ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010

ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshop on ITU/BDTArab Regional Workshopon

4GWirelessSystems
LTETechnology
Session3:LTEOverview DesignTargets
and Multiple Access Technologies andMultipleAccessTechnologies
Speakers M.Lazhar BELHOUCHET
M Hakim EBDELLI M.HakimEBDELLI
Date 27 29January 2010
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1 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Agenda
Standardization
Motivation for LTE MotivationforLTE
LTEperformancerequirements
LTE challenges LTEchallenges
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
LTE technology basics LTEtechnology basics
AirInterfaceProtocols
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2 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Standardization
LTEisthelateststandardinthemobilenetworktechnology
treethatpreviouslyrealizedtheGSM/EDGEandUMTS/HSxPA p y / /
networktechnologiesthatnowaccountforover85%ofall
mobilesubscribers.LTEwillensure3GPPscompetitiveedge
overothercellulartechnologies.
3GPPworkontheEvolutionofthe3GMobileSystemstarted
in November 2004 inNovember2004.
SpecificationsscheduledfinalizedbytheendofDecember
2009.
Currently,standardizationinprogressintheformofRel9and
Rel10.
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3 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
MotivationforLTE
Needforhigherdataratesandgreaterspectralefficiency
CanbeachievedwithHSDPA/HSUPA /
and/ornewairinterfacedefinedby3GPPLTE
NeedforPacketSwitchedoptimizedsystem
EvolveUMTStowardspacketonlysystem
Needforhighqualityofservices
Useoflicensedfrequenciestoguaranteequalityofservices
Alwaysonexperience(reducecontrolplanelatencysignificantly)
R d d t i d l Reduceroundtripdelay
Needforcheaperinfrastructure
Simplify architecture reduce number of network elements
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4
Simplifyarchitecture,reducenumberofnetworkelements
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEperformancerequirements
DataRate:
Instantaneousdownlinkpeakdatarateof100Mbit/sina20MHz p /
downlinkspectrum(i.e.5bit/s/Hz)
Instantaneousuplinkpeakdatarateof50Mbit/sina20MHzuplink
spectrum (i e 2 5 bit/s/Hz) spectrum(i.e.2.5bit/s/Hz)
Cellrange
5 km optimal size 5km optimalsize
30kmsizeswithreasonableperformance
upto100kmcellsizessupportedwithacceptableperformance
Cellcapacity
upto200activeuserspercell(5MHz)(i.e.,200activedataclients)
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5 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEperformancerequirements Cont.
Mobility
Optimizedforlowmobility(015km/h)butsupportshighspeed p y( / ) pp g p
Latency
userplane<5ms
controlplane<50ms
Improvedspectrumefficiency
Improvedbroadcasting
IPoptimized
Scalablebandwidthof20,15,10,5,3and1.4MHz
Coexistencewithlegacystandards
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6 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ThewaytoLTE:3main3Glimitations
1.Themaximumbitratesstillarefactorof20andmorebehindthe
currentstateofthesystemslike802.11nand802.16e/m. y /
2.Thelatencyofuserplanetraffic(UMTS:>30ms)andofresource
assignment procedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big to handle traffic assignmentprocedures(UMTS: 100ms)istoobigtohandletraffic
withhighbitratevarianceefficiently.
3 The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MCCDMA systems is quite 3.TheterminalcomplexityforWCDMAorMC CDMAsystemsisquite
high,makingequipmentexpensive,resultinginpoorperforming
implementationsofreceiversandinhibitingtheimplementationof
otherperformanceenhancements.
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7 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE Overview Design Targets and Multiple Access Technologies
LTECHALLENGES
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
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8 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
WhataretheLTEchallenges?
