API 580-1

1. The basis for a qualitative probability of failure analysis is:

a. consequence
b. probability
c. POF
d. engineering judgment
2. egardless of !hether a more qualitative or a quantitative analysis is used" the POF is
determined by t!o main considerations:
a. damage mechanisms and inspection effectiveness
b. probability # consequence
c. damage mechanisms and damage modes
d. internal and e#ternal damage
$. %ombinations of process conditions and &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& for each equipment
item should be evaluated to identify active and credible damage mechanisms:
a. pressures and temperatures
b. probability # consequence
c. materials of construction
d. %OF
'. (t is important to lin) the damage mechanism to the most li)ely resulting&&&&&&&&&&
a. failure analysis
b. failure mode
c. consequence
d. probability
*. (n general" an +( program !ill be managed by plant inspectors or inspection engineers"
!ho !ill normally manage ris) by managing the POF !ith inspection and maintenance
planning. They !ill not normally have much ability to modify the &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. process flo!
b. failure mode
c. POF
d. %OF
,. The consequence of loss of containment is generally evaluated as loss of fluid to
the&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. process flo!
b. ground
c. e#ternal environment
d. unit
-. . quantitative method involves using a &&&&&&&&&&&&&depicting combinations of events to
represent the effects of failure on people" property" the business and the environment :
a. POF and %OF
b. ris) analysis
c. logic model
d. /oore0s 1a!
2. esults of a quantitative analysis are usually &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. consequence
b. numeric
c. logic models
d. +uccheim0s 1a!
13. (t is important to stress that the &&&&&&&&&&&& of the data should match the comple#ity
of the +( method used :
a. precision
b. accuracy
c. analysis
d. validation
11. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& of the +(
analysis:
a. precision
b. detail
c. correctness
d. accuracy
12. (t is important to stress that the &&&&&&&&&&&& of the data should match the comple#ity
of the +( method used :
a. precision
b. accuracy
c. analysis
d. validation
1$. &&&&&&&&&&in the hydrocarbon process industry are addressed in .P( ',1:
a. Pressure 4essel
b. Piping (nspection
c. 5amage mechanisms
d. elief 4alves
16. Failure modes identify ho! the damaged component !ill&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
a. lea)
b. crac)
c. react to contaminants
d. fail
1'. The +( team should consult !ith a &&&&&&&&&&&&&& to define the equipment damage
mechanisms:
a. +( analyst
b. reliability specialist
c. corrosion specialist
d. engineer
1*. (dentifying trace constituents 7ppm8 in addition to the primary constituents in a
&&&&&&&&&&&&can be very important as trace constituents can have a significant affect on the
damage mechanisms:
a. process
b. material
c. temperature band
d. pressure vessel
1,. Once a credible damage mechanism7s8 has been identified" the associated
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& should also be identified:
a. reference
b. material
c. temperature
d. failure mode
1-. (n some cases" damage by one mechanism may progress to a point at !hich a different
mechanism ta)es over and begins to dominate the rate of &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. damage
b. dissemination
c. throughput
d. failure
12. The probability analysis in an +( program is performed to estimate the probability of a
specific adverse consequence resulting from a &&&&&&&&&&&&&&that occurs due to a damage
mechanism7s8:
a. damage mechanism
b. event
c. loss of containment
d. failure
23. (t should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss of
containment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited to all
9:%9PT the follo!ing:
a. seismic activity
b. truc) off;loading
c. design error
d. sabotage
21. (t should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss of
containment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited to all
9:%9PT the follo!ing:
a. seismic activity
b. truc) off;loading
c. design error
d. sabotage
22. %hanges in the &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&" such as pressure" temperature or fluid
composition" resulting from unit abnormal or upset conditions should be considered in the +(
assessment:
a. process
b. metallurgy
c. P<(5
d. design
2$. The &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& of the data should be consistent !ith the +( method used:
a. accuracy
b. precision
c. completeness
d. quantification
26. .n +( study may use a qualitative" semi;quantitative and=or quantitative approach. .
fundamental difference among these approaches is the amount and detail of :
a. probability and consequence
b. accuracy and precision
c. input" calculations and output
d. damage mechanisms and failure modes
2'. >enerally" a qualitative analysis using broad ranges requires a higher level of judgment"
s)ill and understanding from the user than a more &&&&&&&&&&&& approach:
a. probabilistic
b. quantitative
c. consequential
d. semi;quantitative
2*. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& uses logic models depicting combinations of events that could result
in severe accidents and physical models depicting the progression of accidents and the
transport of a ha?ardous material to the environment:
a. qualitative
b. P@.
c. A.
d. semi;quantitative
2,. The semi;quantitative analysis typically requires the same type of data as a quantitative
analysis but generally not as:
a. quantitative
b. detailed
c. A.
d. semi;quantitative
2-. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& of the +(
analysis:
a. precision
b. detail
c. correctness
d. accuracy
22. .s is true in any inspection program" data validation is essential for a number of reasons.
.mong the reasons for inspection data quality errors are all of the follo!ing 9:%9PT :
a. outdated dra!ings and documentation
b. high corrosion rates
c. inspection error
d. clerical and data transcription errors
$3. Bnfortunately" !hen this &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& step has not been a priority before +("
the time required to do it gets included !ith the time and resources necessary to do a good
job on +(" leaving the !rong impression !ith some managers believing that +( is more time
consuming and e#pensive than it should be :
a. precision and accuracy
b. planning
c. probability # consequence
d. data validation
$1. The selection and type of &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& used by a facility can have a significant
impact on +( results:
a. rules and regulations
b. codes and standards
c. +( analysis
d. precision and accuracy
$2. Facilities approaching the end of their economic or operating service life are a special
case !here &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& can be very useful. The end of life case for plant operation is
about gaining the ma#imum remaining economic benefit from an asset !ithout undue
personnel" environmental or financial ris):
a. development of damage mechanisms
b. creation of integrity operating !indo!s
c. removal of high ris) equipment
d. application of +(
$$. The scope of an +( assessment may vary bet!een an entire refinery or plant and a
single component !ithin a single piece of equipment. Typically" +( is done on multiple pieces
of equipment 7e.g. an entire process unit8 rather than&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. on damage mechanisms alone
b. on a single component
c. on damage factors
d. on failure modes alone
$6. (f the scope of the +( assessment is a multi;unit facility" the first step in the application of
+( is screening of entire process units to ran) &&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. absolute ris)
b. damage mechanisms
c. relative ris)
d. probability
$'. (t is often advantageous to group equipment !ithin a process unit into
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !here common environmental operating conditions e#ist based on
