1

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
Chapter 1
Transmission Lines
MICROWAVE ENGNEERING
(K Thut Siu Cao Tn)


2
Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
Introduction
At low frequencies, an electrical circuit is completely
characterized by the electrical parameters like resistance,
inductance etc. and the physical size of the electrical
components plays no role in the circuit analysis.
As the frequency increases however, the size of the
components becomes important. The voltage and currents
exist in the form of waves. Even a change in the length of a
simple connecting wire may alter the behavior of the circuit.
The circuit approach then has to be re-investigated with
inclusion of the space into the analysis. This approach is then
called the transmission line approach.
3
Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
Introduction
Although the primary objective of a transmission line is
to carry electromagnetic energy efficiently from one
location to other, they find wide applications in high
frequency circuit design.
As the frequency increases, any discontinuity in the
circuit path leads to electromagnetic radiation.
Also at high frequencies, the transit time of the signals
can not be ignored. In the era of high speed computers,
where data rates are approaching to few Gb/sec, the
phenomena related to the electromagnetic waves, like
the bit distortion, signal reflection, impedance matching
play a vital role in high speed communication networks.
4
Introduction
A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for guiding
the signal power from one point to another.
A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its length.
While ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where
voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the physical dimension
of the elements.




TLs are analyzed using transmission-line theory or Distributed-circuit
theory not traditional lumped-circuit theory.
Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
5
Transmission Lines
Reflection Coefficients
Transmission line Impedances/Admittances
Standing waves
Power matching on TL
Voltage, current and power calculation at any location ?
Contents
Chapter 1: Transmission Lines
7
I. Transmission Line Analysis
A transmission line is a distributed parameter network.
8
R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined
as follows:
R = series resistance per unit length, for both
conductors, in O/m.
L = series inductance per unit length, for both
conductors, in H/m.
G = shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
C = shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.
9
Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines
Applying Kirchoff for voltage:
( , )
( , ) ( , ) . . ( , ) . .
i x t
v x t v x x t R x i x t L x
t
c
= + A + A + A
c
Applying Kirchoff for currrent:
( , )
( , ) ( , ) . . ( , ) . .
v x x t
i x t i x x t G x v x x t C x
t
c + A
= + A + A + A + A
c
10
( , )
( , ) ( , ) . . ( , ) . .
( , )
( , ) ( , ) . . ( , ) . .
i x t
v x t v x x t R x i x t L x
t
v x x t
i x t i x x t G x v x x t C x
t
c

= + A + A + A

c + A

= + A + A + A + A

c
( , ) ( , ) ( ). . ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( ). . ( , )
V x V x x R j L x I x
I x I x x G j C x V x x
e e e e
e e e e
= + A + + A

= + A + + A + A

In frequency domain:
( , ) ( , )
( ). ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( ). ( , )
V x x V x
R j L I x
x
I x x I x
G j C V x x
x
e e
e e
e e
e e
+ A

= +

+ A

= + + A

A
Lead to
Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines
In time domain:
11
( , ) ( , )
( ). ( , )
( , ) ( , )
( ). ( , )
V x x V x
R j L I x
x
I x x I x
G j C V x x
x
e e
e e
e e
e e
+ A

= +

+ A

= + + A

A
When
0 x A
( , )
( ). ( , )
( , )
( ). ( , )
V x
R j L I x
x
I x
G j C V x
x
e
e e
e
e e
c

= +

= +

c
2
2
2
2
( , )
( )( ). ( , )
( , )
( )( ). ( , )
V x
R j L G j C V x
x
I x
R j L G j C I x
x
e
e e e
e
e e e

c
= + +

= + +

c
Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines
12
Where ( ) ( )( ) R j L G j C e e e = + +
2
2
2
2
( , )
( )( ). ( , )
( , )
( )( ). ( , )
V x
R j L G j C V x
x
I x
R j L G j C I x
x
e
e e e
e
e e e
c
= + +

