Research

Compilation

(Individual and dual sports)
(p.e.-3)



Submitted by:
Deogani O. Garguea

Submitted to:
Sir Castrodes




Individual Sports and Dual
Sports (Background)

What is the difference between Dual and I ndividual Sports?
There is a difference between individual and dual sports. Individual sports are those that are
played or performed by a single individual such as gymnastics, cycling, and swimming. Dual
sports are those that are played with a partner such as chess, tennis, and badminton.
I NDI VI DUAL SPORTS can be classified mostly in Athletics.
Atheltics is a gathering is sporting event that includes running, throwing and jumping. It
comes from the GREEK word ATHLOS which means contest. The first Olympics was played
in 776 B.C played by a stadium.
There are 3 classical era in Europe: Panhellic Games, The Roman Games, and The Tailtean
Games. Under un Panhellic, there are Phythian Games held in Delphi every 4 years, The Neaman
Games in Argolid every 2 years, and Isthmian Games in Isthmus of Corinth every 2 years. The
Roman Games classified by chariot racing, westling, and gladiator combat. While the Tailteam is
a thrity-day meeting which includes foot races and stone throwing events.
2 MAJOR EVENTS of Atheltics which is jumping and throwing events.
Under the Running Events are SPRI NTS, MI DDLE DI STANCE EVENTS,
STEEPLECHASE, LONG DI STANCE EVENTS, HURDLES, RELAY, and
MARATHON RUNNI NG.
In Field events: DI SCUSS THROW, SHOT PUT, J AVELI N THROW, and HAMMER
THROW.
In Jumping Events: HI GH J UMP, LONG J UMP, TRI PLE J UMP and POLE VAULT.
The equipments used in individual sports that mentioned above are: STARTI NG
BLOCKS, SHOTPUT, BATON, DI SCUS, STOPWATCH, HAMMER, POLE VAULT
PAD, HURDLE, and J AVELI N.
The Officiating Officials in these events are: Manager, Technical Manager, Referees,
J udges, Umpires, Timekeepers, PhotoFinish J udges, Starters, Lap Scorers and
Recorder.

Running Events

Sprints: the shortest even in terms of time and these are the oldest recorded athletic
competitions of the Olympic Games and can be classified by 100, 200, and 400 meters.
Middle Distance Events: these are events that are longer than Sprints and can be
classified as 800 1500, and 3000 meters.
Steeplechase: A 3000 meter steeplechase unclude 28 hurdles jumpls and seven water
jumps, There are ni jumps in the first lap.
Long Distance Events: events consist of 5000 and 10000 meters running. Stamina is the
most essential physical requirement. No starting blocks are required in the beginning of
the race
Hurdles: this even popularize by Biritsh in 19
th
Century. Runners glide over the 10
hurdles without breaking stide and with minimum loss of speed. In 110 meter, hurdles are
spaced 9.14 meters apart with 1.067 meter or 3 feet, 6 inches high. It can be classified by
100 meters for women, 119 meters for men and 400 meters by either both.
Relay: races in which 4 athletes participates as a team by passing a metal baton. It can be
classified by: 4x100 meter relay, 4x200 meter relay, 4x400 meter realy and 4x800 meter
relay.
Marathon Running: track and fields longest running event. A common road racing
distance run in major ahtletic competition, The marathon event is a 42.195 kolometer
race that started as a tribute to an acniet warrior who accoring to legend, ran 42.105
kmsto Athen in 490 BC. Endurance is the key in this event.




FIELD EVENTS


Discuss Throw: Strength, Agility, and Balance are similary important in this event as the
thrower carries out the souns needed ti create soeed and power. The womens discus
weighs 1 kilogram while the men;s discus weighs two kilograms. Each competitor has
the chance to take six throws during this event. The longest throw wins.
ShotPut: This event needs strength and sound footwork. The shot must touch the neck or
the chin of the thrower in the preparatory position before the thorw, Some shotputters use
the GLIDE method, moving firward un a straught line from the back if tge throwing
ciircle . Other throw use the Spin or Rotational technique in which they turn as they
move forward to be able to create momentum for the throw.
J avelin Throw: The javelin consists of three main parts which are a metal head with a
sharp point at the tip, a shaft and a cord grip and thrown over the shouylder or upper part
of the throwing arm. SPEED, STRENGTH, and RHYTHM in the approach are the
requirements in this event Tge womens javelin weighs 600 grams while the mens
javelin weighs 800 grams and had a chance to take 6 throws during this events. The
longest single throw wins.
Hammer Throw: A blend of strength and agility with superior foorwork are necessary in
order to uphold proper form. The HAMMER is actually a three part device consisting
if a metal gead attached to a steel wiure with a rigid handle that the thrower grips. The
womens hammer weighs four kilogram while the mens weighs 7.26 kilograms.