process chemistry" pressure and temperature" metallurgy" equipment design and operating
history:
a. systems" loops" or circuits
b. probability" consequence" or ris)
c. bacon" lettuce" and tomato
d. qualitative" semi;quantitative" or quantitative
$*. &&&&&&&&&diagrams for the unit may be used to identify the systems including information
about metallurgy" process conditions" credible damage mechanisms and historical problems:
a. Piping and (nstrumentation
b. +loc) flo! or process flo!
c. 4essel and piping
d. P%/C
$,. (n most plants" a large percentage of the total unit ris) !ill be concentrated in a relatively
small percentage of the&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&. These potential high;ris) items should
receive greater attention in the ris) assessment:
a. total unit re!ard
b. probability
c. consequence
d. equipment items
$-. Dhen emergency systems 7e.g. flare systems" emergency shutdo!n systems8 are
included in the +( assessment" their service conditions during both &&&&&&&&&&&should be
considered:
a. up and do!n periods
b. metallurgies
c. routine operations and upset
d. intermittent
$2. The purpose of establishing &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&is to identify )ey process parameters that
may impact deterioration:
a. ris) matrices
b. set points
c. operational boundaries
d. probability
63. Process conditions during start;up and shutdo!n can have a significant effect on the ris)
of a plant especially !hen they are more severe 7li)ely to cause accelerated deterioration8
than normal conditions" and as such should be considered for all equipment covered by the
+( assessment. . good e#ample is&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. >eneral corrosion
b. e#ternal corrosion
c. @F .cid corrosion
d. polythionic acid stress corrosion crac)ing
61. The normal operating conditions may be most easily provided if there is a process flo!
model or &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& available for the plant or process unit:
a. P<(5
b. mass balance
c. flo! rates
d. process rates
62. %odes and legal requirements vary from one &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&to another:
a. inspection
b. state
c. jurisdiction
d. PC/
6$. .n +( assessment is a &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&process:
a. team;based
b. required
c. tiresome
d. PC/ mandated
66. From the understanding of &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&" an inspection program may be designed
that optimi?es the use of inspection and plant maintenance resources:
a. probability
b. consequence
c. ris)s
d. criteria
6'. The results of managing and reducing ris) are all of the follo!ing 9:%9PT:
a. avoided losses of containment
b. improved safety
c. inspection deferral
d. avoided commercial losses
6*. educing inspection costs is usually not the primary objective of
an&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&" but it is frequently a side effect of optimi?ation:
a. +( assessment
b. .1.P
c. @.EOP
d. ris) analysis
6,. /ore effective infrequent inspections may be substituted for less effective frequent
inspections:
a. true
b. false
c. maybe
d. ( don0t )no!
6-. +( focuses efforts on areas !here the &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&ris)s e#ist :
a. lo!est
b. greatest
c. probable
d. ne!est
62. %hanging metallurgy of components can reduce &&&&&&&&&&&:
a. PC/
b. .1.P
c. %OF
d. POF
'3. educe or limiting available inventories can reduce by !hat
a. PC/
b. .1.P
c. %OF
d. POF
'1. .n +( assessment made on ne! equipment or a ne! project" !hile in the design stage"
may yield important information on potential ris)s. This may allo! potential ris)s to be
&&&&&&&&&& and have a ris);based inspection plan in place prior to actual installation:
a. minimi?ed by design
b. reduced by half
c. removed
d. mitigated
'2. The objective of +( is to direct management0s decision process of prioriti?ing resources
to &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&:
a. Cave money
b. manage ris)
c. fi# stationary equipment
d. P@.0s and @.EOP0s
'$. (mpending failure of pressure equipment is not avoided by inspection activities unless the
inspection precipitates ris) mitigation activities that change the &&&&&&&&&&&& :
a. .1.P
b. POF
c. %OF
d. P@.
'6. The primary product of an +( effort should be an &&&&&&&&&&&&& for each equipment
item evaluated:
a. probability and consequence
b. ris) plan
c. mitigation plan
d. inspection plan
''. For ris)s considered unacceptable" the plan should contain the mitigation actions that are
recommended to reduce the &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& to acceptable levels:
a. unmitigated ris)
b. ris) plan
c. probability and consequence
d. ris) matri#
'*. The Fitness;For;Cervice assessment is often accomplished through the )no!ledge and
e#pertise of the inspector and engineers involved !hen deterioration is !ithin ',. )no!n
acceptable limits" but on occasion !ill require an engineering analysis such as those
contained in .P(&&&&&&&:
a. ',1
b. ',2
c. '-3
d. ',2
'-. Come ris)s cannot be adequately managed by inspection alone. 9#amples !here
inspection may not be sufficient to manage ris)s to acceptable levels are:
a. equipment nearing retirement
b. failure mechanisms 7such as brittle fracture" fatigue8
c. consequence;dominated ris)s
d. all of the above
'2. The ris);based inspection methodology is intended to complement other ris);based and
safety initiatives. The output from several of these initiatives can provide input to the +(
effort" and +( outputs may be used to improve safety and ris);based initiatives already
implemented by organi?ations. +elo! are e#amples of some of these other initiatives
9:%9PT the follo!ing :
a. P@.
b. 1OP.
c. .1.P
d. OC@. PC/
*3. Potential ha?ards identified in a P@. !ill often affect the &&&&&&&&&&&&&& side of the ris)
equation:
a. POF
b. %OF
c. PC/
d. P%/C
*1. The +( system !ill improve the focus of the inspection plan" resulting in a strengthened
&&&&& program:
a. PC/
b. %OF
c. POF
d.P%/C
*2. 9quipment &&&&&&&&&&& programs can provide input to the probability analysis portion of
an +( program:
a. inspection
b. ris) management
c. OC@.
d. reliability
*$. . physical condition or release of ha?ardous material that could result from component
failure and result in human injury or death" loss or damage" or environmental degradation.
7a8 @a?ard
7b8 1oss
7c8 failure
*6. 1imitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particular event.
7a8 mitigation
7b8 reduction
7c8 residual
*'. /ethods that use engineering judgment and e#perience as the bases for the analysis of
probabilities and consequences of failure.
7a8 Aualitative ris) assessment
7b8 elative ris)
7c8 Fominal ris)
**. .n analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events and estimates the
frequency of occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences.
7a8 Auantitative ris) analysis
7b8 Aualitative ris) analysis7c8 Process ha?ard analysis
*,. &&&&&&&&&& uses logic models depicting combinations of events.
7a8 Auantitative ris) analysis
7b8 Aalitative ris) analysis
7c8 Process ha?ard analysis
7a8 Auantitative ris) analysis
7b8 Aualitative ris) analysis
*-. Auantitative ris) analysis logic models generally consist of &&&&&&&&&& and
&&&&&&&&&&
7a8 9vent tree and fault tree
7b8 Product trees and loss tree
7c8 1i)elihood trees and consequence trees
*2. &&&&&&&&&& delinate initiating events and combinations of systems successes and
failures
7a8 9vent tree
7b8 Fault trees
7c8 logic trees
,3. The accurany of any type of +( analysis depends on !hatG
7a8 Cound methodolgy
7b8 quailty data
7c8 )no!ledgeable personnel
Asnwers
1. d 26 c 6, a ,3 b
2. a 2' b 6- b ,1
$. c 2* c 62 d ,2
6. 2, b '3 c ,$
'. b 2- d '1 a ,6
*. d 22 b '2 b ,'
,. c $3 d '$ b
-. c $1 b '6 d
2. b $2 d '' a
13. a $$ b '* b
11. d $6 c ',
12. a $' a '- d
1$. c $* b '2 c
16. d $, d *3 a
1'. c $- c *1 a
1*. a $2 c *2 d
1,. d 63 d *$ a
1-. a 61 b *6 a
12. c 62 c *' a
23. b 6$ a ** b
21. b 66 c *, c
22. a 6' c *- a
2$. b 6* a *2 a
The accurany of any type of RBI analysis depends on what?

