Physics Midterm Review

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which of the following situations represents a negative displacement? (Assume positive position is measured vertically
upward along a y-axis.)
a. A cat stands on a tree lim.
. A cat !umps from the ground onto a tree lim.
c. A cat !umps from a lower tree lim to a higher one.
d. A cat !umps from a tree lim to the ground.
____ ". According to the graph aove# during which interval is the cat at rest?
a. $.$%&.$ s c. 1$.$%1&.$ s
. &.$%1$.$ s d. 1&.$%"$.$ s
____ '. According to the graph aove# the cat has the fastest speed during which interval?
a. $.$%&.$ s c. 1$.$%1&.$ s
. &.$%1$.$ s d. 1&.$%"$.$ s
____ (. According to the graph aove# during which interval does the cat have the greatest positive velocity?
a. $.$%&.$ s c. 1$.$%1&.$ s
. &.$%1$.$ s d. 1&.$%"$.$ s
____ &. When a car)s velocity is positive and its acceleration is negative# what is happening to the car)s motion?
a. *he car slows down. c. *he car travels at constant speed.
. *he car speeds up. d. *he car remains at rest.
____ +. When a car)s velocity is negative and its acceleration is negative# what is happening to the car)s motion?
a. *he car slows down. c. *he car travels at constant speed.
. *he car speeds up. d. *he car remains at rest.
____ ,. When there is no air resistance# o!ects of different masses dropped from rest
a. fall with e-ual accelerations and with e-ual displacements.
. fall with different accelerations and with different displacements.
c. fall with e-ual accelerations and with different displacements.
d. fall with different accelerations and with e-ual displacements.
____ .. Which would fall with greater acceleration in a vacuum/a leaf or a stone?
a. the leaf
. the stone
c. *hey would accelerate at the same rate.
d. 0t is difficult to determine without more information.
____ 1. Which of the following statements does not descrie force?
a. 2orce causes o!ects at rest to remain stationary.
. 2orce causes o!ects to start moving.
c. 2orce causes o!ects to stop moving.
d. 2orce causes o!ects to change direction.
____ 1$. A free-ody diagram represents all of the following except
a. the o!ect. c. forces exerted y the o!ect.
. forces as vectors. d. forces exerted on the o!ect.
____ 11. *he free-ody diagram shown aove represents a car eing pulled y a towing cale. 0n the diagram# which of the
following is the gravitational force acting on the car?
a. &.$$ 3 c. 1( ,$$ 3
. ,,& 3 d. 1' +1$ 3
____ 1". Which of the following is the tendency of an o!ect to maintain its state of motion?
a. acceleration c. force
. inertia d. velocity
____ 1'. A car goes forward along a level road at constant velocity. *he additional force needed to ring the car into e-uilirium
is
a. greater than the normal force times the coefficient of static friction.
. e-ual to the normal force times the coefficient of static friction.
c. the normal force times the coefficient of 4inetic friction.
d. 5ero.
____ 1(. As an o!ect falls toward 6arth#
a. the o!ect does not exert a force on 6arth.
. the o!ect exerts a downward force on 6arth.
c. 3ewton)s third law does not apply.
d. the upward acceleration of 6arth is negligile ecause of its large mass.
____ 1&. A hoc4ey stic4 hits a puc4 on the ice. 0dentify an action-reaction pair in this situation.
a. *he stic4 exerts a force on the puc47 the puc4 exerts a force on the stic4.
. *he stic4 exerts a force on the puc47 the puc4 exerts a force on the ice.
c. *he puc4 exerts a force on the stic47 the stic4 exerts a force on the ice.
d. *he stic4 exerts a force on the ice7 the ice exerts a force on the puc4.
____ 1+. *he magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an o!ect is
a. frictional force. c. inertia.
. weight. d. mass.
____ 1,. A force does wor4 on an o!ect if a component of the force
a. is perpendicular to the displacement of the o!ect.
. is parallel to the displacement of the o!ect.
c. perpendicular to the displacement of the o!ect moves the o!ect along a path that returns the o!ect
to its starting position.
d. parallel to the displacement of the o!ect moves the o!ect along a path that returns the o!ect to its
starting position.
____ 1.. 0n which of the following scenarios is wor4 done?
a. A weightlifter holds a arell overhead for ".& s.
