1

BI GING TUN 9 : PHP BIN I TUYN TNH

PHM XUN NG

T VN :
Trong gii tch, ta lm quen mi quan h i s v hm s (u vo u ra). Trong STT liu c s
tng t no nh vy khng?

u vo quy tc u ra quan h tn
xR f yR y = f(x) : 2 s Hm s
v = (v
1
,,v
n
)R
n
T w = (w
1
,,w
m
)R
m
w = T(v) : 2 vc t (b s) Php bin i (nh x)

Trng hp n gin nht.

u vo quy tc u ra tnh cht
xR nhn vi s a y = ax R a(x + t) = ax + at , a(cx) = cax vi x,t R , cR
v = (v
1
,,v
n
)R
n
nhn vi ma trn A
mn
w = Av R
m
A(v+u) = Av + Au , A(cv) = cAv vi v,u R
n
, cR

9.1 KHI NIM PHP BIN I TUYN TNH

I. NH NGHA:
Mt php bin i T t khng gian vect V vo khng gian vect W c gi l mt php bin i
tuyn tnh nu vi mi v, u V , mi c R tha mn cc tnh cht sau:
(a) T(v + u) = T(v) + T(u) (b) T(cv)= cT(v).

V : gi l khng gian ngun, W gi l khng gian ch. K hiu T : V W
v : u vo thuc khng gian ngun V , T(v) : u ra thuc khng gian ch W .

Ch 1: Nu T l php bin i tuyn tnh, th:
(1) T(0) = 0 (v T(0) = T(0.v) = 0.T(v) = 0).
(2) T(v) = T(v) , v V.
(3) T(cv + du) = cT(v) + dT(u) vi v, u V v c, d R. (Kt hp 2 tnh cht (a) v (b) lm 1)
ngha: u ra ca mt vc t l t hp tuyn tnh u ra ca 1 nhm vc t (thng chn l cc vc t c s)

II. CC V D V PHP BIN I T : R
n
R
m


V d 1: Cho T l php quay mt vc t gc 90
0
theo chiu ngc kim ng h trong mt phng ta . Hi T c phi
l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii: Php quay mt gc 90
0
bin ) , ( ) ( ) , ( x y v T y x v = =
Cch 1: Gi ) , (
1 1
y x u = , R d c , . Ta c:
) ), ( ( ) , ( ) (
1 1 1 1
dx cx dy cy dy cy dx cx T du cv T + + = + + = +
) ( ) ( ) , ( ) , (
1 1
u dT v cT dx dy cx cy + = + =
Cch 2: Av
y
x
x y y x T v T =
(

= = =
0 1
1 0
) , ( ) , ( ) ( nn T l php bin i tuyn tnh
V d 3: Hi php bin i ) 2 , ( ) , , ( z x y z z y x T + = c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii: Gi ) , , ( z y x v = , ) , , (
1 1 1
z y x u = , R d c , . Ta c:
)) ( 2 ) ( ), ( ) (( ) , , ( ) (
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
dz cz dx cx dy cy dz cz dz cz dy cy dx cx T du cv T + + + + + = + + + = +
) ( ) ( ) 2 , ( ) 2 , (
1 1 1 1
u dT v cT z x y z d z x y z c + = + + + =
V d 4: Hi php bin i sau c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
(a) T(v) = ||v|| (b) ) , ( ) , (
2
x y y x T = (c) ) 1 , ( ) , ( x y x T =
Gii: (a) Ta c || || || || || || u v u v + + v || || . | | || || v c cv = nn khng tha mn 2 iu kin ca php bin i tuyn tnh.
(b) 1 ) ( ) , ( ) ) ( , ( ) , ( ) (
2 2
= = = c v cT cx y c x c cy cy cx T cv T nn T khng phi l php bin i tuyn tnh.
(c) ) 0 , 0 ( ) 1 , 0 ( ) 0 ( = T nn T khng phi l php bin i tuyn tnh.
2
V d 5: Cho T l php bin i tuyn tnh
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
3
1
2
) ( ,
0
1
1
) (
2 1
v T v T vi
(

=
(

=
1
0
,
0
1
2 1
v v .
Tnh T(v) vi bt k v = (x
1
, x
2
)R
2

Gii: Ta c
2 2 1 1
v x v x v + = nn
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
v T x v T x v T + = Av
x
x
x x =
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
2
1
2 1
3 0
1 1
2 1
3
1
2
0
1
1
(
(
(

=
3 0
1 1
2 1
A
Ch 2:
(4) Du hiu nhn bit mt php bin i khng phi l tuyn tnh nu u ra ca n cha ly tha (m 1), hoc
tch, hoc di, hoc hng s 0.