Cound methodolgy
quailty data
)no!ledgeable personnel
Fault tress depict what?
The system failues repersented in the event can occur.
The susceptibilty of each equipment item should be clearly defined for current and projected operating
conditions including what factors?
7a8 normal operation
7b8 upset conditions
7c8 normal start up and shut do!n
7d8 idle or out;of;service timr
7e8 emergency shutdo!n and subsequent start;up
What is risk?
is) is the combination of the probability of some event occuring during a time period of intrest and
consequences associated !ith the event in mathematical terms.
What is the equation of risk?
ris)HProbability I consequence
is) /anagement is a process to assess ris)" to determine if ris) reduction is required and develop a
plan to maintain ris) at an acceptable level.
Risk reduction is what?
The act of mitigating a )no!n ris) that is deemed to be too high and lo!er to a more acceptable level
of ris) !ith some form of ris) reduction activity.
ondition based inspection
(nspection intervals=due dates become more dependent on the equipment condistion.
What is the RBI process capable of generating?
71.8. an)ing by relative ris) of all equipment evaluated.
72.8 .detailed description of the inspection plan to be employed for each equipment item
7$.8 . discription of any other ris) mitigation activites
76.8The e#pected ris) levels of all equipment after the inspection plan and other ris) mitigation activites
have been implemented
7'.8 (dentification of ris) drivers.
What is RBI benefits!
7a8 an overall reduction in ris) for facilities and equipment assessed.
7b8 .n acceptance=understanding of the current ris).
What are R!B!I! limitations or things it will not compensate for?
718 (naccurate or missing information.
728 (nadequate design or faulty equipment instalation.
7$8 Operating outside the acceptable (DO
768 not effectively e#cuting the plans
7'8 1ac) of sound engineering or operational judgment.
What equipment is co"ered under this R# for RBI?
7a8 Pressure 4essels
7b8 Process piping
7c8 Ctorage tan)s
7d8 otation 9quipment ; pressure containg components
7e8 +oiler and heater; pressuri?ed components
7f8 @eat e#changers
7g8 pressure relief devices
What equipment is not co"ered under the $#I %&' RBI?
7a8 instruments and system controls
7b8 electrical systems
7c8 structural system
7d8 machinery components 7e#cept pump and compressor castings.
Who is the target audience for this Recommended #ractice (R!#!) %&' R!B!I!

