INDIA 2014_CHAPTER 12 ENVIRONMENT

- Biosphere Reserve
- Biodiversity Conservation: Biodiversity and Bio Safety
- Convention on Biodiversity
- Cartagena Biosafety protocol
- Ramsar Convention
- Mangroves
- Coral reef
- Clean Technology
- Ozone Layer Protection
- Central pollution control oard! CPCB
- "ational tiger conservation authority
- "ational iodiversity authority "B#
- Ministry of environment and forest
- "ational environment assessment and monitory authority! "$#M#
- "ational %anga river asin authority
- "ational green triunal
- "ational %reen Triunal #ct &'('
- $nvironment Protection #ct ()*+
- ,orest Conservation #ct
- ,orest management schemes
- Pro-ect Tiger. pro-ect $lephant
- $nvironment /mpact #ssessment
- Policy for aatement of pollution! ())&
- "ational environment policy! &''+
- $!0aste rules! &'((
- "ational river conservation plan
- "ational 0etlands conservation program
- Biomedical 0aste management
- Biodiversity hotspots
- "ational action plan for climate change! "#PCC
- %reen /ndia mission
CHAPTER 4 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Defnition of sst!in!"#e De$e#o%&ent !n' ()o *!$e it+
Sustanabe Deveopment, as dened by the B,n't#!n' Co&&ission in
1-./, is development that meets the needs of the present 0ithout
compromising the aility of future generations to meet their o0n needs1

Defnition of E0o1e20ien03
$co!e2ciency is achieved y the delivery of competitively priced goods and
services that satisfy human needs and ring 3uality of life. 0hile
progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout
the life!cycle. to a level at least in line 0ith the earth1s carrying capacity.
4,een t!51 &e!nin*6 ti#it3 !n' In'i!n e5!&%#e
#n 4environment1 or 4green1 ta5 is imposed on a product 6or a
complementary product7 that damages the environment. in an attempt to
reduce its production or consumption.
We-desgned envronmenta taxes and other economc nstruments can pay
an mportant roe n ensurng that prces reect envronmenta costs, n ne
wth the %o##te, %!3s %,in0i%#e7. Envronmenta taxes can be smpe and
emcent nanca nstruments for mprovng the productvty of natura
resources. Envronmenta taxes on water and foss fues need not be part of
the genera revenues of the Government; rather they shoud be drecty
poughed back nto envronmentay sustanabe acton on these fronts. Co!#
Cess s a good exampe of envronment tax mposed by Government of Inda
n recent tmes, whose proceeds are channeed to the N!tion!# C#e!n
Ene,*3 8n'.
Some "enefts of en$i,on&ent t!5!tion are enumerated beow
- They provde ncentves for measures that %,ote0t t)e en$i,on&ent,
and deter actons that ead to envronmenta damage.
- Economc nstruments such as taxes can enabe en$i,on&ent!#
*o!#s to "e !0)ie$e' !t t)e #o(est 0ost, and n the most emcent
way.
- By nternazng envronmenta costs nto prces, they hep sgna the
st,0t,!# e0ono&i0 0)!n*es needed to move to a more sustanabe
economy.
- They can en0o,!*e inno$!tion !n' 'e$e#o%&ent of new
technoogy.
- The ,e$ene ,!ise' "3 en$i,on&ent!# t!5es can be used to reduce
the eve of other taxes. Ths coud hep reduce dstortons, whe
rasng the emcency wth whch resources are used n the economy
9)3 'iese# !n' fe,ti#i:e, s"si'ies !,e "!'
There has been a growng recognton of fs0!# !n' en$i,on&ent!#
i&%#i0!tions of the subsdy poces n ene,*36 (!te, !n' !*,i0#t,e
se0to,s.
In the energy sector, for exampe, wth the dsmantng of the A'&iniste,e'
P,i0in* Me0)!nis& ;APM< n Apr 2002, subsdes on a o products were
removed, barrng qud petroeum gas and kerosene, whch are used by
househods. However, the pocy has subsequenty been reversed eadng to a
arge and regressve subsdy on dese that has dstorted the use of energy n
transport and ndustra sectors, and worsened the probem of )!:!,'os !i,
%o##tion.
Smary, excessve use of nit,o*enos fe,ti#i:e,s and o$e,1
',!(in* of (!te,, "!0=e' "3 s"si'ies !t "ot) Cent,e !n'
St!te #e$e#s, s payng havoc wth the sst!in!"i#it3 of soi# !n'
(!te, e0os3ste&
N!tion!# 0#e!n ene,*3 fn'
- The Government of Inda (GoI) has aready set up a N!tion!# C#e!n
Ene,*3 8n' ;NCE8) n 2010 by i&%osin* ! 0ess on 0o!# at an
ehectve rate of `50 per tonne.
- The Government expects to coect `106000 0,o,e under the Cean
Energy Fund "3 201>.
- The NCEF w s%%o,t %,o?e0ts6 %,o*,!&&es !n' %o#i0ies t)!t
%,o&ote 0#e!n ene,*3 te0)no#o*ies.
- Ths fund can be used to estabsh a focused nvestment vehce for
companes nvestng n green technoogy, and envronmentay
supportve busnesses such as renewabe energy, green transport, and
water and waste management among others.
Co&%ens!to,3 !@o,est!tion fn'
Compensatory Ahorestaton Fund s an nnovatve mechansm for
!tt,!0tin* !''ition!# ,eso,0es to the forestry sector.
Money s coected for compensatory ahorestaton from user agences
n eu of the #!n' *,!nte' fo, non1fo,est,3 %,%ose, presenty at
the rate of `0.8 mon per hectare
Beneft of PAT !n' REC
The mountng pressure on conventona energy sources has made
energy conservaton a focus area for the Government.
The Pe,fo,&6 A0)ie$e !n' T,!'e ;PAT< s0)e&e s an exampe of
0e,tif0!te "!se' t,!'in* s0)e&e promotng energy emcency.
Smary, Rene(!"#e Ene,*3 Ce,tif0!te ;REC) mechansm s a
&!,=et1"!se' inst,&ent ntroduced to %,o&ote ,ene(!"#e
ene,*3, and f!0i#it!te ,ene(!"#e %,0)!se o"#i*!tions, whch
legally mandate a percentage of electricity to e procured y
distriution companies from rene0ale energy sources8
REC mechansm ams to !'',ess t)e &is&!t0) between
!$!i#!"i#it3 of renewabe energy resources n a State and the
,eAi,e&ent of the obgated enttes to meet ther renewabe
purchase obgatons
List of non1&onet!,3 in0enti$es to %,ote0t en$i,on&ent
- Non-monetary ncentves are pocy nstruments that typcay 'o not
)!$e ! &onet!,3 $!#e6 "t 'efnite#3 )!$e ! fn!n0i!# i&%!0t
that promotes sustanabty.
- These ncentves can be used as a "!,*!inin* too# "3 t)e
4o$e,n&ent to en0o,!*e 0onse,$!tion of ,eso,0es n an
economy.
- Actvtes such as those en0o,!*in* ?'i0ios se of (!te,6
%#!ntin* t,ees6 0!, %oo#in* !n' !$oi'in* se of %#!sti0 "!*s can
be rewarded so that t encourages the practce, and acts as an
exampe for others. (Read more for mans and ntervew purpose)
- Through the ntaton of inno$!ti$e %o#i0ies and !(!,'s, the
Government 0!n %,o$i'e ,e0o*nition, whch w en0o,!*e
sst!in!"#e 'e$e#o%&ent amongst the ctzens and the rms
E0o In'st,i!# )"
An e0o1in'st,i!# %!,= ;EIP) o, est!te s a community of
manufacturing and service usinesses located together on a common
property.
Member busnesses see= en)!n0e' en$i,on&ent!#6 e0ono&i0 !n'
so0i!# %e,fo,&!n0e t),o*) 0o##!"o,!tion in &!n!*in*
en$i,on&ent!# !n' ,eso,0e isses.
By workng together, the communty of busnesses seeks a coectve
benet that s greater than the sum of ndvdua benets each
company woud rease by ony optmzng ts ndvdua performance
Co!st!# ,e*#!tion :one 0#!ssif0!tion
The Coasta Reguaton Zone notcaton ,e*#!tes !0ti$ities "!se'
on $#ne,!"i#it3 of 0o!st!# !,e!s to )&!n !0ti$it3
Coasta areas are currenty cassed nto fo, 0!te*o,ies (CB 1 to 4)
wth dherent eves of %e,&issi$it3 fo, 'e$e#o%&ent !0ti$ities.
