This document discusses interaction among living things and the forces that affect them. It describes solitary and group animals, competition between animals and plants for resources, endangered species protection, and the impact of human activities. It also explains different types of forces including friction and how forces can change the motion, shape, and speed of objects. Finally, it discusses food preservation methods like drying, freezing, and canning that prevent food spoilage.
This document discusses interaction among living things and the forces that affect them. It describes solitary and group animals, competition between animals and plants for resources, endangered species protection, and the impact of human activities. It also explains different types of forces including friction and how forces can change the motion, shape, and speed of objects. Finally, it discusses food preservation methods like drying, freezing, and canning that prevent food spoilage.
This document discusses interaction among living things and the forces that affect them. It describes solitary and group animals, competition between animals and plants for resources, endangered species protection, and the impact of human activities. It also explains different types of forces including friction and how forces can change the motion, shape, and speed of objects. Finally, it discusses food preservation methods like drying, freezing, and canning that prevent food spoilage.
Group animals and solitary animals Haiwan berkumpulan dan haiwan bersendirian Solitary Bersendirian Characteristics Ciri-ciri Find its own food Mencari makanan sendiri Find its own shelter Mencari tempat berlindung sendirian Protect itself from danger Melindungi diri sendirian Examples Contoh Tiger, bear, eagle, leapord, snake Harimau, beruang, burung helang, harimau bintang, ular Reason: ebab! To a"oid competition for food and space #ntuk hindari persaingan mendapatkan makanan dan ruang Groupg Berkumpulan Characteristics Ciri-ciri Find food together Mencari makanan bersama- sama Build shelter together Membina tempat berlindung bersama-sama Protect themsel"es b$ walking in a herd Melindungi diri dengan bergerak secara berkumpulan
Examples: Contoh! %nts, lions, elephants,&ebras, bees emut, singa, ga'ah, kuda belang, lebah Reason: ebab! For safet$ #ntuk keselamatan To find food #ntuk mencari makanan To build shelter #ntuk membina tempat perlindungan Interaction among living things Interaksi antara benda hidup Competition Persaingan Among animals %ntara haiwan Among plants %ntara tumbuhan Compete for Bersaing untuk Food Makanan (ater %ir Mate Pasangan helter Tempat pace )territor$ *uang )kawasan Compete for Bersaing untuk unlight Caha$a (ater %ir pace *uang +utrients +utrien Type ,enis Intraspecies Intraspesis Competition between the same species Persaingan di antara spesis $ang sama Interspecies Interspesis Competition between the different species Persaingan di antara spesis $ang berbe&a ---+ote! .reater competition happens when! ---+ota! Persaingan $ang sengit berlaku apabila! +umber of li"ing things increase Bilangan hidupan bertambah *esources for the needs of li"ing things are limited umber keperluan hidupan terhad Interaction among living things Interaksi antara benda hidup Protecting endangered species Melindungi spesis $ang terancam Extinct animals Haiwan pupus /inosours, dodos, mammoths, a0uagga, Tasmanian tiger1 iberian tooth tiger /inosur, dodo, ga'ah berbulu, a0uagga, harimau tasmania, harimau siberia Endangered animals and plants Haiwan dan tumbuhan $ang terancam 2rang utan, tiger,leatherback turtle, giant panda, tapir, rhinoceros, blue whale, hornbill, raflesia,pitcher plant 2rang utan, harimau, pen$u belimbing, panda, tapir, badak sumbu, paus