The inspection and engineering personnel !ho are responsible for the mechanical integrity and
operability of equipment covered by this recommended practice.
..%.%. .merican %hemistry %ouncil
..(.%.h.9. .merican (nstitute of %hemical 9ngineers
..1....P. as lo! as reasonably practical
..F.C.(. .merican Fational Ctandards (nstitute
..C./.9. .merican Cociety of /echanical 9ngineers
..C.F.T. .mericam Cociety of Fondestructive Testing
..C.T./. .merican Cociety of Test /aterials
+.1.9.4.9. boiling liquid e#panding vapor e#plosion
%.%.P.C. %enter for %hemical Process Cafety
%.O.F. consequence of failure
9.P... 9nvironmental Protection .gency
F./.9... failure modes and effects analysis
*!$!+!,!#. ha?ard and operability assessment
(.O.D. integrity operating !indo!
(.C.O. (nternational Organi?ation for Ctandardi?ation
1.O.P... layers of protection analysis
/.O.%. /anagement of change
/.C.5. material selection diagrams
F...%.9. Fational .ssociation of %orrosion 9ngineers
F59 nondestructive e#amination
FFP. Fational Fire Protection .ssociation
O.C.@... Occupational Cafety and @ealth .dministration
P.@... process ha?ards analysis
P./.(. positive material identification
P.O.F. probability of failure
P.C./. process safety management
P.T...C.%.%. polythionic acid stress corrosion crac)ing
P.4..%. Pressure 4essel esearch %ouncil
A.=A% quality assurance=quality control
A.... Auantitative ris) assessment
.+.(. ris);based inspection
.%./. reliability centered maintenance
./.P. ris) management plan
C.(.1. safety integrity level
T.9./... Tubular 9#changers /anufactures .ssociation
T.F.O. The Fetherlands Organi?ation for .pplied Ccientific esearch
B.T. ultrasonic testing
Absolute risk
.n ideal and accurate description and quantification of ris).
Acceptable risk
. level of ris) that is acceptable to the o!ner;user.
A.L.A.R.P.
as lo! as reasonably practical . concept of minimi?ation that postulates that attributes 7such as ris)8
can only be reduced to a certain minimum under current technology and !ith reasonable cost.
Components
Parts that ma)e up a piece of equipment or equipment item. For e#ample a pressure boundary may
consist of components 7pipe" elbo!s" nipples" heads" shells" no??les" stiffening rings" s)irts" supports"
etc.8 that are bolted or !elded into assembles to ma)e up equipment items.
Consequence
.n outcome from an event. There may be one or more consequences from an event. %onsequences
may range from positive to negative. @o!ever" consequences are al!ays negative for safety aspects.
%onsequences may be e#pressed qualitatively or quantitatively.
Corrosion specialist
. person !ho is )no!ledgeable and e#perienced in the specific process chemistries" corrosion
degradation mechanisms" materials selection" corrosion mitigation methods" corrosion monitoring
techniques" and their impact on pressure equipment.
Cost-effective
.n activity that is both effective in resolving an issue 7e.g. some form of mitigation8 and is a financially
sound use of resources.
Damage (or deterioration mec!anism
. process that induces micro and=or macro material changes over time that are harmful to the material
condition or mechanical properties. 5amage mechanisms are usually incremental" cumulative" and" in
some instances" unrecoverable. %ommon damage mechanisms include corrosion" stress corrosion
crac)ing" creep" erosion" fatigue" fracture" and thermal aging.
Damage (or deterioration mode
The physical manifestation of damage 7e.g. !all thinning" pitting" crac)ing" rupture8.
Damage tolerance
The amount of deterioration that a component can !ithstand !ithout failing.
Design premise
.ssumptions made during the design 7e.g. design life and corrosion allo!ance needed8.
Deterioration
The reduction in the ability of a component to provide its intended purpose of containment of fluids.
This can be caused by various damage mechanisms 7e.g. thinning" crac)ing" mechanical8. 5amage or
degradation may be used in place of deterioration.
"quipment
.n individual item that is part of a system. 9#amples include pressure vessels" relief devices" piping"
boilers" and heaters.
"vent
Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances. The event may be certain or uncertain. The event can
be singular or multiple. The probability of an event occurring !ithin a given period of time can be
estimated.
"vent tree
.n analytical tool that organi?es and characteri?es potential occurrences in a logical and graphical
manner. The event tree begins !ith the identification of potential initiating events. Cubsequent possible
events 7including activation of safety functions8 resulting from the initiating events are then displayed
as the second level of the event tree. This process is continued to develop path!ays or scenarios from
the initiating events to potential outcomes.
"#ternal event
9vents resulting from forces of nature" acts of >od" sabotage" or events such as neighboring fires or
e#plosions" terrorism" neighboring ha?ardous material releases" electrical po!er failures" forces of
nature" and intrusions of e#ternal transportation vehicles" such as aircraft" ships" trains" truc)s" or
automobiles. 9#ternal events are usually beyond the direct or indirect control of persons employed at
or by the facility.
$acilit%
.ny location containing equipment and=or components to be addressed under this P.
$ailure
Termination of the ability of a system" structure" equipment or component to perform its required
function of containment of fluid 7i.e. loss of containment8. Failures may be unannounced and
undetected at the instant of occurrence 7unannounced failure8. For e#ample" a slo! lea) under
insulation may not be detected until a pool of fluid forms on the ground or someone notices a drip or
!isp of vapor. . small lea) may not be noticed until the ne#t
inspection 7unannounced failure8" e.g. slo! lea)age from buried piping or small lea) in a heat
e#changer tubeJ or they may be announced and detected by any number of methods at the instance
