )
54.1699K
c. Eight chords of x = /2 extend from middle
to high to middle to low points on the graph.
Lengths sum to 52.6109 , a reasonable
lower bound for L.
11. a.
10
1.5 0
x
y
b. dy = sec
2
x dx
2 2 4
1 sec

L x dx = +
1 14 4488
4
0
1 5
sec
.
. K
c. Distance between the endpoints is
bound for L.
12. a.
10
1.5 0
x
y
b. dy = sec x tan x dx
dL x x dx = + 1
2
(sec tan )

L x x dx = +
1
2
0
1 5
(sec tan )
.
13.7304K
c. The distance between the endpoints is
bound for L.
13. a.
5
5
y
x
b. dx = 15 cos
2
t sin t dt, dy = 15 sin
2
t cos t dt
dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + ( cos sin ) ( sin cos ) 15 15
2 2 2 2
t t t t dt
L t t t t dt = +
( cos sin ) ( sin cos ) 15 15

2 2 2 2
0
2
30
To see why the answer is so simple,
transform the radicand and use the
fundamental theorem.
L t t t t dt = +
225
2 2 2
0
2
(sin cos ) (cos sin )
7 5 2
2
.
0
2
( sin cos ) t t dt
7 5 2
2
0
2
. sin t dt
= =

7 5 2 7 5 4 2
0
2
0
2
. | | .
/
sin sin t dt t dt

=

= 30
1
2
2 30
0
2
( ) (exactly!) cos
/
t
c. Circle of radius 5 (i.e., x = 5 sin t, y =

5 cos t) has circumference 10 = 31.4152 ,
which is close to the calculated value of L.
14. a.

5
10
x
y
b. dx = 5(2 sin t + 2 sin 2t) dt
dy = 5(2 cos t 2 cos 2t) dt
dL dx dy = + =
2 2
[ ( sin sin )] [ ( cos cos )] 5 2 2 2 5 2 2 2
2 2
t t t t + + dt
L =
[ ( sin sin )] [ ( cos cos )] 5 2 2 2 5 2 2 2
2 2
0
2
t t t t dt + +

80
transform the radicand algebraically and
use the fundamental theorem.
L t t t t dt =
10 2 2 2 2 2 sin sin cos cos

0
2
=
10 2 1
0
2
cos cos t dt A B
(using ( ))
=
+
10 2
1
1
2
0
2
cos
cos
t
t
dt

=
+
10 2
1 0
2
|sin |
cos
t
t
dt
= +

20 2 1
1 2
0
( cos ) sin t t dt
/
( )
= + 40 2 1
1 2
0
( cos ) t
/

= + + = 40 2 1 1 40 2 1 1 80
1 2 1 2
( ) ( )
/ /
c. Maximum/minimum values of y are
7 5 3 . . Circle of radius 7.5 3 has
circumference

15 3 81 6209 = . . K
15. a.
4
4
x
y
b. dx = (5 sin t + 5 sin 5t) dt
dy = (5 cos t 5 cos 5t) dt
dL dx dy = +
2 2
=
( sin sin ) ( cos cos ) 5 5 5 5 5 5
2 2
t t t t dt + +
L t t t t dt = + +
( sin sin ) ( cos cos ) 5 5 5 5 5 5

2 2
0
2
40
transform the radicand and use the
fundamental theorem.
L t t t t dt =
5 2 2 5 2 5
0
2
sin sin cos cos
5 2 1 4
0
2
cos cos ( ) t dt A B (using )
=
+
5 2
1 4
1 4
2
0
2
cos
cos
t
t
dt
=
+
5 2
4
1 4 0
2
|sin |
cos
t
t
dt
= +

40 2 1 4 4
1 2
0
4
( cos ) sin
/
t t dt
/
( )
= + 20 2 1 4
1 2
0
4
( cos )
/
t
/

= + = 0 20 2 2 40
c. Maximum/minimum values of x, y are
3 3. Circle of radius 3 3 has circumference
32.6483 , which is close.
16. a.

t = 4
5
5
x
y
b. dx = (sin t + sin t + t cos t) dt = t cos t dt
dy = (cos t cos t + t sin t) dt = t sin t dt
dL dx dy t t t t dt
t dt t dt t
= + = +
= =
2 2 2 2
( cos ) ( sin )
| | (because 0)

L t dt t = = = =
0 5 8 78 9568
2
0
4
2
. .
0
4
K
c. Circle of radius 4 = 12.5663 would have
circumference = 8
2
.
17. a.

4 0
30
x
y
b. dy = 6x
1/2
dx
2 2
1 36
L x dx x dx = + = +

1 36
1
36
1 36 36
0
4
1 2
4
( )
/
0
( )
= + =
1
54
1 36
1
54
145 1
3 2
0
4
3 2
( ) ( )
/
x
/
= 32.3153
c. The chord connecting the endpoints has length
bound for L.
18. a.

1
1 2
x
y
b. dy x x dx =

( / )
2 2
4
2 2 2 2 2
1 4 ( / )
= + + 1 16 1 2
4 4
x x dx / /
= + = +

( / )
x x dx x x dx
2 2 2 2 2
4 4 | / |
L x x = +
( / )
2 2
1
2
4 dx (because integrand > 0)
= = =
x x
3 1
1
2
12 1
1
12
1 0833 / . K
c. Distance between endpoints is

1 006944 6 . K K =1.0034 , which is a
reasonable lower bound for L.
19. a.

5
1 8
x
y
b. dy x dx =

2
1 3 /

2 2 2 3
1 4
/
L x dx = +
1 4
2 3
1
8
/
= +

( )
/ /
x x dx
2 3 1 2 1 3
1
8
4
/
( )
= +

3
2
4
2
3
2 3 1 2
1
8
1 3
( )
/ /
x x dx
/
= +
3
2
2
3
4
2 3 3 2
1
8
( )
/
x
/
= = 8 8 5 5 11 4470 . K
c. Distance between endpoints is 130 =
bound for L.
20. a.
0 3
5
x
y
b. dy x x dx x x dx = + = +
1
2
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
( )
/ /
( )
dL dx dy x x dx = + = + +
2 2 2 2
1 2 ( )
= + + = + 1 2 1
4 2 2
x x dx x dx ( )
L x dx x x = + = + =
( ) 1
1
3
12
2 3
0
3
0
3
c. Distance between endpoints is 11.6123 ,
which is a reasonable lower bound for L.
21. Construct an x-axis at water level and a y-axis
through the vertex of the parabola.
2100 2100
x
y
750
220
0
General equation is y 220 = ax
2
.
Substitute (2100, 750) for (x, y).
750 220 2100
53
441000
2
= = a a
Equation of parabola is y x = +
53
441000
220
2
.
dy x dx =
106
441000
2 2 2 2
1 106 441000 ( / )
L x dx = +
1 106 441000
2 2
2100
2100
( / )
4372.0861 numerically 4372 feet.

The answer is reasonable because the 4200 feet
between supports is a lower bound for L.
22. y e e dy e e dx
x x x x
= + =

0 2 0 2 . ( ), . ( )
dL dx dy
e e dx
x x
= +
= +
2 2
2
1 0 04 . ( )
L e e dx
x x
= +

1 0 04
2
4
4
. ( )
24.1722 24.2 ft
The parabola with vertex (0, 0.4) and endpoints
(4, 0.2(e
4
+ e
4
)) = (4, 10.9232) has equation
y = ax
2
+ 0.4. Substituting (4, 10.9232) gives
10.9232 = 16a + 0.4 a = 0.6577 .
y = 0.6577 x
2
+ 0.4 dy = 1.3154 x dx
2 2 2
1 1 7303 . ...
L x dx = +
1 1 7303 23 2193
2
4
. K . 23.2 ft,
4
which is about a foot shorter than the catenary,
as shown by graph:
4 4
10
x
y
23. Outer ellipse:
x = 120 cos t, dx = 120 sin t dt
dL dx dy
t t dt
= +
= +
2 2
2 2
120 100 ( sin ) ( cos )
L t t dt = +

( sin ) ( cos ) 120 100

2 2
0
2
692.5791 692.6 m
Inner ellipse:
x = 100 cos t, dx = 100 sin t dt
dL dx dy
t t dt
= +
= +
2 2
2 2
100 50 ( sin ) ( cos )
L t t dt = +

( sin ) ( cos ) 100 50

2 2
0
2
484.4224 484.4 m
24.
8
x
y
5
8
5
dx = 16 sin 2t, dy = 5 cos t
dL dx dy
t t dt
= +
= +
2 2
2 2
16 2 5 ( sin ) ( cos )
Curve appears to have length
L t t dt = +
( sin ) ( cos ) 16 2 5
2 2
0
2
= 68.7694
Length should be less than the lengths of three
circumscribing segments, 16 + 16 + 10 = 42.
The discrepancy is explained by the fact that the
parabola is traced twice as t goes from 0 to 2.
Actual length (0.5)(68.7694) = 34.384 ,
for which 42 is a reasonable upper bound.
25. 9 4
2
3
2 3 3 2
x y x y = =
/
.
3
0 3 4
x
y
dx = y
1/2
dy
dL dx dy y dy = + = +
2 2 1 2
1 ( )
/
L y dy y = + = +
= =
( ) ( ) 1
2
3
1
4
2
3
4 6666
1 2 3 2
0
3
0
3
/ /
.
26. x
2
= y
3
x = y
1.5
2x dx = 3y
2
dy 4x
2
dx
2
= 9y
4
dy
2
= = 4 9
9
4
3 2 4 2 2 2
y dx y dy dx y dy
Note that dy < 0 between (1, 1) and (0, 0):
1 8
x
y
1
4
For x in [1, 0], x = y
1.5
, dx = 1.5y
0.5
dy,
2 2
2 25 1 . .
For x in [0, 8], x = y
1.5
, dx = 1.5y
0.5
dy,
2 2
2 25 1 . .
L y dy y dy = + + +

2 25 1 2 25 1
0
4
. .
1
0
= + + +
8
27
2 25 1
8
27
2 25 1
3 2 3 2
( . ) ( . ) y y
/
1
0
/
0
4
= + + =
8
27
1 3 25 10 1 10 5131
3 2 3 2
( . )
/ /
.
27. x
t
t dx t t t dt = =

cos (cos sin ) ,
1
y
t
t dy t t t dt = = +

sin (sin cos ) ,
1
dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + +
1
2 2
(cos sin ) (sin cos ) t t t t t t dt

= +
1
1
2
t dt
The curve crosses the x-axis exactly when sin t
= 0, when t is a multiple of . There are seven
crossings after the beginning, so t should run
between 0 and 7. To check this, note that the
curve ends at (7, 0), so solve (t/) cos t = 7
with t = n (n/ ) cos n = 7
n cos n = 7 n = 7 0 t 7.
L t dt = +
1
1 77 6508
2
0
7
.
The integral can be evaluated algebraically by
trigonometric substitution as in Section 9-6,
giving
1
1
2
1 1
2 2 2
+ = + + + +
( )
t dt t t t t C ln .
28. x = r cos t, dx = r sin t dt
y = r sin t, dy = r cos t dt
dL dx dy r t r t dt = + = +
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos
= r dt (for r 0)
The range 0 t 2 generates the entire circle.
Circumference = = =
r dt rt r
0
2
0
2
2

, Q.E.D.
29. y = A sin x, dy = A cos x dx
dL dx dy A x dx = + = +
2 2 2 2
1 cos
Pick a convenient interval for x such as [0, 2].
L A x dx = +
1
2 2
cos
0
2
A L
0 6.283185 (= 2)
1 7.640395
2 10.540734
3 13.974417
Doubling A doubles the amplitude of the
sinusoid. However, it less than doubles the
length of the sinusoid for much the same reason
that doubling one leg of a right triangle does not
double the hypotenuse. In the limit as A
approaches infinity, doubling A approaches
doubling the length.
30. x = cos t, dx = sin t dt
y = A sin t, dy = A cos t dt
dL dx dy t A t dt = + = +
2 2 2 2 2
sin cos
The entire ellipse is generated as t increases from
0 to 2.
L t A t dt = +
sin cos
2 2 2
0
2
A L
0 4 (a double line segment)
1 6.283185 (= 2)
2 9.688448
3 13.364893
Doubling A doubles one axis of the ellipse
without changing the other axis. That is why the
length does not double when A doubles. The
reasoning is similar to that in the solution to
Problem 29.
31. The function y x =

( ) 2
1
has a vertical
asymptote at x = 2, which is in the interval
[1, 3]. So the length is infinite. Maes partition
of the interval skips over the discontinuity, as
shown in the graph.
1 2 3
x
y
25
Mae's
error
32. The sample points are all of the form (n/2,
sin n), which all lie on the x-axis and therefore
fail to measure the wiggly bits.
10 0
x
y
1
Amos's sample points
The length of the curve is 40 times the length of
the part from x = 0 to x = 0.25 (by symmetry),
so Amos could use five subintervals of [0, 0.25]
to estimate the length of half of one arch, then
multiply his answer by 40 to find the total
length.
Problem Set 8-6
Q1. 1 9
4
+ x dx Q2. 1
4
+sec x dx
Q3.
1
6
6
sin x C + Q4. 156
Q5. xe
x
+ e
x
Q6. Maximum y = 7 (at x = 1)
Q7. f x
f x x f x
x
x
=
+
( ) lim
( ) ( )
0
or ( ) f c
f x f c
x c
x c
=
lim
( ) ( )

Q9.
1
2
2 2 ln sec tan | | x x C + +
Q10. D
1. a. The graph shows y = 0.5x
2
, from x = 0 to
x = 3, rotated about the y-axis.
(x, y)
3 0
x
1
y
dy = x dx
2 2 2
1
dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
2

S x x dx = +
2 1 64 1361
2
0
3
.
b. The inscribed cone of height 4.5 and radius
3 has lateral surface area = rL =
3 3 4 5 50 9722
2 2
+ = . . , which is
a reasonable lower bound for S.
c. S x x dx = +
( ) ( )
1/2
1 2
2
0
3
= + =
2
3
1
2
3
10 10 1
2
0
3
( ) ( )
3/2
x
= 64.1361 , agreeing with the answer
found numerically.
2. a. The graph shows y = sin x, from x = 0 to
x = , rotated about the x-axis.
0
(x, y)
x
y
1
b. dy = cos x dx
2 2 2
1 cos
dS y dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
2
sin cos
S x x dx = +
2 1 14 4235
2
0
sin cos .
c. The circumscribed cylinder of length
and radius 1 has lateral area = 2
2
=
19.7392 , which is a reasonable upper
bound for S.
3. The graph shows y = ln x, from x = 1 to x = 3,
3 1
1
x
y
(x, y)
dy x dx =
1
2 2 2
1
dS y dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
2
ln
S x x dx = +
2 1 9 0242
2
1
3
ln
.
4. The graph shows y = ln x, from x = 1 to x = 3,
rotated about the y-axis, showing back half of
surface only.
1 3
1
x
y
(x, y)
dL x dx = +

1
2
, from Problem 3.
dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
2

S x x dx = +
2 1 28 3047
2
1
3
. K
5. The graph shows y x x = =

1
1
/ ,from x = 0.5 to
2
2
x
y
(x, y)
dy x dx =
2
2 2 4
1

dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
4

S x x dx = +
2 1 15 5181
4
0 5
2
.
. K
6. The graph shows y = 1/x = x
1
, from x = 0.5 to
x = 2, rotated about the x-axis.
2
2
x
y
(x, y)
dL x dx = + 1
4
, from Problem 5.
dS y dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
1 4

S x x dx = +
2 1 15 5181
1 4
0 5
2
.
. K
(Note that surfaces 5 and 6 are congruent.)
3
, from x = 0 to x = 2,
(x, y)
2
8
0
x
y
dy = 3x
2
dx
2 2 4
1 9
dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1 9
4

S x x dx = +
2 1 9 77 3245
4
0
2
. K
3
+ 5x
2
8x + 6, from
x = 0 to x = 3, rotated about the y-axis.
(x, y)
x
y
3
6
dy = (3x
2
+ 10x 8) dx
dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + + 1 3 10 8
2 2
( ) x x dx
dS = 2 x dL
= + + 2 1 3 10 8
2 2
x x x dx ( )
Graph intersects x-axis where y = 0.
x
3
+ 5x
2
8x + 6 = (x 3)(x
2
2x + 2) = 0
at x = 3.
S x x x dx = + +
2 1 3 10 8
2 2
0
3
( )
58.7946
9. The graph shows y x = = x
1/2
, from x = 0 to
x = 1, rotated about the x-axis.
(x, y)
0 1
1
x
y
dy x dx
dL dx dy x dx
=
= + = +
0 5
1 0 25
1 2
2 2 1
.
/
.
dS y dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1 0 25
1 2 1

/
.
= + = + 2 0 25 2 0 25
1 2
x dx x dx . ( . )
/
S x dx x = + = +
2 ( 0.25)
4
3
( 0.25)
1/2 3/2
0
1
0
1

= =
4
3
1 25 0 125 5 3304
3 2
( . . ) .
/
K
3
, from x = 1 to x = 2,
surface only.
(x, y)
1 2
1
8
y
x
dy = 3x
2
dx
2 2 4
1 9
dS = 2y dL = 2x
3
(1 + 9x
4
)
1/2
dx
S x x dx = +
2 (1 9 )
1/2
3 4
1
2
= +
18
( ) ( )
/
1 9 36
4 1 2
1
2
x x dx
= +
18
2
3
1 9
4 3 2
1
2
( )
/
x

= =
27
145 10 199 4804
3 2 3 2
( )
/ /
. K
11. The graph shows y x x = +
4 2
8 4 / / , from x = 1
to x = 2, rotated about the x-axis, showing back
side of surface only.
1 2
2
x
y
dy = (x
3
/2 x
3
/2) dx = 0.5(x
3
x
3
) dx
2 2 3 3 2
1 0 25 . ( )
= + + 1 0 25 0 5 0 25
6 6
. . .
x x dx
= + = +

0 25 0 5
3 3 2 3 3
. ( )
x x dx x x dx . ( )
dS = 2 y dL
= 2 ( x
4
/8 + x
2
/4)[0.5(x
3
+ x
3
)] dx
= + +
8
3 2
7 5
( )
x x x dx
S x x x dx = + +
8
3 2
7 5
1
2
( )
= +
8
1
8
3
2
1
2
8 2 4
1
2
x x x
= + +
=
=
8
32 6
1
32
1
8
3
2
1
2
4
155
256
14 4685

.
2
, from x = 0 to x = 2,
(x, y)
x
y
4
0 2
dy x dx
dL dx dy x dx
=
= + = +
2
1 4
2 2 2
dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1 4
2

S x x dx = +
2 1 4
2
0
2
= + = +

4
1 4 8
6
1 4
2 1 2
0
2
2 3 2
0
2
( ) ( ( )
/ /
x x dx x )

= =
6
17 1 36 1769
3 2
( ) .
/
K
13. The graph shows y x = +
1
3
2
2 3 2
( ) ,
/
from x = 0 to
3 0
1
12
(x, y)
x
y
dL = (1 + x
2
) dx, from Problem 20 in Section 8-5
dS = 2x dL = 2 ( x + x
3
) dx
S x x dx x x = + = +
2
1
2
3 2 4
0
3
0
3
( )
= 49.5 = 155.5088
14. The graph shows y = 2x
1/3
, from x = 1 to
x = 8, rotated about the y-axis, showing back
half of surface only.
4
2
1 8
x
y
(x, y)
dy x dx =

2
3
2 3 /
2 2 4 3
1
4
9
/
dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
4
9
4 3

/
S x x dx = +
2 1
4
9
4 3
1
8
/
= +
2
4
9
1 3 4 3
1
8
1 2
x x dx
/ /
/

= +
3
2
4
9
4
3
4 3
1 2
1 3
1
8
x x dx
/
/
/
= +
x
4 3
3 2
1
8
4
9
/
/
= =
27
148 13 204 0435
3 2 3 2
( ) .
/ /
K

1 1
4
3 1
3
, from x = 1 to
x = 3, rotated about the line y = 1, showing
back half of surface only.
(x, y)
1
9
(x, 1)
3
x
y
dx x x dx =
2 2
1
4
2 2 2 2
2
1
1
4
= + +

1
1
2
1
16
4 4
x x dx
= +
= +

x x dx x x dx
2 2
2
2 2
1
4
1
4
dS = 2 ( y + 1) dL
= + +

2
1
3
1
4
1
1
4
3 1 2 2
x x x x dx
= + + + +

2
1
3
1
3
1
4
1
16
5 2 2 3
x x x x x dx

S x x x x x dx
x x x x x
= + + + +
= + +
= =

2
1
3
1
3
1
4
1
16
2
1
18
1
3
1
6
1
4
1
32
101
5
18
318 1735
5 2 2 3
1
3
6 3 2 1 2
1
3
. K

1
3
1
4
3 1
, from x = 1 to
x = 3, rotated about line x = 4.
(x, y)
(4, y)
1 3 4
9
x
y
dL x x dx = +
2 2
1
4
, from Problem 15
dS x dL x x x dx = = +
2 4 2 4
1
4
2 2
( ) ( )
= +

2 4
1
4
2 3 2 1
x x x x dx
S x x x x dx = +
2 4
1
4
2 3 2 1
1
3
2
4
3
1
4
1
4
3 4 1
1
3
x x x x ln | |
=
= 2 15
1
3
1
4
3 94 6164 ln . K
17. a. x y y x
2 2 2
25 25 + = =
dy x x dx =

( ) 25
2 1 2 /
2 2 2 2 1
1 25 ( )
dS = 2y dL
= +

2 25 1 25
2 2 2 1
x x x dx ( )
= + = 2 25 10
2 2
x x dx dx
b. i. S dx x
0 1
0
1
0
1
10 10 10
,
= = =

ii. S dx x
1 2
1
2
1
2
10 10 10
,
= = =

iii. S dx x
2 3
2
3
2
3
10 10 10
,
= = =

iv. S dx x
3 4
3
4
3
4
10 10 10
,
= = =

v. S dx x
4 5
4
5
4
5
10 10 10
,
= = =

c. The two features exactly balance each other.
The area of a zone of a sphere is a function
of the height of the zone only, and is
independent of where the zone is located
on the sphere.
18. Suppose that the sphere is centered at the origin,
as in Problem 17. The equation of a great
circle in the xy-plane is x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
, from
which y r x r x = =
2 2 2 2 1 2
( ) .
/
dy = x(r
2
x
2
)
1/2
dx
dL dx dy x r x dx = + = +
2 2 2 2 2 1
1 ( )
dS y dL
r x x r x dx
r x x dx r dx r
=
= +
= + = >
2
2 1
2 2 0
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2

( ) ( )
( )
/
if
S r dx rx r
r
r
r
r
= = =
2 2 4
2
, Q.E.D.
19. Pick a sample point in the spherical shell at
radius r from the center. Surface area at the
sample point is 4 r
2
. Volume of shell is
approximately (surface area)(thickness).
dV r dr = 4
2
V r dr r R
R
R
= = =
4
4
3
4
3
2
0
3
0
3
, Q.E.D.
20. V r
dV
dr
r S = = =
4
3
4
3 2
, Q.E.D.
or: V S dr
dV
dr
S = =
by the definition of
indefinite integral.
21. y = ax
2
, dy = 2ax dx
dL dx dy a x dx = + = +
2 2 2 2 1 2
1 4 ( )
/
dS x dL x a x dx = = + 2 2 1 4
2 2 1 2
( )
/
S x a x dx
r
= +
2 1 4
2 2 1 2
0
( )
/
= +
4
1 4 8
2
2 2 1 2 2
0 a
a x a x dx
r
( ) ( )
/
= + = +

6
1 4
6
1 4 1
2
2 2 3 2
0
2
2 2 3 2
a
a x
a
a r
r
( ) [( ) ]
/ /
22. Let h be the height of the paraboloid from the
vertex to the center of the base. Because h is the
value of y when x = r, h = a r
2
. Substituting into
the formula for S from Problem 21 gives
S
a
ah = +
6
1 4 1
2
3 2
[( ) ]
/
Let a = 1 and evaluate S for various h. Find the
zone areas by subtracting. Use the TABLE feature.
h S Zone
0

6
0 ( ) N.A.
1

6
10 1803 ( . ) K

6
10 1803 ( . ) K
2

6
26 ( )

6
15 8196 ( . ) K
3

6
45 8721 ( . ) K

6
19 8721 ( . ) K
4

6
69 0927 ( . ) K

6
23 2206 ( . ) K
5

6
95 2340 ( . ) K

6
26 1412 ( . ) K
6
6
124 ( )

6
28 7659 ( . ) K
The property is not true for paraboloids. The
areas of zones of equal height are greater if the
zone is farther away from the vertex.
23. x = 5 cos t, dx = 5 sin t dt
5
3
(x, y)
x
y
dL dx dy t t dt = + = +
2 2 2 2
5 3 ( sin ) ( cos )
dS y dL = 2
= + 2 3 5 3
2 2
( sin ) ( sin ) ( cos ) t t t dt
S t t t dt = +

6 5 3
2 2
0
sin ( sin ) ( cos )

165.7930
From ( / ) ( / ) , . . x y y x 5 3 1 0 6 25
2 2 2
+ = =
Using the upper branch of the graph,
dy x x dx =

0 6 25
2 1 2
. ( ) .
/
2 2 2 2 1
1 0 36 25 . ( )
At x = 5, dL involves division by zero, which
is awkward, and makes the Cartesian equation
inappropriate for finding the arc length of an
ellipse.
For the surface area, however, the offending
denominator cancels out, giving
dS x dx = 0 24 25 16
2 2
. , which is defined
at x = 5.
24. a. x = 35 sec t, dx = 35 sec t tan t dt
y = 100 + 80 tan t, dy = 80 sec
2
t dt
y = 0 100 + 80 tan t = 0 tan t = 5/4
t =
tan
1
5 4 ( / )
Radius at base is x = 5/4 =
35
1
sec tan [ ( )]
56.0273 56.0 ft.
b. At top, t = 0.5.
Radius: x = 35 sec 0.5 = 39.8822 39.9 ft
Height: y = 100 + 80 tan 0.5 = 143.7041
143.7 ft
c. From the information given in parts a and b,
it can be assumed that /2 < t < /2.
Minimize x
dx
dt
t t t : at = = = 35 0 0 sec tan
(or, because cos t has a max at t = 0,
sec t = 1/cos t has a minimum there).
Minimum radius = 35 ft
Height = y = 100 + tan 0 = 100 ft
d. dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + 35 80
2 2 2 2 4
sec tan sec t t t dt
dS = 2x dL
= + 2 35 35 80
2 2 2 2 4
( ) sec sec tan sec t t t t dt
S dS =
37 756 5934 37 757

2
5 4
0 5
1
, . , ft
tan ( / )
.
e. Volume , . ft
3
= S
4
12
12 585 5311
466.1307 yd
3
25. From Figure 8-6m, a circle of radius L has area
L
2
and circumference 2L. The circumference of
the cones base is 2R. The arc length of the
sector of the circle of radius L must be equal to
this, so the sector is (2R)/(2L) = R/L of the
circle and has surface area S = L
2
(R/L) = RL,
Q.E.D.
26. S = RL rl
The objective is to get the lateral area in terms of
the slant height of the frustum, L l.
S R L
r
R
l =
R L
l
L
l , because
r
R
l
L
= .
=
R
L
L l ( )
2 2
+
R
L
L l L l ( )( )
+
j
(
\
,
R R
l
L
L l ( )
+
j
(
\
,
R R
r
R
L l ( )
( R + r)(L l)
+
j
(
\
,
2
2
R r
L l ( ), Q.E.D.
Problem Set 8-7
Q1. 15x
2
14x + 4 Q2. 12(4x 9)
2
Q3. 3 sin
2
x cos x Q4. 3 sec 3x tan 3x
Q5.

e
x
Q6. 1/x
2
Q7. ln |x| + C Q8.
1
2
2
x C +
Q9. 3x + C Q10. x + C
1. a. r 10 sin dA 50 sin
2
d
A d
50 157 0796
2
0
2
sin
.
(exactly 50 )
b. The area of the circle is 5
2
25.
The calculated area is twice this because the
circle is traced out twice as increases from 0
to 2. Although r is negative for < < 2,
dA is positive because r is squared.
2. a. r 10 sin dr 10 cos d
dL dr r d
d d
+
+
2 2
2 2
100 100 10
( )
cos sin

L d
10 10 20
0
2
0
2

The circumference is 2 5 10. The
calculated length is twice this value because
the circle is traced out twice as increases
from 0 to 2. The calculus of this section
always gives the dynamic answer as the
distance traveled by a point on the curve as
increases from one value to another. This
path length does not necessarily equal the
length of the curve.
3. a. r 4 + 3 sin . The calculator graph confirms
that the text figure is traced out once as
increases from 0 to 2.
b. dA d +
1
2
4 3
2
( sin )
A dA
64 4026
0
2
.
(exactly 20.5)
c. dr 3 cos d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ + ( cos ) ( sin ) 3 4 3
2 2
d

L dL
28 8141
0
2
.
K
4. a. r 5 3 cos . The calculator graph confirms
b. dA d
1
2
5 3
2
( cos )
A dA
92 6769 29 5
0
2
. (exactly . )
c. dr 3 sin d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ ( sin ) ( cos ) 3 5 3
2 2
d
L dL
34 3136
0
2
.
5. a. r 7 + 3 cos 2. The calculator graph

confirms that the text figure is traced out once
as increases from 0 to 2.
b. dA d +
1
2
7 3 2
2
( cos )
A dA
168 0752
0
2
.
(exactly 53.5)
c. dr 6 sin 2 d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ + ( sin ) ( cos ) 6 2 7 3 2
2 2
d
L dL
51 4511
0
2
.
6. a. r 8 cos 2. The calculator graph confirms

b. dA d
1
2
8 2
2
( cos )

A dA
100 5309 32
0
2
. (exactly ) K
c. dr 16 sin d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ ( sin ) ( cos ) 16 2 8 2
2 2
d

L dL
77 5075
0
2
. K
7. a. 5 5 + 5 cos . The calculator graph

b. dA d +
1
2
5 5
2
( cos )

A dA
117 8097 37 5
0
2
. (exactly . ) K

c. dr 5 sin d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ + ( sin ) ( cos ) 5 5 5
2 2
d
L dL
40
0
2
(exactly)
8. a. r
10
3 2 cos
. The calculator graph
b. dA
j
(
,
\
,
(
1
2
10
3 2
2
cos

A dA
84 2977 12 5
0
2
. (exactly ) K
c. dr d
sin
( cos )
20
3 2
2

dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
,
]
]
]
+
j
(
,
\
,
(
sin
( cos ) cos
20
3 2
10
3 2
2
2 2

d

L dL
33 0744
0
2
. K
9. a.
1
1
r sin 3 makes one complete cycle as
increases from 0 to .
b. dA d
1
2
3
2
(sin )

A dA
0 7853 0 25
0
. (exactly . K
)
c. dr 3 cos 3 d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ ( cos ) (sin ) 3 3 3
2 2
d
L dL
6 6824
0
. K
10. a.
4
4
b. dA d
1
2
4 4
2
( sec cos )

A dA
4 5557
1
1
. K
(exactly 16 tan 1 24 + 4 sin 2)
c. dr 4(sec tan + sin ) d
dL dr r d +
2 2
( )
+ + 4
2 2
(sec tan sin ) (sec cos ) d

L dL
10 9534
1
1
. K
11. r 49 2 cos
r 0 2 cos
1
0 /2 + 2 n (n an integer)
/4 + n
The right-hand loop corresponds to
nonnegative values of the integrand,
/4 /4.
dA d
1
2
49 2 ( cos )
A d
1
2
49 2 12 25 2
4
4
4
4
( cos ) . sin
/
/
/
/

24 5 .
Area of both loops is 49.
12. The graph of r csc + 4 shows a closed loop
from 3.4 to 6.
5
5
The graph passes through the pole where r 0.
csc 4 0 csc ( 4) +
1
sin
+
1
0 25 0 2526 2 ( . ) . or n
[ (0.2526)] + 2 n
Desired range is 3.3942 6.0305 .
dA d +
1
2
4
2
(csc )

A dA
8 4553
3 3942
6 0305
.
.
.
K
K
13. r
1
4 + 4 cos and r
2
10 cos intersect where
4 + 4 cos 10 cos
+
cos
1
2 3 0 8410 2 ( / ) . . n
(The graphs also touch at the pole, but not for
the same value of . For the cardioid,
+ 2n. For the circle, /2 + 2 n.)
Region outside the cardioid and inside
the circle is generated as goes from
0.841 to 0.841 .
dA r r d =
1
2
2
2
1
2
( )
= +
1
2
10 4 4 [( ) ( ) ]
2 2
cos cos d

A dA =
18 8863
0 841
0 841
. K
K
K
.
.
(exactly 26 cos (2/3) (4/3)
1
5)
14. r
1
= 5 and r
2
= 5 5 cos intersect at = /2
and /2.
5
5
dA r r d =
1
2
1
2
2
2
( )
=
1
2
5 5 5
2
[ ( ) ]
2
cos d
Integrate from /2 to /2, because in Quadrants
II and III the cardioid lies outside the circle.

A dA =
30 3650 50 6 25
2
2
. (exactly . K
)
/
/
15. a. r = 0.5. The graph starts at = 0 and makes
three revolutions, so increases from 0 to 6.
dr = 0.5 d
dL dr r d d = + = +
2 2 2 2
0 5 0 5 ( ) . ( . )
L dL =
89 8589
0
6
.
b. dA d d = =
1
2
0 5
1
8
2 2
( . )
Area swept out for third revolution in
Quadrant I is
A d
3
2 3
4
4 5
3
4
4 5
1
8
1
24
217
192
= = =
.
.
Area swept out for second revolution in
Quadrant I is
A d
2
2 3
2
2 5
3
2
2 5
1
8
1
24
61
192
= = =
.
.
Area of region between second and third
revolution in Quadrant I is A
3
= A
2
=
13
16
25 1925
3
= . .
16. The graph of r = 4 + 6 cos shows a closed loop
from 2.3 to 4.0.
10
4
r = 4 + 6 cos = 0 cos = 2/3
= = +
cos
1
2 3 2 3005 2 ( / ) . n
dA d = +
1
2
4 6
2
( cos )
The outer loop is swept out as increases from
2.3005 to 2.3005.

A dA
1
2 3005
2 3005
105 0506 =
. K
K
K
.
.
The inner loop is generated as increases from
2.3005 to 3.9826 .

A dA
2
2 3005
3 926
1 7635 =
. K
K
K
.
.
Area of the region between the loops is
A
1
A
2
103.2871 .
17. a.
4
2
dr = 2.5
1.5
d
dL dr r d d = + = +
2 2 3 1
6 25 25 ( ) .

dL
31 0872
2
6
.
/
b. The graph shows sectors of central angles 1,
2, and 3 radians.
Area of sector is A r ( ) . =
1
2
2
A( ) ( ) . 1
1
2
5 1 12 5
2
= = ( )
A( ) ( ) . 2
1
2
3 5355 2 12 5
2
= = ( . ...)
A( ) ( ) . 3
1
2
2 8867 3 12 5
2
= = ( . ) K
In general, A( ) ( ) . , = =
1
2
5 12 5
1 2 2
( )
/
which
is independent of the value of .
18. The graph shows r = sec and a segment from
= 0 to 1.5.
1
10
The point with polar coordinates (r, ) has xy-
coordinates x = r cos , y = r sin . The graph
given by r = sec can be written
x = r cos = sec cos = 1
y = r sin = sec sin = tan
(i.e., < y < ). Thus, this graph is the
line x = 1.
By calculus, the segment from = 0 to = 1.5
has length as follows:
dr = sec tan d
dL dr r d = +
2 2
( )
= + (sec tan ) sec
2 2
d
= + = sec tan sec
2 2
1 d d
L d = =
sec tan
.
2
0
1 5
0
1 5

.
= tan 1.5 0 = 14.1014
As shown above, y = tan .
At = 1.5, y = tan 1.5, confirming the calculus.
19. A typical record has grooves of inner radius
6.6 cm and outer radius 14.6 cm, and takes
about 24 minutes to play. There are thus
(33.333)(24) or about 800 grooves in a space
of (14.6 6.6) or 8.0 cm. Thus, the grooves
decrease in radius by about 8.0/800 = 0.01 cm
per revolution. A simple equation of the spiral is
r = =
0 01
2
0 005 . .

which assumes that the grooves start at the center
and have a pitch of 0.01 cm. The innermost
actual groove is at = 6.6/0.005 = 1320,
and the outermost groove is at = 14.6/0.005
= 2920.
dr = (0.005/) d
dL dr r d = +
2 2
( )
= + ( . / ) [( . / ) ] 0 005 0 005
2 2
d
= +
0 005
1
2
.
d
L dL =
53 281 4120
1320
2920
, . cm
= 16,960.0002 cm
Rough check: Average radius = 10.6 cm
L should equal approximately the sum of 800
circles of radius 10.6 cm. L 800(2 10.6) =
16,960 cm, which is very close to the calculated
16,960.0002 cm.
(The integral can be evaluated algebraically by
the tangent trigonometry substitution from
Chapter 9. The result, 16,960.00021, is
remarkably close both to the numerical answer
and to the sum of the lengths of the 800 circles
of average radius 10.6 cm.)
20. a. r = =

100
3 2
100 3 2
1
cos
cos
( )
dA d =
=

1
2
100 3 2
1 2
2
[ ( cos ) ]

5000(3 2 cos ) d
A dA =
974 3071 974

0
0 2
. (kilo-mi)
2
.
b. Solving ( ) 5000 3 2
2
0 8
=
cos
.
t dt
974.3071 gives 1.88976 .

c. P = ka
1.5
(27.3)(24) = k(240)
1.5
k = 0.17622
d. The major axis of the spaceships orbit is
120 thousand miles, so a = 60.
P = k 60
1.5
= 81.9 hours (precise answer)
e. The total area of the ellipse is
A d =

5000 3 2
2
0
2
( ) cos
= 8429.7776 (kilo-mi)
2
Fraction of area from = 0 to = 0.2 is
(974.3071)/(8429.7776) = 0.1155 .
This fraction is the same as the fraction of the
period. Thus, the time is 0.1155(81.9) =
9.4659 hours to go from = 0 to = 0.2,
and the same for to go from 0.8 to
1.88976 .
f. dr d
d
=
=
100 3 2 2
200 3 2
2
2
( )
( )
cos ( sin )
sin cos

dL dr r d = +
=

2 2
2
( )
[( 200 sin (3 2 cos ) )
2
+

( ( ) ) ]
2 1/2
100 3 2
1
cos d
From = 0 to = 0.2,
L dL =
20 2228
0
0 2
. K
.
20.2 kilo-mi.
From = 0.8 to = 1.88976 ,
L dL =
56 7896
0 8
1 88
. K
K
.
.
56.8 kilo-mi.
g. Average speed from = 0 to = 0.2 is

20 2228
9 4659
2 1363
.
.
K
K
K = . , or about 2136 mi/h.
Average speed from = 0.8 to
= 1.88976 is

56 7896
9 4659
5 9993
.
.
K
K
K = . ,
or about 5999 mi/h.
h. When the spaceship is farthest from Earth, its
radial velocity (toward the Earth) is zero. As
it proceeds in its orbit, it can be thought of as
falling toward the Earth, thus picking up
speed. The reverse is true on the other side of
the Earth, where it is moving away and is
thus being slowed by gravity.
21. a. Count 5 spaces to the right and about 7.5
spaces down from the given point.
Slope 1.5.
b. r =
x = cos dx = d cos sin d
y = sin dy = d sin + cos d
dy
dx
dy d
dx d
= =
+ /
/
sin cos
cos sin

At = 7, dy/dx = 1.54338 , thus
confirming the answer found graphically.
22. a. x = r cos , y = r sin
y/x = sin /cos = tan
r
r cos
r sin
slope =
r sin
= tan
r cos
b. The slope of any line is tan , where is the
angle between the x-axis and the line.
And, because the tangent line has slope
dy
dx
dy d
dx d
=
/
/
( )
by the chain rule ,

tan
/
/
. =
dy d
dx d
c. tan = tan ( ) =
+
tan tan
tan tan

1
=
+
dy d
dx d
y
x
dy d
dx d
y
x
x dx d
x dx d
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
=
+
x
dy
d
y
dx
d
x
dx
d
y
dy
d

d. dx/d = r sin ;
dy/d = r cos x
dy
d
y
dx
d

= r r r r ( ) ( ) cos cos sin sin

= r
2
cos
2
+ r
2
sin
2
= r
2
e. r x y r
dr
d
x
dx
d
y
dy
d
2 2 2
2 2 2 = + = +

= + r
dr
d
x
dx
d
y
dy
d

Substitute these expressions in parts d and e
into the top and bottom of the expression in
part c to show the property.
f. tan
/
cos
sin
cos
sin
= = = =
r
dr d
a a
a
1
tan /2, using the half-angle formula. Then
= /2 + n. But 0 2, and 0 ,
which implies n = 0, so = /2.
g. tan
/

= =
r
dr d
dr
d
r const r = Ce
k
Note that
dr
d
kCe kr k
dr d
r
k
= = = =
/
1
tan
cot
= .
Equations for the spiral will vary.
Problem Set 8-8
Review Problems
R1. a.
3
10
50
x
y
f
g
h
b. f (x) = 3x
2
18x + 30; f (x) = 6x 18
g (x) = 3x
2
18x + 27; g(x) = 6x 18
h (x) = 3x
2
18x + 24; h(x) = 6x 18
c. h (x) = 3(x 2)(x 4) = 0 at x = 2 and 4
h(2) = 6 < 0, so h has a local maximum
at x = 2.
h(4) = 6 > 0, so h has a local minimum
at x = 4.
d. g (x) = 3(x 3)
2
= 0 only at x = 3.
g (x) > 0 on both sides of x = 3, so this is
neither a maximum nor a minimum point.
e. From the graphs, each point of inflection
appears at x = 3. Because each second
derivative equals 6x 18, each one equals
zero when x = 3.
R2. a.
x 2
+ undef. +
no max.
or min.
f(x)
f (x)
x 2
+ undef.
p.i.
f(x)
f (x)
b.
f (x)
x
2 1 3 5
c. i. f x x f x x = =

( ) , ( )
/ /
2
3
1
2
9
1 3 4 3
ii. Zooming in shows that there is a local

minimum cusp at (0, 0) and a local
maximum with zero derivative at x 0.3.
1
0.5
0
x
f (x)
Algebraically, f (x) = 0 at x = (2/3)
3
=
8/27, and f (x) is undefined at x = 0, thus
locating precisely the minimum and
maximum found by graphing.
Because there are no other critical values
of x, there are no other maximum or
minimum points.
iii. f (x) is undefined at x = 0, and f (x) < 0
everywhere else; f never changes sign, so
there are no inflection points.
iv. f (0) = 0, f (8/27) = 4/27, f (5) = 2.0759
Global maximum at (8/27, 4/27).
Global minimum at (5, 2.0759).
d.
f (x)
x
2
1
The graph shows that f x x e
x
( ) =
2
has local
minimum at x = 0, local maximum at x 2,
and points of inflection at x 3.4 and at
x 0.6.
f x xe x e x x e
x x x
= =

( ) ( ) 2 2
2
f x e xe x e x x e
x x x x
= + = +

( ) ( ) 2 4 2 4
2 2
f (x) = 0 at x = 0, 2
Minimum at (0, 0). Maximum at (2, 0.5413).
f (x) = 0 at x = + = 2 2 3 4142 . and at
x = = 2 2 0 5857 .
f (x) changes sign at each of these x-values,
which implies points of inflection at
(0.5857 , 0.1910), (3.4142 ,
0.3835).
R3. a. Let x = width of a cell, y = length of the cell.
xy y x x = = <
10 10 0
1
;
Minimize ( ) . L x x y x x = + = +

12 7 12 70
1
The graph shows minimum L (x) at x 2.4.
100
2
x
L(x)
L x x =

( ) 12 70
2
L x x = = = ( ) at . 0 70 12 2 4152 /
At , . . x y = = = 70 12 10 12 70 4 1403 / /
Overall length of battery is 6(2.4152) =
14.4913 .
Optimal battery is about 14.5 by 4.1,
which is longer and narrower than the typical
battery, 9 by 6.7. Thus, minimal wall
length does not seem to be a major
consideration in battery design.
b. The graph shows y = 8 x
3
, from x = 0 to
x = 2, with rectangle touching sample point
(x, y) on the graph, rotated about the y-axis,
generating cubic paraboloid and inscribed
cylinder.
2
8
x
y
(x, y)
Domain of x is 0 x 2.
Maximize V (x) = r
2
h = x
2
y = 8 x
2
x
5
.
The graph shows that V (x) has a maximum at
x 1.5.
2
30
0
V(x)
x
V (x) = 16 x 5 x
4
= x(16 5x
3
)
V x x x = = = = ( ) at and . 0 0 16 5 1 4736
3
/
Maximal rectangle has x = = 16 5 1 4736
3
/ . ,
y = 8 16/5 = 4.8.
R4. a. The graph shows y x y x = =
1
1 3
2
2 /
, and
intersecting at (0, 0) and (1, 1), rotated about
the x-axis, sliced parallel to the x-axis,
1
0 1
x
y
(x
2
, y)
(x
1
, y)
x
1
= y
3
, x
2
= y
1/2
dV = 2 y (x
2
x
1
) dy = 2 y (y
1/2
y
3
) dy
V dV =
1 2566
0
1
. (exactly 0.4 )
b. The graph shows y
1
and y
2
as in part a, but
sliced perpendicular to the x-axis, generating
plane washer slices.
1 0
1
x
y
(x, y
1
)
(x, y
2
)
dV y y dx x x dx = = ( ) ( )
1
2
2
2 2 3 4 /
V dV =
1 2566 .
0
1
(exactly 0.4), which is
the same answer as in part a, Q.E.D.
c. i. The graph shows y = x
2
and y = 4,
intersecting at (2, 4) and (2, 4), rotated
about the y-axis, showing back half of
solid only.
(x, y)
x
y
4
2 2
(x, 4)
dV = 2 x (4 y) dx = 2 x (4 x
2
) dx
V 25.1327 (exactly 8)
(Disks can also be used.)
ii. The graph shows the region described in
part i, rotated about the x-axis, showing
x
y
4
2 2
(x, 4)
(x, y)
dV = (4
2
y
2
) dx = (16 x
4
) dx
V dV =
160 8495
2
.
2
(exactly 51.2)
(Cylindrical shells can also be used.)
iii. The graph shows the region described in
part i, rotated about the line y = 5,
x
y
4
2 2
(x, y)
(x, 4)
5
dV = [(5 y)
2
1
2
] dx
= [(5 x
2
)
2
1] dx
V dV =
174 2536
7
15 2
. exactly 55
2
(Cylindrical shells can also be used.)

iv. The graph shows the region described in
part i, rotated about the line x = 3,
(x, y)
x
y
4
2 2
(x, 4)
3
(3, y)
dV = 2 (3 x) (4 y) dx
= 2 (3 x)(4 x
2
) dx
V dV =
201 0619
2
2
.
(exactly 64)
(Washers can also be used.)
R5. a. y = x
2
from x = 1 to x = 2.
dy = 2x dx
2 2 2
1 2 ( )
L dL =
6 1257
1
.
2

b. y = x
3/2
dy = 1.5x
1/2
dx
2 2 1 2 2
1 1 5 ( . )
/
L x dx = +
( . ) 1 2 25
1 2
0
9
/
= +
1
2 25
1 2 25 2 25
1 2
0
9
.
( . ) x dx
/
( . )
= +
2
6 75
1 2 25
3 2
0
9
.
( . ) x
/
= =
2
6 75
21 25 1 28 7281
3 2
.
( . )
/
.
Distance between the endpoints is
10 26 27 8567
2 2
+ = . , so the answer
is reasonable.
c. x = t cos t dx = (cos t t sin t ) dt
y = t sin t dy = (sin t + t cos t ) dt
The graph shows t increases from 0 to 4.
4
4
x
y
dL dx dy = +
2 2

= + + (cos sin ) (sin cos ) t t t t t t dt
2 2
= + 1
2
( ) t dt
L t dt = +
1 25 7255
2 2
0
4
. K
R6. a. The graph shows y = x
1/3
, from x = 0 to
x = 8, rotated about the y-axis, showing the
back half of the solid only.
(0, y)
(x, y)
2
8 0
x
y
dy x dx =

1
3
2 3 /


2 2 2 3
2
1
1
3
/
dS x dL x x dx = = +

2 2 1
1
3
2 3
2

/
S x x dx = +

2 1
1
3
2 3
2

0
8
/
= +
2
1
9
1 3 4 3
1 2

/ /
/
0
8
x x dx
= +
3
2
1
9
4
3
4 3
1 2
1 3

/
/
0
8
x x dx
/
= +
x
4 3
3 2
0
8
1
9
/
/

= =
27
145 1 203 0436
3 2
( )
/
. K
The disk of radius 8 has area 64 =
201.0619 , so the answer is reasonable.
b. The graph shows y = tan x, from x = 0 to
x = 1, rotated about the line y = 1, showing
the back half of the solid only.

(x, y)
(x,1)
1
1
0
x
y
dy = sec
2
x dx
2 2 4
1 sec
dS = 2(y + 1) dL
= + + 2 1 1
4
( ) tan sec x x dx

S dS =
20 4199
0
1
. K
R7. a. r = dr = d
dL dr rd d = + = +
2 2 2
1 ( )

L dL =
32 4706
0
5 2
. K
/
b. dA r d d = = .
1
2
1
2
2 2
Area of the region
between the curves equals the area traced out
from t = 2 to t = 5/2 minus the area traced
out from t = 0 to t = /2.
A d d =

1
2
1
2
2
2
5 2
2
0
2

/ /

=
1
6
1
6
3
2
5 2
3
0
2

/
/

= + =
=
1
6
2 5 2 0 5 0
7 5
6
3 3 3 3 3 3
( . . )
38.7578
.
Concept Problems
C1. a. The graph of (t) 130 12T + 15T
2
4T
3
from T 0 to T 3 shows maxima at T 0
and T 2.0 and minima at T 0.5 and
T 3.
130
3 0
T
(T)
To maximize (T):
(T) 12 + 30T 12T
2
6(2T 1)(T 2)
(T) 0 at T
1
2
2 ,
(0) 130;
1
2
127 25
_
,
. ;
(2) 134; (3) 121
Maximum viscosity occurs at T 2, or 200.
b. Minimum viscosity occurs at endpoint,
T 3, or 300.
c.
C2. The graph of f (x) (x 1)
4
+ x shows that the
graph straightens out at x 1 but does not
change concavity.

x
y
1
1
f (x) 4(x 1)
3
+ 1; f (x) 12(x 1)
2
,
so f (1) 1 and f (1) 0.
f (x) > 0 for all x 1. In particular, f (x) does not
change sign at x 1. Thus, the graph is straight
at x 1, but not horizontal. Zooming in on (1,
1) shows that the graph resembles y x when x
is close to 1, although it is actually concave up
slightly.
C3. The graphs of f (x) x
2/3
and g x x ( )
1 3 /
show a
cusp at x 0 for function f and a vertical
asymptote at x 0 for function g.
y
x
f
g
0 1
1
C4. a. y x + +

_
,
1
]
1
3 1 25 1
3
5
2
. cos ( )
y
2 5 1
3
5
3
5
3
. +

_
,
1
]
1

_
,
1
]
1
cos ( ) sin ( )

x x
+

_
,
1
]
1

_
,
1
]
1
.
cos ( ) sin ( )
2 5
3
1
3
5
3
5

x x
dL dx + +
1
]
1
1
2 5
3
1
2
.
( cos )sin

where temporarily stands for

3
5 ( ) x
_
,
L dL
5 7726
5
7 5
.
.
b. y
.
cos cos sin sin
2 5
3
1

[( ) ( ) ] + +
d
dx
+
.
cos cos
2 5
3
2 1
3
2

( )
+
.
(cos )( cos )
2 5
9
1 2 1
2

y 0 cos
1 or cos
0.5
+ 2n or
/3 + 2n
x 8 + 6n, 4 + 6n, or 6 + 6n
The only zero of y within the domain is
x 6, so the point of inflection must be
at x 6.
c. dS 2(x 4) dL, where dL is as in part a.
S dS
78 2373
5
7 5
.
.
d. x y + +
_
,
7 5 3 1 25 1
5
6
2
. . cos

+ 3 1 25 1 3 2
2
. ( / )
+ 3 1 25 1 75 3 3 0224 . . . ( )
dV 2(x 4) (y 3.0224) dx
V x dx +

2 4 1 25 1 1 75 3
58 8652
2
5
7 5
( ) . [( ) ( . )]
.
cos
.
C5. The 2000 World Almanac and Book of Facts
lists the area of Brazil as 3,286,478 square miles.
Individual answers will vary.
C6. Let the cylinder lie on the x-axis and the hole lie
on the y-axis so that the z-axis is perpendicular
to both the cylinder and the hole. The cylinder is
thus described by y
2
+ z
2
25, and the hole by
x
2
+ z
2
9.
Slice the hole with planes perpendicular to the
z-axis. Then for 3 z 3, the cross section at
z of the hole is a rectangle with height
2 and width . y z x z 2 25 2 2 9
2 2

Area of cross-section rectangle is
4 225 34
2 4
z z + ,
so . dV z z dz + 4 225 34
2 4
Thus, the volume of the hole (and thus of the

uranium that once filled the hole) is
V z z dz +
4 225 34
2 4
3
3
269.3703 cm
3
According to the CRC Handbook, the density
of uranium is 19.1 g/cm
3
. So the mass of the
uranium drilled out is
m (269.3703)(19.1) 5144.97 g.
Value is 200(5144.97) $1,029,000.
C7. Draw x- and y-axes with origin at the center of
the circle on one face of the cube.
x
y
1
1
(x, y)
The solid remaining consists of eight identical
corner pieces. Each corner piece consists of a cube
and three identical spikes. The spikes have square
cross sections when sliced perpendicular to the
appropriate axes. The hole perpendicular to the
xy-plane cuts a circle in that plane with equation
x
2
+ y
2
1. The cube shown in the diagram
begins at x y so that 2x
2
1,
from which x 2 2 / . Each cube is thus
( / ) 1 2 2 cm on a side, and thus has volume
V
c
( / ) . cm 1 2 2 0 0251262
3 3
.
Consider the leftmost spike in the preceding
diagram. Pick a sample point (x, y) on the part
of the circle in that spike. The cross section
perpendicular to the x-axis for this spike is a
square of side ( ) . 1 1 1
2
y x Thus,
dV x dx
s
2
( ) . 1 1
2
Because the spike goes from x 0 to x 2 2 / ,

V dV
s s
. .
0 0109642
0
2 2 /
(The integral can be evaluated algebraically using
trigonometry substitution, as in Chapter 9. The
exact value is V
s
.
11 2
12 4
1
2
)
The 24 spikes (3 for each of the eight corners) are
identical.
Thus, the total volume remaining is
V V V +
+

_
,
+
8 24
8 1 2 2 24
11 2
12 4
1
2
8 8 2 6
3
c s
3
( / )
0.46415 cm

Chapter Test
T1.
x
y
3
0 1 2 3 4
T2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
x
Derivative
Function
T3. A xy x(500 0.5x) 500x 0.5x
2
A 500 x
A 0 x 500
A goes from positive to negative at x 500
local maximum at x 500.
A(0) A(1000) 0 global maximum
at x 500.
Maximum at x 500, y 250.
T4. V x y y dx
a
b
=
2
1 2
( )
T5. a. dA r dr =
1
2
2

b. dL dr r d = + ( ) ( )
2 2
c. dL dx dy = +
2 2
d. dS x dL = 2 1 ( )
T6. f (x) = x
3
7.8x
2
+ 20.25x 13
f (x) = 3x
2
15.6x + 20.25
= 3(x 2.5)(x 2.7)
f (x) changes from positive to negative at
x = 2.5 and from negative back to positive at
x = 2.7. So there is a local maximum at x = 2.5
and a local minimum at x = 2.7.
f (x) = 6x 15.6 = 6(x 2.6)
f (x) = 0 at x = 2.6
f (2.6) = 0.03, so the graph is not horizontal at
the inflection point.
T7. y = x
3
dy = 3x
2
dx
2 2 2 2
1 3 ( )
L x dx = + =
1 9 8 6303
4
0
2
.
T8. dS = 2x dL = 2x 1 9
4
+ x dx
S x x dx = + =
2 1 9 77 3245
4
0
2
.
T9. V(x) = x
2
(8 y) = 8 x
2
x
5
The graph shows a maximum V (x) at x 1.5.
0 1 2
40
x
y
V(x) = 16 x 5 x
4
= 0 at x = 0 or 3.2
1/3
V(0) = V(2) = 0
V(3.2
1/3
) = 4.8 3.2
2/3
> 0, so this is a
maximum.
Maximal cylinder has V = 4.8 3.2
2/3
cm
3
=
32.7459 cm
3
.
T10. Slicing parallel to the y-axis generates cylindrical
shells of radius x extending from the sample
point (x, y) to the line y = 8.
dV = 2x (8 y) dx = 2x (8 x
3
) dx
V x x dx x x = =
2 8 2 4 0 2
4 2 5
0
2
( ) ( . )
0
2
= 19.2 = 60.3185
T11. V
cyl
= 2
2
8 = 32
V
V
solid
cyl
. = =
19 2
32
0 6
.
So, V
solid
= 0.6V
cyl
.
T12. a.
5
2
x
y
b. dx = 5 sin t dt, dy = 2 cos t dt
dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + ( cos ) ( sin ) 5 2
2 2
t t dt
L dL =
23 0131
0
2
.
c. Slicing perpendicular to the x-axis generates

circular slices of radius y, where sample point
(x, y) is on the upper branch of the ellipse.
dV = y
2
dx = 4 sin
2
t (5 sin t dt)
= 20 sin
3
t dt
Leftmost slice is at t = , and rightmost slice
is at t = 0.
V t dt = =
=
20 83 7758
26 6666
3
sin .
0
. (numerically)
V can be evaluated algebraically by
transforming two of the three sin t factors
into cosines.
V t t dt =
20 1
2
( )
0
cos sin
= +

20 20
2
0 0

sin cos sin t dt t t dt
=
= 20
20
3
26
2
3
3
0

cos cos t t
The x-radius is 5, and the y-radius is 2.
4
3
(x-radius)(y-radius)
2
=
4
3
(5)(2)
2
=
26
2
3
, Q.E.D.
(In general, if a = x-radius and b = y-radius,
the parametric functions are x = a cos t, y =
b sin t. Repeating the preceding algebraic
solution gives V ab =
4
3
2
.)
T13. r = 5e
0.1
dr = 0.5e
0.1
d
dL dr rd = +
2 2
( )
= + ( . ) ( )
. .
0 5 5
0 1 2 0 1 2
e e d

= e d
0 1
25 25
.
.
The spiral starts at r = 5 = 5e
0.10
and makes three
complete revolutions, so 0 6.
L e d e = =
0 1 0 1
0
6
0
6
25 25 10 25 25
. .

. .
= = 10 25 25 1 280 6961
0 6
. ( ) .
.
e

T14. dA r d e d = =
1
2
12 5
2 0 2

.
.
The area between the second and third revolutions
equals the area swept out for the third revolution
minus the area swept out for the second
revolution. In Quadrant I, the third revolution
extends from = 4 to = 4.5 and the second
revolution extends from = 2 to = 2.5.
A e d e d =

12 5 12 5
0 2 0 2
2
2 5
4
4 5
. .
. .