biru, burung enggang, bunga pakma, pokok periuk kera, pokok bakau, pokok pinang actors Faktor Illegal or e3cessi"e logging Pembalakan haram atau berleluasa Illegal or e3cessi"e hunting Pemburuan haram atau berleluasa 43cessi"e de"elopment Pembangunan $ang meluas 4gg collecting Pengambilan telur (ater pollution Pencemaran air !ays to prevent Cara untuk mencegah 4ducating the public Mendidik orang awam 4nforcing law 5uat kuasa undang-undang etting up rehabilation)conser"ation centre Membina pusat pemulihan)pemuliharaan Forest preser"ation Memelihara hutan simpan electi"e logging Pembalakan terancang *eforestation)replanting Penanaman semula pokok Interaction among living things Interaksi antara benda hidup Impact of human activities 5esan daripada akti"iti manusia "uman#s activities %kti"iti manusia Illegal and e3cessi"e logging Pembalakan haram dan berleluasa Illegal and e3cessi"e hunting Pemburuan haram dan berleluasa Improper management of de"elopment 5elemahan pengurusan pembangunan $estructions of the environment 5emusnahan alam sekitar 6and erosion Hakisan tanah 6andslides *untuhan tanah Flash floods Ban'ir kilat (ater pollution Pencemaran air %ir pollution Pencemaran udara orce /a$a Cannot be seen but we can feel and obser"e the effects of the force Tidak boleh dilihat tetapi kita boleh rasa dan lihat kesann$a orce /a$a 7 is a push and a pull 8 7 adalah tolakan dan tarikan 8 Push Tolakan 7mo"e an ob'ect awa$ from our bodies8 7mengerakkan ob'ek 'auh daripada badan8 5nocking the nail Mengetuk paku Pressing the switch Membuka suis 5icking a ball Men$epak bola Pull Tarikan 7mo"e an ob'ect towards our bodies8 7mengerakkan ob'ek dekat kepada badan8 Pulling out the nail Menarik keluar paku 6ifting a bo3 Mengangkat kotak 2pening the door membuka pintu Com%ination of push and pull .abungan tolakan dan tarikan *owing a sampan Menda$ung sampan Twisting out a wet cloth Memerah kain basah Pumping the t$res Mengepam ta$ar Pla$ing guitar memetik gitar awing wood menggerga'i ka$u orce /a$a Effects of forces 5esan-kesan da$a Changes the motion of an o%&ect Mengubah pergerakan ob'ek Changes the shapes of an o%&ect Mengubah bentuk ob'ek Mo"es a stationar$ ob'ect Boleh gerakkan ob'ek $ang pegun kicking a ball menendang bola tops a mo"ing ob'ect Memberhentikan ob'ek $ang bergerak catch a mo"ing ball menangkap bola Changes the direction of a mo"ing ob'ect Mengubah arah pergerakan ob'ek $ang bergerak kick the ball from opposite direction tendang bola dari arah $ang berlainan Changes the speed of mo"ing ob'ect Mengubah kela'uan ob'ek $ang bergerak ob'ect mo"es faster or slower ob'ek bergerak la'u atau perlahan Temporarily ementara press a sponge memicit span stretch a rubberband meregangkan gelang getah 74lastic ob'ect8 72b'ek elastic8 Permanantly Tetap tear a piece of paper mengo$akkan kertas hit a can mengemekkan tin 7Inelastic ob'ect8 72b'ek tidak elastik8 orce /a$a riction .eseren 7the force that opposes motion8 7da$a $ang menentang pergerakan8 2ccurs when two surfaces are mo"ing in contact with each other Berlaku apabila dua permukaan $ang bergerak bersentuhan satu sama lain 43amples Contoh ball rolling on a floor mengolek bola di atas lantai erasing words memadam perkataan holding a glass memegang gelas wiping the window mengelap tingkap knocking a nail mengetuk paku actors Faktor Condition of the surfaces 5eadaan permukaan The rougher the t$pe of surface is, the greater the friction produced emakin bertambah kasar 'enis permukaan, semakin bertambah geseran dihasilkan !eight of an o%&ect Berat ob'ek The hea"ier the weight of an ob'ect is, the greater the friction produced emakin bertambah berat ob'ek, semakin bertambah geseran dihasilkan orce /a$a riction .eseran Effects of friction 5esan-kesan geseran Produces heat Hasilkan