. A construction wor4er carries a heavy eam while wal4ing at constant speed along a flat surface.
c. A car decelerates while traveling on a flat stretch of road.
d. A student holds a spring in a compressed position.
____ 11. A construction wor4er pushes a wheelarrow &.$ m with a hori5ontal force of &$.$ 3. 8ow much wor4 is done y the
wor4er on the wheelarrow?
a. 1$ 9 c. "&$ 9
. && 9 d. 1"&$ 9
____ "$. Which of the following energy forms is associated with an o!ect in motion?
a. potential energy c. nonmechanical energy
. elastic potential energy d. 4inetic energy
____ "1. Which of the following energy forms is associated with an o!ect due to its position?
a. potential energy c. total energy
. positional energy d. 4inetic energy
____ "". What is the potential energy of a 1.$ 4g mass 1.$ m aove the ground?
a. 1.$ 9 c. 1$ 9
. 1.. 9 d. 1+ 9
____ "'. Which of the following is a true statement aout the conservation of energy?
a. :otential energy is always conserved.
. ;inetic energy is always conserved.
c. <echanical energy is always conserved.
d. *otal energy is always conserved.
____ "(. Which of the following is the rate at which energy is transferred?
a. potential energy c. mechanical energy
. 4inetic energy d. power
____ "&. What is the term for the net force directed toward the center of an o!ect)s circular path?
a. circular force c. centripetal force
. centrifugal force d. orital force
____ "+. Which of the following can e a centripetal force?
a. friction c. tension
. gravity d. all of the aove
____ ",. A child rides a icycle in a circular path with a radius of ".$ m. *he tangential speed of the icycle is ".$ m=s. *he
comined mass of the icycle and the child is (' 4g. What 4ind of force provides the centripetal force on the icycle?
a. gravitational force c. air resistance
. friction d. normal force
____ ".. Why does an astronaut weigh less on the moon than on 6arth?
a. *he astronaut has less mass on the moon.
. *he astronaut is farther from 6arth)s center when he or she is on the moon.
c. *he gravitational field strength is less on the moon)s surface than on 6arth)s surface.
d. *he astronaut is continually in free fall ecause the moon orits 6arth.
____ "1. Which of the following is an example of a vector -uantity?
a. velocity c. volume
. temperature d. mass
____ '$. 0n the figure aove# which diagram represents the vector addition C > A ? B?
a. 0 c. 000
. 00 d. 0@
____ '1. Which of the following is an example of pro!ectile motion?
a. a !et lifting off a runway
. a thrown aseall
c. an aluminum can dropped straight down into the recycling in
d. a space shuttle eing launched
____ '". Which of the following is not an example of pro!ectile motion?
a. a volleyall served over a net c. a hot-air alloon drifting toward 6arth
. a aseall hit y a at d. a long !umper in action
Short Answer
''. A motori5ed scooter starts from rest and accelerates for ( s at " m=s . 0t continues at a constant speed for + s.
Araph the scooter)s velocity versus time. 6xplain how you could use the graph to show that the scooter)s
acceleration is constant during the intervals 1.$%".$ s and &.$%+.$ s.
'(. What is the term for the curved# paraolic path that an o!ect follows when thrown# launched# or otherwise
pro!ected near the surface of the 6arth?
*he figure aove shows the path of a all tossed from a uilding. Air resistance is ignored.
'&. 0n the figure aove# what would happen to the height of the all)s path if it were launched with a greater
velocity?
'+. 0n the figure aove# what would happen to the width of the all)s path if it were launched with a greater
velocity?
',. Bescrie the graph of the hori5ontal component of velocity versus time for the motion of the all shown in the
figure aove.
'.. Bescrie the graph of the vertical component of velocity versus time for the motion of the all shown in the
figure aove. 0dentify any constants that would appear in the graph.
'1. Why is force not a scalar -uantity?
($. A loc4 of wood supported y two concrete loc4s is chopped in half y a 4arate instructor. 0dentify an
action-reaction pair# and compare the forces exerted y each o!ect.
(1. 0n what direction does the force of air resistance act?
(". *wo horses are side y side on a carousel. Which has a greater tangential speed/the one closer to the center
or the one farther from the center? 6xplain your answer.
('. Bistinguish etween the displacement of a traveler who ta4es a train from 3ew Cor4 to Doston and the
displacement of a traveler who flies from Doston to 3ew Cor4.
