Appendix A

Standard Symbols for Hydraulic Components

Table B.1 Flow lines


Hydraulic

Pneumatic

Continuous flow

Pilot connection
E
L>10E
L

Drain connection
E
L<5E
L

Connected
d
d 5E
L

Not connected

Flexible

Plugged

Restricted, affected by viscosity

Restricted, not affected by viscosity

Table B.2 Basic Hydraulic Circuits

Miscellaneous
Line, mech. connection (shaft, levers, piston
rods)
D<5E
D E

Line, enclosure (several components in a unit)

Spring

Direction of rotation

Electric motor M

Heat engine
M

Filter or strainer

Reservoir, with line above fluid level

Reservoir, with line below fluid level

Reservoir, as header

Adjustable setting

Reservoir switch

Pressure switch

Accumulator
Sring Loaded

Gas Loaded

Cooler, without indicating flow line

Cooler, indicating flow lines of coolant

Heater

Pressure gauge


Pumps and Fluid Motors
Fixed-capacity hydraulic pump
With one direction of flow

With two directions of flow

Variable-capacity hydraulic pump
With one direction of flow

With two directions of flow

Fixed-capacity hydraulic motor
With one direction of flow

With two directions of flow

Variable-capacity hydraulic motor
With one direction of flow

With two directions of flow


Cylinders
Detailed Simplified
Cylinder, single-acting


Cylinder, returned by spring


Cylinder, double-acting with single
piston rod


Cylinder, double-acting with double
piston rod


Cylinder, with single fixed cushion


Cylinder, with double adjustable
cushion


Cylinder, telescopic single-acting


Cylinder, telescopic double-acting



Control Methods
Control, muscular

By lever

With detents

By pedal

By push button


Control, Electrical
By solenoid
With 1 Winding

With 2 Winding

By electrical motor
M

Control, Hydraulics ( Direct Acting)
By application of pressure
Pneumatic Hydraulic

By release of pressure
Hydraulic Pneumatic




Control, Hydraulics ( Indirect Control, Pilot-Operated)
By application of pressure
Pneumatic
Hydraulic

By release of pressure
Hydraulic
Pneumatic

Control paths inside the unit

Control, Electrohydraulic
Solenoid controlled
and pilot operated

Solenoid operated
or pilot operated


Control, Mechanical (Operating in One Direction Only)
By plunger or tracer

By roller

By spring

By roller

Control, servo


Pressure Control Valves
Throttling orifice
(normally closed)

Throttling orifice
(normally closed)

Pressure relief valves
Inlet pressure control

Inlet pressure or remote pilot
control

Proportional pressure
relief valves
Inlet pressure limited to a value
proportional to pilot pressure

Sequence

Pressure regulator or
reducing valve
Without relief port

Without relief port with remote
control

With relief port

With relief port with remote
control

Differential pressure regulator (outlet pressure is reduced
by a fixed amount with respect to the inlet pressure)

Proportional pressure regulator (outlet pressure is reduced
by a fixed ratio with respect to the inlet pressure)


Flow Control Valves
Shut-off valve

Non-return valve (also called check
valve)

Non-return valve, spring-loaded

Non-return valve, pilot-operated

Non-return valve, with restriction

Flow control valve, with fixed output
Detailed

Simple

Flow control valve, with variable
output
Detailed

Simple


Direction Control valves
These squares indicate direction control valves, having
as many distinct positions as there are squares. The
pipe connections are represented as connected to the
box, representing the unoperated condition. For
operation, boxes are imagined to be displaced, so that
pipe connections correspond with ports of the box in
question.


One-flow path

Two closed ports

Directional valve, with two extreme positions and an
infinite number of intermediate conditions with varying
degrees of throttling

Directional valve single-solenoid-controlled, pilot-
operated in both directions, spring return, four ports,
two distinct position
Simple
Detailed




Pneumatics Components
Vacuum pump

Filterregulatorlubricator
Detailed Symbol
Relieving Adjustable
Regulator
Lubricator with
Drain
Filter with Auto
Drain


Simplified Symbol

Filter with water trap with manual

Air bleed

Exhaust port
Plain with no provision
for connection

Threaded for connection

Air compressor