of occurrence 7announced failure8" e.g. rupture of a pipe in a process plant or sudden decrease in
pressure in the system.
$ailure mode
The manner of failure. For +(" the failure of concern is loss of containment of pressuri?ed equipment
items. 9#amples of failure modes are small hole" crac)" and rupture.
$itness-$or-&ervice assessment
. methodology !hereby damage or fla!s=imperfections contained !ithin a component or equipment
item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continued service.
'a(ard
. physical condition or a release of a ha?ardous material that could result from component failure and
result in human injury or death" loss or damage" or environmental degradation. @a?ard is the source of
harm. %omponents that areused to transport" store" or process a ha?ardous material can be a source
of ha?ard. @uman error and e#ternal events may also create a ha?ard.
'a(ard and operabilit% stud% 'A)*P stud%
. @.EOP study is a form of failure modes and effects analysis 7F/9.8. @.EOP studies" !hich !ere
originally developed for the process industry" use systematic techniques to identify ha?ards and
operability issues throughoutan entire facility. (t is particularly useful in identifying unforeseen ha?ards
designed into facilities due to lac) of information" or introduced into e#isting facilities due to changes in
process conditions or operating procedures. Thebasic objectives of the techniques are:
+nspection
.ctivities performed to verify that materials" fabrication" erection" e#aminations" testing" repairs" etc."
conform to applicable code" engineering" and=or o!ner0s !ritten procedure requirements. (t includes
the planning" implementation" and evaluation of the results of inspection activities. The e#ternal"
internal" or on;stream assessment 7or any combination of the three8 of the condition of pressure
equipment.
+ntegrit% operating window +*,
9stablished limits for process variables that can affect the integrity of the equipment if the process
operation deviates from the established limits for a predetermined amount of time.
-anagement of c!ange -*C
. documented management system for revie! and approval of changes in process" equipment or
piping systems prior to implementation of the change.
-itigation
1imitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particular event.
Probabilit%
9#tent to !hich an event is li)ely to occur !ithin the time frame under consideration. The mathematical
definition of probability is Ka real number in the scale 3 to 1 attached to a random event.K Probability
can be related to a long;run relative frequency of occurrence or to a degree of belief that an event !ill
occur. For a high degree of belief" the probability is near one 718. Frequency rather than probability
may be used in describing ris). 5egrees of belief about
probability can be chosen as classes or ran)s li)e Krare=unli)ely=moderate=li)ely=almost certainK or
Kincredible=improbable=remote=occasional=probable=frequent.K
Process unit
. group of systems arranged in a specific fashion to produce a product or service. 9#amples of
processes include po!er generation" acid production" fuel oil production" and ethylene production.
.ualitative risk anal%sis
.n analysis that uses broad categori?ations for probabilities and consequences of failure. /ethods
that use primarily engineering judgment and e#perience as the basis for the determination of
probabilities and consequences of failure. The results of qualitative ris) analyses are dependent on
the bac)ground and e#pertise of the analysts and the
objectives of the analysis. F/9. and @.EOPs are e#amples of qualitative ris) analysis techniques
that become A. methods !hen consequence and failure probability values are estimated along !ith
the respective descriptive input.
Reassessment
The process of integrating inspection data or other changes into the ris) analysis.
Relative risk
The comparative ris) of a facility" process unit" system" equipment item or component to other
facilities" process units"systems" equipment items" or components" respectively.
Residual risk
The ris) remaining after ris) mitigation.
Risk
%ombination of the probability of an event and its consequence. (n some situations" ris) is a deviation
from the e#pected. Dhen probability and consequence are e#pressed numerically" ris) is the product.
Risk acceptance
. decision to accept a ris). is) acceptance depends on ris) criteria.
Risk anal%sis
Cystematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the ris). is) analysis provides a
basis for ris) evaluation" ris) mitigation and ris) acceptance. (nformation can include historical data"
theoretical analysis" informed opinions" and concerns of sta)eholders.
Risk assessment
Overall process of ris) analysis and ris) evaluation.
Risk avoidance
5ecision not to become involved in" or action to !ithdra! from a ris) situation. The decision may be
ta)en based on the result of ris) evaluation.
Risk-based inspection R/+
. ris) assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressuri?ed
equipment in processing facilities" due to material deterioration. These ris)s are managed primarily
through equipment inspection.
Risk communication
9#change or sharing of information about ris) bet!een the decision ma)er and other sta)eholders.
The information may relate to the e#istence" nature" form" probability" severity" acceptability" mitigation"
or other aspects of ris).
Risk criteria
Terms of reference by !hich the significance of ris) is assessed. is) criteria may include associated
cost and benefits" legal and statutory requirements" socio;economic and environmental aspects"
concerns of sta)eholders" priorities and other inputs to the assessment.
Risk driver
.n item affecting either the probability" consequence" or both such that it constitutes a significant
portion of the ris).
Risk estimation
Process used to assign values to the probability and consequence of a ris). is) estimation may