Best price, transparent flat rate
F ll I t t
reduce cost per bit
id hi h d t t
The Users expectation ..leads to the operators challenges
Full Internet
Multimedia
provide high data rate
provide low latency
User experience will have an
impact on ARPU
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to
remain profitable
Cost per MByte
Throughput
Latency
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE
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9
UMTS HSPA I-HSPA LTE
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ComparisonofThroughputandLatency
Peak data rates around 300Mbps/80 Mbps
Low latency 10-20 ms
Enhanced consumer experience:
drives subscriber uptake
Latency (Rountrip delay)*
allow for new applications
provide additional revenue streams
Max. peak data rate
Downlink
Uplink
350
300
250
Latency (Rountrip delay)
GSM/
EDGE
HSPA
R l6
M
b
p
s
200
150
100
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE
Rel6
HSPA R6 Evolved HSPA
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz
(2x2 MIMO)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO)
50
0
LTE
DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
min max
ms
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10
* Server near RAN
( , p g p )
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Scalable Bandwidth ScalableBandwidth
E t i t d f b d
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
Easy to introduce on any frequency band:
Frequency Refarming
(Cost efficient deployment on
lower frequency bands supported) q y pp )
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11 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
IncreasedSpectralEfficiency
Allcasesassume2antennaterminalreception
HSPAR7,WiMAXandLTEassume2antennaBTStransmission(2x2
MIMO)
ITU contribution from
1 8
2.0
Downlink
ITU contribution from
WiMAX Forum shows
downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8
bps/Hz/cell
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
/
c
e
l
l
Uplink
Reference:
0 4
0.6
0.8
1.0
b
p
s
/
H
z
/
Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
simulations
0.0
0.2
0.4
HSPA R6 HSPA R6 + HSPA R7 WiMAX LTE R8
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12 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ReducedNetworkComplexity
Flat, scalable IP based architecture
Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture
IP based Interfaces
Flat, IP based architecture
Access Core Control
Flat networks are
IM
S
HLR/H
SS
I t t
MM
E
characterized by fewer
network elements, lower
latency, greater flexibility
and lower operation cost
Evolved Node B
GateWay
S SS
Internet
E
p
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13 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE Overview Design Targets and Multiple Access Technologies
LTE/SAEKEYFEATURES
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
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14 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Overview
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN
( Evolved UTRAN )
EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
E l d N d B /
PS Domain only,
IP Network
Evolved Node B /
No RNC
IP Transport Layer
UL/DL resource
No CS Domain
IP Transport Layer
QoS Aware
3GPP (GTP) or
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO ( beam-forming/
spatial multiplexing)
HARQ
scheduling
QoS Aware
Self Configuration
IETF (MIPv6)
Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
HARQ
Scalable bandwidth
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)
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15 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
EvolvedNodeB
NoRNCisprovidedanymore
TheevolvedNodeBstakeoverallradiomanagementfunctionality.
Thiswillmakeradiomanagementfasterandhopefullythenetwork
architecture simpler architecturesimpler
IPtransportlayer
EUTRANexclusivelyusesIPastransportlayer y p y
UL/DLresourcescheduling
InUMTSphysicalresourcesareeithersharedordedicated
EvolvedNodeBhandlesallphysicalresourceviaaschedulerand
assignsthemdynamicallytousersandchannels
This provides greater flexibility than the older system
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16
Thisprovidesgreaterflexibilitythantheoldersystem
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
FrequencyDomain
Scheduling:
Resource block
Carrier bandwidth
Frequencydomain
schedulingusesthose
bl k th t
Resource block
resourceblocksthatare
notfaded
Not possible in CDMA NotpossibleinCDMA
basedsystem
Frequency
Transmit on those
resource blocks that are
not faded
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17 LTEOverview
not faded
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
HARQ
HybridAutomaticRetransmission
on reQuest
HARQ Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request
onreQuest
HARQhasalreadybeenusedfor
HSDPAandHSUPA.
HARQespeciallyincreasesthe
performance(delayand
throughput)forcelledgeusers. g p ) g
HARQsimplyimplementsa
retransmissionprotocolonlayer
1/2 that allows to send 1/2thatallowstosend
retransmittedblockswithdifferent
codingthanthe1
st
one.
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18 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
QoS awareness
Theschedulermusthandleanddistinguishdifferentqualityofservice g q y
classes
OtherwiserealtimeserviceswouldnotbepossibleviaEUTRAN
Thesystemprovidesthepossibilityfordifferentiatedservice
Selfconfiguration
C tl d i ti ti Currentlyunderinvestigation
PossibilitytoletEvolvedNodeBsconfigurethemselves
It will not completely substitute the manual configuration and Itwillnotcompletelysubstitutethemanualconfigurationand
optimization.
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19 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
PacketSwitchedDomainonly
No circuit switched domain is provided Nocircuitswitcheddomainisprovided
IfCSapplicationsarerequired,theymustbeimplemented
via IP viaIP
Non3GPPaccess
Th EPC ill b d l t b d b 3GPP TheEPCwillbepreparedalsotobeusedbynon3GPP
accessnetworks(e.g.LAN,WLAN,WiMAX,etc.)
This will provide true convergence of different packet radio Thiswillprovidetrueconvergenceofdifferentpacketradio
accesssystem
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20 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output MultipleInputMultipleOutput
LTEwillsupportMIMOasanoption,
It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and Itdescribesthepossibilitytohavemultipletransmitterand
receiverantennasinasystem.
Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: UptofourantennascanbeusedbyasingleLTEcell(gain:
spatialmultiplexing)
MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase MIMOisconsideredtobethecoretechnologytoincrease
spectralefficiency.