. .
= 62 5 62 5
0 2
4
4 5
0 2
2
2 5
. .
. .
e e
. .
= 62.5(e
0.9
e
0.8
e
0.5
+ e
0.4
)
= 203.7405
Chapter 9Algebraic Calculus Techniques
for the Elementary Functions
Problem Set 9-1
1. V x x dx =
2 3 5864
0
2

cos
/
.
2. f (x) = x sin x f (x) = x cos x + sin x
3. f x dx x x dx x dx = +

( ) cos sin
4. x x dx f x dx x dx cos sin =

( )
= f (x) + cos x + C (by definition of indefinite
integral)
= x sin x + cos x + C
5. V x x dx =
2
0
2

cos
/
= + 2 2
0
2

x x x sin cos
/
=
2
2
6. V =
2
2 = 3.5864 , which is the same as
the approximation, to the accuracy shown.
7. The method involves working separately with the
different parts of the integrand. The function
f (x) = x sin x was chosen because one of the
terms in its derivative is x cos x, which is the
original integrand. See Section 9-2.
Problem Set 9-2
Q1. y = x sec
2
x + tan x Q2.
1
11
11
x C +
Q3. Q4.
1
3
3 sin x C +
x
y
Q5. 5 cos
2
5x 5 sin
2
5x Q6.
x
y
Q7. r(x) = t (x) Q8. lim
( ) ( )
h
f x h f x
h
+
0
Q9. 110/6 Q10. C
1. x x dx sin
u = x dv = sin x dx
du = dx v = cos x
=
x x x dx cos cos ( )
= x cos x + sin x + C
2. x x dx cos 3
u = x dv = cos 3x dx
du = dx v x =
1
3
3 sin
=
1
3
3 3 x x x dx sin sin
1
3
= + +
1
3
3
1
9
3 x x x C sin cos
3. xe dx
x 4
u = x dv = e
4x
dx
du = dx v e
x
=
1
4
4
=
1
4
1
4
4 4
xe e dx
x x
= +
1
4
1
16
4 4
xe e C
x x
4. 6
3
xe dx
x
u = 6x dv = e
3x
dx
du = 6 dx v e
x
=

1
3
3
=
( ) ( ) 6
1
3
6
1
3
3 3
x e e dx
x x
= +

2
2
3
3 3
xe e C
x x
5. ( ) x e dx
x
+

4
5
u = x + 4 dv = e
5x
dx
du = dx v e
x
=

1
5
5
= + +

( ) x e e dx
x x
4
1
5
1
5
5 5

= +

4
5
1
5
1
25
5 5 5
e xe e C
x x x
= +

21
25
1
5
5 5
e xe C
x x
6. ( ) x e dx
x
+
7
2
u = x + 7 dv = e
2x
dx
du = dx v e
x
=
1
2
2
= +
( ) x e e dx
x x
7
1
2
1
2
2 2
= + +
7
2
1
2
1
4
2 2 2
e xe e C
x x x
= + +
13
4
1
2
2 2
e xe C
x x
7. x x dx
3
ln
u = ln x dv = x
3
dx
du = x
1
dx v x =
1
4
4
=
1
4
1
4
4 3
x x x dx ln
= +
1
4
1
16
4 4
x x x C ln
8. x x dx
5
3 ln
u ln 3x dv x
5
dx
du x
1
dx v x
1
6
6

1
6
3
1
6
6 5
x x x dx ln
+
1
6
3
1
36
6 6
x x x C ln
9. x e dx
x 2
u x
2
dv e
x
dx
du 2x dx v e
x

x e xe dx
x x 2
2
u 2x dv e
x
dx
du 2 dx v e
x

j
(
\
,
x e xe e dx
x x x 2
2 2
x
2
e
x
2xe
x
+ 2e
x
+ C
10. x x dx
2
sin
u x
2
dv sin x dx
du 2x dx v cos x

x x x x dx
2
2 cos cos ( )
u 2x dv cos x dx
du 2 dx v sin x

,
,
]
]
]
x x x x x dx
2
2 2 cos sin sin ( )
x
2
cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C
11. ln x dx
u ln x dv dx
du x
1
dx v x

x x x x dx ln
1
x ln x x + C
Problem Set 9-3
Q1.
1
6
6
r C + Q2. 2m cos 2m + sin 2m
Q3. tan x + C Q4.
1
18
11
3 6
( ) x C + +
Q5.
1
4
11
4
x x C + + Q6. 1
Q7. 1/2
Q8. V f x g x dx
a
b

[ ( ) ( ) ]
2 2
Q9. Q10. B
2
4
x
y
1. x e dx
x 3 2
e
e
u dv
x
3
e
2x

3x
2

1
2
e
2x

6x
1
4
2x

6
1
8
2x

0
1
16
e
2x

+
+
+
+ +
1
2
3
4
3
4
3
8
3 2 2 2 2 2
x e x e xe e C
x x x x
2. x e dx
x 5
u dv
x
5
e
x

5x
4
e
x

20x
3
e
x

60x
2
e
x

120x e
x

120 e
x

0 e
x
+
+
+
+
x
5
e
x
5x
4
e
x
20x
3
e
x
60x
2
e
x
120xe
x
120e
x
+ C
3. x x dx
4
sin

u dv
x
4
sin x
4x
3
cos x
12x
2
sin x
24x cos x
24 sin x
0 cos x
+
+
+
x
4
cos x + 4x
3
sin x + 12x
2
cos x
24x sin x 24 cos x + C
4. x x dx
2
cos
u dv
x
2
cos x
2x sin x
2 cos x
0 sin x
+
+
x
2
sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C
5. x x dx
5
2 cos
u dv
x
5
cos 2x
5x
4

1
2
sin 2x
20x
3

1
4
cos 2x
60x
2

1
8
sin 2x
120x
1
16
cos 2x
120
1
32
sin 2x
0
1
64
cos 2x
+
+
+
+
= +
1
2
2
5
4
2
5
2
2
5 4 3
x x x x x x sin cos sin
+ + +
15
4
2
15
4
2
15
8
2
2
x x x x x C cos sin cos
6. x x dx
3
5 sin

u dv
x
3
sin 5x
3x
2

1
5
cos 5x
6x
1
25
sin 5x
6
1
125
cos 5x
0
1
625
sin 5x
+
+
+
= + +
1
5
5
3
25
5
6
125
5
3 2
x x x x x x cos sin cos
+
6
625
5 sin x C
7. e x dx
x
sin
u dv
e
x
sin x
e
x
cos x
e
x
sin x
+
+
= +
e x e x e x dx
x x x
cos sin sin
2 e x dx
x
sin
= + + e x e x C
x x
cos sin
1
e x dx
x
sin
= + +
1
2
1
2
e x e x C
x x
cos sin
8. e x dx
x
cos
u dv
e
x
cos x
e
x
sin x
e
x
cos x
+
+
= +
e x e x e x dx
x x x
sin cos cos
2 e x dx
x
cos
= e
x
sin x + e
x
cos x + C
1
e x dx
x
cos
= + +
1
2
1
2
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
9. e x dx
x 3
5 cos
u dv
e
3x
cos 5x
3e
3x

1
5
sin 5x
9e
3x

1
25
cos 5x
+
+
= +
1
5
5
3
25
5
3 3
e x e x
x x
sin cos

9
25
5
3
e x dx
x
cos

34
25
5
3
e x dx
x
cos
= + +
1
5
5
3
25
5
3 3
1
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
e x dx
x 3
5 cos
= + +
5
34
5
3
34
5
3 3
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
10. e x dx
x 4
2 sin
u dv
e
4x
sin 2x
4e
4x

1
2
cos 2x
16e
4x

1
4
sin 2x
+
+
= +
1
2
2 2 4 2
4 4 4
e x e x e x dx
x x x
cos sin sin
5 2
4
e x dx
x
sin
= + +
1
2
2 2
4 4
1
e x e x C
x x
cos sin
e x dx
x 4
2 sin
= + +
1
10
2
1
5
2
4 4
e x e x C
x x
cos sin
11. x x dx
7
3 ln
-----------------
u dv
ln 3x x
7

1/x
1
8
x
8

1
1
8
x
7

0
1
64
x
8

+
+
= +
1
8
3
1
64
8 8
x x x C ln
12. x x dx
5
6 ln
-------------------------
u dv
ln 6x x
5

1/x
1
6
x
6

1
1
6
x
5

0
1
36
x
6

+
+
= +
1
6
6
1
36
6 6
x x x C ln
13. x dx x C
4 5
7
7
5
ln
ln
= +
(ln 7 is a constant!)
14. e dx e C
x x 7 7
5
5
7
cos
cos
= +
15. sin cos sin

5 6
1
6
x x dx x C = +
16. x x dx x x dx ( ) ( ) ( )
/
3
1
2
3 2
2 2 3 2 2 3
=

/

= +
3
10
3
2 5 3
( ) x C
/
17. x x dx
3
5 ( )
1/2
+
u dv
x
3
(x + 5)
1/2

3x
2

2
3
(x + 5)
3/2

6x
4
15
(x + 5)
5/2

6
8
105
(x + 5)
7/2

0
16
945
(x + 5)
9/2
+
+
+
= + +
2
3
5
4
5
5
3 3 2 2 5 2
x x x x ( ) ( )
/ /
+ + + +
16
35
5
32
315
5
7 2 9 2
x x x C ( )
/ /
( )
18. x x dx x x dx
2 2 1 2
2 2

= ( )
/
u dv
x
2
(2 x)
1/2

2x
2
3
(2 x)
3/2

2
4
15
(2 x)
5/2

0
8
105
(2 x)
7/2
+
+

=
2
3
2
8
15
2
2 3 2 5 2
x x x x ( ) ( )
/ /
+
16
105
2
7 2
( ) x C
/
19. ln ln ln x dx x dx x x x C
5
5 5 5 = = +

20. e dx x dx x C
x ln 7 2
7
7
2
= = +

21. x e dx
x 5
2
--------------------------
--------------------------
2
2
u dv
x
4
xe
x
2

4x
3

1
e
x
2

2x
2
xe
x
2

4x
1
e
x
2
2 xe
x
2

0
1
2
e
x
2

+
+
= + +
1
2
4 2
2 2 2
x e x e e C
x x x
22. x e dx
x 5
3
---------------------------
u dv
x
3
x
2
e
x
3

3x
2

1
3
e
x
3

1 x
2
e
x
3

0 e
x
3
+
+
1
3
= +
1
3
1
3
3
3 3
x e e C
x x
23. x x dx ( )
3
ln
--------------------------
--------------------------
--------------------------
2
8
8
16
u dv
(ln x)
3
x
3 (ln x)
2
/x
1
2
x
2

3 (ln x)
2

1
x
6 (ln x)/x
1
4
x
2

6 ln x
1
4
x
6/x
1
x
2
6
1
x
0
1
x
2

+
+
+
=
1
2
3
4
2 3 2
x x x x ( ) ( )
2
ln ln
+ +
3
4
3
8
2 2
x x x C ln
24. x x dx
3
( )
2
ln
--------------------------
--------------------------
u dv
(ln x)
2
x
3

2(ln x)/x
1
4
x
4

2 ln x
1
4
x
3

2/x
1
16
x
4

2
1
16
x
3

0
1
64
x
4

+
+
= + +
1
4
1
8
1
32
4 4 4
x x x x x C ( )
2
ln ln
25. x x dx
3 2
1 ( )
4
+
----------------------------------
u dv
x
2
x(x
2
+ 1)
4

2x
1
10
(x
2
+ 1)
5
1
5
x(x
2
+ 1)
5

0
1
12
(x
2
+ 1)
6
+
+
= + + +
1
10
1
1
60
1
2 2 5 2 6
x x x C ( ) ( )
26. x x dx x x
3 2 3 2 1 2
3 3 =

( )
/
-----------------------------------
u dv
x
2
x(x
2
3)
1/2

2x
1
3
(x
2
3)
3/2

2
3
x(x
2
3)
3/2

0
1
5
(x
2
3)
5/2

+
+
= +
1
3
3
2
15
3
2 2 3 2 2 5 2
x x x C ( )
/ /
( )
27. cos
2
x dx
u dv
cos x cos x
sin x sin x
+

=
cos sin sin x x x dx ( )

2
= +
cos sin cos x x x dx ( ) 1

2
= +
cos sin cos x x x x dx

2

= + +
2
2
1
cos cos sin x dx x x x C
= + +
cos cos sin

2
1
2
1
2
x dx x x x C
28. sin .
2
0 4x dx
u dv
sin 0.4x sin 0.4x
0.4 cos 0.4x 2.5 cos 0.4x
+
= +
2 5 0 4 0 4 0 4
2
. . . . sin cos cos x x x dx
= +
2 5 0 4 0 4 1 0 4
2
. . . ( . ) sin cos sin x x x dx
= +

2 5 0 4 0 4 0 4
2
. . . . sin cos sin x x dx x dx
2 0 4
2
sin . x dx
= 2.5 sin 0.4x cos 0.4x + x + C
1

sin
2
0 4 . x dx
= 1.25 sin 0.4x cos 0.4x + 0.5x + C
29. sec
3
x dx
u dv
sec x sec
2
x
sec x tan x tan x
+
sec tan sec tan x x x x dx

2

=
sec tan sec sec x x x x dx ( )

2
1
= + +
sec tan sec ln sec tan x x x dx x x

3
| |
2
3
sec x dx
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
1
sec
3
x dx
= + + +
1
2
1
2
sec tan ln sec tan x x x x C | |
30. sec tan
2
x x dx
= = +
( ) ( )
1
sec sec tan sec x x x dx x C
1
2
2
31. log
ln
ln
3
1
3
x dx x dx =

= +
1
3 ln
( ln ) x x x C
= + x x x C log
ln
3
1
3
32. log
ln
ln
10
1
10
x dx x dx =

= +
1
10 ln
( ln ) x x x C
= + x x x C log
ln
10
1
10
33. sin cos x dx x C = +
35. csc ln csc cot x dx x x C = + +
| |
36. sec ln sec tan x dx x x C = + +
| |
37. tan ln cos x dx x C = +
| |
38. cot ln sin x dx x C = +
| |
39. x
2
cos x dx
For the first integral, Wanda integrated cos x and
differentiated x
2
, but in the second integral she
plans to differentiate cos
x dx and integrate 2x,

effectively canceling out what she did in the first
part. She will get
x x dx x x x x x x dx
2 2 2 2
cos sin sin cos , = +

which is true but not very useful!
40. x x dx
2
cos
Amoss choice of u and dv transforms

x x dx x x x x dx
2 3 3
1
3
1
3

+ cos cos sin into ,
which is more complicated than the original
expression.
41. After two integrations by parts,
e x dx
x
sin
= +
e x e x e x dx
x x x
cos sin sin
but after two more integrations,
e x dx e x e x e x
x x x x
sin cos sin cos = + +
e x e x dx
x x
sin sin
Two integrations produced the original integral
with the opposite sign (which is useful), and two
more integrations reversed the sign again to give
the original integral with the same sign (which
is not useful).
42. cos cos
2
1
2
1 2 x dx x dx = +

( )
= +
+
1
2
1
2
2 x x C sin
By the double-argument properties from
trigonometry,
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
x x C x x x C +
+ = + + sin ( sin cos )

which is equivalent to the answer in Problem 27
found using integrating by parts.
43.
x
y
(1,1/e)
3
1
y = xe
x
+ e
x
= e
x
(1 x)
Critical points at x = 0, 1, 3; maximum at
x = 1.
A xe dx
x
=
0
3
=

( ) xe e
x x
0
3
= 3e
3
e
3
+ 1 = 4e
3
+ 1 = 0.8008
44. y = 12x
2
e
x
Area from x = 0 to x = b is
A b x e dx
x
b
( ) =
12
2
0
=

12 24 24
2
0
x e xe e
x x x
b
= 12b
2
e
b
24be
b
24e
b
+ 24
The first two terms approach zero as b
by LHospitals rule. The third term also
approaches 0.
=
lim
b
b
A 24
45. y = ln x
dV = y
2
dx = (ln x)
2
dx
V x dx =
(ln )
2
1
5
-----------------------
-----------------------
u dv
(ln x)
2
1
2 (ln x)/x x
2 ln x 1
2/x x
2 1
0 x
+
+
= + x x x x x ( )
2
ln ln 2 2
1
5
= 5 ( ln 5)
2
10 ln 5 + 10 0 + 0 2
= 15.2589
46. Consider u dv,
and write dv v C = +
. Then
u dv u v C v C du = + +

( ) ( )
= +

uv Cu v du C du
= + =

uv Cu v du Cu uv v du
Thus, the constant cancels out later, Q.E.D.
47. For integration by parts, u dv uv v du . =

Applying limits of integration gives
u dv uv v du
c
d
u a
u b
a
b
=

=
=
=
( ) bd ac v du
a
b
The quantity (bd ac) is the area of the
L-shaped region, which is the area of the larger
rectangle minus the area of the smaller one.
Thus, the integral of u dv equals the area of the
L-shaped region minus the area represented by the
integral of v du.
48. ln ln ln ax dx a x dx = +

( )
= x ln a + x ln x x + C
= x ln ax x + C
49. sin
7
x dx
u dv
sin
6
x sin x
6 sin
5
x cos x cos x
+
= +
sin cos sin cos

6 5 2
6 x x x x dx
= +
sin cos sin sin

6 5 2
6 1 x x x x dx ( )
= +

sin cos sin sin
6 5 7
6 6 x x x dx x dx
7 6
7 6 5
sin sin cos sin x dx x x x dx = +

sin sin cos sin
7 6 5
1
7
6
7
x dx x x x dx = +

The fractions are 1/(old exponent) and
(old exponent 1)/(old exponent). The new
exponent is 2 less than the old exponent. So
sin sin cos
7 6
1
7
x dx x x =
+ +
6
7
1
5
4
5
4 3
sin cos sin x x x dx
=
1
7
6
35
6 4
sin cos sin cos x x x x
+ +
24
35
1
3
2
3
2
sin cos sin x x x dx
=
1
7
6
35
6 4
+
8
35
16
35
2
sin cos cos x x x C
Problem Set 9-4
Q1. uv v du

Q2. Q3.
x
y
2
3
x
y
2
1
Q4. y 1 + ln 5x Q5.
1
6
6
sin x C +
Q6. ln |x| + C
Q7.
x
y
3
1
Q8.
1
1
2
+ x
Q9. ln | sec x + tan x | + C
Q10. D
1. sin
9
x dx
u dv
sin
8
x sin x
8 sin
7
x cos x cos x
+
sin cos sin cos

8 7 2
8 x x x x dx
+
sin cos sin sin

8 7 2
8 1 x x x x dx ( )
+

sin cos sin sin
8 7 9
8 8 x x x dx x dx
9 8
9 8 7
+

sin sin cos sin x dx x x x dx
sin sin cos sin
9 8 7
1
9
8
9
x dx x x x dx +

2. cos
10
x dx
u dv
cos
9
x cos x
9 cos
8
x sin x sin x
+
+
cos sin cos sin

9 8 2
9 x x x x dx
+
cos sin cos cos

9 8 2
9 1 x x x x dx ( )
+

cos sin cos cos
9 8 10
9 9 x x x dx x dx
10 9
10 9 8
cos cos sin cos x dx x x x dx +

cos cos sin cos
10 9 8
1
10
9
10
x dx x x x dx +

3. cot cot cot
12 10 2
x dx x x dx

cot csc
10 2
1 x x dx ( )

cot csc cot
10 2 10
x x dx x dx

1
11
11 10
cot cot x x dx
4. tan tan tan
20 18 2
x dx x x dx

tan sec
18 2
1 x x dx ( )

tan sec tan
18 2 18
x x dx x dx

1
19
19 18
tan tan x x dx
5. sec
13
x dx
u dv
sec
11
x sec
2
x
11 sec
10
x sec x tan x tan x
+
sec tan sec tan

11 11 2
11 x x x x dx

sec tan sec sec

11 11 2
11 1 x x x x dx ( )
+

sec tan sec sec
11 13 11
11 11 x x x dx x dx
12 11
13 11 11
sec sec tan sec x dx x x x dx +

sec sec tan sec
13 11 11
1
12
11
12
x dx x x x dx +

6. csc
100
x dx
u dv
csc
98
x csc
2
x
98 csc
97
x csc x cot x cot x
csc cot csc cot

98 98 2
98 x x x x dx

csc cot csc csc

98 98 2
98 1 x x x x dx ( )
+

csc cot csc csc
98 100 98
98 98 x x x dx x dx
99 98
100 98 98
csc csc cot csc x dx x x x dx +

csc csc cot csc
100 98 98
1
99
98
99
x dx x x x dx +

7. cos
n
x dx
u dv
cos
n 1
x cos x
(n 1) cos
n 2
x sin x sin x
+
+

cos sin cos sin

n n
x x n x x dx
1 2 2
1 ( )
+

cos sin cos cos

n n
x x n x x dx
1 2 2
1 1 ( ) ( )
+

cos sin cos

n n
x x n x dx
1 2
1 ( )

( ) n x dx
n
1 cos
n x dx x x n x dx
n n n
cos cos sin cos +

1 2
1 ( )
cos cos sin
cos
n n n
x dx
n
x x
n
n
x dx +

1 1
1 2
8. sin
n
x dx
u dv
sin
n 1
x sin x
(n 1) sin
n 2
x cos x cos x
+
sin cos sin cos

n n
x x n x x dx
1 2 2
1 ( )
+

sin cos sin sin

n n
x x n x x dx
1 2 2
1 1 ( ) ( )
+

sin cos sin

n n
x x n x dx
1 2
1 ( )

( ) n x dx
n
1 sin
n x dx x x n x dx
n n n
sin sin cos sin +

1 2
1 ( )
sin sin cos
sin
n n n
x dx
n
x x
n
n
x dx +

1 1
1 2
9. tan tan tan
n n
x dx x x dx

2 2

tan sec
n
x x dx
2 2
1 ( )

tan sec tan
n n
x x dx x dx
2 2 2

1
1
1 2
n
x x dx
n n
tan tan
10. cot cot cot
n n
x dx x x dx

2 2

cot csc
n
x x dx
2 2
1 ( )

cot csc cot
n n
x x dx x dx
2 2 2

1
1
1 2
n
x x dx
n n
cot cot
11. csc
n
x dx
u dv
csc
n 2
x csc
2
x
(n 2) csc
n 3
x csc x cot x cot x
csc cot csc cot

n n
x x n x x dx
2 2 2
2 ( )

csc cot csc csc

n n
x x n x x dx
2 2 2
2 1 ( ) ( )

csc cot csc

n n
x x n x dx
2
2 ( )
+

( ) n x dx
n
2
2
csc
( ) n x dx
n
1 csc
+

csc cot csc

n n
x x n x dx
2 2
2 ( )
csc
n
x dx
1
1
2
1
2 2
n
x x
n
n
x dx
n n
csc cot
csc
12. sec
n
x dx
u dv
sec
n 2
x sec
2
x
(n 2) sec
n 3
x sec x tan x tan x
sec tan sec tan

n n
x x n x x dx
2 2 2
2 ( )

sec tan sec sec

n n
x x n x x dx
2 2 2
2 1 ( ) ( )

sec tan sec

n n
x x n x dx
2
2 ( )
+

( ) n x dx
n
2
2
sec
( ) n x dx
n
1 sec
+

sec tan sec

n n
x x n x dx
2 2
2 ( )
sec
n
x dx
1
1
2
1
2 2
n
x x
n
n
x dx
n n
sec tan
sec
13. sin
5
x dx
+
j
(
\
,
+
1
5
4
5
1
3
2
3
4 2
sin cos sin cos cos x x x x x C
+
1
5
4
15
8
15
4 2
sin cos sin cos cos x x x x x C
14. cos
5
x dx
+ +
j
(
\
,
+
1
5
4
5
1
3
2
3
4 2
cos sin cos sin sin x x x x x C
+ + +
1
5
4
15
8
15
4 2
cos sin cos sin sin x x x x x C
15. cot
6
x dx
,
]
]
]
+
1
5
1
3
5 3
cot cot cot x x x x C ( )
+ +
1
5
1
3
5 3
cot cot cot x x x x C
16. tan
7
x dx
+
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
+
1
6
1
4
1
2
6 4 2
tan tan tan ln cos x x x x C | |
+ + +
1
6
1
4
1
2
6 4 2
tan tan tan ln cos x x x x C | |
17. sec sec tan tan
4 2
1
3
2
3
x dx x x x C + +
18. csc csc cot cot

4 2
1
3
2
3
x dx x x x C +
19. a. y cos x is on top; y cos

3
x is in the
middle; y cos
5
x is on the bottom.
b. For y cos x, area 2.0000 .
For y cos
3
x, area 1.3333 .
For y cos
5
x, area 1.06666 .
c. A x dx x
1
2
2
2
2

cos sin
/
/
/
/
sin (/2) sin (/2) 2

A x dx
3
3
2
2
cos
/
/
1
3
2
3
2
2
2
cos sin sin
/
/
x x x
+
1
3
2 2
2
3
2
2
cos / ) sin / ) sin / ) ( ( (

1
3
2 2
2
3
2 cos ( sin ( sin (
2
/ ) / ) / )
+ + 0
2
3
0
2
3
4
3
1 3333 .
Observe that A A
3 1
2
3
.
A x dx
x x x dx
A
5
5
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
1
5
4
5
4
5
4
5
4
3
4
5
2
3
16
15
1 066666
+
+

cos
cos sin cos
/
/
/
/
/
/
0 2
.
3
Observe that A A
5 3
4
5
.
d. Based on the graphs, the area under cos x
should be greater than that under cos
3
x,
which in turn is greater than the area under
cos
5
x. This is exactly what happens with the
calculated answers: A
1
> A
3
> A
5
.
e.
x
y
1
y = cos
100
x
0.5 0.5
f. Yes, lim cos
/
/
n
n
x dx
0
2
2
.
Following the pattern in part c, for odd n,

A
n n n
n n n
n

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
1 3 5 4 2 1
2 4 5 3
2
K
K
,
the denominator gets large faster than the
numerator. However, because both go to
infinity, this observation is not decisive.
The following epsilon proof by Cavan Fang
establishes the fact rigorously, using the
definition of limit in the form For any
> 0, there is an N > 0 such that whenever
n > N, A
n
< .
Proof:
Pick 0 < < 2.
Then 0
4
1 < < cos ,
so there exists N > 0

such that cos
N

4 2
< .
Note that if

4 2
< < , x then cos cos x <

4
cos
N
x < .
2
Now, for any n > N,
cos
/
/
n
x dx
2
2
+

2 2 cos cos
n n
x dx x dx
0
/4
/4
/2
.
But 2 < ( < ) .

/
cos cos
/
n n
x dx dx x 2
2
1
0
4
0
4

And 2 < ( > )
/4
/2
cos cos
/
/
n N
x dx x dx n N 2
4
2

< < < .
/
2
2 2 2 4
2
0
2

dx dx x
N
/
/
cos

j
(
\
,
So
/2
/2
cos
n
x dx
+ <

2 2 cos cos .
n n
x dx x dx
0
/4
/4
/2
lim cos ,
/
/
n
n
x dx
2
2
0 Q.E.D.
20. cos cos cos
5 4
x dx x x dx

( )
2
1
2
sin cos x x dx
+
( ) 1 2
2 4
sin sin cos x x x dx

cos sin cos x dx x x dx 2
2
+
sin cos
4
x x dx
+ + sin sin sin x x x C
2
3
1
5
3 5

A x dx
5
5
2
2
sin
/
/
+
j
(
\
,
2
2
3
1
5
3 5
0
2
sin sin sin
/
x x x
+ 2
4
3
2
5
16
15
1 0666 . , which agrees with
the answer from Problem 19.
21. sec
3
x dx
u dv
sec x sec
2
x
sec x tan x tan x
+

2

sec tan sec sec x x x x dx ( )

2
1
+

sec tan sec sec x x x dx x dx
3
2
3
sec x dx
sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x| + C

1
sec
3
x dx
+
1
2
1
2
sec tan x x ln |sec x + tan x| + C
Note that the answer is half the derivative of
secant plus half the integral of secant.
22. sin
n
ax dx
u dv
sin
n 1
ax sin ax
a(n 1) sin
n 2
ax cos ax
1
a
cos ax
+

1
1
a
ax ax
n
sin cos
+

( ) n ax ax dx
n
1
2 2
sin cos

1
1
a
ax ax
n
sin cos
+
( ) ( ) n ax ax dx
n
1 1
2 2
sin sin
+

1
1
1 2
a
ax ax n ax dx
n n
sin cos sin ( )

( ) n ax dx
n
1 sin
n ax dx
n
sin
1
1
1 2
a
ax ax n ax dx
n n
sin cos sin ( )
sin
n
ax dx
1 1
1 2
an
ax ax
n
n
ax dx
n n
sin cos
sin
sin sin cos
5 4
3
1
15
3 3 x dx x x
+
4
45
3 3
8
45
3
2
sin cos cos x x x C
23. sin sin cos
3 2
1
3
ax dx
a
ax ax
2
3
22 sin ax dx (From Problem )
+
1
3
2
3
2
a
ax ax
a
ax C sin cos cos
+ +
1
3
2
2
a
ax ax C cos sin ( ) , Q.E.D.
Or:
d
dx a
ax ax (cos )(sin )
1
3
2
2
+
,
,
]
]
]
+
1
3
2
2
a
a ax ax ( sin )(sin )
1
3
2
a
ax a ax ax (cos )( sin cos )
+
1
3
2 2
3 2
(sin sin sin cos ) ax ax ax ax
+
1
3
2 1
3 2
[sin sin ( cos )] ax ax ax
+
1
3
2
3 2
[sin sin (sin )] ax ax ax
sin
3
ax
sin
3
ax dx
+ +
1
3
2
2
a
ax ax C (cos )(sin ) , Q.E.D.
24. Use integration by parts, or use the technique of
Problem 20, as shown here.
cos cos cos
3 2
ax dx ax ax dx

( ) 1
2
sin cos ax ax dx

cos sin cos ax dx ax ax dx
2
+
1 1
3
3
a
ax
a
ax C sin sin
+
1
3
3
2
a
ax ax C (sin )( sin )
+
1
3
2
2
a
ax ax (sin )( cos ) + C, Q.E.D.
Or: Differentiate, as in the alternate solution for
Problem 23.
Problem Set 9-5
Q1. f (1) 4 Q2. g(2) 1/2
Q3. h(3) 12 Q4. t(4) /24
Q5. p(5) 6e
5
Q6. x 8
3
512
Q7. Q8. integration by parts
x
y
3
5
Q9. Q10. E
1 3 5 6 8
x
1
1
f'(x) and f(x)
f
f'
1. sin cos sin
5 2
1 x dx x x dx

( )
2
+
( ) 1 2
2 4
cos cos sin x x x dx
+ + cos cos cos x x x C
2
3
1
5
3 5
2. cos sin cos
7 2
1 x dx x x dx =

( )
3
= +
( ) 1 3 3
2 4 6
sin sin sin cos x x x x dx
= + + sin sin sin sin x x x x C
3 5 7
3
5
1
7
3. cos sin cos
7 2
9 1 9 9 x dx x x dx ( )
3
=

= +
(1 3 9 3 9
2 4
sin sin x x
sin
6
9x) cos 9x dx
=
1
9
9
1
9
9
3
sin sin x x
+ +
1
15
9
1
63
9
5 7
sin sin x x C
4. sin cos sin
3 2
10 1 10 10 x dx x x dx =

( )
= + +
1
10
10
1
30
10
3
cos cos x x C
5. sin cos sin
4 5
3 3
1
15
3 x x dx x C = +
6. cos sin cos

8 9
7 7
1
63
7 x x dx x C = +
7. cos sin
6 3
8 8 x x dx
cos cos sin

6 2
8 1 8 8 x x x dx ( )
=
( ) cos cos sin

6 8
8 8 8 x x x dx
= + +
1
56
8
1
72
8
7 9
cos cos x x C
8. sin cos
4 3
2 2 x x dx
sin sin cos

4 2
2 1 2 2 x x x dx ( )
=
( ) sin sin cos

4 6
2 2 2 x x x dx
= +
1
10
2
1
14
2
5 7
sin sin x x C
9. sin cos sin cos cos
5 2 2 2
1 x x dx x x x dx =

( )
2
= +
( ) cos cos cos sin

2 4 6
2 x x x x dx
= + +
1
3
2
5
1
7
3 5 7
cos cos cos x x x C
10. cos sin cos sin sin
3 2 2 2
1 x x dx x x x dx

= ( )
=
( ) sin sin cos

2 4
x x x dx
= +
1
3
1
5
3 5
sin sin x x C
11. cos cos
2
1
2
1 2 x dx x dx = +

( )
= + +
1
2
1
4
2 x x C sin
12. sin cos
2
1
2
1 2 x dx x dx =

( )
= +
1
2
1
4
2 x x C sin
13. sin cos
2
5
1
2
1 10 x dx x dx =

( )
= +
1
2
1
20
10 x x C sin
14. cos cos
2
6
1
2
1 12 x dx x dx = +

( )
= + +
1
2
1
24
12 x x C sin
15. sec tan sec
4 2 2
1 x dx x x dx = +

( )
= + +
1
3
3
tan tan x x C
16. csc cot csc
6 2 2
1 x dx x x dx = +

( )
2
= + +
( ) cot cot csc

4 2 2
2 1 x x x dx
= +
1
5
2
3
5 3
cot cot cot x x x C
17. csc cot csc
8 2 2
6 6 1 6 x dx x x dx = +

( )
3
= + + +
( ) cot cot cot csc

6 4 2 2
6 3 6 3 6 1 6 x x x x dx
=
1
42
6
1
10
6
1
6
6
7 5 3
cot cot cot x x x
+
1
6
6 cot x C
18. sec tan sec
4 2 2
100 100 1 100 x dx x x dx

= + ( )
= + +
1
300
100
1
100
100
3
tan tan x x C
19. tan sec tan
10 2 11
1
11
x x dx x C = +
20. cot csc cot

8 2 9
1
9
x x dx x C = +
21. sec tan sec sec tan

10 9
x x dx x x x dx

= ( )
= +
1
10
10
sec x C
22. csc cot csc csc cot
8 7
x x dx x x x dx

= ( )
= +
1
8
8
csc x C
23. sec sec (sec )
10 10 10
20 20 20 dx dx x C = = +

24. csc csc csc
8 8 8
12 12 12 dx dx x C = = +

( )
25. ( ) cos sin cos sin
2 2
2
1
2
2 x x dx x dx x C = = +

26. ( ) cos sin
2 2
x x dx dx x C + = = +

27. ( )
2
sin csc cot x dx x dx x C
= = +

2
28. ( )
2
cos sec tan 3 3
1
3
3
2
x dx x dx x C

= = +
29. sec
3
x dx
= + + +
1
2
1
2
30. csc
3
x dx
= + +
1
2
1
2
csc cot ln csc cot x x x x C | |
31. a. cos sin 5 3 x x dx

u dv
sin 3x cos 5x
3 cos 3x
1
5
sin 5x
9 sin 3x
1
25
cos 5x
+
+
= +
1
5
5 3
3
25
5 3 sin sin cos cos x x x x
+
9
25
5 3 cos sin x x dx
16
25
5 3 cos sin x x dx
= + +
1
5
5 3
3
25
5 3
1
sin sin cos cos x x x x C
cos sin 5 3 x x dx
= + +
5
16
5 3
3
16
5 3 sin sin cos cos x x x x C
b. cos sin 5 3
0
2
x x dx
= + =
5
16
5 3
3
16
3 5 0
0
2
sin sin cos cos x x x x
Because the integral finds the area above

minus the area below, this calculation shows
the two areas are equal.
32. a.
y
x
1
b. A x dx x x = = =
sin cos cos

3 3
0
0
1
3
4
3

c. Numerically: A 1.3333 (Checks.)
d. A = 0 because sin
3
x is an odd function
[sin
3
(x) = sin
3
x] and the integral of an
odd function between symmetrical limits is
equal to zero.
33. dV = y
2
dx = sin
2
x dx
V x dx x dx = =

sin ( cos )
2
0 0 2
1 2
= =

2 4
2 2
0
2
x x sin /
34. a. y = sec
2
x
dV = [(y + 3)
2
3
2
] dx
= (sec
4
x + 6 sec
2
x) dx

V x x dx
x x x dx
x x x dx
x x
= +
= + +
= +
= +
= + =
(sec sec )
tan sec sec
(tan sec sec )
tan tan
tan tan ( . )
4 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
1
3
0
1
3
6
1 6
7
3
7
3
1 7 1 38 2049
0
1
0
1
[( ) ]
K
b. dV = 2 (x + 3) y dx = 2 (x + 3)(sec
2
x) dx
V x x dx x dx = +

2 6
0
1
2 2
0
1
sec sec
= +
2 2 6
0
1
0
1
0
1
x x x dx x tan tan tan
= + 8 1 2
0
1
tan ln cos | | x
= 8 tan 1 + 2 ln (cos 1) (= 35.2738)
35. dA r d d = = +
1
2
1
2
5 4
2 2
( cos )
A d = + +
1
2
16 40 25
2
0
4
( cos cos )
/

= + + + 4 2 2 20
25
2
0
4

sin sin
/
= + + + = 2 10 2
25
8
29 1012 . ,
which agrees with the numerical answer.
36. dA r d a d = = +
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
( )
2
cos
A a d
a
= (1+ 2 +
= + + +
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
2
2 2
0
2
2
0
2
cos cos
sin sin

)
=
3
2
2
a , which is 1.5 times A
circle
.
Problem Set 9-6
Q1.
1
3
3 sin x C + Q2. +
1
4
4 cos x C
Q3. +
1
5
5 ln cos | | x C Q4.
1
6
6 ln sin | | x C +
Q5.
1
7
7 7 ln sec tan | | x x C + +
Q6. 5 sec
2
5x
Q7. y = 4 cos 4x
Q8. d
Q9. See the text for the statement of fundamental
theorem of calculus.
Q10. See the text for the definition of indefinite
integral, Section 5-3.
Note: A radical without a sign in front of it means the
positive root. Because trigonometric functions can be
positive or negative, the radical should technically be
replaced by the absolute value of the appropriate
trigonometric function. Fortunately, this turns out to be
unnecessary. If x has been replaced by a sin , a tan ,
or a sec , it is assumed that is the corresponding
inverse trigonometric function. So is restricted to the
range of that inverse trigonometric function. Thus,
respectively,
a x a
2 2
cos = | |, and Quadrant I or IV
a x a
2 2
+ = | |, and sec Quadrant I or IV
x a a
2 2
tan = | |, and Quadrant I or II
For the first two, the absolute value is unnecessary
because cos 0 and sec 0 in the respective
quadrants. For the secant substitution, if x is negative,
then is in Quadrant II, where tan < 0. Thus, the
radical equals the opposite of a tan , and one should
write
x a a
2 2
tan =
Where the integral of sec occurs, one gets
ln x x a x + +
2 2
0 for >
+ < ln x x a x
2 2
0 for
The second form can be transformed into the first by
taking advantage of the property ln n = ln (1/n). Thus,
= ln ln

x a x
x a x
2 2
2 2
1
= + ln x a x
2 2
which can be shown by rationalizing the denominator
of the fraction and incorporating the constant ln a
2
(or 2 ln a) into the constant of integration. Because
the major focus of this section is on the correct
substitution to use and the ensuing calculus, and
because algebraic techniques are of less importance now
that technology is used for evaluating integrals, the
student is not expected to carry along the absolute value
just to eliminate it later.
1. 49
2
x dx
u
v
49 x
2
7
x
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
7
7 7 = = = sin sin cos
49 7
7
2 1
cos sin x
x
= =

,
=

49 7 7
2
cos cos x dx d ( )
= = +

49
49
2
1 2
2
cos cos d d ( )
= + +
49
2
49
4
2 sin C
= + +
49
2
49
2
sin cos C
= + +
49
2 7
49
2
1
7
1
7
49
1 2
sin
x
x x C
= + +
49
2 7
1
2
49
1 2
sin
x
x x C
2. 100
2
x dx
u
v
100 x
2
10
x
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
10
10 10 = = = sin sin cos
100 10
10
2 1
cos sin x
x
= =

,
=

100 10 10
2
cos cos x dx d ( )
= = + )

100
100
2
1 2
2
cos cos d d (
= 50 + 25 sin 2 + C
= 50 + 50 sin cos + C
= + +
50
10
50
1
10
1
10
100
1 2
sin
x
x x C
= + +
50
10
1
2
100
1 2
sin
x
x x C
3. x dx
2
16 +
u
v
4
x
x
2
+ 16
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
4
4 4
2
= = = tan tan sec
x
x
2 1
16 4
4
+ = =

sec tan ,
+ =

x dx d
2 2
16 4 4 sec sec ( )
=
16
3
sec d (Compare Problem 21 in
Problem Set 9-4.)
= + + +
16
2
16
2
1
sec tan ln sec tan | | C
= + +
+
+ +
1
2
16 8
16
4 4
2
2
1
x x
x x
C ln
= + + + + +
1
2
16 8 16 8 4
2 2
1
x x x x C ln ln
= + + + + +
1
2
16 8 16
2 2
x x x x C ln
4. 81
2
+
x dx
u
v
9
x
81 + x
2
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
9
9 9
2
= = = tan tan sec
81 9
9
2 1
+ = =

x
x
sec tan ,
+ =

81 9 9
2 2
x dx d sec sec ( )
=
81
3
sec d (Compare Problem 21 in
Problem Set 9-4.)
= + + +
81
2
81
2
1
= + +
+
+ +
1
2
81
81
2
81
9 9
2
2
1
x x
x x
C ln
= + + + + +
1
2
81
81
2
81
81
2
9
2 2
1
x x x x C ln ln
= + + + + +
1
2
81
81
2
81
2 2
x x x x C ln
5. 9 1
2
x dx
u
v
1
3x
9x
2
1
Let . ,
3
1
1
3
x
x = = sec sec
dx d =
1
3
sec tan ,
9 1 3
2 1
x x tan sec = =

,
=

9 1
1
3
2
x dx d tan sec tan
=
1
3
2
sec tan d
= )
1
3
3
(sec sec d
= + +
1
6
1
6
sec tan ln sec tan | |
+ +
1
3
ln sec tan | | C
= + +
1
6
1
6
= + +
1
2
9 1
1
6
3 9 1
2 2
x x x x C ln
6. 16 1
2
x dx

u
v
1
4x
16x
2
1
Let . ,
4
1
1
4
x
x = = sec sec
dx d =
1
4
sec tan ,
16 1 4
2 1
x x tan sec = =

,
=

16 1
1
4
2
x dx d tan sec tan
=
1
4
2
sec tan d
=
1
4
3
( ) sec sec d
= + +
1
8
1
8
+ +
1
4
ln sec tan | | C
+ +
1
8
1
8
+ +
1
2
16 1
1
8
4 16 1
2 2
x x x x C ln
7.
dx
x 17
2
u
v
17
17 x
2
Let / . x 17 sin
x dx d 17 17 sin cos , ,
17 17
17
2 1
cos sin x
x

,

dx
x
d
17
17
17
2
cos
cos

+ +
d C
x
C sin
1
17
8.
dx
x 13
2
u
v
13
13 x
2
Let / . , x x 13 13 sin sin
dx d , 13 cos
13 13
13
2 1
cos sin x
x

,

dx
x
d
13
13
13
2
cos
cos

+ +
d C
x
C sin
1
13
9.
dx
x
2
1 +
u
v
x
1
x
2
+ 1
Let . ,
x
dx d
1
2
tan sec
x x
2 1
1 +

sec tan ,
+

dx
x
d
d
2
2
1
sec
sec
sec

+ + + + + ln sec tan ln | | C x x C
2
1
10.
dx
x
2
121
u
v
x
11
x
2
121
Let . ,
x
x
11
11 sec sec
dx d 11sec tan ,
x
x
2 1
121 11
11
tan sec ,

dx
x
d
2
121
11
11
sec tan
tan

+ +
sec ln sec tan | | d C

1
+ + ln
x x
C
11
121
11
2
1
+ + ln ln x x C
2
1
121 11
+ + ln x x C
2
121
11. x x dx
2 2
9

u
v
x
3
x
2
9
Let . ,
x
x
3
3 sec sec
dx 3 sec tan d,
x
x
2 1
9 3
3
tan sec

,
x x dx
2 2
9
( ) ( ) ( ) 9 3 3
2
sec tan sec tan d
81
3 2
sec tan d

j
(
\
,
81
5 3
sec sec d d
+
j
(
\
,

81
1
4
3
4
3 3 3
sec tan sec sec d d

81
4
81
4
sec tan sec
3 3
d

81
4
81
8
3
sec tan sec tan
+ +
81
8
1
ln sec tan | | C

81
4 27
9
3
81
8 3
9
3
3 2 2
x x x x
+ +
81
8 3
9
3
2
1
ln
x x
C

1
4
9
9
8
9
3 2 2
x x x x
+ + +
81
8
9 3
2
1
ln ln x x C
81
8

1
4
9
9
8
9
3 2 2
x x x x
+ +
81
8
9
2
ln x x C
12. x x dx
2 2
9
u
v
x
3
9 x
2
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
3
3 3 sin sin cos
9 3
3
2 1
cos sin x
x

,
x x dx
2 2
9
( sin ) cos cos 9 3 3

2
( ) ( ) d
81
2 2
sin cos d

81
2 4
( ) cos cos d

81
81
4
2 3
cos cos sin d
3 81
4
2
cos d
+
81
8
1 2
81
4
3
( ) cos cos sin d
+ +
81
8
81
16
2
81
4
3
sin cos sin C
+ +
81
8
81
8
81
4
3
sin cos cos sin C
+ +
81
8
81
8
1 2
2
( ) sin cos cos C

81
8 3
1
sin
x

,
,
]
]
]
+
81
8 3
9
3
1
2 9
9
2 2
x x x
C
( )
+
81
8 3
1
8
2 9 9
1 2 2
sin
x
x x x C ( )
13. ( )
/
1
2 3 2
x dx
u
v
x
1
1 x
2
Let x sin . dx cos d,
1
2 1
cos sin x x

,

( ) ( )
/
1
2 3 2 3
x dx d cos cos
cos
4
d
+
1
4
3
4
3 2
cos sin cos d
+ +
1
4
3
8
1 2
3
cos sin cos ( ) d
+ + +
1
4
3
8
3
16
2
3
cos sin sin C
+ + +
1
4
3
8
3
8
3
cos sin sin cos C
+ + +
1
4
1
3
8
3
8
1
2 3 2 1 2
x x x x x C ( )
/
sin
14. ( )
/
x dx
2 3 2
81

u
v
9
x
x
2
81
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
9
9 9 sec sec sec tan
x x
2 1
81 9
1
9
tan sec

,

( )
/
x dx
2 3 2
81

( tan ) sec tan 9 9
3
( ) d
1
81
2
sec
tan

1
81
cot csc d
+
1
81
csc C
+
x
x
C
81 81
2
15.
dx
x 81
2
+
u
v
9
x
81 + x
2
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
9
9 9
2
= = = tan tan sec
81 9
9
2 1
+ = =

x
x
sec tan ,
+
= = = +

dx
x
d
d C
81
9
81
1
9
1
9
2
2
2
sec
sec

= +
1
9 9
1
tan
x
C
16.
dx
x 25 1
2
+
u
v
1
5x
25x
2
+ 1
Let . , ,
5
1
1
5
1
5
2
x
x dx d = = = tan tan sec
25 1 5
2 1
x x + = =

sec tan ,
+
=
= = +

dx
x
d
d C
25 1 5
1
5
1
5
2
2
2
sec
sec

= +
1
5
5
1
tan x C
17. a.
x dx
x
2
25 +
u
v
5
x
x
2
+ 25
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
5
5 5
2
= = = tan tan sec
x x
2 1
25 5
1
5
+ = =

sec tan ,
+
=

x dx
x
d
2
2
25
5 5
5
tan ( sec )
sec

= = +
5 5 tan sec sec d C

= + + x C
2
25
b.
x dx
x
x x dx
2
2 1 2
25
1
2
25 2
+
= +
/

( ) ( )
= + + x C
2
25 , which agrees with part a.
Moral: Always check for an easy way to
integrate before trying a more sophisticated
technique!
18. a.
x dx
x
2
49
u
v
7
x
x
2
49
Let .
x
7
= sec x = 7 sec ,
dx = 7 sec tan d,
x
x
2 1
49 7
7
tan sec = =

,
=

x dx
x
d
2
49
7 7
7
sec ( sec tan )

tan

= = + = +
7 7 49
2 2
sec tan d C x C
b.
x dx
x
x x dx
2
2 12
49
1
2
49 2
=
/

( ) ( )
= + x C
2
49 , which agrees with part a.
19.
dx
x 9 5
2
( )
u
v
3
x 5
9 (x 5)
2
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
sin sin cos

5
3
5 3 3 = = + =
9 5 3
5
3
2 1
( ) cos sin
x
x
= =

,
=

dx
x
d
9 5
3
3
2
( )
cos
cos

= = + = +
d C
x
C sin
1
5
3
20.
dx
x 36 2
2
( ) +
u
v
6
x + 2
36 (x + 2)
2
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
+
= = =
2
6
6 2 6 sin sin cos
36 2 6
2
6
2 1
( ) cos sin x
x
+ = =
+
+
=

dx
x
d
36 2
6
6
2
( )
cos
cos

= = + =
+
+
d C
x
C sin
1
2
6
21.
dx
x x
dx
x
2 2
8 20 4 36 +
=
+

( )
u
v
6
x + 4
(x + 4)
2
36
Let . ,
x
x
+
= =
4
6
6 4 sec sec
dx = 6 sec tan d,
x x x
2 2
8 20 4 36 6 + = + = ( ) tan ,
=
+
sec
1
4
6
x
+
=

dx
x x
d
2
8 20
6
6
sec tan
tan

sec d
= ln | sec + tan | + C
1
=
+
+
+
+ ln
x x x
C
4
6
8 20
6
2
1
= + + + + ln ln x x x C 4 8 20 6
2
1
= + + + + ln x x x C 4 8 20
2
22.
dx
x x
dx
x
2 2
14 50 7 1 ( ) +
=
+

u
v
1
x 7
(x 7)
2
+ 1
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
tan tan sec

7
1
7
2
= = + =
x x x
2 2
14 50 7 1 ( ) sec + = + = ,
= tan
1
(x 7)
+
= =

dx
x x
d
d
2
2
14 50
sec
sec
sec

= + + + ln x x x C
2
14 50 7
23. 100
2
3
8
x dx
u
v
10
x
100 x
2
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
10
10 10 = = = sin sin cos
100 10
10
2 1
cos sin x
x
= =

,
100
2
3
8
x dx
=
10 10
1
1
0 3
0 8
cos cos
sin ( . )
sin .
d
=
100
2
0 3
0 8
1
1
cos
sin ( . )
sin .
d
= +
50 ( cos )
sin ( . )
sin .
1 2
1
1
0 3
0 8
d
= + 50 25 sin 2
sin ( . )
sin .
1
1
0 3
0 8
= +

50 sin 0.8 25 sin (2 sin 0.8)
1 1
50 sin
1
(0.3) 25 sin [2 sin
1
(0.3)]
= 99.9084
Numerical integration: 99.9084 (Checks.)
24. x dx
2
1
4
25 +
u
v
5
x
x
2
+ 25
Let . , ,
x
x dx d
5
5 5
2
= = = tan tan sec
x x
2 1
25 5 0 2 + = =

sec tan , .
+
x dx
2
1
4
25
5 5
2
0 2
0 8
1
1
sec sec
tan ( . )
tan .
d
=
25
3
0 2
0 8
1
1
sec
tan ( . )
tan .
d
= + +
25
2
25
2
1
1
0 2
0 8
sec tan
tan ( . )
tan .
ln |sec tan |
=
25
2
0 8 0 8
1
sec tan ( . ) .
+ +
25
2
0 8 0 8
1
ln sec tan | ( . ) . |

25
2
0 2 0 2
1
sec [tan ] ( . ) ( . )

25
2
0 2 0 2
1
ln sec [tan ] | ( . ) . |
= 26.9977
Numerical integration: 26.9977 (Checks.)
25. y = 3x
2
dL y dx x dx = + = + 1 1 36
2 2
( )
L x dx = +
1 36
2
0
5
u
v
1
6x
1 + 36x
2
Let . , ,
6
1
1
6
1
6
2
x
x dx d = = = tan tan sec
1 36 6
2 1
+ = =

x x sec tan ,
L d
x
x
=
=
=
sec sec
1
6
2
0
5
=
=
=
1
6
3
0
5
sec d
x
x
= + +
=
=
1
12
1
12 0
5
sec tan ln |sec tan |
x
x
= + + + +
1
2
1 36
1
12
1 36 6
2 2
0
5
x x x x ln

= + + =
5
2
901
1
12
901 30 75 3828 ln . K
Numerical integration: L = 75.3828 (Checks.)
26. a. 9 25 225
3
5
25
2 2 2
x y y x + = =
Slice the region vertically. Pick a sample
point (x, y) on the positive branch of the
graph, within the strip.
dA y dx x dx = = 2
6
5
25
2
A x dx =
6
5
25
2
3
4
u
v
5
x
25 x
2
Let , ,
x
x dx d
5
5 5 = . = = sin sin cos
25 5
5
2 1
cos sin x
x
= =

,
A d
x
x
=
=
=
6
5
5 5
3
4
cos cos

=
=
=
30
2
3
4
cos
d
x
x
= +
=
=
15 1 2
3
4
( cos )
d
x
x

= +
=
=
15
15
2
2
3
4
sin
x
x
= +
=
=
15 15
3
4
sin cos
x
x
= +
=
=
15
5
3
5
25
1 2
3
4
sin
x
x x
x
x
= +
15 0 8
3
5
4 9
1
sin ( ) .

15 0 6
3
5
3 16
1
sin ( ) ( . )
= +

15 0 8 0 6 14 4
1 1
[sin sin ] . ( . ) .
= + =
15
2
14 4 37 9619
. .
Numerical integration: A = 37.9619
(Checks.)
b. A x dx =
6
5
25
2
5
5
x = 5 = /2, x = 5 = /2
A d =
30
2
2
2
cos
/
/

= +
15
15
2
2
2
2

sin
/
/
= + +
15
2
15
2
15
2
15
2

sin sin ( )
= 15 = 47.1238
The area is (x-radius)(y-radius).
27. x y r y r x x y r
2 2 2 2 2
0 + = = = = , at
Slice the region inside the circle perpendicular to
the x-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on the
positive branch of the circle, within the strip.
dA y dx r x dx = = 2 2
2 2
A r x dx
r
r
=
2
2 2
u
v
r
x
r
2
x
2
Let
x
r
= sin . x = r sin , dx = r cos d,
r x r
x
r
2 2 1
cos sin = =

,
x = r = /2, x = r = /2
=
A r r d 2
2
2
cos cos
/
/

=
/
/
2
2 2
2
2
r d cos

= +
/
/
r d
2
2
2
1 2 ( cos )

= +
r r
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
sin
/
/
= + + r r r
2 2 2
2
1
2 2

sin
=
1
2
2 2
r r sin ( )
A = r
2
, Q.E.D.
28.
x
a
y
b
y
b
a
a x
= =
2 2
2 2
1
Slice the region inside the ellipse perpendicular
to the x-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on the
positive branch of the ellipse, within the strip.
dA y dx
b
a
a x dx = = 2
2
2 2
A
b
a
a x dx
a
a
=
2
2 2
u
v
a
x
a
2
x
2
Let
x
a
= sin . x = a sin , dx = a cos d,
a x a
x
a
2 2 1
cos sin = =

,
x = a = /2, x = a = /2
=
A
b
a
a a d
2
2
2
cos cos
/
/

2
2
2
2
ab d cos
/
/

= +
ab d ( cos )
/
/
1 2
2
2

= +
ab
ab

2
2
2
2
sin
/
/
= + + =
ab ab ab ab
ab

2 2 2 2
sin sin ( )
A = ab
Note that if a = b = r, then ab = r
2
, the area of
a circle.
29. dV x dy
a
b
b y dy b y b = =
2
2
2
2 2
( ) ,
V
a
b
b y dy
b
b
=
2
2
2 2
( )

a
b
b y
y
a b
b
b
2
2
2
3
2
3
4
3
= V a b
4
3
2

Rotating instead about the x-axis is equivalent to
interchanging the a and b, givingV ab =
4
3
2
.
30. x y y x
2 2 2
9 9 = =
Slice the region perpendicular to the x-axis. Pick
a sample point (x, y) on the positive branch of
the hyperbola, within the strip.
dA y dx x dx = = 2 2 9
2
A x dx =
2 9
2
3
5
u
v
3
x
x
2
9
Let
x
3
= sec. x = 3 sec , dx = 3 sec tan d,
x
x
2 1
9 3
3
tan sec = =

,
=
=
=
A d
x
x
2 3 3
3
5
tan sec tan
=
=
=
18
2
3
5
tan sec d
x
x
=
=
=
18
3
3
5
(sec sec ) d
x
x
= 9 sec tan + 9 ln | sec + tan |
+
=
=
| 18
3
5
ln sec tan |
x
x
= +
=
=
9 9
3
5
x
x
= + x x x x
2 2
3
5
9 9
1
3
1
3
9 ln
= 20 9 ln 3 = 10.1124
Numerical integration: A = 10.1124 (Checks.)
31. dV x y dx x x dx = = 2 2 4 9
2
( )
V x x dx =
4 9
2
3
5

=
2 9 2
2
3
5
x x dx ( )
=
/
2
32
2
3
9
2
3
5
( ) x
= = =
4
3
64
256
3
268 0825 .
32. From Problems 30 and 31, A = 20 9 ln 3,
V =
256
3
.

V x A x = = = 2
128
3 20 9 3
4 2192
( ln )
. K
x is a little more than halfway through the
region.
33. x a cos t dx a sin t dt
y b sin t
dA 2y dx 2(b sin t)(a sin t dt)
2ab sin
2
t dt
x a t , x a t 0

A ab t dt ab t dt 2 1 2
2
0 0
sin ( cos )

+ + + abt
ab
t ab ab
2
2 0 0 0
0
sin
( )
A ab, as in Problem 28.
With this method, you get sin
2
t dt,
directly.
With trigonometric substitution in Problem 28,
you get cos
2
t dt,
indirectly.
34. r 0.5 dr/d 0.5
dL r dr d d d + +
2 2 2
0 25 0 25 ( / ) . .
+ 0 5 1
2
. d
L d +
0 5 1
2
0
6
.
u
v

2
+ 1
Let tan d sec
2
d.

2 1
1 +

sec tan ,

L d 0 5
2
0
6
. sec sec
0 5
3
0
6
. sec

d
+ 0 25 0 25 . . | sec tan ln sec
+
tan

|
0
6
+ + + + 0 25 1 0 25 1
2 2
0
6
. .

ln
+ + + + 1 5 36 1 0 25 36 1 6
2 2
. . ln
89.8589 , same as numerical
integration.
35. See the note preceding the solutions for this
section. For the sine and tangent substitution,
the range of the inverse sine and inverse tangent
make the corresponding radical positive. For the
secant substitution, the situation is more
complicated but still gives an answer of the same
algebraic form as if x had been only positive.
Problem Set 9-7
Q1. (x + 5)(x 5) Q2. x
2
+ 2x 15
Q3. (x + 2)(x 6) Q4. x
2
+ 14x + 49
Q5. (x + 4)
2
Q6. x
2
64
Q7. e
x
Q8. b
2
4ac 1500, so x
2
+ 50x + 1000 is prime.
Q9. b
2
4ac 144, so x
2
+ 36 is prime.
Q10. B
1.
11 15
3 2
4
1
7
2
2
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
+
+
j
(
\
,

4 ln |x 1| + 7 ln |x 2| + C
2.
7 25
7 8
2
1
9
8
2
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
+
+
+
j
(
\
,

2 ln |x + 1| + 9 ln |x 8| + C
3.
( )

/ /
5 11
2 8
7 2
2
3 2
4
2
x dx
x x x x
dx
+
+
j
(
\
,

+ + +
7
2
2
3
2
4 ln ln | | | | x x C
4.
( )

/ /
3 12
5 50
9 5
5
6 5
10
2
x dx
x x x x
dx
+
+
j
(
\
,

+ + +
9
5
5
6
5
10 ln ln | | | | x x C
5.
21
7 10
7
5
7
2
2
dx
x x x x
dx
+ +

+
+
+
j
(
\
,

7 ln |x + 5| + 7 ln |x + 2| + C
6.
10
9 36
2
3
8
12
2
x dx
x x x x
dx

+
+
j
(
\
,

2 ln |x + 3| + 8 ln |x 12| + C
7.
9 25 50
1 7 2
2
x x
x x x
dx

( )( )( ) + +
+
+ +
+
j
(
\
,
2
1
3
7
4
2 x x x
dx
2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x 7| + 4 ln |x + 2| + C
8.
7 22 54
2 4 1
2
x x
x x x
dx
+
+
( )( )( )
+
+
+
j
(
\
,
3
2
1
4
5
1 x x x
dx
3 ln |x 2| ln |x + 4| + 5 ln |x 1| + C
9.
4 15 1
2 5 6
2
3 2
x x
x x x
dx
+
+
+
+
+
+
j
(
\
,
1
3
2
1
3
2 x x x
dx
ln |x + 3| + 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x 2| + C
10.

3 22 31
8 19 12
2
3 2
x x
x x x
dx
+
+
+ +
j
(
\
,

2
1
4
3
3
4 x x x
dx
2 ln |x 1| 4 ln |x 3| + 3 ln |x 4| + C
11.
3 2 12 9
1
3 2
x x x
x
dx
+ +
+ +
j
(
\
,
3 5 7
2
1
2
x x
x
dx
+ + + x x x x C
3 2
5
2
7 2 1 ln | |
12.
x x x
x x
dx
3 2
2
7 5 40
2 8

+ +
+
j
(
\
,
x
x
x x
dx 5
3
2 8
2

+
+
+
j
(
\
,
x
x x
dx 5
1
2
2
4
+ + + +
1
2
5 2 2 4
2
x x x x C ln ln | | | |
13.
4 6 11
1 4
2
2
x x
x x
dx
+ +
+ +
( )( )

+
+
+
+
j
(
\
,
x
x x
dx
2
1
3
4
2
+
+
+
+
+

1
2
2
1
2
1
3
4
2 2
x dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
+ + + + +
1
2
1 2 3 4
2 1
ln tan ln | | | | x x x C
14.
4 15 1
5 3 1
2
3 2
x x
x x x
dx

+ +
+
j
(
\
,
3
1
2
4 1
2
x
x
x x
dx

+ + 3 1
1
2
4 1
2
ln ln | | | | x x x C
Note that
x
x x x x
/

,
2
4 1
1 2
2 5
1 2
2 5
2

+
+
but
1
2
2 5
1
2
2 5 ln ln x x + +

1
2
4 1
2
ln | |, x x so the answer comes out
the same.
15.
4 18 6
5 1
2
2
x x
x x
dx
+ +
+ +
( )( )
+
+
+
+
+
,
,
]
]
]
1
5
3
1
2
1
2
x x x
dx
( )
ln |x + 5| + 3 ln |x + 1| + 2(x + 1)
1
+ C
16.
+ +
,
,
]
]
]
5 2
7
3
7
2
x x x
dx
( )
5 ln |x| 2 ln |x 7| 3(x 7)
1
+ C
17.
dx
x x x
dx
x
3 2 3
6 12 8 2 ( ) +

+
1
2
2
2
( ) x C
18.
1
4 6 4 1 1
4 3 2 4
x x x x
dx
dx
x + + + +

+

( )
+ +
1
3
1
3
( ) x C
19. a.
dy
dt
y
y dy
y y
dt 2
1000
1000
1000
1000
2
( )
1000
1000
2
dy
y y
dt
( )

1 1
1000
2
y y
dy dt +
j
(
,
\
,
(

ln |y| ln |1000 y| 2t + C
ln
y
y
t C
1000
2 +
y
y
e
t C
1000
2

+
(Note that 0 y < 1000.)
1000 1000
1
2 2

y
y
e
y
e
t C t C
1000
1 1
2 2
y
e ke k e
t C t C
+ +

( )
y
ke
t
+
1000
1
2
Initial condition y 10 when t 0 k 99.
y
e
t
+
1000
1 99
2
b. y
e
( ) . students 1
1000
1 99
69 4531 69
2
have heard the rumor after one hour.

y
e
( ) . 4
1000
1 99
967 8567 968
8
students have heard by lunchtime.

y
e
( ) .
8
1000
1 99
999 9888 1000
16
+

studentseveryone knows by the end of
the day!
c. It is quicker to analyze the original differential
equation, which already refers to the derivative,
than to analyze the equation found in part a.
Maximize y y
y
2
1000
1000
1
500
1000
2
( ) y y .
y y yy y
1
500
1000 2 0 500 ( ) when .
This is the maximum point because y > 0
for y < 500 and y < 0 for y > 500 (and
y > 0 for all t).
So the rate of spreading (y) is greatest when
500 students have heard the news. This occurs
when
500
1000
1 99
2
+ e
t
99 1 2
2
e
t
+
e
t
2
1
99
t
1
2
99 2 2975 ln . hr
3 53 245
14 49
2
3 2
x x
x x x
dx
+
+

d. The graph follows the slope-field pattern.
t
y
2 4 6
1000
20. a. Assume that an infected person and an
uninfected person have about the same chance
of meeting any other infected person (i.e.,
infected people are not quarantined). An
infected person can meet N P uninfected
people out of the total population, so the
chance of meeting an uninfected person will be
(N 1)/N, so of an average infected persons
three contacts per day, 3(N 1)/N of them
will be with uninfected persons. (Actually
(N P)/(N 1) because the total population
that someone can meet is N 1people dont
meet themselves outside the Twilight Zone
but (N P)/N is reasonably close enough for
now.) So there are P infected people, each
meeting an average of 3(N P)/N uninfected
people per day, for a grand total of 3P(N P)/N
contacts between infected and uninfected
people per day.
b. If 10% of the contacts with infected people
per day result in infection, then the number
of new infections per day should be 0.1 times
the number of contacts between infected and
uninfected people, that is,
dP
dt
P N P
N
P
N P
N
= = 0 1
3
0 3 . . .
( )
c.
dP
dt
P
N P
N
N dP
P N P
dt = = 0 3 0 3 . .
( )
N dP
P N P
dt
( )

= 0.3
1 1
0 3
P N P
dP dt +
.
ln |P| ln |N P| = 0.3t + C
ln
P
N P
t C = + 0 3 .
P
N P
e
t C
=
+ 0.3
(Note that 0 P < N.)
N
P
e ke k e
t C t C
= + = + =

1 1
0 3 0 3 . .
( )
P t
N
ke
t
( ) =
+ 1
0 3 .
Initial condition P(0) = P
0
=
+
= P
N
k
k
N
P
0
0
1
1.
=
+
( ) P t
N
N P e
t
1 1
0
0 3
( / )
.
d. N = 1000 and P
0
= 10
=
+
P t
e
t
( )
1000
1 99
0 3 .
P
e
( ) 7
1000
1 99
2 1
=
+
.
= 76.2010 76 people
infected after 1 week
e. Solve P(t) = 990.
990
1000
1 99
0 3
=
+ e
t .
1 99
100
99
0 3
+ =
e
t .
e
0.3 t
= 99
2

t = =
2
0 3
99 30 6341 31
.
ln . days K
21. A
x x
dx
x x
dx
b b
=
+
= +
+

25
3 4
5
1
5
4
2
2 2
= + =
+
5 1 5 4 5
1
4
2
2
ln ln ln
| | | | x x
x
x
b
b
=
+
=
+
+ 5
1
4
5
1
6
5
1
4
5 6 ln
ln ln
ln
b
b
b
b
A( ) . 7 5
6
11
5 6 5 9281 = + = ln ln
lim lim ln ln
b b
A b

= + ( ) 5
1
1
5 6
(lHospitals rule)
= 5 ln 6 = 8.9587
So the area does approach a finite limit.
22. dV xy dx
x
x x
dx = =
+
2
50
3 4
2
V
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
b b
=
+
= +
+

50
3 4
10
1
40
4
2
2

2
= + + 10 1 40 4
2
ln ln | | | | x x
b
= 10 ln |b 1| + 40 ln |b + 4| 40 ln 6
V(7) = 40 ln 11 30 ln 6 = 132.4590
lim
b
V b
= ( ) because both ln terms become

infinite and are added.
(Note that if the region were rotated about the
x-axis, the limit of the volume would be
finite. The answer would be 5
35
6
2 6 ln
= 35.3400 .
23. a.
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
3
6 8
1 2
2
1 2
4
2
+

= +
= + +
1
2
2
1
2
4 ln ln | | | | x x C
b. x
2
6x + 8 = (x 3)
2
1
u
v
1
x 3
(x 3)
2
1
Let x 3 = sec . dx = sec tan d,
( ) tan sec x x 3 1 3
2 1
= = , ( )
+
=

x
x x
dx
x
x
dx
( )
3
6 8
3
3 1
2 2
= =

sec
tan
(sec tan )
sec
tan

2
2
d d
= ln | tan | + C
= + ln ( ) x C 3 1
2
= + + ln x x C
2
6 8
c.
x
x x
dx
x
x x
dx
3
6 8
1
2
2 6
6 8
2 2
+
=
+

= + +
1
2
6 8
2
ln | | x x C
d. From part a,
1
2
2
1
2
4 ln ln | | | | x x C + +
= +
1
2
2 4 ln |( )( )| x x C
= + +
1
2
6 8
2
ln | | x x C
which is the answer in part c. This equals
ln ln | | ,
/
x x C x x C
2 1 2 2
6 8 6 8 + + = + +
which is the answer from part b. So all three
answers are equivalent, Q.E.D.
24. a. When the population is very much smaller
than the maximum, (m p) behaves like a
constant, and dp/dt = k(m p) p is
approximately proportional to p. But when p
is approaching m, then (m p) goes to zero,
so dp/dt = kp(m p) goes to zero.
b. dp/dt = kp(m p) = k(mp p
2
). So dp/dt is a
quadratic function of p. Thus, the turning
point is at
p
m
m = = / .
2 1
2
( )
If k > 0, the graph of dp/dt versus p opens
downward and the turning point is a
maximum.
So the population grows fastest when
p = m/2.
c.
dp
dt
kp m p
dp
p m p
k dt = = ( )
( )
dp
p m p
k dt
( )
=

1 1 / /
m
p
m
m p
dp k dt +
=

1 1
1
m
p
m
m p kt C ln ln | | | | = +
d. ln
p
m p
kmt C = +
2
(C
2
= mC
1
)
p
m p
e C e
kmt C kmt
= =
+
2
3
( ) C e
C
3
2
=
Note that > > > . m p
p
m p
0 0
m p
p
be
m
p
be b C
kmt kmt
= = =

( / ) 1 1
3
m
p
be p
m
be
kmt
kmt
= + =
+
1
1
At time t = 0, p = p
0
.
=
+
= + p
m
b
m p b
0 0
1
1 ( )
=
+
+
p
p b
be
kmt
0
1
1
( )
Letting K = km, p p
b
be
Kt
=
+
+
0
1
1
, Q.E.D.
e. Let p denote millions of people. Then
p
0
= 179.3.
Substitute p(10) = 203.2.
203 2 179 3
1
1
10
. . =
+
+
b
be
K
203.2 + 203.2be
10K
= 179.3 + 179.3b
b(203.2e
10K
179.3) = 23.9
= b
e
K
.
. .
23 9
203 2 179 3
10
By substituting p(20) = 226.5 and
transforming,
b
e
K
=
.
. .
.
47 2
226 5 179 3
20
Equating the two values of b and solving
numerically for K gives K = 0.0259109 .
= = b
e
.
. .
. ...
23 9
203 2 179 3
1 0630436
0 259109
.
=
+
p
e
179 3
2 063036
1 1 063036
0 0259109
.
. ...
. ...
. ...
Check that this equation gives a good
approximation for 1990.
p
e
( ) . 30 179 3
2 0630
1 1 0630
30 0 0259
=
+

. ...
. ...
. ...
= 248.4892 248.5 million people,
which is close to the actual population,
248.7 million.
f. p
e
( ) . 40 179 3
2 0630
1 1 0630
40 0 0259
=
+

. ...
. ...
. ...
= 268.6144 268.6 million people, which
is lower than the actual population by about
13 million people.
g. k p p
b
be
p b
t t
kt
> ( ) 0
1
1
1
0 0
=
+
+
= +

lim lim
= 179.3 (1 + 1.0630)
= 369.9024 369.9 million people
h. If p(10) had been 204.2, then K would have
been given by
.
. .
.
. .