= + +

c
2
2
2
2
2
2
( , )
( ). ( , )
( , )
( ). ( , )
V x
V x
x
I x
I x
x
e
e e
e
e e
c
=
c
c
=
c
Differential equations of
1 2 1
'' . ' . 0 , 0 f a f a f a + + = =
: propagation constant
Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines
13
2
2
2
( , )
( ). ( , )
V x
V x
x
e
e e
c
=
c
( ). ( ).
( , ) . .
x x
V x V e V e
e e
e

+
= +
Wave equation:
Traveling wave solutions can be found as :
. .
( ) . .
x x
V x V e V e

+
= +
j o | = +
Where
. . . .
( ) . . . .
x j x x j x
V x V e e V e e
o | o |
+
= +
Traveling Wave Solutions
14
. . . .
( ) . . . .
x j x x j x
V x V e e V e e
o | o |
+
= +
. .
. .
x j x
V e e
o |
+
Xet thanh phan th 1:
Xet thanh phan th 2:
. .
. .
x j x
V e e
o |

(Song ti)
(Song phan xa)
Traveling Wave Solutions
15
2
2
2
( , )
( ). ( , )
I x
I x
x
e
e e
c
=
c
Current Solutions:
. .
( ) . .
x x
I x I e I e

+
= +
0 0
,
V V
I I
Z Z
+
+
= =
Where:
. .
0 0
( )
x x
V V
I x e e
Z Z

+
=
0
R j L R j L
Z
G j C
e e
e
+ +
= =
+
Where is Characteristic Impedance
Traveling Wave Solutions
16
Propagation Constant (He So Truyen Song)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) j R j L G j C e o e | e e e = + = + +
Attenuation constant (He So Suy Hao)
| |
( ), / Np m o e
| |
( ), / dB m o e
[ / ]
[ / ] 10 10 [ / ]
[ / ]
20.log (20log ).
8, 68.
Np m
dB m Np m
Np m
e e
o
o o
o
= =
=
V du: Mot ng truyen song co he so suy hao la 1 Np/m,
tc la khi song lan truyen qua 1 m chieu dai ng
truyen song th bien o se b suy hao 8,68 dB (2,7
lan).
17
Phase constant (He So Pha):
| | | |
( ), / , / rad m m | e o
The hien o thay oi pha cua song khi song lan truyen tren mot
n v chieu dai ng truyen song.
Phase constant and wavelength are related as:
2t
|

=
LossLess Transmission Line:
0, 0
( ) ( )( )
( ) 0
( )
R G
R j L G j C j LC
LC
e e e e
o e
| e e
= =
= + + =
=
=
18
19
20
Characteristic Impedance (Tr Khang ac Tnh) Z
0

21
Set
0 0
1
// Z Z x Z
Y x
| |
= A +
|
A
\ .
, Z R j L Y G j C e e = + = +
When:
0 x A
0
Z R j L
Z
Y G j C
e
e
+
= =
+
LossLess TL:
| |
0 0
,
L
Z R
C
= = O
22
23
Phase Velocity (Van Toc Truyen Song /Van toc pha):
La quang ng song lan truyen trong moi n v thi gian.
[ / ]
, [ / ]
[ / ]
rad s
V m s
rad m

e
|
| |
= =
|
\ .
EX 3.2 P66, EX 3.3 P67
24
II. Reflection Coefficient and TL Impedance

. .
( ) . .
x x
V x V e V e

+
= +
a) Voltage reflection coefficient:
I =
song phan xa
( )
song ti

+ +
I = =
2
( )
x
x
V
x
V e V
x e
V e V
1) Reflection coefficent
25
b) He So Phan Xa Dong ien
2 2
0
0
( ) ( )
x
x x
I V
x
V
Z I e I
x e e x
V
I e I
Z

+
+ +

I = = = = I
. .
( ) . .
x x
I x I e I e

+
= +
. .
0 0
( )
x x
V V
I x e e
Z Z

+
=
Thong thng ch quan tam ti he
so phan xa ien ap, quy uc:
V
I = I
26
Tai tai:
2
( )
l
V
V
l e
V

+
I =
Tai iem ( ) : x l d =
2 2 ( )
2 2 2
( )
. ( ).
x l d
V
l d d
V
V V
x e e
V V
V
e e l e
V

