Instructional as a system

Learning Studying
Anything Spesific thing
Everywhere Spesific place
Spontaneous Planned

Instructional Design

Tyler questions related to the instructional designing
1. What educational Purposes should the institution seek to attain?
2. What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes?
3. How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
4. How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?



Input Process Output
Curriculum,
Syllabus
Methodology,
Material
Outcomes
Curriculum Design Strategy
1. Forward design = Linear design



2. Central design= focus on the process



3. Backward design =
INPUT PROCESS OUTCOMES
PROCESS
CONTENT
OUTCOMES


KEY CONCEPTS
Anthony (1965) Richards & Rogers (1982)
Curriculum All aspects of the planning educational
program
Implementation and evaluation an
Approach All points of view on the nature of
language and the nature f language
teaching and learning
Theory of the nature of language and
learning
Method Different plans for presenting language
to students in an orderly manner
(Design) The specification of content, as
well as specification
Technique What actually happens in the
classroom





Approach
Approach Ways of Defining what students need to learn
Classical approach Students need to learn the classic (humanism)
Grammar translation approach Students need to learn communication with
economy of time and effort
Direct approach Students need to learn communication so they
should use only second language in class
OUTCOMES
CONTENT
PROCESS
Audiolingual approach Students need operant conditioning and
behavioral modification to learn language
Communicative approach Students must be able to express their intention,
that is, they must learn the meaning that are
important to them
Other approach

Different kinds of syllabi
syllabus Ways of organizing courses and materials
Structural Grammar and phonological structures are the organizing principles. Sequenced from
easy to difficult.
Situational Language is found in different situation or context. The organization is based on
common situations.
Topical Topics will be considered
Functional
National
Skills
Task
Mixed