24 9
204 2 179 3
47 2
226 5 179 3
10 20
e e
K K
=
K = 0.0343965
= b
e
.
. .
. ...
24 9
204 2 179 3
0 0343965

= 0.721075
So the ultimate population would have been
lim
t
p p b
= + = +
0
1 179 3 1 0 7210 ( ) . ( . )
= 308.5888 308.6 million people.
An increase of 1 million in one of the initial
conditions causes a decrease of over
61 million in the predicted maximum
population! So this model does have a fairly
sensitive dependence on the initial conditions.
Problem Set 9-8
Q1. integration by parts Q2. partial fractions
Q3. x = tan or = tan
1
x
Q4. x = sec or = sec
1
x
Q5. x = sin or = sin
1
x
Q6.
1
16
1
2 8
( ) x C + +
Q7. 7 (at f (1)). Q8. 3 (at f (5)).
Q9. undefined Q10. B
1. tan
1
x dx
u dv
tan
1
x 1
dx
1 + x
2
x
+
=
+
x x
x dx
x
tan
1
2
1
=
+
x x
x dx
x
tan
1
2
1
2
2
1
= + +
x x x C tan ln | |
1 2
1
2
1 (Checks.)
2. cot
1
x dx
u dv
cot
1
x 1
dx
1 + x
2
x
+
= +
+
x x
x dx
x
cot
1
2
1
= +
+
x x
x dx
x
cot
1
2
1
2
2
1
= + + +
x x x C cot ln | |
1 2
1
2
1 (Checks.)
3. cos
1
x dx
u dv
cos
1
x 1
dx
1 x
2
x
+
= +
x x
x dx
x
cos
1
2
1
=

x x x x dx cos ( ) ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
1 2
= +
x x x C cos ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
2 1
= +
x x x C cos
1 2
1 (Checks.)
4. sin
1
x dx
u dv
sin
1
x 1
dx
1 x
2
x
+
x x
x dx
x
sin
1
2
1
= +

x x x x dx sin ( ) ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
1 2
= + +
x x x C sin ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
2 1
= + +
x x x C sin
1 2
1
5. sec
1
x dx
sec
1
x 1
dx
|x| x
2
1
x
+
u dv
=
x x
x dx
x x
sec
| |
1
2
1
=
x x x
dx
x
x x x sec sgn ( /| | sgn )
1
2
1
u
v
1
x
x
2
1
Let .
x
1
= sec
dx = sec tan d
x
2
1 = tan
= sec
1
x
sec
1
x dx
=
x x x
d
sec sgn
sec tan
tan
x x x d sec sgn sec
1

= x sec
1
x sgn x ln |sec + tan | + C
= x sec
1
x sgn x ln x x C + +
2
1
(Checks.)
Note: This answer can be transformed to
x x x x C sec ln ( ) .
| |
1 2
1 + +
6. csc
1
x dx
u dv
csc
1
x 1
dx
|x| x
2
1
x
+
= +
x x
x dx
x x
csc
| |

1
2
1
= +
x x x
dx
x
csc sgn
1
2
1
u
v
1
x
x
2
1
Let x = csc . dx = csc cot d,
x x
2 1
1 cot csc = = ,
csc

1
x dx
=
x x x
d
csc sgn
csc cot
cot
x x x d csc sgn csc
1

= x csc
1
x + sgn x ln | csc + cot | + C
= + + + x x x x x C csc sgn ln
1 2
1
(Checks.)
Note: This answer can be transformed to
x x x x C sec ln
+ + +
1 2
1 (| | ) .
7. tan tan ln

= +
1 1 2
1
4
1
4
1
2
1 x dx x x x | |
= +

4 4
1
2
17 1
1
2
2
1 1
tan ln tan ln
= =
4 4
4
1
2
17
2
3 4478
1
tan ln
. K
Numerically, tan
1
1
4
3 4478 x dx . . K
8.
/2
1 3
x
y
Simpsons rule for y = sec
1
x: n = 10
x = 0.2

A y y y y y y + + + + + +
0 2
3
4 2 4 4
1 1 2 1 4 1 6 2 8 3
.
( )
. . . .
L

=1.919692K
A x dx =

sec
1
1
3
= +
x x x x x sec sgn ln
1 2
1
3
1 ( )
= + +

3 3 1 3 8 1 1 1
1 1
sec ln sec ln ( )
= 1.930131 .
The Simpsons rule answer differs from this
by 0.0104 , or about 0.5%.
9. By vertical slices,
A x dx =

2
1
0
1
sin
2
1
1 2
0
1
x x x x sin
= + + =
2
1 0 0 0 1 1
1
sin
By horizontal slices, A y dy =
sin
/
0
2
= = + = cos cos cos
/
y
0
2
2
0 1

, which is the
same answer as by vertical slices.
10. By cylindrical shells, dV = 2 x tan
1
x dx.
V x x dx =

2
1
0
1
tan
x x dx tan
1
1
2
x
u dv
tan
1
x x
dx
1 + x
2
2

+
=
+
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
2
x x
x
x
dx tan
=
+
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2 1
2
x x
x
dx tan
= + +

1
2
1
2
1
2
2 1 1
x x x x C tan tan
= +

V x x x x
2 1 1
0
1
tan tan
= + +

tan tan
1 1
1 1 0 0 0
= =
2 1 2
4
1

tan
= =
1
2
1 7932
2
. K
Compare this with a cylinder ( r
2
h) minus a
cone ( r
2
h/3), both of radius 1 and altitude / 4,
which has volume 2 ( / 4)/3 =
2
/6 = 1.6449 ;
the volume is slightly less than V, which is
expected because the cylinder minus the cone is
generated by rotating a line that lies below the
graph.
Problem Set 9-9
Q1. x
x
= =

5
5
1
tan tan or
Q2. xe
x
e
x
+ C Q3.
1
3
3 tan x C +
Q4. 2x
1/ 2
+ C Q5. ln |x| + C
Q6. reduction formula Q7. False
Q8. dx dy dr rd
2 2 2 2
+ + or ( )
Q9. (1 x
2
)
1/ 2
Q10. C
1.
x
y
cosh
sinh
1
1
x
y
tanh
coth
1
1
x
y
sech
csch
1
1
2.

x
y
1
1
cosh
1
sinh
1
x
y
1
coth
tanh
1 1
1

x
y
1
1 csch
1
1
sech
1
3.
d
dx
x x x tanh tanh sec
3 2
3 = h
2
4.
d
dx
x x x 5 3 15 3 sec sec tanh h h 3 =
5. cosh sinh cosh
5 6
1
6
x x dx x C = +
6. ( ) sinh cosh (sinh ) x x dx x C

= +
3 2
1
2
= +
1
2
csch
2
x C
Or: ( ) h
2
sinh cosh csc coth x x dx x x dx
=

3
= + = + +
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
coth (csc ) x C x C h
2
1
= +
1
2
csch
2
x C
7.
d
dx
x x (csc sin ) h
= csch x coth x sin x + csch x cos x
8.
d
dx
x x x x x x (tan tanh ) sec tanh tan sec = +
2 2
h
9. sec tanh h
2
4
1
4
4 x dx x C = +
10. sec tanh sec h h 7 7

1
7
7 x x dx x C = +
11.
d
dx
x x x x x x ( coth ) coth csc
3 2 3 2
3 = h
12.
d
dx
x x ( csc )
. 2 5
4 h
= 2.5x
1.5
csch 4x 4x
2.5
csch 4x coth 4x
13. tanh ln cosh x dx x =
( )
1
3
1
3
= ln (cosh 3) ln (cosh 1) = 1.875547
14. sinh cosh x dx x = =
4
4
4
4
0
(Note that sinh is an odd function.)
15.
d
dx
x
x
sinh
ln
5
3
=
5 5 3 5
3
1
2
cosh ln sinh
(ln )
x x x x
x
16.
d
dx
x
x
cosh
cos
6
3
=
+ 6 6 3 3 6 3
3
2
sinh cos cosh sin
cos
x x x x
x
17. x x dx sinh
u dv
x sinh x
1 cosh x
0 sinh x
+
+
= x cosh x sinh x + C
x x dx sinh
0
1
= = x x x cosh sinh cosh sinh
0
1
1 1
= e
1
= 0.36787
18. x x dx
2
cosh
u dv
x
2
cosh x
2x sinh x
2 cosh x
0 sinh x
+
+
= x
2
sinh x 2x cosh x + 2 sinh x + C
x x dx
a
b
2
cosh
= + x x x x x
a
b
2
2 2 sinh cosh sinh
= b
2
sinh b 2b cosh b + 2 sinh b
a
2
sinh a + 2a cosh a 2 sinh a
19.
d
dx
x
x
( sinh )
3 4
12
16 1
1
2
=
+
20.
d
dx
x
x
x
( tanh )
5
15
1
1 3
2
6
=
21. tanh
1
5x dx
= + +
1
5
5
1
10
1 5
1
x x x C tanh ln | ( ) |
2
22. 4 6
1
cosh
x dx
= +
4
6
6
4
6
6 1
1 2 1 2
x x x C cosh [( ) ]
/
= +
2
3
6
2
3
36 1
1 2
x x x C cosh
23. Let x = 3 sinh t, dx = 3 cosh t dt,
x t t
2 2
9 9 9 3 + = + = sinh cosh ,
t
x
=

sinh .
1
3
+ =

x dx t t dt
2
9 3 3 cosh cosh
=
9
2
cosh t dt
u dv
cosh t cosh t
sinh t sinh t
+
9 9
2
cosh sinh sinh t t t dt
=
9 9 1
2
cosh sinh (cosh ) t t t dt
= +

9 9 9
2
cosh sinh cosh t t t dt
= + +
18 9 9
2
1
cosh cosh sinh t dt t t t C
= + +
9 4 5 4 5
2
cosh . cosh sinh . t dt t t t C
=
+
+ +
4 5
9
3 3
4 5
3
2
1
. . sinh
x x x
C
= + + +
0 5 9 4 5
3
2 1
. . sinh x x
x
C
24. Let x = 5 cosh t, dx = 5 sinh t dt,
x t t
2 2
25 25 25 5 cosh sinh = = ,
t
x
=

cosh
1
5
.
=

x dx t t dt
2
25 5 5 sinh sinh
=
25
2
sinh t dt
u dv
sinh t sinh t
cosh t cosh t
+
=
25 25
2
sinh cosh cosh t t t dt
= +
25 25 1
2
sinh cosh sinh t t t dt ( )
=

25 25 25
2
sinh cosh sinh t t t dt dt
= +
50 25 25
2
1
sinh sinh cosh t dt t t t C
= +
25 12 5 12 5
2
sinh sinh cosh t dt t t t C . .
=

12 5
25
5 5
12 5
5
2
1
. .
x x x
cosh
= +
0 5 25 12 5
5
2 1
. . x x
x
C cosh
25. a. Figure 9-9g shows that the horizontal force
is given by the vector (h, 0) and the vertical
force is the vector (0, v), so their sum, the
tension vector, is the vector (h, v), which has
slope
v
h
. Because the tension vector points
along the graph, the graphs slope, y , also
equals
v
h
.
b. v = weight of chain below (x, y) = s w
= =

= y
v
h
s w
h
w
h
s
c. ds dx dy dx dy dx = + = +
2 2 2 2
1 [ ( / ) ]
= + 1
2
( ) y dx
= = + d y
w
h
ds
w
h
y dx ( ) 1
2
( )
d. [ ( ) ] ( ) 1
2 12
+
/
y d y
= +
/
( ) ( ) 1
2 12
sinh sinh t d t
=
/
( ) ( ) cosh cosh
2 12
t t dt
= = + = +
dt t C y C sinh
1
1
w
h
dx
w
h
x C = +
2
= +
sinh
1
y
w
h
x C
e. At x = 0, y = 0, so
sinh
= + =
1
0 0 0
w
h
C C .
f. sinh sinh
= =
1
y
w
h
x y
w
h
x
g.
dy
dx
w
h
x dy
w
h
x dx = =

sinh sinh
= + y
h
w
w
h
x C cosh
26. a. y x k
k
C = = = + 2 0 2
1
0 when cosh
2 = k + C C = 2 k
y x k
k
k = = = + 5 4 5
4
2 when cosh
Using the solver feature of your grapher,
k 3.0668 .
y x =
+ 3 0668
1
3 0668
2 3 0668 . . cosh
.
y x =
3 0668
1
3 0668
1 0668 . . cosh
.
b. y (20) = 1040.9739
c. y = 4:
4 3 0668
1
3 0668
1 0668 =
. . cosh
.
x

cosh
.
.
.
1
3 0668
5 0668
3 0668 K
K
K
x =
x =

3 0668
5 0668
3 0668
3 3355
1
. . cosh
.
.
By symmetry, x = 3.3355 .
The answer can be found numerically using
the solver feature of your grapher.
d. y
k
x y = = sinh
1
3 1 1418 ; ( ) .
e. A k
k
x k dx = +
cosh
1
2
1
3
= +
k
k
x k x
2
1
3
1
2 sinh ( )
=
( . ) 3 0668
3
3 0668
1
3 0668
2
sinh
.
sinh
.
+ 4(2 3.0668)
= 9.5937
f. L y dx = +
1
2
1
3
( )
= +
1
2
1
3
sinh ( / ) x k dx
= =
cosh sinh
1 1
1
3
1
3
k
x dx k
k
x
= +
= k
k k
sinh sinh
3 1
4 5196 .
27. a. The vertex is midway between the poles,
so y = 110 ft when x = 150 ft.
y
h
w
w
h
x C = + cosh
= +
400
0 8
0 8
400
lb
lb ft . /
cosh
.
x C
110 500
1
500
150 =
+ cosh C
C = 110 500 cosh 0.3
y x = + 500
1
500
110 500 0 3 cosh cosh .
The cable comes closest to the ground at
x = 0.
y (0) = 500 cosh 0 + 110 500 cosh 0.3
= 610 500 cosh 0.3 = 87.3307 87.3 ft
b. y x = sinh
1
500
L x dx
x dx
= +
=
1 500
1
500
2
150
150
150
150
sinh ( / )
cosh
500
1
500 150
150
sinh x
= 500 sinh 0.3 500 sinh (0.3)
= 1000 sinh 0.3 = 304.5202 304.5 ft
A faster method is:
Half weight of cable = vertical tension at
(150, 110) = h y (150) (Compare
Problem 25.)
Weight . = = 2 400
1
500
150 800 0 3 sinh sinh
= 243.6162 243.6 lb
(Note: Because w L = weight, either of these
methods could give both the weight and the
length.)
c. T h v = +
2 2
; h is constant and v is greatest
at the ends, so the maximum tension is at
x = 150 ft.
T h hy ( ) 150 150
2 2
= + [ ( )]
= + = 400 1 0 3 400 0 3
2
sinh . cosh .
= 418.1354 418.1 lb
d. The general equation is y
h
w
w
h
x C = + cosh .
If y (0) = 100 and y (150) = 110, find h such
that y (150) y (0) = 10. Solve:
h
w
w
h
h
w
cosh 150 10 = , or
cosh
120
1
8
h h
=
By grapher, h = 901.3301... 901.3 lb.
28. The answers will depend on the dimensions
of the chain used. Note that the answer is
independent of the kind of chain. You might
show students how a heavy chain and a light
chain of equal length will hang in the same
catenary if they are suspended from the same
points.
Assume that the dimensions are the same as in
Example 5.
a. Vertex: (0, 20). Supports: (90, 120).
b. y = 51.78

cosh
.
1
51 78
31 78
K
K x .
c. Note: To conserve class time, you might have
students plot only each 20 cm for x, as shown
here for Example 5. Use the TABLE feature.
x y
0 20.0
20 23.9
40 36.2
60 58.8
80 95.1
d. A clever way to make sure the measurements
are vertical is to hold a book against the board
with its bottom edge along the chalk tray.
Then hold the meterstick against the vertical
edge of the book. It is crucial that the points
be plotted accurately to get the dramatic
impact of perfect fit.
e. For a quadratic function with vertex on the
y-axis, y = ax
2
+ c. Using the data for
Example 5,
20 = a (0) + c c = 20
120 90 20
1
81
2
= + = a a ( )
y x = +
1
81
20
2
20
10
x
y
parabola
catenary
The parabola is more curved at the vertex.
f. For Example 5,
dL y dx x dx = + = + 1 1
1
51 78
2 2
( ) sinh
. K

= cosh
.
1
51 78K
x dx

L x dx =
cosh
.
1
51 78 90
90
K

= =
51 78
1
51 78
285 349
90
90
. . K
K
K sinh
.
x
285.3 cm
The actual length should be close to this.
29. a. y = sinh x
dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1
2
cosh
S x x dx = +
2 1
2
0
1
cosh
= 5.07327 by numerical integration
5.07 ft
2
b. Cost = 2(57)(5.07327) = 578.3532
$578.35
c. Slice perpendicular to the y-axis.
dV = x
2
dy = (sinh
1
y)
2
dy
Top of bowl is at

y = = sinh . . 1
1
24
1 133534K

=
V y dy (sinh )
.
1 2
0
1 133K
= 1.25317 by numerical integration
1.253 ft
3
30. a. y k
k
x C = + cosh
1
Inner catenary: y
inner
(0) = 612, y
inner
(260) = 0
612
0
612 = + = + k
k
C C k
i
i
i i i
cosh
0
260
612 = + + k
k
k
i
i
i
cosh
k
i
= 97.1522 (numerically)
y
inner
= 97.1522 +
+ cosh
.
1
97 1522
1 612
K
x
Outer catenary: y
outer
(0) = 630, y
outer
(315) = 0
630 = k
o
cosh
0
k
o
+ C
o
C
o
= 630 + k
o
0 = k
o
cosh
315
k
o
+ 630 + k
o
k
o
= 127.7114 (numerically)

y x
outer
. = +
+ 127 7114
1
127 7114
1 630 K
K
cosh
.
b. The graphs are the same as in Figure 9-9k:
100
100
x
y
c. A y dx y dx =

outer inner
315
315
260
260
= + +
k
x
k
k x x
o
o
o
2
315
315
630 sinh
+
k
x
k
k x x
i
i
i
2
260
260
612 sinh
= 54323.2729 54,323 ft
2
d.
dy
dx k
x
outer
o
so = sinh ,
1
L
k
x dx = +
1
1
2
315
sinh
o
315
= =
cosh sinh
1 1
315
315
k
x dx k
k
x
o
315
315
o
o

2 127 7114
315
127 7114
. K
K
sinh
.
1493.7422 1494 ft.
e.

y
k
outer
o
( ) sinh sinh
.
315
315 315
127 7144K
5.8481 is the spiders starting slope.
f. Jos can fly through at altitude y
inner
(x) if
x 50 + 120/2 110.
y
inner
(110) 542.7829 , so the plane can
fly through at heights between 0 and 542 feet.
(Because of the curvature of the arch and the
vertical thickness of the plane, the closest
distance is slightly less than 50 feet when the
horizontal distance is 50 feet. The plane can
fly through at slightly higher altitudes by
banking slightly.)
31. a. H(x) csch x H(x) csch x coth x
H(1) csch 1 coth 1 1.1172855
b. H ( )
h h
1
1 01 0 99
0 02
csc ( . ) csc ( . )
.
1.11738505 . The answers differ by
0.0000995 , which is about 0.0089% of
the actual answer.
32. sec sin tanh h ( ) x dx x

1
1
2
1
2
sin
1
(tanh 2) sin
1
(tanh 1)
0.435990
Numerically,

sech . x dx
0 435990
1
2
K
(Checks.)
33. By parts:
e x dx
x
sinh2
u dv
sinh 2x e
x

2 cosh 2x e
x

4 sinh 2x e
x

+
+
+
e x e x e x dx
x x x
sinh cosh sinh 2 2 2 4 2

3 2 e x dx
x
sinh
+
e x e x C e x dx
x x x
sin cosh sinh h 2 2 2 2
1
+
2
3
2
1
3
2 e x e x C
x x
cosh sinh
By transforming to exponential form:
e x dx e e e dx
x x x x
sinh 2
1
2
2 2

( )
+ +

1
2
1
6
1
2
3 3
( ) e e dx e e C
x x x x
Transforming to exponential form is easier!
(Note that the two answers can be shown to be
equivalent either by transforming the first to
exponential form or by transforming the second
to hyperbolic form, as shown here.)
1
6
1
2
1
6
1
2
3 2 2
e e C e e e C
x x x x x
+ + +
j
(
\
,
+

+ +
j
(
\
,
+

e e e e e C
x x x x x
1
3
1
3
1
6
1
6
2 2 2 2
+
+
2
3 2
1
3 2
2 2 2 2
e
e e
e
e e
C
x
x x
x
x x
+
2
3
2
1
3
2 e x e x C
x x
cosh sinh
34. e x dx
x
sinh
u dv
e
x
sinh x
e
x
cosh x
e
x
sinh x
+
+
+
e x e x e x dx
x x x
cosh sinh sinh
+
0 e x dx e x x C
x x
sinh cosh sinh ) (
The original integral reappeared with the same
coefficient, so when it was added again to the left
side, it exactly canceled out the desired integral.
Use the exponential form of sinh x.
e x dx e e e dx
x x x x
sinh )

1
2
(

1
2
1
2
( ) e dx
x
+
1
4
1
2
2
e x C
x
35. a. cosh
2
x sinh
2
x
+ j
(
,
\
,
(

j
(
,
\
,
(
e e e e
x x x x
2 2
2 2
+ +
e e e e
x x x x 2 2 2 2
2
4
2
4
1

cosh
2
x sinh
2
x 1, Q.E.D.
b.
1 1
2
2 2
2
cosh
(cosh sinh )
cosh x
x x
x
1 tanh
2
x sech
2
x
c.
1 1
2
2 2
2
sinh
(cosh sinh )
sinh x
x x
x
coth
2
x 1 csch
2
x
36. a. Substitute 2x for x in the definition of sinh x.
b. sinh ( )
2
1
2
2 2
x e e
x x
2
1
2
1
2
2
( )
sinh cosh
e e e e
x x
x x x x
( )
c. cosh ( )
2
1
2
2 2
x e e
x x
+
+ + + +
1
4
1
1
4
1
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )

e e e e
x x x x
+
,
,
]
]
]
+
,
,
]
]
]
1
2
1
2
2
2
( ) ( )

e e e e
x x x x
cosh
2
x + sinh
2
x
d. cosh
2
x sinh
2
x 1 cosh
2
x 1 + sinh
2
x
cosh 2x cosh
2
x + sinh
2
x
(1 + sinh
2
x) + sinh
2
x 1 + 2 sinh
2
x
e. 1 + 2 sinh
2
x cosh 2x
2 sinh
2
x cosh 2x 1
sinh (cosh )
2
1
2
2 1 x x
37. a. On the circle, u
2
+ v
2
1
2u du + 2v dv 0 dv (u/v) du.
dL du dv du u v du
u v
v
du
v
du
u
du
L
du
u
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
1
( / )
cos
+

cos cos
cos
1
2
1 1
1 2 2 u
The curve along the hyperbola from u 1 to
u cosh 2 has length greater than the line
segment along the horizontal axis from (1, 0)
to (cosh 2, 0). This segment has length
L cosh 2 1 2.762 . So the length of
the curve is greater than 2, Q.E.D.
b. The area of the triangle that circumscribes the
sector is 0.5(2 sinh 2 cosh 2) sinh 2 cosh 2.
The area of the sector is the area of this
triangle minus the area of the region between
the upper and lower branches of the hyperbola
from u 1 to u cosh 2.
Slice this region vertically. Pick sample point
(u, v) on the upper branch, within the strip.
Let t be the argument of sinh and cosh at the
sample point. 0 t 2.
dA 2v du 2 sinh t d(cosh t) 2 sinh
2
t dt

A t dt
2 11 644958
2
0
2
sinh . K
Thus, the area of the sector is
cosh 2 sinh 2 11.644958 2, Q.E.D.
c. By definition of the circular functions,
x is the length of the arc from (1, 0) to
(cos x sin x). So the total arc has length 2x.
The circumference of a unit circle is 2, and
its area is . Thus,
A
x
x
sector
,
2
2
Q.E.D.
d. Slice as in part b.
Let l t dt
sinh
2
u dv
sinh t sinh t
cosh t cosh t
sinh cosh cosh t t t dt

2
+
sinh cosh ( sinh ) t t t dt 1

2

sinh cosh sinh t t t t dt

2
+
2
2
sinh sinh cosh t dt t t t C
sinh sinh cosh
2
1
0 5 0 5 t dt t t t C +
. .
Slicing as in part b, the area A between the
upper and lower branches of the hyperbola is
A t dt
x
2
2
0
sinh
2 0 5 0 5 0 ( . . ) sinh cosh x x x
sinh x cosh x x
Thus, the area of the sector is
cosh x sinh x (sinh x cosh x x) x,
Q.E.D.
38. a. y sinh
1
x sinh y x cosh y y 1

+
+
y
y
y x
1 1
1
1
1
2 2
cosh
sinh
, Q.E.D.
b. y tanh
1
x tanh y x sech
2
y y 1
y
y y x
1 1
1
1
1
2 2 2
sec tan h h
, Q.E.D.
c. y coth
1
x coth y x
csch
2
y y 1
y
y y x

1 1
1
1
1
2 2 2
(coth )
,
csch
Q.E.D.
d. y sech
1
x sech y x
sech y tanh y y 1
y
y y

1
tanh sech
1
1
2
sech sech y y

1
1
2
x x
, Q.E.D.
e. y csch
1
x csch y x
csch y coth y y 1
y
y y
y y

+
1 1
1
2
coth
csch
csch csch

+
1
1
2
| | x x
, Q.E.D.
Problem Set 9-10
Q1. Q2. sinh x + C
1
1
x
y
Q3. sinh x Q4. sin x
Q5. sin x + C Q6. y = x
3
Q7. y = tan x Q8. y = sinh x or x
3
+ x
Q9. y = e
x
Q10. A
1. a.
1
2
x
y
It might converge because the integrand
approaches zero as x approaches infinity.
b. ( / ) lim ( ) 1
2 2
2 2
x dx x dx
b
b
=

= = + =
lim lim( / / )
b
b
b
x b
1
2
1 1 2
1
2
Integral converges to
1
2
.
2. a.
3
1
x
y
b. 1
4 4
3 3
/ lim
b
x dx x dx
b
=

= = +
lim lim
b
b
b
x
b
1
3
1
3
1
81
1
81
3
3
3
The integral converges to
1
81
.
3. a.
x
y
1
1
b. ( / ) ( / ) 1 1
1 1
x dx x dx
b
=

lim
b
= = =

lim ln lim (ln )
b
b
b
x b | |
1
0
The integral diverges.
4. a.
1
1
x
y
becomes infinite only as x approaches zero.
b. ( / ) lim ( / ) 1 1
0
1
0
1
x dx x dx
a a
=
+
= = =

+ +
lim ln lim( ln )
a a a
x a
0
1
0
0 | |
5. a.
y
x 1
1
b. 1
0 2 0 2
1 1
/
. .
x dx x dx
b
b
=

lim
= = =

lim lim ( . . )
.
b
b
b
x b 1 25 1 25 1 25
0 8
1
0 8
.
.
6. a.
x
y
1
1
b. 1
1 2
1
1 2
1
/
. .
x dx x dx
b
b
=

lim
= = + =
lim lim ( )
.
b
b
b
x b 5 5 5 5
0 2
1
0 2 .
The integral converges to 5.
7. a.
1
1
x
y
b. 1
0 2
0
0 2
1
0
1
/
.
x dx x dx
a a
=
+
lim
.
= =

+ +
lim lim ( . . )
.
a a a
x a
0
0 8
1
0
0 8
1 25 1 25 1 25 .
.
= 1.25
The integral converges to 1.25.
8. a.
y
x
1
1
b. 1
1 2
0
1
0
1 2
1
/
. .
x dx x dx
a a
=

+
lim
= = + =
+ +
lim lim ( )
.
a a a
x a
0
0 2
1
0
0 2
5 5 5
.
9. a.
0 1
1
x
y
b. 1 1 1 1
2 2
0 0
/( ) /( ) + = +

x dx x dx
b
b
lim
= = =
lim tan lim (tan )
b
b
b
x b
1
0
1
0
2
The integral converges to /2.

10. a.
0 x 1
1
b. 1 1 1 1
0 0
/( ) /( ) + = +

x dx x dx
b
b
lim
= + = + =

lim ln lim[ln ( ) ]
b
b
b
x b | | 1 1 0
0
11. a.
0
y
x
1
1
becomes infinite only as x approaches 0 or 1.
b. To determine whether this converges, split the
integral into two pieces. Each piece must
converge in order for the integral to converge.
The integral can be written
1
0
1
/( ) x x dx ln
= +

1 1
0
/( ) /( )
1
x x dx x x dx
c
c
ln ln
= +

+
lim ln lim ln
a b c
b
a
c
x x dx x x dx
0 1
1 1 /( ) /( )
= +

+
lim ln ln lim ln ln
a a
c
b c
b
x x
0 1
| | | |
=
+
lim(ln | ln | ln | ln |)
lim(ln | ln | ln | ln |)
a
b
c a
b c
0
1
= +
For the integral to converge, both limits must
exist. Because neither exists, the integral
diverges.
12. a.
0 3
y
x
1
1
b. The indefinite integral can be written
( ) ( / ) . ln (ln ) x dx x x C

= +
2 1
1 1
2 2
3 3
/[ ( ) ] /[ ( ) ] x x dx x x dx
b
b
ln lim ln =
lim ln
b
b
x ( )
1
3
= + =

lim[(ln ) (ln ) ]
b
b
1 1
3 (ln 3)
1
(ln 3)
1
= 0.910239 .
13. a.
2
x
1
y
b. e dx e dx
x
b
x
b
=

0 4 0 4
2 2
. .
lim
=
lim
b
x
b
e 2 5
0 4
2
.
.
= + =

lim( . . )
. .
b
b
e e e 2 5 2 5 2 5
0 4 0 8 0 8
.
.
The integral converges to 2.5e
0.8
= 1.1233 .
14. a.
0 1
1
x
y
It diverges because the integrand does not
approach zero as x approaches infinity.
b. (Not applicable)
15. a.
0 1 2
1
x
y
It does not converge because the integrand is
undefined for x < 0.
b. (Not applicable)
16. a.
0 3 7
1
1
x
y
becomes infinite only as x approaches 3.
b. ( ) x dx 3
2 3
1
7
/
= +
+
lim ( ) lim ( )
b a a
b
x dx x dx
3
2 3
3
2 3
7
1
3 3
/ /
= +

+
lim lim
b
b
a a
x x
3
1 3
1 3
1 3
7
3 3 3 3 ( ) ( )
/ /
=

lim[ ( ) ( ) ]
/ /
b
b
3
1 3 1 3
3 3 3 2
+
+
lim[ ( ) ( ) ]
/ /
a
a
3
1 3 1 3
3 4 3 3
= 3 2
1/3
+ 3 4
1/3
The integral converges to 3 2
1/3
+ 3 4
1/3
= 8.5419 .
17. a.
0 1
x
y
1
It might converge because the integrand seems
to approach zero as x approaches infinity.
b. Integrate by parts:
xe dx e x C
x x
= + +
( 1)
xe dx xe dx
x
b
x
b
=

lim
0 0
= + = + + =
lim lim[ ( ) ]
b
x
b
b
b
e x e b ( ) 1 1 1 1
0
(The first term is zero by lHospitals rule.)
Integral converges to 1.
18. a.
0 3
x
y
1
1
becomes infinite only as x approaches 1.
b. ( ) x dx 1
2
0
3
= +
+
lim ( ) lim ( )
b a a
b
x dx x dx
1
2
1
2
3
0
1 1
= +
+
lim lim
b
b
a a
x x
1
1
0 1
1
3
1 1 ( ) ( )
= +
lim [( ) ( ) ]

b
b
1
1 1
1 1
+ +
+
lim [ ( ) ]

a
a
1
1 1
2 1
= +
For the integral to converge, both limits must
exist. Because neither exists, the integral
diverges.
19. a.
20
1
x
y
b. (Not applicable)
20. a.
20
1
x
y
b. (Not applicable)
21. As b x dx
b
, cos
0
oscillates between 1 and
1 and never approaches a limit. Similarly,
sin x dx
b
0
oscillates between 0 and 2.

22. a. I /
.
. .
1 001
1 001 1 001
1 1
1 = =

x dx x dx
b
b
lim
=
lim
b
b
x 1000
0 001
1
.
= +
lim ( )
.
b
b 1000 1000
0 001
= 1000 (converges), Q.E.D.
I /
.
. .
0 999
0 999 0 999
1 1
1 = =

x dx x dx
b
b
lim
=
lim
b
b
x 1000
0 001
1
.
=
lim ( )
.
b
b 1000 1000
0 001
= (diverges), Q.E.D.
b. I /
1
1
1 = =
x dx (see Problem 3), so I

1
diverges.
c. Ip converges if p > 1 and diverges if p 1.
23. a. y = 1/x = x
1
dA = y dx = x
1
dx
A x dx = =
1
1
(See Problem 3)
The area does not approach a finite limit.
b. By plane slices, dV = y
2
dx = x
2
dx.
V x dx x
b b
b b
= =
lim lim
2 1
1 1
= + =
lim ( )
b
b
1
The volume converges to .
c. By cylindrical shells, dV = 2 xy dx
= 2 x(x
1
) dx = 2 dx.
V dx x
b
b
b
b
= =

lim lim 2 2
1
1

= =
lim ( )
b
b 2 2
Volume diverges.
d. False. The volume could approach a constant
as in part b or become infinite as in part c.
24. y = 1/x x = y
1
Slice the vertical cross section horizontally.
dA = x dy = y
1
dy
A y dy y
a a a
a
= =
lim lim ln
1
1
1
| |
= + =
lim ( ln | | ln | |)
a
a 1
The area of the buckets surface is greater than
the area of the cross section, and the cross-
sectional area diverges. Thus, the bucket has
infinite surface area. The bucket is congruent to
the solid in Problem 23b, which has volume
approaching . Thus, cubic units of paint
would fill the bucket but could not coat the
whole surface!
25. a. f x t e dt
x t
( ) =

0
f te dt te e
b
t
b
b
t t
b
( ) 1
0
0
= =
lim lim ( )

= + + =
lim ( )

b
b b
be e 0 1 1
(Using lHospitals rule on be
b
gives
lim lim lim
b
b
b
b
b
b
be
b
e e

= = =
1
0. )
f t e dt
b
t
( ) 2
2
0
=
lim
= +
lim
b
t
b
t
t e te dt
2
0 0
2
= + + =
lim ( )
b
b
b e
2
0 2 1 2 ( )
(Using lHospitals rule on b
2
e
b
gives
lim lim lim
b
b
b
b
b
b
b e
b
e e

= = =
2
2 2
0.)
f t e dt
b
t
( ) 3
3
0
=
lim
= +
lim
b
t
b
t
t e t e dt
3
0
2
0
3
= + + =
lim ( )
b
b
b e
3
0 3 2 6 ( )
(Using lHospitals rule on b
3
e
b
gives
lim lim lim lim
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b e
b
e
b
e e

= = = =
3
2
3 6 6
0.)
b. Conjecture:
f ( 4) = 4 f (3) = 24 = 4!
f ( 5) = 5 f (4) = 120 = 5!
f ( 6) = 6 f (5) = 720 = 6!
c. f x t e dt
x t
( ) =

0
u dv
t
x
e
t

xt
x1
e
t

+

= +
lim
b
x t
b
x t
t e x t e dt
0
1
0
= + +
lim ( )
b
x b
b e x f x 0 1 ( )
= 0 + 0 + x f (x 1)
= x f (x 1), Q.E.D.
( lim ( )
b
x b
b e
= 0 can be proved by
mathematical induction using
lHospitals rule.)
d. Part a shows that f (1) = 1 = 1!.
Part c shows that f (n) = nf (n 1) =
n(n 1) f (n 2) = n(n 1)(n 2)(2)(1)
= n!, Q.E.D.
e. t e dt
t 3
0
1000
6
The value of b that makes the integral come

within 0.000001 of 6 can be found numerically
(though it will be slow), or algebraically:
t e dt
t
b
3
0
= +

b e b e be e
b b b b 3 2
3 6 6 6
|b
3
e
b
+ 3b
2
e
b
+ 6be
b
+ 6e
b
| < 0.000001
for b > 23.4050 , say, b 24.
f. 0 5
0 5
0
0 5
0
24
. !
.
=

t e dt t e dt
t t .
0.886227311
From the graphs, t
0.5
e
t
< t
3
e
t
for x 24. The
error in 0.5! from stopping at b = 24 is the
area under the tail of the graph from b = 24.
Error < < . =

t e dt t e dt
t t 0 5
24
3
24
0 000001
.
The difference between the tabulated value
of 0.5! and the value calculated here is
0.8862269255
0.866227311
= 0.000000386
which is less in absolute value than 0.000001.
Note, however, that the difference is negative
because the calculated value is larger than
the tabulated value. This observation means
that either the tabulated value is incorrect or
there is more inaccuracy in the numerical
integration algorithm than there is in the error
caused by dropping the tail of the integral.
(Using a smaller tolerance in the numerical
integrator gives a value of 0.8862269252 .)
g. Using the tabulated value of 0.5!,
1.5! = 1.5(0.5!) = 1.3293
2.5! = 2.5(1.5!) = 3.3233
3.5! = 3.5(2.5!) = 11.6317
h. 0
0
0
0
! = =

t e dt e
t
b
t
b
lim
= + =
lim( )
b
b
e 1 1, Q.E.D.
i. (1)! = 0!/0, which is infinite. So (2)! and
(3)!, which equal (1)!/(1) and (2)!/(2),
are also infinite. However,
(0.5)! = 0.5!/(0.5) = 1.77245
(1.5)! = (0.5)!/(0.5) = 3.54490
(2.5)! = (1.5)!/(1.5) = 2.36327
all of which are finite.
j. 0 5
2
0 886226925 . ! . , = =
K which agrees
with the tabulated value.
26. dW = F dr = 1000r
2
dr
At the earths surface, r = 1.
W r dr r
b
b
= =

1000 1000
2
1
1
1
lim
= +
lim ( )
b
b 1000 1000
1
= 1000 radius-pounds
Thus, the amount of work does not increase
without bound as r goes to infinity.
27. a. 2
2
2 1
3
x
x
x
dx

2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
3
x x
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
b. 2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
3
x x
x
x
dx
x
x
dx

lim
lim
b
x
b
a
x
a
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
2 1
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
c. lim
b
x
b
x
x
dx
2 1
2
2
2
+

+
lim
a
x
a
x
x
dx
2
3
2
2
2
= + +

+
lim ( ) lim ( )
b
x
a
x
a
b
dx dx
2 2
3
1
2 1 2 1
= + +

+
lim( /ln ) lim( /ln )
b
x
b
a
x
a
x x
2 1 2
3
2 2 2 2
= +

lim( /ln /ln )
b
b
b
2
2 2 2 2 1
+ +
+
lim( /ln /ln )
a
a
a
2
3
2 2 3 2 2
= + + 4 2 2 2 2 1 8 2 3 / / / ln ln ln
+ = / / 4 2 2 6 2 ln ln
The integral converges to 6/ln 2 = 8.6561 .
d. The integral is defined by dividing the
interval into Riemann partitions and summing
the subintervals. But the Riemann partitions
may be chosen so that the discontinuities
are at endpoints of subintervals. Then the
subintervals corresponding to each continuous
piece may be summed separately.
e. False. Some discontinuous functions (notably,
piecewise continuous functions) are integrable.
Problem Set 9-11
1. y = sec 3x tan 3x
y = (3 sec 3x tan 3x) tan 3x + sec 3x (3 sec
2
3x)
= 3 sec 3x tan
2
3x + 3 sec
3
3x
2. y = sinh 5x tanh 5x
y = (5 cosh 5x) tanh 5x + sinh 5x (5 sech
2
5x)
= 5 sinh 5x + 5 sinh 5x sech
2
5x or
5 sinh 5x + 5 tanh 5x sech 5x
3. x x dx cosh 4
16
u dv
x cosh 4x
1
1
4
sinh 4x
0
1
cosh 4x
+
+
= +
1
4
4
1
16
4 x x x C sinh cosh
4. x x dx cos
u dv
x cos x
1 sin x
0 cos x
+
+
= + + x x x C sin cos
5. f (x) = (3x + 5)
1
f (x) = 3(3x + 5)
2
6. f (x) = (5 2x
1
) f (x) = 2(5 2x)
2
7. ( ) 3 5
1
3
3 5
1
x dx x C + = + +
ln | |
8. ( ) | |
1
5 2
1
2
5 2 = +
x dx x C ln
9. t(x) = tan
5
4x
t(x) = 5 tan
4
4x (4 sec
2
4x) = 20 tan
4
4x sec
2
4x
10. h(x) = sech
3
7x
h(x) = 3 sech
2
7x (7 sech 7x tanh 7x)
= 21 sech
3
7x tanh 7x
11. sin cos
2
1
2
1 2 x dx x dx ( ) =

= +
1
2
1
4
2 x x C sin
= +
1
2
1
2
x x x C sin cos (or integrate by parts)
12. cos cos
2
1
2
1 2 x dx x dx = +

( )
= + +
1
2
1
4
2 x x C sin
= + +
1
2
1
2
x x x C sin cos (or integrate by parts)
13. y
x
x
=
+

6 11
2
y
x x
x x
=
+
+
=
+
6 2 6 11 1
2
23
2
2 2
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
14. y
x
x
=
+
5 9
4
y
x x
x x
=
+
=
5 4 5 9 1
4
29
4
2 2
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
15.
6 11
2
6
23
2
x
x
dx
x
dx
+
=
+

= 6x 23 ln | x + 2 | + C
16.
5 9
4
5
29
4
x
x
dx
x
dx
+
= +

= 5x + 29 ln | x 4 | + C
17. f t t t ( ) ( )
1/2
= + = + 1 1
2 2
f t t t
t
t
= + =
+
( ) ( )
1
2
1 2
1
2 1 2
2
( )
/
18. g t t t ( ) ( )
1/2
= =
2 2
1 1
g t t t
t
t
= =
( ) ( )
1
2
1 2
1
2 1 2
2
( )
/
19. 1 1
2 2
+ = +

t dt d tan tan ( )
= =
sec sec tan

3
1
2
d
+ + +
1
2
ln sec tan | | C
= + + + + +
1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2
t t t t C ln
20. t dt d
2 2
1 1 sec sec =

( )
= =

sec tan sec sec
2 3
d d ( )
= + +
1
2
1
2
ln | sec + tan | + C
= + +
1
2
1
2
= + +
1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2
t t t t C ln
21. y = x
3
e
x

y = 3x
2
e
x
+ x
3
e
x
= x
2
e
x
(3 + x)
22. y = x
4
e
x

y = 4x
3
e
x
x
4
e
x
= x
3
e
x
(4 x)
23. x e dx
x 3
u dv
x
3
e
x
3x
2
e
x
6x e
x
6 e
x
0 e
x
+
+
+
= x
3
e
x
3x
2
e
x
+ 6xe
x
6e
x
+ C
24. x e dx
x 4
u dv
x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
12x
2
e
x
24x e
x
24 e
x
0 e
x
+
+
+
= x
4
e
x
4x
3
e
x
12x
2
e
x
24xe
x
24e
x
+ C
25. f x x f x
x
x ( ) ( ) ( )
/
= = =

sin
1
2
2 1 2
1
1
1
26. g x x g x
x
( ) ( ) = =
+
tan
1
2
1
1
27. sin
1
x dx
u dv
sin
1
x 1
(1 x
2
)
1/2
x
+
x x x x dx sin
1 2 1 2
1 ( ) ( )
/
= x sin
1
x (0.5)(2)(1 x
2
)
1/2
+ C
= + +
x x x C sin
1 2
1
28. tan
1
x dx
u dv
tan
1
x 1
1
1 + x
2
x
+
=
+
x x
x
x dx tan ( )
1
2
1
1
= + +
x x x C tan ln
1 2
1
2
1 | |
29.
1
4 5
1 6
5
1 6
1
2
x x
dx
x x
dx
+
=
+
+
/ /
= + + +
1
6
5
1
6
1 ln ln | | | | x x C
30.
1
6 7
1 8
1
1 8
7
2
x x
dx
x x
dx

/ /
=
+
+

= + + +
1
8
1
1
8
7 ln ln | | | | x x C
31.
1
4 5
1
2 9
2 2
x x
dx
x
dx
+
=
+

( )
=
1
3 9
3
2
( sec )
( sec tan )
d
= =

1
3
3
tan
sec tan sec
( ) d d
= + + + + ln ( ) ( )
1
3
2
1
3
2 9
2
1
x x C
= + + + + ln x x x C 2 4 5
2
32.
1
6 7
1
3 16
2 2
x x
dx
x
dx

=

( )
=
1
4 16
4
2
( sec )
( sec tan )
d
= =

1
4
4
tan
( sec tan ) sec
d d
= + + ln |sec tan | C
= + + ln ( ) ( )
1
4
3
1
4
3 16
2
1
x x C
= + + ln x x x C 3 6 7
2
33. f (x) = tanh x f (x) = sech
2
x
34. f (x) = coth x f (x) = csch
2
x
35. tanh
sinh
cosh
ln cosh x dx
x dx
x
x C

= = + | |
(Absolute value is optional.)
36. coth
cosh
sinh
ln sinh x dx
x dx
x
x C = = +

| |
(Absolute value is necessary.)
37. y = e
2x
cos 3x
y = (2e
2x
) cos 3x + e
2x
(3 sin 3x)
= e
2x
(2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x)
38. y = e
3x
cos 4x
y = (3e
3x
) cos 4x + e
3x
(4 sin 4x)
= e
3x
(3 cos 4x + 4 sin 4x)
39. e x dx
x 2
3 cos
9
u dv
e
2x
cos 3x
2e
2x
1
3
sin 3x
4e
2x
1
cos 3x
+
+
= +
1
3
3
2
9
3
2 2
e x e x
x x
sin cos
4
9
3
2
e x dx
x
cos
13
9
3
2
e x dx
x
cos
= + +
1
3
3
2
9
3
2 2
1
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
e x dx
x 2
3 cos
= + +
3
13
3
2
13
3
2 2
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
40. e x dx
x
3
4 cos
u dv
e
3x
cos 4x
3e
3x
1
4
sin 4x
9e
3x
1
16
cos 4x
+
+
=

1
4
4
3
16
4
3 3
e x e x
x x
sin cos
9
16
4
3
e x dx
x
cos
25
16
4
3
e x dx
x
cos
= +

1
4
4
3
16
4
3 3
1
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
e x dx
x
3
4 cos
= +

4
25
4
3
25
4
3 3
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
Note: As a check for integrals such as
Problems 39 and 40, the numerators of the
coefficients equal the 3 and 4 in the arguments
of e
3x
and cos 4x. The denominators equal
3
2
+ 4
2
, or 25.
41. g (x) = x
3
ln 5x
g (x) = (3x
2
) ln 5x + x
3
(5/5x)
= x
2
(3 ln 5x + 1)
42. h (x) = x
2
ln 8x
h (x) = (2x) ln 8x + x
2
(8/8x)
= x(2 ln 8x + 1)
43. x x dx
3
5 ln
------------------------
u dv
ln 5x x
3

1
x
1
4
x
4

1
1
4
x
3
0
1
16
x
4
+
+
= +
1
4
5
1
16
4 4
x x x C ln
44. x x dx
2
8 ln
------------------------
9
3
3
u dv
ln 8x x
2

1
x
1
x
3
1
1
x
2
0
1
x
3 +
+
= +
1
3
8
1
9
3 3
x x x C ln
45. y
x
x x x
=
+ + +

( )( )( ) 2 3 4
ln y = ln x ln (x + 2)
ln (x + 3) ln (x + 4)
y = y[x
1
(x + 2)
1
(x + 3)
1
(x + 4)
1
]
=
+ + +
+

x
x x x
x x
( )( )( ) 2 3 4
2
1 1
[ ( )
(x + 3)
1
(x + 4)
1
]
46. y
x
x x x
=
( )( )( ) 1 2 3
ln y = ln x ln (x 1)
ln (x 2) ln (x 3)
y = y[x
1
(x 1)
1
(x 2)
1
(x 3)
1
]
=

x
x x x
x x
( )( )( ) 1 2 3
1
1 1
[ ( )
(x 2)
1
(x 3)
1
]
47.
x
x x x
dx
( )( )( ) + + +
2 3 4
=
+
+
+

+
1
2
3
3
2
4 x x x
dx
= ln |x + 2| + 3 ln |x + 3| 2 ln |x + 4| + C
48.
x
x x x
dx
( )( )( ) 1 2 3
= +
1 2
1
2
2
3 2
3
/

/
x x x
dx
= + +
1
2
1 2 2
3
2
3 ln ln ln | | | | | | x x x C
49. y = cos
3
x sin x
y = (3 cos
2
x sin x) sin x + cos
3
x (cos x)
= 3 cos
2
x sin
2
x + cos
4
x
50. y = sin
5
x cos x
y = (5 sin
4
x cos x) cos x + sin
5
x (sin x)
= 5 sin
4
x cos
2
x sin
6
x
51. cos sin cos
3 4
1
4
x x dx x C ( ) = +
52. sin cos sin

5 6
1
6
x x dx x C ( ) = +
53. cos sin cos

3 2
1 x dx x x dx =

( )
=

cos sin cos x dx x x dx
2
( )
= + sin sin x x C
1
3
3
Or: cos cos sin cos
3 2
1
3
2
3
x dx x x x dx = +

= + +
1
3
2
3
2
cos sin sin x x x C
54. sin cos sin
5 2
1 x dx x x dx =

( ) ( )
2
= +
( )( ) 1 2
2 4
cos cos sin x x x dx
=

sin cos sin x dx x x dx 2
2
+
cos sin
4
x x dx
= + + cos cos cos x x x C
2
3
1
5
3 5
Or: sin sin cos sin
5 4 3
1
5
4
5
x dx x x x dx = +

= +
1
5
4
15
8
15
4 2
sin cos sin cos sin x x x x x dx
=
1
5
4
15
4 2
+
8
15
cos x C
55. cos cos sin cos
4 3 2
1
4
3
4
x dx x x x dx = +

= + +
1
4
3
8
3
8
3
cos sin cos sin x x x x dx
= + + +
1
4
3
8
3
8
3
cos sin cos sin x x x x x C
56. sin sin cos sin
6 5 4
1
6
5
6
x dx x x x dx = +

=
1
6
5
24
5 3
+
15
24
2
sin x dx
=
1
6
5
24
5 3
+
15
48
15
48
sin cos x x dx
=
1
6
5
24
5 3
+ +
5
16
5
16
sin cos x x x C
57. g (x) = (x
4
+ 3)
3

g (x) = 3(x
4
+ 3)
2
(4x
3
) = 12x
3
(x
4
+ 3)
2
58. f (x) = (x
3
1)
4

f (x) = 4(x
3
1)
3
(3x
2
) = 12x
2
(x
3
1)
3
59. ( ) ( )
3
x dx x x x dx
4 12 8 4
3 9 27 27 + = + + +

= + + + +
1
13
27
5
27
13 9 5
x x x x C
60. ( )
4
x dx
3
1
= + +
( ) x x x x dx
12 9 6 3
4 6 4 1
= + + +
1
13
2
5
6
7
13 10 7 4
x x x x x C
61. ( )
3
x x dx x C
4 3 4 4
3
1
16
3 + = + +
( )
62. ( ) ( ) x x dx x C
3 4 2 3 5
1
1
15
1 = +
63. ( ) x dx x x C
4 5
3
1
5
3 + = + +
64. ( ) x dx x x C
3 4
1
1
4
= +
65. f x t dt f x x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + = +
4 3
1
4 3
3 3
66. h x t dt h x x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = =
3
5
4 3 4
1 1
67. xe dx
x
1
2
u dv
x e
x
1 e
x
0 e
x
+
+

= = + = = xe e e e e e e
x x
1
2
2 2 2
2 7 3890 . K
68. xe dx
x
0
2
u dv
x e
x

1 e
x

0 e
x
+
+
= = + +

xe e e e
x x
0
2
2 2
2 0 1
= 3e
2
+ 1 = 0.59399
69. r(x) = xe
x
r (x) = xe
x
+ e
x
70. s(x) = xe
x
s(x) = xe
x
+ e
x
71. q x
x
x
( )
ln
=
+
2
=
+
=

q x
x x x
x
x
x
( )
( / ) (ln ) ln 1 2 1 1
2 2
72. r x
x
x
( )
(ln )
=
+
3
4
=
+
r x
x x x x
x
( )
(ln ) ( / ) [(ln ) ] 3 1 4 1
2 3
2
=
3 4
2 3
2
(ln ) (ln ) x x
x
73.
ln
(ln )
x
x
dx x
dx
x
+
= +

2
2
= + +
1
2
2
2
(ln ) x C
74.
(ln )
(ln )
x
x
dx x
dx
x x
dx
3
3
4 4 +
= +

= + +
1
4
4
4
(ln ) ln | | x x C
(The absolute values are optional because ln x
appears in the original integrand, so only
positive values of x can be used.)
75. f x e f x xe
x x
( ) ( ) = =
2 2
2
76. f x e f x x e
x x
( ) ( ) = =
3 3
3
2
77. xe dx e C
x x
2 2
1
2
= +
78. x e dx e C
x x 2
3 3
1
3
= +
79. x e dx
x 3
2
---------------------
2
u dv
x
2
xe
x
2

2x
1
2
e
x
2
2
1
xe
x
2
0
1
4
e
x
2

+
+
= +
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
x e e C
x x
80. x e dx
x 5
3
---------------------
u dv
x
3
x
2
e
x
3

3x
2
1
3
e
x
3
1 x
2
e
x
3
0
1
3
e
x
3
+
+
= +
1
3
1
3
3
3 3
x e e C
x x
81. e bx dx
ax
cos
u dv
e
ax
cos bx
ae
ax
1
b
sin bx
a
2
e
ax
1
b
2 cos bx
+
+
= +
1
2
2
2
b
e bx
a
b
e bx
a
b
e bx dx
ax ax ax
sin cos cos
a b
b
e bx dx
ax
2 2
2
+
cos
= + +
1
2 1
b
e bx
a
b
e bx C
ax ax
sin cos
e bx dx
ax
cos
=
+
+
+
+
b
a b
e bx
a
a b
e bx C
ax ax
2 2 2 2
sin cos
(for a, b not both 0)
e bx dx x C
ax
cos = +
(for a = b = 0)
82. e bx dx
ax
sin
b
2
u dv
e
ax
sinbx
ae
ax
1
b
cosbx
a
2
e
ax
1
sinbx
+
+
= +
1
2
b
e bx
a
b
e bx
ax ax
cos sin
a
b
e bx dx
ax
2
2
sin
a b
b
e bx dx
ax
2 2
2
+
sin
= + +
1
2 1
b
e bx
a
b
e bx C
ax ax
cos sin
e bx dx
ax
sin
=
+

+
+
a
a b
e bx
b
a b
e bx C
ax ax
2 2 2 2
sin cos
(for a, b not both 0)
e bx dx C
ax
sin =
(for a = b = 0)
83. sin ( cos )
2
1
2
1 2 cx dx cx dx

=
= +
1
2
1
4
2 x
c
cx C sin (for c 0)
sin
2
cx dx C =
(for c = 0)
84. cos cos
2
1
2
1 2 cx dx cx dx = +

( )
= + +
1
2
1
4
2 x
c
cx C sin (for c 0)
cos
2
cx dx x C = +
(for c = 0)
85. f x
ax b
cx d
( ) =
+
+
f x
a cx d c ax b
cx d
ad bc
cx d
=
+ +
+
=
+
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
(for c, d not both 0)
(undefined for c = d = 0)
86. f (x) = (ax + b)
n
f x na ax b
n
= +

( ) ( )
1
(for a, b not both 0, or n 1)
f (x) = 0 (for a = b = 0 and 0 n 1)
(undefined for a = b = 0 and n < 0)
87.
ax b
cx d
dx
a
c
b a c d
cx d
dx
+
+
= +

+

( / )
= + + +
ax
c
bc ad
c
cx d C
ln | |
2
(for c 0)
ax b
cx d
dx
a
d
x
b
d
x C
+
+
= + +
2
2
(for c = 0, d 0)
(undefined for c = d = 0)
88. ( ) ax b dx
ax b
a n
C
n
n
+ =
+
+
+
+
( )
( )
1
1
(for n 1, a 0)
( ) ax b dx
a
ax b C
n
+ = + +
1
ln | |
(for n = 1, a 0)
( ) ax b dx b x C
n n
+ = +
(for a = 0)
89.
x dx
x a
x a x dx
2 2
2 2 1 2
1
2
2
+
= +

( ) ( )
/
= + + = + +
1
2
2
2 2 1 2 2 2
( )
/
x a C x a C
90.
x dx
a x
a x x dx
2 2
2 2 1 2
1
2
2

( ) ( )
/
= + = +
1
2
2
2 2 1 2 2 2
( )
/
a x C a x C
(for a 0)
(undefined for a = 0)
91.
dx
x a
d a
a a
2 2 2 2 2
+
=
+

( tan )
tan
= =

a d
a
d
sec
sec
sec
2

= ln |sec + tan | + C
1
= + + + ln
1 1
2 2
1
a
x a
a
x C
= + + + ln x a x C
2 2
92.
dx
a x
d a
a a
2 2 2 2 2

( sin )
sin
= = = + = +

a d
a
d C
x
a
C
cos
cos
sin

1
(for a 0)
(undefined for a = 0)
93. f (x) = x
2
sin ax f (x) = 2x sin ax + ax
2
cos ax
94. f (x) = x
2
cos ax f (x) = 2x cos ax ax
2
sin ax
95. x ax dx
2
sin
u dv
x
2
sinax
2x
1
a
cosax
2
1
a
2
sinax
0
1
a
3
cosax
+
+
= + + +
1 2 2
2
2 3
a
x ax
a
x ax
a
ax C cos sin cos
(for a 0)
x ax dx C
2
sin =
(for a = 0)
96. x ax dx
2
cos
u dv
x
2
cosax
2x
1
a
sinax
2
1
a
2
cosax
0
1
a
3
sinax
+
+
= + +
1 2 2
2
2 3
a
x ax
a
x ax
a
ax C sin cos sin
(for a 0)
x ax dx x C
2 3
1
3
cos = +
(for a = 0)
97. sinh cosh ax dx
a
ax C = +
1
(for a 0)
sinh ax dx C =
(for a = 0)
98. cosh sinh ax dx
a
ax C = +
1
(for a 0)
cosh ax dx x C = +
(for a = 0)
99. cos
1
ax dx
u dv
cos
1
ax 1
a
1 (ax)
2
x
+
= +
x ax
ax dx
ax
cos
( )
1
2
1
=

x ax
a
ax a x dx cos
1 2 1 2 2
1
2
1 2 [ ( ) ] ( )
/
= +
x ax
a
ax C cos ( )
1 2
1
1
(for a 0)
cos
= +
1
2
ax dx x C
(for a = 0)
100. sin
1
ax dx
u dv
sin
1
ax 1
a
1 (ax)
2
x
+
x ax
ax dx
ax
sin
( )
1
2
1
= +

x ax
a
ax a x dx sin
1 2 1 2 2
1
2
1 2 [ ( ) ] ( )
/
= + +
x ax
a
ax C sin ( )
1 2
1
1 (for a 0)
sin
1
ax dx C (for a = 0)
101.
1
1+
x
dx Let u x = + 1 .
x = (u 1)
2
dx = 2(u 1) du
= =

2 1
2 2
( ) u du
u
du u du ( / )
= 2u 2 ln |u| + C
= + + + 2 1 2 1 ( ) | x x C ln |
Or: 2 2 1
1
x x C + + ln | |
Absolute values are optional because
1 0 + x > .
102.
1
1 x
dx
Let u x = 1 .
x = (1 u)
2
dx = 2(u 1) du
= =

2 1
2 2
( ) u du
u
du u du ( / )
= + 2 2 u u C ln | |
= + 2 1 2 1 ( ) | | x x C ln
Or: + 2 2 1
1
x x C ln | |
103.
1
1
4
+
x
dx Let u x = + 1
4
.
x = (u 1)
4
dx = 4(u 1)
3
du
= = +

4 1
4 12 12 4
3
2
( ) u du
u
u u u du ( / )
= + +
4
3
6 12 4
3 2
u u u u C ln | |
= + + + +
4
3
1 6 1 12 1
4 3 4 2 4
( ) x x x ( ) ( )
+ + 4 1
4
ln x C
Or:
4
3
2 4 4 1
4 3 4 2 4 4
1
( ) ln , x x x x C + + + ( ) | |
by expanding the powers or by starting with
u x =
4
.
Absolute values are optional because 1 0
4
+ x > .
104.
1
3
x x
dx
+
Let u x =
1 6 /
.
x = u
6
dx = 6u
5
du
=
+
=
+

6 6
1
5
3 2
3
u du
u u
u du
u
= +
+
6 6 6
6
1
2
u u
u
du
(by long division)
= + + + 2 3 6 6 1
3 2
u u u u C ln | |
= + + + 2 3 6 6 1
3 6 6
x x x x C ln ( )
105.
1
1 e
dx
x
+
Let u e
x
= +1.
e
x
= u
2
1
x = ln (u
2
1)
dx
u du
u
=
2
1
2
= =
+

