Examen final API 580 Bogota 24-25 de Agosto del 2019

1. The accuracy of results from a qualitative analysis depends on:

a. The discrete values of the input data

b. Whether it is performed by an owner/user o a non – owner/user
c. The background and expertise of the analyst
d. The integration of the detailed assessments

2. With regard to initial assumptions in an RBI analysis, which of the following statements is
correct?

a. Consequence and probability estimates that are too conservative con result in
unnecessarily inflated calculated risks
b. Consequence and probability estimate that are more conservative will result in less –
intrusive inspections
c. Conservative consequence and probability estimates will be necessary to meet regulatory
requirements

3. Key elements of an RBI program include

a. Identification of equipment that does not require inspection or other means of reducing
the likelihood of failure
b. An overall reduction in risk for the facilities and all equipment assessed
c. An acceptance and understanding of the risk for each item before and after inspection
d. Management systems for maintaining documentation, personnel qualification, data
requirements, and analysis updates

4. The removal of deadlegs is an example of

a. Modifying the process

b. Mitigating the probability of failure
c. Modifying physical design to control inventory
d. Mitigating the consequence of failure

5. Which of the following is an example of a failure mode?

a. Corrosion greater that the allowable

b. A small hole
c. Fatigue damage
d. Chloride stress corrosion
6. Probability of failure is most commonly expressed in terms of

a. Events per year

b. Number of events
c. Frequency
d. Likelihood of failure mode

7. End-of-life RBI strategies are cost effective because

a. Inspection activities that do not affect risk can be eliminated or reduced

b. They can replace more costly fitness-for-service analysis
c. Inspections activities that are more effective and efficient will be planned
d. They can usually extend the required intervals between inspections

8. In RBI, which of the following is the term for an event at a facility that is caused by something
beyond the direct or indirect control of employees?

a. Indeterminate event
b. External event
c. Unassigned event
d. Relative risk event

9. The RBI process is expected to

a. Calculate a risk Level for every piece of pressure equipment a plant

b. Establish an acceptable risk level for the selected inspection, repair, or replacement
activities
c. Determine linkage of risks with appropriate inspection or other risk mitigation activities
d. Present all risk management activities for reducing likelihood and consequence of failure

10. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the results of quantitative analysis?

a. They normally provide an initial screening with which to rank units for attention
b. They are usually numeric and should be comparable
c. They must be included in the documentation of any RBI evaluation
d. They are more accurate than the results of qualitative analysis

11. Risk reduction is

a. Synonymous with risk management

b. Synonymous with inspection optimization
c. Part of risk management
d. Achieved only by inspection
12. Which of the following is not relevant source information for RBI assessments?

a. Maintenance costs
b. Site conditions (e.g, weather seismic, activity)
c. Incident investigation records
d. Equipment replacement records

13. Consequence is defined as

a. Outcome of an event
b. Failure of pressure equipment
c. A negative event
d. Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances

14. The risk to a given facility, process unit, system, equipment item, or component as compared
to a similar item is referred to as

a. Absolute risk
b. Relative risk
c. Qualitative risk
d. Quantitative risk

15. RBI is focused on the systematic determination of

a. Consequence risks
b. Inspection risks
c. Absolute risks
d. Relative risks

16. Which of the following is a major deterioration mechanism category in the hydrocarbon and
chemical industry?

a. Mechanical damage
b. Brittle fracture
c. Material thinning
d. Weld effect

17. The urgency of performing inspection activities depends primarily upon

a. The magnitude of the consequence

b. The level of unmitigated risk
c. Previous inspection findings and corrosion rates
d. Jurisdictional requirements
18. With regard to environmental consequences, the RBI program typically focuses on

a. Carcinogenic agents
b. Chronic risks
c. Acute risks
d. Long-term risks

19. Risk is defined as the combination of the

a. Probability of failure and probability of consequences

b. Probability of an event and its consequences
c. Failure and loss containment
d. Probability of failure and identified deterioration mechanisms