((. 6xplain how a dog that has moved can have a displacement of 5ero.
(&. What is free fall?
(+. 8ow are the velocity and speed of a vertically thrown aseall moving upward in free fall changing? (Assume
a > g > 1..1 m=s .)
(,. *he length of a vector arrow in a diagram is proportional to what property of the vector?
(.. What is a pro!ection of a vector along an axis of a coordinate system called?
(1. 0f the magnitude of a vector component e-uals the magnitude of the vector# then what is the magnitude of the
other vector component?
&$. Driefly descrie how applying the ra4es to stop a icycle is an example of force.
&1. What happens to an o!ect in motion when it experiences a non5ero net external force?
&". Bescrie the forces acting on a car as it moves along a level highway in still air at a constant speed.
&'. Why does it re-uire much less force to accelerate a low-mass o!ect than it does to accelerate a high-mass
o!ect the same amount?
&(. 8ow do mass and weight vary with altitude?
&&. Bistinguish etween mass and weight.
&+. When a car is moving# what happens to the velocity and acceleration of the car if the air resistance ecomes
e-ual to the force acting in the opposite direction?
&,. 6xplain how an o!ect moving at a constant speed can have a non5ero acceleration.
&.. What provides the centripetal force for a all whirled on a string?
&1. 0s there an outward force in circular motion? 6xplain.
+$. What provides the centripetal force for the moon)s orit around 6arth?
Problem
+1. A shopping cart is given an initial velocity of ".$ m=s and undergoes a constant acceleration of ".$ m=s . What
is the magnitude of the cart)s displacement after the first +.$ s of its motion?
+". A s4ater glides off a fro5en pond onto a patch of ground at a speed of ".1 m=s. 8ere she is slowed at a constant
rate of '.$$ m=s . 8ow fast is the s4ater moving when she has slid $.'. m across the ground?
+'. 8uman reaction time is usually aout $."$ s. 0f your la partner holds a ruler etween your finger and thum
and releases it from rest without warning# how far can you expect the ruler to fall efore you catch it?
(Bisregard air resistance. a = g > 1..1 m=s .)
+(. A stagehand starts sliding a large piece of stage scenery originally at rest y pulling it hori5ontally with a
force of 1,, 3. What is the coefficient of static friction etween the stage floor and the "'$ 3 piece of
scenery?
+&. What centripetal force is exerted on the roller car at the lowest point?
++. A hi4er travels south along a straight path for 1." h with an average speed of (.1 4m=h and then travels north
for 1., h with an average speed of (., 4m=h. What is the hi4er)s displacement for the total trip?
+,. A roc4 is thrown straight upward with an initial velocity of +.( m=s in a location where the acceleration due to
gravity has a magnitude of 1..1 m=s . *o what height does it rise?
+.. A cave explorer travels ".$ m eastward# then ".( m northward# and finally 1..$ m westward. Ese the graphical
method to find the magnitude of the net displacement.
+1. An athlete runs 1'$ m across a level field at an angle of "".$ north of east. What is the north component of
this displacement?
,$. What is the magnitude of the resultant displacement of a dog loo4ing for its one in the yard if the dog first
heads &,.$ north of west for 1$.' m and then turns and heads west for (.$$ m?
,1. A stone is thrown at an angle of '$.$ aove the hori5ontal from the top edge of a cliff with an initial speed of
1& m=s. A stopwatch measures the stone)s tra!ectory time from the top of the cliff to the ottom at +.'$ s.
What is the height of the cliff? (Assume no air resistance and that a > g > 1..1 m=s .)
,". A model roc4et flies hori5ontally off the edge of a cliff at a velocity of ,$.$ m=s. 0f the canyon elow is 11$.$
m deep# how far from the edge of the cliff does the model roc4et land? (a > g > 1..1 m=s )
,'. A farmhand attaches a ", 4g ale of hay to one end of a rope passing over a frictionless pulley connected to a
eam in the hay arn. Another farmhand then pulls down on the opposite end of the rope with a force of '1,
3. 0gnoring the mass of the rope# what will e the magnitude and direction of the ale)s acceleration if the
gravitational force acting on it is "+& 3?
,(. Das4ing in the sun# a 1.1, 4g li5ard lies on a flat roc4 tilted at an angle of 1&.1 with respect to the hori5ontal.
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted y the roc4 on the li5ard?