2
1
1
1
1
1
2
du
u u u
du

(by partial fractions)
= + + ln ln | | | | u u C 1 1
= + + + + ln ln ( ) ( ) e e C
x x
1 1 1 1
106.
1
1 e
dx
x
Let u e
x
= . 1
e
x
= u
2
+ 1
x = ln (u
2
+ 1)
dx
u du
u
=
+
2
1
2
=
+
= + = +

2
1
2 2 1
2
1 1
du
u
u C e C
x
tan tan
107. a. Let t = x/2 and substitute, getting
cos x = 2 cos
2
(x/2) 1 and
sin x = 2 sin (x/2) cos (x/2).
b. cos
sec ( / )
x
x
=
2
2
1
2
=
2 2
2
2
2
sec ( / )
sec ( / )
x
x
=
+
+
2 1 2
1 2
2
2
[ tan ( / )]
tan ( / )
x
x
=
+
1 2
1 2
2
2
tan ( / )
tan ( / )
x
x
, Q.E.D.
sin
sin ( / )
cos ( / )
cos x
x
x
x = 2
2
2
2
2
( / )
= 2 2
1
2
2
tan
sec ( / )
( / ) x
x
=
+
2 2
1 2
2
tan ( / )
tan ( / )
x
x
, Q.E.D.
c. u x u x dx
du
u
= = =
+
tan tan ( / ) 2 2
2
1
1
2
cos
x
u
u
=
+
1
1
2
2
and sin x
u
u
=
+
2
1
2
from part b.
d.
1
1+
cos x
dx
=
+
+
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
u
u
du
u
=
+ +
=

2
1 1
2 2
du
u u
du
( ) ( )
e.
1
1
2
+
= = + = +

cos
tan
x
dx du u C x C ( / )
108. a. sec
cos
x dx
x
dx =

1
=
+
+
=

1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2 2
u
u
du
u u
du

b. sec
x dx
u u
du = +
+

1
1
1
1
= ln | 1 u | + ln |1 + u| + C
=
+
+ =
+
+ ln
ln
tan ( / )
tan ( / )
1
1
1 2
1 2
u
u
C
x
x
C
c. sec ln
tan ( / )
tan ( / )
x dx
x
x
C =
+
1 2
1 1 2
=
+
+ ln
tan ( / ) tan ( / )
tan ( / ) tan ( / )
4 2
1 4 2
x
x
C
= ln |tan (/4 + x/2)| + C
d. i. sec ln tan | x dx x = +
| ( / / ) 4 2
0
1
0
1
= ln |tan (/4 + 1/2)| ln |tan /4|
= ln |tan (/4 + 1/2)| = 1.226191
ii. sec ln sec tan | x dx x x = +
|
0
1
0
1
= ln |sec 1 + tan 1| ln |1 + 0| =
ln |sec 1 + tan 1| = 1.226191 , which
agrees with the answer in part i.
109.
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
cos
x
dx
u
u
du
u
=
+
+

=
+
= = +

2
1 1
1
2 2 2
du
u u
du
u u
C
( ) ( )
= cot (x/2) + C
110.
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
+
=
+
+
+

sin x
dx
u
u
du
u
=
+ +
=
+
=
+
+

2
1 2 1
1
1
2 2
du
u u
du
u u
C
( ) ( )
=
+
+
tan ( / )
1
2 1 x
C
111.
cos
cos
x
x
dx
u
u
u
u
du
u 1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
=
+
+
+

=
+
=
+

1
1
1 2
1
2
2 2 2 2
( )
u
u u
du
u u
du
= +
1
2
1
u
u C tan
= +
1
2
2 2
1
tan ( / )
tan [tan ( / )]
x
x C
= cot (x/2) x + C
Or:
cos
cos cos
x
x
dx
x
dx
1
1
1
1
= +

= +

dx
x
dx
1
1 cos
= x cot (x/2) + C (using Problem 109)
Problem Set 9-12
Problem Set 9-13
Review Problems
R1. f ( x ) = x cos x
f ( x ) = x(sin x) + (1) cos x = cos x x sin x
+ =
x x dx C f x dx cos ( )
=
(cos sin ) x x x dx
=
sin sin x x x dx
= +
x x dx x x x C sin sin cos

x x dx x x x sin sin cos =
1
4
1
4
= sin 4 4 cos 4 sin 1 + cos 1 = 1.5566
Numerically,

x x dx sin . .
1 5566
1
4
K
R2. 5 2 x x dx sin
u = 5x dv = sin 2x dx
du = 5 dx v x =
1
2
2 cos
=
5
1
2
2
1
2
2 5 x x x dx cos cos ( )
= + +
5
2
2
5
4
2 x x x C cos sin
R3. a. x x dx
3
2 cos
u dv
x
3
cos 2x
3x
2
1
2
sin 2x
6x
1
4
cos 2x
6
1
8
sin 2x
0
1
16
cos 2x
+
+
+
= +
1
2
2
3
4
2
3 2
x x x x sin cos
+
3
4
2
3
8
2 x x x C sin cos
b. e x dx
x 4
3 sin
1
3
9
u dv
e
4x
sin 3x
4e
4x
cos 3x
16e
1
sin 3x
+
+
4x
= +
1
3
3
4
9
3
4 4
e x e x
x x
cos sin
16
9
3
4
e x dx
x
sin
25
9
3
4
e x dx
x
sin
= + +
1
3
3
4
9
3
4 4
1
e x e x C
x x
cos sin
e x dx
x 4
3 sin
= + +
3
25
3
4
25
3
4 4
e x e x C
x x
cos sin
c. x x dx (ln )
2
------------------------
2
------------------------
u dv
(ln x)
2
x
2 ln x
1
x
1
x
2

ln x x
1
x
1
2
x
2

1
1
2
x
0
1
4
x
2

+
+
= + +
1
2
1
2
1
4
2 2 2 2
x x x x x C ( ) ln ln
d. Slice parallel to the y-axis. Pick a sample
point (x, y) on the graph, within the slice.
dV = 2x y dx = 2x(x ln x) dx
= 2x
2
ln x dx
V x x dx =
2
2
1
2
ln
----------------------
u dv
ln x x
2

1
x
1
3
x
3

1
1
3
x
2

0
1
9
x
3

+
+
=
2
1
3
1
9
3 3
1
2
x x x ln
= + =
16
3
2
16
9
2
9
16
3
2
14
9
ln ln

= 6 7268 . K
R4. a. cos
30
dx
u dv
cos
29
x cosx
29 cos
28
x sinx sinx
+

= +
cos sin cos sin

29 28 2
29 x x x x dx
= +
cos sin cos )

29 28
29 1 x x x x dx ( cos
2
30
30
cos dx
= +
cos sin cos

29 28
29 x x x dx
cos
30
dx
= +
1
30
29
30
29 28
cos sin cos x x x dx
b. sec sec tan sec
6 4 4
1
5
4
5
x dx x x x dx = +

= +
1
5
4
15
4 2
sec tan sec tan x x x x
+
8
15
2
sec x dx
= +
1
5
4
15
4 2
sec tan sec tan x x x x
+ +
8
15
tan x C
c. tan tan tan
n n
x dx x x dx =

( )
2 2
=
tan sec
n
x x dx
2 2
1 ( )
=

tan sec tan
n n
x x dx x dx
2 2 2
=
1
1
1 2
n
x x dx
n n
tan tan
R5. a. cos ( sin ) (cos )
5 2 2
1 x dx x x dx =

= +
( )( ) 1 2
2 4
sin sin cos x x x dx
= + + sin sin sin x x x C
2
3
1
5
3 5
b. sec (tan ) (sec )
6 2 2 2
1 x dx x x dx = +

= + +
(tan tan )(sec )

4 2 2
2 1 x x x dx
= + + +
1
5
2
3
5 3
tan tan tan x x x C
c. sin ( cos )
2
7
1
2
1 14 x dx x dx =

= +
1
2
1
28
14 x x C sin
d. sec
3
x dx
u dv
secx sec
2
x
secx tanx tanx
+
=
sec tan tan sec x x x x dx

2
=
sec tan sec sec x x x dx ( )

2
1
= +

3
2
3
sec x dx
= + + + sec tan |sec tan | x x x x C ln

sec
3
x dx
= + + +
1
2
1
2
sec tan | tan | x x x x C ln sec
e. tan tan tan
9 9 9
32 32 32 dx dx x C = = +

( ) ( )
f. r = 9 + 8 sin
dA r d d = = +
1
2
1
2
9 8
2 2
( sin )
A d = + +
1
2
64 144 81
2
0
4
( sin sin )
/

= + +
1
2
32 1 2 144 81
0
4
[ ( cos ) sin ]
/

d
=
+ 16
1
2
2 72
81
2
0
4

sin cos
/
= + + 4 8 36 2
81
8
72
= + =
113
8
64 36 2 57 4633 . K
R6. a. x dx
2
49
u
v
7
x
x
2
49
Let
x
x
7
7 = = sec . sec ,
dx = 7 sec tan d,
x
x
2 1
49 7
7
= =

tan , sec

x dx
2
49
=
( tan )( sec tan ) 7 7 d

=
49
2
sec tan d
=

49
3
sec sec d d
= + +
49
1
2
1
2
sec tan |sec tan | ln
+

+ ln |sec tan | C
1
= + +
49
2
49
2
1
sec tan | tan | ln sec C
=
49
2 7
49
7
2
x x
+

+
49
2 7
49
7
2
1
ln
x x
C
= +
1
2
49
49
2
49
2 2
x x x x ln
+ +
49
2
7
1
ln C
= + +
1
2
49
49
2
49
2 2
x x x x C ln
b. x x dx x dx
2 2
10 34 5 9 + = +

( )
u
v
3
x 5
(x 5)
2
+ 9
Let
x
=
5
3
tan .
x = 5 + 3 tan , dx = 3 sec
2
d,
( ) sec , tan x
x
+ = =

5 9 3
5
3
2 1

+
( ) x dx 5 9
2
= =

( sec )( sec ) sec 3 3 9
2 3
d d
= + + +
9
2
9
2
1
sec tan ln |sec tan | C
=
+ 9
2
5 9
3
5
3
2
( ) x x
+
+
+

+
9
2
5 9
3
5
3
2
1
ln
( ) x x
C
= +
1
2
5 9 5
2
( ) ( ) x x
+ + + +
9
2
5 9 5
9
2
3
2
1
ln ( ) ln x x C
= +
1
2
5 10 34
2
( ) x x x
+ + + +
9
2
10 34 5
2
ln x x x C
c. 1 0 25
2
. x dx
u
v
1
0.5x
1 0.25x
2
Let
0 5
1
. x
= sin .
x = 2 sin , dx = 2 cos d,
1 0 25
2
2 1
. cos , sin x
x
= =

1 0 25 2
2
. (cos )( cos ) x dx d

=
= = +

2 1 2
2
cos ( cos ) d d
= + + = + +
1
2
2 sin sin cos C C
= + +
sin .
1 2
2
1
2
1 0 25
x
x x C
d. Slice region vertically. Pick sample point
(x, y) on the upper branch of the circle,
within the strip.
dA y dx x dx = = 2 2 25
2
u
v
5
x
25 x
2
Let
x
x dx d
5
5 5 = = = sin sin cos . , ,
25 5
5
2 1
cos , sin x
x
= =

A x dx =
2 25
2
3
4
=
=
=
2 5 5
3
4
cos ( cos ) d
x
x
= +
=
=
25 1 2
3
4
( cos ) d
x
x
= +
=
=
25 12 5 2
3
4
. sin
x
x
= +
=
=
25 25
3
4
sin cos
x
x
= +
25
5
25
5
1
5
25
1 2
3
4
sin
x x
x
= +

25 0 8 4 9 25 0 6 3 16
1 1
sin . sin .
= 25(sin
1
0.8 sin
1
0.6) = 7.0948
R7. a.
( )

( )
( )( )
6 1
3 4
6 1
1 4
2
x dx
x x
x dx
x x
+
=
+
+

=
+
+
1
1
5
4 x x
dx
= ln |x + 1| + 5 ln |x 4| + C
b.
5 21 2
1 2 3
2
x x
x x x
dx

( )( )( ) +
= +
+

3
1
4
2
2
3 x x x
dx

= 3 ln |x 1| + 4 ln |x + 2| 2 ln |x 3| + C
c.
5 3 45
9
5 3 45
9
2
3
2
2
x x
x x
dx
x x
x x
dx
+ +
+
=
+ +
+

( )
= +
+
= + +

5 3
9
5
3
2
1
x x
dx x
x
C ln | | tan
(The second integral may be found by
inspection or by trigonometric substitution.)
d.
5 27 32
4
2
2
x x
x x
dx
+ +
+
( )
= +
+

+
2 3
4
1
4
2
x x x
dx
( )
= 2 ln | x | + 3 ln | x + 4 | + (x + 4)
1
+ C
= + +
+
+ ln | ( ) | x x
x
C
2 3
4
1
4
e.
dy
dx
y y = 0 1 3 8 . ( )( )
dy
y y
dx
( )( )
.
3 8
0 1 =

=

1 5
3
1 5
8
0 1
/ /
.
y y
dy dx
+ = +
1
5
3
1
5
8 0 1
1
ln | | ln | | . y y x C
ln | y 3 | + ln | y 8 | = 0.5x + C
Substituting (0, 7) gives
C = ln 4 + ln 1 = ln 4.
ln
. ln
y
y
x
8
3
0 5 4
=
y
y
e e
x x
.
. ln .
8
3
0 25
0 5 4 0 5
= =
=
y
y
e
x
.
.
8
3
0 25
0 5
((y 8)/(y 3) < 0 because (0, 7) is on the
graph)
y
e
x
= +
+
3
5
1 0 25
0 5
.
.
The graph shows that solution fits slope field.
x
y
7
R8. a.
2
1
x
y
b. f ( x ) = sec
1
3x
= = f x
x x x x
( )
| | ( ) | |
3
3 3 1
1
9 1
2 2
c. tan
1
5x dx
u dv
tan
1
5x 1
5
1 + 25x
2
x
+
=
+
x x
x
x
dx tan
1
2
5
5
1 25
=
+
x x
x
x dx tan ( )
1
2
5
1
10
1
1 25
50
= + +
x x x C tan ln | |
1 2
5
1
10
1 25
(Absolute values are optional because
1 + 25x
2
> 0.)
d. Obvious way: Slice the region vertically.
Pick a sample point (x, y) on the graph,
within the strip.
dA = y dx = cos
1
x dx
A x dx x x x = =

cos cos
1 1 2
0
1
0
1
1
= + =
cos
1
1 0 0 1 1
Easier way: Slice horizontally. Pick a sample
point (x, y) on the graph within the strip.
dA = x dy = cos y dy
A y dy y = = = =
cos sin
/
/
0
2
0
2
1 0 1

R9. a.
x
y
1
1
b.
x
y
1
1
c. h(x) = x
2
sech x
h(x) = x
2
sech x tanh x + 2x sech x
d. f ( x ) = sinh
1
5x
=
+
f x
x
( )
5
25 1
2
e. tanh
cosh
sinh 3
1
3
3 x dx
x
x dx =

= +
1
3
3 ln | cosh | x C
(Absolute values are optional because
cosh 3x > 0.)
f. cosh
1
7x dx
u dv
cosh
1
7x 1
7
49x
2
1
x
+
x x
x
x
dx cosh
1
2
7
7
49 1
=

x x x x dx cosh ( ) ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
7
1
14
49 1 98
= +
x x x C cosh ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
7
1
14
2 49 1
= +
x x x C cosh
1 2
7
1
7
49 1
g. cosh
2
x sinh
2
x
= +
1
2
1
2
2 2
( ) ( )

e e e e
x x x x
= + + +
1
4
2
1
4
2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )

e e e e
x x x x
= 1, Q.E.D.
h. The general equation is y k
k
x C = + cosh .
1
y = 5 at x = 0 5 = k cosh 0 + C
C = 5 k
y x k
k
k = = = + 7 3 7
3
5 at cosh
= 2
3
k
k
k cosh
k = 2.5269 (solving numerically)
y
t
= + 2 5269
2 5269
5 2 5269 . cosh
.
. K
K
K
y( ) . 10 68 5961 20 =
= + 2 5269
2 5269
5 2 5269 . cosh
.
. K
K
K
x
x = 6.6324 (solving numerically)
R10. a. ( ) lim ( )
. .
x dx x dx
b
b
=

2 2
1 2
3
1 2
3
=
lim ( )
.
b
b
x 5 2
0 2
3
= + =
lim[ ( ) ]
.
b
b 5 2 5 5
0 2
b. tan lim tan
/ /
x dx x dx
a a
=

2 2
0 0
=

lim ln |sec |
/ a
a
x
2
0
= =

lim (ln |sec | ln |sec |)
/ a
a
2
0
c. x dx
2 3
1
1
/
= +
+
lim lim
/ /
b
b
a a
x dx x dx
0
2 3
1 0
2 3
1
= +

+
lim lim
/ /
b
b
a a
x x
0
1 3
1 0
1 3
1
3 3
= + =

+
lim [ ( )] lim ( )
/ /
b a
b a
0
1 3
0
1 3
3 3 3 3 6
d. x
x
x
dx

| | 1
1 0
4
= + +

+
lim ( ) lim ( )
b
b
a a
x dx x dx
1 0 1
4
1 1
= +

+
lim lim
/ /
b
b
a
a
x x x x
1
3 2
0
1
3 2
4
2
3
2
3
= +

lim
/
b
b b
1
3 2
2
3
0
+ +

+
lim
/ /
a
a a
1
3 2 3 2
2
3
4 4
2
3
= + + +
2
3
1 1
2
3
4 4
2
3
1 1
3 2 3 2 3 2 / / /
= + + = 1
16
3
4 1
10
3
10
3
3 333 = . . K
e. x dx
p
1
converges if p > 1 and diverges
otherwise.
R11. a. f x x x f x x
x
x
( ) sin ( ) sin = = +
1 1
2
1
b. I =

x x dx sin
1
u dv
sin
1
x x
1
1 x
2
1
2
x
2

1
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
2
x x
x dx
x
sin
Let I
1
2
2
1
=
x dx
x
and x = sin .
= = dx d x cos , cos , 1
2
= sin
1
x
I
1
2
2
= =

sin cos
cos
sin

d
d
= = +
1
2
1 2
1
2
1
4
2 ( cos ) sin d C
= +
1
2
1
2
sin cos C
= +
1
2
1
2
1
1 2
sin x x x C
= + +

I
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2 1 1 2
x x x x x C sin sin
c.
d
dx
e e e
x x x
tanh sec = h
2
d. ( ) x x dx
x x
dx
3 1
3
1
=

=
+
1
1 1 x x x
dx
( )( )
= +
+
+
1 1 2
1
1 2
1 x x x
dx
/ /
= + + + + ln | | ln | | ln | | x x x C
1
2
1
1
2
1
e. f ( x ) = (1 x
2
)
1/2
= =

f x x x x x ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
/ /
1
2
1 2 1
2 1 2 2 1 2
f. I =
( )
/
1
2 1 2
x dx
Let x = sin .
= = dx d x cos , ( ) cos ,
/
1
2 1 2
= sin
1
x
= =

I cos cos cos d d
2
= + = + +
1
2
1 2
1
2
1
4
2 ( cos ) sin d C
= + +
1
2
1
2
sin cos C
= + +
1
2
1
2
1
1 2
sin x x x C
g. g x x g x x
x
( ) ( ) ( )
2
= = ln ln 2
1
h. x x dx ln
--------------------
u dv
ln x x
1
x
1
2
x
2
1
1
2
x
0
1
4
x
2
+
+
= +
1
2
1
4
2 2
x x x C ln
R12. For ( ) ,
/
9
2 1 2
x x dx the x dx can be
transformed to the differential of the inside
function by multiplying by a constant,
= +
1
2
9 2 9
2 1 2 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
/ /
x x dx x C
and thus has no inverse sine.
For ( ) ,
/
9
2 1 2
x dx transforming the dx to the

differential of the inside function, 2x dx,
requires multiplying by a variable. Because the
integral of a product does not equal the product of
the two integrals, you cant divide on the outside
of the integral by 2x. So a more sophisticated
technique must be used, in this case,
trigonometric substitution. As a result, an
inverse sine appears in the answer:
( ) sin
/
9
3
2 1 2 1
= +

x dx
x
C
Concept Problems
C1. sech x dx x dx

= 1
2
tanh
u
v
1
tanh x
1 tanh
2
x
Let tanh x = sin .
x = tanh
1
(sin ) and = sin
1
(tanh x)
dx d d =
=
1
1
1
2
sin
cos
cos

1 1
2 2
tanh sin cos x = =
= =

sec cos
cos
h x dx d d

1
= + = +
C x C sin (tanh ) ,
1
Q.E.D.
sec sin (tanh ) h
0
1
1
0
1
=

x dx x
= sin
1
(tanh 1) sin
1
(tanh 0)
= sin
1
(tanh 1) = 0.86576948
Numerical integration gives 0.86576948 ,
which agrees with the exact answer.
C2. From sinh 2A = 2 sinh A cosh A,
let A = x/2, so
sinh x = 2 sinh (x/2) cosh (x/2) csch x
= =

1 1
2 2 2 sinh sinh ( / ) cosh ( / ) x x x
csc
sinh ( / ) cosh ( / )
sec ( / )
sec ( / )
h
h
h
x
x x
x
x
=

1
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
sec ( / )
tanh ( / )
sec ( / )
tanh ( / )
h
h 2
2
2
2 2
1
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
=

csc
tanh ( / )
sec ( / ) h h
2
x dx
x
x dx
1
2
1
2
2
= ln | tanh (x/2) | + C, Q.E.D.
csc ln | tanh ( / )| h
1
2
1
2
2
= x dx x

= = ln | tanh | ln | tanh | 1 1 2 0 49959536 ( / ) . K
Numerical integration gives 0.49959536 .
C3. From sin 2A 2 sin A cos A, let A x/2, so
sin x 2 sin (x/2) cos (x/2)
csc
sin sin ( / ) cos ( / )
x
x x x

1 1
2 2 2

1
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
sin ( / ) cos ( / )
sec ( / )
sec ( / ) x x
x
x

sec ( / )
tan ( / )
sec ( / )
tan ( / )
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
2
2
x
x
x
x

,
,
]
]
]
csc
tan ( / )
sec ( / ) x dx
x
x dx
1
2
1
2
2
2
ln | tan (x/2) | + C, Q.E.D.
Or:
Let u tan (x/2), as in Problem 107 of Problem
Set 9-11.
Then and dx
du
u
x
u
u
+

+ 2
1
1
2
2
2
csc

+
+

csc x dx
u
u
du
u
1
2
2
1
2
2
+ +
( / ) ln | | ln | tan ( / )| , 1 2 u du u C x C
Q.E.D.
Confirmation:
csc ln | tan ( / )|
.
.
0 5
1
0 5
1
2
x dx x
ln tan ln tan .
1
2
1
4
0 7605K
Numerical integration gives 0.7605 .
Note that tan ( / )
sin ( / ) cos ( / )
cos ( / )
x
x x
x
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
+

+
sin
cos csc cot
,
x
x x x 1
1
so
ln | tan ( / )| ln | csc cot | . x x x 2 +
C4. A
x
dx
+
1
1
2
+
+
+

lim lim
a a b
b
x
dx
x
dx
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
0
+
lim tan lim tan

a
a
b
b
x x
1
0
1
0
+
lim ( tan ) lim (tan )

a b
a b 0 0
1 1
(/2) + (/2)
C5. Prove that f (x) ln x is unbounded above.
Proof:
Assume f (x) ln x is not unbounded above.
Then there is a number M > 0 such that
ln x < M for all x > 0.
Let x e
M+ 1
.
Then ln x ln e
M+ 1
M + 1.
ln x > M, which is a contradiction.
the assumption is false, and ln x is unbounded
above, Q.E.D.
Chapter Test
T1. sin cos sin
5 6
1
6
x x dx x C +
T2. x x dx
3
6 sinh
u dv
x
3
sinh 6x
3x
2

1
6
cosh 6x
6x
1
36
sinh 6x
6
1
216
cosh 6x
0
1
1296
sinh 6x
+
+
+

1
6
6
1
12
6
3 2
x x x x cosh sinh
+ +
1
36
6
1
216
6 x x x C cosh sinh
T3. cos
1
x dx
u dv
cos
1
x 1
1
1 x
2
x
+
x x
x
x
dx cos
1
2
1

x x x x dx cos ( ) ( )
/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
1 2
+
x x x C cos ( )( )
/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
2 1
+
x x x C cos
1 2
1
T4. sec
3
x dx
+ + +
1
2
1
2
sec tan ln |sec tan | x x x x C
T5. e x dx
x 2
5 cos
u dv
e
2x
cos 5x
2e
2x
1
5
sin 5x
4e
2x
1
25
cos 5x
+
+
+
1
5
5
2
25
5
2 2
e x e x
x x
sin cos
4
25
5
2
e x dx
x
cos
29
25
5
2
e x dx
x
cos
+ +
1
5
5
2
25
5
2 2
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
e x dx
x 2
5 cos
+ +
5
29
5
2
29
5
2 2
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
T6. ln 3x dx
u dv
ln 3x 1
1/x x
+
+
x x dx x x x C ln ln 3 3
T7. f (x) sech
3
(e
5x
)
f (x) 3 sech
2
(e
5x
) [sech (e
5x
)
tanh (e
5x
)] 5e
5x
15e
5x
sech
3
(e
5x
) tanh (e
5x
)
T8. g x x g x
x
( ) sin ( )

1
2
1
1
T9. f (x) tanh
1
x tanh f (x) x, |x| 1
sech
2
f(x) f (x) 1
[1 tanh
2
f (x)] f (x) 1
(1 x
2
) f (x) 1
< f x
x
x ( )
, | |
1
1
1
2
f ( . )
. .
. 0 6
1
1 0 36
1
0 64
1 5625
Numerically, f (0.6) 1.5625 (depending on
the tolerance of the calculator).
T10. General equation is y k
k
x C + cosh .
1
y 1 at x 0 1 k cosh 0 + C
C 1 k
y 3 at x k
k
k + 5 3
5
1 cosh
Solving numerically, k 6.5586 .

y x + 6 5586
1
6 5586
1 6 5586 . K
K
K cosh
.
.
T11. a. i. I
+

x
x x
dx
x
x
dx
( )
3
6 5
3
3 4
2 2

u
v
x 3
2
(x 3)
2
4
Let . ,
x
x
sec sec
3
2
3 2
dx 2 sec tan d,
( ) tan sec
x
x
3 4 2
3
2
2 1
,
I
( sec )( sec tan )
tan
2 2
4
2

d
+
1
2
1
tan
sec ln | tan |
d C
+ ln ( )
1
2
3 4
2
1
x C
+ ln ( ) x C 3 4
2
+ +
1
2
6 5
2
ln | | x x C
ii.
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
j
(
\
,

3
6 5
1 2
1
1 2
5
2
/ /
+ +
1
2
1
1
2
5 ln | | ln | | x x C
+
1
2
1 5 ln | | ( )( ) x x C
+ +
1
2
6 5
2
ln | | , x x C
which agrees with part a.
iii.
x
x x
dx
3
6 5
2
+
1
2
1
6 5
2 6
2
x x
x dx
( )
+ +
1
2
6 5
2
ln | | x x C , as in parts a and b.
b. See parts i, ii, and iii.
T12. cos ( cos )
2
1
2
1 2 x dx x dx +

+ +
1
2
1
4
2 x x C sin
T13. a. i. cos sin cos
5 2 2
1 x dx x x dx

( )
+
( sin sin ) cos 1 2

2 4
x x x dx
+ + sin sin sin x x x C
2
3
1
5
3 5
ii. cos cos sin cos
5 4 3
1
5
4
5
x dx x x x dx +

+
1
5
4
15
4 2
cos sin cos sin x x x x
+
8
15
cos x dx
+
1
5
4
15
4 2
cos sin cos sin x x x x
+ +
8
15
sin x C
b.
1
5
4
15
8
15
4 2
cos sin cos sin sin x x x x x + +
1
5
1
2 2
( sin ) sin x x
+ +
4
15
1
8
15
2
( sin ) sin sin x x x
+
1
5
2
5
1
5
3 5
sin sin sin x x x
+ +
4
15
4
15
8
15
3
sin sin sin x x x
+ +
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
1
5
4
15
8
15
2
5
4
15
3
sin sin x x
+
1
5
5
sin x
+ sin sin sin x x x
2
3
1
5
3 5
T14. xe dx
x
0 1
0
. u dv
x e
0.1x

1 10e
0.1x

0 100e
0.1x

+
lim ( )
. .
b
x x
b
xe e 10 100
0 1 0 1
0
+ +
lim ( )
. .
b
b b
be e 10 100 0 100
0 1 0 1
+
+
j
(
\
,
lim
.
b
b
b
e
10 100
100
0 1
+
j
(
\
,
lim
.
.
b
b
e
10
0 1
100
0 1
(by lHospitals rule)
100
Chapter 10The Calculus of MotionAverages,
Extremes, and Vectors
Problem Set 10-1
1. v(t) = 100(0.8)
t
30 = 100e
t ln 0.8
30 = 0

e t
t ln .
ln .
ln .
.
0 8
0 3
0 3
0 8
5 3955 = = = . K
v becomes negative after t
0
5.40 min.
2. s v dt e dt
t
t t
up
= =

( )
ln .
100 30
0 8
0 0
0 0
= 151.8341 (numerically) 151.8 ft
s v dt e dt
t
t t
down
= =

( )
ln .
100 30
0 8
10 10
0 0
= 51.8110 (numerically) 51.8 ft
Distance = s
up
+ s
down
= 203.6452 203.6 ft
3. Displacement = s
up
s
down
= 100.0231
100.0 ft
The displacement is positive, so Calvin is
upstream of his starting point.
4. Displacement =
( )
ln .
100 30
0 8
0
10
e dt
t
= 100.0231 (numerically) 100.0 ft
5. Distance = =

| | | |
.
v dt e dt
t
100 30
0 8
0
10
0
10
ln
= 203.6452 (numerically) 203.6 ft
Problem Set 10-2
Q1. 120 mi Q2. 25 mi/h
Q3. 1.25 h Q4. f (x) = 1/x
Q5. x ln x x + C Q6. f (t) = sec
2
t
Q7. g(t) = sech
2
t Q8.
1
3
3
x C +
Q9.
1
2
2
ln
x
C + Q10. ln ln
ln
2 2 2
2
e
x x
=
1. a. v(t) = t
2
10t + 16 on [0, 6]
v(t) = (t 2)(t 8) = 0 t = 2 or 8 s
v(t) > 0 for t in [0, 2). v(t) < 0 for t in (2, 6].
b. For [0, 2), displacement
= + =
( ) t t dt
2
0
2
10 16 14
2
3
Distance =14
2
3
ft
For (2, 6], displacement
= + =
( ) t t dt
2
2
6
10 16 26
2
3
Distance = 2 ft 6
2
3
c. Displacement = + =
( ) t t dt
2
0
6
10 16 12 ft
Distance = + =
| | ft t t dt
2
0
6
10 16 41
1
3
d. Displacement = +
= 14
2
3
26
2
3
12 ft
Distance = + = 14
2
3
26
2
3
41
1
3
ft
e. a(t) = v(t) = 2t 10
a(3) = 2(3) 10 = 4 (ft/s)/s
2. a. v(t) = tan 0.2t on [10, 20]
v(t) = 0 t = 0, 5, 10, = 5 in
[10, 20]
v(t) is infinite t = 2.5, 7.5, ,
none of which is in [10, 20].
v(t) < 0 for t in [10, 5). v(t) > 0 for t in
(5, 20].
b. For [10, 5), displacement =
tan 0 2
10
5
. t dt
= 5 ln | sec | 5 ln | sec 2 | = 4.3835

Distance = 4.3835 4.38 cm
For (5, 20], displacement =
tan 0 2
5
20
. t dt
= 5 ln |sec 4| 5 ln | sec | = 2.1259

Distance = 2.1259 2.13 cm
c. Displacement = =
tan 0 2 2 2576
10
20
. . t dt K
2.26 cm
Distance = =
| . | . tan 0 2 6 5095
10
20
t dt K
6.51 cm
d. Displacement = 4.3835 + 2.1259 =
2.2576 2.26 cm
Distance = (4.3835) + 2.1259 =
6.5095 6.51 cm
e. a ( t) = v(t) = 0.2 sec
2
t
a ( 15) = 0.2 sec
2
3 = 0.2040 0.20 (cm/s)/s
3. a. v t t ( ) = sec

24
2 on [1, 11]
v(t) = 0 when
cos .
24
0 5 8 t t = = in [1, 11]
v(t) < 0 for t in [1, 8). v(t) > 0 for t in
(8, 11].

sec
24
2
1
8
t dt
= +
24
3 3
16

ln sec tan
+ +
24
24 24
2

ln sec tan
= 4.9420
Distance 4.94 km
For (8, 11], displacement
=

sec
24
2
8
11
t dt
= +
24 11
24
11
24
22
ln sec tan
+ +
24
3 3
16

ln sec tan
= 4.7569
Distance 4.76 km
c. Displacement =

sec
24
2
1
11
t dt

0 1850 0 19 . km K .
Distance = =
sec

24
2 9 6990
1
11
t dt . K
9.70 km
d. Displacement = 4.9420 + 4.7569 =
0.1850 0.19 km
Distance = (4.9420) + 4.7569 =
9.6990 9.70 km
e. a t v t t t ( ) ( ) = =

24 24 24
sec tan
a ( 6) = 0.1851 0.19 (km/h)/h
exactly
24
2
4. a. v(t) = t
3
5t
2
+ 8t 6 on [0, 5]
v(t) = (t 3)(t
2
2t + 2) = 0 t = 3 in [0, 5]
v < 0 for t in [0, 3). v > 0 for t in (3, 5].
( ) t t t dt
3 2
0
3
5 8 6 6
3
4
+ =
Distance = 6
3
4
mi
For (3, 5], displacement =
( ) t t t dt
3 2
3
5
5 8 6 24
2
3
+ =
Distance = 24
2
3
mi
c. Displacement =
( ) t t t dt
3 2
0
5
5 8 6 17
11
12
+ =
mi
Distance = + =
| | mi t t t dt
3 2
0
5
5 8 6 31
5
12
d. Displacement = + = 6
3
4
24
2
3
17
11
12
mi
Distance =
+ = 6
3
4
24
2
3
31
5
12
mi
e. a ( t) = v(t) = 3t
2
10t + 8
a(2.5) = 1.75 (mi/min)/min
5. a t t v ( ) , ( ) , on [ , ]
/
= =
1 2
0 18 0 16
v t t dt t C v C ( ) ; ( ) 8
/ /
= = + = =
1 2 3 2
2
3
0 18 1
v t t ( )
/
=
2
3
18
3 2
Displacement ft =
2
3
18 14
14
15
3 2
0
16
t dt
/
Distance ft
/
= =
2
3
18 179
7
15
3 2
0
16
t dt
6. a t t v ( ) , ( ) , on [ . , . ] = =
1
1 0 0 4 1 6
v t t dt t C t v C ( ) ( ); ( ) = = + > = =
1
0 1 0 0 ln
v t t ( ) = ln
Displacement . = =
ln
.
.
t dt 0 0814
0 4
1 6
0 081 . cm
Distance | | . = =
ln
.
.
t dt 0 3854
0 4
1 6
0 385 . cm
7. a t t v ( ) , ( ) , on [ , ] = = 6 0 9 0 sin
v t t dt t C v ( ) ; ( ) = = +
6 6 0 sin cos
= = 9 3 C
v(t) = 6 cos t 3
Displacement = =
( cos ) 6 3
0
t dt
9.4247 9.42 km (exact: 3 km)

Distance | | . = =
6 3 13 5338
0
cos t dt
13.53 km (exact: 6 3 + )
8. a(t) = sinh t, v(0) = 2, on [0, 5]
v t t dt t C ( ) = = +
sinh cosh
v(0) = 2 C = 3
v(t) = cosh t 3
Displacement = =
(cosh ) t dt 3
0
5
59.2032 59.20 mi (exact: sinh 5 15)
Distance | |
. . mi
=
=
cosh t dt 3
64 1230 64 12
0
5
K
9. a. v = t
1/2
2 = 0 t = 4 s;
v < 0 if t < 4, v > 0 if t > 4
b. Displacement ft = =
( )
/
t dt
1 2
1
9
2 1
1
3
c. Distance | ft = =
|
/
t dt
1 2
1
9
2 4
10. a. v t t sin 2 0
1
2
0
1
2
at , , , , ,
, ,
3
2

sin , 2 0 0
1
2
t
,
,
]
]
]
on , so
Distance cm
sin
/
2 1
0
2
t dt
b. Displacement cm
sin
.
2 1
0
4 5
t dt
Distance cm
sin
.
2 9
0
4 5
t dt
Or: The regions where the graph is below

the x-axis cancel out the regions where the
graph is above the axis, leaving only one
uncancelled region above the graph, so
Displacement area from part a 1 cm. The
absolute values of the regions above and
below the graph are the same, so Distance
9 times the area from part a 9 cm.
11. a. v 60 2t
Displacement ft
( ) 60 2 300
10
40
t dt
b. Distance | | ft
60 2 500
10
40
t dt
12. a. a t
t t
t
( )
in
>
40 0 015 9 8 0 100
9 8 100
cos . . , [ , ]
. ,
For t in [0, 100],
v t t dt
t t C
( ) ( . . )
. .

+
40 0 015 9 8
40
0 015
0 015 9 8
cos
.
sin
v(0) 0 C 0
For , ( ) . . t v t dt t C > +
100 9 8 9 8
v( ) . . 100
40
0 015
1 5 980 1679 986
.
sin
C 1679.986 + 980 2659.986

v t
t t t
t t
( )
.
sin . . , [ ,
. . ,

+ >
40
0 015
0 015 9 8 0
9 8 2659 986 100
in 100]
K
30 30
100
t
a(t )
100
1000
t
v(t )
b. a t
0
1
0 015
9 8
40
1
at
.
cos
.

88 2184 88 2 . . s K
v 0 at t 2,659.986/9.8 271.4272
271.4 s
c. Displacement ( )
v t dt
0
300
j
(
\
,
40
0 015
0 015 9 8
0
100
.
sin . . t t dt

+ +
( . . ) 9 8 2659 986
300
t dt K
100
116202.27 + 139997.32 256,200 m
Distance 116202.27 +

| . . | +
9 8 2659 986
100
300
t dt K
116202.27 + 147998.09 264,200 m
The distance is greater than the displacement,
which agrees with the fact that the velocity
becomes negative at t 271.4 s.
d. v(300) 9.8(300) + 2,659.986
280.0133 , so the rocket is moving
downward (falling) at about 280 m/s.
13. a.
t
end
s
a
av
(mi/h)/s
v
end
mi/h
v
av
mi/h
s
end
mi
0 0 0
5 2.95 14.75 7.375 0.0102
10 3.8 33.75 24.25 0.0439
15 1.75 42.5 38.125 0.0968
20 0.3 44 43.25 0.1569
25 0 44 44 0.2180
30 0 44 44 0.2791
35 0 44 44 0.3402
40 0.2 43 43.5 0.4006
45 0.9 38.5 40.75 0.4572
50 2.6 25.5 32 0.5017
55 3.5 8 16.75 0.525
60 1.6 0 4 0.5305
b. At t 60, v
end
0, the train is at rest.
c. The train is just starting at t 0; its
acceleration must be greater than zero to get it
moving, even though it is stopped at t 0.
Acceleration and velocity are different
quantities; the velocity can be zero but
changing, which means the acceleration is
nonzero.
d. Zero acceleration means the velocity is
constant, but not necessarily zero.
e. The last entry in the last column is the
displacement at time t 60. Thus, it is
0.5305 0.53 mi between stations.
14. a.
t
end
s
a
av
(mi/h)/s
v
end
mi/h
v
av
mi/h
s
end
mi
0 6000 400
10 8.5 6085 6042.5 416.7847
20 22 6305 6195 433.9930
30 33 6635 6470 451.9652
40 39.5 7030 6832.5 470.9444
50 42.5 7455 7242.5 491.0625
60 53 7985 7720 512.5069
70 71 8695 8340 535.6736
80 83.5 9530 9112.5 560.9861
90 47.5 10005 9767.5 588.1180
100 3 10035 10020 615.9513
b. According to these calculations, the spaceship
is only about 620 mi from the launchpad and
moving at only about 10,000 mi/h. So the
specifications are definitely not met, and the
project should be sent back to the drawing
board.
15. a. a
dv
dt
v a dt at C = = = +
;
v = v
0
when t = 0 C = v
0
v = v
0
+ at
b. v
ds
dt
s v dt v at dt = = = + =

( )
0
v t at C
0
2
1
2
+ +
s = s
0
when t = 0 C = s
0

s v t at s = + +
0
2
0
1
2
16. Use s(t) for displacement. Assume v(0) =
s(0) = 0.
a. a t
t
t
( )
,
,
=
<
2 0 6
0 6
if
if
v t
t t
t
( )
,
,
=
<
>
2 0 6
12 6
if
if
s t
t t
t t
( )
,
,
=
<
>
2
0 6
12 36 6
if
if
36 comes from the initial condition,
s(6) = 36.
t
a(t)
2
0 6 10
10
0 6 10
t
v(t )
0 6 10
50
t
s(t)
b. The acceleration suddenly jumps from 0 to 2
at t = 0 and drops back to 0 at t = 6. (The
velocity graph has cusps in both places.)
c. a t t ( ) = 2 2
3
cos
lim lim cos

cos
t t
a t t

+ +
=

= =
0 0
2 2
3
2 2 0 0
( )

lim lim cos
cos

t t
a t t

=

= =
6 6
2 2
3
2 2 2 0
( )

Because a(t) is continuous at t = 0 and 6,

there are no sudden changes in acceleration.
d. a t
t t
t
( )
cos ,
,
=

2 2
3
0 6
0 6
if
if
v t
t t t
t
( )
sin ,
,
=

2
6
3
0 6
12 6
if
if
e.
10
0 6 10
t
v(t)
There are no step discontinuities in a(t), and
thus the graph of v(t) is smooth.
f. 2
6
3
18
3 0
6
2
2
0
6
t t dt t t
= +
sin cos
= + = 36
18
0
18
36
2 2

Elevator goes 36 ft.
g. The elevator will take another 36 ft to slow
down and stop. So the deceleration should
start where the elevator is 564 ft up, about
the 47th floor (from part h, one floor = 12 ft).
h. The elevator takes a total of 12 s to accelerate
and decelerate. During these intervals it
travels a total of 72 ft, leaving 528 ft for the
constant velocity portion. At 12 ft/s, this part
of the trip will take 44 s. Thus, the total trip
takes 56 s.
i. The elevator must start to decelerate halfway
through the trip, where s(t) = 6 ft. Solving
2
6
3
6
0
t t dt
b
sin
numerically for b gives b 3.1043

3.1 s.
a(3.1043) = 3.9880 4.0 ft/s
2
By symmetry, the deceleration process must
start at this time, meaning the acceleration
jumps to 3.9880 ft/s
2
. The graph looks
like this:
6.2
5
0
t
a(t)
Thus, the passengers get a large jerk at the
midpoint of the trip.
One way to remedy the problem is to reduce
the acceleration so that the elevator goes only
6 ft instead of 36 ft in the first 6 seconds.
That is,
a t t ( ) =
1
3
1
3 3
cos
You may think of other ways.

Problem Set 10-3
Q1. 50 mi/h Q2. 30 mi
Q3. 20 min Q4. 2
Q5. No local maximum Q6. 1.5
Q7. f (x) = 16 (at x = 1) Q8. infinite
Q9. Mean value theorem Q10. D
1. a. y x x dx
av
= + = =
1
4
5
1
4
164 41
3
1
5
( ) ( )
b. The rectangle has the same area as the shaded
region.
50
1 5
y = 41
x
f (x)
c. 41 = c
3
c + 5
c = 3.4028 , which is in [1, 5].
2. a. y x x dx
av
= + =
1
8
7 4
1
6
1 2
1
9
( )
/
region.
y = 4.1666...
5
1 9
x
f(x)
c. 4
1
6
7
1 2
= + c c
/
c = 5.0892 , which is in [1, 9].
3. a. y x dx
av
. . = =
1
6
3 0 2 2 0252
1
7
sin
region.
1 7
3
x
g(x)
y = 2.0252...
c. 2.0252 = 3 sin 0.2c
c = 3.7053 , which is in [1, 7].
4. a. y x dx
av
. = =
1
1
2 5181
0 5
1 5
tan
.
.
region.
0.5 1.5
10
x
h(x)
y = 2.5181...
c. 2.5181 tan c
c 1.1927 , which is in [0.5, 1.5].
5. a. y t dt
av

1
8
2
1
6 1
9
region.
1 9
t
v(t)
3
y = 2.1666...
c. 2
1
6
c
c 4
25
36
, which is in [1, 9].
6. a. y e dt e
t
av
( ) +
1
3
100 1
100
3
2
3
0
3
( )
68.3262
region.
t
v(t)
y = 68.32...
100
0 3
c. 68.3262 100(1 e
c
)
c 1.1496 , which is in [0, 3].
7. y
k
ax dx ak
k
av

1 1
3
2 2
0
8. y
k
ax dx ak
k
av

1 1
4
3 3
0
9. y
k
ae dx
k
a e
x k
k
av
( )
1 1
1
0
10. y
k
x dx
k
k
k
av
| |
1 1
0
tan ln sec
11. a(t) 6t
1/ 2
v(t) 12t
1/2
+ C; v(0) 60 C 60
v(t) 12t
1/2
+ 60
s(t) 8t
3/2
+ 60t + s
0
v(25) 120 ft/s
Displacement s(25) s(0) 2500 ft
v
av
2500/25 100 ft/s
12. The general equation of a parabola with vertex
(h, k) is v k a(t h)
2
. Vertex is at
(t, v) (2, 50), so
v 50 a(t 2)
2
. v 30 when t 0, so
20 a(2)
2
a 5.
v 50 5(t 2)
2
v t dt
av
mi/h
1
4
50 5 2 43
1
3
2
0
4
[ ( ) ]
This is just 13
1
3
mi/h above the speed limit.
If Ida wins her appeal, her fine will be
7 13
1
3
93
1
3
93 33 $ $ . , which is $46.67 less
than what she now faces.
13. Consider an object with constant acceleration a,
for a time interval [t
0
, t
1
].
v t a dt at C ( ) +
At t t
0
, v(t) v
0
v
0
at
0
+ C
C v
0
at
0
.
v(t) at + v
0
at
0
v
0
+ a(t t
0
)
v
v a t t dt
t t
t
t
av

+
[ ( )]
0 0
1 0
0
1
+
,
,
]
]
]
1 1
2
1
2
1 0
0 1 1 0
2
0 0 0 0
2
t t
v t a t t v t a t t
( ) ( )
+ v a t t
0
( )
1
2
1 0
The average of v
0
and v
1
is
1
2
1
2
1
2
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0
( ) [ ( )] v v v v a t t
v a t t
+ + +
+ ( )
v
av
the average of v
0
and v
1
, Q.E.D.
14. Counterexample: In Problem 11, the cars
acceleration is a t 6/ .The initial velocity is
v(0) 60 ft/s; the final velocity after 25 seconds
is v(25) 120 ft/s; and the average velocity is
v
av
100 ft/s. But the average of the initial and
final velocities is
1
2
0 25 90 [ ( ) ( )] v v v + ft/s .
av
15. a. Integral area 12(100 + 70)/2 + 6(40) +
12(40 + 10)/2 1560
y
av
1560/30 52, or $52,000
Cost of inventory 0.50(52000)/100
$260.00
b. At x 12, they may have had a single, large
sale, dropping the inventory from $70,000 to
$40,000. There is no day on which the inventory
is worth $52,000.
10 20 30
50
100
y (thousand dollars)
x (days)
No x where y = 52
16.
5
10
5 10 15 20 25
30
x (ft)
y
Water surface
(ft)
y = 6.5142
av
Integral (area of 4 rectangles, 2 trapezoids,
and 2 quarter-circles)
2(8) + 8(10) + 7(3) + 1(2) +
7[10 + (5)]/2 + 5[5 + (3)]/2 (2
2
)
(1)
2
/4 195.4269
y
av
195.4269/30 6.5142 , or about
6.51 feet deep.
The volume would equal 6.5142 times the area
of the horizontal cross section times the number
of gallons in a cubic foot.
17. Integral 3(16/2 + 15 + 15 + 17/2) +
2(17 + 20)/2 + 1(20 + 14)/2 + 3(14/2 + 10 +
9 + 8 + 9/2) 139.5 + 37 + 17 + 115.5 309
y
av
309/24 12.875 12.9C
The average of the high and low temperatures is
(20 + 8)/2 14C, which is higher than the
actual average. Averaging high and low
temperatures is easier than finding the average by
calculus, but the latter is more realistic for such
applications as determining heating and air
conditioning needs.
18. a. At x 3, y 81.3139 81.3 mg.
y e dx
x
av
. mg

1
3
200
1
3
395 6202
131 8734 131 9
0 3
0
3
.
( . )
.
K
b. k 81.3139 , so the equation is
y 281.3139e
0.3(x 3 )
.

y e dx
x
av
+
,
,
]
]
]
1
6
395 6202 281 3139
0 3 3
3
6
. .
. ( )
K K
+
1
6
395 6202 556 4674 158 6812 ( . . ) K K K .
158 7 . mg
c. As the graph shows, there are two times in
[0, 6] at which there are 158.7 mg. So the
conclusion of the mean value theorem is true,
in spite of the discontinuity.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
100
200
300
y (mg)
x (h)
Two times
y = 158.68... av
19. v A sin 120 t and y | A sin 120 t |
y A t dt
av
| |
1
1 60
120
0
1 60
/
sin
/

60 120 60 120
0
1120
1120
1 60
A t dt A t dt sin sin
/
/
/

+
A
t
A
t
2
120
2
120
1120
1 60
cos cos
/
/
0
1/120
+ +
A A
2
0 2
2
( cos cos cos cos )

If , then
av
y
A
A 110
2
110 55

172.78 V.
The average value of one arc of
y x x dx
sin sin , is and

1
0
2
0
y sin x has a maximum value of 1. A

horizontal stretch does not affect the average
value. Write a proportion to find the maximum
of a sinusoidal curve with an average value
of 110.
2
1
110 /
,
m
so m = 55.
20. a. d k sin x
d k x dx
k
x x
k k
av
2 2 2
0
2
2
0
2
2 2
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
2
2
0 0 0
2
j
(
\
,
+
sin
sin
( )

rms / . k k 2 0 7071K
b. cos sin sin cos 2 1 2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
x x x x
Thus, sin
2
x is a sinusoid.
2
1
x
y
c. By symmetry across the line y
1
2
, the
average of y x
1
2
1
2
2 cos (and hence
y sin
2
x) over [0, 2] is
1
2
. Thus, the
average of is . y k x k
2 2 2
1
2
sin
rms k/ , 2 as in part a.
d. By symmetry, it suffices to find the average
and rms for one arch of the graph, that is,
over [0, ].
y x dx
av
| | =
1
0
sin
=
1
0 0
0

sin sin x dx x (because in [ , ])

= =
1 2
0
cos x

d x dx
av
.
2 2
0
1
2 0 094715 =
(|sin | / ) K
rms 0.094715
1/2
= 0.3077
The maximum distance between high and low
points for this curve is 1; a sinusoidal curve
with maximum distance 1 between high and
low points has equation y x =
1
2
sin , with

rms / = = 2 4 0 3535 . K(using part a). This
number is greater than the rms for |sin x|,
so |sin x| is smoother.
Problem Set 10-4
Q1. x = 81 Q2. y = x(100 x
2
)
1/ 2
Q3. +
1
3
100
2 3 2
( )
/
x C Q4. y = 3 (1 9x
2
)
1/ 2
Q5.
1
2
1
4
2 2
xe e C
x x
+ Q6. y = sech
2
x
Q7. 1.5 Q8. t = 1 and t = 4
Q9. t = 4 Q10. A
1.
x
50
100
100 x
T x x = + +
1
2
50
1
5
100
2 2
( )
The graph shows a minimum T at x 22 m.
100
100
x
T
Algebraic solution:
= +
T x x
1
4
50 2
1
5
2 2 1 2
( )
/
= + =
T x x 0
1
2
50
1
5
2 2 1 2
( )
/
5x = 2(50
2
+ x
2
)
1/2
25x
2
= 4 50
2
+ 4x
2
x = = 100 21 21 8217 / . K
Ann should swim toward a point about 21.8 m
downstream.
2.
100
100 x
x
30
T x x = + +
1
13
100
1
12
30
2 2
( )
The graph shows a minimum T at x 72.
100
10
x
T
Algebraic solution:
= + +
T x x
1
13
1
24
30 2
2 2 1 2
( )
/
= = +

T x x 0
1
13
1
12
30
2 2 1 2
( )
/
13x = 12(30
2
+ x
2
)
1/2
169x
2
= 144 30
2
+ 144x
2
x = 72
The diver should swim for 100 72 = 28 m,
then dive.
3.
x
1000 x
1000
300
C x x = + + 40 1000 50 300
2 2
( )
The graph shows a minimum C at x 400
(exactly x = 400).
100,000
C
x
1000
The pipeline should be laid 600 m along the road
from the storage tanks, then straight across the
field to meet the well.
4.
120
400
400 x x
W x x = + + 3000 400 4000 120
2 2
( )
The graph shows a minimum W at x 136
(exactly

x = = 360 7 136 067 / . K).
2,000,000
400
x
W
The walkway should go 400 136.067
263.9 m parallel to the street, then cross
the street.
5. a. For minimal path, x =100 21 / .
=
+
= = . / , sin
x
x 50
0 4 2 5
2 2
Q.E.D.
b. For minimal path, x = 400.
sin =
+
= =
x
x 300
0 8 40 50
2 2
. / , Q.E.D.
6. Distance swimming = + p x
2 2
. Distance
walking = k x.
T
s
p x
w
k x = + +
1 1
2 2
( )
T
x
s p x
w s w
=
+
=
2 2
1 1 1
sin
T
s
w
= = 0 sin , Q.E.D.
7. sin =
12
13
x =

30
12
13
72
1
tan sin
The diver should swim 100 72 = 28 m, then
dive. The algebraic solution is easier than before
because no algebraic calculus needs to be done.
Mathematicians find general solutions to gain
insight, and to find patterns and methods to allow
easier solution of similar problems.
8. sin =
+
= =
x
x 120
3000
4000
3
4
2 2
16x
2
= 9(120
2
+ x
2
)
7 9 120 360 7 136 067
2 2
x x = = = / .
The walkway should go 400 136.067
263.9 m parallel to the street, then cross the
street.
The algebraic solution is easier than before
because no algebraic calculus needs to be done.
Mathematicians find general solutions to gain
insight, and to find patterns and methods to allow
easier solution of similar problems.
9.
x C(x), approximate
300 49,213
390 49,002
400 49,000
410 49,002
500 49,155
The table shows that a near miss will have
virtually no effect on the minimal cost. For
instance, missing the optimal value of x by
10 m will make about a $2 difference in cost,
and missing by 100 m makes only a $150 to
$200 difference.
10. T x x x ( ) = + +
1
5
500
1
3
1200
2 2
( )
The graph shows a local minimum at x 900 ft
(exact: 900 ft), which is out of the domain.
500
500 900
x
T(x)
The minimum occurs at an endpoint of the
domain. Because Calvin can walk entirely along
pavement when x = 0, there is a removable
discontinuity in the above function and
T(0) = 100 + 240 = 340 s. Because T(500) =
433.333 , which is greater than 340, the
minimum time is at x = 0. Calvins time is
minimized by staying on the sidewalks. If road
construction (for instance) prevented Calvin from
walking on Heights Street, his time would be
minimized by walking directly to Phoebes
house.
11.
x
300 x
70
120
T x x = + + +
1
50
120
1
130
70 300
2 2 2 2
( )
The graph shows a minimum T at x 48 yd.
300
5
x
T
Algebraically:
T
x
x
x
x
=
+
+ 50 120
300
130 70 300
2 2 2 2
( )
Setting T = 0 and simplifying leads to a
fourth-degree equation, which must be solved
numerically. Minimum is at x = 47.8809
47.9 yd.
12.
x
300 x
70
120
1
2
1
2
From Problem 11,
=
+
+
T
x
x
x
x 50 120
300
130 70 300
2 2 2 2
( )
By trigonometry,
sin
1
2 2
120
=
+
x
x
,
sin
( )
2
2 2
300
70 300
=
+
x
x
= T
1
50
1
130
1 2
sin sin
For minimal path, T = 0. Thus,

1
50
1
130
1 2
sin sin =
sin
sin
1
2
50
130
= , Q.E.D.
13. T
v
a x
v
b k x = + + +
1 1
1
2 2
2
2 2
( )
=
+
+
T
x
v a x
k x
v b k x
1
2 2
2
2 2
( )
sin
1
2 2
=
+
x
a x
,
sin
( )
2
2 2
=
+
k x
b k x
= T
v v
1 1
1
1
2
2
sin sin
For minimal path, T = 0. Thus,

1 1
1
1
2
2
v v
sin sin =
sin
sin
1
2
1
2
=
v
v
, Q.E.D.
14. a. The light rays take the minimal time to get
from one point to another, just as Robinson
Crusoe wanted to take the minimal time to
get from hut to wreck.
b. Light always takes the path requiring the least
time between two points.
c. When you look at the object, your mind tells
you that the light rays go straight. Actually,
they are bent, as shown in the diagram. So
the object is deeper than it appears to be.
Because
water
<
air
, v
water
< v
air
.
Apparent
depth
Actual
depth
Air
Water
Actual path
of light rays
Apparent path
of light rays
Problem Set 10-5
Q1. f (x) = sin x + x cos x Q2. g(x) = x
1
Q3. xe
x
e
x
+ C Q4. Snells law
Q5. x
Q6. Q7.
x
y
1
1
Q8. Total distance
Q9. Newton and Leibniz Q10. C
1. D t
t
D t = + =

1
1
2
The graphs show zero derivative and local
minimum of D at t = 1, and maximum of D at
t = 3.

D
D'
3
3
t
D or D'
D t t = = = 0 1 1
2
, confirming the graph.
Minimum is D(1) = 2, or 2000 mi.
Maximum is D( ) , 3 3
1
3
= or about 3333 mi.
2. Fuel cost per mile = k v
2
.
At v = 30, cost = 0.18.
0 18 30
1
5000
2
. = = k k
Driver cost is 20 20
100 2000
t
v v
= = .
= + = + C
v
v
v
v 2000
5000
100
2000
50
2 2
C
v
v
= +
2000
25
2
The graphs show minimum C at v 37 mi/h;
C is multiplied by 10 so that it is easier to see
its behavior around C = 0.
C v = = = 0 10 50 36 8
3
at . 403
C or C' times 100
C
C' times 10
37
100
85 100
v
3. Maximize f(x) = x x
2
.
f (x) = 1 2x; f (x) = 0 at x = 0.5;
f (x) = 2, so graph is concave down
everywhere.
Maximum of f (x) is at x = 0.5.
4. Maximize f (x) = x x
2
for x 2.
The graph shows maximum at endpoint x = 2.
2
1
x
f(x)
Because f (2) is the maximum and it is negative,
there is no number greater than 2 that exceeds its
square.
5. a. S
t
t
F
t
G
t
t t
=
+
=
+
=
+ +
100
1
9
9
900
1 9
; ;
( )( )
The graph shows a maximum of G at t = 3
hours.