20. As a member of an RBI assessment team, an equipment inspector or inspection specialist is

responsible for

a. Gathering data on the condition and history of the equipment

b. Implementing the agreed-upon risk management strategy
c. Following up to ensure that the appropriate risk mitigation has been implemented
d. Assessing the types of deterioration mechanisms and their applicability and seventy

21. For RBI methods, sensitivity analysis is

a. Employed only when the risk matrix indicates that the risk is high
b. Normally employed to determine the effects of the dominant failure mechanisms for each
piece of equipment studied
c. A review of input variables in a risk calculation to determine their influence on the risk
value
d. Based on statistical analysis that uses historical data gathered from a particular facility to
develop a better understanding of the risk value

22. An RBI inspection plan should specify the

a. Type, scope, and timing of inspection

b. Risk ranking of each piece of equipment
c. Deterioration mechanisms and anticipated failure modes
d. Probability of failure before mitigation

23. The value of a qualitative assessment approach is that

a. The risk of assessment process is much faster

b. It uses logic models that depict combinations of events
c. It enables completion of a risk assessment in the absence of detailed data
d. It produces relative risk numbers rather than absolute risk numbers
24. Which of the following is most important to the success of risk mitigation by emergency
isolation?

a. Operations surveillance
b. Automatic sprinkler systems
c. Fire deluge systems
d. Proper isolation valve locations

25. RBI contributes to the reduction of overall life-cycle costs by

a. Using less expensive inspection techniques

b. Reducing the number of internal inspections
c. Increasing the number of nonintrusive inspections
d. Enhancing the prediction of failure caused by deterioration mechanisms

26. The RBI methodology is intended to

a. Complement other safety initiatives

b. Reduce the need for PHA programs
c. Reduce the amount of inspection
d. Replace intrusive inspections

27. Which of the following statements about codes and standards used to design equipment is
correct?

a. They are necessary for any RBI review

b. They can have a significant impact on RBI results
c. They are only relevant if the meet jurisdictional requirements
d. They have little effect on RBI results

28. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to equipment items with risks
deemed acceptable by RBI analysis?

a. Inspection interval should be lengthened

b. Inspection effectiveness should be adjusted
c. Equipment should be removed from inspection programs
d. No further mitigation is necessary

29. For RBI methods, the risk determination is

a. A combination of the probability and the consequence of a potential failure

b. A calculation that combines failure mechanisms, corrosion rate, and length of service to
determine the likelihood of failure for a particular piece of equipment
c. Dependent on the likelihood of a loss of containment
d. Dependent on the magnitude of the loss of containment event
30. In RBI, residual factors for loss of containment include all of the following except

a. Human errors
b. Unknown mechanisms of deterioration
c. Inspection efforts
d. Secondary effects from nearby units

31. Inspection optimization is

a. The next generation of inspection programs after time-bases and condition-bases

inspection
b. The point at which additional inspection begins to show a diminishing reduction of risk
c. Continuous improvement of the RBI program with risk reassessments for changing
conditions
d. The lowest possible total cost an inspection program

32. In which of the following situations is there usually a potential for risk management trough
inspection?

a. Risk is dominated by consequence

b. Deterioration mechanism is high-cycle fatigue cracking
c. Risk is dominated by probability
d. Failures are event driven

33. Residual risk is defined as the

a. Acceptable risk threshold determined by the risk management process

b. Risk identified after RBI analysis
c. Risk that remains after inspection
d. Risk that remains after mitigation

34. When risk acceptability criteria are being established, it is generally recognized that

a. Every failure will lead to an undesirable incident of serious consequence

b. Some incidents of serious consequence have very high probabilities
c. Every failure will lead to some undesirable consequence
d. Not every failure will lead an undesirable incident of serious consequence

35. The mitigation credit assigned to a particular action to reduce either probability or
consequence should be captured along with

a. Cost of mitigation
b. Cost-benefit analysis
c. Code or regulatory requirements
d. Time dependence
36. All of the following are essential elements of an RBI program except

a. Documented method of managing risk through inspection and mitigation activities

b. Management system for maintaining documentation and analysis updates
c. Process hazard analysis to verify the adequacy of unit design
d. Document method of determining failure probability and consequence