JUMPING EVENTS
High J ump: This sport requires speed and agility along with the proper technique. The
jumper must leap over a four meter long bar without knocking the bar off of its supports.
The jump includes three phases which are APPROCH- this must be done at maximum
speed while still keeping the body under adequate control to assure a proper take off,
TAKE OFF- Jumpers must take off on one foot and FLIGHT- Jumpers clear the bar and
leave the landing mat.
Long J ump: The ability to stride consistently is measure in this event. Speed is number
one quality that a long jumper must have. The competitor takes off from the board and
lands in a pit filled with soft, damp sand. The jumps are measured from the take-off line
to the nearest break in the landing are made by any part of the jumpers body.
Triple J ump: Speed is important but not as important as in the long jump. In the triple
jump, some energy must be conserved for the final leap into the landing area. This sport
is fondly called the hop, step, and jump because thats what really takes place as the
competitors go along with the event. In the HOP phase, jumpers push off with one foot.
They must land with the same foot at the start of the STEP phase then land on the
opposite foot for the JUMP into landing area.
Pole Vault: A combination of speed and flexibility with superior upper body strength is
the secret of all winning pole vaulters. The competitors sprints down a runway and plants
his pole in the take off bo then rides the pole over the crossbar and into the landing area
without knocking the crossbar off the uprights until he clears the crossbar. It has three
opportunities to clear the heights of the bar. The VAULTER, who clears the greates
height is declared the winner.



EQUIPMENTS IN ATHLETICS AND
FIELD EVENTS
Games that can be played by both
individual or by dual







BADMINTON
Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two
opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court divided by
a net. Players score points by striking ashuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net
and lands in their opponents' half of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once
before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor, or if a fault
has been called by either the umpire or service judge or, in their absence, the offending player, at
any time during the rally. The beginnings of badminton can be traced to the mid-1800s inBritish
India, where it was created by British military officers stationed there.
[4]
Early photographs show
Englishmen adding a net to the traditional English game ofbattledore and shuttlecock.
Serving
Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally
regardless of whether they served
[10]
(this differs from the old system where players could only
win a point on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three
games.
At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally oppositeservice
courts (see court dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the
receiver's service court. This is similar to tennis, except that a badminton serve must be hit below
waist height and with the racquet shaft pointing downwards, the shuttlecock is not allowed to
bounce and in badminton, the players stand inside their service courts unlike tennis.
When the serving side loses a rally, the serve immediately passes to their opponent(s)
(this differs from the old system where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for
what is known as a "second serve").
In singles, the server stands in their right service court when their score is even, and in
her/his left service court when her/his score is odd.
In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same player continues to serve, but he/she
changes service courts so that she/he serves to a different opponent each time. If the opponents
win the rally and their new score is even, the player in the right service court serves; if odd, the
player in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are determined by their
positions at the start of the previous rally, not by where they were standing at the end of the rally.
A consequence of this system is that, each time a side regains the service, the server will be the
player who did not serve last time.
Scoring
When the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the short service line on the
opponents' court or it will count as a fault.
If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two point lead
(such as 2422), up to a maximum of 30 points (3029 is a winning score).
At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock
is pointing serves first. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to
serve or receive first, or choosing which end of the court to occupy, and their opponents making
the leftover the remaining choice.
In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out
of three: a player or pair must win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first
rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may
decide who receives. The players change ends at the start of the second game; if the match
reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading
player's or pair's score reaches 11 points.
The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, without touching the
boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may stand
wherever they wish, so long as they do not block the vision of the server or receiver.
Lets
If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may
occur because of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on court (having
been hit there by players on an adjacent court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an
overhead rail which can be classed as a let.
If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the
receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, he shall be judged to have been ready.

BENEFI TS OF ATHLETI CS
Weight loss
Delay in the aging process
Lower blood pressure
Healthier lungs
Improved thinking process
Improved mood and personal disposition
Stronger cardiovascular system
Reduced cholesterol build-up

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Google http://www.google.com.ph
Ambersports http://www.ambersports.com
Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org
Google Images
Athletics Sports and Events
Physical Education Track and Field Events and Facilities









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