,&. A rope attached to an engine pulls a "($ 3 crate up an 1(.,F ramp at constant speed. *he coefficient of 4inetic
friction for the surfaces of the crate and ramp is $.'". What is the magnitude of the force that the rope exerts
on the crate parallel to the ramp? (g > 1..1 m=s )
,+. A couch with a mass of 1.$$ 1$ 4g is placed on an ad!ustale ramp connected to a truc4. As one end of the
ramp is raised# the couch egins to move downward. 0f the couch slides down the ramp with an acceleration
of $.,1 m=s when the ramp angle is 1".$# what is the coefficient of 4inetic friction etween the ramp and the
couch? (g > 1..1 m=s )
,,. A car on a roller coaster loaded with passengers has a mass of ".$ 1$ 4g. At the lowest point of the trac4#
the radius of curvature of the trac4 is "( m and the roller car has a tangential speed of 1, m=s. What is the
centripetal acceleration of the roller car at the lowest point on the trac4?
,.. A +1.. 4g student sits at a des4 1.,& m away from a ,..1 4g student. What is the magnitude of the
gravitational force etween the two students? (G > +.+,' 1$ 3m =4g )
,1. *wo truc4s with e-ual mass are attracted to each other with a gravitational force of &.' 1$ 3. *he truc4s
are separated y a distance of ".+ m. What is the mass of either of the truc4s? (G > +.+,' 1$ 3m =4g )
Physics Midterm Review
Answer Section
MULTIPLE C!ICE
1. A3GH B
.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H "-1.1
". A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.'
'. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.'
(. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.'
&. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-".1
+. A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-".1
,. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H "-'.'
.. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H "-'.'
1. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-1.1
1$. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-1."
11. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-1."
1". A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-".1
1'. A3GH B :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-".'
1(. A3GH B :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-'.'
1&. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-'.'
1+. A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.1
1,. A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H &-1."
1.. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H &-1.'
11. A3GH J
Given
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H &-1.(
"$. A3GH B :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H &-".1
"1. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H &-".1
"". A3GH D
Given
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H &-".+
"'. A3GH B :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H &-'.1
"(. A3GH B :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H &-(.1
"&. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H ,-1."
"+. A3GH B :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H ,-1."
",. A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1."
".. A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-".1
"1. A3GH A :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-1.1
'$. A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-1."
'1. A3GH D :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'.1
'". A3GH J :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'.1
S!RT A"S#ER
''. A3GH
*he scooter)s acceleration is constant during oth intervals ecause the velocity versus time graph is a straight
line for each of the intervals.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H "-"."
'(. A3GH
pro!ectile motion
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'.1
'&. A3GH
*he height of the all)s path would increase.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'."
'+. A3GH
*he width of the all)s path would increase.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'."
',. A3GH
*he graph of the hori5ontal component of the velocity versus time is a straight line parallel to the time axis.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'."
'.. A3GH
*he graph of the vertical component of the velocity versus time is a straight line with a negative slope. *he
slope of the line is 1..1 m=s # which is g.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H '-'."
'1. A3GH
A scalar -uantity has only magnitude. 2orce has oth magnitude and direction# so it cannot e a scalar
-uantity.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-1."
($. A3GH
*he hand exerts a force on the wood# and the wood exerts an e-ual force on the hand. 6ach end of the wood
exerts a force on a loc4# and each loc4 exerts an e-ual force on the wood.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-'.'
(1. A3GH
Air resistance acts in the direction opposite the direction of an o!ect)s motion.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.'
(". A3GH
*he horse farther from the center has a greater tangential speed. Although oth horses complete one circle in
the same time period# the one farther from the center covers a greater distance during that time period.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1.1
('. A3GH
*he magnitudes of the displacements are e-ual# ut the displacements are in opposite directions. *herefore#
one displacement is positive and one displacement is negative.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.1
((. A3GH
*he dog)s initial position and its final position are the same position.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.1
(&. A3GH
2ree fall is the motion of an o!ect falling with a constant acceleration due to gravity in the asence of air
resistance.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H "-'.1
(+. A3GH
Doth the aseall)s velocity and speed are decreasing.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-'."
(,. A3GH
*he length of the vector arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-1.1
(.. A3GH
a component of the vector
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-".'
(1. A3GH
5ero
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H '-".'