haba 2pposes motion Berlawanan gerakan Causes wear and tear Men$ebabkan haus dan ko$ak lows down and stops a mo"ing ob'ect Memperlahankan dan memberhentikan ob'ek $ang bergerak !ays to reduce friction Cara kurangkan geseran #se rollers or marbles .una penggolek atau guli moothen surfaces Melicinkan permukaan #se lubricants 7oil, grease8 .una pelincir 7min$ak, gris8 #se aaerod$namic shape .una bentuk aerodinamik #se talcum powder, air cushion .una bedak talcum, kus$en udara Advantages 5elebihan $isadvantages 5elemahan stops a mo"ing "ehicles menghentikan kenderaan bergerak holding)grips things memegang ob'ek keep the position menetapkan posisi pre"ent us from slipping mengelakkan daripada tergelincir sharpens a knife Mengasah pisau slow down a mo"ing ob'ect memperlahankan kenderaan bergerak cause the surfaces of ob'ects to wear out men$ebabkan permukaan ob'ek haus causes heating menghasilkan haba causes sound pollution pencemaran bun$i inceases cost meningkatkan kos 'ovement Pergerakkan Speed 6a'u 7How fast an ob'ect mo"es8 7Berapa la'u ob'ek bergerak8 4"er$ mo"ing ob'ect has speed etiap ob'ek $ang bergerak mempun$ai kela'uan /ifferent ob'ects ha"e different speed 2b'ek $ang berbe&a mempun$ai kela'uan $ang berbe&a % faster ob'ect tra"els a longer distance in a gi"en time 2b'ek $ang lebih la'u melalui 'arak $ang lebih pan'ang mengikut masa $ang diberi % faster ob'ect takes a shorter time to tra"el a gi"en distance 2b'ek $ang la'u mengambil masa $ang singkat untuk melalui 'arak $ang diberi Calculation of speed Pengiraan la'u Formula! *umus! Speed ( $istance Time hala'u 9 ,arak Masa #nits ! : km)h km)' : m)s m)s : cm)s sm)s ood preservation Pengawetan makanan Identified b$! /ikenalpasti melalui! 2bser"ing, touching, smelling, tasting Pemerhatian, sentuhan, bau, rasa ood spoilage 5erosakan makanan Characteristics of spoilt food Ciri-ciri makanan $ang rosak #npleasant smell Bau tidak men$enangkan sour, bad, stink masam, tak men$enangkan, busuk #npleasant taste *asa tidak men$enangkan sour, bad masam, teruk Changed colour Berubah warna dark colour, $ellowish kegelapan, kekuningan Changed te3ture Berubah 'alinan slim$, wilt, curdles melekit, la$u, mendakan Mould$ Berkulat has black spots tompokan hitam The conditions for microorganisms to gro) 5eadaan untuk mikroorganisma membesar %ir #dara (ater %ir +utrients +utrien uitable temperature uhu $ang sesuai 7high temperature-die, low temperature-inacti"e8 7suhu tinggi-mati suhu rendah-tidak aktif8 uitable acidit$ 5eadaan asid $ang sesuai ---Food spoilage can cause food poisoning 7"omiting, diarrhoea, stomach upset8 ---Makanan $ang rosak boleh men$ebabkan keracunan makanan 7muntah-muntah, cirit-birit, sakit perut8 ood preservation Pengawetan makanan 'ethods of food preservation Cara-cara pengawetan makanan Examples of foods Contoh-contoh makanan ; /r$ing Pengeringan Fish, prawns, cuttlefish, fruits Ikan, udang, sotong, buah < Boiling Pemanasan Meat ,fish, "egetables daging, ikan, sa$ur = Cooling Pendinginan >egetables, fruits a$ur, buah ? Free&ing Pen$e'ukbekuan Chicken, meat, prawns, cuttlefish %$am, daging, udang, sotong @ moking Pengasapan Meat, fish /aging, ikan A Pickling Pen'erukan Fruits, "egetables Buah, sa$ur B Pasteurising Pempasteuran Milk, 'uices, ice cream usu, 'us, ais krim C (a3ing Pelilinan >egetables, fruits a$ur, buah D Bottling)Canning Pembotolan)pengetinan Meat, fish, fruits, "egetables /aging, ikan, buah, sa$ur ;E alting Pengasinan Fish, meat, eggs, "egetables, fruits Ikan, daging, telur, sa$ur, buah ;; >acuum packing Pembungkusan "akum +uts, crackers, powder milk 5acang, biskut, susu tepung ood preservations Pengawetan makanan 'ethods of preservation Cara pengawetan Process Proses $isadvantages 5ekurangan ; /r$ing Pengeringan /ries food under