(5) Nu bit ) ( ),..., ( ), (
2 1 n
v T v T v T vi T l php bin i tuyn tnh v
n
v v ,...,
1
l mt c s, th c th xc nh
) (v T vi v l vc t bt k. (V Av v T x v T x v T v x v x v
n n n n
= + + = + + = ) ( ... ) ( ) ( ...
1 1 1 1
)
l l do php nhn ma trn (l t hp tuyn tnh cc ct) c tnh tuyn tnh ging T.

III. CC V D V PHP BIN I T: V W

V d 6: Gi
)
`

= = R d c b a
d c
b a
A M , , , | . Cho
2
: R M T vi
(

=
c b
d a
A T ) (
Hi T c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii:
(

+ + +
+ +
=
|
|

\
|
(

+ +
+ +
= +
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
c c b b
d d a a
d d c c
b b a a
T A A T
(

=
c b
d a
(

+
1 1
1 1
c b
d a
) ( ) (
1
A T A T + =
) ( ... ) ( A kT kA T = = . Kt lun: T l php bin i tuyn tnh.

V d 7: Cho
(

=
4 3
2 1
B v php bin i M M T : vi BX X T = ) ( . Hi T c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
X dT X cT dX B cX B dX cX B dX cX T + = + = + = + nn T l php bin i tuyn tnh.

V d 8: Gi F l khng gian vect gm tt c nhng hm c o hm trn [a, b].
Gi D l php ly o hm hm s D(f ) = f ( o hm ca f ). Hi D c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii: D l mt php bin i tuyn tnh v: D(cf + dg) = (cf + dg) = cf + dg = cD(f) + dD(g).

IV. NH NGHA NH V NHN.
Cho T : V W l mt php bin i tuyn tnh.
nh ca T l tp {T(v) | v V} (tp cc u ra ng vi mi v )
Nhn ca T l tp {v V

| T(v) = 0} (tp cc u vo ng vi nh l vc t khng)

Ch 3:
(5) Vi php bin i tuyn tnh T : R
n
R
m
vi T(v) = Av th:
nh ca T l C(A) = {Av | v R
n
} = {T(v) | v R
n
} (cng l khng gian con ca R
m
)
Nhn ca T l N(A) = {v R
n
| Av = 0} ={v R
n
| T(v) = 0} (cng l khng gian con ca R
n
)

V d 9: Cho T : R
2
R
2
xc nh bi
(

+
=
0
) (
2 1
x x
v T vi
(

=
2
1
x
x
v . Tm nhn v nh ca T.
Gii: Cho
(

=
(

= = = + =
1
1
0 0 ) (
1
1
1
1 2 2 1
x
x
x
v x x x x v T . Vy nhn ca T l tp
)
`

1
1
c (ng thng)
Do
(

+ =
(

+
=
0
1
) (
0
) (
2 1
2 1
x x
x x
v T nn nh ca T l tp
)
`

0
1
1
c (ng thng)
3
V d 10: Cho T : R
3
R
2
xc nh bi
(

+
=
3 1
2 1
2
) (
x x
x x
v T vi
(
(
(

=
3
2
1
x
x
x
v . Tm nhn v nh ca T.
Gii: Cho
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
=

=
= +
=
1
2
2
2
2
2 0 2
0
0 ) (
3
3
3
3
3 1
1 2
3 1
2 1
x
x
x
x
v
x x
x x
x x
x x
v T Vy nhn ca T l tp

(
(
(

1
1
2
c
Do
(

+
(

+ =
(

+
=
1
0
) 2 (
0
1
) (
2
) (
3 1 2 1
3 1
2 1
x x x x
x x
x x
v T lp y R
2
nn nh ca T l R
2
.