37. Analysis of the probability of failure should address

a. Potential for adverse consequences resulting from a release

b. Failure modes that will lead to the highest consequence
c. All deterioration mechanisms to which the equipment is susceptible
d. Anything that might cause a release of hazardous substances

38. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the use of RBI for managing
inspection costs?

a. Equipment integrity should remains the primary focus

b. RBI will eliminate some inspections
c. On-stream inspections are not as effective as internal inspections
d. RBI will probably raise the total cost of inspection for a given unit

39. The qualifications for risk analysis for RBI include

a. Materials and corrosion knowledge

b. Knowledge of the process unit
c. API RBI certification
d. Training in the RBI methodology being used

40. Risk management trough inspections may have little or no effect situations involving

a. New equipment with an unknown corrosion rates

b. Low consequences of failure
c. A long time between onset of deterioration and final failure
d. Instantaneous failures related to operating conditions

41. Which of the following is a methodology that will increase the precision of an RBI analysis?

a. A high level of confidence in all previous inspection techniques

b. Identifying and assessing all probable deterioration mechanisms
c. The use of high-quality data knowledgeable personnel
d. A quantitative assessment approach that uses logic and physical models
42. Given the following example fault tree

What is the probability that there will be no fire?

a. 0.000004 Per year

b. 0.000196 Per year
c. 0.980000 Per year
d. 0.999996 Per year

43. A detailed description of an RBI plan for each piece of equipment will specify

a. Risk management achieved through implementation of the plan

b. Repairs necessary to reduce risk
c. Likelihood and consequence of failure
d. The acceptable risk threshold driving the need for inspection

44. Which of the following is not an expression of frequency?

a. Failures per run

b. Numbers of failures
c. Low rate of failures
d. Failures per year

45. In an RBI investigation, consequence analysis is intended to provide a measure of the

a. Mitigations necessary to reduce risk

b. Overall risk of a potential for failure
c. Maximum liability for a failure
d. Significance of a potential failure

46. The time frame over which an RBI analysis is applicable should

a. Be based only on the time dependence of deterioration mechanisms

b. Be defined and captured in the final documentation
c. Be considered in the analysis but not included in the final documentation
d. Not be allowed to unduly influence the tracking and management of risk
47. Which of the following may make it impractical to reduce some risks to an acceptable level?

a. Labor contracts
b. Cost constraints
c. Regulatory requirements
d. Production needs

48. Metallurgical and environmental deterioration typically involve

a. Loss of ductility
b. Mechanical and/or physical properly deterioration
c. High temperature creep and/or cracking
d. High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA)

49. Compared to quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis using broad ranges generally requires

a. A lower level o judgment, skill, and understanding

b. Greater accuracy in data input to compensate for lower precision of the models
c. A higher level of judgment, skill, and understanding
d. Better training in understanding the impact of data quality

50. Identification of deterioration mechanisms, susceptibilities, and failure modes is

a. Essential to the quality and effectiveness of an RBI evaluation

b. The first step in the RBI process
c. Not essential when accurate inspection data is available
d. One of the most important outputs of an RBI assessment

51. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to assumptions in an RBI analysis
about the nature and extent of equipment deterioration?

a. They should be clearly documented in the final assessment

b. They are often unpredictable
c. They must be confirmed by a corrosion engineer
d. They can be risky unless corroborated by field observations

52. Which of the following statements about risk mitigation activities is correct?

a. All methods reduce the magnitude of consequence or the probability of failure

b. Inspection is not always the most cost effective method
c. The most important method is equipment repair and replacement
d. Inspection is the most cost effective method
53. Which type of RBI typically requires the most detailed information and data for the models?

a. Quantitative risk assessment

b. Semi-quantitative risk assessment
c. Qualitative risk assessment
d. Absolute risk assessment

54. Which of the following should be identified at the beginning of an RBI assessment?

a. Data to be used
b. Plans used by similar facilities
c. Person with sole responsibility for preparing the plan
d. Person who will obtain jurisdictional approval

55. One of the factors in determining the probability of failure caused by deterioration I the

a. Uncertainly of process operations

b. Maximum allowable working pressure
c. Likelihood of rupture
d. Rate of deterioration