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21 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE Overview Design Targets and Multiple Access Technologies
LTETECHNOLOGYBASICS
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
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22 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEkeyparameters
FrequencyRange UMTSFDDbandsandUMTSTDDbands
Channel
b d id h bandwidth,
1Resource
Block=180kHz
1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
6 RB 15 RB 25 RB 50 RB 75 RB
100 RB
6RB 15RB 25RB 50RB 75RB
100RB
Modulation
Schemes
DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
Multiple Access DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) MultipleAccess DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
MIMO
technology
DL:WidechoiceofMIMOconfigurationoptionsfortransmitdiversity,spatial
multiplexing,andcyclicdelaydiversity(max.4antennasatbasestationandhandset)
UL M lti ll b ti MIMO UL:MultiusercollaborativeMIMO
PeakDataRate DL:150Mbps(UEcategory4,2x2MIMO,20MHz)300Mbps(UEcategory5,4x4
MIMO,20MHz)
UL:75Mbps(20MHz)
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23
p ( )
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE Overview Design Targets and Multiple Access Technologies
OFDM/OFDMA/SCFDMA
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
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24 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
LTEusesOFDMfortheDL thatis,fromthebasestationto
theterminal.OFDMmeetstheLTErequirementforspectrum q p
flexibilityandenablescostefficientsolutionsforverywide
carrierswithhighpeakrates.
ThebasicLTEdownlinkphysicalresourcecanbeseenasa
timefrequencygrid.Inthefrequencydomain,thespacing
b t th b i f i 15kH I dditi th OFDM betweenthesubcarriers,f,is15kHz.Inaddition,theOFDM
symboldurationtimeis1/f +cyclicprefix.Thecyclicprefixis
used to maintain orthogonality between the subcarriers even usedtomaintainorthogonality betweenthesub carrierseven
foratimedispersiveradiochannel.
OneresourceelementcarriesQPSK,16QAMor64QAM.
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25
Q , Q Q
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDM Cont.
Single Carrier Transmission
O th l F Di i i M lti l i Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)
operation on transmitter side On receiver side an FFT operation will be used
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26
operation on transmitter side. On receiver side, an FFT operation will be used.
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
PulseshapingandSpectrum
Th ti d i t ti
Twocharacteristicsare
importantforaSignal:
The time domain presentation
Thetimedomain
presentation:
Ithelpsrecognizehow
longthesymbollastson
air
Fourier
Transform
Thefrequencydomain
presentation:
tounderstandthe
requiredspectrumin
termsofbandwidth The frequency domain presentation
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27 LTEOverview
q y p
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
TherectangularPulse
Itisoneofthemostsimpletimedomainpulses.
It simply jumps at time t=0 to its maximum amplitude and Itsimplyjumpsattimet=0toitsmaximumamplitudeand
afterthepulsedurationTsjustgoesbackto0.
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Ti
Frequency Domain
T
s
f
s
=
1
T
s
FT
a
time
Time
Domain
IFT
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28 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
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29 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
Thecancellationofintersymbolinterferencemakesmorecomplexthe
hardwaredesignofthereceivers.
InWCDMAforinstancetheRAKEreceiverrequiresahugeamountofDSP
capacity.
One of the goals of future radio systems is to simplify receiver design Oneofthegoalsoffutureradiosystemsistosimplifyreceiverdesign.
Intersymbolinterferenceoriginatingfromthepulseformitselfissimply
avoidedbystartingthenextpulseonlyafterthepreviousonefinished
l l h f d d d ( ) f h l completely,thereforeintroducingaGuardPeriod(Tg)afterthePulse.
Thereisnointersymbolinterferencebetweensymbolsaslongasthe
multipathdelayspread(e.g.delaydifferencebetweenfirstandlast p y p ( g y
detectablepath)islessthantheguardperioddurationTg.
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30 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period p g
2
T
SYMBOL
Time Domain
1
3
T
time
T
T
g
1 Guard Period (GP)
time
ti
T
SYMBOL
T
2 Guard Period (GP)
time T
SYMBOL
3 Guard Period (GP)
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31
time
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period
1
2
3
44
T
SYM
T
g
1
when the delay
spread of the
time
2
p
multi-path
environment is
greater than the
time
3
guard period
duration (Tg), then
we encounter
time
time
4
inter-symbol
interference (ISI)
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32
time
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ReuseoftheGuardPeriod
ThereisthepossibilitytousethelosttransmissiontimeduringtheGuardPeriod
byrepeatingpartofthesymbolduringthisperiod.
h h d b f ll h d d h h b h f h f ll Thisisachievedbyfillingtheguardperiodwitheitheroneorbothofthefollowing
twosolutions:CyclicPrefic (CP)andCyclicSufix (CS).
CP:Thecyclicprefixisfillingthefinalpartoftheguardperiod.Itsimplyconsistsof
thelastpartofthefollowingsymbol.CyclicprefixesareusedbyallmodernOFDM
systemsandtheirsizesrangefrom1/4to1/32ofasymbolperiod.