consider cost" benefits" sta)eholder concerns" and other variables" as appropriate for ris) evaluation.
Risk evaluation
Process used to compare the estimated ris) against given ris) criteria to determine the significance of
the ris). is) evaluation may be used to assist in the acceptance or mitigation decision.
Rrisk identification
Process to find" list" and characteri?e elements of ris). 9lements may include: source" event"
consequence" probability. is) identification may also identify sta)eholder concerns.
Risk management
%oordinated activities to direct and control an organi?ation !ith regard to ris). is) management
typically includes ris) assessment" ris) mitigation" ris) acceptance" and ris) communication.
Risk mitigation
Process of selection and implementation of measures to modify ris). The term ris) mitigation is
sometimes used for measures themselves.
Risk reduction
.ctions ta)en to lessen the probability" negative consequences" or both associated !ith a particular
ris).
&emi-quantitative anal%sis
. semi;quantitative analysis includes aspects of both qualitative and quantitative analyses.
&ource
Thing or activity !ith a potential for consequence. Cource in a safety conte#t is a ha?ard.
&take!older
.ny individual" group or organi?ation that may affect" be affected by" or perceive itself to be affected by
the ris).
&%stem
. collection of equipment assembled for a specific function !ithin a process unit. 9#amples of systems
include service !ater system" distillation systems" and separation systems.
0urnaround
. period of do!n time to perform inspection" maintenance" or modifications and prepare process
equipment for the ne#t operating cycle.
0o#ic c!emical
.ny chemical that presents a physical or health ha?ard or an environmental ha?ard according to the
appropriate material safety datasheet. These chemicals 7!hen ingested" inhaled" or absorbed through
the s)in8 can cause damage to living tissue" impairment of the central nervous system" severe illness"
or in e#treme cases" death. These chemicals may also result in adverse effects to the environment
7measured as ecoto#icity and related to persistence and bioaccumulation potential8.
1nmitigated risk
The ris) prior to mitigation activities.
Dhat is the .+.(. process capable of >eneratingG
18 a ran)ing by relative ris) of all equipment evaluatedJ
28 a detailed description of the inspection plan
$8 a description of any other ris) mitigation activities
68 the e#pected ris) levels of all equipment after the inspection plan and other ris) mitigation activities
have been implementedJ
'8 identification of ris) drivers.
The primary !or) products of the +( assessment and management approach are plans that address
!ays to manage ris)s on an equipment level. These equipment plans highlight ris)s from a
safety=health=environment perspective and=or from an economic standpoint. +( plans should include
cost;effective actions along !ith a projected ris) mitigation.
(mplementation of these plans provides one of the follo!ing:
a8an overall reduction in ris) for the facilities and equipment assessed"
b8an acceptance=understanding of the current ris).
0able 230!ree Levels of P*$
Possible Aualitative an) .nnual Failure Probability or Frequency
1o! L3.3331
/oderate 3.3331 to 3.31
@igh M3.31
0able 43&i# Levels of P*$
Possible Aualitative an) .nnual Failure Probability or Frequency
emote L3.33331
4ery 1o! 3.33331 to 3.3331
1o! 3.3331 to 3.331
/oderate 3.331 to 3.31
@igh 3.31 to 3.1
4ery @igh M3.1
.ualitative P*$ Anal%sis
. qualitative method involves identification of the units" systems or equipment" the materials of
construction and the corrosive components of the processes. On the basis of )no!ledge of the
operating history" future inspection and maintenance plans and possible materials deterioration" POF
can be assessed separately for each unit" system" equipment grouping or individual equipment item.
9ngineering judgment is the basis for this assessment. . POF
category can then be assigned for each unit" system" grouping or equipment item. 5epending on the
methodology employed" the categories may be described !ith !ords 7such as high" medium" or lo!8
or may have numerical descriptors 7such as 3.1 to 3.31 times per year8.
.uantitative P*$ Anal%sis
There are several approaches to a quantitative probability analysis. One e#ample is to ta)e a
probabilistic approach !here specific failure data or e#pert solicitations are used to calculate a POF.
.nother approach is used !hen inaccurate or insufficient failure data e#ists on the specific item of
interest. (n this case" general industry" company or manufacturer failure data are used. . methodology
should be applied to assess the applicability of these general data.
Identification of credible damage mechanisms and failure modes for equipment in a risk analysis is
essential to blank and the blank of the risk analysis!
7a8 damage mechanisms
7b8 Auantitative ris)
7c8 Auality and effectiveness 7c8 Auality and effectiveness
Risk presented in quantitati"e risk analysis as a
7a8 Precise numeric value
7b8 F orm of ris) /atri#
7c8 Form of event tree and Fault tree. 7a8 Precise numeric value
-amage mechanisms include corrosion. cracking. mechanical and metallurgical damage!
/nderstanding damage mechanisms is important for0
a8 the analysis of the POFJ
b8 the selection of appropriate inspection intervals=due dates" locations and techniquesJ
c8 the ability to ma)e decisions 7e.g. modifications to process" materials selection" monitoring" etc.8
that can eliminate or reduce the probability of a specific damage mechanism.
Failure modes identify how the damaged component will fail (e!g! by leakage or by rupture)!
/nderstanding failure modes is important for three reasons0
a8 the analysis of the %OF"
b8 the ability to ma)e run;or;repair decisions"
c8the selection of repair techniques
9conomic loss for consequences may be placed into categories that have pre;defined ranges:
12cessi"e inspections can ha"e what effect on risk le"el0
/ay cause the ris) level to increase