S
G
F times 20
10
50
t
y
b. G
t
t t
t
t t
=
+ +
=
+ +
900
1 9
900
10 9
2
( )( )
G
t t t t
t t
=
+ + +
+ +
900 10 9 900 2 10
10 9
2
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
=
+ +
900 9
10 9
2
2 2
( )
( )
t
t t
G t = = 0 3
Because G changes from positive to negative
at t = 3, there is a local maximum there, as
in the graph.
Fran should study for 3 hours.
c. Optimum grade = G(3) = 56.25 56 (Not
good!)
i. G(4) = 55.3846 55, about 1 point
less.
ii. G(2) = 54.5454 , 55, about 1 point
less.
6. a. = 130 12T + 15T
2
4T
3
, 0 T 3
d
dT
T T T T
= + = 12 30 12 6 2 1 2
2
( )( )
d
dT
T T
= = = 0 0 5 2 at . or
(0) = 130
(0.5) = 127.25
(2) = 134
(3) = 121
Maximum viscosity occurs at T = 2, or 200.
b. Minimum viscosity = 121 centipoise at
T = 3, or 300.
c.
d
dt
d
dT
dT
dt

=
Because , . T t
dT
dt t T
= = =
1
2
1
2
When , . and . T
dT
dt
d
dT
= = = 1 0 5 6
= = . ( )
d
dt
0 5 6 3
Viscosity is increasing at 3 centipoise/min.
7. a. Put a coordinate system with origin at the
center of the cones base. Pick a sample point
(x, y) where the cylinder touches the element
of the cone. Thus, x is the radius of the
cylinder and y is its altitude. The volume and
surface area are
V = x
2
y
A = 2 x
2
+ 2 xy
The cone element has equation y = 0.6x + 6.
V = x
2
(0.6x + 6) = (0.6x
3
+ 6x
2
)
A = 2 x
2
+ 2 x(0.6x + 6)
= (0.8x
2
+ 12x)
10
600
y
A
V
x
b. From the graphs, the maximum volume
occurs where the radius x 6.7 in. The
maximum area occurs at x = 10, where all of
the area is in the two bases of the cone.
Algebraically,
V = ( 1.8x
2
+ 12x)
V x x = = = 0 0 6
2
3
or
Maximum V is at x = 6
2
3
in., as shown on
the graph, and y = 2 in.
A = (1.6x + 12)
A = 0 x = 7.5, which is out of the
domain.
A(0) = 0 and A(10) = 200, so maximum A
is at x = 10 in., as shown on the graph, and
y = 0 in.
The maximum volume and maximum area do
not occur at the same radius.
Note that the radius of the cone is large
compared to its altitude. Thus, the increase in
areas of the two bases of the cylinder offsets
the decrease in its lateral area as x increases,
making the maximum area that of the
degenerate cylinder of altitude zero.
8. a. Put a coordinate system with origin at the
center of the cones base. Pick a sample point
(x, y) where the cylinder touches the element
of the cone. Thus, x is the radius of the
cylinder and y is its altitude.
Know:
dy
dt
= 2 in./min. Want:
dV
dt
.
V = x
2
y
The cone element has equation y = 3x + 18,
from which x y = 6
1
3
.
V y y y y y =
= +
6
1
3
36 4
1
9
2
2 3
dV
dy
y y y y = +
= 36 8
1
3
1
3
6 18
2
( )( )
dV
dt
dV
dy
dy
dt
y y = =
2
3
6 18 ( )( )
When y
dV
dt
= = 12 24 , .
V is decreasing at 24 = 75.3982
75.4 in.
3
/min.
b. If t [0, 9], then y [0, 18].
dV
dt
y y = = = 0 6 18 or
V(0) = 0; V(6) = 96; V(18) = 0
Maximum V is 96 in.
3
at t = 3 min.
c. If t [4, 6], then y [8, 12].
No critical points for V are in [8, 12].
V(8) = 88.8888; V(12) = 48
Maximum V is 88.8888 279.3 in.
3
at
t = 4 min.
9. Know: . m /min. Want: .
dV
dt
dy
dt
= 0 7
3
dV = x
2
dy
= =

dV
dt
x
dy
dt
dy
dt x
2
2
0 7 .
When the water is 3 m deep, y = 8.
Because y x x = + =
4
4
5 3 , .

dy
dt
= =
. 0 7
3
0 1286 0 129
. . m/min K
10. a. Pick a sample point (x, y) where the cylinder
touches the parabola. Thus, the radius of the
cylinder is x and its altitude is y.
Know: . . Want: .
dx
dt
dV
dt
= 0 3
V = x
2
y = x
2
(4 x
2
) = (4x
2
x
4
)
dV
dt
x x
dx
dt
x x = = ( ) . ( ) 8 4 1 2 2
3 3
When . , . . x
dV
dt
= = 1 5 0 45
b.
dV
dx
x x = 4 2
3
( )
dV
dx
x = = 0 0 2 2 , is out of domain) (
V V V ( ) ( ) ; ( ) 0 2 0 2 4 = = =
Maximum volume = 4 12.6 units
3
at
radius = 2 units.
11. a. w = 1000 + 15t (lb); p = 0.90 0.01t ($/lb)
A = (1000 + 15t)(0.90 0.01t)
= 900 + 3.5t 0.15t
2
($)
b.
dA
dt
t t = = = = 3 5 0 3 0
35
3
11
2
3
. . at days
Maximum A at t =11
2
3
, not a minimum,
because
dA
dt
goes from positive to negative
there.
c. A 11
2
3
920
5
12
920 42
= $ .
12. a. 0 D 130 0 20x + 10 130

1
2
6 x
0 W 310 0 10(x
2
8x + 22)
310 1 x 9
Given x 1, the domain of x is [1, 6].
b. Minimize/maximize W on x [1, 6].
dW
dx
x x = = = 10 2 8 0 4 ( ) at .
W(1) = 150; W(4) = 60; W(6) = 100
Minimum: W = 60 ft (at x = 4 mi)
Maximum: W = 150 ft (at x = 1 mi)
c. C = k D W
= k (20x + 10) 10(x
2
8x + 22)
= 100k(2x
3
15x
2
+ 36x + 22) (k > 0)
dC
dx
k x x
k x x
dC
dx
x x
= +
=
= = =
100 6 30 36
600 2 3
0 2 3
2
( )
( )( )
or
C(1) = 4500k; C(2) = 5000k; C(3) = 4900k;
C(6) = 13,000k
Cheapest bridge at x = 1 mi.
d. No. The shortest bridge at x = 4 mi would
cost C(4) = 5400k, which is 900k more than
the cheapest bridge at x = 1.
Problem Set 10-6
Q1. x cos x + sin x + C Q2. 2xe
3x
+ 3x
2
e
3x
Q3.
2
2
x
C
ln
+ Q4. 5
3
= 125
Q5.
1
4
7
4
x + Q6.
6 6
3
2
2
3
2 2
sec
sec ln
t
e x
x
t
=
Q7. parametric Q8. x ln x x + C
Q9. x
2
Q10. E
1. The velocity is tangent to the path, the
acceleration is toward the concave side of the
path, and there is an obtuse angle between
acceleration and velocity.
y
x
r
v
a
2. The velocity is tangent to the path, the

acceleration is toward the concave side of the
path, and there is an acute angle between the
acceleration vector and the velocity vector.
y
x
r
v
a
3. a.
r
r r
r e t i e t j
t t
= + ( ) ( ) cos sin

r
r r
v e t e t i e t e t j
t t t t
= + + ( ) ( ) cos sin sin cos

r
K
r r
v i j ( ) 1 0 8186 3 7560 = + . .
x is decreasing at t = 1 because dx/dt is
negative.
Speed = + = 0 8186 3 7560
2 2
. . ... K
3.8442 3.84 cm/s
b. L =
( cos sin ) ( sin cos ) e t e t e t e t dt
t t t t
+ +
2 2
0
1

= = =
2 2 1 2 4300 2 43
2
0
1
e dt e
t
( ) . . K
Distance from origin
= + ( cos ) ( sin ) e e
1 2 1 2
1 1
= e = 2.7812 2.78 cm
(Note that the distance traveled is less than the
distance from the origin because the particle
started at (1, 0), not at (0, 0).)
c.

r
r r
a e t i e t j
t t
= + ( ) ( ) 2 2 sin cos .

r
r r
a i j ( ) . ... . ... 1 4 5747 2 9373 = + ( ) ( )
4. a.

r
r r
r t i t j
1
2 2 = + ( ) ( ) and
2

r
r r
r t i t j
2
1 5 4 1 5 2 = + ( . ) ( . )

r
r r
r
r r
v i t j v i j
1 2
1 2 2 1 5 1 5 = + = + ( ) and . .

r
r r
r
r r
a i j a i j
1 2
0 2 0 0 = + = + and

r
r r
r
r r
v i j v i j
1 2
1 2 1 1 5 1 5 ( ) and ( ) = = + . .

r
r r
r
r r
a i j a i j
1 2
1 0 2 1 0 0 ( ) and ( ) = + = +
s
1
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 ( ) . 4 cm/s and = +
s
2
2 2
1 1 5 1 5 2 12 ( ) . cm/s = + . .
b. Distance
1
4
= +
1 2 2
2 2
[ ( )] t dt
6.1257 6.13 m
c. The paths cross at (x, y) = (1, 1) and (2, 4).
By tracing on the grapher,
r
r
1
is at (1, 1)
when t = 1, but
r
r
2
is not at (1, 1) until
t = 2.
By further tracing, both paths are at (2, 4)
when t = 4.
So the particles collide only at (x, y) = (2, 4)
when t = 4.
5. a.
r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( . ) ( . ) 10 0 6 4 1 2
r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . ) ( . . ) 6 0 6 4 8 1 2
r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( . . ) ( . . ) 3 6 0 6 5 76 1 2
b.
r
r r
r i j ( . ) sin cos 0 5 10 0 3 4 0 6 = + ( . ) ( . )
= + 2 9552 3 3013 . .
r r
i j
r
r r
v i j ( . ) cos sin 0 5 6 0 3 4 8 0 6 = + ( . ) ( . . )
= 5 7320 2 7102 . .
r r
i j

r
r r
a i j ( . ) sin cos 0 5 3 6 0 3 5 76 0 6 = + ( . . ) ( . . )

= 1 0638 4 7539 . .
r r
i j
The graph shows

r r
r v , , and
r
a at t = 0.5.
x
y
t = 7
t = 0.5
a
t
a
n a
v
a
v
These vectors make sense because the head of
r
r is on the graph,
r
v is tangent to the graph,
and
r
a points to the concave side of the graph.
c. The object is speeding up because the angle
between
r
a and
r
v is acute.
d.

| |
r
v( . ) ( cos . ) ( . sin . ) 0 5 6 0 3 4 8 0 6
2 2
= +
= 6.3404

r r
a v ( . ) ( . ) sin cos 0 5 0 5 3 6 0 3 6 0 3 = ( . . )( . )
+ (5.76 cos 0.6)(4.8 sin 0.6)
= 6.7863 , so the angle is acute.

P
a v
v
=

=
r r
r
( . ) ( . )
| ( . )|
0 5 0 5
0 5
1 0703 .

r
r
r
a P
v
v
t
( . ) 0 5
0 5
0 5
=
( . )
| ( . )|

=
+
P
i j
v
( cos . ) ( . sin . )
| ( . )|
6 0 3 4 8 0 6
0 5
r r
r

= 0 9676 0 4575 . .
r r
i j

r r r
a a a
n t
( . ) ( . ) 0 5 0 5 0 5 = ( . )

= 2 0314 4 2964 . .
r r
i j
See the graph in part b.
e. The object is speeding up at

| ( . )|
r
a P
t
0 5 =
= 1.0703 1.07 (ft/s)/s.
f.
r
r r
r i j ( ) sin cos 7 10 4 2 4 8 4 = + ( . ) ( . )

= 8 7157 2 0771 . .
r r
i j
r
r r
r r
v i j
i j
( ) cos sin 7 6 4 2 4 8 8 4
2 9415 4 1020
= +
=
( . ) ( . . )
. .
r
r r
a i j ( ) sin cos 7 3 6 4 2 5 76 8 4 = + ( . . ) ( . . )
= + 3 1376 2 9911 . .
r r
i j
See the graph in part b.
The object is slowing down because the
angle between

r
a and

r
v is obtuse.
(Note that P
a v
v
=

=
r r
r
( ) ( )
| ( )|
7 7
7
4 2592 . , so
the object is slowing down at 4.2592
4.26 (ft/s)/s.)
g.

r
r r r r
r i j i j ( ) sin cos 0 10 0 4 0 0 4 = + = + ( ) ( )

r
r r r r
v i j i j ( ) cos sin 0 6 0 4 8 0 6 0 = + = + ( ) ( . )

r
r r
a i j ( ) sin cos 0 3 6 0 5 76 0 = + ( . ) ( . )

= 0 5 76
r r
i j .
r r
a v ( ) ( ) 0 0 0 6 5 76 0 0 = + = ( )( ) ( . )( )

r
a( ) 0 and
r
v( ) 0 are perpendicular, Q.E.D.
This means the object is neither slowing
down nor speeding up at t = 0.
6. a.

r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . ) ( . ) 8 0 8 6 0 4

r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( . . ) ( . . ) 6 4 0 8 2 4 0 4

r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . . ) ( . . ) 5 12 0 8 0 96 0 4
b.

r
r r
r i j ( ) cos sin 1 8 0 8 6 0 4 = + ( . ) ( . )

= + 5 5736 2 3365 . .
r r
i j

r
r r
v i j ( ) sin cos 1 6 4 0 8 2 4 0 4 = + ( . . ) ( . . )

= + 4 5910 2 2105 . .
r r
i j

r
r r
a i j ( ) cos sin 1 5 12 0 8 0 96 0 4 = + ( . . ) ( . . )

= 3 5671 0 3738 . .
r r
i j
The graph shows

r r
r v , , and

r
a at t = 1.
x
y
t = 10.5
t = 1
r
v
a
v
a
r
a
t
a
n
t = 1.25
a
These vectors make sense because the head of

r
r is on the graph,

r
v is tangent to the graph,
and
r
a points to the concave side of the graph.
c. The object is speeding up because the angle
between

r
a and

r
v is acute.
d.

| |
r
v( ) ( . sin . ) ( . cos . ) 1 6 4 0 8 2 4 0 4
2 2
= +
= 5.0955
r r
a v ( ) ( ) cos sin 1 1 5 12 0 8 6 4 0 8 = ( . . )( . . )
+ (0.96 sin 0.4)(2.4 cos 0.4)
= 15.5506 , so the angle is acute.
P
a v
v
=

=
r r
r
( ) ( )
| ( )|
1 1
1
3 0518 .
r
r
r
a P
v
v
t
( ) 1
1
1
=
( )
| ( )|
=
+
P
i j
v
( . sin . ) ( . cos . )
| ( )|
6 4 0 8 2 4 0 4
1
r r
r
= + 2 7496 1 3239 . .
r r
i j

r r r
r r
a a a
i j
n t
( ) ( )
. .
1 1 1
0 8174 1 6977
=
=
( )
See the graph in part b, showing
r
a
t
and
r
a
n
at t = 1.
e. The object is speeding up at

| ( )| ( ) . . (ft/s)s.
r
a P
t
1 1 3 0518 3 05 = =
f.

r
r r
r i j ( . ) cos sin 10 5 8 8 4 6 4 2 = + ( . ) ( . )

= 4 1543 5 2294 . .
r r
i j
r
r r
r r
v i j
i j
( . ) 10 5
5 4694 1 1766
= +
=
( 6.4 sin 8.4) (2.4 cos 4.2)
. .

r
r r
r r
a i j
i j
( . ) cos sin 10 5 5 12 8 4 0 96 4 2
2 6587 0 8367
= +
= +
( . . ) ( . . )
. .

r r
r v , , and

r
a
at t = 10.5.
The object is slowing down at t = 10.5
because the angle between

r
a and

r
v is obtuse
at that time. (Note that
P
a v
v
=

=
r r
r
( . ) ( . )
| ( . )|
10 5 10 5
10 5
2 7552 . ,
so the object is slowing down at about
2.8 (ft/s)/s.)
g. The object is stopped when

r
r r r
v t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + = ( . . ) ( . . ) 6 4 0 8 2 4 0 4 0
6.4 sin 0.8t = 0 and 2.4 cos 0.4t = 0.
Using 6.4 sin 0.8t = 1.28 sin 0.4t
cos 0.4t, you see that

r
r
v t ( ) = 0 exactly when
cos 0.4t = 0; the first time this happens is at
t = 1.25 s.

r
r r
r i j ( . ) cos sin 1 25 8 6 0 5 = + ( ) ( . )
= + 8 6
r r
i j

r
r r
r r
a i j
i j
( . ) cos sin 1 25 5 12 0 96 0 5
5 12 0 96
= +
=
( . ) ( . . )
. .

r
a at
t = 1.25.
The acceleration vector points along the path
at t = 1.25. So the object is stopped, but it
has a nonzero acceleration. At first glance,
this fact may be surprising to you!
7. a.
r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) cos sin =

10
6
6
6

r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) sin cos =
10
6 6
6
6 6

r r
r
r t v t t t i ( ) ( ) cos sin + =
10
6
10
6 6

+ +
6
6
6
6 6
sin cos

t t j
r
The graph shows the path of
r r
r v + .
x
y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
b. See the graph in part a, showing vectors
r
v .
c. For

r r
r v + ,
x
t t
10 6 6 6
= cos sin

y
t t
6 6 6 6
= + sin cos

x
t t t
10 6 3 6 6
2
2
= cos cos sin

+

6 6
2
2
sin t
y
t t t
6 6 3 6 6
2
2
= + sin sin cos

+

6 6
2
cos
2
t
= +
x y
t t
10 6 6 6
2 2
2 2
cos sin

+

6 6 6 6
2
2 2
sin cos t t
2
x y
10 6 6
2
= +

2 2
1

x y
2
2
2
2
100 1 36 36 1 36 ( / ) ( / ) +
+
+
=

1
This is the equation of an ellipse centered at
the origin with x-radius 11.2878 and
y-radius 6.7727 .
d.

r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) cos sin =
10
36 6
6
36 6
2 2

r r
r t a t ( ) ( ) +

=
10
10
36 6
6
6
36 6
2 2

cos sin t i t j
r r
See the graph in part a, showing an elliptical
path followed by the heads of the acceleration
vectors.
e. The direction of each acceleration vector is the
opposite of the corresponding position vector
and is thus directed toward the origin.
Note that
r r
a t r t ( ) ( ) =

2
36
.
8. a.
r
r r
r t t t i t t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . ) ( . ) 0 5 0 5
r
r
v t t t t i ( ) cos sin = ( . . ) 0 5 0 5
+ + ( . . ) 0 5 0 5 sin cos t t t j
r
r
r
a t t t t i ( ) sin cos = ( . ) 0 5
+ ( . ) cos sin t t t j 0 5
r
b.
r
r r
r i j ( . ) cos sin 8 5 4 25 8 5 4 25 8 5 = + . . . .

= + 2 5585 3 3935 . .
r r
i j

r
r
v i ( . ) cos sin 8 5 0 5 8 5 4 25 8 5 = ( . . . . )

+ + ( . . . . ) 0 5 8 5 4 25 8 5 sin cos
r
j

= 3 6945 2 1593 . .
r r
i j

r
r
a i ( . ) sin cos 8 5 8 5 4 25 8 5 = ( . . . )

+ ( . . . ) cos sin 8 5 4 25 8 5
r
j

= 1 7600 3 9955 . .
r r
i j

r
r r
r i j ( ) 12 = + 6 cos 12 6 sin12

= 5 0631 3 2194 . .
r r
i j

r
r
v i ( ) cos sin 12 0 5 12 6 12 = ( . )

+ + ( . ) 0 5 12 6 12 sin cos
r
j

= + 3 6413 4 7948 . .
r r
i j

r
r
a i ( ) sin cos 12 12 6 12 = ( )

+ ( ) cos sin 12 6 12
r
j

= + 4 5265 4 0632 . .
r r
i j
The graph shows that

r
r( . ) 8 5 and

r
r( ) 12 really
do terminate on the path.
x
y
t = 8.5
t = 12
a
t
v
a
r
r
a
v
c. See the graph in part b, showing

r
v( . ), 8 5

r r
v a ( ), ( . ), 12 8 5 and

r
a( ) 12 . The velocity
vectors point along the path as it spirals
outward, and the acceleration vectors point
inward to the concave side of the graph.
d. In both cases, the angle between

r
a and

r
v
appears to be acute. Check using dot
products.

r r
a v ( . ) ( . ) 8 5 8 5 2 125 = . , which is positive.

r r
a v ( ) ( ) 12 12 3 = , which is also positive.
Thus, the angles are acute, and the object is
speeding up at both times.
e. At h, . t a v = = 12 12 12 3
r r
( ) ( )

| | .
r
v( ) . 12 36 25 6 0207 = =
r
r r
r
r
r
r r
r r
a
a v
v
v
v
i j
i j
t
( )
. .
12
12 12
12
12
12
3
36 25
3 6413 4 7948
0 3013 0 3968
=

= +
= +
( ) ( )
| ( )|
( )
| ( )|
.
( . ... . ... )

r r r
r r
a a a
i j
n t
( ) ( )
. .
12 12 12
4 8279 3 6664
=
= +
( )
r
a
n
and
r
a
t
at
t = 12.
f.

Speed | | . = = =
r
v( ) . 12 36 25 6 0207
6.02 mi/h
Speed is increasing by P( ) 12
3
36 25
= =
.
0.4982 0.498 (mi/h)/h.
g. See the graph in part b, showing

r r
r t a t ( ) ( ). +
The heads seem to lie on a unit circle.
Algebraic verification:
r r
r r
r t a t t i t j ( ) ( ) sin cos + = + , which is a
circle.
9. a.

r
r r r r
r x xi yj xi x j ( ) = + = +
2

r
r r r r
v x
dx
dt
i
dy
dt
j
dx
dt
i x
dx
dt
j ( ) = + = + 2
b.

dx
dt
v x i xj = = 3 3 6
r
r r
( )

r
r r
v i j ( ) 2 3 12 =

At , speed | | x v = = = = 2 2 153
r
( )
12.3693 12.4 cm/s.
c. The graph shows

r
r( ) 2 and

r
v( ) 2 .
This is reasonable because

r
v( ) 2 points along
the curve to the left, indicating that x is
decreasing.
x = 2
a
t
a
a
n
v
5
20
x
y
d. From part b,

r
r r
v x i xj ( ) , = 3 6

= =
r
r r r
a x i
dx
dt
j j ( ) 0 6 18

r
r
a j ( ) 2 18 = . See the graph in part c.
e.
r
r r
r
r
r
a
a v
v
v
v
t
( ) 2
2 2
2
2
2
=

( ) ( )
| ( )|
( )
| ( )|

=
( ) 216 3 12
153
r r
i j

= + = +
72
17
288
17
4 2352 16 9411
r r r r
i j i j . .
r r r
a a a
n t
( ) ( ) 2 2 2 = ( )

= + = +
72
17
18
17
4 2352 1 0588
r r r r
i j i j . .
r
a
t
( ) 2 is parallel to the curve.
r
a
n
( ) 2 is
normal to the curve and points inward to the
concave side.
f. The object is slowing down when x = 2
because the angle between

r
a( ) 2 and

r
v( ) 2 is
obtuse, as shown by the graph and by the fact
that the dot product is negative. Also,
r
a
t
( ) 2
points in the opposite direction of
r
v( ) 2 .
g. dL dy dx dx x dx = + = + 1 1 4
2 2
( / )
dL
dt
x
dx
dt
= + = 1 4 5
2
At , x
dx
dt
dx
dt
= = + = 2 5 1 4 2 17
2
( )
= =
dx
dt
5
17
1 2126 1 21 . . cm/s.
10.

r
r r
r i j ( ) 1 8 8615 4 8410 = + . .

r
r r
q i j ( ) 2 2 9659 4 3406 = + . .

r
r r
q i j ( . ) 1 5 0 2065 6 6362 = + . .

r
r r
q i j ( . ) 1 1 2 5579 7 4880 = + . .

r
r
v t t t t t i ( ) cos cos sin sin = ( . . ) 12 0 5 6 0 5

+ + ( . . ) 12 0 5 6 0 5 cos sin sin cos t t t t j
r

r
r r
v i j ( ) 1 3 2693 7 5391 = + . .
The graph shows average velocity vectors
approaching the instantaneous velocity vector

r
v( ) 1 as t approaches 1. The instantaneous
velocity vector is tangent to the graph and points
in the direction of motion.
10
10
x
y
v t = 1.1
t = 1.5
t = 2
11.

r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( . ) ( . ) 10 0 6 4 1 2
dL dx dt dy dt dt
t t dt
= +
= +
( / ) ( / )
( cos . ) ( . sin . )
2 2
2 2
6 0 6 4 8 1 2
L dL =
12 0858 . ft (numerically)
0
2
12.
r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) cos sin =

10
6
6
6

dL dx dt dy dt dt
t t dt
= +
=
( / ) ( / )
sin cos
2 2
2 2
10
6 6
6
6 6

One complete cycle of the curve is 0 t 12, so
L dL = =
51 0539 51 1 . (numerically) . ft.

0
12
13. a.
r
r r
a t i j ( ) = 0 32
r
r r r r
v t i j dt C i t C j ( ) = = + +
( ) ( ) 0 32 32
1 2
r
r r
v i j C C ( ) 0 130 0 130 0
1 2
= + = = and

=
r
r r
v t i tj ( ) 130 32
b.

r
r r
r t i tj dt ( ) =
( ) 130 32

= + + + ( ) ( ) 130 16
3
2
4
t C i t C j
r r

r
r r
r i j C C ( ) 0 60 5 8 60 5 8
3 4
= + = = . . and

= + + + ( . ) ( )
r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) 130 60 5 16 8
2
c. When the ball passes over the plate, x(t) = 0,
so t = 60.5/130 = 0.4653 . At that time,
y(t) = 4.5346 , which is slightly above the
strike zone.
d. At t = 0, dx/dt = 200 cos 15,
dy/dt = 200 sin 15.
As in part a,

r
r r
v t C i t C j ( ) = + + =
1 2
32 ( )

( ) ( ) 200 15 32 200 15 cos sin + +
r r
i t j
As in part b,

r
r
r t t i ( ) cos = + ( ) 200 15

( ) . + + 16 200 15 3
2
t t j sin
r
e. When x = 400, t = 2 sec 15 = 2.0705 s
y(2.0705) = 41.5846 .
Phyllis makes the home run because
41.5 > 10.
100
400
x
y
14. a.

r
r r
a t i y t j ( ) = + 3 ( )

r
r r
v t t C i y t j ( ) = + + ( ) ( ( )) 3
1

r
r r
v i j C ( ) 0 0 0 0
1
= + =

r
r r
r t t C i y t j ( ) = + + ( . ) ( ( )) 1 5
2
2

r
r r
r i j C ( ) 0 0 0 0
2
= + =
= + = + ( . ) ( ( )) ( . ) ( ( ))
r
r r r r
r t t i y t j t i x t j ( ) sin 1 5 1 5
2 2
r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) sin = + ( . ) ( . ) 1 5 1 5
2 2
b.
r
r r
v t t i t t j ( ) cos = + ( ) ( . ) 3 3 1 5
2
If x = 6, t = 2.
r
r
K
r
v i j ( ) 2 = + 6 5.7610
Speed | | .
. m/
= = + =
r
K v( ) .
min
2 6 5 76 8 3180
8 32
2 2
15. a. d = a + b cos t
t = 0: 240 = a + b cos 0 = a + b
t = : 60 = a + b cos = a b
2a = 180 a = 90
2b = 300 b = 150
d = 90 + 150 cos t
b.
r
r
r t t t i ( ) cos cos = + ( ) 90 150
2
+ + ( ) 90 150 sin sin cos t t t j
r
r
r
v t t t t i ( ) sin cos sin = ( ) 90 300

+ + (90 cos t t t j 150 150
2 2
cos sin )
r

r
r
v t t t i ( ) sin sin = ( ) 90 150 2

+ + ( ) 90 150 2 cos cos t t j
r

r
K
r
K
r
v i j ( ) 1 212 1270 13 7948 = . .
Speed
. . cm/s
= +
=
( . ) ( . ) 212 1 13 7
212 5750 212 6
2 2
K K
K
c.
r
r
a t t t i ( ) cos cos = ( ) 90 300 2
+ ( ) 90 300 2 sin sin t t j
r

r
K
r
K
r
a i j ( ) 1 76 2168 348 5216 = . .

P
a v
v
( ) . 1
1 1
1
53 4392 =

=
r r
r
K
( ) ( )
| ( )|

r
r
r
K
r
K
r
a P
v
v
i j
t
( ) ( )
. .
1 1
1
1
53 3266 3 4678
=
= +
( )
| ( )|

r r r
K
r
K
r
a a a
i j
n t
( ) ( )
. .
1 1 1
22 8902 351 9894
=
=
( )
Annie is slowing down. The angle between
the acceleration and velocity vector is obtuse,
as revealed by the negative dot product. She is
slowing down at 53.4392 53.4 cm/s.
16. a.

r
r r
r t t i t j = + + ( . ) ( . ) 0 5 4 0 5 sin cos
r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + + ( . ) ( . ) 0 5 2 0 5

r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( ) ( . ) 0 5

r
r r
v i j ( ) 14 0 6367 1 3139 = . .

r
r r
a i j ( ) 14 0 9906 0 7539 = . .

Speed | | . mi/h = =
r
v( ) 14 1 4601

P
a v
v
( ) 14
14 14
14
=

r r
r
( ) ( )
| ( )|

= =
0 3598
1 4601
0 2464
.
.
K
K
K .

r
r
r
r r
a P
v
v
i j
t
( ) ( )
. .
14 14
14
14
0 1074 0 2217
=
=
( )
| ( )|
r r r
r r
a a a
i j
n t
( ) ( )
. .
14 14 14
1 0980 0 5312
=
=
( )
The log is speeding up at t = 14. You can tell
by the fact that P(14) is positive, and thus the
angle between

r
a( ) 14 and

r
v( ) 14 is acute, which
means that

r
a
t
( ) 14 points in the same direction
as

r
v( ) 14 . It is speeding up at 0.2464
0.246 (mi/h)/h.
b. dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + + ( . cos ) ( sin . ) 0 5 2 0 5
2 2
t t dt
L dL =
22 7185
0
14
. (numerically)
22.7 mi

Average speed
1
14
22 7185 ( . ) K
= 1 6227 1 62 . . mi/h
17. a.

r
r r
r t t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + + ( ) ( ) 5 12 15 12

r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( ) ( ) 5 12 12
r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( ) ( ) 12 12
b.

r
r r
v i j ( . ) 2 5 14 6137 7 1816 = . .

r
K
r
K
r
a i j ( . ) 2 5 7 1816 9 6137 = + . .
The graph shows and .
r r
v a ( . ) ( . ) 2 5 2 5
5
5
x
y
v
a
c.

P
a v
v
( . ) 2 5
2 5 2 5
2 5
=

r r
r
( . ) ( . )
| ( . )|
= =
60 2 5
169 120 2 5
2 2052
sin .
cos .
.

r
r
r
r r
a P
v
v
i j
t
( . ) ( . )
. .
2 5 2 5
2 5
2 5
1 9791 0 9726
=
=
( . )
| ( . )|

r r r
r r
a a a
i j
n t
( . ) ( . )
. .
2 5 2 5 2 5
5 2024 10 5863
=
= +
( . )
d.

r
v( . ) 2 5 is reasonable because its graph
points along the path in the direction of
motion.
r
a( . ) 2 5 is reasonable because it points
toward the concave side of the path. The
roller coaster is traveling at | |
r
v( . ) 2 5 =
16.2830 ft/s. Its speed is increasing at
P(2.5) = 2.2052 ft/s
2
, as shown by the fact
that P(2.5) is positive, meaning that the angle
between
r
a( . ) 2 5 and
r
v( . ) 2 5 is acute.
e. The path is at a high point when the
y-component of
r
r is a maximum. This
happens when cos t = 1, or t = 0 + 2 n.
r
r r
a n i j ( ) 0 2 0 12 + = , pointing straight
down.
Similarly, the path is at a low point when
cos t = 1, or t = + 2 n.
r
r r
a n i j ( ) + = + 2 0 12 , pointing straight up,
Q.E.D.
f. dL dx dy = +
2 2
= + ( cos ) ( sin ) 5 12 12
2 2
t t dt
L dL =
78 7078
78 7
0
2
. (numerically)
. ft
18. Recall that

| | | | .
r r
i j = =1
The angle between

r r
i i and is 0, so

r r r r
i i i i = = | || | . cos 0 1
Similarly,

1.
r r
j j =
The angle between

r r
i j and is ,
2
so

r r r r
i j i j = = | | | | . cos

2
0

= + + = ( ) ( )
r r
r r r r
v v x i y j x i y j
1 2 1 1 2 2

x x i i x y i j y x j i y y j j
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
r r r r r r r r
+ + +
= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) x x x y y x y y
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 0 0 1
= , x x y y
1 2 1 2
+ Q.E.D.
19.

r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( . ) ( . ) 10 0 8 10 0 6

+ ( )
.
6
0 5
t k
r

r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . ) ( . ) 8 0 8 6 0 6

+

( )
.
3
0 5
t k
r

r
r
a t t i ( ) sin = ( . . ) 6 4 0 8

+ +

( . cos . ) 3 6 0 6 1 5
1 5
t j t k
r r
( . )
.
r
r r r
v i j k ( ) ( . ) ( . ) 1 8 0 8 6 0 6 3 = + + cos sin
r
r r r
a i j k ( ) sin cos . 1 6 4 0 8 3 6 0 6 1 5 = + ( . . ) ( . . )
To determine whether the object is speeding up
or slowing down, find the dot product.
r r
a v ( ) ( ) sin cos 1 1 6 4 0 8 8 0 8 = + ( . . )( . )
( . . )( . ) ( . )( ) + 3 6 0 6 6 0 6 1 5 3 cos sin
= 20.0230
the object is slowing down because the angle
between

r
a( ) 1 and

r
v( ) 1 is obtuse.
20. a. This is an example of the chain rule.
b. dy/dx equals the slope of the velocity vector,
and tan also equals the slope of this vector.
Thus, tan = dy/dx.
By the chain rule, dy/dx = (dy/dt)/(dx/dx),
Q.E.D.
c. tan
/
/
( )
( )
= =

dy dt
dx dt
y t
x t
=

d
ds
d
ds
y t
x t
(tan )
( )
( )
sec
2
2
d
ds
x y x y
x
dt
ds
=

d
ds
x y x y
x ds dt
(sec )( / )
2 2
But sec
2
= 1 + tan
2
= 1 + y
2
/x
2
, so

ds dt v / | |. =
r

=

+
d
ds
x y x y
x y x v

( / ) | |
2 2 2
1
r

=

+
=
x y x y
x y v
x y x y
v
( ) | |
| |
2 2 3
r r
, Q.E.D.
d. x = 5 cos t x = 5 sin t x = 5 cos t
y = 3 sin t y = 3 cos t y = 3 sin t

| |
r
v t t = + 25 9
2 2
sin cos
=
+
+
d
dt
t t
t t
15 15
25 9
2 2
2 2 3 2
sin cos
( sin cos )
/
=
+
15
16 9
2 3 2
( sin )
/
t
which is maximized for sin
2
t = 0 at ( 5 , 0),
the ends of the major axis, and is minimized
for sin
2
t = 1 at (0, 3), the ends of the minor
axis, Q.E.D.
e. x = r cos t x = r sin t x = r cos t
y = r sin t y= r cos t y = r sin t
| |
r
v r t r t r = + =
2 2 2 2
cos sin
=
+
=
d
ds
r t r t
r r
2 2 2 2
3
1 sin cos
| | | |
a constant equal to the reciprocal of the radius.
f. x = 5 cos
2
t x = 10 cos t sin t = 5 sin 2t
x = 10 cos 2t
y = 3 sin
2
t y = 6 sin t cos t = 3 sin 2t
y = 6 cos 2t

| | | |
r
v t t t = + = 25 2 9 2 34 2
2 2
sin sin sin
=
+ d
ds
t t t t
t
sin cos sin cos
|sin |
30 2 2 30 2 2
34 2
= 0, Q.E.D.
g. At (5, 0), sin t = 0, so
d
ds
= =
15
9
5
9
3 2 /
.
Radius of curvature = =
9
5
1 8 .
h. The osculating circle has radius 1.8 and center
on the x-axis at x = 4 1.8 = 3.2. Equations
are
x = 3.2 + 1.8 cos t
y = 1.8 sin t
The graph shows the osculating circle. The
name is appropriate because the circle kisses
the ellipse at the point (5, 0).
3.2 5
3
x
y
Problem Set 10-7
Review Problems
R1. v t = = 3 0 at t = 9 s
v > 0 for t > 9 s
Displacement from t = 0 to t = 9 is
( ) t dt 3 9
0
9
=
.
They have moved 9 ft closer to the sawmill.
From t = 0 to t = 25:
Displacement = =
( ) t dt 3 8
1
3 0
25
ft
Distance = =
| | ft t dt 3 26
1
3 0
25
R2. a. i.

3
5
t
v(t )
ii. Displacement =
( ) 2 8 3 8022
1
4
t
dt . K
3.8 cm (exactly 14/ln 2 24)
iii. Distance =
| | 2 8
1
4
t
dt 10.8853
10.9 cm (exactly 2/ln 2 + 8)
b.
t
end
a
a
av
0 2 30 speeding up
5 8 5 55 speeding up
10 1 4.5 77.5 speeding up
15 0 0.5 80 neither
20 10 5 55 slowing down
25 20 15 20 slowing down
(Note that the object is speeding up, slowing
down, or neither, exactly when a
end
> 0,
a
end
< 0, or a
end
= 0, respectively, in the
original table.)
R3. a. i.

v t dt
av
( / ) / . = = =
1
3
6 2 0 6366
0
3
sin K
ii. v t dt
av
( / ) = =
1
6
6 0
3
9
sin
iii. v t dt
av
( / ) = =
1
12
6 0
0
12
sin
b. i. f x x x x x x ( ) ( ) at = = = = 6 6 0 0 6
2 3 2
,
Average = =
1
6
6 18
2 3
0
6
( ) x x dx
ii. The rectangle has the same area as the
shaded region.
5
18
6
x
f (x)
iii. The average of the two values of f(x) at the
endpoints is 0, not 18.
R4. a.

x
200
700
700 x
Let x = distance from intersection to cutoff.
0 x 700
Let T = total time taken.
T x x = + +
1
5 7
200
1
6 2
700
2 2
. .
( )
700
100
x
T
T x x
x x
= +
= +
1
5 7
1
2
200 2
1
6 2
1
5 7
200
1
6 2
2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
.
( )
.
. .
/
/
( )
( )
T = 0 6.2x = 5.7(200
2
+ x
2
)
1/2
38.44x
2
= 32.49(200
2
) + 32.49x
2

x x
2
2
32 49 200
5 95
467 3544 = =
. ( )
.
. K
Or: Let = angle of incidence.
Minimal path occurs for = sin
1
(5.7/6.2).
x = 200 tan = 467.3544
Note that at x = 0, Juana goes entirely along
the sidewalk.

T( ) . 0
1
6 2
900 145 1612 = =
.
K
T(467.3544) = 126.7077
T(700) = 127.7212
Turning at a point about 467 ft from the
intersection of the two sidewalks takes the
minimum time, although it takes only a
second longer to head straight for the English
building.
b.
x
6
10
10 x
Let x = distance from closest point on the
beach to the cutoff point, 0 x 10.
Let C = total cost of the road.
C x x = + + 5 10 13 36
2
( )
The graph shows a minimum C at x 2.5.
10
150
x
C
Let be the angle of incidence.
By the minimal path property, the cost is
minimized when
sin = =
x
bridge length
5
13
x = 6 tan [sin
1
(5/13)] = 2.5
C(2.5) = 122
C(10) = 151.6047
The minimum cost is $122,000, obtained by
going 7.5 km along the beach, then cutting
across to the island. This path saves about
$29,600 over the path straight to the island.
R5. a. i. a(t) = 6t t
2
, t in [0, 10]
a(t) = 6 2t
a(t) = 0 t = 3
a(0) = 0; a(3) = 9; a(10) = 40
Maximum acceleration = 9 at t = 3.
Minimum acceleration = 40 at t = 10.
ii. v t t t dt t t C ( ) ( ) = = +
6 3
1
3
2 2 3
v(0) = 0 C = 0
= ( ) v t t t 3
1
3
2 3
v(t) = a(t) = t(6 t)
v(t) = 0 t = 0 or t = 6
v v v ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 0 0 6 36 10 33
1
3
= = =
Maximum velocity = 36 at t = 6.
Minimum velocity at . = = 33
1
3
10 t
iii. s t v t dt t t C ( ) ( ) = = +
3 4
1
12
Because s(t) measures distance from the
starting point, s(0) = 0, which implies that
C = 0.
= ( ) s t t t
3 4
1
12
s t v t t t = = ( ) ( ) ( )
1
3
9
2
s(t) = 0 t = 0 or t = 9
s s s ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 0 0 9 182
1
4
10 166
2
3
= = =
Maximum displacement at . = = 182
1
4
9 t
Minimum displacement = 0 at t = 0.
b. i. Let t = number of days Dagmar has been
saving, P(t) = number of pillars in
Dagmars account, and V(t) = real value
(in constant day-zero pillars) of money in
account after t days.
P(t) = 50t (assuming continuous
depositing)
V(t) = P(t)(0.5
0.005 t
) = 50t(0.5
0.005 t
)
ii. The graph shows a maximum V(t) at t
289 days.
6000
500
t
V(t)
V(t) =
50(0.5
0.005 t
) + 50t[0.005(0.5
0.005 t
)] ln 0.5
V(t) = 0 1 = 0.005t ln 0.5

t = =
200
0 5
288 5390
ln .
. K
Dagmars greatest purchasing power will
be after about 289 days.
R6. a. i. and ii.
v
a
a
Speeding up
Slowing down
b. i.
r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) cosh sinh = + ( ) ( ) 5 3
r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) sinh cosh = + ( ) ( ) 5 3
r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) cosh sinh = + ( ) ( ) 5 3

r
r r
K
r
K
r
r i j
i j
( ) cosh sinh 1 5 1 3 1
7 7154 3 5256
= +
= +
( ) ( )
. .

r
K
r
K
r
v i j ( ) 1 5 8760 4 6292 = + . .

r
K
r
K
r
a i j ( ) 1 7 7154 3 5256 = + . .
ii. The graph shows

r r
r v ( ) ( ) 1 1 , , and

r
a( ) 1 .
Note that

r r
a r ( ) ( ) 1 1 = so that the
acceleration vector points directly away
from the origin when it is drawn from the
head of

r
r( ). 1 (For an elliptical path, the
acceleration vector points directly toward
the origin.)
5 10
5
x
y
r
v
a
Asymptote
iii.

Speed | | = = + =
r
v ( ) sinh cosh 1 25 1 9 1
2 2
7.4804 7.48 units/min
r r
K a v ( ) ( ) sinh cosh 1 1 34 1 1 61 6566 = = .
The object is speeding up at t = 1, as
shown by the positive dot product and by
the acute angle between

r
a( ) 1 and

r
v( ) 1 .

r
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
a
a v
v
v
v
v
v
i j
t
( )
.
. .
1
1 1
1
1
1
34 1 1
25 1 9 1
1
1 1018 1
6 4744 5 1007
2 2
=

=
+
=
= +
( ) ( )
| ( )|
( )
| ( )|
sinh cosh
sinh cosh
( )
( )

( ( ) . . )
r
r r
a i j
n
1 1 2409 1 5751 =
| ( )|
r
r r
r
a
a v
v
t
1
1 1
1
61 6566
7 4804
=

=

| ( ) ( )|
| ( )|
.
.
= 8 2423 .
r
a
t
( ) 1 points in the same direction as

r
v( ), 1
as indicated by the positive dot product and
by the acute angle between

r
a( ) 1 and

r
v( ), 1
so the object is speeding up at about
8.24 units/min
2
.
iv. Distance =
ds
0
1
= +
25 9
2 2
0
1
sinh cosh t t dt
= 4.5841 (numerically) 4.58 units
v.

r r
r
r t v t t t i ( ) ( ) cosh sinh + = + ( ) 5 5

+ + ( ) 3 3 sinh cosh t t j
r
Note that the y-coordinate is 0.6 times the
x-coordinate, so the head lies on y = 0.6x,
one asymptote of the hyperbola.
Concept Problems
C1. a.
5
0 4
t
v(t)
5
b. v = t
3
7t
2
+ 15t 9 = (t 1)(t 3)
2
v = 0 t = 1, 3
Particle is stopped at 1 s and 3 s.
c. v = 3t
2
14t + 15 = (3t 5)(t 3)
v = 0 at t = 5/3, 3
v v ( ) ; ; 0 9
5
3
32
27
1
5
27
=

= =
v v ( ) ; ( ) 3 0 4 3 = =
Maximum velocity at t = 4, minimum
velocity at t = 0.
d. v(t) = 6t 14
v(t) = 0 t = 7/3
v(t) changes from negative to positive at
t = 7/3, so there is a point of inflection at
that point.
e. At t = 7/3, the particles acceleration stops
decreasing and starts increasing. Thus, the
minimum acceleration is at that time.
f. y v t dt t t t t C = = + +
( )
1
4
7
3
15
2
9
4 3 2
y(0) = 4 C = 4
= + + y t t t t
1
4
7
3
15
2
9 4
4 3 2
g.
4
0 4
t
y(t)
h. y(t) = v(t) = 0 when t = 1, 3.
y y y y ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 0 4 1
5
12
3
7
4
4
8
3
= = = =
Maximum y at t = 0, minimum y at t = 1.
i. = = = = y v t t t ( )( ) at , 3 5 3 0
5
3
3
y changes sign at t =
5
3
and at t = 3, so there
are points of inflection at these values of t.
j. At t = 5/3, the particle stops accelerating and
starts decelerating, so the velocity at that time
is a local maximum. At t = 3, the particle
stops decelerating and starts accelerating, so
the velocity is a local minimum.
k. y is never negative because its minimum
value is 5/12 at t = 1.
l. Displacement ( ) ( ) ( ) = =
v t y y 4 0
0
4
= =
8
3
4
4
3
ft
m. Distance | ( )| ft = =
v t dt 5
5
6 0
4
n. v v dt
av
(displacement) ft/s = = =
1
4
1
4
1
3 0
4
o. | | | | (distance) ft/s
av
0
4
v v dt = = =
1
4
1
4
35
24
C2. Assume that the maximum g a human can
withstand is A and that the distance from
New York to Los Angeles is D km.
Recall that 1 g = 9.81 (m/s)/s.
For the fastest trip, the passenger accelerates at
A g for the first D/2 km, then decelerates at A g
for the last D/2 km.
Starting at rest, the velocity t seconds after
leaving New York, when accelerating at
the maximum rate, is v(t) = A 9.81 t
and the distance from New York is
s t A t ( ) . . =
1
2
9 81
2
The passenger reaches the halfway point of
the trip when s t D ( ) = 1000
1
2
(because D is km
and s is m), so the first half of the trip takes
t
D
A
=
1000
9 81 .
seconds. By symmetry, the second
half takes exactly as long, so the minimum time
for the trip is t
D
A
= 2
1000
9 81 .
seconds.
For example, suppose that it is 4000 km from
New York to Los Angeles and that the human
body can withstand A = 5 g. Then the minimal
time is t = = 2
1000 4000
9 81 5
571 1372
( )
. ( )
. , or
about 9.5 min.
C3. Let x = distance from center along clock hand,
L = length of web, and = central angle.
Know:
dx
dt
d
dt
= = 0 7
30
. cm/s; rad/s.

Want:
dL
dt
t at s. =10
By the law of cosines,
L
2
= x
2
+ 25
2
2 x 25 cos
2 2 50 50 L
dL
dt
x
dx
dt
dx
dt
x
d
dt
= + cos sin

At , cm, , , t x = = = = 10 18
3
1
2

cos
sin =
3
2
.
So L = + = 18 25 25 18 499
2 2
dL
dt
= +
1
499
18 0 7 25
1
2
0 7 . .
+

25 18
3
2 30
= 1.6545 cm/s
C4. a. Let t = time since vertex of cone touched
water, y = distance from vertex of cone to
bottom of cylinder (0 y 15), h = altitude
of submerged part of cone, r = radius of
submerged part of cone, and D = depth of
water in cylinder.
Know:
dy
dt
dD
dt
= 2 cm/ . Want: . min
Volume of water is 15 7
2
= 735 cm
3
.
Volume of submerged part of cone is
1
3
2
r h.
Volume of submerged part of cone plus water
is 7
2
D.
= + 49 735
1
3
2
D r h
49 735
1
3
2
D r h = +
But , and , so D h y r h = + =
5
12
49 735
1
3
25
144
3
D D y = + ( )
49
25
144
2
dD
dt
D y
dD
dt
dy
dt
=
( )
Find D when y = 10.
49 735
25
432
10
3
D D = + ( )
Solving numerically gives D 15.1624 .
Substitute this for D, 10 for y, and 2 for
dy/dt.

49
25
144
5 1624 2
2
dD
dt
dD
dt
= +
( . ) K
Solving algebraically or numerically gives
dD
dt
= 0 2085 0 21 . . cm/ . min
b. When the cone is completely submerged, the
total volume is
735
1
3
5 12 835
2
+ = .
In this case, D= =
835
49
17 0408
. .
When the cone first becomes completely
submerged,
y = 17.0408 12 = 5.0408 .
Thus when y = 1 the cone is already
completely submerged and the depth D is not
changing.
C5. Let h(t) = f(t) g(t), so h(t) = f (t) g(t). Then
h(a) = h(b) = 0 because f(a) = g(a), f(b) = g(b).
By the mean value theorem (or Rolles theorem),
there exists an x = c in (a, b) such that
h c
h b h a
b a
= = ( ) .
( ) ( )
0
But because h(c) = f (c) g(c) at time c,
f (c) = g(c), so the knights have the same
velocity at this time.
C6. Let L = length of track, z = vertical coordinate of
a point on the track, and T( ) = number of
minutes to reach the top.
v = 30 60 sin
Domain of is 0 6 / because v would be
negative for acute angles > /6.
Because is constant, v is constant. Thus,
T
L
v
L
( ) .
= =
30 60 sin
To find L for any value of , consider z to be an
independent variable. By trigonometry,
dL
dz
dL dz = = csc csc , and thus .
L dz
z
= =
=
csc csc 1000

0
1000
( is constant)
(Another way to find L is to unroll the track
into a vertical plane. Because the track always
makes an angle of with the horizontal, this
will result in a right triangle with hypotenuse =
L, altitude = 1000, and base angle . Then
sin = 1000/L so that L = 1000 csc .)
= ( ) T

1000
30 60
csc
sin
=

100
3
2
2 1
(sin sin )
T =
( )
100
3
2
2 2
(sin sin )
(cos ) 4 sin cos
T( ) = 0 cos ( 1 4 sin ) = 0
cos = 0 only for values of outside the
domain.
1 4 sin = 0 = sin
1
0.25
T( ) approaches positive infinity as approaches
either end of the domain. So T( ) is a minimum
for = sin
1
0.25.
Optimal trip takes T(sin
1
0.25)
= =
100
3
0 25 2 0 25 266
2
3
2 1
[ . ( . ) ] s,
or 4 minutes 26
2
3
seconds.
Chapter Test
T1. If the acceleration and velocity have the same
sign, the object is speeding up. If the acceleration
and velocity have opposite signs, the object is
slowing down.
T2. Displacement =
y dx
0
60
=
+
+
+
= + =
8
20 10
2
15 0 10
25 15
2
120 0 200 80 ft
Distance | | ft = = + + =
y dx 120 0 200 320

0
60
T3. Average value of f ( x) 2.8. The graph shows
equal areas above and below y = 2.8, and the
point x = c where f ( c) 2.8 by the mean value
theorem for integrals.
5 10
5
f (x)
x
c
Average 2.8
Equal areas
T4.
r
r r
r i j = + 7 3
The velocity vector points in the negative
x-direction and the acceleration vector makes an
obtuse angle with the velocity vector, indicating
that the object is slowing down.
5 10
5
y
x
v
a
T5. v t = + 60
Displacement ft = + =
( ) t dt 60 1583
1
3 0
25
T6.
x 7 x
3
7
By the minimal path property,
sin = =
360
800
0 45 . .
= sin
1
0.45
x = 3 tan = 3 tan (sin
1
0.45) = 1.5117
So the cheapest path is 7 x = 5.4882 mi
along the road, then turning toward Imas house.
This path costs

360 5 4882 800 9 1 5117
2
+ + . K K .
= 4663.2685 $4663, which is about $257
cheaper than the proposal.
T7. f(x) = x
3
4x + 5, x [1, 3]
f (x) = 3x
2
4
= = = f x x ( ) . 0 4 3 1 1547 / K
(The negative value is out of the domain.)
f(1) = 2
f(1.1547) = 1.9207 , the minimum.
f(3) = 20, the maximum.
Average = + =
1
2
4 5 7
3
1
3
( ) x x dx
The graph shows a minimum at x = 1.1547 ,
a maximum at x = 3, and an average of 7. The
area of the rectangle of altitude 7 equals the area
of the region under the graph.
7
20
1 3
x
f(x)
T8. a. v(t) = 10(0.5 2
t
)
Distance = =
| ( ) | . . ft v t dt 3 6067 3 61
0
2
K
(exactly 2.5/ln 2)
Displacement ( )
. . ft
=
=
v t dt
0
2
0 8202 0 82 K
(exactly 10 7.5/ln 2)
b. a(0) = v(0) = 10 2
0
ln 2 = 10 ln 2
= 6.9314 6.93 (ft/s)/s
c. v(0) = 5
Because v(0) is negative and a(0) is positive,
the object is slowing down.
T9.
t a
a
av v
end
v
av
displ
end
0 4 50 0
7 6 5 85 67.5 472.5
14 10 8 141 113 1263.5
21 13 11.5 221.5 181.25 2532.25
The object traveled about 2532.25 cm.
Average velocity was about

1
21
2532 25 120 583 120 6 = ( . ) . . cm/s. K
T10.

r
r r
r t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . ) ( . ) 10 0 4 10 0 6

r
r r
v t t i t j ( ) sin cos = + ( . ) ( . ) 4 0 4 6 0 6
T11.

r
r r
a t t i t j ( ) cos sin = + ( . . ) ( . . ) 1 6 0 4 3 6 0 6
T12.

r
r r
r i j ( ) cos sin 2 10 0 8 10 1 2 = + ( . ) ( . )
= + 6 9670 9 3203 . . K K i j
The graph shows

r
r( ) 2 .
5
5
0
x
y
r
a
v
t = 2
T13.
r
r r
v i j ( ) sin cos 2 4 0 8 6 1 2 = + ( . ) ( . )
= + 2 8694 2 1741 . . K
r
K
r
i j
See the graph in Problem T12.
The velocity vector is tangent to the path,
pointing in the direction of motion.
T14.

r
r r
a i j ( ) cos sin 2 1 6 0 8 3 6 1 2 = + ( . . ) ( . . )

= 1 1147 3 3553 . . K
r
K
r
i j
See the graph in Problem T12.
T15.

r r
a v ( ) ( ) 2 2
= 6.4 cos 0.8 sin 0.8 21.6 cos 1.2 sin 1.2
= 4.0963 4.10 (mi/h)
2
/h

| ( ) sin . cos .
r
v 2 16 0 8 36 1 2
2 2
| = +
= 3.6000 mi/h
P
a v
v
=

=
r r
r
K
( ) ( )
| ( ) |
2 2
2
1 1378 1 14 . . (mi/h)/h

r
r
r
K
r
K
r
a
P
v
v i j
t
( ) . . 2
2
2
2 0 9069 0 6871 = =
( )
| ( ) |
( )
r r r
a a a
n t
( ) ( ) 2 2 2 = ( )

= 2 0216 2 6681 . . K
r
K
r
i j
t = 2
a
n
a
t
a
v
T16. The tangential component

r
a
t
( ) 2 has direction the
opposite of

r
v( ), 2 so

r
v is decreasing and the object
is slowing down at t = 2.
T17. Object is slowing down at

|
r
a P
t
( )| | ( )| 2 2 = =

1 1378 . (mi/h)/h. K
T18.

r
a
n
( ) 2 points inward to the concave side because

r
a
n
is the component of acceleration that pulls the
object out of the straight path into a curve.
T19.

dL dx dy v t dt = + =
2 2
| |
r
( )
= + 16 0 4 36 0 6
2 2
sin . cos . t t dt

L dL = =
10 0932
0
2
. K (numerically) 10.09 mi
Chapter 11The Calculus of Variable-Factor Products
Problem Set 11-1
1.
4
10
x
F
(x, F)
x = 0.2
F F(4) = 80e
2
= 10.8268 10.83 lb
in the strip.
W F(4) x = 16e
2
= 2.1653 2.17 ft-lb
2. dW = 20xe
0.5 x
dx
3. W xe dx
x
= =
20 69 1289
0 5
0
7
.
. K
(exactly 80 360e
3.5
)
4. W 69.13 ft-lb
5. The amount of work done from x = 0 to x = b is
W x dx
be e
x
b
b b
=
= +
20
40 80 80
0 5
0
0 5 0 5
.
. .
lim
b
W
= + + = 0 0 80 80 ft-lb
(Use lHospitals rule for be
0.5 b
.)
Problem Set 11-2
Q1. 2 Q2. 10
2
3
Q3. v(t) = ln | sec t | + C Q4. a ( t) = t
1
Q5. Fundamental theorem of calculus
Q6. Riemann
Q7. Integration by parts
Q8. Implicit differentiation
Q9. Heaviside method Q10. A
1. Ignore the weight of the rope.
Let y = the distance from the bottom of the well.
Slope of linear function is 8/50 = 0.16.
Weight = 20 0.16y
dW = (weight) dy = (20 0.16y) dy
W y dy = =
( . ) 20 0 16 800
0
50
ft-lb
2. a. Let y = number of miles up.
Slope of linear function is = 20 70
2
7
/ .
Weight (tons) = 30
2
7
y
dW y dy =
30
2
7
W y dy =
30
2
7
1400
0
70
mi-tons
b. W
total
= 90 tons 70 mi = 6300 mi-tons
Excess energy becomes kinetic energy of
rocket and spent fuel.
3. Hookes law: F = k s
dW = ks ds
W ks ds k = =
50
0
10

4. a. F = x
3
+ 6x
2
12x + 16
The graph starts at the high force of 16 lb,
levels off, then drops to F = 0 at x = 4.
4
15
x
F
b. dW = F dx = (x
3
+ 6x
2
12x + 16) dx
W x x x dx = + + =
( )
3 2
0
4
6 12 16 32 ft-lb
5.
10
(x, y)
17
15
dV = x
2
dy
dW = (17 y)(62.4)( x
2
dy)
By similar triangles, x = 1.5y.
dW = (17 y)(62.4)( 2.25y
2
dy)
= 140.4 (17y
2
y
3
) dy
W dW = =
1 396 752 0937

0
10
, , . ...
1.4 million ft-lb (exactly 444,600)
6. dV = x
2
dy
At x = 4, y = 16.
dW = (26 y)(54.8)( x
2
dy)
Because y = x
2
,
dW = (26 y)(54.8)( y dy)
= 54.8 (26y y
2
) dy
W dW =
0
16
= 337,891.2751 337,891 ft-lb
7. a. Draw x- and y-axes with the origin at the
center of the sphere. To fill the sphere half
full, the water must be pumped from 120 to
y, where y is negative. Integration is from
y = 20 to y = 0.
dV = x
2
dy
x
2
+ y
2
= 20
2
x
2
= 400 y
2
dW = [y (120)](62.4)[ (400 y
2
) dy]
= 62.4 (y + 120)(400 y
2
) dy
W dW = =
117 621 229

20
0
, ,
117.6 million ft-lb
(exactly 62.4 600000)
b. For filling the tank, the limits of
integration are from 20 to 20.

dW =
250 925 288 4

20
20
, , . K
250.9 million ft-lb
(exactly 62.4 1,280,000)
This answer can be found quickly by lifting
the entire weight of the water through the
distance the center of the sphere moves,
namely 120 ft.
W =
=
( . )
. , ,
62 4
4
3
20 120
62 4 1 280 000
3
( )( )
(Note that the amount of work to fill the

entire tank is more than twice the amount
needed to half-fill it. The work to fill the top
hemisphere is greater than that to fill the
bottom hemisphere because the same amount
of water has to be lifted through a greater
displacement.)
8. Slice the water horizontally. Pick sample point
(x, y) on the curve y = 0.0002x
4
within the
slice.
dV = 15 2x dy = 30(5000y)
1/4
dy
= 300(0.5y)
1/4
dy
dW = (30 y)(67)[300(0.5y)
1/4
dy]
= 20100(30 y)(0.5y)
1/4
dy
W dW =
9 134 602
0
16
, , ft-lb
exactly ( )( . )
/
20100 0 5 540
4
9
1 4
9. a. If x is the distance between the piston and the

cylinder head and F is the force exerted by the
hot gases, then dW = F dx.
F = pA, where p is the pressure and A is the
area of the piston.
dW = pA dx
A dx = dV
dW = p dV
p = k
1
V
1.4
Initial condition V = 1 at p = 1000
k
1
= 1000.
dW = 1000V
1.4
dV

W V dV =
1000 1504 7320

1 4
1
10
.
. K
1504.7 in.-lb (exactly 2500(1 10
0.4
))
b. Initial condition p = 15 at V = 10
k
2
= 15 10
1.4
dW = 15 10
1.4
V
1.4
dV

W V dV =
15 10 566 9574
1 4 1 4
10
1
. .
. K
So about 567 in.-lb of work is done in
compressing the gases (exactly
37.5 10
1.4
(10
0.4
1)).
(Mathematically, the work is negative because
the force is positive and dx is negative.
Physically, the work is negative because
energy is taken out of the surroundings to put
into the gases. Positive work indicates that
energy is put into the surroundings by the
expanding gases.)
c. Net amount of work 1504.7320
566.9574 = 937.7746 937.8 in.-lb
d. Carnot (kar-NO), Nicolas Lonard Sadi,
17961832, was a French physicist and a
pioneer in the field of thermodynamics.
Problem Set 11-3
Q1. 2 cm
3
Q2. 3 cm
3
Q3. Q4.
1
x
y
1
x
y
Q5. Q6.
1
x
y
x
y
Q7. (mass)/(volume) Q8. (force)(displacement)
Q9.
1
1
2
x
Q10. B
1. a. The graph shows y = ln x, rotated about
x = 0, showing back half of solid only.
(x, y)
1 3
1
x
y
Slice the region parallel to the axis of
rotation, generating cylindrical shells. Pick
sample point (x, y) on the curve, within the
slice.
= kx
1
dm = dV = (kx
1
)(2 x ln x dx)
= 2 k ln x dx
m k x dx k =
2 8 1419
1
3
. ln K
(exactly 2 k(3 ln 3 2))
b. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
generating plane washers.
= 5 + 2y
dm = dV = (5 + 2y) ( 3
2
x
2
) dy
= ( 5 + 2y)(9 e
2y
) dy

m dm =
108 1103
0
3
. K
ln
(exactly [36 ln 3 + 9 (ln 3)
2
16])
2. The graph shows y = sin x, rotated about the
y-axis, showing back half of solid only.
1
y
x
Slice the region parallel to the axis of rotation,
generating cylindrical shells.
= kx
dm = dV = kx 2 xy dx = 2 kx
2
sin x dx
m dm k k =
36 8798 2 4
2
0
. (exactly ( ) ) K
3. a. The graph shows y = 9 x

2
, rotated about the
y-axis.
3
9
x
y
(x, y)
Slice the region perpendicular to the axis of
rotation, generating plane disks.
= k,
dm = k dV = k x
2
dy = k ( 9 y) dy
m dm k = =
40 5
0
9
.
Or: Slice parallel to the axis of rotation.
dm = k 2 xy dx = 2 kx(9 x
2
) dx
m dm k = =
40 5
0
3
.
Or: Volume of paraboloid is half the volume
of the circumscribed cylinder, or
0.5( 3
2
)(9) = 40.5, so m = 40.5 k.
b. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
= ky
2
dm = dV = ky
2
( 9 y) dy
m dm k = =
546 75
0
9
.
c. Slice parallel to the axis of rotation.
= k(1 + x)
dm = 2 xy dx = 2 kx(1 + x)(9 x
2
) dx
m dm k = =
105 3
0
3
.
d. The solid in part b has the largest mass.
4. a. The graph shows y x
1
= and y
2
= 0.5x,
intersecting at (0, 0) and (4, 2), rotated about
the x-axis, showing back half of solid only.
4
2
x
y
y
1
y
2
Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
Pick sample points (x, y
1
) and (x, y
2
).
= kx
dm dV kx y y dx
kx x x dx
= =
=

( )
( . )
1
2
2
2
2
0 25

m k k = =
16
3
16 7551 . K
b. Slice parallel to the axis of rotation,
Pick sample points (x
1
, y) and (x
2
, y).
= ky
2
dm = dV = ky
2
2 y(x
2
x
1
) dy
= 2 ky
3
(2y y
2
) dy
m dm k k = = =
64
15
13 4041
0
2
. K
5. a. Prediction: The cone on the left, with higher
density at its base, has greater mass because
higher density is in the larger part of the cone.
b. Set up a coordinate system with the origin
at the center of the base. Slice each cone
perpendicular to its axis, generating plane
disks.
Pick sample point (x, y) on the element of
the cone, y = 6 2x.
dV = x
2
dy = ( 3 0.5y)
2
dy
For the cone on the left, = 80 5y.
dm = (80 5y) (3 0.5y)
2
dy
m dm = =
1305
0
6
oz
For the cone on the right, 50 + 5y.
dm (50 + 5y) ( 3 0.5y)
2
dy
m dm
1035
0
6
oz
the cone on the left has the greater mass, as
predicted in part a.
6. a. Prediction: The cylinder on the left, with
higher density at walls, has greater mass
because higher density is in the larger part
of the cylinder.
b. Set up a coordinate system with the origin at
the center of the bottom base. Slice each
cylinder parallel to its axis, generating
cylindrical shells. Pick sample point (x, 6).
dV 2 x 6 dx 12 x dx
For the cylinder on the left, 50 + 10x.
dm (50 + 10x) 12 x dx
12 (50x + 10x
2
) dx
m dm
3780
0
3
oz
For the cylinder on the right, 80 10x.
dm (80 10x) 12 x dx
12 ( 80x 10x
2
) dx
m dm
3240
0
3
oz
the cylinder on the left has the greater
mass, as predicted in part a.
7. y
1
4 2x
2
and y
2
3 x
2
, rotated about
the x-axis.
The graphs intersect at (1, 2) in Quadrant I.
1
) and (x, y
2
).
kx dV y y dx
2
1
2
2
2
, ( )
dm dV kx
2
(7 10x
2
+ 3x
4
) dx
m dm k k
16
21
2 3935
0
1
. K
8. Rotate the region in Problem 7 about the y-axis.
Slice the region parallel to the axis of rotation,
1
) and (x, y
2
).

e
x
, dV 2 x(y
1
y
2
) dx 2 x (1 x
2
) dx
dm dV xe x dx
x

( ) 2 1
2
m dm e
0 9444 2 14 5
1
0
1
. (exactly ( )) K
9. Set up axes with the origin at the center of the
lower base and the y-axis coaxial with the
cylinders axis.
Slice perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder,
generating plane disks of constant radius 0.5.
is given in the table in the text.
dV dy dy
0 5
4
2
.
dm dV dy
4
m dy
4 0
2

Simpsons rule cannot be used because there is
an odd number of increments. Use the trapezoidal
rule.
m + + + + +
,
,
]
]
]
4
0 4
1
2
10 9 9 9 8 9 6 9 4
1
2
9 0 ( . ) ( ) . . . . ( . )
4.82 15.14 g
10. a. The graph shows y
1
4 x
2
and y
2

4x x
2
, intersecting at (1, 3), rotated about
the y-axis, showing back half of solid only.
(x, y )
1
(x, y )
2
x
y
4
1
Slice parallel to the axis of rotation,
1
) and (x, y
2
).
kx, dV 2 x (y
1
y
2
) dx
2 x (4 4x) dx
dm dV 2 k x
2
(4 4x) dx
m dm k k
2
3
2 0943
0
1
. K
b. The graph shows the curves in part a, rotated
about the x-axis, showing back half of solid
only.
(x, y )
1
(x, y )
2
4
1
x
y
1
) and (x, y
2
).
kx dV y y dx , ( )
1
2
2
2
dm dV kx(16 24x
2
+ 8x
3
) dx

m dm k k
3 6 11 3097
0
1
. . K
c. The region is rotated about the y-axis as
in part a.
generating plane disks.
Pick sample points (x
1
, y) and (x
2
, y).
Below y 3, disks have radius x
2
.
Above y 3, disks have radius x
1
.
ky
For in [ , ], x dV x dx 0 3
2
2