CS:Thecyclicsuffixfillstheinitialpartoftheguardperiodanditissimply
occupiedbythebeginningpartoftheprevioussymbol.
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33 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
CyclicPrefix
l h Inmultipathpropagation
environmentsthedelayed
versionsofthesignalarrivewith
atimeoffset,sothatthestartof
thesymboloftheearliestpath
fallsinthecyclicprefixesofthe y p
delayedsymbols.
AstheCPissimplyarepetitionof
the end of the symbol this is not a theendofthesymbolthisisnota
intersymbolinterferenceandcan
beeasilycompensatedbythe
f ll i d di b d followingdecodingbasedon
discreteFouriertransform.
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34 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LimitationsoftheSingleCarrierModulation
Usingasingleradiofrequencycarrierwithrectangularpulseshapinghasamajordrawback:
Thecyclicprefixdurationisfixedbythemaximumexpecteddelayspreadoverthemultipath
propagation models for the system propagationmodelsforthesystem.
Thesymboldurationcanbemadeassmallasthecyclicprefixsize,butthenonlyonehalfof
th ti i d f d t t i i th th h lf i f th li fi idi
CP
T delay =
max
thetimeisusedfordatatransmission,theotherhalfisforthecyclicprefix,providingavery
lowefficiency(E)
Also shorter symbol duration mean a broader spectrum bandwidth (f ) to be used for a
CP SYMBOL
SYMBOL
T T
T
E
+
=
Alsoshortersymboldurationmeanabroaderspectrumbandwidth(f
S
)tobeusedfora
carrier.
To increase efficiency the symbol duration must be made longer but then the symbol rate is
CP SYMBOL S
S
T T T
f
+
= =
1 1
Toincreaseefficiencythesymboldurationmustbemadelonger,butthenthesymbolrateis
reduced.
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35 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Multi-Carrier Modulation
Subcarriers
Guard Bands
Multi Carrier Modulation
Guard Bands
frequency
011 001 011 100 101 001 011 101
Slow Data
Serial-to-Parallel
Converter
Fast Data
011001011100101001011101
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36 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Multi-Carrier Modulation Cont.
Thecenterfrequenciesmustbespacedsothatinterferencebetweendifferent
carriers,knownasAdjacentCarrierInterferenceACI, isminimized;butnottoomuch
spacedasthetotalbandwidthwillbewasted.
Eachcarrierusesanupperandlowerguardbandtoprotectitselffromitsadjacent
carriers.Nevertheless,therewillalwaysbesomeinterferencebetweentheadjacent
carriers.
f
subcarrier
f
b d
f
sub-used
f
0
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
N
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference
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37
ACI Adjacent Carrier Interference
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
h l l h Fortherectangularpulsethereis
abetteroptionpossibleanditis
eveneasiertoimplement.
Single carrier
Wemustjustnoticethatthe
spectrumofarectangularpulses
shows null points exactly at showsnullpointsexactlyat
integermultiplesofthe
frequencygivenbythesymbol
duration duration.
Theonlyexceptionisthecenter
frequency(peakpower)
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
f/fs
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38 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
Th OFDM i l l h i l i h fi ll i f h ThusOFDMsimplyplacesthenextcarrierexactlyinthefirstnullpointofthe
previousone.
Withthiswedontneedanypulseshaping.
B OFDM i i h BetweenOFDMcarriersusingthe
samesymboldurationTs,
noguardbandsarerequired.
f
s
Orthogonal Subcarriers: it
means that at the
subcarriers center
f
s
subcarriers center
frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier
Interefence (ACI)
Two carriers
( )
f/fs
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39 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM carriers
2 1 0 1
1
= + = + = n n f nf f f K K . 2 , 1 , 0 , 1
0 0
= + = + = n
T
n f nf f f
s
s n
f
0
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
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40
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
OFDMallowsatightpackingofsmallcarrier calledthesubcarriers
intoagivenfrequencyband.
n
s
i
t
y
s
i
t
y
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
Saved
Bandwidth
P
P
o
Frequency (f/fs) Frequency (f/fs)
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41 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
TheOFDMSignal
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42 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDMandMultipleAccess
Uptoherewehaveonlydiscussedsimplepointto
point or broadcast OFDM. pointorbroadcastOFDM.
Nowwehavetoanalyzehowtohandleaccessof
multiple users simultaneously to the system each multipleuserssimultaneouslytothesystem,each
oneusingOFDM.
OFDM b bi d ith l diff t OFDMcanbecombinedwithseveraldifferent
methodstohandlemultiusersystems:
l PlainOFDM
TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
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43
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
PlainOFDM
PlainOFDM: NormalOFDM
hasnobuiltinmultiple
access mechanism accessmechanism.
This is suitable for broadcast Thisissuitableforbroadcast
systemslikeDVBT/Hwhich
transmitonlybroadcastand y
multicastsignalsanddonot
reallyneedanuplink
feedbackchannel(although
suchsystemsexisttoo).
