1

BI GING TUN 4
KHNG GIAN VECT V KHNG GIAN CON

PHM XUN NG

M U: hiu c tt c phng trnh Ax = b th khng th b qua cu trc ca Ax l g.
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
Ax
(
(
(

3
2
1
x
x
x
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
33
23
13
3
32
22
12
2
31
21
11
1
a
a
a
x
a
a
a
x
a
a
a
x
Biu din trn lin kt tng vc t ct ring r thnh ton b khng gian cc vc t bi cc s
thc x
i
ty . Mi lin kt chnh l s kt hp 2 php ton: cng vc t v nhn vc t vi mt s
thc. T y, ta s nhn thy nhng quan h gia cc khng gian, nh cha nhau, gn kt nhau hoc
khng gian cc phn t khng phi l vc t ct nhng c tnh cht tng t.

4.1 KHNG GIAN VECT

I. KHNG GIAN VC T n CHIU.

nh ngha: Khng gian vc t thc n-chiu

(khng gian R
n
) l tp hp cc vc t v = (v
1
,...,v
n
)
c n thnh phn l s thc cng hai php ton cng vc t, nhn vc t vi mt s thc v tha
mn 8 iu kin.

II. HAI PHP TON V 8 IU KIN CA KHNG GIAN VC T.

Cho x, y V , c R , php cng vc t: x + y V, php nhn vc t vi mt v hng cx V
(1) x + y = y + x (giao hon)
(2) x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z (kt hp)
(3) Tn ti vc t khng 0 sao cho x + 0 = x
(4) Tn ti vc t i duy nht x tho mn x + ( x) = 0
(5) 1. x = x
(6) (c
1
c
2
)x = c
1
(c
2
x) (kt hp)
(7) c(x + y) = cx + cy (phn phi)
(8) (c
1
+

c
2
)x = c
1
x+ c
2
y (phn phi)

Ch :
(1) ngha: vi x , y V , c R m x + y V , cx V c tnh ng trong khng gian V, khi
kt hp vi 8 iu kin cc vc t s lp y khng gian.

(2) + Tt c cc t hp tuyn tnh ca hai vc t 2 chiu v
1
, v
2
(khng cng phng) l c
1
v
1
+ c
2
v
2

lp y mt phng Oxy
+ Tt c cc t hp tuyn tnh ca ba vc t 3 chiu v
1
, v
2
, v
3
(khng ng phng) l c
1
v
1
+ c
2
v
2
+
c
3
v
3
lp y khng gian Oxyz.
Th no l lp y? Ta bit mt vc t 2 chiu tng ng vi 1 im trong mt phng Oxy (v
ngc li), nn ni rng tt c vc t 2 chiu lp y mt phng. Mt cch hnh dung khc nh ch (2).
Cch ny thng c din t s lp y cho khng gian R
n
vi n > 3.

(3) Ngoi tp cc vc t ct, ta thy nhiu tp phn t nh ma trn, hm s thc, cng c 2 php
ton v tha mn 8 iu kin, nn cc tp c gi chung l khng gian vc t.
+ R
n
: khng gian vc t thc n chiu { } n i R x x x R
i n
n
, 1 | ) ,..., (
1
= =
+ M(2 2,R): khng gian vc t ma trn thc vung cp 2.
)
`

= R d c b a
d c
b a
M , , , |
2
V d 1: Tp hp V = { (x, 1) | x R} c phi l khng gian vc t khng?
Gii: Cho v = (x, 1) , v = (x, 1) V v+v = (x+x, 2) V
Kt lun: V khng phi l khng gian vc t

Ch : (4) Thng s dng iu kin 3 l s tn ti vc t-khng, nhn bit nhanh nht.

V d 2: Tp hp W = { (x, y,z) | x+y+z= 0 , x,y,z R} c phi l khng gian vc t khng?
Gii: Cho w = (x, y,z) , w = (x, y,z) W
w+w = (x+x, y+y,z+z) W , cw = (cx, cy,cz) W v kim tra 8 iu kin thy tha mn.
Kt lun: W l khng gian vc t.

V d 3: Tp hp
)
`

= + +
(

= = R c b a v c b a
c
b a
M W , , 0 ,
1
1
c phi l khng gian vc t khng?
Gii: Tp W khng c ma trn-khng OW tha mn M
1
+ O = M
1
nn khng phi l khng gian vc t

4.2 KHNG GIAN CON

Ta s gp nhiu tp hp cc vc t n-chiu nhng khng lp y ton b khng gian R
n
m ch mt
phn ca n. chnh l cc khng gian con.