( ) . 2 4
2
y dy
For x in [3, 4], dV x dx y dy ( ) .
1
2
4
m ky y dy
( ) 2 4
2
0
3
ky y dy ( ) 4
3
4
+ 1
14
15
1
2
3
3 6 11 3097 . . k k k k K
(Coincidentally, this answer equals the answer
to part b.)
11. a. The graph shows a sphere with origin at its
center.
(x, y)
r
r y
x
Slice the upper semicircular region
perpendicular to the x-axis and rotate it to get
plane disks.
Pick a sample point (x, y).
Equation of the circle in the xy-plane is
x
2
+ y
2
r
2
.
k|x|, dV y
2
dx (r
2
x
2
) dx
dm = dV = k|x| (r
2
x
2
) dx
m k x r x dx
k r x x dx
k r x x r k
r
r
r
r

j
(
\
,

| | ( )
2 2
2 3
0
2 2 4
0
4
2
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
( )
b. Slice the right semicircular region parallel to
the y-axis, and rotate it to get cylindrical
shells coaxial to the y-axis.
kx dV x y dx x r x dx , 2 2 4
2 2
. dm dV kx r x dx 4
2 2 2

m k x r x dx
r
4
2 2 2
0

Let x r sin .
Then , . dx r d r x r cos cos
2 2
x r
sin
1
1 2 /

m k r r r d 4
2 2
0
2

sin cos cos

/
4
4 2 2
0
2

r k d sin cos
/
r k d
4 2
0
2
2 sin
/
(half-argument property)
1
2
1 4
4
0
2

r k d ( cos )
/
(half-argument property)

j
(
\
,
1
2
1
4
4
1
4
4
0
2
2 4

r k r k sin
/
c. Slice into spherical shells. Pick a sample
point on the x-axis within the shell.
Then x is the radius of the shell and 4 x
2
is the area of the shell at the sample point.
dV 4 x
2
dx
kx
dm dV 4 kx
3
dx
m k x dx kx kr
r
r

4
3
0
4
0
4

12. Assume Earth is spherical, with radius
3960 mi 3960 5280 12 2.54 cm
637,300,224 cm, and slice into spherical
shells with radius x and dV 4 x
2
dx.
12
8
637300224
3
x
g cm /
dm dV x
x
dx
j
(
,
\
,
(

48
32
637300224
2
3

m dV
0
637300224

j
(
,
\
,
(
16
8
637300224
3
4
0
637300224

x
x
8 637300224
3
6.505 10
27
g
Mass is about 6.505 10
21
metric tons!
13. The graph shows y e
x
, from x 0 to /2,
solid only.
(x, y)
1
1
x
y
Slice parallel to the axis of rotation, generating
cylindrical shells.
Pick a sample point (x, y).
cos x, dV 2 x y dx 2 xe
x
dx
dm dV cos x 2 xe
x
dx

m dm e
j
(
\
,
j
(
,
\
,
(
8 6261
2
1
2
0
2
. exactly
/
K

/
14. a 4 mi, b 1 mi, c 0.5 mi
a.
x
a
y
b
z
c
j
(
,
,
\
,
(
(
+
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

2 2 2
1,
where a 4, b 1, c 0.5.
The cross section at z z
0
< c has equation
x
a
y
b
z
c
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
2 2
0
2
1 .
This is the equation of an ellipse with
x a z c -radius and 1
0
2
( / )
y b z c -radius . 1
0
2
( / )
b. Slice horizontally into plane elliptical disks.
The area of the cross section is
(x-radius)(y-radius) ab(1 (z/c)
2
)
4 (1 (z/0.5)
2
) 4 (1 4z
2
).
0.08(5280)
3
e
0.2 z
lb/mi
3
dm dV 0.08 5280
3
e
0.2 z
4 (1 4z
2
) dz
0.32 5280
3
e
0.2 z
(1 4z
2
) dz

m dm
0 32 5280 1 008953
3
0
0 5
. . K
.
4.7525 10
10
lb, or about
23,762,540 tons
(exactly 0.32 5280
3
(1100e
0.1
995))
c. Volume of semi-ellipsoid
2
3
4
3
3
mi abc
Weight
49, 326, 507,160 lb,

0 08 5280
4
3
3
.
1,801,427,783 lb more ( 3.8% more than
actual)
d. V ab z c dz
c

2 1
2
0
[ ( / ) ]

,
,
]
]
]
2
1
3
3
0
ab z c z c
c
( / )
j
(
\
,
2
2
3
4
3
ab c abc, Q.E.D.
Problem Set 11-4
Q1. 5
2
25 Q2. (11)
2
121
Q3. sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
Q4. cos ( cos )
2
1
2
1 2 x x +
Q5.
/
( )
/
( )
1 3
2
1 3
5 x x
+
Q6.
1
3
5
1
3
2 ln ln | | | | x x C +
Q7.
1 3
2
1 3
5
2 2
/
( )
/
( ) x x
+
Q8. g x f x dx g x f x ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Q9. f (2) > 0: increasing Q10. E
1. a. The graph shows y 9 x
2
, rotated about
the y-axis.
(x, y)
x
y
3
9
Slice the region perpendicular to the axis of
rotation, generating plane disks.
dV x
2
dy (9 y) dy
V y dy
( ) . 9 40 5
0
9
b. Each point in a disk is about y units from the
xz-plane, where y is at the sample point (x, y).
dM
xz
y dV (9y y
2
) dy
M y y dy
xz

( ) . 9 121 5
2
0
9
c. y V M y
xz

121 5
40 5
3
.
.
x z 0 by symmetry.
The centroid is at (0, 3, 0).
2. a.
x y
y x
12 5
1 25 1
1
144
2 2
2 2 j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
Slice the ellipsoidal region above the x-axis
perpendicular to the x-axis, generating plane
disks as the region rotates.
Pick sample point (x, y).
dV y dx x dx
j
(
\
,

2 2
25 1
1
144
V x dx
j
(
\
,
25 1
1
144
2
0
12

j
(
\
,
25
1
432
200
3
0
12
x x
This answer equals
2
3
12 5
2
, which is
expected because the volume of a (whole)
ellipsoid is V abc
4
3
.
b. Each point in a disk is about x units from the
yz-plane, where x is at the sample point
(x, y).
dM x dV x x dx
yz

j
(
\
,
25 1
1
144
2
M dM
yz yz

900
0
12
c. x V M x
yz

900
200
4 5
.
y z 0 by symmetry.
The centroid is at (4.5, 0, 0).
3. a. See the graph in Problem 1.
Each point in a disk is about y units from the
xz-plane, where y is at the sample point
(x, y), so each point has about the same
density.
ky
1/3
, dm dV k(9y
1/3
y
4/3
) dy

m dm k
170 1375
0
9
. K
exactly
j
(
,
\
,
(
9
28
9
3
3
k
b. Each point in a disk is about y units from the
xz-plane, where y is at the sample point
(x, y).
dM
xz
y dm k (9y
4/3
y
7/3
) dy
M dM
k k
xz xz
j
(
,
\
,
(
0
9
4
3
612 4952
9
28
9 . exactly K
c. y m M y
k
k
xz

612 4952
170 1375
.
.
K
K
3 6 . (exactly)
x z 0 by symmetry.
The center of mass is at (0, 3.6, 0).
d. False. The centroid is at (0, 3, 0), but the
center of mass is at (0, 3.6, 0).
4. a. Slice the ellipsoid as in Problem 2.
Each point in a disk is about x units from
the yz-plane, where x is at the sample point
(x, y), so each point has about the same
density as at the sample point.

j
(
\
,
kx dV y dx x dx ,
2 2
25 1
1
144
dm dV kx x dx
j
(
\
,
25 1
1
144
2

m dm k
2827 4333
0
12
. K
(exactly 900 k)
b. Each point in a disk is about x units from the
yz-plane, where x is at the sample point
(x, y).
dM x dm kx x dx
yz

j
(
\
,
25 1
1
144
2 2
M dM k
yz yz

5760
0
12
c. x m M x
k
k
yz

5760
900
6 4
.
y z 0 by symmetry.
Center of mass is at (6.4, 0, 0).
d. False. The centroid is at (4.5, 0, 0), but the
center of mass is at (6.4, 0, 0).
5. a. y e
x
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis.
dA y dx e
x
dx
A e dx e
x

2
0
2
1 6 3890 . K
Each point in a strip is about x units from the
y-axis, where x is at the sample point (x, y).
dM
y
x dA xe
x
dx

M xe dx e
y
x
+
2
0
2
1 8 3890 . K
x A M
y

x
e
e
+
2
2
1
1
1.3130 ( coth 1)
b. Strips in part a generate plane disks. Each
point in a disk is about x units from the
yz-plane, where x is at the sample
point (x, y).
dV y
2
dx e
2x
dx
V e dx e
x

2 4
0
2
2
1 84 1917 . ( ) K
dM
yz
x dV xe
2x
dx

M dM e
yz yz
+
3
4
1
4
129 4292
4
0
2
. K
x V M x
e
e
yz

+
3 1
2 1
1 5373
4
4
( )
. K
c. False. For the solid, x is farther from the
yz-plane.
6. a. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis.
dA sec x dx
A x dx +
sec ln ( )
/
2 3
0
3

1.3169
dM
y
x dA x sec x dx
M x x dx
y

sec
/
0
3
0.7684 (numerically)

x A M x
y

0 7684
1 3169
.
.
K
K
K 0.5835
b. Strips in part a generate plane disks. Each
point in a disk is about x units from the
yz-plane, where x is at the sample
point (x, y).
dV = y
2
dx = sec
2
x dx

V x dx = = =
sec
/
2
0
3
3 5 4413 . K
dM
yz
= x dV = x sec
2
x dx

M x x dx
yz
= =
sec
/
2
0
3
3 5206 . K
exactly

2
3
3
1
2
+
ln

x V M x
yz
= = 0 6470 . K
exactly

3
2
3
ln
c. False. For the solid, x is farther from the
yz-plane.
7. Construct axes with the origin at a vertex and the
x-axis along the base, b.
Slice the triangle parallel to the x-axis.
The width of a strip is b
b
h
y .
dA b
b
h
y dy =
dM y dA by
b
h
y dy
x
= =
2
M by
b
h
y dy
x
h
=

2
0
= =
1
2 3
1
6
2 3
0
2
by
b
h
y bh
h
y A M y
bh
bh
h
x
= = =
1
6
1
2
1
3
2
, Q.E.D.
8. a. y = x
2/3
Slice the region vertically. Pick a sample
point (x, y) on the graph within the strip.
(See the graph in part e.)
dA = y dx = x
2/3
dx
A x dx = =
2 3
0
8
19 2
/
.
b. Slice the region parallel to the x-axis so that
each point in a strip is about y units from the
x-axis, where y is at the sample point (x, y).
dM
x
= y(8 x) dy = (8y y
5/2
) dy

M y y dy
x
= =
( )
/
8 27 4285
5 2
0
4
. K
exactly 27
3
7
c. Each point in a strip of part a is

approximately x units from the y-axis, where
x is the value in the sample point (x, y).
dM
y
= x dA = x
5/3
dx
M x dx
y
= =
5 3
0
8
96
/
d. x A M x
y
= = =
96
19 2
5
.

y A M y
x
= = =
27 4285
19 2
1 4285
.
.
K
.
exactly1
3
7
Centroid is at (5, 1.4285).

e. The balance point is shown on the graph.
8
4
x
y
9. a. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis so that
each point in a strip will be about x units
from the y-axis, where x is at the sample
point (x, y).
dA = y dx = sin x dx
A x dx = =
sin 2
0
(exactly)
(This may be well-known by now.)

dM
y
= x dA = x sin x dx
M x x dx
y
= = =
sin
0
3 1415
. (exactly)
x A M x
y
= =

2
, Q.E.D.
(Or just note the symmetry.)
b. dM
2y
= x
2
dA = x
2
sin x dx
M x x dx
y 2
2
0
5 8696 = =
sin
.
(exactly )
2
4
c. x A M x
y
2
2
2
4
2
= = =

1.7131
10. a. Set up axes with the x-axis along the base, B.
dM
2B
= y
2
dA = y
2
B dy
M y B dy BH
B
H
2
2 3
0
1
3
= =
b. Set up axes with the x-axis through the

centroid.
dM
2c
= y
2
dA = y
2
B dy
M y B dy BH
c
H
H
2
2
0 5
0 5
3
1
12
= =
.
.

c. Set up axes with the x-axis along the base, B.
dM y dA y B
B
H
y dy
B 2
2 2
= =
M By
B
H
y dy BH
B
H
2
2 3 3
0
1
12
=

d. Use the axes in part c. The distance from the
centroidal axis to a sample point (x, y) is
y H
1
3
.
dM y H dA y H B
B
H
y dy
c 2
2 2
1
3
1
3
=
M B
H
y y Hy H dy
c
H
H
2
= + +

/
/
1 5
3
7
9
1
9
3 2 2
3
2 3
= + +
B
H
y By BHy BH y
H
4
5
9
7
18
1
9
4 3 2 2
0
=
1
36
3
BH
11. a. Slice into cylindrical shells so that each point
in a shell will be about r units from the axis.
The altitude of a shell is a constant, H.
dM = r
2
dV = r
2
2rH dr
M Hr dr HR
R
= =
2
1
2
3 4
0

r V M r
HR
R H
r R
2 2
4
2
1
2
1
2
= = =
b. Slice the cone into cylindrical shells so that

each point in a shell will be about r units
from the axis.
The altitude of a shell is H
H
R
r .
dM r dV r r H
H
R
r dr = =
2 2
2
M H r
R
r dr HR
h
R
=

2
1 1
10
3 4
0
4

r V M r
HR
R H
r R
2 2
4
2
1
10
1
3
0 3 = = =
.
c. Slice the sphere into cylindrical shells so that
each point in a shell is about r units from the
axis.
The equation of the sphere is r
2
+ y
2
= R
2
.
The altitude of a shell is 2y.
dM r dV r r R r dr = =
2 2 2 2
2 2
M r R r dr
R
=
4
3 2 2
0

Let r = R sin .
dr R d R r R = = cos cos ,
2 2
r = 0 = 0, r = R

=
2
M R R R d =
4
3 3
0
2

sin cos cos

/
=
4
5 2 4
0
2

R d (cos cos ) sin

/

= +
4
1
3
1
5
5 3 5
0
2

R cos cos
/
= + +
= 4 0 0
1
3
1
5
8
15
5 5
R R
r V M r
R
R
r R
2 2
5
3
8
15
4
3
0 4 = = =
.
12. Assume the clay has uniform density .
Cylinder: H R V R H R = = = = 2 2 1000
2 3
C C C
,
R
C
/
cm =

500
1 3
Second moment of volume = =

1
2
2
4 5
( )
C C C
R R R
(from Problem 11a)
Second moment of mass
= =

R
C
/
, .
5
2 3
500
500
14 684 1932
Sphere: V R R = = =

4
3
1000
750
3
1 3
S S
/
cm
Second moment of volume =
8
15
5
R
S
(from Problem 11c)
Second moment of mass
= =

8
15
400
750
5
2 3
R
S
/
= 15,393.3892
The sphere has higher moment of mass.
13. a. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
centroid.
dM
2
= y dA = y
2
B dy
M B y dy y
H
H
H
H
2
2 3
0 5
0 5
0 5
0 5
1
3
= =
.
.
.
.
=
1
12
3
BH , Q.E.D.
(Same answer as in Problem 10b)
b. i. B = 2, H = 12; M
2
= 288;
stiffness = 288k
ii. B = 12, H = 2; M
2
= 8; stiffness = 8k
A board on its edge is 36 times stiffer.
c. i. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
centroid.
From y = 0 to y = 2, dM
2
= y
2
2 dy.
From y = 2 to y = 4, dM
2
= y
2
4 dy.
By symmetry, M dM
2 2
0
4
2
+

2 2 2 4 160
2
0
2
2
2
4
y dy y dy .
Stiffness 160k
ii. From y 0 to y 4, dM
2
y
2
1 dy.
From y 4 to y 6, dM
2
y
2
4 dy.
By symmetry, M dM
2 2
0
6
2
+

2 2 4 448
2 2
4
6
0
4
y dy y dy .
Stiffness 448k (2.8 times stiffer!)
d. Increasing the depth does seem to increase
stiffness greatly, but making the beam very
tall would also make the web very thin,
perhaps too thin to withstand much force.
14. a. dA y dx x
3
dx
A x dx
3
0
2
4
b. dV 2 x y dx 2 x
4
dx
V x dx
2 12 8
4
0
2
.
c. dM
y
x dA x
4
dx
M x dx
y

4
0
2
6 4 .
The volume integral is 2 times the moment
integral.
d. x A M x
y

6 4
4
1 6
.
.
e. The centroid travels 2 3 2 . . x
(Area)(Distance traveled by centroid)
(4)(3.2) 12.8, which equals the volume.
Thus, the theorem of Pappus is confirmed.
15. a. Area of a small circle r
2
The centroid of the small circle is its center,
so the distance from the axis of rotation to
the centroid is R. Thus, the theorem of
Pappus implies
V 2 RA 2 R( r
2
) 2
2
r
2
R
b. Area of a semicircle
1
2
2
r
Volume of a sphere
4
3
3
r
2
4
3
2
1
2
4
3
3
2

r A V r
r
r
r
16. Pick a closed region that does not lie on both

sides of the y-axis.
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis so that each
point in the strip will be about r units from the
y-axis (see graph).
f(r)
r
r
y
a b
Let f(r) be the length of the strip or the sum of
the lengths if the region has S-shaped parts.
Let A be the area of the region.
dM
y
r dA r f (r) d r
M r f r dr
y
a
b
( )
Rotate the region about the y-axis. The strips
generate cylindrical shells.
dV 2 r f (r) d r
V r f r dr r f r dr
a
b
a
b

2 2 ( ) ( )
2 M
y
But M
y
also equals r A .
( )( ) V rA r A 2 2
(distance traveled by centroid)(area of region),
Q.E.D.
Problem Set 11-5
Q1. centroid Q2. center of mass
Q3. radius of gyration Q4. definite integration
Q5. indefinite integration (or antidifferentiation)
Q6. (mass) (volume)
Q7. x
1/ 2
Q8. ln | sec x + tan x | + C
Q9. y (x
2
+ 1)
1
Q10. A
1. a. Slice the trough face horizontally so that each
point in a strip is about the same distance
below the surface as at the sample point
(x, y).
y 2x
4
x (0.5y)
1/4
p k(2 y), dA 2x dy 2(0.5y)
1/4
dy
dF p dA 2k(2 y)(0.5y)
1/4
dy
F dF k k
j
(
\
,
2 8444
128
45 0
2
. exactly K
b. dM
x
y dF y 2k(2 y)(0.5y)
1/4
dy

M dM k k
x x

j
(
\
,
2 1880
256
117 0
2
. exactly K
c.

y F M y
k
k
x

2 1880
2 8444
.
.
K
K

j
(
\
,
0 7692
10
13
. exactly K
x 0 by symmetry.
The center of pressure is at 0
10
13
,
j
(
\
,
.
2. a. The graph shows y x
2
, between y 0 and
y 100.
10
100
x
y
(x, y)
Width at y 100 ft is 2 y 20 ft, Q.E.D.
b. Slice the dam face horizontally so that each
point in a strip is the same distance below the
surface as the sample point (x, y).
dA 2x dy 2y
1/2
dx
A y dx
2 1333
1
3
1 2 2
0
100
/
ft
(2/3 the area of the circumscribed rectangle)
c. p k(100 y) with k 62.4 lb/ft
3
dF p dA 2k(100 y)(y
1/2
) dy
F dF k
53 333
1
3
3 328 000
0
100
, , ,
Force is 3,328,000 lb, or 1664 tons.
d. dM
x
y dF 2ky(100 y)(y
1/2
) dy

M dM k
x x

16000000
7
142 628 571 4285
0
100
, , . K
142.6 million lb-ft
e. y F M
x

y
300
7
42
7
8
42.8571 42.86 ft
3. a. Slice the bulkhead horizontally so that each
point in a strip is the same distance below
the surface as the sample point (x, y).
x y
20
32
32
1
4 4
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

x y
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
20 1
1
32
1
4
1/ 4
dA x dy y dy
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
2 40 1
1
32
1
4
1 4

/

A dA
1186 6077 1186 6

2
0
32
. . ft K
b. p 67(32 y)
dF p dA

j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
67 32 40 1
1
32
1
4
1 4
( )
/
y y dy

F dF
1 199 294 1645

0
32
, , . K
1 199 . million lb
c. dM
x
y dF

j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
y y y dy 67 32 40 1
1
32
1
4
1 4
( )
/

M dM
x x

13 992 028 2564

0
32
, , . K
13.992 million lb-ft
d.

y F M y
x
11 6668 . ft K
x 0 by symmetry.
Center of pressure is at about (0, 11.67) ft.
e. Moment of area:
dM y dA y y dy
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
40 1
1
32
1
4
1 4 /

M dM
20 071 5364
0
32
, . K
20.07 thousand ft
3

y A M y 16 9150 . ft K
x 0 by symmetry.
The centroid is at about (0, 16.92) ft.
The centroid is different from center of
pressure.
f. Area below waterline:
A dA
w

548 6345 548 6

2
0
16
. . ft K
First moment of area below waterline:
M dM
w

4749 3398 4749 3

3
0
16
. . ft K
y A M y
w w
8 6566 . ft K
x 0 by symmetry.
The center of buoyancy is at about
(0, 8.66) ft.
4. a. Equation of ellipse is
x y
6 3
1
2 2
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
.
b. Slice the ellipse horizontally so that each
point in a strip is y units from the surface
where y is at the sample point and y is
negative.
Surface of oil is at y 0 p 50y.
x y dA x dy y dy 2 9 2 4 9
2 2
,
dF p dA y y dy 50 4 9
2
200 9
2
y y dy
F dF
1800
3
0
lb (exactly)
5. a.
10
60
y
x
(x, y)
Slice the wing parallel to the y-axis. Pick
sample point (x, y) within the strip.
dA y dx x dx 60
20
cos

A dA
2400
763 9437
10
10
. K
763.9 ft
2
b. dF p dA k x x dx ( | |) 10 60
20
cos

F dF k
10
10
4 863 4168 , . K
exactly
48000
2
k
j
(
\
,
c. Make 4863.4168k 96.
k 0.0197 tons/ft
2
(exactly 0.002
2
)
6. a. y 100 x
2
intersects the x-axis at x 10.
Slice the wing parallel to the y-axis. Pick
sample point (x, y) within the strip.
p 90 7x
dA y dx (100 x
2
) dx
dF p dA (90 7x)(100 x
2
) dx
F dF
120 000
10
10
, lb (exactly)
b. dM
y
x dF x(90 7x)(100 x
2
) dx
M dM
y y

560000
3 10
10
lb-ft
c. x F M x
y
1
5
9
ft
d. p ky y p y
6
5
60 50 (because at )
dA x dy y dy 2 2 100
dF p dA y y dy
12
5
100
F dF
64 000
0
100
, lb (exactly)
e. dM y dF y y dy
x

12
5
100
2
M dM
x x

3 657 142 8
0
100
, , . K
3.657 million lb-ft exactly
25600000
7
j
(
\
,
f. y F M
x

y
j
(
\
,
57 1428 57 14
400
7
. . ft exactly K
7. a. Slice the region as shown in Figure 11-5f.
At a sample point (x, t), d(dM
2x
) t
2
dx dt.
dM t dx dt t dt dx
x
t
t y
t
t y
2
2 2
0 0

j
(
,
\
,
(
1
3
1
3
3
0
3
t dx y dx
t
t y
1
3
0 25 4 4
1 3 3
[ . ( ) ( ) ]
/
x x dx
b. M dM
x x
x
x
2 2
4
4
0 5333
8
15

j
(
\
,
. exactly K
8. a. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis so that

each point in a strip will have about the same
pressure as at the sample point (x, y).
y e
x
p kx
2
, dA (1 e
x
) dx
dF p dA kx
2
(1 e
x
) dx
F dF k
0 9514
0
5
. K
ln
exactly
1
3
5
1
5
5
2
5
5
8
5
3 2
(ln ) (ln ) ln + +
,
,
]
]
]
j
(
,
\
,
(
k
b. Slice the region parallel to the x-axis so that
each point in a strip will have about the same
x ln y, p ky
1
dA (ln 5 x) dy (ln 5 + ln y) dy
ln (5y) dy
dF p dA ky
1
ln (5y) dy
x ln 5 y e
l n 5
0.2

F dF k k
j
(
\
,
1 2951
1
2
5
2
. exactly
0.2
1
K (ln )
c. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis. Then
slice a strip parallel to the x-axis as shown in
Figure 11-5g.
At sample point (x, t), p kx
2
t
1
.
d(dF) p dA kx
2
t
1
dx dt
dF kx t dx dt kt dt x dx
t y
t
t y
t

j
(
,
\
,
(

2 1 1
1
2
1

( ) ( ) k t x dx k y x dx kx dx
t y
t
ln ln
1 2 2 3
0

F kx dx k k
3 4
0
5
1
4
5 1 6774 ( ) . ln
ln
K
9. The integrals in Problems 7 and 8 can be written
in the form
f x t dt dx
t c
t d
x a
x b
( , )

The result is called a double integral because two
integrals appear. (Hiding inside each integral is a
second integral!)
10. a. y x 5
8
2
tan

y x x 5
8
1 2
2
tan

Slice the floodgate parallel to the y-axis.
dA x dx
j
(
\
,
5 5
8
2
tan

A dA
14 5352 14 54
2
2
2
. . K ft
exactly 40
80
j
(
\
,
b. Slice the floodgate parallel to the x-axis so

that each point in a strip has about the same
p k(20 y) with k 62.4 lb/ft
2
y x x y

5
8
8
0 2
2 1
tan tan .
dA x dy y dy

2
16
0 2
1
tan .
dF p dA k y y dy

( ) 20
16
0 2
1
tan .

F dF k
248 2628
0
5
. K
15491.6027 15.49 thousand lb
exactly 800
5200
3
j
(
\
,
j
(
,
\
,
(
k
(The force can also be found by slicing
parallel to the y-axis as in part a, then slicing
the strip horizontally and using a double
integral. In this case, the pressure at a
sample point (x, t) is
p k(20 t)
d(dF) p dA k(20 t) dt dx
The first integration is from t y to t 5.
The second integration is from x 2 to
x 2.)
c. Let (Greek letter mu) coefficient of
friction.

F 10000
10000
15491 6027 . K
0 6455 . K
Problem Set 11-6
Q1.
1
101
101
x C + Q2. 0
Q3. x ln x x + C Q4. 2 sin x cos x sin 2x
Q5. (force)(displacement) Q6. y 3(1 + 9x
2
)
1
Q7. x 2 Q8. 2 sec
2
x tan x
Q9. y x 9 3 cos Q10. D
1. Partition the interval into small subintervals
of width dT so that C is about the same at any
point in a subinterval. The amount of heat,
dH, to raise the temperature by dT is
dH C dT (10 + 0.3T
1/2
) dT.
H dH
13 200
100
,
900
calories (exactly)
2. a. v(t) 55 + 6 t t
2
v(0) 55 + 6 0 0
2
55 mi/h
v(3) 55 + 6 3 3
2
64 mi/h
v(6) 55 + 6 6 6
2
55 mi/h, Q.E.D.
b. Cost of a short time, dt, at speed v is
dC 3(v 55) dt 18t 3t
2
dt.
Total ticket cost is
C dC
108 (exactly).
0
6
Fine should be $108.00.
3. a. Cost per foot, P, ax
2
+ bx + c
a 0
2
+ b 0 + c 500 c 500
a b
a b
a
b
+ +
+ +
100 100 500 820

200 200 500 1180
0 002
3
2
2
.
P(x) 0.002x
2
+ 3x + 500
b. P(700) 0.002 700
2
+ 3 700 + 500
$3580/ft
c. Cost to dig a short distance, dx, is
dC P dx (0.002x
2
+ 3x + 500) dx.
Cost to dig 1000 feet is
( . 0 002 3 500
8
3
1000
2
0
1000
2
x x dx + +
) .
Cost is about $2,666,667.
d. Cost to dig 500 feet twice (once from
each end) is
C x x dx + +
2 0 002 3 500
17
3
500
2 2
500
( . ) .
0
Cost is about $1,416,667.
Savings is about $1,250,000!
4. a. velocity area has the units
in.
s
in. ,
2
which is in.
3
/s, correct for flow rate.
b. v 4 x
2
v 2x
v changes from positive to negative at x 0.
there is a maximum flow rate at the center
of the pipe where x 0.
(Or simply observe that the graph of v is
a parabola opening downward with vertex
at x b/(2a) 0.)
v(2) 4 2
2
0, Q.E.D.
c. Slice the water in the pipe into cylindrical
shells.
Each point in a shell has about the same
water velocity as at the sample point x units
from the axis.
Let F flow rate in in.
3
/s.
dF v dA (4 x
2
) 2x dx
2(4x x
3
) dx
F x x dx
2 4 8 25 1327
3
( ) .
0
2
25.13 in.
3
/s
d. 25.1327 in.
3
/s 60 s/min 1 gal/231 in.
3
=
6.5279 6.53 gal/min
e. 4 in./s 2
2
in.
2
= 16 = 13.0559
13.06 gal/min (exactly twice the actual
rate)
f. The problem is equivalent to finding the
volume of a solid of rotation by cylindrical
shells. The velocity takes the place of the
altitude of a shell.
5. a.
600
5
x
F
b. F has a step discontinuity at x = 2.
c. dW = F dx
Because the graph is linear on [0, 2], the work
equals the area of the triangle.
W = =
1
2
2 600 600 in.-lb
d. W F dx =
2
5
By Simpsons rule,
W + + +
1
3
0 5 450 4 470 2 440 4 420 ( . )(
+ + + 2 410 4 390 330)
=1266
2
3
in.-lb
e. Total work + = 600 1266
2
3
1866
2
3
in.-lb
f. Yes, a piecewise continuous function such as
this one can be integrable. See Problem 27 in
Problem Set 9-10.
6. a. Slice the solid into disks parallel to the
xz-plane so that each point in a disk has about
the same density as at the sample point (x, y).
y = 4 x
2
x
2
= 4 y
dm = dV = k x
2
dy = k(4 y) dy
m k y dy k = =
( ) g 4 8
0
4
b. Each point in a disk of part a is also about the
same distance from the xz-plane as the sample
point (x, y).
Let K stand for the constant.
dF = K dm y
1/2
= K k (4 y) dy y
1/ 2
= Kk (4y
1/2
y
1/2
) dy
F dF Kk Kk = = =
32
3
33 5103
0
4
. K
7. Slice the solid into cylindrical shells so that each
point in a shell is about the same distance from
the y-axis as the sample point (x, y).
dM
2y
= x
2
dm = x
2
dV = x
2
k 2 xy dx
= 2 kx
3
(4 x
2
) dx

M dM k
y y 2 2
0
2
32
3
33 5103 = = =
. kg-cm
2
K
8. a. T(D) = 20 sin 2 D
T(0) = 20 sin 0 = 0
T(1/4) = 20 sin /2 = 20, which checks.
b. Partition the time interval into short
increments of width dD so that T is about the
same at any time in the increment as it is at
the sample point (D, T ) .
Let H = number of degree-days.
dH = T dD = 20 sin 2 D dD

H dH = = =
10
3 1830
0
1 4
. K
/
3.18 degree-days
9. a. m = 2000 5t (mass in kilograms, time in
seconds)
b. a = F/m = 7000(2000 5t)
1
= 1400(400 t)
1
c. a
dv
dt t
= =
1400
400
dv
t
dt =

1400
400
v = 1400 ln | 400 t | + C
Assume the car starts at rest at t = 0.
0 = 1400 ln 400 + C C = 1400 ln 400
v t
t
( ) =1400
400
400
ln
| |
d.

v( ) . . m/s 20 1400
20
19
71 8106 71 81 = = ln K
v
ds
dt t
= =1400
400
400
ln
s
t
dt = =
1400
400
400
711 9673
0
20
ln
. K

712 0 28000 1 19
20
19
. m exactly ln
10. Slice the tract parallel to the tracks so that each
point in the strip will have about the same
value per square kilometer as at the sample
point (x, y).
Let v = thousands of dollars per square kilometer
and W = thousands of dollars the land is worth.
v = kx = 200x (v = 200 at x = 1)
dW = v dA = 200x[(4 x
2
) (4x x
2
)] dx
= 800(x x
2
) dx
The curves intersect at x = 1.
W x x dx = =
800 133
1
3
2
0
1
( )
The land is worth about $133,333.
If all the land were worth $200,000 per km
2
,
W A x dx = = =
200 200 4 4 400

0
1
( ) .
The land would be worth $400,000.
Actual value is about $267,000 less.
11. a. Slice the tract parallel to the y-axis so that
each point in a strip will be about the same
value per square unit as at the sample
point (x, y).
y = cos x
Let v = value of land per square unit and
W = worth of the land.
v = kx, dA = y dx = cos x dx
dW = v dA = kx cos x dx
W dA k k = =
2
1 0 5707
0
2
. K
/
b. Slice the tract parallel to the x-axis so that
each point in a strip will be about the same
value per square unit as at the sample
point (x, y).
v = ky
dW = v dA = v x dy = ky cos
1
y dy
W dW k k = = =

8
0 3926
0
1
. K
12.
(x, y)
x
3
9
y
Slice the wall parallel to the ground so that
each point in the slice will cost about the
same to paint per square meter.
Let r = rate in dollars per square meter and
C = cost in dollars to paint the wall.
r = ky
2
= 3y
2
(r = 12 when y = 2)
dA x dy y dy = = 2 2 9
dC r dA y y dy = = 3 2 9
2
C dC =

$ . exactly 1999 54 1999

19
35 0
9
13. a. Let v = value of land per square kilometer,
W = worth of the land in dollars, and
r = distance from center of town.
Slice the city into circular rings of width dr so
that each point in a ring will be about r units
from the center.
v r dA r dr = = 10 3 2 ,
dW v dA r r dr = = ( ) 10 3 2

W dW = = =
36 113 0973
0
3
. K
113.1 million dollars
b. v e v k
kr
= = = 10 3 1
1
3
10 , ( ) ln
v e
r
=

10
10 3 (ln ) /
dW v dA e r dr
r
= =
10 2
10 3 ( ) / ln

W dW = =
71.4328 71.4 million K

0
3
dollars exactly ( )
18
10
9 10
2
(ln )
ln
c. By Simpsons rule,
W v r dr =
2
1
3
0 3 2
0
3
( . )( ) (10 + 4 12
+ 2 15 + 4 14 + 2 13 + 4 10
+ 2 8 + 4 5 + 2 3 + 4 2 + 1)
= 52.2 = 163.9911 164.0 million
dollars
d. This problem is equivalent to volume by
cylindrical shells, where the value of the land
per square unit takes the place of the altitude
of the cylinder. It is also equivalent to the
water flow in Problem 4 of this problem set.
e. Answers will vary.
14. a. p = 100[(x 8)
1/2
0.5(x 8)]
dF = p dA = 2p dx
= 200[(x 8)
1/2
0.5(x 8)] dx

F dF = =
177 1236 177

8
10
. lb K
exactly
800 2
3
200
b. Average pressure = total force/total area

= =
177 1236
4
44 2809 44 3
2
. K
K . . lb/ft
exactly
200 2
3
50
c. dM
yz
= x dF = 2px dx
= 200x[(x 8)
1/2
0.5(x 8)] dx

M dM
yz yz
= =
1602 8706 1603

8
10
. lb-ft K
exactly
7360 2
3
5600
3
d.

x F M x
yz
= =
1602 8706
177 1236
.
.
K
K
= 9.0494 ft
Calvin should stand about 10 9.0494 ft
11
1
2
in. from the end.
15. a. f (x) = 9 x
2
= (3 x)(3 + x) = 0 only at
x = 3.
g x x x x
x x x
( )
only at .
= + +
= + = =
1
3
3 9
1
3
3 3 0 3
3 2
2
( )( )
b. A x dx
f
= =
( )
9 36
2
3
3
A x x x dx
g
= + +
1
3
3 9 36
3 2
3
3
To simplify algebraic integration, you could
use
A x dx
f
=
2 9
2
0
3
( )
A x dx
g
=
2 9
2
0
3
( ) , where the odd terms
integrate to zero between symmetrical limits.
Thus, the two integrals are identical.
c. The high point of f comes at x = 0.
The high point of g comes where g(x) = 0.
g(x) = x
2
2x + 3 = (x + 3)(x 1)
g(x) = 0 x = 3 or x = 1
The high point is at x = 1.
d. Slice the region under the g graph parallel to
the y-axis so that each point in a strip will be
about the same distance from the y-axis as the
sample point (x, y).
dM
y
= x dA = x g(x) dx
= + +
1
3
3 9
4 3 2
x x x x dx
M dM
y y
= =
21 6
3
3
.
x A M x
y
= = =
21 6
36
0 6
.
.
e. False. For the symmetrical region under the
graph of f, the centroid is on the line through
the high point. But for the asymmetrical
region under the graph of g, the high point is
at x = 1 and the centroid is at x = 0.6.
f. False
Area to left = =
g x dx ( ) . 17 1072
3
0 6
.
(exactly)
Area to right = =
g x dx ( ) . 18 8928
0 6
3
.
(exactly)
(or 36 17.1072 = 18.8928)
g. Let S stand for skewness.
dS x dA x g x dx =
3
5
3
5
3 3
( )

S x x x x dx =

+ +
3
5
1
3
3 9
17 7737
64 3
7 125
3
3 2
3
3
5
. exactly K
h. By symmetry, the centroid of the area under f
is on the y-axis, so x = 0. Then
dS = x
3
dA = x
3
(9 x
2
) dx
S x x dx = =
3 2
3
3
9 0 ( )
(odd function
integrated between symmetrical limits)
The skewness being zero reflects the
symmetry of this region. It is not skewed
at all.
i. For example, graph
g x x x x ( ) . = +
1
3
3 9
3 2
g
New
graph
y
x
3 3
16. a. y = x
2
2 2 2
1 4
dM x dL x x dx
y
= = + 1 4
2
b.

M dM
y y
= =
5 7577
0
2
. K
exactly
1
12
17 17 1 ( )
c. L x dx = + =
1 4 4 6467
2
0
2
. K
exactly
1
4
17 4 17 ln ( ) + +
d.

x L M x
y
= = =
5 7577
4 6467
1 2390
.
.
K
K
K .
e. dS x dL x x dx = = + 2 2 1 4
2

S dS = =

36 1769
6
17 17 1
0
2
. exactly K

( )
f. Integral for S is 2 times the integral for M
y
!
17. In Problem

16 1 2390 , . R x = = K and
L = 4.6467 .
2 RL = 2 (1.2390)(4.6467) = 36.1769 ,
which equals S, Q.E.D.
18. The centroid of the small circle is at its center,
R units away from the axis.
The arc length L of the small circle is 2r.
Surface area S = 2 R(2r) = 4
2
rR
Problem Set 11-7
Review Problems
R1. Slice the region parallel to the force axis so that
each point in a strip has about the same force as
at the sample point (x, F ) .
dW = F dx = 30e
0.2 x
dx
W e dx e
x
= =

30 150 1
0 2 2
0
10
.
( )
= 129.6997 129.7 ft-lb
R2. a. dW = F dx = kx
2
dx
W kx dx k = =
2
3
1
2
3
ft-lb
(Mathematically, the answer is negative
because dx is negative. Physically, the answer
is negative because the magnets absorb
energy from their surroundings rather than
releasing energy to their surroundings.)
b. Construct axes with the origin at the vertex of
the cone. An element of the cone in the xy-
plane has the equation y x x y = =
7
3
3
7
or .
Slice the water horizontally into disks so that
each point in a disk is lifted about the same
distance as the sample point (x, y) on the
element of the cone.
F = 0.036 dV = 0.036 x
2
dy
= 0 036
9
49
2
. y dy
Each disk is lifted (10 y) cm.
dW = (10 y) dF
= ( )( . ) 10 0 036
9
49
2
y y dy
W dW = = =
0
7
3.591 11.2814
11.28 in.-lb
R3. a. The graph shows the region in Quadrant I
under the graph of y = 8 x
3
rotated about
the y-axis.
2
8
(x, y)
x
y
Slice the region parallel to the x-axis,
generating disks, so that each point in a disk
is about the same distance from the xz-plane
as the sample point (x, y).
= ky, dV = x
2
dy = (8 y)
2/3
dy
m k y y dy k = =
( ) .
/
8 57 6
2 3
0
8
b. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis,
generating cylindrical shells, so that each
point in a shell is about the same distance
from the y-axis as the sample point (x, y).
= e
x
, dV = 2 xy dx = 2(8x x
4
) dx
m e x x dx
x
= =
2 8 64
4
0
2
( )
R4. a. The width of a strip at the sample
point (x, y) is
w b
b
h
y dA b
b
h
y dy = =
dM y dA by
b
h
y dy
x
= =
2
M by
b
h
y dy by
b
h
y
x
h
h
=

2
0
2 3
0
1
2 3
= + =
1
2 3
0 0
1
6
2 3 2
bh
b
h
h bh
y A y bh M
x
= =
1
2
= = y
bh
bh
h
1
6
1
2
1
3
2
, Q.E.D.
b. The graph shows the region under y = e
x
solid only.
(x, y)
x
y
1
1
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis,
generating cylindrical shells, so that each
point in a shell will be about the same
distance from the y-axis as the sample
point (x, y).
dV = 2x y dx = 2xe
x
dx
dM
2y
= x
2
dV = 2x
3
e
x
dx
M x e dx
y
x
2
3
0
1
2 3 5401 = =
. K
(exactly 12 4e)
R5. Draw axes with the x-axis at ground level and the
y-axis through the upper vertex of the triangle.
Slice the face of the building horizontally so that
the wind pressure at any point in a strip is about
equal to the pressure at the sample point (x, y).
dA y dy =
150
150
400
dF p dA e y dy
y
= =
( )
.
200 150 1 1
1
400
0 01
F dF = =
0
400
3736263.2708
3.736 million lb
(exactly 30000(125 25e
4
))
R6. a. Let x number of feet at which drill is
operating, and r(x) number of dollars per
foot to drill at x feet.
r(x) a b
x
r (0) 30 a 30
50 30
5
3
10000
110000

j
(
\
,
b b
/

j
(
\
,
( )
/
r x
x
30
5
3
10000

(or ( )
. / .
r x e e
x x
)
ln

30 30
0 6 10000 0 00005108256K
b. dC r x dx dx
x

j
(
\
,
( )
/
30
5
3
10000

C dx
x
j
(
\
,
30
5
3
6965243 17
10000
0
50000
/
. K
6.965 million dollars
exactly
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
j
(
,
\
,
(
30
10000
0 6
5
3
1
5
ln .
Concept Problems
C1. a. Either slice the region parallel to the y-axis,
dA (8 y) dx (8 x
3
) dx
A x dx
( ) 8 12
3
0
2
or slice parallel to the x-axis,
A y dy
1 3
0
8
12
/
b. i. Use slices parallel to the x-axis so that
each point in a strip will be about the
same distance from the x-axis as the
dM
x
y dA y(y
1/3
dy)

M y dy
x

4 3
0
8
384
7
54 8571
/
. K
ii. Use slices parallel to the y-axis so that
each point in a strip will be about the
same distance from the y-axis as the
dM
y
x dA x(8 x
3
) dx
M x x dx
y

( ) 8 9 6
4
.
0
2
c. x A M x
y

9 6
12
0 8
.
.

y A M y
x

384 7
12
32
7
4 5714
/
. K
Centroid is at (0.8, 4.5714).
d. i. With slices parallel to the x-axis,
dV 2 y x dy 2 y
4/3
dy

V y dy
2
768
7
344 6775
4 3
0
8

/
. K
With slices perpendicular to the x-axis,
dV (8
2
y
2
) dx (64 x
6
) dx

V x dx
( ) . 64
768
7
344 6775
6
0
2
K
ii. With slices parallel to the y-axis,
dV 2 x (8 y) dx 2 x(8 x
3
) dx
V x x dx
2 8 19 2
4
0
2
( ) .
60 3185 .
With slices perpendicular to the y-axis,
dV x
2
dy y
2/3
dy

V y dy

2 3
0
8
19 2 60 3185
/
. . K
iii. With slices parallel to the line x 3,
dV 2 (3 x) (8 y) dx
2 (3 x)(8 x
3
) dx
V x x dx
2 3 8 52 8
3
0
2
( )( ) .
165.8760
With slices perpendicular to the line
x 3,
dV [3
2
(3 x)
2
] dy
[9 (3 y
1/3
)
2
] dy
V y dy
[9 3 52 8
1 3
0
8
( ) ] .
/ 2
165.8760
e. i. The centroid is 32/7 units from the x-axis.
V 2
32
7
12
768
7

344.6775 (Checks.)
ii. The centroid is 0.8 unit from the y-axis.
V 2 0.8 12 19.2
60.3185 (Checks.)
iii. The centroid is 3 0.8 2.2 units from
the line x 3.
V 2 2.2 12 52.8 165.8760
(Checks.)
f. Use horizontal slices so that each point in a
disk will be about the same distance from the
xz-plane as the sample point (x, y).
dM
xz
y dV y( x
2
dy) y y
2/3
dy
M y dy
xz

5 3
0
8
96 301 5928
/
. K
g. y V M y
xz

96
19 2
5
.
x z 0 by symmetry.
Centroid is at (0, 5, 0).
h. No. For the solid, y 5, but for the region,
y 4.5714 .
i. Use slices of the region parallel to the y-axis
so that each point in a resulting cylindrical
shell will be about the same distance from the
y-axis as the sample point (x, y).
kx
2
,
dV 2x(8 y) dx 2(8x x
4
) dx
dm dV

kx
2
2 (8x x
4
) dx
2 k(8x
3
x
6
) dx
m k x x dx k
2 8
192
7
3 6
0
2
( )
86.1693k
j. Use cylindrical shells as in part i so that each
point in a shell will be about the same
distance from the y-axis as the sample
point (x, y).
dM
2
x
2
dm 2 k(8x
5
x
8
) dx
M k x x dx k
2
5 8
0
2
2 8
512
9

( )
178.7217
k. Use vertical slices of the region so that each
point in a strip will have about the same
pressure acting on it as at the sample
point (x, y).
p 3 x, dA (8 y) dx (8 x
3
) dx
dF p dA (3 x)(8 x
3
) dx
F x x dx
.
0
2
( )( ) 3 8 26 4
3
(Note the similarity to the integral in
part d.iii.)
l. F kz
2
F 26.4 at z 1 k 26.4 F 26.4z
2
dW F dz 26.4z
2
dz
W z dz
26 4 17 6
2
1
3
. .
m. Use horizontal slices so that each point in a
resulting disk will be at about the same
temperature as the sample point (x, y).
dH CT dm 0.3(10 y)(5.8 y
2/3
dy)
H y y dy
1 74 10 167 04
2 3
. ( )( ) .
/
0
8

524.7716 524.8 cal
C2. Let f (x) be the height of a vertical strip at x (or
combined heights if the region being rotated is
not convex). Let x a and x b be the left and
right boundaries of the region.
dV x dA x f x dx V x f x dx
a
b

2 2 2 ( ) ( )
dM x dA x f x dx M x f x dx
y y
a
b

( ) ( )
Note that V 2 M
y
, thus showing that the two
problems are mathematically equivalent, Q.E.D.
C3. dM
xz
y dV
xz
y x
2
dy y(9 y) dy
M y y dy
xz

( ) .
0
9
9 121 5
dM
2y
x
2
dV
y
x
2
2 xy dx 2 x
3
(9 x
2
) dx
M x x dx
y 2
3 2
2 9 121 5
( ) . ,
0
3
Q.E.D.
This is not true in general. Counterexample:
Rotate the region under y 2 2x
2
.
dM y dV y x dy y y dy
xz xz

j
(
\
,

2
1
1
2
M y y dy
xz

j
(
\
,

0
2
1
1
2
2
3
dM
2y
x
2
dV
y
x
2
2 xy dx 2 x
3
(2 2x
2
) dx
M x x dx
y 2
3 2
2 2 2
1
3
2
3

( ) , not .
0
1
General proof: For any paraboloid of height H
and base radius R, let h distance (along the
axis) from the base and r radius. Then a
generating parabola is given by h H
H
R
r
2
2
.
dM h dV h r dh h H h
R
H
dh
base
( )
2
2
M
R
H
Hh h dh
h
h H
base
2
2
0
( )

j
(
\
,
R
H
H
h h R H
h
h H
2
2 3
0
2 2
2
1
3
1
6

dM r dV r rh dr
2axis

2 2
2

j
(
\
,
r r H
H
R
r dr
2
2
2
2
M H r
R
r dr
r
r R
2
3
2
5
0
2
1
axis

j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
2
1
4
1
6
1
6
4
2
6
0
4
H r
R
r R H
r
r R
In the original example, H R
2
, so the two
moments turned out to be equal.
C4. a. Assume m 0.
The area of the trapezoid is
A
b b
h
ma mb
b a
+

+
1 2
2 2
( )

1
2
2 2
m b a ( )
Integrating, y dx mx dx mx
a
b
a
b
a
b

1
2
2

1
2
2 2
m b a A ( ) , Q.E.D.
The length is L b a m + ( ) . 1
2
Integrating, dL dx b a L
a
b
a
b

( ) ,
Q.E.D.
b. Note that r = mh.
The volume of the cone is
V r h m h = =
1
3
1
3
2 2 3
.
Integrating dV y
2
dx = m
2
x
2
dx,
, m x dx m h V
h
2 2 2 3
0
1
3
= =
Q.E.D.
The surface area is S r r h = + =
2 2
. mh m
2 2
1+
Integrating dS 2 y dx = 2 mx dx,
2
2
0
, mx dx mh S
h
=
Q.E.D.
c. Exact area of a strip:
A mx m x x x y x y x = + + = +
1
2
1
2
( ( ))
Exact volume of frustum:

V m x x m x x x m x x
m x x x x x
y x y y x y x
= + + + +
= + +
= + +
3
3
3 3
1
3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
( ( ) ( ) )
( )
( )
( ( ) )
d. dA y dx y dx y dx y dx = +

1
2

=
1
2
y dx
dV y
2
dx
= + +
y dx y y dx y dx y dx
2 2 2
1
3

= + y y dx y dx
1
3
2
Both differences contain only higher-order
infinitesimals.
e. If dQ = Q leaves out only infinitesimals of
higher order, then dQ
a
b
is exactly equal to Q.
f. Reasons:
i. 0.5 and y are constant with respect to the
summation, so they can be pulled out.
ii. The sum of all the subsegments x of
[a, b] must be b a, the whole interval.
iii. y has limit zero as x goes to zero.
Chapter Test
T1. a. force displacement
b. mass
c. force
d. area displacement
e. second moment of volume
f. x
T2. dW = (40x 10x
2
) dx
W x x dx = =
( ) 40 10 90
2
1
4
T3. y m M y
xz
= = 200 3000
= = 3000/200 15 cm y
T4. The center of the circle is (8, 9) and the radius
is 7, so the circle is on just one side of the axis
of rotation (the y-axis). So the solid satisfies the
hypothesis of the theorem of Pappus.
The centroid of the circle is (8, 9), the
displacement from the y-axis is R = 8, and the
area of the circle is 49.
= = = = ( )( )( ) V RA 2 2 8 49 784
2463.0086
T5. Using exponential regression,
F 29.9829 (1.0626)
x
dW = F dx
W F dx =
412 4652 412 5 . . ft-lb

0
10
(By the trapezoidal rule, W 413 ft-lb.
Simpsons rule cannot be used because there is
an odd number of increments.)
T6. a.
(x, y)
x
y
2
1
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis so that each
point in a strip will be about the same distance
from the y-axis as the sample point (x, y).
dM
y
= x dA = xe
x
dx
M xe dx e
y
x
= = + =
2 3
0
2
1 8 3890 8 39 . . in.
b. dM
2y
= x
2
dA = x
2
e
x
dx
M x e dx e
y
x
2
2 2
0
2
2 2 12 7781
12 78
= = =
.
. in.
4
c. A e dx e
x
= = =
2
1 6 3890 6 39 . . in.
2
0
2
x A M x
e
e
y
= =
+
=
2
2
1
1
1 3130 1 31
. . in.
T7. The graph shows y = x
1/2
from x = 0 to x = 16,
4
16
x
y
(x, y)
Slice the region parallel to the x-axis so that each
point in a resulting cylindrical shell will be
about the same distance from the x-axis as the
= = = 3 3 2 16 y dm dV y x y dy , ( )
= 6 y
2
(16 y
2
) dy
m y y dy = =
6 16 819 2
2 4
( ) .
0
4
= 2573.5927 2573.6 g
T8. a. Slice the end of the trough parallel to the
x-axis so that each point in a strip has about
the same pressure acting on it as the sample
point (x, y), where x 0.
p = 62.4(8 y), dA = 2x dy = 2y
1/3
dy
dF = p dA = 62.4(8 y) 2y
1/3
dy
F y y dy =
=

62 4 8 2
62 4
64 9
7
5134 6285 5134 6
1 3
. ( )
. . . lb
/
0
8
b. dM
x
= y dF = 62.4(8 y) 2y
4/3
dy
F y y dy = =

62 4 8 2
9 2
35
62 4
4 3
10
. ( ) .
/
0
8
= 16430.8114 16.43 thousand lb-ft

y F M y
x
= = =
16430 8114
5134 6285
3 2
.
.
K
K
. ft
x = 0 by symmetry.
Center of pressure is at (0, 3.2).
T9. a. Slice the seating area into concentric rings of
width dr. Each point in a ring will be about
the same distance from the center as the
sample point.
Let W = worth of the seating and v = value
per square foot.
dW = v dA = 150r
1
2 r dr = 300 dr
W dr b
b
= =
300 300 30
30
( ) dollars
b. 300 (b 30) = 60000
b = + = 30
200
93 6619 93 7
. . ft
Chapter 12The Calculus of Functions Defined
by Power Series
Problem Set 12-1
1. f x
x
( ) , =
6
1
P x x x x x x
5
2 3 4 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 ( ) = + + + + +
1 1
100
100
x
y
f P
5
f
P
5
The graph of P
5
fits the graph of f reasonably
well for about 0.8 < x < 0.6.
The graph of P
5
bears no resemblance to the
graph of f at x = 2 and at x = 2, for example.
2. P
6
(x) = P
5
(x) + 6x
6
1 1
100
100
x
y
f P
5
f
P
5
P
6
The graph of P
5
fits the graph of f slightly better,
perhaps for 0.9 < x < 0.7.
3. P
5
(0.5) = 11.8125, P
6
(0.5) = 11.90625,
f (0.5) = 12
P
6
(0.5) is closer to f (0.5) than P
5
(0.5) is.
P
5
(2) = 378, P
6
(2) = 762, f (2) = 6
P
6
(2) is not closer to f (2) than P
5
(2) is.
4. Possible conjecture: P(x) converges to f (x) for
1 < x < 1, or perhaps for 1 x 1.
5. P
0
(1) = 6 P
0
(1) = 6
P
1
(1) = 12 P
1
(1) = 0
P
2
(1) = 18 P
2
(1) = 6
P
3
(1) = 24 P
3
(1) = 0
P
4
(1) = 30 P
4
(1) = 6
For x = 1, the sums just keep getting larger and
larger as more terms are added. For x = 1, the
sums oscillate between 0 and 6. In neither case
does the series converge. If the answer to
Problem 4 includes x = 1 or x = 1, the
conjecture will have to be modified.
6. P
5
(0.5) = 11.8125 and f (0.5) = 12
The values differ by 0.1875, and
6(0.5)
6
= 0.09375.
P
5
(0.5) = 3.9375 and f (0.5) = 4
The values differ by 0.0625, and
6(0.5)
6
= 0.09375.
For P
5
(0.5), the difference is greater than the
value of the next term of the series. This result is
to be expected because the rest of the series
is formed by adding more positive terms.
For P
5
(0.5), the difference is less in absolute
value than the absolute value of the next term.
This result is reasonable because the terms
alternate in sign so that you are adding and
subtracting ever smaller quantities.
7. A geometric series; the common ratio
Problem Set 12-2
Q1. . . . for any > 0 there is a D > 0 such that
if x > D, then f (x) is within units of L.
Q2. the fundamental theorem of calculus
Q3. the fundamental theorem of calculus
Q4. the mean value theorem
Q5. derivative Q6. cos x x sin x
Q7. x sin x + cos x + C Q8. dA r d =
1
2
2
Q9. f (x) = e
x
Q10. D
1. Series: 200 120 + 72 43.2 + 25.92
15 552 . +L
Sums: 200, 80, 152, 108.8, 134.72, 119,
168,
100
10
125
S
n
n
S =
+
= 200
1
1 0 6
125
.
The series converges to 125.
| | 125 125 200
1 0 6
1 0 6
=
+
S
n
n
( . )
.
= 125 1 1 6
1 0 6
1 6
.
( . )
.
n
= 125|1 (1 (0.6)
n
)|
= 125|0.6
n
| = 125(0.6
n
)

125 0 6 0 0001
0 0001125
0 6
27 48 ( . ) . .
n
n = = =
ln . /
ln .
K
Make n 28.
S
n
will be within 0.0001 unit of 125 for all
values of n 28.
2. Series: 30 + 33 + 36.3 + 39.93 + 43.923 +
48.3153 +
K
Sums: 30, 63, 99.3, 139.23, 183.153,
231.4683,
10
100
S
n
n
The graph shows divergence.

S 30 4,133,883.70 (Wow!)
100
= =
1 1 1
1 1 1
100
.
.
K
The formula S = t
1
/(1 r) gives 300 for S, but
it has no meaning because the series does not
converge.
3. a. Series:
7(0.8 ) 7 5.6 4.48 3.584
n
n
= + + + +
1
1
L
Sums: 7, 12.6, 17.08, 20.664, 23.5312,
S
4
= 20.664, so the amount first exceeds
20 g at the fourth dose.
S = = 7
1
1 0 8
35
.
, so the total amount
never exceeds 40 g.
The graph confirms that the partial sums of
the series approach 35 asymptotically and
first exceed 20 g at the fourth dose.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
20
30
40
Asymptote
n
Goes > 20
Stays > 20
b. t
n
= S
n
7, so the sequence is 0, 5.6, 10.08,
13.664, 16.5312, .
See the graph in part a. The open circles show
the partial sums just before a dose.
t
7
= 20.6599 . The amount remains
above 20 g for n 7.
c. See the graph in part a.
4. a. Perimeters are 16, 16 0 5 . , 16(0.5), ,
which is a geometric sequence with t
1
= 16
and . r = 0 5 .
b. S
10
5
1 2
16
1 0 5
1 0 5
52 9203 = =
.
.
/
. cm K
c. The total perimeter converges to

16
1
1 0 5
54 6274
1 2
=
.
/
. cm. K
d. The sum of the areas is

16 8 4 2 + + + +L ,
which is a convergent geometric series with
r = 0.5.
S = = 16
1
1 0 5
32
.
cm
2
5. a. The interest rate for one month is
0.09/12 = 0.0075.
Months Dollars
0 1,000,000.00
1 1,007,500.00
2 1,015,056.25
3 1,022,669.17
b. Worth is (1,000,000)(1.0075
12
) =
$1,093,806.90; interest is $93,806.90.
c. The first deposit is made at time t = 0, the
second at time t = 1, and so forth, so at time
t = 12, the term index is 13.
d. Meg earned $93,806.90 the first year.
APR . % = =
93806 90
1000000
100 9 3806
.
K
e. (1,000,000)(1.0075
n
) = 2,000,000
n = =
ln
ln .
2
1 0075
92 7657 . K
After 93 months
6. a. The interest rate for one month is
0.108/12 = 0.009.
S
5
= 100 + 100(1.009) + 100(1.009)
2
+ 100(1.009)
3
+ 100(1.009)
4
+ 100(1.009)
5
= = 100
1 1 009
1 1 009
613 66
6
.
.
$ .
b. There are six terms because the term index of
the first term is zero.
c. 10 years equals 120 months. There will have
been 121 deposits after 10 years because the
initial deposit was made at time 0. So there
are 121 terms.
S
120
121
100
1 1 009
1 1 009
21742 92 = =
.
.
$ , .
The principal is 121(100) = $12,100.
The interest is 21,742.92 12,100 =
$9,642.92.
7. a. Sequence: 20, 18, 16.2, 14.58, 13.122,
b. S
4
= 20 + 18 + 16.2 + 14.58 = 68.78 ft
c. S = = 20
1
1 0 9
200
.
So the ball travels 200 ft before it comes to
rest.
d. For the 10-ft first drop, 10 = 0.5(32.2)t
2
.
t = (10/16.1)
1/2
= 0.7881
The total time for the 20-ft first cycle is
2(0.7881) = 1.5762 s.
For the 18-ft second cycle,
t = 2(9/16.1)
1/2
= 1.4953 s.
e. The times form a geometric series with first
term 1.5762 and common ratio equal to
0.9
1/2
= 0.9486 . So the series of times
converges to

S = = 1 5762
1
1 0 9
30 7155
1 2
. . K K
.
/
The model predicts that the ball comes to rest
after about 30.7 s.
8. a.
Iteration Total Length
0 27
1 36
2 48
3 64
Because each segment is divided into four
pieces, each of which is 1/3 of the original
length, the length at the next iteration can be
calculated by multiplying the previous length
by 4/3.
b. The sequence of lengths diverges because the
common ratio, 4/3, is greater than 1. Thus,
the total length of the snowflake curve is
infinite!
c. From geometry, the area of an equilateral
triangle of side s is A s =
3
4
2
.
The number of triangles added is 3, 12, 48,
192, .
The side of each added triangle is 3, 1, 1/3,
1/9, .
The added areas form the series

3
4
3 3 12 1 48 1 3 192 1 9 [ ( ) ( ) ( / ) ( / ) ]
2 2 2 2
+ + + +L
= + +
3
4
3 9 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3
2 0 1 2
[ ( / ) ( / ) ( / )
2 4 6
+ + 4 1 3
3 8
( / ) ] L
= + + + +
3
16
3 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9
2
[ / ( / ) ( / ) ( / ) ]
2 3 4
L
= =
3
16
3 9 4 9
1
1 4 9
12 15 3
2
( / ) .
/
The area of the pre-image is
3
4
9 20 25 3
2
= . .
The total area is

32 4 3 56 1184 . . cm .
2
= K
9. f x
x
( ) =
6
1

P x x x x x x ( ) = + + + + + + 6 6 6 6 6 6
2 3 4 5
L

= + + + + + P x x x x x ( ) 6 12 18 24 30
2 3 4
L

= + + + + P x x x x ( ) 12 36 72 120
2 3
L

= + + + P x x x ( ) 36 144 360
2
L
f (x) = 6(1 x)
2
f (x) = 12(1 x)
3
f (x) = 36(1 x)
4
P(0) = 6 and f (0) = 6
P(0) = 12 and f (0) = 12
P(0) = 36 and f (0) = 36
Conjecture: P f
n n ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 0 = for all values of n.
Problem Set 12-3
Q1. 0.3333 Q2. 0.4444
Q3.
2
3
Q4.
4
9
Q5. 13 Q6. 125
Q7. mass displacement Q8. centroid
Q9. ln x + C Q10. D
1. f (x) = 5e
2x
f (x) = 10e
2x
f (x) = 20e
2x
f (x) = 40e
2x
f
(4)
(x) = 80e
2x
2. P
1
(x) = c
0
+ c
1
x and = P x c
1 1
( )
P
1
(0) = c
0
and f (0) = 5 c
0
= 5
= P c
1 1
0 ( ) and f (0) = 10 c
1
= 10
P
1
(x) = 5 + 10x
3. P
2
(x) = c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
= + = P x c c x P x c
2 1 2 2 2
2 2 ( ) and ( )
P
2
(0) = c
0
and f (0) = 5 c
0
= 5
= P c
2 1
0 ( ) and f (0) = 10 c
1
= 10
= P c
2 2
0 2 ( ) and f (0) = 20 2c
2
= 20
c
2
= 10
P
2
(x) = P
1
(x) = 5 + 10x + 10x
2
c
0
and c
1
are the same as for P
1
(x).
4. P
3
(x) = c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
P
4
(x) = c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
= + = P x c c x P x c
4 3 4 4
4
4
6 24 24 ( ) and ( )
( )
= = P c f
4 3
0 6 0 40 ( ) and ( )
= = 6 40
20
3
3 3
c c
P c f
4
4
4
4
0 24 0 80
( ) ( )
( ) and ( ) = =
= = 24 80
10
3
4 4
c c
c
0
, c
1
, and c
2
are the same as before.
5. P x x x x
3
2 3
5 10 10
20
3
( ) = + + +
P x x x x x
4
2 3 4
5 10 10
20
3
10
3
( ) = + + + +
f
P
4
P
3
P
4
P
3
1
100
y
x
6. P
4
is indistinguishable from f for about
1 < x < 0.9.
7. P
3
(1) = 31.6666666
P
4
(1) = 35.0000000
f (1) = 5e
2
= 36.9452804
P
4
(1) is closer to f (1) than P
3
(1), Q.E.D.
8. c
4
4
80
24
5 2
4
= =

!
The 5 is the coefficient in 5e
2x
.
The 2 is the exponential constant.
The 4 is the exponent of x in the last term.
9. c c
3
3
2
2
20
6
5 2
3
20
2
5 2
2
= =

= =

! !
, ,
c c
1
1
0
0
10
1
5 2
1
5
5 2
0
0 1 = =

= =

=
! !
( ! ) ,
10. Conjecture:
c c
5
5
6
6
5 2
5
160
120
4
3
5 2
6
320
720
4
9
=

= = =

= =
! !
,
11. P x
n
x
n
n
n
( ) =

=
5 2
0
!
Problem Set 12-4
Q1. Q2.

x
y

x
y
Q3. Q4.
x
y
x
y
Q5. Q6.

x
y

y
x
Q7. exponent Q8. coefficient
Q9. power Q10. D
1. a.
n f x
n ( )
( ) f
n ( )
( ) 0 P
n ( )
( ) 0 c
n
0 e
x
1 c
0
1
1 e
x
1 c
1
1
2 e
x
1 2!c
2
1
2!
3 e
x
1 3!c
3
1
3!