RBI is focused on a systematic determination of What type risk?
elative is)

RBI is a substitute for?
a8@.EOP Ctudy b8 P@. c8/( Programs d8Fone
.ns!er: Fone

Risk riteria is?
Terms of reference by !hich the significance of ris) is assessed %an include associated costs
and benefits" socio;economic and environmental aspects" legal and statutory reqs

Implementation of RBI plans will?
Provide an overall reduction in ris) for the facility and=or equipment
Provide an acceptance=understanding of the current ris)
(dentify equipment that does not require inspection or some other form of mitigation because
of acceptable level of ris)

The ultimate goal of inspection is?
the safety and reliability of operating facilities

$n equipment plan is?
The !or) product of the +( assessment approach that address !ays to manage ris).

$bsolute Risk is?
.n ideal and accurate description and quantification of ris)

$ *a3ard is?
. physical condition or a release of a ha?ardous material that could result from component
failure and result in human injury or death" loss or damage" or environmental degradation.
@a?ard is the source of harm.

Probability # %onsequenceHis)

Failure is?
Termination of the ability of a system" structure" equipment or component to perform its
required function of containment of fluid. ie loss of containment

What is the industry scope of $#I R# %&'?
@ydrocarbon and chemical process industry

$#I R# %&' is intend to ?
(dentify and clarify the essential elements of an +( analysis and program

$#I R# %&'4s primary audience is?
(nspection and engineering personnel !ho are responsible for the mechanical integrity and
operability of equipment covered by this P

Risk management plans should be adjusted when?
.s ne! data becomes available or !hen changes occur

B5161
+oiling liquid e#panding vapor e#plosion

+( requires the involvement of various segments of the organi?ation such as
engineering" maintenance and operations

5oss of containment is generally e"aluated as?
1oss of fluid to the e#ternal environment

RBI addresses an area of risk management not completely addresses in other risk
management efforts such as?
Process @a?ards .nalyses 7P@.8
(ntegrity Operating Dindo! 7(OD8
eliability %entered /aintenance 7%/8

RBI will not compensate for
inaccurate or missing information"
inadequate designs or faulty equipment installation"
operating outside the acceptable (ODs"
not effectively e#ecuting the plans"
lac) of qualified personnel or team!or)"
lac) of sound engineering or operational judgment.