C!te*o,3 1 ncudes ecoogcay senstve areas; 0!te*o,3 4 ncudes
sands, whe 0!te*o,ies 2 !n' C permt constructon actvtes based
on vunerabty.
S(!&in!t)!n Co&&ittee s assocated wth coasta zone Management
E0o&!,= D#!"e#
- The GoI aunched the eco-abeng scheme known as Ecomark n 1--1
for easy i'entif0!tion of en$i,on&ent1f,ien'#3 %,o'0ts.
- The Ecomark abe s !(!,'e' to 0ons&e, *oo's whch meet the
speced envronmenta crtera and the quaty requrements of Indan
Standards.
T(e#$e 8o0s A,e!s fo, t)e T(e#ft) P#!n
1. Advanced Coa Technooges
2. Natona Wnd Energy Msson
3. Natona Soar Msson
4. Technoogy Improvement n Iron and Stee Industry
5. Technoogy Improvement n Cement Industry
6. Energy Emcency Programmes n the Industry
7. Vehce Fue Emcency Programme
8. Improvng the Emcency of Freght Transport
9. Better Urban Pubc and Non-motorzed Transport
10. Lghtng, Labeng and Super-emcent Equpment Programme
11. Faster Adopton of Green Budng Codes
12. Improvng the Stock of Forest and Tree Cover
4EC>F ()3 s%e,0,iti0!# %o(e,%#!nts !,e "ette, t)!n
s"10,iti0!#
It has aready been announced that 50 per cent of the Twefth Pan
target and the coa-based capacty addton n the Thrteenth Pan
woud be through super-crtca unts, ()i0) ,e'0e t)e se of 0o!#
%e, nit of e#e0t,i0it3 %,o'0e'.
Operate at steam condtons, can acheve a heat rate of 2,235
kCa/kWh as aganst a heat rate of 2,450 kCa/kWh for sub-crtca
power pants (#o(e, )e!t ,!te t)!n s"10,iti0!# %o(e, %#!nt<
The specc CO2 e&ission for super-crtca pants s #o(e, than sub-
crtca pants
Super-crtca technoogy s now mature and s ony &!,*in!##3 &o,e
e5%ensi$e than sub-crtca power pants
Prortzaton of coa nkages w be necessary to ncentvse adopton
of super-crtca technoogy. (For mans and ntervew)
I&%o,t!n0e of C#e!n Co!# Te0)no#o*3F U#t,!1s%e,
C,iti0!# Po(e, P#!nts
Mo,e e20ient t)!n s" 0,iti0!# %#!nt !n' s%e, 0,iti0!# %#!nt:
An Utra Super Crtca (USC) coa-based power pant has an emcency
of 46 per cent compared wth 34 per cent for a sub crtca pant and 40
per cent for a Super Crtca (SC) pant
Thus, wth an USC or SC pant, the s!$in*s in 0o!# 0ons&%tion and
,e'0tion in CO2 e&ission can be substanta.
It has a specc heat of 1,870 kca/kwh compared to 2,530 kca/kwh for
a sub-crtca pant. Thus, every unt generated wth USC w save
0.165 kg |(2,530-1,870)/4,000| coa of 4,000 kca/kg; and 60 bon
unts w save 9.9 mon tonnes of coa per year
To put t smpy, faster adoption of 9SC and SC technology can save as
much coal as 0ould e saved y installation of ten times the solar
po0er capacity.
Whe from a #on* te,& %e,s%e0ti$e (e nee' t)e so#!, o%tion,
from a &e'i& te,& %e,s%e0ti$e6 'e$e#o%&ent of USC !n' SC
te0)no#o*3 shoud be pursued vgorousy
NOTE: A soar pant generates 1,500 unts per KW of nstaed capacty
9)!t is t)e "eneft of 0o!# *!sif0!tion+
Coa gascaton provdes opportuntes for hgher emcency.
However, Indan coa has $e,3 )i*) !s) 0ontent and nta resuts
suggest that emcency gan over sub-crtca unts s ony margna.
Un'e,*,on' 0o!# *!sif0!tion s an i&%o,t!nt te0)no#o*3 that
w enabe utsaton of deep coa deposts, whch cannot be mned
usng conventona means, or because they are ocated n
envronmentay frage regons.
It aso !##o(s t)e %ossi"i#it3 of in sit 0!,"on 0!%t,e.
Gven Indas coa shortage, there shoud be greater research n ths
technoogy, ncudng executon of a few pot pro|ects.
Anot)e, %otenti!##3 %,o&isin* te0)no#o*3 s 0o!# "e' &et)!ne
and t may be desrabe to undertake some pot pro|ects n ths regard.
9)!t is Co!# 4!stif0!tion
Co!# *!sif0!tion s the process of producng syngas-a mxture consstng
prmary of methane (CH4) carbon monoxde (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon
doxde (CO2) and water vapor (H2O)-from coa and water, ar and/or oxygen
9)i0) st!tes )!$e )i*)est %otenti!# in (in' ene,*3+
Karnataka, Tam Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gu|arat have
sgncant potenta
Nee' fo, n!tion!# (in' ene,*3 &ission
Achevng ambtous wnd generaton targets requres carefu
coordnaton between mutpe Centra and State agences, partcuary
transmsson and dstrbuton uttes, nanca nsttutons and so on
We nee' to set % ! N!tion!# 9in' Ene,*3 Mission, si&i#!, to
t)e N!tion!# So#!, Mission for ehectve formuaton and
mpementaton of poces "ot) !t t)e N!tion!# !n' St!te #e$e#sE
The o"?e0ti$es of the Msson shoud aso ncude, but not be mted
to the foowng:
- Incentvzng the ndustry to nvest n in'i*enos 'esi*n !n'
&!nf!0t,e of t,"ines site' fo, In'i!7s #o( (in' s%ee'
,e*i&es. Presenty, Indan wnd farms use turbnes that are desgned
for goba markets
- L!n' ten,e %o#i0ies that w en0o,!*e &i5e' #!n' se fo, (in'
*ene,!tion !n' !*,i0#t,e (wthout havng to pay commerca rents
that w ncrease the cost of wnd power). These powers must be
deegated to the oca sub-dvsona omcer
- The "i''in* &o'e#s currenty beng pursued nee' to "e ,e$isite',
so that farmers, wherever wng, are abe to benet from mxed and
use and a costpus approach can be used to determne feed-n tarhs
provded t s done through an ndependent reguator
- Mechansms for usng the N!tion!# C#e!n Ene,*3 8n' ;NCE8) to
nance deveopment of oca grds by state dstrbuton companes that
w hep evacuate wnd power and sove the oad curve probems on
the suppy sde
- Prortse the 'e$e#o%&ent of %&%e' )3',o sto,!*e, whch may
be sutabe for compementng wnd power
- Invest n RGD in ene,*3 sto,!*e o%tions that can provde backup
for onger duratons, ke 0o&%,esse' !i, and )i*) %o(e, 'ensit3
"!tte,ies among others.
9)i0) st!tes )!$e o@1s)o,e (in' %otenti!#+
Tam Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
O@s)o,e (in' %o(e, refers to the constructon of wnd farms n bodes of
water to generate eectrcty from wnd. Better wnd speeds are avaabe
ohshore compared to on and, so ohshore wnd powers contrbuton n terms
of eectrcty supped s hgher and NIMBY ;Not in &3 "!0= H!,') opposton
to constructon s usuay much weaker
Beneft of so#!, %)oto$o#t!i0 te0) $s so#!, t)e,&!#
te0)
The fee'1in t!,i@ s determned through a 0o&%etiti$e ;"i''in*<
%,o0ess. In the two rounds of bddng so far, deveopers have bd at
prces substantay ower than the nomna tarhs speced by Cent,!#
E#e0t,i0it3 Re*#!to,3 Co&&ission ;CERC).
So#!, %)oto$o#t!i0 te0)no#o*ies have severa advantages:
They can provde dstrbuted power, enabe quck capacty addton and
work wth dhused soar radaton.
Read about Soar Photovotac technoogy
So#!, t)e,&!# te0)no#o*ies are conducve for utty-scae power
generaton, and have the advantage of energy storage and
hybrdzaton wth bomass/gas to acheve greater capacty-utsaton.