hot sun 5eringkan makanan bawah terik matahari heats food at a high temperature Panaskan makanan pada suhu $ang tinggi 6ess nutritious 5urang nutrisi < Boiling Pemanasan Boils food Panaskan atau masak makanan Changes food taste and less nutritious Mengubah rasa dan kurang nutrisi = Cooling Pendinginan 5eeps food at a low temperature 7E o C-@ o C8 impan makanan pada suhu $ang rendah 7E o C-@ o C8 Food can spoilt easil$ after taking it out Makanan mudah rosak apabila dikeluarkan ? Free&ing Pen$e'ukbekuan 5eeps food at a "er$ low temperature 7below E o C8 impan makanan pada suhu $ang sangat rendah 7bawah E o C8 Food can spoilt easil$ after taking it out Makanan mudah rosak apabila dikeluarkan @ moking Pengasapan /ries food o"er a fire %sapkan makanan diatas api Changes taste food Mengubah rasa makanan A Pickling Pen'erukan oaks food in an acidic solution 7"inegar8 or saturated sugar solution *endam makanan dalam larutan berasid 7cuka8 atau larutan gula tepu Changes food taste and less nutritious Mengubah rasa makanan dan kurang nutrisi B Pasteurising Pempasteuran Heats food at A= o C for =E minutes and followed b$ rapid cooling to below ;E o C Panaskan makanan pada suhu A= o C selama =E minit diikuti dengan pen$e'ukan $ang pantas bawah suhu ;E o C 6asts for a few da$s when unwrapped Makanan han$a bertahan beberapa hari selepas dibuka C (a3ing Pelilinan *ubs food with wa3es .osokkan makanan dengan lilin 6asts for a few weeks Makanan han$a bertahan beberapa minggu D Bottling)Canning Pembotolan) Heats food at "er$ high temperature and keeps food Changes food colour, taste and less pengetinan in airtight cans or bottles Panaskan makanan pada suhu $ang sangat tinggi dan simpan makanan di dalam tin atau botol $ang kedap udara nutritious Mengubah warna makanan, rasa dan kurang nutrisi ;E alting Pengasinan %dds a lot of salt to the food 6etak garam $ang ban$ak pada makanan oaks food in a salt solution *endam makanan dalam larutan gula Changes food taste and less nutritious Mengubah rasa makanan dan kurang nutrisi ;; >acuum packing Pembungkusan "akum tores food in a "acuum en"ironment impan makanan dalam persekitaran ber"akum 6ess nutritious 5urang nutrisi ood preservations Pengawetan makanan The importance of preserving food 5epentingan pengawetan makanan To ma*e food last longer Makanan tahan lebih lama Fruits, "egetables, fish and meat can be kept for a long time Buah-buahan, sa$ur-sa$uran, ikan dan daging boleh disimpan lebih lama To ma*e food easily to store Makanan lebih mudah disimpan 4asil$ to distributed from one place to another place Mudah diedarkan dari satu tempat ke satu tempat $ang lain To reduce )astage food Mengurangkan makanan terbuang 43cess food can be kept in a refrigerator for the ne3t meal 6ebihan makanan boleh disimpan di dalam peti se'uk untuk masa makan $ang berikutn$a !aste 'anagement Pegurusan bahan buangan !aste Bahan buangan 7Things that we no longer use and need to be disposed8 7Bahan $ang tidak diperlukan lagi dan perlu dibuang8 Types of )aste ,enis bahan olid pepe'al Food waste, old newspaper,plastic bag, tin can 6ebihan makanan, suratkhabar lama,beg plastic, tin minuman 6i0uid Cecair /etergent, oil, chemical waste, sewage Pencuci, min$ak, sisa kimia, sisa kumbahan .as .as moke, to3ic gas, dust, poisonous gas %sap, gas bertoksik, habuk, gas beracun Sources of )aste umber bahan Homes, factories, agriculture, motor "ehicles, food stall, open burning *umah, kilang, pertanian, kenderaan bermotor, gerai makanan, pembakaran terbuka !aste 'anagement Pegurusan bahan buangan !ays of disposing )aste Cara buang bahan buangan Proper )ays Cara $ang betul F /ispose of waste in the right place Buang bahan buangan di tempat $ang betul F Treat waste before disposing it into the drain *awat bahan