+ +

+
I = =
= = I
d) Tnh He So Phan Xa Tai mot iem bat ky
Thong Qua He So phan Xa Tai Tai:
27
e) He So Phan Xa Tai Tai:
. .
( ) . .
l l
V l V e V e

+
= +
. .
0 0
( )
l l
V V
I l e e
Z Z

+
=
28
. .
( ) . .
l l
V l V e V e

+
= +
. .
0 0
( )
l l
V V
I l e e
Z Z

+
=
0
( )
( )
l l
L
l l
V e V e V l
Z Z
I l V e V e

+
+
= =

0 0
1
1 ( )
1 ( )
1
l
l
L
l
l
V e
V e l
Z Z Z
V e l
V e

+
+
+I
= =
I

0
0
( )
L
L
Z Z
l
Z Z

I =
+
29
Trng hp tai phoi hp tr khang:
0
0
( ) 0
L
L
Z Z
l
Z Z

I = =
+
2
( ) ( ). 0 ,
d
x l e x

I = I =
Khong co song phan xa
Tr khang ac tnh chuan:
50 , 75 , 300 , 600 O O O O
f) Mot So Trng Hp ac Biet:
30
Trng hp tai noi tat:
0
0
( ) 1
L
L
Z Z
l
Z Z

I = =
+
Phan xa toan bo
( )
l
l l
l
V e
l V e V e
V e

+
I = =
Tai tai, song ti va song phan xa ngc pha nhau
( ) 0 V l =
31
Trng hp tai H mach:
0
0
( ) 1 ( ) 1
L
I
L
Z Z
l l
Z Z

I = = I =
+
Phan xa toan bo
( ) 0
l l
I e I e I l

+
= =
Tai tai, song dong ien ti va phan xa triet tieu nhau
32
Trng hp tai Thuan khang:
0
0
( )
L
L
jX R
l
jX R

I =
+
Phan xa toan bo
( ) 1 l I =
33
2) Tr Khang ng Day

=
( )
( )
( )
V x
Z x
I x
34
. .
( ) . . (1)
x x
V x V e V e

+
= +
. .
0 0
( ) (2)
x x
V V
I x e e
Z Z

+
=
. .
0
. .
. .
( )
. .
x x
x x
V e V e
Z x Z
V e V e

+
+
=

0
1 ( )
( )
1 ( )
x
Z x Z
x
+ I
=
I
2
( )
x
V
V
x e
V

+
I =
2
( ) ( ).
d
x l e

I = I
0
0
( )
L
L
Z Z
l
Z Z

I =
+
0 0
0
0 0
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
d d
L L
d d
L L
Z Z e Z Z e
Z x Z
Z Z e Z Z e

+ +
=
+
= ( ) d l x
35
0
0
0
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
d d d d
L
d d d d
L
Z e e Z e e
Z x Z
Z e e Z e e




+ +
=
+ +
Apply

+
= = ( ) , ( )
2 2
u u u u
e e e e
ch u sh u
0
0
0
. ( ) . ( )
( )
. ( ) . ( )
L
L
Z ch d Z sh d
Z x Z
Z sh d Z ch d


+
=
+

= =
+
( )
( )
( )
u u
u u
sh u e e
th u
ch u e e
Using
0
0
0
. ( )
( )
. ( )
L
L
Z Z th d
Z x Z
Z Z th d