Ths can be used to provde base oad power.
However, soar therma technooges on#3 (o,= on 'i,e0t "e!&
,!'i!tion and ti#it31s0!#e %#!nts ,eAi,e #!,*e !&ont of #!n'
!n' (!te,, whch coud be potenta mpedments n scang t up.

Ho( to ,efo,& so#!, &ission
C,3st!##ine si#i0on $s T)in 8i#& s3ste&
Crystane scon and thn ms are the t(o %,o$en te0)no#o*ies
fo, so#!, %)oto$o#t!i0 s3ste&s
Of these, 0,3st!##ine si#i0on 'o&in!tes t)e *#o"!# &!,=et;
however, there s consderabe nterest n thn-m systems, gven the
%otenti!# fo, #o(e, 0osts.
Inda needs easy access to the best avaabe goba technoogy to
ensure rapd adopton of soar power
Read more
T),ee t3%es of 0e&ents %,o'0e' in In'i!
The Po,t#!n' Po::o#!n! Ce&ent (PPC), whch has the &!5i&&
s)!,e of t)e tot!# %,o'0tion (67 per cent), foowed by O,'in!,3
Po,t#!n' Ce&ent (25 per cent) and Po,t#!n' S#!* Ce&ent (8 per
cent).
B#en'e' 0e&ent s another form of cement whch s popuar n Inda.
The %,o'0tion &i5 in t)e In'i!n 0e&ent in'st,3 s
characterzed by a arge proporton of bended cement (whch
consumes #ess ene,*3 and s #ess e&issions1intensi$e than
ordnary Portand cement).
Athough the &!,=et s)!,e of "#en'e' 0e&ent n Inda (75 per
cent) s much hgher than the US (4 per cent), Chna (40 per cent) and
|apan (25 per cent) (2005 data), the percentage of bendng matera
coud mprove further.
Most PPC cement pants se I3 !s) to t)e e5tent of 20DC0 %e,
0ent even though the B,e! of In'i!n St!n'!,'s %e,&its s!*e
of % to C> %e, 0ent.
9)i0) se0to,s 0ons&e )i*) !&ont of ene,*3+
C!%1!n'1T,!'e C!,"on T!5
It sets ! ste!'i#3 'e0#inin*
ce#in* on 0!,"on emssons, and
by creatng a market that
,e(!,'s 0o&%!nies fo,
s#!s)in* CO2 (corporatons that
reduce emssons beow ther
aotment can se them on the
open market), t uses the free
enterprse system to acheve
emssons reducton.
Uncertanty about how much w t
reduce carbon emssons.
However, tax nked to
benchmarks of energy or
emssons ntensty can hep
mprove certanty wth respect to
mtgaton
It does not provde cost certanty
as prce of permts uctuates and
coud be hghy voate n the spot
market.
Carbon tax provdes cost certanty
by settng a cear prce on carbon
emssons for many years ahead
It nee's ! &!,=et &onito,in*
!*en03 to e5!&ine isses s0)
!s ,ent see=in*6 0o,ne,in* t)e
&!,=et !n' so on
It s smpe to understand and
mpement
The desgn eaves out many sma
and medum organzatons (who
together may reease sgncant
porton of the emssons)
Carbon tax covers the entre
economy, ncudng automobes,
househods and other unts
mpossbe to reach n a cap-and
trade
The revenues are key to be
barganed away we before the
rst trade ever takes pace
Carbon tax rases a cear amount
of revenue, whch can be used for
targeted purposes or rebated to
the pubc.
It can be more easy manpuated
to aow addtona emssons; f
the permts become too prcey,
reguators woud key se or
dstrbute more permts to keep
the prce reasonabe
The chances of manpuaton are
remote. The structure of the tax
does not aow perodc reguator
nterventon
The ong-term sgnas from cap-
and-trade are ess powerfu, and
the "e)!$io,!# changes (for
e5!&%#e choce of the type of
power pant) coud turn out to be
far fewer.
Cear sgnas and mpetus for
behavoura changes
Potca pressures coud ead to
dherent aocatons of aowances,
whch ahect dstrbuton, but not
envronmenta ehectveness and
cost-ehectveness
Potca pressures coud ead to
exemptons of sectors and rms,
whch reduces envronmenta
ehectveness and drves up costs
9)!t !,e t)e ne*!ti$e 0onseAen0es ()en f,ei*)t is t,!ns%o,te'
t),o*) t,0=s ,!t)e, t)!n $i! ,!i#(!3s+
The share of ra n tota freght carred has steady deterorated from about
88 per cent at Independence to about 40 per cent at present, and the share
of road freght has ncreased correspondngy.
Such a change n freght moda share has not ony in0,e!se' t)e
e&issions, but has had ot)e, !'$e,se e@e0ts sted beow:
1. It has hurt the countrys energy securty as road freght s powered by
dese, and Inda mports over 80 per cent of ts petroeum requrements.
2. It has worsened the baance of payments stuaton due to ncreased o
mports.
3. It has worsened the sca dect gven that dese s a subsdzed fue n
Inda.
4. It has worsened oca ar pouton n the form of t!i#1%i%e e&issions
from dese-powered commerca vehces, whch have been shown to have
serous heath ehects n the form of respratory probems, cancers and so on
Tailpipe emissions
These are the chemicals produced by a vehicle as it runs:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
articulate matter (!"#)
O$one (O%)
Ho( to i&%,o$e t)e e20ien03 of ,!i#J,o!'J(!te, t,!ns%o,t
In0,e!sin* t)e S)!,e of R!i# 8,ei*)t in In'i!
As a prncpe, raways (whch are more 0!%it!#1intensi$e) shoud be the
&!?o, f,ei*)t &o'e !#on* t)e &!?o, 0o,,i'o,s, whe ,o!' (wth ts
*,e!te, ,e!0) !n' Ie5i"i#it3) shoud be the %,efe,,e' &o'e from the
spne to the inte,io, %!,ts of t)e 0ont,3E
Indas Inte*,!te' Ene,*3 Po#i03 of 200K aso recognzes that there
shoud be an in0,e!se' ,o#e fo, ,!i#(!3s in 0!,,3in* f,ei*)t in t)e
0ont,3.
GoI ntated the DFC pro|ect by settng up a s%e0i!# %,%ose $e)i0#e caed
De'i0!te' 8,ei*)t Co,,i'o, Co,%o,!tion of In'i! ;D8CCIL< in 200KE
The DFC pro|ect s expected to resut n over 106000 =& of 'e'i0!te' ,!i#
,otes o$e, si5 =e3 0o,,i'o,s connectng In'i!7s fo, #!,*est 0ities.
T)e f,st %)!se of t(o 0o,,i'o,s s e5%e0te' to be 0o&%#ete "3 201KD
1/
The Government needs to use a ts energes to ensure ths s competed as
soon as possbe. For detas of the dedcated freght corrdor pro|ect see
Chapter 13.
I&%,o$in* t)e E20ien03 of Ro!' 8,ei*)t
Road s expected to pay an mportant part n freght movement even after a
moda shft to raways.
Therefore, there s a need to ensure that road freght performs as emcenty
as possbe. There s a percepton that current road freght s nemcent
because of reasons such as s"1o%ti&!# ti#i:!tion of t,0=s6 ine20ient
"o,'e, 0,ossin*6 to## ,e*i&es6 ins20ient se of &#ti1!5#e !n'
t,!0to,1t,!i#e, t,0=s6 !n' #!0= of )"1!n'1s%o=e #i=e !,,!n*e&ents
fo, e20ient 'is%e,s!# of )e!$3 #o!'s onto s&!##e, t,0=s fo, #!st
&i#e 0onne0ti$it3.
The Transport Pocy Commttee needs to further nvestgate these
bottenecks and suggest soutons to overcome them.
9!te,1Bo,ne 8,ei*)t
Freght carrage by waterways-both in#!n' !n' 0o!st!#-s the most
emcent form of freght transport. Though Inda has a #on* 0o!st#ine !n'
!"ot 1>6000 =& of in#!n' (!te,(!3s, the share of water n freght
transport s neggbe at about 0.3 per cent
There s consderabe room for mprovement n ths regard, and the GoI must
ntate a serous study of how ths potenta can be maxmzed wthout
ahectng other uses of the water or waterways.