buangan sebelum ia mengalir keluar F Bur$ waste that can deca$ in soil Tanam bahan buangan $ang boleh reput dalam tanah F eperate the waste and reuse of rec$cle waste %singkan bahan buangan dan guna semula bahan kitar semula Improper )ays Cara $ang tidak betul F 6ittering Buang sampah merata-rata F 2pen burning Pembakaran terbuka F *elease of waste into the ri"ers Melepaskan bahan buangan ke dalam sungai F *elease of smoke into the air Melepaskan asap ke udara "armful effects of improper disposal of )aste 5esan buruk daripada pembuangan bahan buangan $ang tidak betul (ater pollution (ater pollution 7can kill fish and water plants8 Pencemaran air 7boleh membunuh ikan dan tumbuhan8 %ir pollution 7damages our lungs, initiates our e$es8 Pencemaran udara 7merosakkan paru-paru1tidak elok dipandang8 Flash floods 7damage propert$8 Ban'ir kilat 7merosakkan harta benda8 %cid rain 7can kill plants and erode building8 Hi'an asid 7boleh membunuh tumbuhan dan menghakis bangunan8 ickness G diseases 7th$poid, dengue fe"er8 5esakitan G pen$akit 7tifoid dan demam denggi8 !aste 'anagement Pegurusan bahan buangan !aste Bahan buangan !aste that can decay Bahan buangan $ang boleh reput 7Biodegradable8 7Biodegradasi8 Food, paper, wood, cotton cloth Makanan, suratkhabar, ka$u, kain kapas !aste that does not decay Bahan buangan $ang tidak boleh reput 7+on-biodegradable8 7Bukan biodegradasi8 Plastics, glass, metal, pol$st$rene container Plastik, gelas, logam, bekas polisterin Advantages 5elebihan *educe the amount of waste in the en"ironment Mengurangkan 'umlah bahan buangan dalam persekitaran To make the soil fertile as nutrients #ntuk men$uburkan tanah sebagai nutrient $isadvantages 5ekurangan .i"es out poisonous gases and unpleasant smell Mengeluarkan gas beracun dan bau $ang tidak enak %ffects humans health Mengganggu kesihatan manusia %ttracts pest Menarik kedatangan haiwan perosok Contaminated water resources Mencemari sumber air 6ower the o3$gen content of the water Mengurangkan kandungan oksigen dalam air Eclipse Gerhana Eclipse of The 'oon .erhana bulan The 4arth is between the un and the Moon in a straight line1 Bumi berada di antara Matahari dan Bulan dalam satu garis $ang lurus The 4arth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon Bumi menghalang caha$a Matahari daripada sampai ke Bulan 2ccurs at night-time about ; hour Berlaku pada waktu malam dalam masa ; 'am Happens onl$ on ;@ th of lunar calendar Han$a berlaku pada hari $ang ke-;@ dalam takwim 0amari Can obser"e with naked e$es Boleh dilihat mengguna mata kasar The Moon looks reddish, dark gra$ or brown Bulan kelihatan kemerahan, kelabu atau perang --- Partial eclipse of the moon happens when a part of moon surface co"ered b$ earthHs shadow .erhana bulan separa berlaku apabila sebahagian permukaan bulan dilindungi oleh ba$ing-ba$ang bumi Total eclipse of the moon happens when whole part of moon surface co"ered b$ earthHs shadow .erhana bulan penuh berlaku apabila keseluruhan permukaan bulan dilindungi oleh ba$ing-ba$ang bumi Eclipse Gerhana Eclipse of The Sun .erhana Matahari The Moon is between the un and the 4arth in a straight line1 Bulan berada di antara Matahari dan Bumi dalam satu garis $ang lurus unlight is blocked b$ the Moon Caha$a Matahari dihalang oleh Bulan 2ccurs at da$-time onl$ in a few minutes Berlaku pada waktu siang dalam masa han$a beberapa minit The Moon shadow falls on the 4arth surface Ba$ang-ba$ang Bulan 'atuh ke atas permukaan bumi Cannot obser"e with naked e$es Tidak boleh dilihat mengguna mata kasar /a$light becomes dark during the total eclipse Hari siang men'adi gelap men'elang gerhana penuh corona korona --- Partial eclipse of the sun happens when a part of moonHs shadow falls on the earth suface .erhana bulan separa berlaku