56. The RBI plan resulting from a detailed description of an RBI assessment for each piece of
equipment will specify

a. Proposed mitigation plants

b. Consequence and probability of failure
c. Timing of inspections
d. Risk levels before inspection

57. In an RBI assessment, the purpose of establishing operational boundaries is to

a. Identify key process parameters that may impact deterioration

b. Understand the probability of failure
c. Understand the consequences of failure
d. Ensure that a unit operates within an acceptable design envelope

58. An RBI reassessment should be conducted after all of the following except

a. An equipment re-rate
b. Each significant change in risk
c. Implementation of risk mitigation strategies
d. A default maximum time period
59. How does an iso-risk line on a risk plot help with inspection planning?

a. It shows how risks are changing over time

b. It improves understanding of the relative risks of equipment
c. It determines the urgency of the next inspection
d. It assists optimizing the inspection and mitigation plans

60. Which of the following is most often used to determine deterioration susceptibility and rate
when plant databases do not contain sufficiently detailed information?

a. Expert opinion
b. Process and metallurgical information
c. Corrosion textbooks
d. P&IDs

61. Inspection activities help to manage risk by

a. Mitigating risk
b. Reducing uncertainly
c. Identifying risk
d. Identifying deterioration mechanisms

62. Inspectors and inspection engineers typically reduce the risk associated with deterioration
mechanisms by reducing

a. Only the probability of failure

b. The probability of rupture
c. Both the probability and consequence of failure
d. The intervals between inspections

63. Which of the following is least likely to require a risk-bases inspection (RBI) reassessment?

a. Changing process conditions to a different feedstock

b. Installation of effective risk mitigation devices
c. Increases in rates of deterioration mechanisms
d. Changing from internal to on-stream inspections

64. If the scope of an assessment is a multi-unit facility, then the first step in the application of RBI
is

a. Screening process units to rank relative risks

b. Collecting data and information on each process unit
c. Establishing the operating boundaries of the equipment
d. Selecting the type and level of RBI assessment be conducted
65. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to establishing an inspection
strategy?

a. The level of risk reduction achieved by inspection is not related to the interval between
deterioration onset and equipment failure
b. Inspection is only effective if the technique adequately detects the severity of
deterioration
c. High-risk equipment items require more extensive methods of nondestructive evaluation
d. The closer the equipment is to retirement, the greater the need for frequent inspections

66. The RBI program is intended to promote consistency and quality in the

a. Types of inspection and repair activities selected to reduce risk

b. Identification, assessment and management of risk pertaining to material deterioration
c. Identification of high-process units in the refining chemical industry
d. Avoidance of unmitigated risks

67. The suitability and current condition of equipment within the current operating envelope will
determine the

a. Consequence of failure
b. Probability of failure
c. Total risk
d. Probability and consequence of failure

68. In the RBI process, internal inspection

a. Is the preferred method of inspection

b. May actually increase the risk to an item
c. Eliminates the need for external inspection
d. Is worth the additional cost

69. Data quality in RBI analysis is

a. Equally important for all types of RBI

b. More important for quantitative RBI
c. More important for qualitative RBI
d. Not an important issue in qualitative RBI

70. The primary inputs for probability of failure evaluations include

a. Deterioration mechanisms, rates, and susceptibility

b. Likely failure mode, hole, size, and metallurgy
c. Inspections and operating histories
d. Consequence of failure and inspection cycle
71. The continuum of RBI approaches is the

a. Continuous improvement cycle involved in RBI reassessment

b. Gab between RBI inspection optimization and non-RBI residual risk
c. Range between data collection and risk mitigation for RBI
d. Range between qualitative and quantitative

72. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to determining the probability of a
specific consequence?

a. The events leading to it must considered

b. Other credible events that could lead to it need to be considered
c. It usually increases with the severity of the incident
d. It is independent of the probability of failure

73. Risk acceptance is determined on the basis of

a. Criteria defined in the RBI software

b. Criteria defined in API 580
c. Criteria defined by individual companies
d. The cost of compliance