9)!t !,e t)e "enefts of sin* %"#i0 t,!ns%o,t+
The way forward s to promote %"#i0 !n' non1&oto,i:e' t,!ns%o,t n
ctes, and ,!i# fo, inte,0it3 %!ssen*e, t,!$e#6 whe 'is0o,!*in* t)e
se of %,i$!te $e)i0#es n ctes, as we as inte,0it3 t,!ns%o,t "3 !i,.
Ths w have mportant co-benets, such as:
1. Makng &o"i#it3 &o,e in0#si$e as the promoted modes are typcay
more ahordabe.
2. Improvng the countrys ene,*3 se0,it3.
3. Re'0e !i, %o##tion n the countrys ctes, towns and vages.
4. Re'0in* 0on*estion on our cty roads.
5. I&%,o$in* ,o!' s!fet3 snce studes show that pubc transport modes
have ower per passenger km fataty rates than prvate transport modes.
9)!t !,e t)e L%o#it3M 0)!##en*es t)!t i&%e'e ,efo,&s in
,"!n t,!ns%o,t+
Cent,!# 4o$e,n&ent ,es%onsi"i#it3
Snce urban transport s a State sub|ect, the evers avaabe wth the Unon
Government are mted; and t s the State Governments and Urban Loca
Bodes whch have an mportant roe to pay n reazng the transformaton
ob|ectve descrbed above. The GoI can, however, everage the fundng
under the |awahara Nehru Natona Urban Renewa Msson (|nNURM) to
further these ob|ectves.
S%%o,tin* P"#i0 T,!ns%o,t
Most urban bus uttes n the country are fn!n0i!##3 n$i!"#e, and a
sgncant part of ther fn!n0i!# ",'en s due to 0!%it!# e5%en'it,e (to
buy buses) and t!5es.
Some studes suggest that these expenses-ncudng $!,ios t!5es on
fe# form about 20 %e, 0ent of the tota expendture of a bus utty, and
that these are comparabe to or hgher than taxes on prvate vehces. Such
t!5!tion %o#i03 is 0#e!,#3 0ont,!,3 to t)e o"?e0ti$e of %,o&otin*
%"#i0 t,!ns%o,t !n' 'is0o,!*in* %,i$!te t,!ns%o,t. Government
needs to revst ts taxaton pocy of vehces and ensure that tax burden on
bus uttes s consderaby owered. It coud aso consder ,efn'in* fe#
t!5es coected from the bus uttes
U,"!n P#!nnin* !n' 4o$e,n!n0e
U,"!n Lo0!# Bo'ies ;ULBs) n Inda currenty do not have the capacty to
dea wth the chaenges posed by rapd urbanzaton. As a resut, presenty,
the urban pannng n the country does not go beyond provson of basc
servces to a chaotc urban spraw, and smpy does not take an ntegrated
vew of the modern urban requrements, ncudng transport. Ths needs to
be addressed urgenty and capactes of ULBs need to be strengthened to
enabe &i5e' #!n' se %#!nnin* and %,e%!,!tion of !n inte*,!te'
t,!ns%o,t %#!n fo, e!0) 0it3 n the country.
BEE ene,*3 #!"e#in* %,o*,!&
Li*)tin* !n' !%%#i!n0es (such as refrgerators, ar condtoners, water
heaters, fans and so on) account for about 10 %e, 0ent of t)e tot!#
e#e0t,i0it3 0ons&%tion n Inda
Wth rsng ncomes and ncreasng penetraton of appances n househods,
the 'e&!n' fo, e#e0t,i0it3 fo, #i*)tin* !n' !%%#i!n0es is e5%e0te' to
,ise
Over the Eeventh Pan perod, t)e st!n'!,'s !n' #!"e##in* %,o*,!&&e
of t)e B,e! of Ene,*3 E20ien03 BEE has enabed consumers to
'entif3 !n' %,0)!se &o,e ene,*31e20ient !%%#i!n0esE Labes have
aready been ntroduced for 1C !%%#i!n0es
They have been made &!n'!to,3 fo, fo, !%%#i!n0es, namey, frost-
free refrigerators, room air conditioners, tube lights and
distribution transformers. As a resut of ths programme, the average
energy emcency rato (EER) of ar condtoners sod n Inda ncreased
Overa, savngs due to the standards and abeng programme avoded an
nstaed capacty of over 7,500 MW durng the Eeventh Pan perod
B!0)!t #!&% Ho?!n!1fe!t,es
In the area of ghtng, a ma|or shft has taken pace durng the ast 10 years
due to arge scae repacement of in0!n'es0ent "#"s by Co&%!0t
8#o,es0ent L!&%s ;C8Ls), whch 0ons&e on#3 20 %e, 0ent as much
eectrcty as ncandescent bubs to produce the same amount of ght
The B!0)!t L!&% Ho?!n! ;BLH< provded an nnovatve busness mode to
se## C8Ls to )ose)o#'s !t t)e s!&e %,i0e !s in0!n'es0ent "#"s, t)e
"!#!n0e "ein* ,e0o$e,e' !s 0!,"on 0,e'itsE However, a s)!,% 'e0#ine
in t)e %,i0e of 0!,"on 0,e'its has ehectvey made ths busness mode
non-vabe
C,,ent Ne(s ,e#!te' to f!##in* %,i0es of 0!,"on 0,e'it_M!,0) 116
2014
Indan companes, whch had nvested n cean deveopment mechansm (CDM)
pro|ects under the Kyoto Protoco to cam certed emsson reducton unts (CER) or
carbon credts, now stand to face a "rea oss" on unsod credts, as opposed to a
notona oss whch was earer beng taked about, wth prces fang beow one
euro.
A carbon credt s a type of a tradabe greenhouse gas emsson reducton unt
ssued to pro|ects under the Kyoto Protoco. One carbon credt s equvaent to one
tonne of carbon doxde (CO2) mtgated. The settng up of CDM pro|ects served the
purpose of controng the rse n goba temperature resutng n goba warmng.
However, foowng the economc downturn, CER prces fe unexpectedy and there
are st severa companes whch have faed to monetze on these credts even
when prces were rung around euro 10 n 2011.
On#3 !fte, t)e s!#e of CERs !,e t)ese !00onte' !s 0!%it!# ,e0ei%tsE
A *#t of 0,e'its6 0o&"ine' (it) #o(e, 'e&!n' "e0!se of t)e (e!=
e0ono&36 )!s ',i$en 'o(n t)e %,i0e to 0#ose to :e,o.
C!,"on T,!'e E50)!n*e ;CTN< operates from omces n Sydney and London, and
soon the USA.
Carbon trading schemes debut in China_Nov 2013
Such tradng schemes face a number of chaenges n the words argest carbon
doxde emtter.
So far, the Chnese government has approved seven pot carbon tradng exchanges
SEEP %,o*,!&
Durng the Twefth Pan perod, the S%e,E20ient EAi%&ent P,o*,!&&e
;SEEP) for s%e,e20ient f!ns6 LED "#"s and t"e #i*)ts, seeks to
ncentvze the sae of these products to in0,e!se t)ei, $o#&es and ",in*
'o(n t)ei, %,i0es for arge-scae adopton
Provson of a fn!n0i!# in0enti$e for each super-emcent fan or ght that s
sod, that woud hep ower the prce for end-consumers and enhance saes
voume
Ths w %,o$i'e 0onf'en0e to &!nf!0t,e,s to in$est in t)e
'e$e#o%&ent, &!nf!0t,e !n' &!,=etin* of t)ese %,o'0ts, whch
woud otherwse nd mted markets because of ther hgher prce.
The in0enti$e shoud decrease wth ncreasng voumes and reducng prces,
t t s no onger needed.
In terms of the t,!ns!0tion 0osts, t woud be cost-ehectve to provde the
ncentve drecty to the manufacturers, once thrd-party vercaton of saes
voume has been carred out
However, %e,fo,&!n0e st!n'!,'s fo, e!0) of t)e s%e,1e20ient
'e$i0es need to be put nto pace before the start of the programme, and
%e,io'i0 0)e0=1testin* of the super-emcent products that are beng sod
needs to be carred out to the check conformance to these standards.