9.2 MA TRN CA PHP BIN I TUYN TNH

I. TA CA MT VC T
Cho khng gian vc t n chiu V c c s v
1
,,v
n
v vc t bt k v = (x
1
,,x
n
) V . Khi c mt cch
biu din duy nht di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca vc t c s l v = c
1
v
1
++ c
n
v
n
.
Ta c ni ta ca
(
(
(

=
n
x
x
v M
1
trong c s t nhin v ta
(
(
(

=
n
c
c
v M
1
trong c s ) ,..., (
1 n
v v

V d 11: Tm ta ca
(

=
8
5
v trong c s
)
`

=
(

= =
2
1
,
5
3
2 1
v v S
Gii: 1 , 2
2
1
5
3
8
5
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
= =
(

+
(

=
(

+ = c c c c v c v c v . Ta
S
v
(

=
1
2


II. XY DNG MA TRN CA MT PHP BIN I TUYN TNH BT K.

Cho bin i tuyn tnh T: V W, t khng gian n chiu V c c s v
1
,,v
n
vo khng gian m chiu W c c s
w
1
,,w
m
. By gi ta ch ra tn ti ma trn A c mn sao cho Av v T = ) ( .
Gi cc ct ca [ ]
n
c c A ...
1
=
tm ct 1 ca A ta tm nh ca W w a w a v T
m m
+ + =
1 1 11 1
... ) ( hay ) ,..., ( ) (
1 11 1 m
a a v T = (1)
Mt khc: ) 0 ,.., 0 , 1 ( . 0 ... . 0 . 1
2 1 1
= + + + =
n
v v v v nn [ ]
1 2 1 1
) 0 ,..., 0 , 1 .( .. ) ( c c c c Av v T
n
= = = (2).
T (1), (2) : ) ,..., (
1 11 1 m
a a c = . Tng t nu nh ca vc t v
j
l
j mj j m mj j j
c a a w a w a v T = = + + = ) ,..., ( ... ) (
1 1 1
.
Ch 5:
(6) Ct j ca A l ta ca nh T(v
j
) trong khng gian W.

V d 12: Cho php bin i tuyn tnh T : R
3
R
2
c xc nh:
(

=
3 2 1
3 1
3
2
) (
x x x
x x
v T vi ) , , (
3 2 1
x x x v = .
Tm ma trn ca T trong c s t nhin.
Gii: Ta tnh:
(

= =
1
2
)) 0 , 0 , 1 (( ) (
1
T e T ,
(

= =
1
0
)) 0 , 1 , 0 (( ) (
2
T e T ,
(

= =
3
1
)) 1 , 0 , 0 (( ) (
3
T e T
ma trn ca T l
(

=
3
1
1
0
1
2
A . Kim tra kt qu:
(

=
(
(
(

=
3 2 1
3 1
3
2
1
3
2
3
1
1
0
1
2
x x x
x x
x
x
x
Av

V d 13: Cho php bin i tuyn tnh T : R
3
R
2
c xc nh:
(

=
3 2 1
3 1
3
2
) (
x x x
x x
v T vi ) , , (
3 2 1
x x x v = .
Tm ma trn ca T trong cp c s
(
(
(

=
2
1
1
1
v ,
(
(
(

=
1
1
0
2
v ,
(
(
(

=
0
1
2
3
v
3
R v
(

=
1
2
1
w ,
(

=
3
5
2
w
2
R
4
Gii: Ta tnh:
(

= =
8
0
)) 2 , 1 , 1 (( ) (
1
T v T ,
(

= =
4
1
)) 1 , 1 , 0 (( ) (
2
T v T ,
(

= =
3
4
)) 0 , 1 , 2 (( ) (
3
T v T
Tm ta ca nh trong c s S = {w
1
, w
2
} R
2
.
Gi s