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44 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
i i i i l i l i TimeDivisionMultipleAccessvia
OFDM:Thesimplestmodeltoimplement
multipleaccesshandlingisbyputtinga
ti lti l i t f OFDM timemultiplexingontopofOFDM.
Thedisadvantageofthissimple
mechanismis,thateveryusergetsthe
t f it ( b i ) sameamountofcapacity(subcarriers)
anditisthusratherdifficultto
implementflexible(highandlow)bitrate
services services.
Furthermoreitisnearlyimpossibleto
handlehighlyvariabletraffic(e.g.web
t ffi ) ffi i tl ith t t h traffic)efficientlywithouttoomuch
higherlayersignalingandtheresulting
delayandsignalingoverhead.
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45 LTEOverview
1 2 3
UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 common info
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
h b i id i i b i Thebasicideaistoassignsubcarriersto
usersbasedontheirbitrateservices.
Withthisapproachitisquiteeasyto
h dl hi h d l bit t
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
handlehighandlowbitrateusers
simultaneouslyinasinglesystem.
Butstillitisdifficulttorunhighlyvariable
traffic efficiently
1 1 2
...
... 1 2
trafficefficiently.
Thesolutiontothisproblemistoassign
toasingleuserssocalledresource
blocks or scheduling blocks
1
. . . . .
...
...
1 2 2
2 2
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
1
1 1 1
RB blocks orschedulingblocks.
Suchblockissimplyasetofsome
subcarriers over some time.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
... 1 1 1
s
u
b
c
1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
RB
subcarriersoversometime.
Asingleusercanthenuseoneormore
Resourceblocks.
3
...
...
... 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3
1 2 3
UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 common info
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46 LTEOverview
1 2 3
UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 common info
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
DifferencebetweenOFDMandOFDMA
OFDMallocatesusersintime
domainonly
OFDMAallocatesusersintime
andfrequencydomain y q y
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47
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
SCFDMA
SCFDMA:SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
SCFDMAisanewhybridmodulationschemethatcleverlycombinesthe
lowPARofsinglecarriersystemswiththemultipathresistanceand
flexiblesubcarrierfrequencyallocationofferedbyOFDM.
SCFDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in SC FDMAsolvesthisproblembygroupingtogethertheresourceblocksin
suchawaythatreducestheneedforlinearity,andsopowerconsumption,
inthepoweramplifier.AlowPAPRalsoimprovescoverageandthecell
edge performance edgeperformance.
SCFDMAsignalprocessinghassomesimilaritieswithOFDMAsignal
processing,soparameterizationofDLandULcanbeharmonized.
SCFDMAisoneoptioninWiMAX(802.16d)anditisthemethodselected
forLTEintheuplinkdirection.
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48 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Comparaison ofCCDFofPAPRforIFDMA,LFDMAandOFDMA
(a):QPSK
(b):16QAM
localized mode (LFDMA)
is used in LTE
IFDMA = Interleaved FDMA = Distributed SC-FDMA
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49
IFDMA = Interleaved FDMA = Distributed SC-FDMA
LFDMA = Localized FDMA = Localized SC-FDMA
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
HowdoesaSCFDMAsignallooklike?
SimilartoOFDMsignal,but
inOFDMA,eachsubcarrieronlycarriesinformationrelatedtoonespecific y p
symbol,
inSCFDMA,eachsubcarriercontainsinformationofALLtransmitted
symbols. y
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ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ComparingOFDMA&SCFDMA
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51 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEdownlink:conventionalOFDMA
LTEprovidesQPSK,16QAM,
64QAMasdownlink
modulation schemes modulationschemes
Cyclicprefixisusedasguard
interval different interval,different
configurationspossible:
Normalcyclicprefixwith5.2s
15 kHz
(firstsymbol)/4.7s(other
symbols)
Extended cyclic prefix with 16 7 s Extendedcyclicprefixwith16.7s
15kHzsubcarrierspacing
Scalable bandwidth
f
0
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
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52
Scalablebandwidth
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDMAtimefrequencymultiplexing
*TTI = transmission time interval
** For normal cyclic prefix
duration
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53
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
spectrumflexibility
LTEphysicallayersupports
anybandwidthfrom1.4
MHz to 20 MHz in steps of MHzto20MHzinstepsof
180kHz(resourceblock)
Current LTE specification CurrentLTEspecification
supportsasubsetof6
differentsystem
Channel BW
bandwidths
AllUEsmustsupportthe
Channel BW
[MHz]
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Number of
RBs
6 15 25 50 75 100
maximumbandwidthof20
MHz
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ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
BandwidthScalability
S l bl b d idth 1 4 20 MH i diff t b f b i Scalablebandwidth1.4 20MHzusingdifferentnumberofsubcarriers
LargebandwidthprovideshighdataratesSmallbandwidthallowssimpler
spectrumreframing,e.g.450MHzand900MHz
1.4 MHz
Bandwidth
Narrow Spectrum Reframing
3.0 MHz
5 MHz 5 MHz
10 MHz
High Data Rates
15 MHz
20 MHz
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55 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEFrameStructure
LTEframesare10msecinduration.Theyare
di id d i t 10 bf h bf dividedinto10subframes,eachsubframe
being1.0mseclong.Eachsubframeisfurther
dividedintotwoslots,eachof0.5msec
duration.Slotsconsistofeither6or7ODFM
symbols,dependingonwhetherthenormalor
extended cyclic prefix is employed extendedcyclicprefixisemployed
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56 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTESlot
TheLTESlotcarries:
b l h h l f 7symbolswithshortcyclicprefix
6symbolswithlongprefix
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57 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
OFDMResourceBlockforLTE/EUTRAN
b b l EUTRANcombinesOFDMsymbolsin
socalledresourceblocksRB.
