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= H
f
(products) - H
f
(reactants)
10
Enthalpy Enthalpy of of Combustion Combustion
The enthalpy of reaction in a combustion process is called
the enthalpy of combustion (symbolized by h
c
). The
calculation for an enthalpy of combustion is done for 1
kmol (1 kg) of fuel is burned completely at a specified
temperature and pressure and can be expressed:
h
c
=H
prod
H
react
Example 15.5 Evaluation of the Enthalpy of Combustion
Determine the enthalpy of combustion of liquid octane
(C
8
H
18
) at 25
o
C and 1 atm, using enthalpy-of-formation data
from table A-26. Assume the water in the products is in the
liquid form.
Solution
1. Write chemical reaction equation
based on 1 1 kmol kmol of octane
C C
8 8
H H
18 18
+a a(O
2
+ 3.76 N
2
) 8 CO
2
+ 9H 9H
2 2
O(l) O(l) + 3.76aN
2
Balance of oxygen : get a = 12.5
2. Energy analysis h
C
= H
P
H
R
H
P
= N = + h h
f f
o o
_ _
,P ,P
(Nh Nh
f f
)
o o
_ _
H2O H2O
(Nh Nh
f f
)
o o
_ _
CO2 CO2
H
R
= N = h h
f f
o o
_ _
,R ,R
(Nh Nh
f f
)
o o
_ _
C8H18 C8H18
11
h h
f f
o o
_ _
,H2O ,H2O
h h
f f
o o
_ _
,C8H18 ,C8H18
h h
f f
o o
_ _
,CO ,CO
2 2
Table A Table A- -26 Enthalpy of Formation 26 Enthalpy of Formation
= = - -393,520 kJ/ 393,520 kJ/kmol kmol
= = - -285,830 kJ/ 285,830 kJ/kmol kmol
= = - - 249,950 kJ/ 249,950 kJ/kmol kmol
Enthalpy of combustion = - 5,471,100 kJ/kmol C
8
H
18
= -47,891 kJ/kg C
8
H
18
Disscussion: This is the HHV of liquid C
8
H
18
in Table A-27
Enthalpy of formation has 2 values : 1. for vapor vapor phase 2. for liquid vapor
phase -the different = laten heat of vaporization
12
Enthalpy Enthalpy of of Formation Formation
The enthalpy of formation is defined as the
enthalpy of a substance at a specified state due
to its chemical composition. This property makes
analyzing easier because it represents chemical
energy of an element or a compound at the
standard reference state.
The property values are obtained by first
assigning all of the elements in its chemically
stable form at the standard reference state a
value of zero (such N2, O2, N2, C).
Enthalpy Enthalpy of of Formation Formation
So we can use this concept to find the enthalpy of
formation of individual compounds by adding up the
enthalpy for each reaction it takes to react some of
the chemically stable elements to get the compound.
Consider the formation of CO
2
(a compound) from
elements C and O
2
at 25
o
C, 1 atm. during SSSF
process
1
st
law: Q
cv
+ H
i
= H
e
Q
cv
= H
P
H
R
Q
cv
= - 393,520 kJ
H
R
= 0 ; elements @ ref. state
Enthalpy of Formation of CO Enthalpy of Formation of CO
2 2
= - 393,520 kJ/kmol
13
= the amount of heat released when a fuel is burned completely in
SSSF process and the products returned to the state of the
reactants..
= absolute value of the enthalpy of combustion of the fuel:
Heating value = |h
C
| kJ/kg fuel
Higher heating value, HHV,:
H
2
O in products is in LIQUID form
Lower heating value, LHV,:
H
2
O in products is in Vapor form
HHV = LHV + (mh
fg
)
H2O
(15.7)
m = mass fo water in the products per unit mass of fuel
h
fg
= the enthalpy of vaporization of water at the specified temp.
Heating Value of Fuel Heating Value of Fuel
14
15.4 First Law Analysis of Reacting System 15.4 First Law Analysis of Reacting System
SSSF Process: (see Chapter 4 the first law) SSSF Process: (see Chapter 4 the first law) KE~0, KE~0, PE~0 PE~0
11) - 15 .........(
-
) 1 , 25 is which state reference for stand (scrip
) (
where
Products) e and Reactants, (i
eqn. mole unit per 9) - (15 ......
eqn. mole of rate per 8) - 5 ........(1
Pr
_ _
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_ _
_ _
Ract od
i
i
e
e cv cv
o
o o
f
To T
o
f
e
e cv
i
i cv
e e
o o
cv
i i
o o
cv
H H
h N h N W Q
atm C
h h h h
h h h
h N W h N Q
h n W h n Q
=
=
+ =
+ =
= =
+ = +
+ = +