=
=

+
(

=
(

+ =
16
40
3
5
1
2
8
0
) (
2
1
2 1 2 2 1 1 1
c
c
c c w c w c v T hay ta trong c s w
1
, w
2
l
S
v T
(

=
16
40
) (
1

Tng t:
S
v T
(

=
9
23
) (
2
,
S
v T
(

=
2
3
) (
1
nn ma trn ca T l
(

=
2 9 16
3 23 40
B
V d 14: Tm ma trn ca T trong v d 7 vi tp c s ca khng gian M l:

)
`

=
(

=
(

=
(

= =
1 0
0 0
,
0 1
0 0
,
0 0
1 0
,
0 0
0 1
4 3 2 1
M M M M S
Gii:
S
BM M T ) 0 , 3 , 0 , 1 (
0 3
0 1
0 0
0 1
4 3
2 1
) (
1 1
=
(

=
(

= = ,
S
M T ) 3 , 0 , 1 , 0 ( ) (
2
= ,
S
M T ) 0 , 4 , 0 , 2 ( ) (
3
=
S
M T ) 4 , 0 , 2 , 0 ( ) (
4
=
Vy ma trn ca T l:
(
(
(
(

=
4 0 3 0
0 4 0 3
2 0 1 0
0 2 0 1
A
V d 15: Php bin i D: P
2
P
1
, ly o hm cc a thc bc khng qu 2 trong khng gian P
2
thnh cc a thc
bc khng qu 1 trong khng gian P
1
. Cho c s ca P
2
l 1, x, x
2
v c s ca P
1
l 1, x. Tm ma trn ca D
Gii: Ta c: x D . 0 1 . 0 0 ) 1 ( + = = , x x D . 1 1 . 0 1 ) ( + = = , x x x D . 2 1 . 0 2 ) (
2
+ = = nn ma trn ca D l
(

=
2 0 0
0 1 0
A
Kim tra li: vi bt k
2
2
P cx bx a v + + =
1
2
2 ) ( ) ( P cx b cx bx a v D + = + + =
Nu vit v , D(v) di dng ta th:
(
(
(

=
(

=
|
|
|

\
|
(
(
(

c
b
a
c
b
c
b
a
D
2 0 0
0 1 0
2
Av v D = ) (
V d 16: Php ly tch phn T trn min [0, x], t a thc bc khng qu 1 thnh a thc bc khng qu 2 l php tnh
ngc ca php ly o hm, cng l php bin i tuyn tnh. Cho c s ca P
1
l 1, x v c s ca P
2
l 1, x, x
2
. Tm
ma trn ca T.
Gii: Ta c
2
. 0 . 1 1 . 0 ) 1 ( x x x T + + = = ,
2 2
). 2 / 1 ( . 0 1 . 0 ) 2 / 1 ( ) ( x x x x T + + = =
nn ma trn ca T l
(
(
(

=
2 / 1 0
0 1
0 0
B hay
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
|
|

\
|
(

C
B
C
B
C
B
T
2 / 1 0
0 1
0 0
2 /
0
Bw w T = ) (
Ta thy I AB = nhng
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
BA . (Tc l: tch phn trc, o hm sau th khng i, ngc li s thay i)
Ch 6:
(7) Vi php bin i tuyn tnh T: R
n
R
m
vi T(v) = Av th ma trn ca T trong cp c s t nhin cng l
A , cn trong cp c s khc s c ma trn B thng khc A. (Xem li v d 5, 12, 13)
(8) Vi khng gian vc t ni chung (a thc, ma trn, ), khi cc vc t biu din qua tp c s th ta ca
n l vc t n-chiu. iu ny gip cho mi php bin i tuyn tnh u a c v dng T(v) = Av tng ng
vi cp c s ca 2 khng gian ngun v ch.
(9) Tm lai: tm cc ct ma trn A, th tm nh ca tng vc t c s trong khng gian ngun, sau xc nh
ta ca nh trong khng gian ch. (Xem li v d 13, 14,15, 16)


CC CHNH BI GING TUN 9
1. Khi nim php bin i tuyn tnh.
2. nh v nhn ca mt php bin i tuyn tnh.
3. Ma trn ca mt php bin i tuyn tnh.