= + + + + P x x x x ( ) , 1
1
2
1
3
2 3
! !
L Q.E.D.
b. Next two terms:

L L + + +
1
4
1
5
4 5
! !
x x
c.
1
0
n
x
n
n
!
=
d.
S
3
e
x
5
y
x
3
e. The two graphs are indistinguishable for
approximately 1 < x < 1.
f. Solve e
x
S
3
(x) = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
x 0.2188
Solve e
x
S
3
x = 0.2237
The interval is 0.2237 < x < 0.2188 .
g. The ninth partial sum is S
8
(x).
Solve e
x
S
8
x 1.4648
Solve S
8
(x) e
x
= 0.0001 for x close to 1.
x = 1.5142
The interval is 1.5142 < x < 1.4648 .
2. a. By equating derivatives:
n f x
n ( )
( ) f
n ( )
( ) 0 P
n ( )
( ) 0 c
n
0 cos x 1 c
0
1
1 sin x 0 c
1
0
2 cos x 1 2!c
2
1
2!
3 sin x 0 3!c
3
0
4 cos x 1 4!c
4
1
4!
5 sin x 0 5!c
5
0
6 cos x 1 6!c
6
1
6!
7 sin x 0 7!c
7
0
8 cos x 1 8!c
8
1
8!

= + + P x x x x x ( )
! ! ! !
1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2 4 6 8
L ,
Q.E.D.
b.

L L + +
1
10
1
12
1
14
10 12 14
! ! !
x x x
c. ( )
( )!
1
1
2
2
0
n n
n
n
x
=
d. y = cos x
cos
S
4
S
7
x
y
e. See the graph in part d, showing S
7
(x) (eighth
partial sum).
The graphs are indistinguishable for
approximately 5.5 < x < 5.5.
f. Solve S
7
(x) cos x = 0.0001 for x close
to 5.5.
x 4.5414
(Note that some solvers may give an error
message. In this case, zoom in by table,
starting at x = 5 and using increments of 0.1;
then x = 4.5, and increments of 0.01, and so
forth.)
By symmetry, the interval is
4.5414 < x < 4.5414 .
g. Both functions are even. P(x) is even because
it has only even powers of x.
3. a. S
3
3 5 7
0 6 0 6
1
3
0 6
1
5
0 6
1
7
0 6 ( . ) . = +
!
( . )
!
( . )
!
( . )
= 0.564642445
sin 0.6 = 0.564642473
S
3
(0.6) sin 0.6, Q.E.D.
b. sin 0.6 = 0.564642473
Tail = sin 0.6 S
n
(0.6)
First term of the tail is t
n+1
.
sin 0.6 S
1
(0.6) = 0.0006424733
t
2
= 0.000648
sin 0.6 S
2
(0.6) = 0.00000552660
t
3
= 0.00000555428
sin 0.6 S
3
(0.6) = 0.0000000276807
t
4
= 0.0000000277714
In each case, the tail is less in magnitude than
the absolute value of the first term of the tail,
Q.E.D.
c. Make | | . t
n+
<
1
20
0 5 10 .
1
2 3
0 6 5 10
2 3 21
( )!
( . )
n
n
+
<
+

Inequality is first true for n = 8.
Use at least nine terms (n = 8).
4. a.

P x x x x x ( ) = + + + +
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
! ! !
L
b. By equating derivatives:
n f x
n ( )
( ) f
n ( )
( ) 0 P
n ( )
( ) 0 c
n
0 sinh x 0 c
0
0
1 cosh x 1 c
1
1
2 sinh x 0 2!c
2
0
3 cosh x 1 3!c
3
1
3!
4 sinh x 0 4!c
4
0
5 cosh x 1 5!c
5
1
5!
6 sinh x 0 6!c
6
0
7 cosh x 1 7!c
7
1
7!
= + + + + P x x x x x ( ) ,
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
! ! !
L Q.E.D.
c. S
3
(0.6) = 0.636653554
sinh 0.6 = 0.636653582
S
3
(0.6) sinh 0.6, Q.E.D.
d. Solve S
3
(x) sinh x = 0.0001 for x
close to 1.
x 1.4870
By symmetry, the interval is
1.4870 < x < 1.4870 .
e.

P x x x x = + + + + ( ) 1
1
3
3
1
5
5
1
7
7
2 4 6
! ! !
L
= + + + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
2 4 6
! ! !
x x x L
f. Find S
3
(0.6) for the P series.
S
3
(0.6) = 1.1854648
cosh 0.6 = 1.18546521
S
3
(0.6) cosh 0.6, and thus the P(x)
series seems to represent cosh x, Q.E.D.
g. P x dx ( )

= + + + +
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
2 4 6
x x x C
! !
L
Simplifying and letting C = 1 gives

1
1
2
1
4
1
6
2 4 6
+ + + +
! ! !
x x x L ,
which is the series for cosh x, Q.E.D.
5. a. f (x) = ln x f (1) = 0
f (x) = x
1
f (1) = 1
=

f x x ( )
2
= f ( ) 1 1
f x x =

( ) 2
3
f = ( ) 1 2
P x x x x ( ) ( ) = + 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2 3
( ) ( )
+
1
4
1
4
( ) x L

P x x x x = + + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1
2 3
K

= + + P x x x ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 3 1
2
K

= + P x x ( ) ( ) 2 6 1
K
P(1) = 0 = f (1)
P(1) = 1 = f (1)
P(1) = 1 = f (1)
P(1) = 2 = f (2), Q.E.D.
b. L L + +
1
5
1
1
6
1
5 6
( ) ( ) x x
c. P x
n
x
n n
n
( ) =
+
=
( ) ( ) 1
1
1
1
1
d.
1
1
x
y
ln x
S
10
e. S
10
(1.2) = 0.182321555
ln 1.2 = 0.182321556
S
10
(1.95) = 0.640144911
ln 1.95 = 0.667829372
S
10
(3) = 64.8253968
ln 3 = 1.0986122
S
10
(x) fits ln x in about 0 < x < 2.
This is a wider interval of agreement than that
for the fourth partial sum, which looks like
about 0.3 < x < 1.7.
S
10
(1.2) and ln 1.2 agree through the eighth
decimal place. The values of S
10
(1.95) and
ln 1.95 agree only to one decimal place. The
values of S
10
(3) and ln 3 bear no resemblance
to each other.
6. a. P x x x x ( ) ( ) = + 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2 3
( ) ( )

+
1
4
1
4
( ) x
K
n t
n
(3)
1 2
2 2
3 2.6666
4 4
5 6.4
6 10.6666
The absolute values of the terms are getting
larger as n increases.
b. lim lim
x
n
x
n
t
n

=

| |
2
=

lim
ln
x
n
2 2
1 1
=
The series cannot possibly converge because
the terms do not approach zero as n
approaches infinity.
c.
n t
n
(1.2)
1 0.2
2 0.02
3 0.0026666
4 0.0004
5 0.000064
6 0.00001066
The absolute values of the terms are
approaching zero as n increases.
d. Tail = ln 1.2 S
n
(1.2)
First term of the tail is t
n+1
.
ln 1.2 S
1
(1.2) = 0.01767
t
2
= 0.02
ln 1.2 S
2
(1.2) = 0.002321
t
3
= 0.002666
ln 1.2 S
3
(1.2) = 0.0003451
t
4
= 0.0004
In each case, the tail is less in magnitude than
the absolute value of the first term of the tail.
7. a. f (x) = tan
1
x
P x
n
x
n n
n
( ) =
+
+
=
( ) 1
1
2 1
2 1
0
= + + x x x x
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
L
b. y = tan
1
x, y = S
5
(x), and y = S
6
(x) (sixth
and seventh partial sums)
1
1
y
x
f (x)
S
6
S
5
S
5
S
6
Both partial sums fit the graph of f very well
for about 0.9 < x < 0.9. For x > 1 and
x < 1, the partial sums bear no resemblance
to the graph of f.
Problem Set 12-5
Q1. 4! = 24 Q2. 3! = 6
Q3. 4!/4 = 6 Q4. n = 3
Q5. n m 1 Q6. m 1
Q7. 0! 1!/1 1 Q8. (1)! 0!/0 1/0
Q9. x x /
2
7 Q10. A
1. f u e
u
( )

+ + + + + + 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
2 3 4 5
u u u u u
! ! ! !
K
2. f u u ( ) ln

+ + ( ) u u u u 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
2 3 4
( ) ( ) ( )
K
3. f u u ( ) sin

+ + + u u u u u u
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
1
11
3 5 7 9 11
! ! ! ! !
L
4. f u u ( ) cos

+ + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
1
10
2 4 6 8 10
! ! ! ! !
u u u u u L
5. f u u ( ) cosh
+ + + + + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
1
10
2 6 8 10
! ! ! ! !
u u u u u
4
L
6. f u u ( ) sinh

+ + + + + + u u u u u u
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
1
11
3 5 7 9 11
! ! ! ! !
L
7. f u u u u u u u ( ) ( ) + + + + + +
1 1
1 2 3 4 5
L
8. f u u ( )

tan
1
+ + + u u u u u u
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
1
11
3 5 7 9 11
L
9.

x x x x x x x x sin
! ! ! !
+ +
j
(
\
,
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
3 5 7 9
L
+ + x x x x x
2 4 6 8 10
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9 ! ! ! !
L
10. x x x x x x x x sinh
! ! ! !
+ + + + +
j
(
\
,
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
3 5 7 9
L

+ + + + + x x x x x
2 4 6 8 10
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9 ! ! ! !
L
11. cosh x
3

+ + + + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8
!
( )
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) x x x x L

+ + + + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
6 12 18 24
! ! ! !
x x x x L
12. cos x
2

+ + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2 2 2 2
!
( )
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) x x x x
2 4 6 8
L
+ + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
4 8 12 16
! ! ! !
x x x x L
13.

ln ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x
2 2 2 2 2 3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1 + L
(Or: ln x
2
2 ln x 2(x 1) (x 1)
2

+
2
3
1
3
( ) ) x L
14. e x x x
x
+ + +
2
1
1
2
1
3
2 2 2 2 3
( )
!
( )
!
( )

+ +
1
4
2 4
!
( ) x L

+ + 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 4 6 8
x x x x
! ! !
L
15.

e dt t t t t dt
t
x x
+ +
j
(
\
,

2
0
2 4 6 8
0
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
! !
L

+ + x x x x x
1
3
1
5
1
2
1
7
1
3
1
9
1
4
3 5 9
! ! !
7
L
16. ln ( )
/ /
( ) ( ) 3 3 1
1
2
3 1
2
1 3 1 3
t dt t t
x x

,
,
+ +
]
]
]
1
3
3 1
1
4
3 1
3 4
( ) ( ) t t dt

1
3 2 1
3 1
1
3 3 2
3 1
2 3
( ) ( ) t t

+

+
1
3 4 3
3 1
1
3 5 4
3 1
4 5
1 3
( ) ( )
/
t t
x
L
+
1
6
3 1
1
18
3 1
1
36
3 1
2 3 4
( ) ( ) ( ) x x x
+
1
60
3 1
5
( ) x L
17.

1
1
1
4
4 8 12 16
x
x x x x
+
+ + L
18.
9
3
3
1 3
2 2
x x +

+ ( / )

+ +
j
(
\
,
3 1
1
3
1
3
1
3
2
2
4
3
6
x x x L

+ + 3
1
3
1
3
2 4
2
6
x x x L
19.

1
1
1
4
0
4 8 12 16
0 t
dt t t t t dt
x x
+
+ +

( )
K

+ + x x x x x
1
5
1
9
1
13
1
17
5 9 13 17
K
20.

9
3
3
1
3
1
3
2
2 4
2
6
0 0 t
dt t t t dt
x x
+
+ +
j
(
\
,

K

+
3
1
3
1
3 5
1
3 7
1
3 9
3 5
2
7
3
9
x x x x x
K
21.
d
dx
x (sinh )
2

= + + + +
d
dx
x x x x
2 6 10 14
1
3
1
5
1
7 ! ! !
K

= + + + + 2
6
3
10
5
14
7
5 9 13
x x x x
! ! !
K

= + + + + 2
2
2
2
4
2
6
5 9 13
x x x x
! ! !
K
= + + + +
2
1
12
1
360
5 9 13
x x x x
Alternate solution:
d
dx
x x x (sinh ) cosh
2 2
2 =

= + + + +
2 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
4 8 12
x x x x
! ! !
K
= + + + +
2
2
2
2
4
2
6
5 9 13
x x x x
! ! !

22.
d
dx
x (cos )
. 0 5
= + +
d
dx
x x x x 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2 3 4
! !
! !
K
= + +
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
2 3
! ! ! !
x x x
K

= + +
1
2
1
12
1
240
1
10080
2 3
x x x
Alternate solution:
d
dx
x x x (cos ) sin
. 0 5 0 5 0 5
1
2
=
. .

= + +
1
2
1
3
1
5
1
7
0 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5
x x x x x
. . . . .
! ! !
L
= +
1
2
1
2 3
1
2 5
1
2 7
2 3
! ! ! !
x x x L
= + +
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
2 3
! ! ! !
x x x L
Multiply by 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, 4/4, and simplify.
23. P x x x
4
2
8 3 2
0 7
2
2 ( ) ( )
.
!
( ) = + +
+
0 51
3
2
0 048
4
2
3 4
.
!
( )
.
!
( ) x x
= 8 + 3(x 2) + 0.35(x 2)
2
+ 0.085(x 2)
3
0.002(x 2)
4
24. P x x x x
5
2 3
7 2 1
0 48
2
1
0
3
1 ( ) ( )
.
!
( )
!
( ) = + + + + +
+ + +
0 36
4
1
0 084
5
1
4 5
.
!
( )
.
!
( ) x x
= 7 + 2(x + 1) 0.24(x + 1)
2
+ 0.015(x + 1)
4
0.0007(x + 1)
5
25. a. f (0.4) 2 + 0.5(1.4) 0.3(1.4)
2
0.18(1.4)
3
+ 0.02(1.4)
4
= 1.694912
We must assume that the series converges for
x = 0.4.
b. f (1) = c
0
= 2
f (1) = c
1
= 0.5
f (1) = 2!c
2
= 2(0.3) = 0.6
f (1) = 3!c
3
= 6(0.18) = 1.08
f
(4)
(1) = 4!c
4
= 24(0.02) = 0.48
c. g(x) = f (x
2
1) P
4
(x
2
1)
= 2 + 0.5(x
2
1 + 1) 0.3(x
2
1 + 1)
2
0.18(x
2
1 + 1)
3
+ 0.02(x
2
1 + 1)
4
= 2 + 0.5x
2
0.3x
4
0.18x
6
+ 0.02x
9
Sixth-degree polynomial:
g(x) 2 + 0.5x
2
0.3x
6
g(1) 2.2
d. g(x) = x 1.2x
3
+ terms in higher powers
of x.
g(0) = 0
g(x) = 1 3.2x
2
of x.
g(0) = 1 > 0. (0, g(0)) is a local
minimum.
e. g t dt t t dt
x x
( ) ( . . )
0
2 4
0
2 0 5 0 3

+
= +
= +
2
0 5
3
0 3
5
0
2
1
6
0 06
3 5
3 5
t t t
x
x x x
. .
.
26. a. f (1) P
4
(1)
= 4 + 3(1 2) + 0.5(1 2)
2
0.09(1 2)
3
0.06(1 2)
4
= 6.47
We must assume that the series converges for
x = 1.
b. f (2) = c
0
= 4
f (2) = c
1
= 3
f (2) = 2!c
2
= 2(0.5) = 1
f (2) = 3!c
3
= 6(0.09) = 0.54
f
(4)
(2) = 4!c
4
= 24(0.06) = 1.44
c. g(x) = f (x
2
+ 2) P(x
2
+ 2)
= 4 + 3(x
2
+ 2 2) + 0.5(x
2
+ 2 2)
2
0.09(x
2
+ 2 2)
3
0.06(x
2
+ 2 2)
4
= 4 + 3x
2
+ 0.5x
4
0.09x
6
0.06x
8
Fourth-degree polynomial:
g(x) 4 + 3x
2
+ 0.5x
4
d. g(x) = 6x + 2x
3
of x.
g(0) = 0
g(x) = 6 + 6x
2
of x.
g(0) = 6 > 0
(0, g(0)) = (0, 4) is a local minimum.
e. h x g t dt t t dt
x x
( ) ( ) ( . ) = + +

0
2 4
0
4 3 0 5
= + + = + + 4 0 1 4 0 1
3 5
0
3 5
t t t x x x
x
. .
27. f (x) = sin x, about x = /4:
f x x x ( ) = +

2
2
2
2 4
2
2 2 4
2
2
2 3 4
2
2 4 4
3
!
!
x x

4

+

2
2 5 4 !
x

5
L
28. f (x) = cos x, about x = /4:
f x x x ( ) =

2
2
2
2 4
2
2 2 4
2
2
2 3 4
2
2 4 4
3 4
!
!
x x

2
2 5 4
5
!
x

L
29. f (x) = ln x, about x = 1:
f x x x x ( ) ( ) = + 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2 3
( ) ( )

+
1
4
1
4
( ) x L
30. f (x) = log x, about x = 10:
f x
x x
( ) = + 1
1
10
10
10
1
2 10
10
10
2
2
ln
( )
ln
( )

+ +
1
3 10
10
10
1
4 10
10
10
3
3
4
4
ln
( )
ln
( ) x x
L
31. f (x) = (x 5)
7/3
, about x = 4:
f x x x ( ) = +

1
7
3
4
7 4
3 2
4
2
2
( )
!
( )
+

7 4 1
3 3
4
7 4 1 2
3 4
4
3
3
4
4
!
( )
( )
!
( ) x x
+

7 4 1 2 5
3 5
4
5
5
( )( )
!
( ) x L
32. f (x) = (x + 6)
4.2
, about x = 5:
f x x x ( ) . ( ) = + + +

+ 1 4 2 5
4 2 3 2
2
5
2
. .
!
( )
+

+
4 2 3 2 2 2
3
5
3
. . .
!
( ) x
+

+ +
4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2
4
5
4
. . . .
!
( ) x L
33. By equating derivatives:
n f x
n ( )
( ) f
n ( )
( ) 0 P
n ( )
( ) 0 c
n
0 cos 3x 1 c
0
1
1 3 sin 3x 0 c
1
0
2 9 cos 3x 9 2!c
2

9
2!
3 27 sin 3x 0 3!c
3
0
4 81 cos 3x 81 4!c
4
81
4!
5 243 sin 3x 0 5!c
5
0
6 729 cos 3x 729 6!c
6

729
6!

= + + cos
! ! !
3 1
9
2
81
4
729
6
2 4 6
x x x x L
By substitution:

cos
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) 3 1
1
2
3
1
4
3
1
6
3
2 4 6
x x x x = + +L

= + + 1
9
2
81
4
729
6
2 4 6
! ! !
x x x L
The two answers are equivalent. Substitution
gives the answer much more easily in this case.
34. By equating derivatives:
n f x
n ( )
( ) f
n ( )
( ) 0 P
n ( )
( ) 0 c
n
0 ln (1 + x) 0 c
0
0
1 (1 + x)
1
1 c
1
1
2 (1 + x)
2
1 2!c
2
1
2!
3 2(1 + x)
3
2 3!c
3
2
3!
4 6(1 + x)
4
6 4!c
4
6
4!

+ = + + ( ) ln 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 3 4
x x x x x L
By substitution, substitute (1 + x) for u in

ln ( ) ( ) ( ) u u u u u = + + ( ) 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
2 3 4
L

ln ( ) . 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 3 4
+ = + + x x x x x L
The two answers are equivalent. Substitution
gives the answer much more easily in this case.
35. S
4
(1.5) = 0.40104166 ;
ln 1.5 = 0.40546510
Error = 0.00442344
Fifth term = =
1
5
1 5 1 0 00625
5
( . ) .
The error is smaller in absolute value than the
first term of the tail.
36. Solve numerically for x close to 2:
S
4
(x) ln x 0.0001
x 1.2263
Solve numerically for x close to 0.1:
ln x S
4
(x) 0.0001
x 0.7896
Interval is about 0.7896 < x < 1.2263 .
37. a. tan
+
1 3 5 7
1
3
1
5
1
7
x x x x x

+ +
1
9
1
11
9 11
x x L

+ + +
tan
1
1 1
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
1
11
L
The tenth partial sum is S
9
(1).

S
n
n
n
9
0
9
1 1
1
2 1
0 760459904 ( ) .
+

( )
( )
K
4S
9
(1) 3.04183961
3.14159265
The error is about 3%.
b. The fiftieth partial sum is S
49
(1).
4S
49
(1) 3.12159465
3.14159265
The error is about 0.6%.
(It is merely an interesting coincidence that
although 4S
49
(1) differs from in the second
decimal place, several other decimal places
later on do match up!)
c. By the composite argument properties
from trig,
tan tan tan

+
j
(
\
,
1 1
1
2
1
3
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
tan tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan

1 1
1 1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
+

, tan tan tan
1 1 1
1
1
2
1
3
Q.E.D.
p S
n
n
n
n

+
,
,
,
j
(
\
,
4 4 1
1
2 1
1
2
9
0
9 2 1
( )
+
+
j
(
\
,
]
]
]
]
( ) 1
1
2 1
1
3
0
9 2 1
n
n
n
n
( )
+
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]

+ +
4
1
2 1
1
2
1
3
3 14159257
2 1 2 1
0
9 n n n
n
n
.
3.14159265
The answer differs from by only 1 in the
seventh decimal place. The improvement in
accuracy is accounted for by the fact that the
inverse tangent series converges much more
rapidly for x 1/2 and x 1/3 than it does for
x 1. In Problem 17 of Problem Set 12-6,
you will see that the interval of convergence
for the inverse tangent series is 1 x 1.
In general, power series converge slowly at
the endpoints of the convergence interval.
38.

sin
! ! !
x x x x x + +
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
L

cos
! ! !
x x x x + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
2 4 6
L

x x x x + + + +
1
3
2
15
17
315
3 5 7
L

1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
3
1
5
1
7
2 4 6 3 5 7
+ + + +
! ! !
! !
!
x x x x x x x L L

x x x x
! !
!
1
2
1
4
1
6
3 5 7
+ +L

1
3
4
5
6
7
3 5 7
x x x +
! !
L
1
3
1
6
1
72
3 5 7
x x x + L

2
15
64
7
5 7
x x
!
L
2
15
1
15
5 7
x x +L

17
315
7
x L

+ + + + tan x x x x x
1
3
2
15
17
315
3 5 7
L
S
4
(0.2) 0.202710024
tan 0.2 0.202710035
39. Define a x
f a
i
x a
i
i
i
( )
( )
( )
!
( ) , the ith term of the
general Taylor series. So, f x a x
i
i
( )
( ).
0
We must assume
d
dx
a x
d
dx
a x
n
n i
i
n
n i
i
( )
0 0
( );
that is, the nth derivative of an infinite series is
the infinite sum of the nth derivatives of the
individual terms.
For , ( ) i n
d
dx
a x
f a
i
d
dx
x a
n
n i
i n
n
i
<
( )
( )
!
( )

f a
i
i ( )
( )
!
0 0
For , i n
d
dx
a x
d
dx
a x
n
n i
n
n n
( ) ( )

f a
n
d
dx
x a
n n
n
n
( )
( )
!
( )

f a
n
n x a
n ( )
( )
!
!( )
0
For , ( ) i n
d
dx
a x
f a
i
d
dx
x a
n
n i
i n
n
i
>
( )
( )
!
( )

+
f x
i
i i i i n x a
i
i n
( )
( )
!
( )( ) ( )( ) 1 2 1 0 K
for x a.
So ( ) for and , and
d
dx
a a i n i n
n
n i
< > 0
d
dx
a a f a
n
n n
n
( ) ( ).
( )
Thus,
d
dx
a x
n
n i
i
( )
0
evaluated at x a
is
d
dx
a a f a
n
n n
n
( ) ( ).
( )
40. Brook Taylor: 16851731

Colin Maclaurin: 16981746
Sir Isaac Newton: 16421727
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz: 16461716
41. a.
t
t
n
x
n
x
n
n
x
n
n
n n
n n
+
+ +
+
+

1
2 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
| |
b. r x
10
2
11
1 2 for .
r x
10
9 5
11
1 95
.
for .
r x
10
20
11
3 for
c. r
n
n
x x
n
n
x
n n
+

+

lim lim
1
1 1
1
1 | | | | | |
d. r 1.1 for x 0.1
r 1 for x 0
r 0.9 for x 0.1
r 0.9 for x 1.9
r 1 for x 2
e. Possible conjecture: The series converges to
ln x whenever the value of x makes r < 1, and
diverges whenever the value of x makes r > 1.
f. The series should converge for r < 1.
r |x 1| < 1 1 < (x 1) < 1
0 < x < 2
Problem Set 12-6
Q1. sin x Q2. sinh x
Q3. e
x
Q4. e
x
Q5. (1 x)
1
(1 < x 1)
Q6.
1
2
2 sin x C +
Q7. 3 sec
2
3x Q8. 1
Q9. e Q10. B
1. a.
n
x x x x x
n
n
n
4
1
4
2
16
3
64
4
256
2 3 4
1
+ + +

+ +
5
1024
5
x L
b. L
t
t
n x
nx
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

+
+
+
lim lim
1
1
1
1
4
4 ( )
x n
n
x
n
4
1
4
lim
L
x x
x < < < < < < 1
4
1 1
4
1 4 4
Open interval of convergence is (4, 4).
c. Radius of convergence 4.
2. a.
x
n
x x x x
n
n
n

+
2
1
2
1
2 4
1
3 8
1
4 16
2 3 4
1
+
+
1
5 32
5
x L
b. L
t
t
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

+

+
+
lim lim
( )
1
1
1
1 2
2
x n
n
x
n
2 1 2
lim
L
x x
x < < < < < < 1
2
1 1
2
1 2 2
3. a.
( ) ( ) 2 3
2 3
2 3
2
1
2
x
n
x
x
n
n
+
+ +
+
( )

+
+
+
+
+
( ) ( ) 2 3
3
2 3
4
3 4
x x
L
b. L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
+

+
+
lim
( )
( )
2 3
1 2 3
1
+
+
+
| | | | 2 3
1
2 3 x
n
n
x
x
lim
L < 1 |2x + 3| < 1 1 < 2x + 3 < 1
2 < x < 1
c. Radius of convergence
1
2
.
4. a.
( ) 5 7
2
1
x
n
n
n
+ +
( ) ( ) ( ) 5 7
2
5 7
4
5 7
6
2 3
x x x

+ +
( ) 5 7
8
4
x
L
b. L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
lim
( )
( ) ( )
5 7
2 1
2
5 7
1

+

| | | | 5 7
1
5 7 x
n
n
x
n
lim
L < 1 |5x 7| < 1 1 < 5x 7 < 1
1.2 < x < 1.6
Open interval of convergence is (1.2, 1.6).
c. Radius of convergence 0.2.
5. a.
n
n
x
n
n
3
1
8
!
( )
+ + ( ) x x x 8
8
2
8
27
6
8
2 3
( ) ( )
+ +
64
24
8
4
( ) x L
b. L
n x
n
n
n x
n
n
n
+
+

+
lim
( ) ( )
( )!
!
( )
1 8
1 8
3 1
3

+
j
(
\
,

+
,
,
]
]
]
| | lim
n
x
n
n n
8
1 1
1
3
| | x 8 1 0 0
L < 1 for all values of x.
Series converges for all values of x.
c. Radius of convergence is infinite.
6. a.
n
n
x
n
n
!
( )
4
1
2 +
+ + + + + ( ) x x x 2
2
16
2
6
81
2
2 3
( ) ( )

+ + +
24
256
2
4
( ) x L
b. L
n x
n
n
n x
n
n
n
+ +
+

+
+
lim
( )! ( )
( ) ! ( )
1 2
1 2
1
4
4
+ +
+
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
| | ( ) x n
n
n
n
2 1
1
4
lim
+ +
| | [( ) ] x n
n
2 1 1 lim
The series converges only for |x + 2| 0
x 2.
7. sin
( )
( )!
x
n
x
n
n
n
+
+
1
2 1
2 1
0
Note that |(1)
n
| can be left out of the ratio.
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+

+
+
+
lim
( )!
( )!
2 3
2 1
2 3
2 1
+ +

x
n n
x
n
2 2
1
2 3 2 2
0 lim
( )( )
L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
all x.
8. cos
( )
( )!
x
n
x
n
n
n
1
2
2
0
Note that |(1)
n
| can be left out of the ratio.
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
lim
( )!
( )!
2 2
2
2 2
2
+ +

x
n n
x
n
2 2
1
2 2 2 1
0 lim
( )( )
all x.
9. sinh
( )!
x
n
x
n
n
+
+
1
2 1
2 1
0
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+

+
+
+
lim
( )!
( )!
2 3
2 1
2 3
2 1
+ +

x
n n
x
n
2 2
1
2 3 2 2
0 lim
( )( )
all x.
10. cosh
( )!
x
n
x
n
n
1
2
2
0
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
lim
( )!
( )!
2 2
2
2 2
2
+ +

x
n n
x
n
2 2
1
2 2 2 1
0 lim
( )( )
all x.
11. e
n
x
x n
n
1
0
!

L
x
n
n
x
x
n
x
n
n
n
n
+

+

lim
( )!
!
lim
1
1
1
1
0 | | | |
all x.
12. e
n
x
x
n
n
n
( )
!
1
0
L
x
n
n
x
x
n
x
n
n
n
n
+

+

lim
( )!
!
lim
1
1
1
1
0 | | | |
L < 1 for all x and the series converges for all x.
13. t
n
x
n
n!
L
x n
x n
x n x
n
n
n
n
+
+
lim
( )!
!
| | lim ( ) | |
1
1
1
L for all x 0; L 0 at x 0.
the series converges only for x 0.
14. t
n
x
n n
n
!
100

L
n x
n x
n
n
n
n
n
+
+
lim
( )!
!
1
100
100
1
1

+

| | | | x
n
x
n
lim
1
100
L for all x 0; L 0 at x 0.
the series converges only for x 0.
15. cosh
( )!
10
1
2
10
2
0
n
n
n
L
n
n
n
n
n
+
lim
( )!
( )! 10
2 2
2
10
2 2
2
+ +

10
1
2 2 2 1
0
2
lim
( )( )
n
n n
L 0 < 1 series converges.
16. ln ( ) ( . ) 0 1 1
1
0 9
1
1
.
+
n n
n
n
t
n
(0.9)
n
/n
n t
n t t
n n +1
/
1 0.9 0.45
2 0.405 0.6
3 0.243 0.675
4 0.164025 0.72
5 0.118098 0.75
9 0.043046721 0.81
15 0.0137260754 0.84375
35 0.0007151872 0.875
Ratio seems to approach 0.9.
Proof:
L
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
lim
( . )
( . )
lim
0 9
1 0 9
0 9
1
1
.
0.9(1) 0.9, Q.E.D.
17. a. P x
n
x
n n
n
( )
+
+
( ) 1
1
2 1
2 1
0
Note that |(1)
n
| 1 for all n.
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+

+
+
+
lim
2 3
2 1
2 3
2 1
+
+

x
n
n
x
n
2 2
2 1
2 3
1 lim by lHospitals rule
L < 1 x
2
< 1 1 < x < 1
b.
tan
1
S
4
S
3
S
4
S
3
x
y
1
1
The graphs of the partial sums of P(x) and
tan
1
x fit very well for 1 < x < 1. The
partial sums diverge from tan
1
x for x outside
this interval.
c. S
3
(0.1) 0.09966865238095
d. tan
1
0.1 0.09966865249116 ;
Tail 0.00000000011021
e. First term of tail
1
9
0 1
9
( . )
0.00000000011111 ,
which is larger than the tail.
18. a. y x
2
sin 2x, from x 0 to x 1.5, rotated
about the y-axis.
A slice of the region parallel to the axis of
rotation generates a cylindrical shell.
dV 2 x y dx 2x
3
sin 2x dx
V x x dx
2 2
3
0
1 5
sin
.
Integrate by parts.
u dv
x
3
sin 2x
3x
2
1
2
cos 2x
6x
1
4
sin 2x
6
1
8
cos 2x
0
1
16
sin 2x
+
+
+
V x x x x +
j
(
2
1
2
2
3
4
2
3 2
cos sin
+
\
,
3
4
2
3
8
2
0
1 5
x x x cos sin
.
+
j
(
\
,
2
9
16
3
21
16
3 cos sin
4 662693947 .
V x x dx
2 2 4 662693947
3
sin .
0
1.5
The answers are the same to at least nine
decimal places.
b. Omitting the 2 2
3
, x x dx sin
+
,
,
x x x x
3 3 5
2
1
3
2
1
5
2 ( )
!
( )
!
( )

+
]
]
]
1
7
2
7
!
( ) x dx L

+ +
j
(
,
\
,
(
2
2
3
2
5
2
7
4
3
6
5
8
7
10
x x x x dx
! ! !
L

2
5
2
7 3
2
9 5
5
3
7
5
9
x x x
! !

+ +
2
11 7
7
11
!
x C L
+ +
+
+
+
( )
( ) ( )!
1
2
2 5 2 1
2 1
2 5
0
n
n
n
n
n n
x C
For this series,
L
x
n n
n n
x
n
n n
n n

+ +

+ +
+ +
+ +
lim
( ) ( )!
( ) ( )! 2
2 7 2 3
2 5 2 1
2
2 3 2 7
2 1 2 5
+
+

+ +

4
2 5
2 7
1
2 3 2 2
2
x
n
n n n
n n
lim lim
( )( )
4x
2
1 0
the series converges for all x and thus
converges for x 1.5.
So,
V
,
+
2
2
5
1 5
2
7 3
1 5
2
9 5
1 5
5
3
7
5
9
( . )
!
( . )
!
( . )
]
]
]
2
11 7
1 5
2
13 9
1 5
7
11
9
13
!
( . )
!
( . )
4.67164363
The answer is within 0.01 of the answer
found in part a.
c. t
n n
n
n
n
n
+
+
+

+ +
1
2 3
2 7
1
2 2
2 7 2 3
1 5 ( )

( ) ( )!
( . )
By table search, | t
n+1
| < 0.5 10
10
for
n 10.
Because n starts at zero for the first term, you
would need 11 terms to estimate the volume
to 10 decimal places.
19. a. Assume this series can be integrated term by
term.
f x e dt
t
x
( )

2
0
+ + +
j
(
\
,
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
2 4 6 8 10
0
t t t t t dt
x
! ! ! !
K
+
x x x x x
1
3
1
5 2
1
7 3
1
9 4
3 5 7 9
! ! !
+
1
11 5
11
!
x
K
b.
1
1
x
y
f (x)
S
5
The partial sum is reasonably close for
approximately 1.5 < x < 1.5.
c. t
n n
x
n
n
n
+
+
( )
( ) !
1
2 1
2 1

Note that | (1)
n
| 1.
L
x
n n
n n
x
n
n
n
+ +

+
+
+
lim
( )( )!
( ) !
2 3
2 1
2 3 1
2 1

+
+

+

x
n
n n
n n
2
2 1
2 3
1
1
lim lim
x
2
1 0 < 1 for all x.
d. Erf x does seem to be approaching 1 as x
increases, as shown by the following table
generated by numerical integration.
x erf x
1 0.8427007929
2 0.9953222650
3 0.9999779095
4 0.9999999845
5 0.9999999999
20. a. Assume this series can be integrated term by
term.
sin
! ! !
t
t t
t t t t +
j
(
1 1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
+ +
\
,
1
9
1
11
9 11
! !
t t
K
+ + + 1
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
1
11
2 4 6 8 10
! ! ! ! !
t t t t t
K
( )
( )!
1
2 1
2
0
n
n
n
t
n
Si x
1
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
1
11
2 4 6 8 10
0
+ + +
j
(
\
,
! ! ! ! !
t t t t t dt
x
K

x x x x
1
3 3
1
5 5
1
7 7
5
! ! !
3 7
+
+
1
9 9
1
11 11
9
! !
x x
11
K
+ +
+
( )
( )( )!
1
1
2 1 2 1
2 1
0
n n
n
n n
x
b. Ratio for is
sin t
t
L
t
n
n
t
n
n
n
+

+
+
lim
( )!
( )!
2 2
2
2 3
2 1
+ +

t
n n
t
n
2
lim
( )( )
1
2 3 2 2
0
2
L < 1 for all values of t.
Series for (sin t)/t converges for all values
of t.
Ratio for Si x is
L
x
n n
n n
x
x
n
n n n
x
n
n
n
n n
=
+ +

+ +
=
+
+

+ +
=
+
+

lim
( )( )!
( )( )!
lim lim
( )( )
2 3
2 1
2
2
2 3 2 3
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 3
1
2 3 2 2
1 0
L < 1 for all values of x.
Series for Si x converges for all values of x.
The radii of convergence for both series are
infinite.
c. The third partial sum is S
2
(x).
S
2
3 5
0 6 0 6
1
3 3
0 6
1
5 5
0 6 ( . ) . =
+
!
( . )
!
( . )
= 0.5881296
Si 0.6 = 0.5881288
The answers are quite close!
d.
x
y
Si (x)
Tenth
Partial Sum
2 3 2 3
1
1
S
9
(x) is reasonably close to Si x for
3 < x < 3.
21. a. Given L t
n
n
n
=
lim where L < 1.

By the definition of limit as n , there
is a number k > 0 for any > 0 such that
if n > k, then t
n
n
is within units of L.
Thus, t
n
n
< L + , Q.E.D.
b. L < 1 1 L > 0
So take any < 1 L
L + < L + 1 L
L + < 1.
c. For all integers n > k,
0 < + < + t L t L
n
n
n
n
0 ( ) and
(L + )
n
< (L + )
n k
for all n > k because
L + < 1, so 0 t
n
< (L + )
n k
, Q.E.D.
d. Because 0 t
n
< (L + )
n k
for all n > k, it
follows that the tail after t
n
satisfies
0
1 2 3
+ + +
+ + +
t t t
n n n
L
< (L + )
n+1k
+ (L + )
n+2k
+ (L + )
n+3k
+
K
= (L + )
n+ 1k
[1 + (L + ) + (L + )
2
+
K
],
which converges because L + < 1.
e. The tail of the series is increasing and is
bounded above by

( ) [ ( ) ( ) ] L L L
n k
+ + + + + + =
+

1 2
1
K
( )
( )
L
L
n k
+
+
+
1
1
So the series converges, Q.E.D.
22. L n
n
n
=
lim
Because ln is a continuous function,
ln ln lim lim ln L n n
n
n
n
n
= =

( )
= = =

lim ln lim
ln
lim
ln
n n x
n
n
n
n
x
x
1
=
lim
/
x
x 1
1
by lHospitals rule
= 0
L = e
0
= 1, Q.E.D.
23. ln
( )
( ) x
n
x
n
n
n
=
+
=
1
1
1
1
L t
x
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
= =

lim | | lim
( ) 1
= = =
| |
lim
| | x
n
x
x
n
n
1 1
1
1 | |
L < 1 |x 1| < 1 0 < x < 2
24.
1
1
n
x
n
n
n=
L
x
n
x
n
x
n
n
n
n
n
= = =

lim
| |
lim
| |
| | 0
L < 1 for all values of x, and thus the series
converges for all values of x, Q.E.D.
25. n x
n n
n=
1
L n x nx x
n
n n
n
n
= = =

lim | | lim | | | |
L = 0 if x = 0 and is infinite if x 0.
the series converges only if x = 0.
26.
n
n
x
n
n
n
!
=
1
Use the ratio technique.
L
n x
n
n
n x
n
n
n
n
n
=
+
+

+
+
lim
( )!
( ) !
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
=

| | | | | | x
n
n
x
n
x
e
n
n
n
n
n
lim
( )
lim
( / ) 1
1
1 1
1
L < 1 | | x
e
1
< 1 e < x < e
Open interval of convergence is (e, e).
Problem Set 12-7
Q1. geometric Q2. multiplying by 2
Q3. common ratio Q4. ln x
Q5. 1
4
2
16
4
2 4
+
! !
x x Q6. 1/3!
Q7. 2.5 Q8. 1 < x < 7
Q9.

( ) ( ) 2 3 3
2
e i t j
t
r r
+ cos
Q10. D
1. a. S
n
n
n
5
1
1
5
1
6
6
6
2
6
3
6
4
6
5
= = + +
+
=
( )
! ! ! ! !
= + + = 6 3 1
1
4
1
20
3 8 .
b.

Tail = = = + +
+
=
R
n
n
n
5
1
6
1
6 6
6
6
7
6
8
( )
! ! ! !
K
c. Hypotheses: (1) signs are strictly alternating,
(2) |t
n
| are strictly decreasing, and
(3) lim .
n
n
t
= 0
| | | | / ! / R t
5 6
6 6 1120 < = =
d. Absolute convergence means that | | t
n
n=
1
converges.
If the convergent series were not absolutely
convergent, it would be called conditionally
convergent.
e. When you show absolute convergence, you
find the partial sums of |t
n
|. The partial sums
must be increasing because |t
n
| is positive.
|t
n
| is decreasing because the series is
convergent.
2. a. Comparison test (direct)
b. Integral test
c. nth term test
d. Geometric series test
e. Ratio test (or ratio technique)
f. Limit comparison test
g. p-series test
3. a. S
n
n
5 2
1
5
1
1
1
4
1
9
1
16
1
25
= = + + + +
=
= = 1
1669
3600
1 463611 .
b.

Tail = = = + + +
=
R
n
n
5 2
6
1 1
36
1
49
1
64
L
The graph shows the tail bounded above by
( / ) . 1 0 2
2
5
x dx =
.
5 6 7 8 9
0.03
t
n
n
The series converges because the sequence of
partial sums is increasing and bounded above
by 0.2.
c. ( / ) ( / ) 1 1
2
1000
2
1001
x dx R x < <

1000
1/1001 < R
1000
< 1/1000
R
1000
0.5(1/1001 + 1/1000)
= 0.00099950049
S = S
1000
+ R
1000
1.643934 + 0.00099950049
= 1.644934
The answer is correct to at least three decimal
places.
(The exact answer is
2
/6 = 1.64493406 .
The estimate is actually correct to nine
decimal places.)
d. 0.5[1/(n + 1) + 1/n] = 0.0000005 (six
decimal places)
n 1,999,999.5, so use about 2 million
terms.
4. a. S
n
n
5
1
5
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
= = + + + +
=
= = 2
17
60
2 2833 .
p = 1, a harmonic series.
b. Tail = = = + + +
=
R
n
n
5
6
1 1
6
1
7
1
8
L . The
graph shows the tail for R
5
bounded below by
( / ) 1
6
x dx
.
5
0.1
0.2
6 7 8 9
t
n
n
( / ) lim (ln ln ) 1 6
6
x dx b
b
= =
the series diverges because a lower bound is

infinite.
c. Graphing the rectangles to the left of the
n-values leads to R
5
< , which does not
imply that the tail is finite.
d. S x dx x
n
n
n
> > =
+
+
1000 1 1000
1
1
1
1
if ( / ) ln
ln (n + 1) > 1000 n > e
1000
1
1.97 10
434
s. It would take approximately
6.24 10
420
yr.
5. a.

1
1
2
1
3
1
4
+ +L
The series converges because
(1) strictly alternating signs, (2) strictly
decreasing |t
n
|, (3) t
n
0.
b. ( / ) lim (ln ln ) 1 1
1
x dx b
b

he series | | t
n
n
1
diverges, so the given series
does not converge absolutely.
c. S
1000
0.692647 , S
1001
0.693646 ,
ln 2 0.693147
| S
1000
ln 2| 0.0004997 , |S
1001
ln 2|
0.0004992 , |t
1001
| 1/1001
0.00009900
both partial sums are within |t
1001
| of ln 2.
d. No term is left out. No term appears more
than once.

Series is
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
1
10
1
12
+ + +
K
+ +
j
(
\
,
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
4

K
.
the series converges to
1
2
2 ln .
Conditional convergence means that whether
the series converges, and, if so, what value it
converges to, depends on the condition that
you do not rearrange the terms.
6. a. 1
1
4
1
9
1
16
+ +
K
The series converges because
(1) strictly alternating signs, (2) strictly
decreasing |t
n
|, (3) t
n
0.
b. | | t
n
n
1
converges by the p-series test
because p > 1.
c. L
n
n
n
lim
( )
1
1 1
1
2
2
, so the ratio test
fails because L is not less than 1.
7. a. sin ( )
( )!
x
n
x
n n
n
+
+
1
1
2 1
2 1
0
t
3
2 3 1
1
1
2 3 1
0 6
+

+
( ) .
3
( )!

1
7
0 6 0 00000555428571
7
!
. . K
b. S
1
3
0 6 0 6
1
3
0 6 0 564 ( . ) . . .
!
S
2
3 5
0 6 0 6
1
3
0 6
1
5
0 6 0 564648 ( . ) . . . . +
! !
c. R
1
sin 0.6 S
1
(0.6) 0.0006424
R
2
sin 0.6 S
2
(0.6) 0.0000055266
|R
1
| 0.0006424
|t
2
| 0.000648
|R
1
| < |t
2
|
|R
2
| 0.0000055266
|t
3
| 0.0000055542
|R
2
| < |t
3
|
d. The terms are strictly alternating in sign, the
terms are strictly decreasing in absolute value,
and the terms approach zero for a limit as
n . Thus, the series converges by the
alternating series test.
Or:
| | | | R t
n n
<
+1
for all n 1, as shown by example
in part c.
lim
n
n
t
+
| |
1
0 because it takes the form
0
| | , lim
n
n
R 0 and thus the series converges.
Or: Use the ratio technique.
L
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
+

+
+ +

+
+
lim
.
( )!
( )!
.
lim
( )( )
0 6
2 3
2 1
0 6
0 36
1
2 3 2 2
0
2 3
2 1

.
Because L < 1, the series converges.
8. The sequence converges because lim
n
n
t
2, a
(finite) real number.
The series does not converge because lim
n
n
t
0.
9. a.

1
3
1
8
1
15
1
24
+ + + +
K
Compare with the p-series with p 2:
lim
/( )
/
lim ,
n n
n
n
n
n

1 1
1 1
1
2
2
2
2
a positive
real number.
the series converges by the limit
comparison test.
b. The p-series with p 2 begins
1
4
1
9
1
16
1
25
+ + + . These terms form a lower
bound, not an upper bound, so the direct
comparison test fails.
c. If n started at 1, the first term would be 1/0,
which is infinite.
10. a. The seventh term of
1
0 6
0
n
n
n
!
.
is
t
6
6
1
6
0 6 0 0000648
!
. . .
b. S
n
n
n
4
0
4
1
0 6 1 8214
!
. .
e
0.6
1.8221188
S
4
differs from e
0.6
by 0.00071880 , which
is greater than t
5
0.000648, but not much
greater. The difference is greater than t
5
because all subsequent terms are added, not
subtracted. It is not much greater than t
5
because the subsequent terms are very small.
c.
n 5 6 7
Tail: 0.000648 0.0000648 0.000005554
Geometric
series: 0.000648 0.0000648 0.00000648
Terms of the e
0.6
series are formed by
multiplying the previous term:
t
n
t
n n

0 6
1
.
Terms of the geometric series are formed by
multiplying the previous term by 0.1:
t t
n n

0 1
1
.
For n 7, 0.6/n is smaller than 0.1, so the
terms of the e
0.6
series are smaller than the
corresponding terms of the geometric series.
Thus, the geometric series forms an upper
bound for the tail of the e
0.6
series after
term t
6
.
d. Geometric series converges to
0 0000648
1
1 0 1
0 000072 . . .
.
e. The tail of the series after t
6
is bounded by
0.000072.
The entire series is bounded by
S
6
(0.6) + 0.000072 1.8221128 + 0.000072
1.8221848.
e
0.6
1.8221188
So the upper bound is just above e
0.6
, Q.E.D.
11. a.

1
1
2
1
3
2
4
6
5
24
+ + + + +
K
L
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n n
+

+
j
(
\
,

lim
!
( )!
lim
1 1 1 1
0
the series converges because L < 1.
b.

1
1
2
2
3
6
4
24
1 1
1
2
1
3
+ + + + + + + +
K K
! !
This is the Maclaurin series that converges
to e
1
.
c. L
n n
n n
n
n
n n

lim
/( )!
/ !
lim
!
( )!
1
1

lim
n
n
the test fails because the limit of the ratio
is infinite.
12. a.

U:
2
4
4
10
8
28
16
82
+ + + +
K

G:
2
3
4
9
8
27
16
81
+ + + +
K

V:
2
2
4
8
8
26
16
80
+ + + +
K
The terms of U are bounded above by the
corresponding terms of G, and so U converges
by the direct comparison test.
The terms of V are bounded below by the
corresponding terms of G, and so the direct
comparison test fails in this case.
b. L
n
n n
n n
n
n
n

lim
/( )
/
lim
2 3 1
2 3
3
3 1

lim
ln
ln
n
n
n
3 3
3 3
1
(using lHospitals rule)
the V series converges because the G series
converges and L is a (finite) positive number.
13. Divergent harmonic series
14. Convergent p-series, p > 1
15. Convergent alternating series meeting the three
hypotheses
16. Divergent p-series, p 1
17.
3
4
3
3
4
3
16
3
64
0
n
n
+ + + +
K
Converges because it is a geometric series with
common ratio 1/4, which is less than 1 in
absolute value
18.

3
4
1
3
4
9
16
27
64
0
n
n
n
+ + + +
L
Converges because it is a geometric series with
common ratio 3/4, which is less than 1 in
absolute value
19.

1
2 1
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
7
0
( )! ! ! ! ! n
n
+
+ + + +
K

+ + + + 1
1
6
1
120
1
5040
K
Converges by comparison with geometric
series with t
0
1 and r 1/6
20.

1
3
1
1
3
1
9
1
27
0
( )
n
n
+ +
K
Converges by the alternating series test. (Terms
are strictly alternating. Terms are strictly
decreasing in absolute value. t
n
approaches zero
as n approaches infinity.)
21.

n
n
n
3
4
2
1
8
15
27
80
64
255
125
624
+ + + +
K
Diverges. Use the integral test.
x
x
dx x
b
b
3
4
4
2
2
1
1
4
1
lim ln
| |

,
,
]
]
]

lim ln
b
b
1
4
1 0
4
( )
Or: Compare with a harmonic series.
n
n n
n n
3
4
2 2
1
1

>
22.

1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
+ + + +
K
, divergent because t
n
does
not approach zero
23.

1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
+ + + +
K
, a convergent alternating
series meeting the three hypotheses
24.

sin sin sin sin sin n
n
+ + + +
0 1 2 3
0
K

+ + + + 0 0 8414 0 9092 0 1411 . . .
K
Diverges. t
n
does not approach 0 as n .
25. L
t
t
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

+
>
+
lim lim
( / ) /( )
( / ) /
1
1
4 3 1
4 3
4 3 1 / .
Diverges by the ratio test
26. Convergent geometric series with | r | 7/11 < 1
27. Diverges because t
n
does not approach zero
28. L
t
t
n
n
n
+
lim
1
+
lim
[( ) ]/
[ ]/
n
n
n
n
n
1 1 2
1 2
2 1
2
+ +
+
<
1
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
2
2
lim
( )
n
n
n
Converges by the ratio test
29.
1
1
2 2 x x
dx x dx x
b
b
ln
lim (ln )

( / )

lim ln ln ln ln
b
b [ ( ) ( )] 2
Diverges by the integral test
30. Converges by direct comparison with the
convergent p-series
2
2
3
n
n
31.

1 2 6 24
1 2 3 4
e e e e
+ + + +
K
Diverges because t
n
does not approach zero
32. Converges to e by the definition of e
33. x + + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 :
K
Diverges by the nth term test
x + + + + + 9 1 1 1 1 1 :
K
Complete interval is (1, 9).
34.

x + + 1
1
3
1
18
1
81
1
324
:
K
Converges by the alternating series test
x + + + + 5
1
3
1
18
1
81
1
324
:
K
Converges by comparison with the geometric
series

1
3
1
9
1
27
1
81
+ + + +
K
Complete interval is [1, 5].
35. x + + 4
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
:
K
Converges by the alternating series test

x + + + + 2
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
:
K
Diverges. p series with p 0.5, which is less
than 1.
Complete interval is [4, 2).
36.

x + + + 2
1
3
1 1 1 1 1 :
K
x + + + + + 1
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 :
K
Complete interval is
j
(
\
,
2
1
3
1
2
3
, .
37. n x
n
n
( )
3
1
L
n x
n x
n
n
n
+
lim
( )( )
( )
1 3
3
1

+

| | lim | | x
n
n
x
n
3
1
3 1
L < 1 | x 3 | < 1 2 < x < 4
At x 2 the series is

+ + 1 2 3 4 L , which
diverges because the terms do not approach zero.
At x 4 the series is 1 2 3 4 + + + +L , which
Interval of convergence is (2, 4).
38.
5
2
1
n n
n
x
n
L
x
n
n
x
n
n n
n n
+ +
lim
( )
5
1 5
1 1
2
2
+
j
(
\
,

5
1
5 1
2
| | lim | | x
n
n
x
n
L < 1 5| x | < 1 0.2 < x < 0.2
At x 0.2 the series is

+ + 1
1
4
1
9
1
16
L ,
which is a convergent alternating series.

1
1
4
1
9
1
16
+ + + +
K
,
which is a convergent p-series with p 2.
Interval of convergence is [0.2, 0.2].
39.
x
n
n
n
1
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
lim
1
1
| | | | x
n
n
x
n
lim
1
1
L < 1 | x | < 1 1 < x < 1

+ + 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
K
,

1
1
2
1
3
1
4
+ + + +
K
,
which is a divergent harmonic series (p-series
with p 1).
Interval of convergence is [1, 1).
40.
( ) ( ) 1 6
2
4
n n
n
n
x
n
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
n
n
+
+
lim
( )
( ) ( )
6
1 2
2
6
1
1

+

1
2
6
1
1
2
6 1 | | lim x
n
n
x
n
| |
L x x < < < < 1
1
2
6 1 4 8 | |

1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
+ + + +
K
,
which is a divergent harmonic series (p-series
with p 1).

1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
+ +
K
,
Interval of convergence is (4, 8].
41.
( ) ( ) 1 5
2
1 2
1
n n
n
x
n
+
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
+

+
+
lim
( )
( ) ( )
5
2 1
2
5
2 2
2
+
+
+
( ) ( ) x
n
n
x
n
5
1
5 1
2 2
lim
L < 1 (x + 5)
2
< 1 6 < x < 4
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
+ +
K
,

1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
+ +
K
,
Interval of convergence is [6, 4].
42.
( ) x
n
n
n
+
1
2
1
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
+

+
+
lim
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
2
2
+
+
j
(
\
,
+
| | | | x
n
n
x
n
1
1
1 1
2
lim
L < 1 | x + 1 | < 1 2 < x < 0

+ + 1
1
4
1
9
1
16
K
,
At x 0 the series is 1
1
4
1
9
1
16
+ + + +
K
, which
is a convergent p-series with p 2.
43.
ln ( ) n
n
x
n
n
+
+
1
1
0
L
n x
n
n
n x
n
n
n
+
+

+
+
+
lim
ln ( )
ln ( )
2
2
1
1
1
+
+

+
+

| | x
n
n
n
n
n n
lim
ln ( )
ln ( )
lim
2
1
1
2
+
+

+
+

| | x
n
n
n
n
n n
lim
/( )
/( )
lim
1 2
1 1
1
2
(by lHospitals rule)
+
+

+
+

| | | | x
n
n
n
n
x
n n
lim lim
1
2
1
2
1 1
L < 1 | x | < 1 1 < x < 1
ln ln ln ln
.
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
+ +
K

By lHospitals rule,
lim
ln ( )
lim
/
n n
n
n
n

1
1
0.
Because the terms decrease in absolute value and
approach zero for a limit, the series converges by
the alternating series test.

ln ln ln ln 1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
+ + + +L .
ln ( )
lim (ln )
x
x
dx x
b
b
,
]
]
]
1
2
2
1
1

,
,
]
]
]

lim (ln )
b
b
1
2
0
2
Thus, the series diverges by the integral test.
44. 5 3
1
( ) x
n
n
L
x
x
x
n
n
n

+
lim
( )
( )
5 3
5 3
3
1
| |
L < 1 | x 3 | < 1 2 < x < 4
At x 2 the series is + + 5 5 5 5 L , which
At x 4 the series is 5 5 5 5 + + + +L , which
Interval of convergence is (2, 4).
45.
4
0
n
n
n
x
L
x
x
x
n
n
n
n
n

+
+
lim
| |
4
4
4
1
1
L
x
x
x x < < > < > 1
4
1
4
1 4 4
| |
| |
or

1 1 1 1 + +L , which

1 1 1 1 + + + +L , which
Intervals of convergence are (, 4) and (4, ).
(Note that the series in Problems 45 and 46 have
negative powers of x and are called Laurent series
rather than Taylor series.)
46.
1
1
x
n
n
L
x
x x
n
n
n

+
lim
| |
1
1
L
x
x
< < > 1
1
1
1 | |
| |
1 x < 1 or x > 1

+ + 1 1 1 1 L ,
which diverges because the terms do not approach
zero.

1 1 1 1 + + + +L ,
which diverges because the terms do not approach
zero.
Intervals of convergence are (, 1) and (1, ).
47. a. Assume all the blocks have equal mass m,
with the center of mass at the center of the
block, and equal length L.
Write H
n
the distance the nth block
overhangs the (n + 1)th block. (n 1 for
the top block.)
Note that according to the rule, H
n
the
distance between the rightmost edge of the
nth block and the center of mass of the pile
of the top n blocks.
Now, the center of mass of the nth block is
1
2
L units from its rightmost edge, and the
center of mass of the pile of the top n 1
blocks is 0 units from (i.e., right on top of )
the edge of the nth block according to the
rule.
Therefore, the center of mass of the pile of the
top n blocks is
1 1
2
0 1
nm
L m n m +
,
,
]
]
]
( )
units from the edge of the nth block; that is,
H
n
L
n

1
2
, Q.E.D.
b. The total distance the top (first) block
overhangs the nth block is

H H
1 2
+ + + L
H
n1
. So for a pile of n blocks, the top block
will project entirely beyond the bottom block
if
L H H
n
< + +
1 1
L
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
2 1
L L L
n
L + + + + L
( )
The first n for which

1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
2 1
< + + + + L
( ) n
n is 5.
c. To make a pile with overhang H, find an n
such that

1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
+ + + + > L
n
H
L
(this is
possible because the harmonic series diverges
to infinity). Then a stack of n blocks will
have total overhang

H H
n 1 1
+ +

L

+ + + +
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
2 1
L L L
n
L
K
( )

+ + + +
+
j
(
\
,
<
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
L
n
L
H
L
H
K
(The achieved overhang is greater than H, so
one may pull blocks slightly backmoving
blocks back can only make the pile more
stableuntil the overhang equals H exactly.)
d. The theoretical overhang for a stack of 52
objects is

H H H
L L L L
L
L
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
j
(
\
,
1 51
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
102
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
102
2 2594
L
L
K
K .
slightly more than two-and-a-quarter card
lengths.
48. The least upper bound postulate says that any
non-empty set of real numbers that has an upper
bound has a least upper bound. In particular, any
number less than this least upper bound cannot
be an upper bound for the set.
The set of real numbers {t
1
, t
2
, t
3
, } is non-
empty and is bounded above (given). Therefore,
this set has a least upper bound L. Any number
less than L is also less than some t
D
in the set.
Claim: L t
b
n
lim
Proof:
Pick a number > 0.
Because L is an upper bound for t
n
, L + is also
an upper bound.
Because L is the least upper bound for t
n
,
L is not an upper bound.
there exists an integer D > 0 such that
t
D
> L .
But the values of t
n
are increasing.
t
n
> t
D
> L for all n > D.
Keep n > D.
Then L < t
n
< L + .
Thus, t
n
is within units of L for all n > D.
L t
n
n
lim by the definition of limit as

n , Q.E.D.
Problem Set 12-8
Q1. ratio Q2. |common ratio| < 1
Q3. for all values of x Q4. radius 1
Q5.

x x x x + +
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
K
Q6.
S
4
sin
Q7. ln |sec x + tan x| + C
Q8. y sec
2
x
Q9. tan x + C Q10. Newton and Leibniz
1. a. cosh x
n
x
n
n
1
2
2
0
( )!
S
5
4 ( ) 27.2699118K
b. R
f c
5
2 5 2
2 5 2
4
2 5 2
4 ( )

+

+
+
( . )
( )
( )!
f x x
( )
( ) =
12
cosh
< + M cosh ( )
4
1
2
3 2
4 4
40.5312 < 41

| ( ) | . R
5
12
4
41
12
4 1 4360
!
K
S
5
(4) is within 2 of cosh 4 in the units digit.
c. cosh 4 27.3082328
S
5
(4) 27.2699118
cosh 4 S
5
(4) 0.0383 , which is well
within the 1.4360 upper bound found by
Lagrange form.
2. a. sinh
( )!
x
n
x
n
n
+
+
1
2 1
2 1
0
S
9
(5) 74.2032007
b. R
f c
9
2 9 3
2 9 3
5
2 9 3
5 ( )
+

+
+
( )
( )
( )!
f
(21)
(x) cosh x
< + M cosh ( )
5
1
2
3 2
5 5
121.5156 < 122

| ( )| . R
9
21
5
122
21
5 0 001138
!
K
S
9
(5) is within 2 units of sinh 5 in the third
decimal place.
c. sinh 5 74.2032105
S
9
(5) 74.2032007
sinh 5 S
9
(5) 0.00000981 , which is
well within the 0.001138 upper bound
found by Lagrange form.
3. a. e
x
n
x
n
n
!
0
The fifteenth partial sum is
S
14
(3) 20.0855234 .
b. R
f c
14
15
15
3
15
3 ( )
( )
( )
!
f
(15)
(x) e
x
M e
3
< 3
3
27

| ( )| . R
14
15
3
27
15
3 0 0002962
!
K
S
14
(3) is within 3 units of e
3
in the fourth
decimal place.
c. e
3
20.085536923
S
14
(3) 20.085523458
e
3
S
14
(3) 0.00001346 , which is within
the 0.0002962 found by Lagrange form.
4. a. ln ( ) ( ) x
n
x
n n
n

+
1
1
1
1
1
S
8
(0.7) 0.356671944
b. R
f c
8
9
9
0 7
9
0 7 1 ( . )
( )
( )
!
( . )
f
(9)
(x) 8!x
9
M 8!(0.7)
9
| ( . )| ( . )
9
R
8
9
9
0 7
8 0 7
9
0 3
1
9
3 7
!( . )
!
( / )
5.4195 10
5
S
8
(0.7) is within 6 units of ln 0.7 in the fifth
decimal place.
(Note that for ln x, the Lagrange form of the
remainder simplifies to
| ( )| R x
n
x
x
n
n
+

j
(
\
,
+
1
1
1
1
| |
For x < 0.5, the fraction |x 1|/x is greater
than 1.
The Lagrange form of the remainder becomes
infinite as n and is thus not useful.)
c. ln 0.7 0.356674943
S
8
(0.7) 0.356671944
|ln 0.7 S
8
(0.3)| 2.9998 10
6
, which is
within the 5.4195 10
5
found by
Lagrange form.
5. For sinh 2, all derivatives are bounded by cosh 2.
cosh ( )
2
1
2
3 2 4 625
2 2
< + .
The general term is t
n
n
n
+

+
1
2 1
2
2 1
( )!
.
For six-place accuracy,
| ( )| . . R
n
n
n
2
4 625
2 3
2 0 5 10
2 3 6
+
<
+
.
( )!
The second inequality is first true for n = 6.
Use at least seven terms (n = 6).
6. For cosh 3, all derivatives are bounded by cosh 3.
cosh ( )
3
1
2
3 2 13 5625
3 3
< + = .
n
n
n
=
1
2
3
2
( )!
.
For eight-place accuracy,
| ( )| . . R
n
n
n
3
13 5625
2 2
3 0 5 10
2 2 8
+
<
+
.
( )!
Use at least 11 terms (n = 10).
7. For ln x, the nth derivative (n 1) on [x, 1]
is bounded by M = (1)
n+ 1
(n 1)!(0.6)
n
.
| ( . )| | . | R
n
n
n
n
n
0 6
0 6
1
0 6 1
1
1
+

+
+
!( . )
( )!
( )
=
+

+
1
1
2
3
1
n
n
For seven-place accuracy,
1
1
2
3
0 5 10
1
7
n
n
+

<
+
. .
This inequality is first true for n = 32.
Use at least 32 terms.
8. For e
10
, all derivatives are bounded by e
10
.
e
10
< 3
10
= 59049
For five-place accuracy,
| ( )| . . R
n
n
n
10
59049
1
10 0 5 10
1 5
+
<
+
( )!
Use 44 terms (n = 43).
9. cosh 2 = 3.76219569
S
4
(2) = 3.76190476
cosh 2 S
4
(2) = 0.000290929
n
n
n
=
1
2
2
2
( )!
.
R
f c
c
4
2 4 2
2 4 2
10
2
2 4 2
2
2
10
( ) =
+
=
+
+
( )
( )
( )!
cosh
!
= . cosh
!
c
2
10
0 000290929
10
K
cosh c = 1.03098027
c = cosh
1
1.0309 = 0.2482 ,
which is between 0 and 2.
10. e
5
= 148.413159
S
19
(5) = 148.413107
e
5
S
19
(5) = 5.1234 10
5
The general term is
1
5
n
n
!
.
R
f c
e
c
19
20
20
20
5
20
5
5
20
( ) = =
( )
( )
! !