Asingleresourceblockisalways12 g y
consecutivesubcarriersduringone
subframe (2slots,1ms):
12 subcarriers * 15 kHz= 180 kHz 12subcarriers 15kHz=180kHz
Itisthetaskoftheschedulertoassign
resourceblockstophysicalchannels
belongingtodifferentusersorfor
generalsystemtasks.
Asinglecellmusthaveatleast6 g
resourceblocks(72subcarriers)and
upto110arepossible(1320
subcarriers)
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58
subcarriers).
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEDLframestructuretype1(FDD),DL
#
00
#
01
#
02
#
03
#
04
#
05
#
06
#
07
#
08
#
09
#
10
#
11
#
12
#
13
#
14
#
15
#
16
#
17
#
18
#
19
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 subframe = 1 ms 1 subframe = 1 ms
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ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEDLframestructuretype2(TDD)
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 subframe = 1 ms
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Special subframes containing:
DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot
UpPTS: uplink pilot time slot UpPTS: uplink pilot time slot
GP: guard period for TDD
operation
Possible UL-DL configurations g
ULDLconfig Subframe number
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 D S U U U D S U U U
2 D S U D D D S U D D
3 D S U U U D D D D D
4 D S U U D D D D D D
5 D S U D D D D D D D
6 D S U U U D S U U D
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60
6 D S U U U D S U U D
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ModulationSchemesforLTE/EUTRAN
h b l h EachOFDMsymbolevenwithinaresource
blockcanhaveadifferentmodulation
scheme.
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
16QAM
b b
QPSK
EUTRANdefinesthefollowingoptions:
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM.
Not every physical channel will be allowed to
Im
Re
1111
b
0
b
1
Im
Re
10
11
00
01
Noteveryphysicalchannelwillbeallowedto
useanymodulationscheme:Control
channelstobeusingmainlyQPSK.
0000
64QAM
b b b b b b
10 00
Ingeneralitistheschedulerthatdecides
whichformtousedependingoncarrier
qualityfeedbackinformationfromtheUE.
Im
b
0
b
1
b
2
b
3
b
4
b
5
q y
Re
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61 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE Overview Design Targets and Multiple Access Technologies
MIMO
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
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62 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
MultipleAntennaTechniques
MIMOemploysmultipletransmitandreceiveantennastosubstantially
enhancetheairinterface.
Itusesspacetimecodingofthesamedatastreammappedontomultiple
transmitantennas,whichisanimprovementovertraditionalreception
diversityschemeswhereonlyasingletransmitantennaisdeployedto y y g p y
extendthecoverageofthecell.
MIMOprocessingalsoexploitsspatialmultiplexing,allowingdifferentdata
streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit streamstobetransmittedsimultaneouslyfromthedifferenttransmit
antennas,toincreasetheenduserdatarateandcellcapacity.
Inaddition,whenknowledgeoftheradiochannelisavailableatthe
transmitter(e.g.viafeedbackinformationfromthereceiver),MIMOcan
alsoimplementbeamformingtofurtherincreaseavailabledataratesand
spectrumefficiency
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63
p y
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
AdvancedAntennaTechniques
Singledatastream/user
Beam forming Beamforming
Coverage,longerbatterylife
Spatial Division Multiple Access SpatialDivisionMultipleAccess
(SDMA)
Multipleusersinsameradioresource
Multipledatastream/userDiversity
Linkrobustness
Spatialmultiplexing
Spectralefficiency,highdataratesupport
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64 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
MIMO Beamforming
Enhancessignalreception
throughdirectionalarraygain,
while individual antenna has whileindividualantennahas
omnidirectionalgain
Extends cell coverage Extendscellcoverage
Suppressesinterferencein
spacedomain p
Enhancessystemcapacity
Prolongs battery life Prolongsbatterylife
Providesangularinformationfor
usertracking
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65
g
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTE Overview Design Targets and Multiple Access Technologies
AIRINTERFACEPROTOCOLS
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
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66 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
RadioProtocolsArchitecture
ItisquitesimilartotheWCDMAprotocol
t k f UMTS stackofUMTS.