The SEEP for ghts and fans coud hep avod an nstaed capacty of 1,500
MW durng the Twefth Pan perod
E#e0t,i0it3 0ons&%tion se0to, (ise !s0en'in*1'es0en'in*
4,een "i#'in* 0o'e ,e#!te' %oints
Codes and standards as determned by pocy can sgncanty enabe the
reducton of CO2emssons n the budng sector. The country has done we
n deveopng varous standards ke N!tion!# Bi#'in* Co'e ;NBC<6
Ene,*3 Conse,$!tion Bi#'in* Co'es ECBC !n' BEE ,!tin*
%,o*,!&&es fo, !%%#i!n0es, and the more recent energy ratng
programme for the exstng budngs.
The market-drven vountary Green Budng Ratng Programmes have
sgncanty transformed the way budngs are desgned. Green budngs
have the %otenti!# to s!$e 40 to >0 %e, 0ent ene,*3 vs--vs the
conventona practces. Some of the wdey used budng codes n Inda are
dscussed beow
Energy Conservaton Budng Code
- Energy Conservaton Budng Codes, formay #!n0)e' in M!3 200/,
- Speces the ene,*3 %e,fo,&!n0e ,eAi,e&ents of 0o&&e,0i!#
"i#'in*s n Inda.
- ECBC has been 'e$e#o%e' "3 t)e BEE under the provsons of the
Ene,*3 Conse,$!tion A0t6 2001.
- The code s !%%#i0!"#e to !## 0o&&e,0i!# "i#'in*s )!$in* !
0onne0te' e#e0t,i0!# #o!' of 100 =9 o, &o,e ;o, ! 0ont,!0t
'e&!n' of 120=VA o, &o,e<E
HO9J9HH LO9 CARBON STRATE4H HELPS IN INCLUSIVE
4RO9TH+
CH / ENVIRONMENT6 8ORESTRH AND 9ILDLI8E
9)3 en$i,on&ent nee's to "e in0#'e' in 0on0,,ent #ist
Consttutonay, Envronment s a ,esi'!# s"?e0t, wth both the Centra
and the State Government responsbe for reguaton and enforcement. Thus,
there s a need to ncude envronment as a concurrent sub|ect n the
consttuton.
Ths w hep the State Governments and the oca authortes enact and
notfy ther own enforcement aws and rues to ensure compance of reevant
envronmenta norms. Ths ssue, whch was hghghted n the prevous pan
as we, not ony remans reevant but needs to be pursued on prorty.
Ths ntatve w aso be mportant for inte*,!tin* en$i,on&ent!#
0on0e,ns into %#!nnin* !n' 'e$e#o%&ent!# !0ti$ities !0,oss !## t)e
se0to,sE The MoEF s concerned wth %,ote0tion !n' &!n!*e&ent of t)e
en$i,on&ent in t)e 0ont,3. It s mandated wth the ,es%onsi"i#it3 of
pannng, promoton, cooperaton and overseeng the mpementaton of
varous envronmenta and forestry schemes/programmes.
The &!in o"?e0ti$es of the MoEF ncude protecton of the envronment;
conservaton and survey of ora, fauna, forests and wdfe; preventon and
contro of pouton; ahorestaton and regeneraton of degraded areas;
ensurng wefare of anmas; and nternatona cooperaton n forestry and
envronment. The MoEF s aso concerned wth en$i,on&ent!#
&!n!*e&ent: to promote heath consderatons; to focus on poverty
aevaton by enhancng access to poor of natura resources for vehood;
and to enhance the awareness regardng envronmentay sound vng
process by focusng on nature-man synergy.
MoEF s aso desgnated as the no'!# !*en03 for the Unite' N!tions
En$i,on&ent P,o*,!&&e ;UNEP< and the Inte,n!tion!# Cent,e fo,
Inte*,!te' Mont!in De$e#o%&ent and ooks after the foow-up of the
Unite' N!tions Confe,en0e on En$i,on&ent !n' De$e#o%&ent
;UNCED)
Po#i03 initi!ti$e t!=en in 11
t)
8HP
1E T)e N!tion!# En$i,on&ent Po#i03 was unveed n 2006
2E T)e En$i,on&ent!# I&%!0t Assess&ent ;EIA< process has been
made more emcent, decentrased and transparent, based on a
comprehensve revew of the exstng envronmenta process and ts re-
engneerng through the EIA Notif0!tion6 200K6 !n' its
!&en'&ents thereafter. A system of &!n'!to,3 !00,e'it!tion of
EIAJEn$i,on&ent!# M!n!*e&ent P#!n ;EMP< consutants has aso
been ntroduced to mprove the quaty of mpact assessment reports
submtted by pro|ect proponentsE
CE Re-engneerng of Co!st!# Re*#!tion BONE ;CRB< Notif0!tion
2011 was done to ensure vehood securty to shng and other oca
communtes, to conserve and protect coasta stretches and to promote
deveopment based on scentc prncpes. Another Notcaton on
Isand Protecton Zone was ssued for smar purposes for the sands
of Andaman & Ncobar and the Lakshadweep
4E An NAPCC was reeased n One 200. to outne Indas strategy to
meet the chaenge of cmate change. The In'i!n Net(o,= fo,
C#i&!te C)!n*e Assess&ent (INCCA), a network-based programme
to &!=e s0ien0e t)e essen0e of o, %o#i03&!=in* n the cmate
change space, was aso aunched.
>E Towards conservaton of bodversty, a N!tion!# Bio'i$e,sit3 A0tion
P#!n was reeased n No$e&"e, 200.. The Pan dentes ma|or
threats and constrants facng bodversty and sts out acton ponts
for addressng/conservng the same.
KE A N!tion!# 4!n*! Ri$e, B!sin At)o,it3 ;N4RBA< has been set up
to ensure ehectve abatement of pouton and conservaton of the rver
Ganga by adoptng a hostc approach wth the rver basn as the unt
of pannng
/E The NAAPS have been revsed and mts for 12 %o##t!nts are
noted. The revsed standards are based on goba best practces,
oca Indan condtons and n keepng wth the advancement n
technoogy and research
.E N!tion!# 4,een T,i"n!# ;N4T< was set up on 1. O0to"e, 2010 for
ehectve and expedtous dsposa of cases reatng to envronmenta
protecton and conservaton of forests and other natura resources
-E Towards further envronmenta reguatory reforms and mprovng
envronmenta governance, an exercse has been ntated to
conceptuase and consttute a N!tion!# En$i,on&ent Assess&ent
G Monito,in* At)o,it3 ;NEAMA<.
10E To resove the deadock of Compensatory Ahorestaton Fund
Management and Pannng Authorty (CAMPA), State Leve CAMPAs
have been created, provdng an ntegrated framework for utsaton of
mutpe sources of fundng and actvtes reatng to ahorestaton,
regeneraton, conservaton and protecton of forests.
11E Interventons have been undertaken to ncrease forest cover.
The Green Inda Msson under NAPCC s gong to be operatonased n
2012-13.
12E 9i#'#ife ;P,ote0tion< A0t6 1-/2 was amended to enabe
Consttuton of the Natona Tger Conservaton Authorty and the Tger
and other Endangered Speces Crme Contro Bureau
List of s0)e&es ()i0) of t)e& !,e Cent,!# s0)e&es ;CS<6
!n' ()i0) one !s 0ent,!##3 s%onso,e' s0)e&es ;CSS<
N!tion!# en$i,on&ent !n' fo,est,3 0on0i# ;NE8C<
It s proposed to set up a hgh powered body caed the Natona
Envronment and Forestry
Counc (NEFC) wth the Prme Mnster as C)!i,%e,son, the Mnster of
Envronment and
Forests as Vce C)!i,%e,son, aded and advsed by a group of experts.
Ths body woud have the representaton from the Mnstres of Externa
Ahars, Scence & Technoogy, Agrcuture, Commerce, Urban and Rura
Deveopment, Trba Ahars and so on. Its %,i&!,3 fn0tion woud be to
brng n harmony n the functonng of dherent Mnstres and to ensure
that the evouton of a poces, aws and ther mpementaton
concernng deveopment, of every knd, are n conformty wth the
ob|ectves outned n the N!tion!# En$i,on&ent!# Po#i03 ;NEP<6 200KE
On smar nes as the NEFC, a hgh-powered body caed St!te
En$i,on&ent !n' 8o,est Con0i# ;SE8C< needs to be consttuted to
agn the workng of the other Departments wth that of the Department of
Envronment and Forests n each State. Addtonay, Envronment Ces
have to be consttuted n the reated Mnstres and Departments at the
Centra and State eves so as to manstream envronmenta concerns n
ther actvtes and programmes.