RBI as a continuous impro"ement tool pro"ides a "ehicle to?
(mprove inspection of facilities and systematically reduce the ris) associated !ith pressure
boundary failures

$n 1"ent is?
Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances

#rimary work products of the RBI assessment are0
plans that address !ays to manage ris)

-amage Tolerance is?
The amount of deterioration that a component can !ithstand !ithout failing.

7itigation is?
1imitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particular event.

8takeholder
.ny individual" group or organi?ation that may affect" be affected by" or perceive itself to be
affected by the ris).

7itigation action is an appropriate response to?
Dhen the probability and consequence combination 7ris)8 is high enough to be unacceptable

Risk is?
The combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of interest
and the consequences" 7generally negative8 associated !ith the event.

Risk Reduction
The act of mitigating a )no!n ris) that is deemed to be too high to a lo!er" more acceptable
level of ris) !ith some form of ris) reduction activity

1ffecti"e risk based decision making can only take place when considering what?
%OF < POF

What is the I8,9Risk line
. representation on a constant ris) level.

Risk reduction is part of?
is) management

Inspection ,ptimi3ation
. point is reached !here additional inspection activity begins to sho! a diminishing return
and" eventually" may produce very little additional ris) reduction. (f e#cessive inspection is
applied" the level of ris) may even go up

With an initial in"estment in inspection acti"ities. risk generally is?
significantly reduced.

The use of e2pert opinion is included in risk assessments occurs when?
(n most regardless of type or level

:R$
Auantitative is) .nalysis

:R$ % tasks are
Cystem (d
@a?ards id
Probability assessment
%onsequence analysis
is) esults

8emi quantitati"e $nalysis results are gi"en as?
consequence and probability categories or as ris) numbers

Fit for 8er"ice $ssessment
. methodology !hereby damage or fla!s=imperfections contained !ithin a component or
equipment item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continued service.

The results of a damage mechanisms and failure modes analysis for RBI should indicate0
1. . list of credible damage mechanisms" credible damage modes and a ran)ing of credible
failure modes
2. . list of credible damage mechanisms" credible damage modes

The purpose of establishing operational boundaries is to?
identify )ey process parameters that may impact deterioration

8tart9up and shutdown conditions as well as emergency and non9routine conditions should
also be re"iewed for?
their potential effect on POF and %OF.

The accuracy of results from a qualitati"e analysis is dependent on?
The bac)ground and e#pertise of the ris) analysts and team members

-amage mechanisms include0
%orrosion" crac)ing" mechanical and metallurgical damage.

It is beneficial to the accuracy and quality of an RBI analysis to assure that the data is?
Bp to date and validated by )no!ledgeable persons

Risk9based inspection
. ris) assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of
pressuri?ed equipment in processing facilities" due to material deterioration. These ris)s are
managed primarily through equipment inspection.

,n #,F a probabilistic approach use what type of data to calculate #,F
specific failure data or e#pert solicitations

In most consequence e"aluations. a key element in determining the magnitude of the
consequence is?
the volume of
fluid released.

The total risk is
The sum of the individual ris)s for each specific consequence.

Flammable e"ents can cause damage in two ways0
thermal radiation and blast overpressure.

The consequence analysis in an RBI program is performed to pro"ide
discrimination bet!een equipment items on the basis of the significance of a potential failure.

Risk reduction
.ctions ta)en to lessen the probability" negative consequences" or both associated !ith a
particular ris).

-esign is critical for flammables. since the ;;;;;;;;;;;;; can enhance flame speed under
some circumstances!
!ater curtain

The inspector<specialist and materials and corrosion specialist are responsible for
for assessing
The effectiveness of past inspections

In oil and gas industry. what is the most common used probabilistic assessment
+lend of Aualitative and Auantitate

The le"el of the unmitigated risk should be used to e"aluate
the urgency for performing the inspection.

1n"ironmental ost
%ost for %leanup N Fines N Other %osts

Business Interruption
Process Bnit 5aily 4alue O 5o!ntime 75ays8

The RBI program typically focuses what to2ic risks?
.cute and immediate danger

7aintenance impact will generally be measured in monetary terms and typically includes
repairs" and equipment replacement

#robabilities of incidents generally ;;;;;;;;;;;; with the se"erity of the incident!
decrease

#robability of Fire
7Probability of Failure8 O 7Probability of (gnition8

#robability of =o Fire
7Probability of Failure O Probability of Fon;ignition8 N Probability of Fo Failure
1# 13;' po!er H 3.33331