V d 4 : Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng x+y+z = 0 i qua gc ta O(0, 0, 0) . K hiu W l
tp cc vect nm trn mt phng ny v c gc l O.
(a) W c phi l khng gian vc t khng? (b) W l khng gian vc t 2 chiu hay 3 chiu?
Gii: (a) Theo v d 2: W l mt khng gian vect
(b) W khng phi l R
2
v cc vect c 3 thnh phn, cng khng phi R
3
v khng lp y R
3
.

nh ngha: Nu W l mt tp con (cha vc t khng) ca khng gian vect V v tha mn
hai iu kin sau, th W c gi l mt khng gian con ca V.
(a) w + u W vi w, u W (b) cw W vi w W , c R

Ch :
(5) + T hp tuyn tnh x
1
v
1
ca mt vc t 2 (hoc 3) chiu th lp y ng thng cha v
1

ng thng l khng gian con trong khng gian R
2
(hoc R
3
)
+ T hp tuyn tnh x
1
v
1
+ x
2
v
2
ca hai vc t 3 chiu lp y mt phng cha v
1
, v
2
mt
phng l khng gian con ca khng gian R
3
.
(6) Lit k ton b nhng khng gian con ca R
3
.
+ (L): ng thng bt k i qua O(0, 0, 0).
+ (P): Mt phng bt k i qua O(0, 0, 0).
+ (R
3
): Chnh khng gian R
3
.
+ (Z): Cha duy nht vc t khng O = (0 , 0 , 0)

V d 5: Cho W = {(x, y)| y = 2x}. Hi W c phi l khng gian con ca R
2
khng?
Gii: Cch 1: Ta thy W R
2
. Cho W y x y x = = ) ' , ' ( ), , ( w w , R c
W y y x x + + = + ) ' , ' ( w w v ) ' ( 2 ' x x y y + = + , W cy cx c = ) , ( w . Vy W l khng gian con ca R
2
.
Cch 2:
(

= =
2
1
) , ( x y x w lp y ng thng cha vc t (1,2) nn l khng gian con ca R
2
.

V d 6: Chng minh rng tp tt c ma trn thc ng cho cp 2 l khng gian con ca khng gian
vect ) , 2 2 ( R M .
Gii: Tp tt c ma trn ng cho cp 2 l M R d d
d
d
w D
)
`

= =
2 1
2
1
, |
0
0

3
Vi D
d
d
w
d
d
w
(

=
(

=
2
1
2
1
' 0
0 '
' ,
0
0
th D
d d
d d
w w
(

+
+
= +
2 2
1 1
' 0
0 '
' , D
cd
cd
cw
(

=
2
1
0
0

Kt lun: D l khng gian con ca M.

4.3 KHNG GIAN CT CA MA TRN A

nh ngha: Cho A l ma trn m n, c cc vect ct c
j
(j = 1,..., n).
Tp hp tt c cc t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect ct c
j
gi l khng gian ct ca A.
K hiu : C(A) ={ x
1
c
1
+ x
2
c
2
+ + x
n
c
n
| x
j
R }

Ch :
(6) C th hiu C(A) l tp hp tt c nhng vect m chiu, cng dng Ax vi x R
n
.

(7) Phng trnh Ax = b c nghim b C(A).

(8) Nu A l ma trn m n, th C(A) l mt khng gian con ca R
m
v C(A) ch l tp con ca R
m
V d 7: M t khng gian ct ca ma trn
(
(
(

=
3 2
3 4
0 1
A . Hi vc t
(
(
(

=
1
5
2
b c thuc C(A) khng
Gii: Ta c t hp tuyn tnh cc ct l
(

(
(
(

=
2
1
3 2
3 4
0 1
x
x
Ax
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
3
3
0
2
4
1
2 1
x x

Do C(A) l mt mt phng trong R
3
vi cp vect ch phng l c
1
= (1, 4, 2) v c
2
= (0, 3, 3).
Gii phng trnh Ax = b , c nghim x = (2, 1) nn b C(A).