Re*#!to,3 St,!te*ies
Comprehensve revew and reform of aws concernng Envronment,
Forests, Wdfe and
Bodversty w be undertaken n the Twefth Pan n order to make them
more ehectve, work n harmony wth each other and address new
chaenges. Ths woud partcuary be carred out n the foowng areas:
1. Po##tion 0ont,o# !n' (!ste &!n!*e&ent ,e*i&e: Reforms woud
be carred out aganst the backdrop of the exponenta expanson of
the powers and functons of the exstng authortes. Among other
ob|ectves, reforms woud am at deang wth non1%oint so,0e
%o##tion isses (ke agrcutura run ohs and so on) and aarmng
ncrease n nutrent oadng of so and other natura resources. A
N!tion!# En$i,on&ent P,ote0tion At)o,it3 ;NEPA< s aso
proposed to be set up fuy empowered to restructure the exstng
envronmenta management regme.
2. EPA !n' notif0!tions n'e, it s0) !s EIA !n' CRB: Reforms
woud be attempted to make the system more ehectve and to evove
better proactve egsatve and admnstratve measures for:
Swtchng over from a carbon-ntensve economy to a carbon neutra
one;
Promotng aternatve energy optons;
Deang wth chaenges arsng out of creaton of SEZs;
Strengthenng the Impact Assessment Law and coasta aws by makng
oca authortes more responsbe and accountabe;
Puggng the oophoes that weaken and dute the systems
ehectveness;
Gvng ehect to the new Labty Regme to whch Inda has commtted
tsef (2010 UNEP Gudenes on Labty, Response Acton and
Compensaton for Envronmentay Harmfu Actvtes-a new ega
regme that w have far-reachng mpcatons on a percevabe
deveopment actvtes and the actors engaged n them, wthout
excepton); and
Foregroundng the dea of Commons at the domestc eve and
securng t.
3. 8o,est6 (i#'#ife !n' "io'i$e,sit3 ,e*i&e: Reforms woud be
undertaken, n the ght of egsatve deveopments n reated areas
ntated by other Mnstres (ke Protecton of Pant Varetes and
Farmers Rghts Act, Schedued Trbes and Other Tradtona Forest
Dweers (Recognton of Forest Rghts) Act, Seeds Amendment B,
Botechnoogy Reguatory Authorty B and so on) towards:
Evovng ehectve and robust ega safeguards for addressng the ssue
of bo-safety;
Internasng the nternatona commtment concernng the access and
benet sharng regme (Nagoya Protoco);
Provdng sumcent and ehectve safeguards for the protecton of
tradtona knowedge (TK) and fok art concernng bodversty;
Ensurng that Inda receves nternatona recognton as the presdent
of the CoP of the Conventon on Boogca Dversty (CBD) startng from
2012 n compance wth ts nternatona commtments over
bodversty ssues (prmary over bo-safety, conservaton of TK,
equty, benet-sharng and so on); and
Deveopng harmony n the workng of aws n the sector wth the
Panchayat Extenson to Schedued Areas Act, 1996.
Di!*,!& to &e&o,i:e fo''e, %oints
Ho( to &!=e En$i,on&ent %,ote0tion !0t e@e0ti$e+
For ehectve reguaton on envronmenta pouton t s suggested that
t)e En$i,on&ent ;P,ote0tion< A0t6 1-.K may be amended for an
upward revson n the quantum of penates and aso to ncude an
enabng provson for cv admnstratve ad|udcaton to fast-track evy of
penaty.
NEAMA !t)o,it3
A mut-dscpnary autonomous body namey N!tion!# En$i,on&ent
Assess&ent !n' Monito,in* At)o,it3 ;NEAMA< s proposed to be
set up for st,en*t)enin* t)e %,o0esses fo, *,!nt of en$i,on&ent!#
0#e!,!n0es !n' &onito,in* t)e,eof.
NEAMA s aso envsaged to *,!nt 0#e!,!n0es n'e, t)e En$i,on&ent
;P,ote0tion< A0t6 1-.K in0#'in* t)e 0o!st!# :one ,e*#!tions !n'
&!,ine fs)e,ies ,e*#!tions.
N!tion!# en$i,on&ent ,esto,!tion fn'
Creaton of a Natona Envronment Restoraton Fund (NERF) from
vountary contrbutons and the net proceeds of proposed economc
nstruments such as user fees for access to speced natura resources.
The Fund may be used for restoraton of envronmenta resources and
ceanup of stes contamnated wth toxc and hazardous waste
N!tion!# info,&!tion *,i'
It s proposed to deveop a natona nformaton grd for bodversty,
ecoogy and envronment data for montorng and management of natura
resources. Ths shoud be an open, transparent and comprehensve web-
based nformaton system that covers varous andscapes such as forests,
coasta stretches and terrtora waters of the countrys Excusve
Economc Zones (EEZ), mountans and deserts regons
Cent,!# Bo!,' of 8o,est,3
To evove a natona consensus on forestry matters and meet new
chaenges, t s proposed that the Centra Board of Forestry (CBF) be
revved wth Prme Mnster as Charperson and Mnster of Envronment &
Forests as Vce Charperson, on the nes of Natona Board for Wdfe.
Ths coud be the apex body for pocy deveopment and consutaton n
the country.
Usin* 4IS fo, fo,est ,i*)ts !0t
A proposed scheme on Satete-based Forest Resource Assessment w
put n pace a system for technoogy-based coecton of basene data and
evauaton of forestry schemes wth 4eo*,!%)i0 info,&!tion s3ste&
;4IS< mappng of areas under the Schedued Trbes and Other Tradtona
Forest Dweers (Recognton of Forest Rghts) Act, 2006
4REEN 8UND
There s a need for creaton of a 4,een fn'7 for forestry actvtes by
mposng forest deveopment tax on sae of forest produce and forest
conservaton tax/cess on sae of petroeum products and coa mnng.
Further, other smar taxes such as E0o1t!5 n Hmacha Pradesh,
Uttarakhand and other States may aso be pooed n for ths purpose.
Nee' fo, ,efo,&s in P,o?e0t e#e%)!nt
Pro|ect Eephant needs a new focus under the pan through the creaton of
the N!tion!# E#e%)!nt Conse,$!tion At)o,it3 ;NECA) and
notcaton of crtca areas of Eephant Reserves as Ecoogcay Senstve
Areas under the Envronment (Protecton) Act 1986. Speca focus s
requred for mtgaton of human-eephant conct through strengthenng
the exstng Pro|ect Eephant Scheme.
N!tion!# En$i,on&ent!# Monito,in* P,o*,!&&e ;NEMP<
There s a need to set up a uned Natona Envronmenta Montorng
Programme NEMP focusng on trackng status and change n socay reevant
bophysca parameters and ther mpact. Ths w enabe rea-tme sharng of
data on envronmenta parameters makng the nformaton wdey accessbe
for montorng and evauaton.
N!tion!# 8o,est,3 Info,&!tion S3ste&
The Natona Forestry Informaton System shoud enabe networkng wth
States for trackng changes n forest deveopment, harvestng, trade and
utsaton scenaro wth partcuar focus on ssues of ownershp and rghts
under Schedued Trbes and Other Tradtona Forest Dweers (Recognton of
Forest Rghts) Act.
Ho( to %,ote0t !*!inst in$!si$e s%e0ies
A natona programme specc to nvasve speces needs to be aunched. One
of ts ams coud be to compe a natona nventory of nvasve speces. A
standardsed protoco needs to be deveoped for the dentcaton of nvasve
speces usng GIS and remote sensng technoogy. Invasve speces
dentcaton shoud not be mted to nvason n forests-t shoud aso
ncude nvason n aquatc and marne ecosystems, grassands, wetands and
so on. A natona nvasve speces montorng system to track the
ntroducton and spread of nvasve s needed. Such a system shoud be
nked to the state forest departments, and ed stah shoud be traned to
coect nformaton on nvasve speces.