=

. e
c
5
20
5 1234 10
20
5
!
K
e
c
= 1.30702776
c = ln 1.3070 = 0.2677 ,
which is between 0 and 5.
11. cos
!
( . )
!
( . )
!
( . ) 2 4 1
1
2
2 4
1
4
2 4
1
6
2 4
2 4
.
6
= +

+ +
1
8
2 4
1
10
2 4
8 10
!
( . )
!
( . ) L
= 1 2.88 + 1.3824 0.2654208

+ 0 0273004 . L L
The terms are strictly alternating. They are
decreasing in absolute value after t
1
, and they
approach zero for a limit as n .
Therefore, the hypotheses of the alternating series
test apply, and | R
n
(2.4) | < | t
n+1
| =
1
2 2
2 4
2 2
( )!
( . ) .
n
n
+
+
For six-place accuracy, make
| R
n
(2.4) | < 0.5 10
6
.
The inequality is first true for n = 7.
12. e
= + + + +
2 2 3 4
1 2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
4
2 ( )
!
( )
!
( )
!
( )
+ + +
1
5
2
1
6
2
6
!
( )
!
( )
5
L

= + + + 1 2 2 1 3333 0 6666 0 2666 . . . L
The terms are strictly alternating. They are
decreasing in absolute value after t
2
, and they
approach zero for a limit as n .
Therefore, the hypotheses of the alternating series
test apply, and | ( )| | | . R t
n
n n
n
< =
+

+
+
2
1
1
2
1
1
( )!
For seven-place accuracy, make
| R
n
(2) | < 0.5 10
7
.
The inequality is first true for n = 14.
13. a. S
n
n
10 3
1
10
1
1 19753198 = =
=
.
R x dx x
b
b
10
3 2
10
10
0 5 < =

lim .
0.5(10
2
) = 0.005
R x dx x
b
b
10
3 2
11
11
0 5 > =

lim .
0.5(11
2
) = 0.00413223
R
10
0.5(0.005 + 0.00413223) =
0.00456611
S 1.19753198 + 0.00456611 =
1.20209810
Error < 0.5(0.005 0.00413223) =
0.00043388 (about three decimal places)
b. Using both the upper and lower bounds,
error <
+

0 5
3 3
1
. x dx x dx
n n
= +

0 25 0 25 1
2 2
. . ( ) . n n
Solve 0.25n
2
0.25(n + 1)
2
= 0.000005 to
get n = 45.9194 .
Use 46 terms.
Using only the upper bound, R
n
< 0.000005
if . . x dx
n
3
0 000005 <
Set 0.5n
2
= 0.000005n = (0.000005/0.5)
1/ 2
= 316.2277 , which rounds up to 317
terms, considerably more that the 46 terms to
give this accuracy by comparing upper and
lower bounds of R
n
.
14. a. S
n
n
100 1 05
1
100
1
4 698244 = =
=
.
.
R x dx x
b
b
100
1 05 0 05
100
100
20 < =

.
lim
.
20(100
0.05
) = 15.886564
R x dx x
b
b
100
1 05 0 05
101
101
20 > =

.
lim
.
20(101
0.05
) = 15.878662
R
100
0.5(15.886564 + 15.878662) =
15.882613
S 4.698244 + 15.882613 =
20.580858
Error < 0.5(15.886564 15.878662) =
0.003950 (about two decimal places)
b. Error .
. .
<
+

0 5
1 05 1 05
1
x dx x dx
n n
= 20n
0.05
20(n + 1)
0.05
Solve 20n
0.05
20(n + 1)
0. 05
= 0.000005 to
get n = 111840.2309 .
Use 111,841 terms.
With a value of p such as 1.05, which is
closer to 1 than 3 is, it takes more terms
because the terms approach zero more slowly.
15. a. S
n
n
10 2
0
10
1
1
1 9817928 =
+
=
=
.
The series converges because the terms of the
tail starting at t
1
are bounded above by the
convergent p-series with p = 2.
b. R
x
dx x
b
b
b
10 2
1
10
10
1
1
<
+
=

lim tan
/2 tan
1
10 = 0.0996686
R
x
dx x
b
b
b
10 2
1
11
11
1
1
>
+
=

lim tan
/2 tan
1
11 = 0.0906598
R
10
0.5(0.0996686 + 0.0906598) =
0.0951642
S 1.9817928 + 0.0951642 =
2.0769570
Error < 0.5(0.0996686 0.0906598) =
0.004504
S 2.0769570 is correct to at least two
decimal places.
Make R
n
< 0.00005.
R
n
0.5[(/2 tan
1
n) ( /2 tan
1
(n + 1))]
= 0.5(tan
1
(n + 1) tan
1
n)
Solve 0.5(tan
1
(n + 1) tan
1
n) = 0.00005
to get n = 99.4962 .
Use 100 terms.
16. In this p-series, p = 0.5, which is not greater
than or equal to 1. Thus, the series diverges and
the remainder is infinite.
17. e
n
n
n
2
=
=
1
2
0
!
From Example 1, S
10
= 7.38899470 .
By Lagrange form, | R
10
| < 0.0004617 .
Use a geometric series as an upper bound.
t t
11
11
12
12
1
11
2
1
12
2 = =
! !
and
Common ratio r
t
t
= =
12
11
1
6
< = | | . R
10
11
1
11
2
1
1
1
6
0 00006156
!
The geometric series gives a better estimate of

the remainder than does the Lagrange form.
18. e
n
n n
n
2
0
1
1
2 ( )
!
S
10
= 0.135379188
| | | | . R t
10 11
11
2
11
0 000051306 < = =
!
This number appears to be a better estimate of
the error. However, it represents an error of
| R
10
|/S(10) = 0.03789%.
e
2
1/S
10
= 7.38665971
A 0.037% error for this value would be
0.002799 , which is a worse estimate of the
error than that by Lagrange or by geometric
series.
(In general, an error of % in1/f (x) gives a
maximum error of
1 100 /
in the value of f (x).
So an error of 0.03789% in 1/e
2
means an
error of
0 03789
1 0 0003789
0 03788
2
.
.
K
K
K = . % in .) e
19. a.

250
2
39 7887357
. K
Thus, 250 radians is 39 complete cycles plus
0.7887 additional cycle, or
b (2)(0.7887) 4.9557730 radians.
sin b 0.970528019
sin 250 0.970528019 (Checks.)
The value of b can be calculated efficiently
using the fraction part command. For a
typical grapher, b f Part(250/(2))2.
b. From Figure 12-8c, you can tell that the value
of c is one cycle back from the value of b.
c b 2 1.32741228
Check:
sin c 0.970528019
sin 250 0.970528019 (Checks.)
In general:
If b is in [0, /2], then c b.
If b is in (/2, 3/2], then c b.
If b is in (3/2, 2], then c 2 b.
c. From Figure 12-8c, you can tell that the
value of d is a quarter-cycle ahead of the value
of c. The value of the sine is the opposite of
the corresponding value of cos d.
d c +
2
0 243384039 . K
Check:
cos d 0.970528019
sin 250 0.970528019 (Checks.)
In general:
c d c x d
,
,
\
,
+

2 4 2
, : and sin cos
c d c x d
,
,
\
,

4
0 , and : sin sin
c d c x d
,
,
\
,
0
4
, : sin sin and
c d c x d
,
,
]
]
]

4 2 2
, : and sin cos
d. For x in [0, /4], both the sine and cosine
series meet the hypotheses of the alternating
series test. Thus, the error in S
5
(x) is bounded
by | t
6
|, the first term of the tail. | t
6
| is greater
for the cosine series than for the sine series.
The maximum of | t
6
| in the interval is at
x /4.
<
+
+
| ( )| | ( / )| R x t
5 6
2 6 2
4
1
2 6 2
4
( )!
( / )
3.8980 10
13
,
which is small enough to guarantee that sin x
will be correct to ten decimal places.
For direct calculation,
| ( )| . R
n
n
n
250
1
2 3
250 0 5 10
2 3 10
<
+
<
+
( )!
The second inequality is first true when n is
348. Because both numerator and denominator
may overflow most computers, you can
calculate values of ln | R
n
(250) | as follows:
ln ln ln | ( )| ( ) R n i
n
i
n
250 2 3 250
2
2 3
+
Then compare the values with ln (0.5 10

10
).
So you would need to use 349 terms.
Unfortunately, even this procedure would not
be practical because the terms themselves
would have to be calculated to ten or more
decimal places, and they are so large that each
term overflows most computers capacities.
e. The program will have the following steps.
The particular commands will depend on the
grapher or computer used.
Put in a value of x.
Find b, as shown in part a.
Find c, as shown in part b.
Find d, as shown in part c.
Choose the function and sign, as shown
in part c.
Calculate and display the answer.
20. For sin 1, | ( )| | | R t
n
n n
n
1
1
2 3
1
1
2 3
<
+

+
+
( )!
1
2 3 ( )! n +
.
Set . .
1
2 3
0 5 10
23
( )! n +
<
This inequality is first true for n 11.

Use at least 12 terms (n 11).
Using the technique in Problem 19,
| ( )| . . R
n
n
n
1
1
2 2
4 0 5 10
2 2 23
<
+
<
+
( )!
( / )
The second inequality is first true for n 10.
You would save only one term by the method of
Problem 19.
21. a. Apply the mean value theorem to f (x) on
[a, x]. There is a number x c in (x, a) such
that

f c
f x f a
x a
( )
( ) ( )
f (x) f (a) + f (c)(x a), Q.E.D.

b. f x dx f a dx f c x a dx +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x f a x f c x a C ( ) ( ) + + ( ) ( )
1
2
2
Substituting the initial condition (a, f (a))
gives
f (a) f (a)a + f (c)(0) + C
C f (a) f (a)a
f x ( )
+ + f a x f c x a f a f a a ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2
f x f a f a x a f c x a ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) , + +
1
2
2
( )
Q.E.D.
c. Apply the mean value theorem to f (x)
on [a, x].
There is a number x c in (a, x) such that

f c
f x f a
x a
( )
( ) ( )
+ f x f a f c x a ( ) ( ) ( )( )
Integrate once to get f (a).
+

f x dx f a dx f c x a dx ( ) ( ) ( )( )
+ + f x f a x f c x a C ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2
( )
Use (a, f (a)) as an initial condition.
f a f a a f c C + + ( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
2
0
C f a f a a ( ) ( )
f x f a x f c x a + ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
1
2
+ f a f a a ( ) ( )
f x f a f a x a f c x a + + ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2
1
2
Integrate again to get f(x).
f x dx f a dx f a x a dx +

( ) ( ) ( )( )
+
1
2
f c x a dx ( )( )
2
f x f a x f a x a ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
+
1
2
+ +
1
6
f c x a C ( )( )
3
Use (a, f (a)) as an initial condition.
f a f a a f a f c C ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) + + +
1
2
0
1
6
0
C f a f a a ( ) ( )
f x f a x f a x a ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
+
1
2!
+ +
1
3
3
!
f c x a f a f a a ( )( ) ( ) ( )
f x f a f a x a f a x a ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2
+ +
1
2!
+
1
3!
, f c x a ( )( )
3
Q.E.D.
d. The technique is mathematical induction.
22. a. f x
e x
x
x
( )
if
if
,
,
2
0
0 0
It is given that f
n ( )
( ) 0 0 for all n > 0.
c
0
f (0) 0
c
1
f (0) 0
2!c
2
f (0) 0 c
2
0
3!c
3
f (0) 0 c
3
0
series is 0 + 0x + 0x
2
+ 0x
3
+ , Q.E.D.
b. Each partial sum of the Maclaurin series
equals zero for any value of x. Thus, the
sequence of partial sums converges to zero
for all x. But f (x) does not equal zero except
at x 0. Thus, the series converges to f (x)
only at x 0.
c.

e x x x
x
+ + + +
2
1
1
2
1
3
2 2 2 2 3
( )
!
( )
!
( )

L

+ +

1
1
2
1
3
2 4 6
x x x
! !
L
d. The fourth partial sum, S
3
(2)
0.7786458333 .
f e e ( ) . 2 0 7788007830
2 0 25
2

.
K
The partial sum is close to f (2), so it is
reasonable to make the conjecture that the
Laurent series converges to f (2).
23. Using the Lagrange form of the remainder, the
value of e
x
is given exactly by
e
n
x R x
x n
k
n
k
+
1
0
!
( ), where
R x
f c
k
x
k
k
k
( )
+
+
+
( )
( )
( )!
1
1
1
and c is between 0 and x.
| ( )| | | R x
M
k
x
k
k
+
+
( )! 1
1
Because all derivatives of e
x
equal e
x
, the value of
M for any particular value of x is also e
x
, which
is less than 3
x
, if x 0; or 1, if x < 0.
lim lim
( )!
k
k
k
x
k
R x
k
x

+
<
+
| ( )| | |
3
1
1
which approaches 0 as k by the ratio
technique.
Because the remainder approaches zero as n
approaches infinity, e
x
is given exactly by
e
n
x
x n
n
1
0
!
, Q.E.D.
Problem Set 12-9
Review Problems
R1.

f x
x
P x x x x ( ) and ( ) + + + +
9
1
9 9 9 9
2 3
L
1
20
x
y
P
6
P
5
f
The graph shows that P
5
(x) and P
6
(x) are close to
f (x) for x between about 0.7 and 0.6, and bear
little resemblance to f (x) beyond 1.
P
5
(0.4) 14.93856
P
6
(0.4) 14.975424
f (0.4) 15
P
6
(0.4) is closer to f (0.4) than P
5
(0.4) is,
Q.E.D.
P
5
(x) 9 + 9x + 9x
2
+ 9x
3
+ 9x
4
+ 9x
5
;
P
5
(0) 9
+ + + + P x x x x x P
5
2 3 4
5
9 18 27 36 45 0 9 ( ) ; ( )
+ + + P x x x x P
5
2 3
5
18 54 108 180 0 18 ( ) ; ( )
+ + P x x x P
5
2
5
54 216 540 0 54 ( ) ; ( )
f (x) 9(1 x)
1
; f (0) 9
f (x) 9(1 x)
2
; f (0) 9
f (x) 18(1 x)
3
; f (0) 18

f x x f ( ) ( ) ; ( ) 54 1 0 54
4
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), P f P f
5 5
0 0 0 0
and ( ) ( ) P f
5
0 0
P
n
(x) is a subseries of a geometric series.
R2. a. Series is 3 + 2.7 + 2.43 + 2.187 + L .
After 10 days, S
10
10
3
1 0 9
1 0 9

.
.
19.5396 .
About 19.5 mm increase in 10 days
S 3
1
1 0 9
30
.
About 30 mm increase eventually
b. Let x be the amount invested to have
0.5 million dollars at the end of 19 years.
Interest rate is 10% per year, so the amount
at the end of a year is 1.1 times the amount at
the beginning of the year.
x(1.1
19
) 0.5
x 0.5(1.1
19
) 0.081753995
They must invest $81,754.00 now in order
to make the last payment.
The total to invest is the sum
0 5 1 1 0 5 1 1 0 5 1 1
1 2 19
. ( . ) . ( . ) . ( . ).

+ + + L
This is the nineteenth partial sum of the
geometric series with first term 0.5(1.1)
1
and common ratio 1.1
1
.
S
19
1
19
1
0 5 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
4 182460045
. ( . ) .
.
.
They must invest $4,182,460.05 now to

make all 19 payments.
R3. P(x) c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
+ L
f (x) 7e
3x
f (0) 7 c
0
7
f (x) 21e
3x
f (0) 21 c
1
21
f (x) 63e
3x
f (0) 63 2!c
2
63
c
2
31.5
f x e f
x
( ) ( ) 189 0 189
3
c
3
189/3! 31.5
R4. a. e
0.12
1.127496851
S
3
(0.12) 1.127488, which is close to e
0.12
.
b. cos 0.12 0.9928086358538
S
3
(0.12) 0.9928086358528, which is close.
c. sinh (0.12) 0.1202882074311
S
3
(0.12) 0.1202882074310 , which is
close.
d. ln 1.7 0.530628251
S
20
(1.7) 0.530612301 , which is close.
ln 2.3 0.83290912
S
20
(2.3) 4.42067878 , which is not
close.
R5. a. A Maclaurin series is a Taylor series expanded
about x 0.
b. Substitute t x + 1 into
ln ( ) ( ) t t t t + ( ) 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2 3

+
1
4
1
4
( ) t L .

ln ( ) x x x x x + + + 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 3 4
L
( ) 1
1
1
n
n
n
n
x
c. Assume one may integrate this function term
by term.

ln ( ) x dx x x x C +
1
1
2
1
3 2
1
4 3
2 3 4
L
+
+
+
+
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
n
n
n
n n
x C
d. ln ln ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x dx x x x C + + + + +
1 1 1 1
1
+ + + + x x x x C C C ln ln ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1
1
+ + x x x x
2 3 4 5
1
2
1
3
1
4
L

+ + + + x x x x x C
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 3 4
L

+
1
2
1
3 2
1
4 3
2 3 4
x x x C L ,
which is the same as the series in part c.
e.

t t dt t t t dt
x x
cos
!
( )
!
( )
2 2 2 2 4
0 0
1
1
2
1
4
+
,
,
]
]
]
L
+ +
j
(
\
,
t t t t dt
x
! !
!
1
2
1
4
1
6
5 9 13
0
L

+
1
2
1
6 2
1
10 4
1
14 6
2 6 10 14
x x x x
! ! !
L
(Note that the series can be transformed to
+ +
,
,
]
]
]
1
2
1
3
1
5
1
7
2 2 3 2 5 2 7
x x x x
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) L

1
2
1
2
2 2 2
0
sin cos sin ) x t t dt x
x
, and .
f. tan
1
2
0
1
1
x
t
dt
x

+ +
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] 1
2 2 2 2 3 2 4
0
t t t t dt
x
L
(| | ) t 1

+ + x x x x x
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
3 5 7 9
L
g. f(3) 5 c
0
5
f (3) 7 c
1
7
f (3) 6 c
2
6/2! 3
f c ( ) . . / ! . 3 0 9 0 9 3 0 15
3
f (x) 5 + 7(x 3) 3(x 3)
2
+
0.15(x 3)
3
+ L
R6. a.
( ) ( ) 3 5
1
n n
n
x

+ +
1
3
5
1
9
5
1
27
5
2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) x x x L
b. L
x
x
x
n
n n
n n

+ +
lim
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
| |
( )
3 5
3 5
1
3
5
1 1
L < 1 |x 5| < 3 2 < x < 8
Radius of convergence 3
c. cosh
( )!
x
n
x
n
n
1
2
2
0

L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
lim
( )!
( )!
2 2
2
2 2
2
+ +

x
n n
x
n
2 2
1
2 2 2 1
0 lim
( )( )
L < 1 for all x.
Series converges for all x, Q.E.D.
d. e
1 2 2 3
1 1 2
1
2
1 2
1
3
1 2
.
. + + +
!
( . )
!
( . )
+ +
1
4
1 2
4
!
( . ) L
S
4
(1.2) 3.2944 (the fifth partial sum)
e
1.2
3.32011692
Error e
1.2
S
4
(1.2) 0.02571692
The first term of the tail is t
5
5
1
5
1 2
!
( . )
0.020736.
The error is greater than t
5
, but not much
greater.
e.
x
ln
S
11
S
10
y
1
1 2
The open interval of convergence is (0, 2).
Both partial sums fit ln well within this
interval. Above x 2 the partial sums
diverge rapidly to . Below x 0 the partial
sums give answers, but there are no real
values for ln x.
R7. a. S
10
10
1000
1 0 8
1 0 8
4463 129088
.
.
. (exactly)
b. S
n
n

1000 0 8
1000
1 0 8
5000
0
.
.
S S
10
536.870912, which differs from the
limit by about 10.7%.
c. Tail
d. Remainder
e. R x dx b
b
10
10
< +
,
,
]
]
]
3 2 2
1
2
1
2
10 lim ( )
0.005
R x dx b
b
10
3 2 2
1
2
1
2
11 > +
,
,
]
]
]
lim ( )
11
0.004132
Series converges because the tail is bounded
above by 0.005.
S S
10
+ R
10
1.197531 + 0.5(0.005 +
0.004132) 1.202098
R
10
is approximately 0.5(0.005 0.004132)
0.0004338 , so S
10
is correct to about
three decimal places.
f.

+ + + +
1
4
1
3
1
22
1
59
L
L
n
n
n
n
n n

lim
/( )
/
lim
1 5
1 5
1
3
3
3
3
(Apply lHospitals rule three times.)
the series converges because L is a positive
real number.
The terms of the F series begin
1
1
1
8
1
27
1
64
+ + + +L .
Although the F series converges, its terms
(after t
1
) are less, not greater, than the
corresponding terms of the S series, so
the comparison test is inconclusive.
g. 2/1! + 4/2! + 8/3! + 16/4! + 32/5! + L
2 + 2 + 1.3333 + 0.6666

+ +
0 2666 2
1
. / ! L
n
n
n
The terms are decreasing starting at t
2
, which
can be seen numerically, above, or
algebraically by the fact that the next term is
formed by multiplying the numerator by 2
and the denominator by more than 2.
R
1
is bounded by the geometric series with
first term 2 and common ratio
1.3333/2 2/3.
Because | common ratio | is less than 1,
the geometric series converges
(to 2/(1 2/3) 6).
Thus, the tail after the first partial sum is
bounded above by a convergent geometric
series, Q.E.D.
h. The given series converges because, as
written, it meets the three hypotheses of the
alternating series test. It does not converge
absolutely because replacing all minus signs
with plus signs gives the divergent harmonic
series.
The given series is the Taylor series for ln x
expanded about x 1 and evaluated at x 2.
The remainders approach zero, so the series
converges to ln 2.
Rearrange the series this way:
1
1
2
1
4
1
3
1
6
1
8
1
5
1
10

j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
+
1
12
L
Each term of the series appears exactly once.
Simplifying inside the parentheses and
factoring out 1/2 gives
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
1
10
1
12
+ + +L

+ + +
j
(
\
,
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
L
The series in parentheses is the original series
that converges to ln 2. So the series as
rearranged converges to 0.5 ln 2, Q.E.D.
i. |R
10000
| < |t
10001
| 1/10001
0.0000999900
Upper bound is 1/10001.
j. i.
10 3
2
1
n
n
n
x
n
( )
L
x
n
n
x
x
n
n
x
n
n n
n n
n

+
j
(
\
,

+ +
lim
( )
( ) ( )
10 3
1 10 3
10 3
1
10 3 1
1 1
2
2
2
| | lim | |
L < 1 10 |x 3| < 1 2.9 < x < 3.1

+ + 1
1
4
1
9
1
16
L ,
which converges by the alternating series
test.

1
1
4
1
9
1
16
+ + + +L ,
which converges because it is a p-series
with p 2.
Interval of convergence is [2.9, 3.1].
ii.
( ) ( ) 1 1
2
1
n
n
n
n
x
n
+
L
x
n
n
x
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
n
n
n
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
lim
( )
( ) ( )
lim
1
1 2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
| | | |
L x x < + < + < 1
1
2
1 1 1 2 | | | |
< < 3 1 x

1
1
2
1
3
1
4
+ + + +L , which is a divergent
harmonic series.

+ + 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
L , which converges
by the alternating series test.
Interval of convergence is (3, 1].
k. i.
10
10 10 5 1 6666
0
n
n
!
+ + +
. K
+ + 0 4166 . K L
The tail after S
0
is bounded above by the
convergent geometric series with first
term 10 and common ratio 0.5. Thus, the
series converges.
(Other justifications are possible.)
ii. ( )

n
n
3 1
1
5 +
1.2 + 0.325 + 0.2370 +

0.215625 + 0.208 + 0.2046 +

0 2029 . ... +L
Diverges because t
n
0.2, not 0,
as n
iii. Converges. The general term can be
rewritten 3(2/5)
n
, so the series is a
convergent geometric series with common
ratio r 2/5.
iv. Diverges. p-series with p 1/3, which is
not greater than 1.
v. Converges by the ratio technique
lim
( )!
! ( )!
! !
( )!
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
+
+
+

+
4
3 1 3
3 3
3
1
+
+
<
1
3
4
1
1
3
1 1 lim
n
n
n
R8. a. cosh
( )!
2
1
2
2
2
0

n
n
n
Fourth partial sum is S
3
(2).
The (2n)th derivative of cosh x is cosh x,
so all derivatives are bounded by
cosh ( )
2
1
2
3 2 4 625
2 2
< + . .

| ( )| . R
3
8
2
4 625
8
2 0 02936
.
!
K
Error is less than 0.03.
b. e
n
n
n
3
0
1
3
!
All derivatives of e
x
are equal to e
x
, so all
derivatives are bounded by e
3
< 3
3
27.
For 20-place accuracy,
| ( )| . . R
n
n
n
3
27
1
3 0 5 10
1 20
+
<
+
( )!
The second inequality is first true for n 33.
Use at least 34 terms (n 33).
c. Using the Lagrange form of the remainder, the
value of cosh 4 is given exactly by
cosh
( )!
4
1
2
4 4
2
0
+
n
R
n
k
n
k
( ), where
R
f c
k
k
k
k
( ) 4
2 2
4
2 2
2 2
+

+
+
( )
( )
( )!
and c is between
0 and 4.
| ( )| R
M
k
k
k
4
2 2
4
2 2
+

+
( )!
Because all even derivatives of cosh x equal
cosh x, for any value of x between 0 and 4 we
can use cosh 4 for M, and cosh 4 is less than
1
2
3 2 40 53125
4 4
( )
+ . .
Use M 41.
lim lim
( )!
k
k
k
k
R
k

+
<
+
| ( )| 4
41
2 2
4
2 2
+
41
4
2 2
0
2 2
lim
( )!
k
k
k
By the ratio technique, this fraction
approaches zero as k approaches infinity.
Therefore, because the remainder approaches
zero as k approaches infinity, cosh 4 is given
exactly by cosh
( )!
, 4
1
2
4
2
0

n
n
n
Q.E.D.
d. sinh
( )!
0 6
1
2 1
0 6
2 1
0
. .
+

+
n
n
n
S
3
(0.6) 0.636653554
sinh 0.6 0.636653582
sinh 0.6 S
3
(0.6) 2.7862 10
8
R
f c c
3
2 3 3
2 3 3 9
0 6
2 3 3
0 6
9
0 6 ( . )
+

+
+
( )
( )
.
cosh
!
.
2.7862 10
8
cosh c 1.00328
c cosh
1
1.00328 0.0809 , which is
in the interval (0, 0.6).
e. ln ( ) ( ) x
n
x
n n
n
1
1
1
1
1
| R
n
(1.3) | < | t
n+1
|
For 20-place accuracy, make
1
1
1 3 1 0 5 10
1 20
n
n
+
<
+
( . ) . .
This inequality is first true for n 35.
f. S
n
n
50 4
1
50
1
1 08232064
. K
R x dx x
b
b
50
4 3
50
1 3 <
,
,
]
]
]

lim ( / )
50
(1/3)(50
3
) 0.000002666
R x dx x
b
b
50
4 3
51
1 3 >
,
,
]
]
]

lim ( / )
51
(1/3)(51
3
) 0.000002512
The series converges because the sequence of
partial sums is increasing, and the tail after
S
50
is bounded above by 0.000002512 .
R
50
0.5(0.000002666 + 0.000002512)
0.000002589
S 1.082232064 + 0.000002589
1.082323235
Error < 0.5(0.000002666 0.000002512)
0.0000000769 (about seven decimal
places)
Concept Problems
C1. Recall that i i i i i 1 1 1
2 3 4
, , , ,
so i
4n
1 and i
4n+ 2
1 for all n.
a. cos
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) ix ix ix ix + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
2 4 6

+
1
8
8
!
( ) ix L

+ + 1
2 4 6 8
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
i
x
i
x
i
x
i
x
! ! ! !
L

+ + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2 4 6 8
! !
! !
x x x x L
+ + + + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2 4 6 8
! ! ! !
x x x x L
cosh x, Q.E.D.
b.

sin
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) ix ix ix ix ix + +
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
L

+ + ix i
i
x i
i
x i
i
x
2
3
4
5
6
7
3 5 7 ! ! !
L

+ + ix i x i x i x
! !
!
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
L

+ + + +
j
(
\
,
i x x x x
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
! ! !
L
i sinh x, Q.E.D.
c. e ix ix ix ix
ix
+ + + + 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 3 4
!
( )
!
( )
!
( )

+ +
1
5
5
!
( ) ix L

+ + + + + + 1
2 3 4 5
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
ix
i
x
i
x
i
x
i
x
! ! ! !
L
+ + + + + + 1
1
2 3
1
4 5
2 3 4 5
ix x
i
x x
i
x
! ! !
L

+ 1
1
2
1
4
2 4
! !
x x L
+ +
j
(
\
,
i x x x
1
3
1
5
3 5
! !
L
cos x + i sin x, Q.E.D.
d. Using the formula in part c (Eulers formula):
e
i
cos + i sin 1 + i 0 1,
Q.E.D.
C2. tan tan tan 4
1
5
1
239
1 1
j
(
\
,
j
(
\
,
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
tan tan tan tan
tan tan tan tan

4
1
5
1
239
1 4
1
5
1
239
1 1
1 1
j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

tan tan
tan tan
4
1
5
1
239
1 4
1
5
1
239
1
1
To evaluate tan 4
1
5
1
tan
j
(
\
,
, recall that
tan
tan
tan
2
2
1
2
A
A
A
.
Therefore,
tan tan
2
1
5
2
5
1
1
5
5
12
1
2
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
and tan tan
2 2
1
5
10
12
1
5
12
120
119
1
2
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
Substituting this value gives

tan tan tan
4
1
5
1
239
120
119
1
239
1
120
119
1
239
1
1 1
j
(
\
,

+
Thus, 4
1
5
1
239
1
4
1 1 1
tan tan tan

, Q.E.D.
The two series are
4
1
5
4
1
5
4
3
1
5
4
5
1
5
4
7
1
5
1
3 5 7
tan

j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

j
(
\
,
+
K

tan

j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,

1
3 5
1
239
4
1
239
4
3
1
239
4
5
1
239
L
R
n
n
n
1
5
4
2 3
1
5
2 3
j
(
\
,
<
+
j
(
\
,
+
R
n
n
n
1
239
1
2 3
1
239
2 3
j
(
\
,
<
+
j
(
\
,
+
| Total remainder |
<
+

j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
+ +
1
2 3
4
1
5
1
239
2 3 2 3
n
n n
To get accurate to 50 places, as shown, the
remainder for must be less than 0.5 10
50
.
For /4, the remainder must be less than
0.125 10
50
.
The inequality
1
2 3
4
1
5
1
239
0 125 10
2 3 2 3
50
n
n n
+

j
(
\
,
+
j
(
\
,
,
,
]
]
]
<
+ +
.
is first true for n 34.
C3. a. y + 9xy 0; y 5 and y 7 when x 0.
y c
0
+ c
1
x + c
2
x
2
+ c
3
x
3
+ c
4
x
4
+ c
5
x
5
+ + c x
6
6
L
y c
1
+ 2c
2
x + 3c
3
x
2
+ 4c
4
x
3
+ 5c
5
x
4

+ + 6
6
5
c x L
y 2c
2
+ 6c
3
x + 12c
4
x
2
+ 20c
5
x
3

+ + 30
6
4
c x L
b. Substitute y 5 into the y-equation: c
0
5
Substitute y 7 into the y-equation: c
1
7
c. Constant term: 2c
2
0 c
2
0
x c c c -term: . 6 9 0
1
6
9 5 7 5
3 0 3
+ ( )
x c c
2
4 1
12 9 0 -term: +
c
4
1
12
9 7 5 25 ( ) .
x c c c
3
5 2 5
20 9 0
1
20
9 0 0 -term: + ( )
x c c
4
6 3
30 9 0 -term: +
c
6
1
30
9 7 5 2 25 ( )( . ) .
d. y 5 + 7x + 0x
2
7.5x
3
5.25x
4
+ 0x
5

+ + 2 25
6
. x L
S
6
(0.3) 5 + 7(0.3) 7.5(0.3)
3
5.25(0.3)
4
+ 2.25(0.3)
6
6.85661525
e. To ascertain convergence or divergence, notice
that y can be written as three separate series.

y c c x c x +
+

+
0 0
3
2
0
6
9
2 3
9
2 3 5 6
( ) ( )
L

+ +
+

+ c x c x c x
1 1
4
2
1
7
9
3 4
9
3 4 6 7
( ) ( )
L

+ +
+

+ c x c x c x
2
2
2
5
2
2
8
9
4 5
9
4 5 7 8
( ) ( )
L
If 0.3 is substituted for x, the first and second
series have terms that are strictly alternating,
decreasing in absolute value, and approaching
zero for a limit as n approaches infinity.
Thus, these series converge by the alternating
series test. The third series is zero because
c
2
0. Thus, the entire series for y converges
when x 0.3.
Chapter Test
T1.

e x x x
n
x
x n n
+ + + + 1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2 3
! ! !
L L ( )
Note: The last ellipsis mark is necessary or this
would stand for a Taylor polynomial (finite
number of terms), not a Maclaurin series
(infinite number of terms).
T2.

5
1
5 5 5 5
2 3
+
+ +
x
x x x L
Geometric series, common ratio r x
T3. cos
!
( )
!
( ) x x x + 1
1
2
1
4
2 4

+
1
6
6
!
( ) x L
T4. R x
f c
x
5
6
6
6
( )
( )
( )
!
, where c is between 0 and x.
f x n x f c c
n n n ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( !)( ) ! +
+
1 1 6
1 6 7 ( )
( )
R x
c
x
x
c
5
7
6
6
7
6
6
( ) ,
!
!
where 0 < c x.
T5.

sin
!
( )
!
( )
!
( ) ( ) x x x x x
2 2 2 3 2 5 2 7
1
3
1
5
1
7
+ +L

+ + x x x x
2 6 10 14
1
3
1
5
1
7 ! ! !
L
+
+
( )
( )!
1
1
2 1
4 2
0
n n
n
n
x
T6. The alternating harmonic series

1
1
2
1
3
1
4
+ +L converges conditionally, but
not absolutely. The condition is that the terms
remain in the order presented and not be
rearranged.
T7. f(x) ln x, f(1) 0, c
0
0
f (x) x
1
, f (1) 1, c
1
1

f x x f c c ( ) , ( ) , ! ,
2
2 2
1 1 2 1
1
2

f x x f c c ( ) 2 1 2 3 2
1
3
3
3 3
, ( ) , ! ,
f x x f c
( ) ( )
( ) ! , ( ) !, ! !,
4 4 4
4
3 1 3 4 3

c
4
1
4
L
+ ( ) ln ( ) ( ) x x x x 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2 3

+
1
4
1
4
( ) x L , Q.E.D.
T8.

1000 999 + +L converges because
r 0.999 < 1.
(It converges to 1000/(1 0.999) 1,000,000.)

0 0001 0 0002 . . + +L diverges because r 2 1.
T9.
( ) 2 5
3
1
x
n
n
n
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+
lim
( )
( )
2 5
3 3
3
2 5
1

+

| | | | 2 5
1
2 5 1 x
n
n
x
n
lim
L < 1 |2x 5| < 1 1 < 2x 5 < 1
4 < 2x < 6 2 < x < 3
Radius of convergence is 0.5.
T10. At x 2 the series is

+ +
1
3
1
6
1
9
1
12
L , which converges by
the alternating series test.

1
3
1
6
1
9
1
12
+ + + +L , which is a divergent
harmonic series (or 1/3 of p-series with
p 1).
Converges at x 2, diverges at x 3
T11. f x
t
dt
x
( )
+
1
1
2
0

+ +
( ) 1
2 4 6
0
t t t dt
x
L

+ + x x x x
1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
L
+
+
( ) 1
1
2 1
2 1
0
n n
n
n
x
(The same as tan
1
x)
T12. L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
+

+
+
+
lim
2 3
2 1
2 3
2 1
+
+

x
n
n
x
n
2 2
2 1
2 3
1 lim
L < 1 x
2
< 1 1 < x < 1
At x = 1 the series is

+ + 1
1
3
1
5
1
7
L , which converges by the
alternating series test.

1
1
3
1
5
1
7
+ +L , which
converges by the alternating series test.
T13. f (0.6) S
19
(0.6) (the 20th partial sum)
= 0.540419500
T14. f (0.6) 0.540419500 numerically
T15. f (0.6) = tan
1
0.6 = 0.540419500 exactly
The answers to Problems T13 and T14 are correct
to at least ten decimal places.
T16. The first term of the tail for S
19
(0.6) is
t
20
41 11
1
41
0 6 1 9562 10 = =

( . ) . , which agrees
with the observation that S
19
(0.6) is correct to at
least ten decimal places.
T17. cosh
! ! !
x x x x = + + + + 1
1
2
1
4
1
6
2 4 6
L
=
=
1
2
2
0
( )! n
x
n
n
T18. All even derivatives of cosh x equal cosh x.
Derivatives are bounded by
cosh . . 3
1
2
1
2
3 2 13 5625
3 3 3 3
= + < + = = ( ) ( )

e e M
For ten-place accuracy,
| ( )| . . R
n
n
n
3
13 5625
2 2
3 0 5 10
2 2 10
+
<
+
.
( )!
Use at least 12 terms (n = 11).
T19. a. p-series, with p = 1.5
b. x dx b
b

= + =
1 5
1
0 5 0 5
2 2 1 2
.
lim [ ( )]
. .
the series converges because the integral
converges, Q.E.D.
(As additional information, this calculation
also proves that R
1
is bounded above by 2
and thus that S is bounded above by 3.)
c. S
100
= 2.41287409
d. R x dx
100
1 5
100
<
.
= + =

lim[ ( )] .
. .
b
b 2 2 100 0 2
0 5 0 5
R x dx
100
1 5
101
>

.
= +
lim[ ( )]
. .
b
b 2 2 101
0 5 0 5
= 0.19900743
R
100
0.5(0.2 + 0.19900743) =
0.19950371
S = S
100
+ R
100
2.41287409 +
0.19950371 = 2.61237781
(As additional information, the error in R
100
is less than 0.5(0.2 0.1900743) =
0.0004962 , making S correct to about two
decimal places.)
Problem Set 12-10
Cumulative Review Number 1
1. Limit: See Sections 2-2 and 2-5.
Derivative: See Sections 3-2 and 3-4.
Indefinite integral: See Section 5-3.
Definite integral: See Section 5-4.
2. a. Continuity at a point: See Section 2-4.
b. Continuity on an interval: See Section 2-4.
c. Convergence of a sequence: A sequence
converges if and only if lim
n
n
t
exists.
d. Convergence of a series: A series converges
if and only if the sequence of partial sums
converges.
e. Natural logarithm: See Section 3-9.
f. Exponential: a
x
= e
x ln a
3. a. Mean value theorem: See Section 5-5.
b. Intermediate value theorem: See Section 2-6.
c. Squeeze theorem: See Section 3-8.
d. Uniqueness theorem for derivatives: See
Section 6-3.
e. Limit of a product property: See Section 2-3.
f. Integration by parts formula: See Section 9-2.
g. Fundamental theorem of calculus: See
Section 5-6.
h. Lagrange form of the remainder: See
Section 12-8.
i. Parametric chain rule: See Section 4-7.
j. Polar differential of arc length: See
Section 8-7.
4. a. f x t dt
x
( ) sech = +
1
3
f x x = + ( ) sech 1
b. f (x) = a
x
f (x) = a
x
ln a
c. f (x) = x
a
f (x) = ax
a 1
d. f (x) = x
x
ln f (x) = x ln x
1/f (x) f (x) = ln x + x (1/x)
f (x) = (ln x + 1) f (x)
f (x) = x
x
ln x + x
x
e. e
6x
cos 3x dx dv u
e
6x
cos 3x
6e
6x
1
3
sin 3x
36e
6x

1
9
cos 3x
+
+
= +
1
3
3
2
3
3
6 6
e x e x
x x
sin cos
4 3
6
e x dx
x
cos
5 3
6
e x dx
x
cos
= + +
1
3
3
2
3
3
6 6
1
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
e x dx
x 6
3 cos
= + +
1
15
3
2
15
3
6 6
e x e x C
x x
sin cos
f. cosh sinh cosh
5 6
1
6
x x dx x C = +
g. sec
3
x dx
= + + +
1
2
1
2
h. ( ) | | sin cos ln sin 5 5
1
5
5
1
x x dx x C
= +
i. lim
cos
lim
sin
x x
x
x
x
x

=
0
2
0
7 1
13
7 7
26
= =
lim
cos
x
x
0
49 7
26
49
26
j. L x
x
x
=
lim( )
/
0
3
1
ln lim
ln ( )
lim
L
x
x x
x x
= = =
0 0
3 1 3
1
3
L = e
3
= 0.0497
5. a.
dy
dx
x y = + 0 2 0 3 0 3 1 8 . . . , ( , )
x
y
10
10
b. If x = 9, y 5.413 , which agrees with the
graph.
6. a. p = k(40 y)
b. y = 0.1x
2
x = (10y)
1/2
dA = 2x dy = 2(10y)
1/2
dy
A y dy y = =
2 10
2
10
2
3
10
3 2
0
40
( )
1/2
0
40
( )
/
= 3200/3 = 1066.6666 yd
2
(Or: Area = 2/3 of circumscribed rectangle =
(2/3)(1600) = 3200/3, etc.)
c. dF = p dA = k(40 y) 2(10y)
1/2
dy
F dF k = =
17066 6
0
40
. lb (exactly
256,000k/15)
d. dM = y dF = y k(40 y) 2(10y)
1/2
dy
M dM k = =
292 571 4 , . lb-yd

0
40
(exactly 10,240,000k/35)
e. F y M y
M
F
k
k
= = = = , yd
10240000 35
256000 15
17
1
7
/
/
By symmetry, x = 0.
Center of pressure is at 0 17
1
7
,
.
7. a. z = 30 0.5y
b. For a cross section,
A = 2xz = 2(10y)
1/2
(30 0.5y).
A = 10
1/2
(60y
1/2
y
3/2
)
A = 10
1/ 2
(30y
1/ 2
1.5y
1/ 2
)
= (10
1/ 2
)(y
1/ 2
)(30 1.5y)
A = 0 30 1.5y = 0 y = 20
A is infinite y = 0.
A(0) = 0
A(20) = 565.6854 (exactly 400 2 )
A(40) = 400
Maximum at y = 20; minimum at y = 0
c. dV = 2xz dy = 10
1/2
(60y
1/2
y
3/2
) dy
V dV = =
19200
0
40
(exactly)
Use 19200/5 = 3840 truckloads.
d. dL dx dy x dx = + = +
2 2 2
1 0 04 .
L dL = =
92 9356 92 9
20
. . yd
20
8.

r
r r
r t i t j = + ( . ) ( . ) 100 0 03 50 0 03 cos sin

r
r r
v t i t j = + ( . ) ( . . ) 3 0 03 1 5 0 03 sin cos

Speed | | = = +
r
v ( sin . ) ( . cos . ) 3 1 5 1 5 1 5
2 2
= 2.9943 2.99 ft/s
9. Si
0
t
u
u
du
t
=
sin

= + +
1 1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
u
u u u u du
t
! !
!
L
0

= + +
1
1
3
1
5
1
7
2 4 6
0
! !
!
u u u du
t
L

=
+ t t t t
1
3 3
1
5 5
1
7 7
3 5 7
! ! !
L

+
+ +
+
+
( )
( )( )!
1
2 1 2 1
2 1
n
n
n n
t L
L
t
n n
n n
t
n
n
n
=
+ +

+ +
+
+
lim
( )( )!
( )( )!
2 3
2 1
2 3 2 3
2 1 2 1
=
+
+ + +
=
t
n
n n n
t
n
2 2
2 1
2 3 2 3 2 2
0 lim
( )
( )( )( )
L < 1 for all values of t, and the series
converges for all values of t.
Third partial sum is
S
2
3 5
0 6 0 6
1
3 3
0 6
1
5 5
0 6 ( . ) . =
+
!
( . )
!
( . )
= 0.5881296
| | | | . R t
2 3
7
1
7 7
0 6 0 0000007934 < =
=
!
( . )
The answer is correct to within 1 in the sixth
decimal place.
Si . . 0 6 0 588128809
0
0 6
=
sin
.
u
u
du
Note that this answer agrees with the third partial
sum to within 1 in the sixth decimal place.
10. r = 5 + 4 cos
dA d = +
1
2
5 4
2
( cos )
A dA =
103 6725 103 7 33

2
0
2
. . ft (exactly )
11.
dV
dt
kV
dV
V
k dt = =
ln | V | = kt + C
V = C
1
e
kt
At t = 0, V = 300.
300 = C
1
dV
dt
= 5 when V = 300
= = 5 300
1
60
k k
V = 300e
( 1/ 60) t
At t = 10, V = 300e
1/6
= 253.9445
253.9 million gal.
1. Derivative: See Sections 3-2 and 3-4.
2. Definite integral: See Section 5-4.
3. Mean value theorem: See Section 5-5.
4. f x g t dt f x g x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) = =
3
( )
5. tanh sec tanh
5 6
1
6
x x dx x C h
2
= +
6. x x dx sinh 2
dv u
x sinh 2x
1
1
2
cosh 2x
0
1
4
sinh 2x
+
+
= +
1
2
2
1
4
2 x x x C cosh sinh
7.
3 14
3 2
1
3
4
2
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
+
+
=
+
+

( )( )
= ln | x + 3 | + 4 ln | x 2 | + C
8.

sinh
! ! !
x
x
dx
x
x x x x dx

= + + + +
1 1
3
1
5
1
7
3 5 7
L
= + + + +
1
1
3
1
5
1
7
2 5 6
! ! !
x x x dx
K
= +
+ x x x x C
1
3 3
1
5 5
1
7 7
3 5 7
! ! !
9.
n x
n
n
n
( )
=
5
3
1
L
n x
n x
n
n
n
n
n
=
+
+
+
lim
( )( )
( )
1 5
3
3
5
1
1
=
+
= =
1
3
5
1 1
3
5 1
1
3
5 | | | | | | x
n
n
x x
n
lim
L x x < < < < 1
1
3
5 1 3 5 3 | |
Open interval of convergence is 2 < x < 8.
10. x dx x dx
a a

=
+
0 998
0
1
0
0 998
1
. .
lim
=
+
lim
.
.
a
a
x
0
0 002
1
1
0 002
=
+
lim( )
.
a
a
0
0 002
500 500
= 500
11. y x =
2
y
x dx
x = = =
2
3
9
3
3
9
9 3
1
6
1
3
39
12. f ( x) = x
2
f ( 4) = 16
f ( 3.99) = 15.9201, which is within 0.08 unit
of 16.
f ( 4.01) = 16.0801, which is not within 0.08
unit of 16.
Thus, = 0.01 is not small enough to keep
f (x) within 0.08 unit of 4.
13. V A dx =
2
10
+ + + +
2
3
153 4 217 2 285 4 319 343 [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
= 2140 ft
3
14. r = 4 sin 2
dA r d d = =
1
2
8 2
2 2
sin
A d =
8 2 6 2831 6 28
2 2
0
2
sin
/

. . ft
(exactly 2)
15. (x/5)
2
+ (y/3)
2
= 1
y x = + 0 6 25
2
. Use ( .)
dA y dx x dx = = 2 1 2 25
2
.

A dA =
17 6021 17 6
1
5
. . K square units
( sin sin ) exactly ( . ) . 15 1 0 2 1 2 6
1 1

16. y = 0.0016x
4
dA = (16 0.0016x
4
) dx
A x dx = =
( . ) 16 0 0016 256
4 2
10
10
ft
17. dL dx dy x dx = + = +
2 2 3 2
1 0 0064 ( . )
L dL =
42 5483 42 55
10
10
. . ft
18. p = 62.4(16 y)
dA = 2x dy = 10y
1/4
dy
dF = p dA = 62.4(16 y) 10y
1/4
dy
F dF =
113595 73 113 600

0
16
. , lb
exactly113595
11
15
19. lim lim

ln
x x
y
x
x

=

= =
lim
/
x
x 1
1
0
20. y
x x x
x
x
x
= =
( / )( ) (ln )( ) ln 1 1 1
2 2
y = 0 ln x = 1 x = e = 2.718 ft
There is a maximum at x = e because y goes
from positive to negative there.
21. y
x x x x
x
x
x
= =
+ ( / )( ) ( ln )( ) ln 1 1 2 3 2
2
4 3
y = 0 ln x = 1.5 x = e
1.5
= 4.4816
4.48 ft
There is a point of inflection at x 4.48 ft
because y changes sign there.
22.
1
40
x
y
23.

ln ( ) ( ) x x x x = + ( ) 1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2 3
L

+ +
+
( )
( )
1
1
1 n
n
n
x L
L
x
n
n
x
n
n
n
=
+

+
lim
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
=
+
= =
| | | | | | x
n
n
x x
n
1
1
1 1 1 lim
L < 1 | x 1 | < 1 1 < x 1 < 1
0 < x < 2

1
1
2
1
3
1
4
L ,
which is a divergent harmonic series.
At x = 2 the series is 1
1
2
1
3
1
4
+ +L , which
converges because it meets the three hypotheses
of the alternating series test.
interval of convergence is 0 < x 2, Q.E.D.
24. | | | | R t
n
x
n n
n
< =
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1 ( )
For ln 1.4 to 20 places, make
0 4
1
0 5 10
1
20
.
n
n
+
+
< . .
Solving numerically gives n > 45.817 .
Use 46 terms.
25. If the velocity is 0 ft/s at time t = 0, the ship
speeds up, approaching approximately 34 ft/s
asymptotically as t increases.
If the velocity is 50 ft/s at time t = 0, the ship
slows down, again approaching 34 ft/s
asymptotically as t increases.
(The graphs are shown here. The differential
equation is dv/dt = 0.7(34 v).)
t
v
26.
r
r r
r t i t j = + ( ) ( ) ln sin 2
r
r r
v t i t j = + ( / ) ( ) 1 2 2 cos
r
r r
a t i t j = + ( / ) ( ) 1 4 2
2
sin
1. is clearly smaller than necessary.
L+
L
L
c c c+
x
f (x)
2. See Sections 3-2 and 3-4 for definitions of
derivative.
Graphical meaning: slope of tangent line
Physical meaning: instantaneous rate of change
3. g x f x dx g x f x ( ) ( ) if and only if ( ) ( ). = =
4. f t dt L U
t
n
t
n
r
s
( ) , = =

lim lim
0 0
where L
n
and U
n
are
lower and upper Riemann sums, respectively,
provided the two limits are equal.
5. lHospitals rule
lim
cos
x
x
x x
e
0
5
1
0
0
=
lim
cos sin

x
x
x x x
e
0
5
5
1
5
= 0.2
6. y = tan (sin 5x)
y = sec
2
(sin 5x) 5 cos 5x
Chain rule
7. y = (5x 3)(2x + 7)
4
(x 9)
ln y = ln (5x 3) + 4 ln (2x + 7) + ln (x 9)
y y
x x x
= +
+
+
5
5 3
8
2 7
1
9
8. y = tan
1
x
tan y = x, sec
2
y y = 1
y
y y
= =
+
1 1
1
2 1
sec tan
y
x
=
+
1
1
2
9. sin cos sin
7 8
1
8
x x dx x C = +
10. x dx
2
9 +
x = 3 tan
dx = 3 sec
2
d
x
2
9 3 + = sec
=
9
3
sec d
= + + +
9
2
9
2
1
=
+
+
+
+ +
9
2
9
3 3
9
2
9
3 3
2 2
1
x x x x
C ln
= + + + + +
1
2
9
9
2
9
2 2
x x x x C ln
11.
3 11
2 3
5
3
2
1
2
x
x x
dx
x x
dx
+
=
+
+

= 5 ln | x + 3 | 2 ln | x 1| + C
12. sin
1
x dx
u dv
sin
1
x 1
1
1 x
2
x
/ 1 2 1 2
1
= +

/ 1 2 1 2
1
2
1 2
= + +
x x x C sin
1 2
1
13. Fundamental theorem of calculus
See Section 5-6 for statement.
14. See Figure 5-5b.
15. f x h t dt f x h x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = =
3
16. f (x) = xe
x
f (x) = e
x
xe
x
f (x) = e
x
e
x
+ xe
x
= e
x
(x 2)
f (x) = 0 x = 2
f (x) changes sign at x = 2.
the only point of inflection is at x = 2.
17. y = sin x from x = 0 to x = 2.
2 2 2
1 cos

L dL =
2 3516
0
2
. K
18. a. x dx x
a
a
=
+
3 4
0
1 4
0
16
16
4
/ /
lim
= =
+
lim( )
/
a
a
0
1 4
8 4 8
b. Average value = =
8
16 0
1
2
19. r = 10 cos
dA = 50 cos
2
d
A d =
50 13 3478
2
cos .
0.5
1
(exactly 12.5(1 + sin 2 sin 1))
20.
r
r r
r t i t j = +
2 1
3
r
r r
v ti t j =

2 3
2
r
r r
v i j ( ) 1 2 3 =
Speed . = = 13 3 6055

Distance from origin is | | .
r
r t t = +
4 2
9

d r
dt
t t t t
| |
( )
r
= +

1
2
9 4 18
4 2 1 2 3 3 /
( )
= 7 10 / at t = 1
Distance is decreasing at 2.2135 .
21. y = cos x
dV = 2x y dx
V x x dx =
2 3 5864
0
2
cos
/
.
(exactly 2 (/2 1))
22. a. y = 1.5x + 6
A = xy = 1.5x
2
+ 6x
A = 3x + 6
A = 0 3x + 6 = 0 x = 2
A(0) = 0, A(4) = 0, A(2) > 0
Thus, maximum area is at x = 2, Q.E.D.
b. V = x
2
y = (1.5x
3
+ 6x
2
)
V = (4.5x
2
+ 12x)
V x x = = = 0 0 2
2
3
or
V V V ( ) ( ) and 0 4 0 2
2
3
0 = =

>
Thus, maximum volume is at x = 2
2
3
.
23. V + + + +
1
3
2 51 4 37 2 41 4 63 59 ( )[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
= 394
2
3
3
ft
24. a. erf ( )
/
x e dt
t
x
=

2
1 2
0
2
f x e dt
t
x
( ) =

2
0

= + +
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
2 4 6 8
0
! !
t t t t dt
x
L

= +
x x x x x
1
3
1
5 2
1
7 3
1
9 4
3 5 7 9
! ! !
L
b. f x
n n
x
n n
n
( ) =
+
+
=
( )
( ) !
1
1
2 1
2 1
0
L
x
n n
n n
x
n
n
n
=
+ +

+
+
+
lim
( )( )!
( ) !
2 3
2 1
2 3 1
2 1
=
+
+ +
=
x
n
n n
x
n
2 2
2 1
2 3 1
0 lim
( )
( )( )
L < 1 for all values of x, and thus the series
converges for all values of x, Q.E.D.
Final Examination
1.
sin . sin
.
1 1 1
0 1
= 0.497363752
sin . sin
.
1 01 1
0 01
= 0.536085981
sin . sin
.
1 001 1
0 001
= 0.539881480
2. f (1) = cos 1 = 0.540302305
The quotients in Problem 1 are converging to
cos 1.
3. f x
f x h f x
h
h
=
+
( ) lim
( ) ( )
0
f c
f x f c
x c
x c
=
( ) lim
( ) ( )
4. f (x) = e
x
lim
x
f x e
=
2
2
( )
If f (x) = e
2
+ 0.1, x = ln (e
2
+ 0.1) =
2.01344 .
If f (x) = e
2
0.1, x = ln (e
2
0.1) =
1.98637 .
On the left, keep x within 0.01362 unit of 2.
On the right, keep x within 0.01344 unit of 2.
So you must keep x within 0.01344 unit of 2.
5. L f x
x c
=
lim ( ) if and only if for any > 0 there is

a > 0 such that if x is within units of c but
not equal to c, then f (x) is within units of L.
6. = 0.1, = 0.01344
7. See Figure 1-3a.
8. Distance 17.4 m
10
1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8
t
r
9. Distance + + + +
1
3
0 3 7 4 9 2 13 4 12 ( . )[ ( ) ( ) ( )
2 10 4 8 5 17 4 ( ) ( ) ] . , + + = which agrees with
Problem 8.
10. v(t) = te
t
Distance 0.4[v(0.2) + v(0.6) + v(1) + v(1.4) +
v(1.8)] = 0.601474
11. Distance = =

te dt te e
t t t
0
2
0
2
= 2e
2
e
2
+ 0 + 1 = 1 3e
2
= 0.593994
The difference is 0.00748 , which is about
1.26%.
12. If f is integrable on [a, b] and g x f x dx ( ) ( ) , =
then f x dx g b g a
a
b
( ) ( ) ( ). =
13. f (x) = x
2/3
f x x =

( )
/
2
3
1 3
f is differentiable everywhere except at x = 0. But
f is continuous at x = 0 because the limit of f (x)
as x 0 is zero, the same as f (0). Thus,
f meets the hypotheses of the mean value
theorem because it is differentiable on (0, 1) and
continuous at 0 and 1.
Slope of the secant line from (0, 0) to (1, 1) is 1.
f c c c = = =
( )
2
3
1
8
27
1 3 /
Tangent at x = 8/27 is parallel to secant.
1
1 8/27
x
f(x)
14. a. Example:
5 3
2 3
x
x x
dx
( )( ) +
= +
+
1
2
4
3 x x
dx
= ln | x 2 | + 4 ln | x + 3 | + C
b. Example: 9
2
x dx
x = 3 sin
dx = 3 cos d
9 3
2
cos x =
= = +

9
9
2
1 2
2
cos cos d d ( )
= + +
= + +
9
2
9
4
2
9
2
9
2

sin
sin cos
C
C
= + +
9
2 3
1
2
9
1 2
sin
x
x x C
15. sec
3
x dx
dv u
sec x sec
2
x
sec x tan x tan x
+

2
= +

3
2
3
sec sec tan sec x dx x x x dx = +

sec sec tan ln sec tan
3
1
2
1
2
x dx x x x x C
= + + + | |
16.
dy
dx
ky
dy
y
k dx y kx C = = = +

ln | |
| y | = e
kx+ C
= e
kx
e
C
y = C
1
e
kx
17. Cross section of solid at any point in the slice is
essentially the same as at the sample point.
2
4
x
y
(x, y)
18. Height at any point in the slice is essentially the
same as at the sample point.
2
4
x
y
(x, y)
19. dM
y
= x dA = x(4 x
2
) dx
M x x dx
y
= =
( ) 4 4
2
0
2
A x dx = =
( ) 4
16
3
2
0
2
xA M x
y
= = =
4
16 3
3
4 /
20. Let H = number of calories added.
dH = C dT = (10 + 0.3T
1/2
) dT
H T dT = + =
( . )
/
10 0 3 13 200
1 2
100
900
, cal
21. a. Si Si x
u
u
du x
x
x
x
= =
sin sin
0
b. Si x u u u du
t
= + +
1
1
3
1
5
1
7
2 4 6
0
! !
!
K

=
+ t t t t
1
3 3
1
5 5
1
7 7
3 5 7
! ! !
K
c. Si . ( . ) . 0 7 0 7 0 7
1
3 3
0 7
1
3
=
= S
!
( . )
0.68094444
d. | ( . )| | ( . )| R t
1 2
5
0 7 0 7
1
5 5
0 7 < =
=
!
( . )
0.0002801
S
1
(0.7) equals Si 0.7 correct to three decimal
places and is within 0.3 in the fourth
decimal place.
e. See Cumulative Review Number 1,
Problem 9.
22.

r
r r
r t i t j = + ( ) ( )
3 2
r
r r
r
r r
v t i t j v i j = + = + ( ) ( ) . 3 2 0 5 0 75 1
2
( . )
r
r r
r
r r
a t i j a i j = + = + ( ) ( ) 6 2 0 5 3 2 ( . )
1
1
y
x
a
v
The object is speeding up at t = 0.5 because the

angle between the velocity and acceleration
vectors is acute, indicating that the tangential
component of acceleration acts in the same
direction as the velocity.
(Algebraically,

r r
v a = 4 25 . , which is positive,
again indicating an acute angle.)
23. r = cos
dA r d d = =
1
2
1
2
2 2
cos

A d =
1
2
0 2391
2
0
6
cos
/

. K
exactly

24
3
16
+
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C o n c e p t s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s

Sketchpad is a trademark of Key Curriculum Press.

Fathom Dynamic Statistics

= for any positive integer n.

Problem Set 2-5

= ( ) 2 means that you can keep

= 2 because (sin x)/x approaches zero.

lim ( ) if and only if for any number

= ( ) 5 means that f (x) can be made to

does not exist.

C4. The quantity | ( ) | f x L is the distance between

13. The derivative of a linear function equals the

The student could observe that the period is 4,

Q4. No (not continuous) Q5. dy dx x / =

(There are other correct forms.)

807.67 , or about 13 hours 28 minutes.

Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 4-3 55

T x x x x x ( ) ( ) ( cos sin sin sin

No value for v(3).

[Because cos y = (adjacent leg)/(hypotenuse), put

Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 4-5 59

[Because cot y = (adjacent leg)/(opposite leg),

Alternate solution by application of the formula:

sec sec sec tan

If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV, where both

For Problems 1924, a solution is shown using the

For f to be continuous at x = 2/3,

1000a + 10b = 20 b = 2 100a

17. sin y = x cos y y = 1 y = sec y

. K mm/h when r = 3 mm.

1 000 000 26226

1 092 750 000

From the graph, it is clear that the maximum

, which agrees with the

At (2, 2), dy/dx 2. At (2, 2), dy/dx 2.

As x approaches 4 from the negative side,

By the law of cosines,

sin sin cos cos

sin sin cos

17. y = sin 3x dy = 3 cos 3x dx

20. sin cos sin

27. sec tan

28. csc cot

29. tan sec tan

30. cot csc cot

31. csc cot csc csc cot

By the transitive property, then,

is underestimated by the trapezoidal

is overestimated by the trapezoidal rule

the program should give the

Find an upper sum using the sample points

Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 5-5 89

1467.150 $1,467.15 per year.

0 if and only if g (x) = 0.

sin cos . ( cos )

then the exact integral equals

Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 5-8 97

The area of the circumscribed rectangle is 6 9

tan Q4. 2 sec

Average velocity 1.5 m/s = =

150 100 2700

2700 800 1900

1/3(0.2)[29 + 4(41) + 2(50) + 4(51)

if and only if g(x) = f (x).