74. When equipment has deteriorated to such an extent that he risk failure cannot be managed
and held to an acceptable level, the only way to mitigate risk is most often

a. Replacement/repair
b. Fitness-for-service analysis
c. An increase in the number of external inspections
d. An increase in the number of intrusive inspections

75. The value of a qualitative approach in that

a. The risk assessment process is much faster

b. It uses logic models that depict combinations of events
c. It enables completion of a risk assessment in the absence of detailed data
d. It produces relative risk number rather than absolute risk number

76. The probability of equipment item failure depends on the

a. Maximum likelihood of any given outcome of events that may occur

b. Likelihood that deterioration mechanisms will produce rupture and loss of containment
c. Suitability and current condition of equipment within the operating envelope
d. Total risk determined on the basis of likelihood and consequence of individual failure
modes
77. An equipment item’s documented mitigation action plan would include all of the following
except the

a. Proposed repair methods

b. NDE method used to detect the degradation
c. Date by which the plan should be completed
d. Appropriate QA/QC

78. In jurisdictions that permit the application of the API inspection codes and standards, which of
the following is correct?

a. API RP 581 is the only acceptable method for setting inspection plans
b. RBI should be an acceptable method for establishing inspection plans
c. RBI inspection plans need not be approved by jurisdictional authorities if they are
prepared in strict accordance with API RP 581
d. RBI is only an acceptable method of inspection planning when conducted by the plant
safety engineer

79. Risk management through inspections may have a little or no effect in situations involving

a. New equipment with unknown corrosion rates

b. Low consequence of failure
c. A long time between onset of deterioration and final failure
d. Instantaneous failures related to operating conditions

80. If the scope of an assessment is a multi-unit, then the first step in the application of RBI is

a. Screening process units to rank relative risks

b. Collecting data and information on each process unit
c. Establishing the operating boundaries of the equipment
d. Selecting the type and level of RBI assessment to be conducted

81. For a risk-based inspection (RBI) assessment, who has primary responsibility for providing
a framework on which to base risk decision?

a. Process safety leader

b. Project leader
c. Team leader
d. Management

82. API RP 580 RBI is concerned primarily which type of failure?

a. Loss of containment
b. Rupture
c. Loss of critical function
d. Equipment deterioration
83. In RBI analysis, dividing process units into groups of equipment that have common
characteristics is

a. Not permitted unless is in identical service

b. Useful only for common types of equipment
c. To be avoided because every equipment item is unique
d. Useful as a means of saving time and expense

84. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to establishing an inspection
strategy?

a. The level of risk reduction achieved by inspection is not related to the interval between
deterioration onset and equipment failure
b. Inspections is only effective if the technique adequately detects the severity of
deterioration
c. High-risk equipment items require more extensive methods of nondestructive evaluation
d. The closer the equipment is to retirement, the grater the need for frequent inspections

85. The most commonly used type of probability of failure analysis is

a. Qualitative
b. Semi-quantitative
c. Quantitative
d. Probabilistic

86. Inspection and condition monitoring is a form of

a. Risk mitigation
b. Risk reduction
c. Consequence mitigation
d. Risk evaluation

87. The urgency of performing inspection activities depend primarily upon

a. The magnitude of the consequence

b. The level of unmitigated risk
c. Previous inspection and corrosion rates
d. Jurisdictional requirements

88. The qualification for risk analysis for RBI include

a. Materials and corrosion knowledge

b. Knowledge of the process unit
c. API RBI certification
d. Training on the RBI methodology being used
89. Which of the following is an example of failure distinct from loss of containment?

a. Column flooding
b. Loss of catalysis reactivity
c. Process fouling
d. Heat exchanger bundle failure

90. Documentation of the names of RBI team members is important because

a. It will be helpful in understanding the basis of the risk assessment when the analysis is
repeated or updated
b. It will be helpful in convincing jurisdictional authorities of the knowledge and skill of those
involved in the analysis
c. The same team members must be involved in the reassessment when new data and
information are obtained
d. It determines who is responsible for premature equipment failures