En$i,on&ent %e,fo,&!n0e in'e5
The Pannng Commsson s n the process of deveopng an EPI to
in0enti$ise st!tes fo, en$i,on&ent!# %e,fo,&!n0e t),o*)
"'*et!,3 !##o0!tions. The Pannng Commssons EPI may be a postve
ncentve for ehorts by the States and UTs towards %o##tion !"!te&ent6
0onse,$!tion !n' sst!in!"#e &!n!*e&ent of n!t,!# ,eso,0es !n'
t!0=#in* 0#i&!te 0)!n*e. The proposed EPI crtera and ndcators are
presented n Tabe 7.2.
4REEN INDIA MISSION
The Government of Inda has taken ntatves by formuatng Natona
Msson for a Green Inda
(GIM) as one of t)e . &issions ;expaned n the foowng notes< under the
N!tion!# A0tion P#!n on C#i&!te C)!n*e ;NAPCC<
The msson has been !%%,o$e' "3 t)e P,i&e Ministe,7s Con0i# on
C#i&!te C)!n*e wth a proposed cost of `46,000 crore over 10 years
startng from 2012-13.
The GIM has been conceved as a &#ti1st!=e)o#'e,, &#ti1se0to,!# and
&#ti1'e%!,t&ent!# &ission, recognsng that cmate change phenomena
w serousy ahect and ater the dstrbuton, type and quaty of natura
resources of the country and the assocated vehoods of the peope.
GIM puts the greenng n the context of cmate change adaptaton and
mtgaton and s meant to enhance ecosystem servces ke carbon
sequestraton and storage (n forests and other ecosystems), hydroogca
servces and bodversty; aong wth provsonng servces ke fue, fodder,
sma tmber through agro and farm forestry, and NTFPs. Durng the Twefth
Fve Year Pan, provsons have been kept for the GIM for ncreasng forest
and tree cover on 2.5 mha area (non forest through agro/soca/farm
forestry), mprovng quaty of forest cover on another 2.5 mha area,
mprovng ecosystems servces, and ncreasng forest based vehood
ncome and enhanced annua CO2 sequestraton.
12
t)
8HP7s t),ee %,on*e' st,!te*3 fo, 0#i&!te 0)!n*e
The Twefth Pan adopts a three-pronged approach to rease ths ob|ectve.
8i,st, t eaborates and artcuates the ob|ectve of the NAPCC through
varous sectors of the Pan. It ensures that pans of a sectors contan an
assessment of ther vunerabty to cmate change, and specc adaptaton
measures are dented and mpemented over the onger term.
Se0on', a natonay agreed strategy w be mpemented to acheve ower
carbon ncusve growth and to rease the domestc goa of reducton n the
emssons ntensty of our GDP. The strategy w outne a potenta for such
reducton, as we as the requred pocy measures to acheve ths ob|ectve n
varous sectors. The requred nanca outays and the reevant devery
mechansms w be part of ths strategy.
L!st#3, the Twefth Pan w take scentc and nsttutona ntatves for
reguar cmate change assessments, GHG measurement, capacty budng
for technca anayss, montorng and management of such compex systems
at varous eves.
CLIMATE CHAN4E
The threat of cmate change s a serous goba concern. There s near
consensus among scentsts that cmate change s unequvoca. Increase n
anthropogenc actvtes, snce the advent of ndustrasaton n the md-
eghteenth century, has but upconcentraton of 4,een)ose 4!ses (such
as C!,"on Dio5i'e6 Met)!ne6 Nit,os O5i'es and so on) n the Earths
atmosphere. Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) trap nfra-red radatons reected by
Earth, eadng to goba warmng; whch, n turn, coud ead to 0)!n*es in
,!inf!## %!tte,ns, 'is,%tion in )3',o#o*i0!# 030#es6 &e#tin* of i0e
0!%s !n' *#!0ie,s6 ,ise in se! #e$e#s6 !n' in0,e!se in f,eAen03 !n'
intensit3 of e5t,e&e e$ents such as heavy precptaton or cycones.
These deveopments can have a serous mpact on sustanabty of water
resources, agrcuture, forests and ecosystems, ahectng the we-beng of
bons of peope on Earth. Cmate Change can sow down the pace of
deveopment ether through ts adverse mpact on natura eco-systems, or
through eroson of adaptve capacty of the peope, partcuary those who
are socay and economcay vunerabe.
SHARE O8 EMISSION ;ASCENDIN4 TO DESCENDIN4)
Largest shares comng from eectrcty generaton (38 per cent), agrcuture
(18 per cent) and other energy ndustres (12 per cent)
In recent years, Inda has taken substanta ntatves to reduce energy
ntensty of ts GDP, through measure such as ene,*3 e20ien03
st!n'!,'s6 #!"e##in* of eAi%&ent !n' !%%#i!n0es6 "i#'in* 0o'es,
and ntroducton of market mechansms for energy ntensve ndustres.
CHIE8 CONTRIBUTORS O8 A4RO14H4 EMISSION
Studes done at the Indan Agrcutura Research Insttute ndcate the
possbty of oss of 4-5 mon tonnes n wheat producton for every 1
o
C rse
n temperature throughout the growng perod.
Losses for other crops are uncertan, but are expected to be smaer for the
kharf crops.
A*,i0#t,e se0to, 0ont,i"tes 1. %e, 0ent of t)e tot!# 4H4
e&issions f,o& In'i!. The emssons are prmary due to &et)!ne f,o&
t)e ,i0e %!''ies6 ente,i0 fe,&ent!tion in ,&in!nt !ni&!#s6 !n'
nit,os o5i'es f,o& t)e !%%#i0!tion of &!n,es !n' fe,ti#ise,s.
Athough reatve proporton of emssons from agrcuture n Inda s key to
show consderabe reducton n future because of the arger emsson growth
n other sectors, adaptaton for agrcutura communtes w reman a ma|or
concern
NATIONAL 9ATER MISSION
Some pocy and programmatc nterventons can hep farmers and other
stakehoders adapt to cmate change and reduce the osses. Change in
cropping patterns, for exampe, can hep ad|ustment to changes n mean
temperature and precptaton. Amongst the key actons for adaptng Indan
agrcuture to cmate change are improved land management practices.
development of resource conserving technologies. development of
crop varieties that can withstand climate-stress, efective risk
management through early warning, credit-insurance support to
farmers and nutritional strategies for managing heat stress in dairy
animals.
Complementary actions n terms of dentcaton of cost-ehectve
opportuntes for reducng methane generaton, emssons n rumnants by
modcaton of det, and n rce paddes by water and nutrent management
w hep make adaptaton measures sustanabe. New poces shoud support
the new and use arrangements, en)!n0e in$est&ent in (!te,
)!,$estin*, %,o&ote s&!##1f!,& &e0)!nis!tion and e20ient (!te,
se te0)no#o*ies. A package of fn!n0i!# in0enti$es fo, i&%,o$e' #!n'
&!n!*e&ent, ncudng resource conservaton (water, carbon, energy) and
"!#!n0e' fe,ti#ise, se may factate qucker adopton of these measures
The N!tion!# 9!te, Mission #!n0)e' in 200. party addresses ths need
by amng at:
Deveopment of a comprehensve water database and assessment of
the mpact of cmate change on water resources,
Promoton of ctzen and state actons for water conservaton,
augmentaton and preservaton,
Focused attenton on vunerabe areas ncudng over-expoted areas,
Increasng water use emcency by 20 per cent, and
Promoton of basn eve ntegrated water resources management.
9HH CLIMATE CHAN4E INCREASES OUR VULNERABILITH TO
DISEASES+
There s a growng concern n both medca and cmatoogca communtes
that goba cmate change s key to ahect human heath. Cmate change
may adversey !@e0t &o,t!#it3 and &o,"i'it3 ,!tes through genera
warmng. Dseases such as &!#!,i!6 3e##o( fe$e,6 'en*e and 0)o#e,!
are a senstve to cmate change. Many are spread by inse0ts ke
mosqutoes, whch %,efe, ! (ette,6 (!,&e, (o,#'. Deaths from )e!,t
'ise!ses and ,es%i,!to,3 i##ness durng heat waves add to the to. In a
deveopng country ke Inda, %o%#!tion *,o(t)6 in'st,i!#is!tion,
in0,e!se' ene,*3 0ons&%tion, and 'e*,!'in* !i, !n' (!te, A!#it3
may worsen the heath mpacts of cmate change.