+
=
+
0
1 ( )
( )
1 ( )
x
Z x Z
x
+ I
=
I
2
( ) ( ).
d
x l e

I = I
0
0
( )
L
L
Z Z
l
Z Z

I =
+
Or:
36
Trng hp ng day khong ton hao:
| =

=
0 0
, So thc
j
Z R
Khi o:
| |
| |
|

= =
+
( ) ( )
j d j d
j d j d
e e
th d th j d
e e
Ap dung:
= + cos( ) sin( )
ju
e u j u
|
| |
|
= =
2 sin( )
( ) . ( )
2cos( )
j d
th j d j tg d
d
0
0
0
. . ( )
( )
. . ( )
L
L
Z j R tg d
Z x R
R j Z tg d
|
|
+
=
+
37
Trng hp tai phoi hp tr khang
=
0
, So thc
L
Z Z
0
0 0
0
. . ( )
( ) ,
. . ( )
L
L
Z j Z tg d
Z x Z Z d x
Z j Z tg d
|
|
+
= =
+
hoac
Mot So Trng Hp ac Biet:
38
Trng hp tai noi tat:
= 0
L
Z
0
0 0
0
. . ( )
( ) . . ( )
. . ( )
L
L
Z j R tg d
Z x R j R tg d
R j Z tg d
|
|
|
+
= =
+
( ) . ( ) , Z x j X d = thuan khang
39
0
( ) . . ( ) . ( ) , Z x j R tg d j X d | = = pure reactance
Shorted
Open
Transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or capacitors at
specific frequencies Distributed components
Inductance
Capacitance
40
Trng hp tai h mach:
=
L
Z
0 0
0
0
0
. . ( )
( )
. . ( ) . ( )
. .cotg( )
L
L
Z j R tg d R
Z x R
R j Z tg d j tg d
j R d
|
| |
|
+
= =
+
=
( ) . ( ) , Z x j X d = thuan khang
41
0
( ) . .cotg( ) . ( ) , Z x j R d j X d | = = thuan khang
Noi tat
H Mach
42
Trng hp tai Thuan khang:
= .
L L
Z j X
0
0
0
. . ( )
( ) ,
. ( )
L
L
jX j R tg d
Z x R
R X tg d
|
|
+
=

Thuan ao
( ) : Z x thuan khang
Xc nh tr khng c tnh , tr khng ti , v h s truyn sng qua vic
o thc t: (vd 6, 7) p77, Ex 3.9
43
ng Truyen Mot phan t bc song
4
l

=
in
Z
0
R
L
Z
0
L in
Z Z =
Neu tai h mach:
2
0
in
L
R
Z
Z
=
0
L in
Z Z =
Neu tai ngan mach:
ng dung lam mach bien oi tr khang
2
0
in
L
R
Z
Z
=
0
.
L in
R Z Z =
0
0
0
. . ( )
. . ( )
L
in
L
Z j R tg l
Z R
R j Z tg l
|
|
+
=
+
T :
Vd: 5 Ex 3.5 p71
44
ng Truyen Na bc song
2
l

=
in
Z
0
Z
L
Z
in L
Z Z =
45
3) Quan he gia tr khang ng day va he so phan xa:
.
. . .
0 0
. . .
.
.
1
. . .
( )
. . .
1
.
x
x x x
x x x
x
V e
V e V e V e
Z x Z Z
V e V e V e
V e

+ +

+
+
+
= =

0
1 ( )
( )
1 ( )
x
Z x Z
x
+I
=
I
0
0
( )
( )
( )
Z x Z
x
Z x Z

I =
+
Vd: 8, 9 Ex: 3.11 p78, (cch 2 p80)
46
4) Dan Nap ng Day:
= = +
1
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Y x G x jB x
Z x
0
0
0
. ( )
( )
. ( )
L
L
Z Z th d
Z x Z
Z Z th d

+
=
+
T :
0
0 0
. ( ) 1
( ) .
. ( )
L
L
Z Z th d
Y x
Z Z Z th d

+
=
+
0
0
0
1/ 1/ . ( )
( ) .
1/ 1/ . ( )
L
L
Y Y th d
Y x Y
Y Y th d

+
=
+
0
0
0
. ( )
( ) .
. ( )
L
L
Y Y th d
Y x Y
Y Y th d

+
=
+
47
5) Tr Khang Chuan Hoa, Dan Nap Chuan Hoa
0
( )
( )
Z x
z x
Z
=
Tr khang chuan hoa:
Dan nap chuan hoa:
0
( )
( )
Y x
y x
Y
=
48
Transmission Line Voltage and Current Calculation
-
-
-
-
0 0
-
0
1)
0
-2 .
2) .
1
3)
0
1-
x x
V V e V e
x
V V
x x
I e e
x
Z Z
Z Z
l
l Z Z
l
d
e
in
l
in
Z Z
in
in