V d 8: Hy m t cc khng gian ct ca cc ma trn sau:
(a)
(

=
4 2
2 1
A (b)
(

=
4 0 0
3 2 1
B
Gii: (a) C(A) gm tt c cc vect c dng
(

2
1
1
x +
(

4
2
2
x
(

+ =
2
1
) 2 (
2 1
x x .
Do C(A) l ng thng vi vect ch phng (1, 2).
(b) C(B) gm tt c cc vect c dng
(

+
(

+ =
(

+
(

+
(

4
3
0
1
) 2 (
4
3
0
2
0
1
3 2 1 3 2 1
x x x x x x .
Do C(B) l mt phng, hay C(B) = R
2
.

4.4 KHNG GIAN NGHIM CA A .

nh ngha: Tp nghim ca Ax = 0 c gi l khng gian nghim ca A . K hiu N(A).

Ch : (9) T kim tra: x
1
, x
2
N(A) th (c
1
x
1
+ c
2
x
2
) N(A) v 8 iu kin tha mn.
(10) Nu A l ma trn m n, th N(A) l mt khng gian con ca R
n
v nghim x R
n
.

V d 9: Tm khng gian nghim ca
(

=
6 3
2 1
A .
Gii:
(

=
0 0 0
0 2 1
0 6 3
0 2 1
0 x A nn
2 1 2 1
2 0 2 x x x x = = +
Vy cc nghim ca Ax = 0 l ) 1 , 2 ( ) , (
2 2 1
= = x x x x hay N(A) = { cs | s = (2, 1), c

R }
Hay N(A) l ng thng vi vect ch phng l s = (2, 1).
4
V d 10: Tm khng gian nghim ca
(
(
(

=
9 6 3
6 4 2
3 2 1
A
Gii: = 0 x A [ ] = 0 | A
(
(
(

0 9 6 3
0 6 4 2
0 3 2 1
(
(
(

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 3 2 1
nn
3 2 1
3 2 x x x =
Vy :
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1
0
3
0
1
2 3 2
3 2
3
2
3 2
x x
x
x
x x
x . Hay { } R c c c c A N + = =
2 1 2 1
, ), 1 , 0 , 3 ( ) 0 , 1 , 2 ( ) ( x | x .
Khng gian nghim N(A) l mt phng c 2 vc t ch phng l: (2,1,0) v (3,0,1)
V d 11: Tm khng gian nghim ca
(

=
4 6 2
2 3 1
A
Gii:
(

8 0 0
2 3 1
A
2 1 3
3 , 0 x x x = = nn { } ) 0 , 1 , 3 ( | ) (
1
= = c A N x x
Khng gian nghim l khng gian con ca R
3
v cha ng thng c vc t ch phng (3, 1, 0)

4.5 KHNG GIAN HNG V KHNG GIAN NGHIM TRI CA A

nh ngha: Cho A l ma trn thc.
Ta gi C(A
T
) l khng gian hng ca A v N(A
T
) l khng gian nghim bn tri ca A.

Ch : (11) Do A
T
y = 0 y
T
A = 0
T
nn N(A
T
) gi l khng gian nghim bn tri ca A.

V d 12: Cho
(

=
12 6 3
4 2 1
A . Tm C(A), N(A), C(A
T
), N(A
T
)
Gii:
*
)
`

+ =
)
`

+
(

+
(

=
3
1
) 4 2 (
12
4
6
2
3
1
) (
3 2 1 3 2 1
x x x x x x A C hay
)
`

=
3
1
) (
1
c A C
*

(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
12
6
3
4
2
1
) (
2 1
y y A C
T

(
(
(

+ =
4
2
1
) 2 (
2 1
y y hay

(
(
(

=
4
2
1
) (
2
c A C
T

*
(

=
(
(
(

=
0
0
12 6 3
4 2 1
0
3
2
1
x
x
x
Ax
(

0 12 6 3
0 4 2 1
(

0 0 0 0
0 4 2 1
3 2 1
4 2 x x x =

(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

= =
1
0
4
0
1
2 4 2
) (
3 2
3
2
3 2
x x
x
x
x x
x A N
*
(
(
(

=
(

(
(
(

=
0
0
0
12 4
6 2
3 1
0
2
1
y
y
y A
T
(
(
(

0 12 4
0 6 2
0 3 1
(
(
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 3 1
2 1
3y y =
)
`

= =
3
1
) (
2
y y A N
T


CC CHNH BI GING TUN 4
1. nh ngha khng gian n chiu, khng gian vect, khng gian con.
2. Bn khng gian con ch yu ca mt ma trn A gm C(A), N(A), C(A
T
), N(A
T
).
3. Mi quan h gia s c nghim ca Ax = b v khng gian C(A).