Theprotocolstackdefinesthreelayers:
thephysicallayer(layer1)
d li k d l (l 2) datalinkandaccesslayer(layer2)
layer3(hostingtheAS,theNAScontrol y ( g ,
protocolsaswellandtheapplicationlevel)
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67 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
RadioProtocolarchitecture Userplane
eNB UE
PDCP PDCP
Headercompression(ROHC)
Insequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
MAC
RLC
MAC
PDCP PDCP
RLC
In sequencedeliveryofupperlayerPDUs
DuplicateeliminationoflowerlayerSDUs
Cipheringforuser/controlplane
Integrityprotectionforcontrolplane
PHY PHY
Timerbaseddiscard
AM,UM,TM
ARQ
(Re)segmentationConcatenation
Insequencedelivery
Duplicate detection
Mappingbetweenlogicaland
transportchannels
(De)Multiplexing
Scheduling information reporting
Duplicatedetection
SDUdiscard
Reestablishment
Schedulinginformationreporting
HARQ
Priorityhandling
Transportformatselection
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68 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Controlplaneprotocolstack
Broadcast/Paging
RRCconnectionsetup
RadioBearerControl
Mobilityfunctions
UEmeasurementcontrol
EPSbearermanagement
Authentication
ECM IDLE mobility handling ECM_IDLEmobilityhandling
PagingoriginationinECM_IDLE
Securitycontrol
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ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
PhysicalLayer
Itprovidesthebasicbittransmissionfunctionalityoverair.
thephysicallayerisdrivenbyOFDMAinthedownlinkandSCFDMAinthe
uplink.
Physicalchannelsaredynamicallymappedtotheavailableresources
(physical resource blocks and antenna ports) (physicalresourceblocksandantennaports).
Tohigherlayersthephysicallayeroffersitsdatatransmissionfunctionality
viatransportchannels.
LikeinUMTSatransportchannelisablockorientedtransmissionservice
withcertaincharacteristicsregardingbitrates,delay,collisionriskand
reliability. y
incontrastto3GWCDMAoreven2GGSMtherearenodedicated
transportorphysicalchannelsanymore,asallresourcemappingis
dynamically driven by the scheduler
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70
dynamicallydrivenbythescheduler.
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
MediumAccessControl(MAC)
MACisthelowestlayer2protocol.
Itsmainfunctionistodrivethetransportchannels.
FromhigherlayersMACisfedwithlogicalchannelswhichareinoneto
onecorrespondencewithradiobearers.
Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical EachlogicalchannelisgivenapriorityandMAChastomultiplexlogical
channeldataontotransportchannels(demultiplexinginreception)
FurtherfunctionsofMACwillbecollisionhandlingandexplicitUE
identification.
AnimportantfunctionfortheperformanceistheHARQfunctionality
which is official part of MAC and available for some transport channel whichisofficialpartofMACandavailableforsometransportchannel
types.
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71 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
RadioLinkControl(RLC)
ThereisaonetoonerelationshipbetweeneachRadioBearer
andeachRLCinstance
RLCcanenhancetheradiobearerwithARQ(Automatic
RetransmissiononreQuest)usingsequencenumbereddata
framesandstatusreportstotriggerretransmission.
ThesecondfunctionalityofRLCisthesegmentationand
reassemblythatdivideshigherlayerdataorconcatenates
higherlayerdataintodatachunkssuitablefortransportover
transport channels which allow only a certain set of transport transportchannelswhichallowonlyacertainsetoftransport
blocksizes.
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72 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Layer3RadioProtocols
PDCP(PacketDataConvergenceProtocol)
EachradiobeareralsousesonePDCPinstance.
PDCPisresponsibleforheadercompression(ROHC:RObustHeaderCompression;RFC
3095)andciphering/deciphering.
ObviouslyheadercompressionmakessenseforIPdatagram's,butnotforsignaling.
Thus the PDCP entities for signaling radio bearers will usually do ciphering/deciphering ThusthePDCPentitiesforsignalingradiobearerswillusuallydociphering/deciphering
only.
RRC(RadioResourceControl)
h f l l f RRCistheaccessstratumspecificcontrolprotocolforEUTRAN.
Itwillprovidetherequiredmessagesforchannelmanagement,measurementcontrol
andreporting,etc.
l NASProtocols
TheNASprotocolisrunningbetweenUEandMMEandthusmustbetransparently
transferredviaEUTRAN.