= +
+
+ +
=
I =
+
I = I
+I
=
I
+ -
How to calculate V and V ?
49
Transmission Line Voltage and Current Calculation
. .
. .
0 0
0
0
2 .
0
. .
. .
1)
2) .
1
3)
1
4)
5) (1 )
6) .
1
x x
x
x x
x
l
l
l
d
in l
in
in
in
s
in s
in s
in in
in
in
in
V V e V e
V V
I e e
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
e
Z Z
Z
V V
Z Z
V V V V
V
V V V

+ +

+ +
+ +
= +

I =
+
I = I
+ I
=
I
=
+
= + = + I
= = I
+ I
50
2
( ) ( ).
d
V V
x l e

I = I
Vi: j o | = +
2 2
( ) ( ). .
d j d
V V
x l e e
o |
I = I
Reflection coefficient on Complex Plane
51
2 2
( ) ( ). .
d j d
V V
x l e e
o |
I = I
Khi dich chuyen ve pha nguon mot oan
Vector se xoay mot goc bao nhieu?
/ 2 d =
V
I
2t
|

=
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
d d
t t
| t

= = =
Reflection coefficient on Complex Plane
52
Transmitted power on T.L.
{ } { }
( )
* . . * . . . .
_
0 0
2 2
2 . 2 . 2 . 2 .
0
Im
Re Re
2 2
2 . 2 .
0
1 1
. Re . . Re . . . . . . .
2 2
1
. Re . . . . . .
2
1
. . .
2
1
2
x x x j x x j x
x x x
x x j x x
x x
P V I V e V e V e e V e e
Z Z
V e V V e V V e V e
Z
V e V e
Z
o | o |
o | | o
o o
+
+ +

+ + +

+
( ( = = + +



= +
`

)
=
=
( )
( )
2
2 .
2
2 .
2
2 .
0
2 2
2 .
0
2 2
ef
.
. . . 1
.
1
. . . 1
2
. 1 .
x
inc
x
x
x
x
x
P
inc x inc inc x inc r
V e
V e
Z
V e
V e
Z
P P P P P
o
o
o
o

+

+
I

+
| |
|
|

|
|
\ .
= I
= I = I =
53
Transmitted power on T.L.
54
III. Hien Tng Song ng, He So Song ng

1) Hien Tng Song ng
Song ti va song phan xa giao thoa tao ra cac
iem bung song va nut song.
55
t = 0 t = T/8 t = T/4 t = 3T/8 t = T/2
x
x
Song
Tong
Song ti,
song phan xa
2

Max
V
Min
V
56
2) He So Song ng

Ex. 3.13 p86
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 .
.
0
0 0 0 0
. . . 1 . 1 . 1
. .
. 1 . 1 . 1
x x x j x
x x x x x x
x x
x j x
x x x x x x
V V e V e V e V V e V V
V
V e V e V V
I e I e I
Z Z Z Z
o |

o |
=
+ + + +

+ =
+ + +
= + = +I = +I = +I
+
= = I = I = I
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ax
min
. 1 Re
. 1 Re
x m l x l
x l x l
V V V khi
V V V khi
+
+
= = + I I = I +
= = I I = I
ax
min
1
SWR
1
l
m
l
V
V
V
+ I
= =
I
57
2) He So Song ng