91. A likely trigger for an RBI reassessment would de after

a. An RPI 580, risk-bases has been updated

b. A mitigation strategy has been implemented
c. RBI team members have changed
d. A sensitivity analysis in the risk determination has been conducted

92. A useful first step in planning a maintenance turnaround would be to

a. Determine the effect of risk mitigation strategies

b. Reaffirm RBI team member facilities
c. Conduct and RBI assessment for lowest life cycle-cost
d. Conduct an RI assessment

93. The primary product of a risk-based inspection (RBI) effort should be a/an

a. Lower inspection cost for the owner/operator

b. Inspection plan for each equipment item
c. Complete elimination of risk
d. Reduction in downtime for equipment

94. All of the following are risk mitigation activities except

a. Life-cycle costing
b. Enhancement of survivability
c. Elimination of consequence source
d. Reduction of consequence
95. An RBI assessment of new equipment or a new project may

a. Not be useful because there is no inspection history

b. Be needed in order to define the risk criteria to be used in service
c. Be conducted only after 1000 hours of operation to establish operating and inspection
data
d. Yield useful information on potential risks to be mitigated

96. An iso-risk line on a risk plot is a line

a. Of constant risk
b. Of same-risk consequence
c. Showing direction of increasing
d. Of same-risk probability

97. Conducting more internal inspection than is called for by RBI

a. Will reduce residual risk

b. Can result in inspection optimization
c. May cause additional deterioration and risk
d. Will produce further risk reduction

98. It is most important to reference codes and standards used in an RBI analysis when

a. Governmental regulations require nonintrusive inspection

b. They require 10 year minimum inspection intervals
c. RBI is used to increase inspection intervals
d. They require intrusive inspections

99. In invasive inspections, which of the following typically will not cause deterioration or increase
risk?

a. Entry and examination of thick-film-lined vessels

b. Human errors in restreaming
c. Entry leading to moisture ingress when SCC or polyphonic acid attack is likely
d. Examination of glass-lined vessels

100. Which of the following statements is corrects with regard to establishing an inspection
strategy?

a. The level of risk reduction achieved by inspection is not related to the interval between
deterioration and equipment failure
b. Inspection onset and equipment failure
c. High-risk equipment items require more extensive standards of nondestructive evaluation
d. The closer the equipment is to retirement, the grater the need for frequent inspections
101. API RP 580 RBI is concerned primarily with which type of failure?

a. Loss of containment
b. Rupture
c. Loss of critical function
d. Equipment deterioration

102. For a risk-based inspection (RBI) assessment, who has primary responsibility for providing a
framework on which to base risk decisions?

a. Process safety leader

b. Project leader
c. Team leader
d. Management

103. An equipment item´s documented mitigation action plan would include all of the following
except

a. Proposed repair methods

b. NDE meth dosed to detect the degradation
c. Date by which the plan should be completed
d. Appropriate QA/QC

104. The primary inputs for probability of failure evaluation include

a. Deterioration mechanisms, rates, and susceptibility

b. Likely failure mode, hole, size, and metallurgy
c. Inspection and operating histories
d. Consequence of failure and inspection cycle

105. Data quality RBI analysis is

a. Equally important for all types of RBI

b. More important for quantitative RBI
c. More important for qualitative RBI
d. Not an important issue qualitative RBI

106. RBI focused on the systematic determination of

a. Consequence risks
b. Inspection risks
c. Absolute risks
d. Relative risks
107. Which of the following is a major mechanism category in the hydrocarbon and chemical
industry?

a. Mechanical damage
b. Brittle fracture
c. Material thinning
d. Weld effect

108. The value if a qualitative approach is that

a. The risk assessment process is much faster

b. It uses logic models that depict combinations of events
c. It enables completion of a risk assessment in the absence of detailed data
d. It produces relative risk numbers rather than absolute risk numbers

109. In invasive inspection, which of the following typically will cause deterioration or increase
risk?

a. Entry and examination of thick-film-lined vessels

b. Human errors in restreaming
c. Entry leading to moisture ingress when SCC or polyphonic acid attack is likely
d. Examination of glass-lined vessels