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73
ItsitsontopofRRC,whichprovidestherequiredcarriermessagesforNAStransfer
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Layer1/2RadioProtocols Summary
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RRCProtocol
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75 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEMBMSConcept
MBMS(MultimediaBroadcastMulticastServices)isanessentialrequirementfor
LTE.ThesocalledEMBMSwillthereforebeanintegralpartofLTE.
b f d l ll InLTE,MBMStransmissionsmaybeperformedassinglecelltransmissionoras
multicelltransmission.Incaseofmulticelltransmissionthecellsandcontentare
synchronizedtoenablefortheterminaltosoftcombinetheenergyfrommultiple
t i i transmissions.
Thesuperimposedsignallookslikemultipathtotheterminal.Thisconceptisalso
knownasSingleFrequencyNetwork(SFN).
TheEUTRANcanconfigurewhichcellsarepartofanSFNfortransmissionofan
MBMSservice.TheMBMStrafficcansharethesamecarrierwiththeunicast traffic
orbesentonaseparatecarrier.
ForMBMStraffic,anextendedcyclicprefixisprovided.Incaseofsubframes
carryingMBMSSFNdata,specificreferencesignalsareused.MBMSdataiscarried
ontheMBMStrafficchannel(MTCH)aslogicalchannel.
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76 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
LTEvs WiMAX
BotharedesignedtomovedataratherthanvoiceandbothareIPnetworksbased
onOFDMtechnology.
b d d d ( ) d l k h h l ff WiMax isbasedonaIEEEstandard(802.16),andlikethatotherpopularIEEEeffort,
WiFi,itsanopenstandardthatwasdebatedbyalargecommunityofengineers
beforegettingratified.ThelevelofopennessmeansWiMax equipmentisstandard
d th f h t b andthereforecheapertobuy.
Asforspeeds,LTEwillisfasterthanthecurrentgenerationofWiMax.
However,LTEwilltaketimetorollout,withdeploymentsreachingmassadoption
by2012.WiMax isoutnow,andmorenetworksshouldbeavailablelaterthisyear.
Thecrucialdifferenceisthat,unlikeWiMAX,whichrequiresanewnetworktobe
built,LTErunsonanevolutionoftheexistingUMTSinfrastructurealreadyusedby
over80percentofmobilesubscribersglobally.Thismeansthateventhough
developmentanddeploymentoftheLTEstandardmaylagMobileWiMAX,ithasa
crucialincumbentadvantage.
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77 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Summary
The3GPPLongTermEvolution(LTE)representsamajor
advanceincellulartechnology. gy
LTEisdesignedtomeetcarrierneedsforhighspeeddataand
mediatransportaswellashighcapacityvoicesupportwell
intothenextdecade.
LTEiswellpositionedtomeettherequirementsofnext
generationmobilenetworks.Itwillenableoperatorstooffer
highperformance,massmarketmobilebroadbandservices,
through a combination of high bit rates and system throughacombinationofhighbitratesandsystem
throughput inboththeuplinkanddownlink withlow
latency.
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78
y
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Summary Cont.
LTEinfrastructureisdesignedtobeassimpleaspossibleto
deployandoperate,throughflexibletechnologythatcanbe p y p , g gy
deployedinawidevarietyoffrequencybands.
LTEoffersscalablebandwidths,fromfrom 1.4MHzupto
20MHz,togetherwithsupportforbothFDDpairedandTDD
unpairedspectrum.
TheLTESAEarchitecturereducesthenumberofnodes,
supportsflexiblenetworkconfigurationsandprovidesahigh
level of service availability levelofserviceavailability.
Furthermore,LTESAEwillinteroperatewithGSM,
WCDMA/HSPA TDSCDMA and CDMA
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79
WCDMA/HSPA,TD SCDMAandCDMA.
LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features Benefits Requirements Technologies/Features Benefits Requirements
OFDMAwith CP/SCFDMAwith CP + Equalizer simpler
Scheduling time/frequency
Better PAPR (SCFDMA) Better PAPR(SC FDMA)
ISIsuppression(CP)
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM + Higher bitrates
Adaptative modulation p
Canauxcommuns + Variable traffic
Better capacity
Scheduling is
needed
TTI = 1 ms + Better response to channel TTI=1ms + Better response tochannel
variation
Higher bitrates
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80 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features Benefits
TTI=1ms +
Better response tochannel
variation
Higher bitrates
Flatarchitecture +
Simpler Architecture
Better latency
All IP +
Architecturesimpler Scheduling with
AllIP +
p
Convergence
g
priorities is needed
MIMO + Higher bitrates
Bande passante flexible(1 4 20 Bandepassanteflexible(1.420
MHz)
+
Universal frequency reuse (1/1) + Better spectral efficiency ICIC
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81 LTEOverview
ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
Thank you for your Attention Thank you foryour Attention
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82 LTEOverview