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Steam Tables : What They Are How To Use Them How The Table Is Used
Steam Tables : What They Are How To Use Them How The Table Is Used
PSIG
Inches of Vacuum
Col. 1
Gauge
Pressure
Col. 2
Absolute
Pressure
(psia)
Col. 3
Steam
Temp.
(F)
Col. 4
Heat of
Sat. Liquid
(Btu/lb)
Col. 5
Latent
Heat
(Btu/lb)
Col. 6
Total Heat
of Steam
(Btu/lb)
Col. 7
Specific
Volume of
Sat. Liquid
(cu ft/lb)
Col. 8
Specific
Volume of
Sat. Steam
(cu ft/lb)
29.743
29.515
27.886
19.742
9.562
7.536
5.490
3.454
1.418
0.0
1.3
2.3
5.3
10.3
15.3
20.3
25.3
30.3
40.3
50.3
60.3
70.3
80.3
90.3
100.0
110.3
120.3
125.3
130.3
140.3
150.3
160.3
180.3
200.3
225.3
250.3
0.08854
0.2
1.0
5.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
14.696
16.0
17.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
55.0
65.0
75.0
85.0
95.0
105.0
114.7
125.0
135.0
140.0
145.0
155.0
165.0
175.0
195.0
215.0
240.0
265.0
300.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
600.0
900.0
1200.0
1500.0
1700.0
2000.0
2500.0
2700.0
3206.2
32.00
53.14
101.74
162.24
193.21
197.75
201.96
205.88
209.56
212.00
216.32
219.44
227.96
240.07
250.33
259.28
267.25
274.44
287.07
297.97
307.60
316.25
324.12
331.36
337.90
344.33
350.21
353.02
355.76
360.50
365.99
370.75
379.67
387.89
397.37
406.11
417.33
444.59
456.28
467.01
486.21
531.98
567.22
596.23
613.15
635.82
668.13
679.55
705.40
0.00
21.21
69.70
130.13
161.17
165.73
169.96
173.91
177.61
180.07
184.42
187.56
196.16
208.42
218.82
227.91
236.03
243.36
256.30
267.50
277.43
286.39
294.56
302.10
308.80
315.68
321.85
324.82
327.70
333.24
338.53
343.57
353.10
361.91
372.12
381.60
393.84
424.00
437.20
449.40
471.60
526.60
571.70
611.60
636.30
671.70
730.60
756.20
902.70
1075.8
1063.8
1036.3
1001.0
982.1
979.3
976.6
974.2
971.9
970.3
967.6
965.5
960.1
952.1
945.3
939.2
933.7
928.6
919.6
911.6
904.5
897.8
891.7
886.0
880.0
875.4
870.6
868.2
865.8
861.3
857.1
852.8
844.9
837.4
828.5
820.1
809.0
780.5
767.4
755.0
731.6
668.8
611.7
556.3
519.6
463.4
360.5
312.1
0.0
1075.8
1085.0
1106.0
1131.
1143.3
1145.0
1146.6
1148.1
1149.5
1150.4
1152.0
1153.1
1156.3
1160.6
1164.1
1167.1
1169.7
1172.0
1175.9
1179.1
1181.9
1184.2
1186.2
1188.1
1188.8
1191.1
1192.4
1193.0
1193.5
1194.6
1195.6
1196.5
1198.0
1199.3
1200.6
1201.7
1202.8
1204.5
1204.6
1204.4
1203.2
1195.4
1183.4
1167.9
1155.9
1135.1
1091.1
1068.3
902.7
0.096022
0.016027
0.016136
0.016407
0.016590
0.016620
0.016647
0.016674
0.016699
0.016715
0.016746
0.016768
0.016830
0.016922
0.017004
0.017078
0.017146
0.017209
0.017325
0.017429
0.017524
0.017613
0.017696
0.017775
0.017850
0.017922
0.017991
0.018024
0.018057
0.018121
0.018183
0.018244
0.018360
0.018470
0.018602
0.018728
0.018896
0.019340
0.019547
0.019748
0.02013
0.02123
0.02232
0.02346
0.02428
0.02565
0.02860
0.03027
0.05053
3306.00
1526.00
333.60
73.52
38.42
35.14
32.40
30.06
28.04
26.80
24.75
23.39
20.09
16.30
13.75
11.90
10.50
9.40
7.79
6.66
5.82
5.17
4.65
4.23
3.88
3.59
3.33
3.22
3.11
2.92
2.75
2.60
2.34
2.13
1.92
1.74
1.54
1.16
1.03
0.93
0.77
0.50
0.36
0.28
0.24
0.19
0.13
0.11
0.05
Chart 3-1.
Percentage of flash steam formed when discharging condensate
to reduced pressure
Chart 3-2.