apabila sebahagian ba$ang- ba$ang bulan 'atuh pada permukaan bumi Total eclipse of the sun happens when whole part of moonHs shadow falls on the earth surface .erhana bulan penuh berlaku apabila keseluruhan ba$ang- ba$ang bulan 'atuh pada permukaan bumi 'achines Mesin Simple machines Mesin ringkas imple machine means a de"ice that allows us use less force to make work easier or faster1 Mesin ringkas bermaksud alat $ang membenarkan kita menggunakan kurang da$a untuk melakukan ker'a dengan mudah dan pantas1 Simple machines Mesin ringkas Characteristics Ciri-ciri unction Fungsi Examples Contoh ; 6e"er Tuas Consists of a bar that is supported at a fi3ed point called the fulcrum Terdiri daripada bar $ang disokong oleh pen$okong $ang dinamakan fulkrum To mo"e ob'ects easil$ #ntuk menggerakkan ob'ek dengan mudah 6id opener, hammer, nail clipper Pembuka botol, tukul, pengetip kuku < (heel and a3le *oda dan Consists of a wheel that is 'oined to an To mo"e or turn an ob'ect panner, car gandar a3le Terdiri daripada roda $ang bersambung dengan gandar #ntuk menggerakkan atau memusingkan ob'ek steering, door knob panar, stering kereta, tombol pintu = Pulle$ Takal Has wheel which mo"es freel$ with a rope Mempun$ai roda $ang bergerak bebas dengan tali To mo"e an ob'ect up,down or sidewa$s #ntuk menggerakkan ob'ek ke atas, ke bawah atau ke tepi Cable car, crane 5ereta kabel, kren ? (edge Ba'i Has inclined plane on one or both side of its surface Mempun$ai satah condong pada satu bahagian permukaan atau kedua-duan$a To cut or separate ob'ects #ntuk memotong atau mengasing ob'ek %3e, door stopper, chisel 5apak, pen$endal pintu, pahat @ Inclined plane atah condong % slanted flat surface that connect to other surface of different le"el atu permukaan rata $ang condong untuk men$ambungkan aras $ang berbe&a To mo"e ob'ect to a higher or lower place #ntuk menggerakkan ob'ek ke tempat $ang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah tair, slide, slope Tangga, .elongsor, cerun A crew kru Has a spiral inclined planed called thread Mempun$ai satah condong $ang membentuk lilitan To fi3 two ob'ects together #ntuk mengetatkan dua benda bersama Bottle, screw Bukaan botol, skru B .ear .ear % wheel or c$linder with teeth To change the speed or direction of /rill, (atch, *oda atau silinder $ang bergigi mo"ements #ntuk mengubah kela'uan atau arah pergerakan bic$cle chain .erudi, 'am tangan, rantai basikal 'achines Mesin Complex machines Mesin kompleks Made up of more than one simple machine Terdiri lebih dari satu mesin ringkas Egg %eater -wheel and a3le -gear +icycle -wheel and a3le -gear !heel%arro) -le"er -wheel and a3le "and drill -gear -screw -wheel and a3le !rist )atch -gear -wheel and a3le 'achines Mesin %ppreciating the in"ention of machines that make life easier Menghargai mesin $ang dicipta membuatkan hidup men'adi senang To carr$, mo"e or lift hea"$ things more easil$ 7sa"e energ$8 #ntuk membawa atau mengangkat benda dengan mudah 7'imat tenaga8 Crane, lift 5ren, lif To tra"el from one place to another #ntuk pergi dari satu tempat ke tempat $ang lain %eroplane, bus 5apal terbang, bas To make work faster 7sa"e time8 #ntuk membuat ker'a lebih cepat 7'imat masa8 Tractor Trektar To make communication with people faster and easier #ntuk berkomunikasi dengan manusia lebih cepat dan mudah Computer, satellite 5omputer, satelit To treat diseases #ntuk mengesan pen$akit /ial$sis machine Mesin dialisis /esign a machine to sol"e a problem *ekacipta mesin untuk men$elesaikan masalah ;1 Identif$ a problem 7draw the plan8 5enalpasti masalah 7lukis pelan8 <1 Identif$ the materials 5enalpasti bahan =1 Build a model 7protot$pe8 Bina model 7prototaip8 ?1 Test the model 7whether it works or not8 #'i model 7samada boleh di gunakan atau tidak8