&$. A3GH
2orce causes an acceleration# or a change in an o!ect)s velocity. Applying the ra4es decelerates the icycle
(accelerates it in the negative direction) and causes a change in the icycle)s velocity ecause the icycle
slows down.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-1.1
&1. A3GH
*he o!ect experiences an acceleration.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-".1
&". A3GH
Aravity exerts a downward force on the car that is alanced y the normal force of the road acting upward on
the car. *he car)s forward motion is opposed y the friction etween the road and the tires and y the
resistance of the air. *he sum of these opposing forces is alanced y an e-ual and opposite force exerted y
the engine and applied to the tires# where the road exerts a reaction force that is directed forward.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-"."
&'. A3GH
An o!ect with smaller mass has less inertia# or tendency to maintain velocity# than does an o!ect with greater
mass.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-'.1
&(. A3GH
<ass remains constant# ut weight decreases with altitude.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.1
&&. A3GH
<ass is the amount of matter in an o!ect and is an inherent property of an o!ect. Weight is not an inherent
property of an o!ect and is the magnitude of the force due to gravity acting on the o!ect.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-(.1
&+. A3GH
*he acceleration is then 5ero# and the car moves at a constant velocity.
:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.'
&,. A3GH
Acceleration depends on the change in an o!ect)s velocity. An o!ect moving at a constant speed can
experience a non5ero acceleration if the direction of the o!ect)s motion changes.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1.1
&.. A3GH
*ension in the string provides the centripetal force.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1."
&1. A3GH
3o# there is only an inward force causing a deviation from a straight-line path. *he tendency to move in a
straight line away from the circular path is inertia.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1.'
+$. A3GH
*he gravitational force etween 6arth and the moon provides the centripetal force.
:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-".1
PR!BLEM
+1. A3GH
(. m
Given
v > ".$ m=s
a > ".$ m=s
t > +.$ s
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H "-".'
+". A3GH
".& m=s
Given
v > ".1 m=s
a > '.$$ m=s
x > $.'. m
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H "-".'
+'. A3GH
at least $."$ m
Given
a = g =1..1 m=s
t > $."$ s
v > $.$ m=s
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H "-'."
+(. A3GH
$.,,
Given
F 1,, 3
F "'$ 3
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H (-(.(
+&. A3GH
".( 1$ 3
Given
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H ,-1."
++. A3GH
'.1 4m# north
Given
v > (.1 4m=h
t > 1." h
v > (., 4m=h
t > 1., h
Solution
x > x ? x > v t ? v t
x > ((.1 4m=h)(1." h) ? ((., 4m=h)(1., h)
x > %(.1 4m=h ? ..$ 4m=h > ?'.1 4m > '.1 4m# north
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H "-1."
+,. A3GH
".1 m
Given
a = g = 1..1 m=s
v > +.( m=s
v > $.$ m=s
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H "-'."
+.. A3GH
1+." m
Solution
Gtudents should use graphical techni-ues. *heir answers can e chec4ed using the techni-ues presented in
Gection ".
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H '-1."
+1. A3GH
(1 m
Given
d 1'$ m = "".$
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H '-".'
,$. A3GH
1".1" m
Given
d 1$.' m at &,.$ north of west
d (.$$ m west
d 1$.' m &,.$
d (.$$ m $.$
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H '-".(
,1. A3GH
1(. m
Given
v 1& m=s at '$.$F aove the hori5ontal
t +.'$ s
g 1..1 m=s
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H '-'.'
,". A3GH
Given
v ,$.$ m=s hori5ontally
y 11$.$ m
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H '-'.'
,'. A3GH
(.1 m=s # upward
Given
F '1, 3
F "+& 3
m ", 4g
Solution
$ (.1 m=s # upward
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H (-'."
,(. A3GH
1..+ 3
Given
m > 1.1, 4g
> 1&.1
g > 1..1 m=s
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H (-(."
,&. A3GH
1'& 3
Given
F "($ 3
1(.,
$.'"
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000D ID9H (-(.(
,+. A3GH
$.1'1
Given
m 1.$$ 1$ 4g
a $.,1 m=s
1".$
g 1..1 m=s
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000J ID9H (-(.(
,,. A3GH
1" m=s
Given
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H ,-1.1
,.. A3GH
Given
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000A ID9H ,-"."
,1. A3GH
,.' 1$ 4g
Given
Solution
:*GH 1 B02H 000J ID9H ,-"."