Volume of flash steam formed when one cubic foot
of condensate is discharged to atmospheric pressure
400
CU FT FLASH STEAM
PER CU FT OF CONDENSATE
30
25
A
20
B
C
15
D
E
F
G
10
CURVE
BACK PRESS.
LBS/SQ IN
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
10
5
0
10
20
30
40
0
20
50
100
150
200
250
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
300
SteamBasic Concepts
Steam is an invisible gas generated by
adding heat energy to water in a boiler.
Enough energy must be added to raise
the temperature of the water to the
boiling point. Then additional energy
without any further increase in temperaturechanges the water to steam.
Steam is a very efficient and easily
controlled heat transfer medium. It is
most often used for transporting energy
from a central location (the boiler) to
any number of locations in the plant
where it is used to heat air, water or
process applications.
As noted, additional Btu are required to
make boiling water change to steam.
These Btu are not lost but stored in the
steam ready to be released to heat air,
cook tomatoes, press pants or dry a roll
of paper.
The heat required to change boiling
water into steam is called the heat of
vaporization or latent heat. The quantity
is different for every pressure/temperature combination, as shown in the
steam tables.
Steam at Work
How the Heat of Steam is Utilized
Condensate Drainage
Why Its Necessary
When steam reaches the heat exchangers in the system, the story is different.
Here the transfer of heat from the steam
is desirable. Heat flows to the air in an air
heater, to the water in a water heater or
to food in a cooking kettle. Nothing
should interfere with this heat transfer.
Condensate
Steam
1 lb water
at 70F
+ 142 Btu =
1 lb water
at 70F,
0 psig
1 lb water
at 212F
+ 270 Btu =
1 lb water
at 338F,
100 psig
+ 880 Btu =
1 lb steam
at 338F,
100 psig
+ 970 Btu =
1 lb steam
at 212F
Figure 4-2. These drawings show how much heat is required to generate one pound of steam
at 100 pounds per square inch pressure. Note the extra heat and higher temperature required to
make water boil at 100 pounds pressure than at atmospheric pressure. Note, too, the lesser
amount of heat required to change water to steam at the higher temperature.
Definitions
Figure 4-1. These drawings show how much
heat is required to generate one pound of
steam at atmospheric pressure. Note that it
takes1 Btu for every 1 increase in temperature
up to the boiling point, but that it takes more
Btu to change water at 212F to steam at 212F.
The Btu. A BtuBritish thermal unitis the amount of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of one pound of cold water by 1F. Or, a Btu is the amount of
heat energy given off by one pound of water in cooling, say, from 70F to 69F.
Temperature. The degree of hotness with no implication of the amount of heat
energy available.
Heat. A measure of energy available with no implication of temperature. To
illustrate, the one Btu which raises one pound of water from 39F to 40F could
come from the surrounding air at a temperature of 70F or from a flame at a
temperature of 1,000F.
STEAM
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,,,,,
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NON-CONDENSABLE
GASES
WATER
DIRT
SCALE
METAL
FLUID TO BE HEATED
Condensate
Figure 5-1.
Potential barriers to
heat transfer: steam
heat and temperature
must penetrate these
potential barriers to
do their work.
Steam
Vapor
50.3 psig
297.97F
100 psig
337.9F
PRV
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Vent
Figure 5-4. Note that heat radiation from the distribution system causes condensate to form and, therefore, requires steam traps at natural low
points or ahead of control valves. In the heat exchangers, traps perform the vital function of removing the condensate before it becomes a barrier
to heat transfer. Hot condensate is returned through the traps to the boiler for reuse.
SteamBasic Concepts
Effect of Air on Heat Transfer
Corrosion
Two primary causes of scale and corrosion
are carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen.
CO2 enters the system as carbonates
dissolved in feedwater and when mixed
with cooled condensate creates carbonic
Temp. of
Steam,
No Air
Present (F)
10%
20%
30%
10.3
240.1
234.3
228.0
220.9
25.3
267.3
261.0
254.1
246.4
50.3
298.0
291.0
283.5
275.1
75.3
320.3
312.9
304.8
295.9
100.3
338.1
330.3
321.8
312.4
Condensate
Steam
Table 7-1. Cost of Various Sized Steam Leaks at 100 psi (assuming steam costs $5.00/1,000 lbs)
Size of Orifice
(in)
1/2
835,000
$4,175.00
$50,100.00
/16
637,000
3,185.00
38,220.00
/8
470,000
2,350.00
28,200.00
/16
325,000
1,625.00
19,500.00
/4
210,000
1,050.00
12,600.00
/16
117,000
585.00
7,020.00
52,500
262.50
3,150.00
/8
The steam loss values assume clean, dry steam flowing through a sharp-edged orifice to
atmospheric pressure with no condensate present. Condensate would normally reduce these
losses due to the flashing effect when a pressure drop is experienced.