The In'i!n Con0i# of Me'i0!# Rese!,0) ;ICMR) has dented fo,
!,e!s of ,is=s arsng from cmate change such as ;i< Cmate Change and
vector borne dseases, ;ii< aerosos and respratory dseases, ;iii< UV-A and
UV-B cornea damage and cataract and ;i$< envronment and heart dseases.
Foowng ths assessment, the ICMR has consttuted Task Force Groups such
as ;i<Vector Borne Dseases and Cmate Change ;ii< Respratory Dseases
and Ar Poutants and ;iii<Eye Heath and Envronment.
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHAN4E
Ei*)t n!tion!# &issions (e,e #!n0)e' in t)e E#e$ent) P#!n coverng
the areas of solar energy. energy e2ciency. haitat. agriculture. 0ater.
:imalayan ecosystems. forestry and strategic ;no0ledge. The msson
documents have been fn!#ise' "3 the Prime Ministers Council on
Climate Change and are at varous stages of mpementaton. Athough the
noda Mnstres entrusted wth mpementaton of the mssons are yet to
fuy assess the key costs, the premnary estmates ndcate a sum of
`2,30,000 crore may be needed to fu the Msson ob|ectves. Funds of ths
magntude cannot be mobzed through budgetary resources aone.
T)e So#!, Mission ams at makng soar eectrcty cost compettve to coa
power and ncreasng the share of soar energy n the tota energy mx
through deveopment of new soar technooges, both %)oto$o#t!i0 and
so#!, t)e,&!#. The Msson recommends i&%#e&ent!tion in t),ee
st!*es eadng up to an nstaed capacty of 206000 M9 "3 t)e en' of
t)e T)i,teent) 8i$e He!, P#!n in 2022.
T)e Ene,*3 E20ien03 Mission seeks to upscae ehorts to 0,e!te !
&!,=et fo, ene,*3 e20ien03. It comprses of fo, initi!ti$es, namey,
Perform, chieve and !rade "P!#, Market !ransformation for $nergy
$%ciency "M!$$#, $nergy $%ciency &inancing Platform "$$&P# and
&ramework for $nergy $%cient $conomic 'evelopment "&$$$'#. As a
resut of mpementaton of ths msson over the next ve years, t s
estmated that by about 2015, about 23 mon tonnes of o-equvaent of
fe# s!$in*-n coa, gas, and petroeum products, w be acheved every
year aong wth an !$oi'e' 0!%!0it3 !''ition of o$e, 1-6000 M9.
T)e Sst!in!"#e H!"it!t Mission attempts to %,o&ote ene,*3
e20ien03 in "i#'in*s6 &!n!*e&ent of so#i' (!ste6 and &o'!# s)ift
to %"#i0 t,!ns%o,t in0#'in* t,!ns%o,t o%tions "!se' on "io1'iese#
!n' )3',o*en.
M!in 0o&%onents of t)e &ission !,e ;i< deveopment of Natona
Sustanabe Habtat Standards (ega/reguatory) measures ;ii< ncorporaton
of prncpes of sustanabe habtat n cty deveopment and pannng and
;iii< compementary acton such as support for budng green demonstraton
pro|ects and outreach programme for creatng consumer awareness.
T)e Sst!in!"#e A*,i0#t,e Mission ams at makng Indan agrcuture
more resent to cmate change through development of new varieties
of climate-stress resistant crops, new credit and insurance
mechanisms, and improving productivity of rain-fed agriculture. The
&!in fo0s of the msson s ens,in* foo' se0,it3 and %,ote0tin*
#!n'6 (!te,6 "io'i$e,sit3 !n' *eneti0 ,eso,0es for sustanabe
producton of food.
T)e 9!te, Mission ams at conservation of water, minimising
wastage and ensuring more e(uitable distribution both across and
within states. The &ission fo0ses on ;i<ntensve ran water harvestng
and ground water chargng to meet the demand of 1,120 crtca bocks
durng the Eeventh Pan and remanng bocks n the Twefth Pan (March
2017), and ;ii<ncreasng water use emcency at east by 20 per cent by
2012. 9!te, )!s "een i'entife' !s ! &!?o, 0)!##en*e of sst!in!"#e
'e$e#o%&ent fo, t)e T(e#ft) 8i$e He!, P#!n. A new natona program
w be aunched for sustanabe management of water resources n the
country. Snce ths ssue s arger than cmate change, t s better to
subsume ths nto the arger msson to be aunched for the Twefth Fve Year
Pan.
T)e Mission on Sst!in!"#e Hi&!#!3!n E0os3ste&s ams at evovng
management measures for sustanng and safeguardng the Hmaayan
gacer and mountan eco-system. The fo, =e3 isses to be addressed by
the msson are ;i< Hmaayan gacers and the assocated hydroogca
consequences, ;ii< bodversty conservaton and protecton, ;iii< wdfe
conservaton and protecton, and ;i$< tradtona knowedge socetes and
ther vehood.
T)e 4,een In'i! Mission fo0ses on enhancing eco-system services
and carbon sinks through aforestation on degraded forest land, in
line with the national policy of e)panding the forest and tree cover
in the country and improving the (uality of forests. A tota expendture
of `46,000 crore s pro|ected under ths msson for 0o$e,!*e of 10 &)!
o$e, t)e ne5t ten 3e!,s.
T)e St,!te*i0 Qno(#e'*e Mission ntends to dentfy the chaenges of,
and the responses to, cmate change through research and technoogy
deveopment and ensure fundng of hgh quaty and focused research nto
varous aspects of cmate change.
HO9 TO MAQE NAPCC MORE E88ECTIVE+
To acheve ehectve resuts, the mssons stated above need to be
reorgansed n accordance wth the updated prortes. We shoud am at a
short st of reorgansed mssons and a few pocy thrust are as under the
NAPCC, that w be acheve more focused and tangbe resuts over the
Twefth Pan perod. Some suggestons for reorgansng the NAPCC are as
foows:
1E The Water Msson here needs to be merged wth the new Natona
Water Mssonthat s beng formuated for the Twefth Fve Year Pan.
Ths w ensure water reated ssues are deat wth n a more hostc
manner, as cmate change s aso an mportant sub|ect under the new
Natona Water Pocy beng put up for approva. However, crtca
actons ke treatment of a sewage beng reeased nto water bodes,
whch have a bearng on our adaptve capacty to cmate change,
shoud be montored as a separate pocy thrust area under the Prme
Mnsters Counc on Cmate Change.
2E Strategc Knowedge Msson s aso key to reman perphera and s
not key to attract adequate fundng through ths wndow. It s better
to manstream deveopment of green technoogy and research nto
varous aspects of cmate change nto the man programmes of
ourscentc departments, ke earth scences, space, scence &
technoogy, agrcuture, heath, botechnoogy and others, as these are
key to attract substanta fundng durng the Twefth Fve Year Pan. It
can be montored as a pocy thrust area under the Prme Mnsters
Counc on Cmate Change.
CE Sustanabe Habtat Msson presenty has overarchng ob|ectves, some
of whch are out of proporton to the mted fundng that s avaabe.
Sod Waste Management s an area that s funded through a separate
centra programme, namey the |NNURM. Ths sub|ect, beng of
mmense mportance, shoud be montored as a pocy thrust area
through the PMs Counc; whe the Habtat Msson under NAPCC
shoud focus on crtca areas ke evouton, adopton and
mpementaton of green budng codes, urban habtat pannng and
deveop ment, so on.
4E Our ehorts to deveop wnd energy meet the requrements of a
separate msson ke the soar msson. To acceerate progress n ths
area, and to meet the steep targets set for the Twefth Pan, a new
Natona Wnd Power Msson needs to be aunched under the NAPCC.
Inda has aready but up sumcent technoogca capabty n ths
area, whch needs to be harnessed to maxmse utsaton of wnd
power potenta n the country.
>E The Energy Emcency n Industry s an mportant pocy thrust area. PAT
scheme s ony sutabe for certan arge ndustres (caed desgnated
consumers under the Energy Conservaton Act). To factate emcency
mprovng technoogy nterventons n the ndustry at arge, an Energy
Conservaton Fund needs to set up under the aegs of the Bureau of
Energy Emcency. Smary, Advanced Coa Technooges, Dedcated
Freght Corrdors and Improved Urban Pubc Transport are the crtca
pocy thrust areas that can go a ong way n savng the scarce foss
fues for the country, and therefore, need a focused attenton at the
hghest eve.