Max
Min
V
S VSWR
V
= =
Ap dung oi vi ng day khong ton hao
( ) . .
j x j x
V x V e V e
| |
+
= + Ta co :
Min
V = Bien o song ti bien o song phan xa
,
Max Min
V V V V V V
+ +
= + =
1
1
S
+ I
=
I
V V V V
S
V V V V
+ + +
+ + +
+ + I
= =
I
Max
V = + Bien o song ti bien o song phan xa
Ex. 3.13 p86
58
Bung ien ap ~ Nut dong ien
~
Max Min
V I
0 0
1
.
1
Max
Max
Min
V
R R R S
I
+ I
= = =
I
Tai o tr khang ng day la so thc, cc ai
( )
0
1
Min
V
I
R
+
= I
Min
I I I I I
+ + +
= = I
.
Max
V V V V V
+ + +
= + = +I Va :
59
Nut ien ap ~ Bung dong ien
Tai o tr khang ng day la so thc, cc tieu
0
0
1
1
Min
Min
Max
V R
R R
I S
I
= = =
+ I
~
Min Max
V I
Max
I I I I I
+ + +
= + = + I
( )
0
1
Max
V
I
R
+
= + I
.
Min
V V V V V
+ + +
= = I Va :
60
Real TL
A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for
guiding the signal power from one point to another.
Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment
utilized microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or
waveguides.
In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state
electronics and the introduction of microwave integrated
circuits (MIC) & monolithic RF/microwave integrated
circuits (RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip lines (), strip line, and
coplanar-waveguide (CPW) lines have been used extensively,
on which solid-state devices can be placed.
61
A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for guiding the
signal power from one point to another.
Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment utilized
microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or waveguides.
In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state electronics
and the introduction of microwave integrated circuits (MIC) &
monolithic RF/microwave integrated circuits (RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip
lines (), strip line, and coplanar-waveguide (CPW) lines have been used
extensively, on which solid-state devices can be placed.
62
Wave Guide
63
64
65
66
67
RF FE
RF FE
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
TOM TAT CHNG 1
79
I. ng Day Truyen Song

80
Cac Thong So S Cap Cua ng Day
R (Ohm/m) : ien tr tuyen tnh
L (H/m) : ien cam tuyen tnh
C (F/m) : ien dung tuyen tnh
G (S/m) : ien dan tuyen tnh
81
1) Phng Trnh Truyen Song
2
2
2
2
2
2
( , )
( ). ( , )
( , )
( ). ( , )
V x
V x
x
I x
I x
x
e
e e
e
e e
c
=
c
c
=
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
. ( )
( )
. ( )
V x
V x
x
I x
I x
x

c
=
c
c
=
c
Ch xet mot tan so: e
82
2) Nghiem Phng Trnh Truyen Song
. .
( ) . .
x x
V x V e V e

+
= +
Song Phan Xa
Song Ti
. .
( ) . .
x x
I x I e I e

+
= +
0 0
,
V V
I I
Z Z
+
+
= =
83
3) Cac Thong So Th Cap
He So Truyen Song: ( ) ( ) ( ) j e o e | e = +
He So Suy Hao:

| |
( ), / Np m o e
| |
( ), / dB m o e
He So Pha:
| | | |
( ), / , / rad m m | e o
2t
|

=
Tr Khang ac Tnh :
| |
0
, Z O
ng truyen khong ton hao :
0 0
Z R
84
II. He So Phan Xa, Tr Khang ng Day
1) He So Phan Xa: I =
Song Phan Xa
Song Ti
He So Phan Xa Tai Tai :
0
0
( )
L
Z
l
Z

I = I =
+
L
L
Z
Z
V I
I = I
Tnh He So Phan Xa
Tai iem x thong qua :
L
I
2
( ) .
d
L
x e

I = I
85
2) Tr Khang ng Day:
3) Dan nap ng day :
ng truyen
khong ton hao:
0
0
0
. ( )
( )
. ( )
L
L
Z Z th d
Z x Z
Z Z th d

+
=
+
0
0
0
. ( )
( ) .
. ( )
L
L
Y Y th d
Y x Y
Y Y th d

+
=
+
0
0
0
. . ( )
( )
. . ( )
L
L
Z j R tg d
Z x R
R j Z tg d
|
|
+
=
+
86
4) Quan He Gia Tr Khang ng Day Va He So Phan Xa
5) Tr Khang Chuan Hoa:
0
1 ( )
( )
1 ( )
x
Z x Z
x
+I
=
I
0
0
( )
( )
( )
Z x Z
x
Z x Z

I =
+
0
( )
( )
Z x
z x
Z
=
0
( )
( )
Y x
y x
Y
=
Dan Nap Chuan Hoa:
87
III. Hien Tng Song ng, He So Song ng

1) Hien Tng Song ng
Song ti va song phan xa giao thoa tao ra cac
iem bung song va nut song.
88
2) He So Song ng

1
1
S VSWR
+ I
= =
I
Bung ien ap ~ Nut dong ien
0 0
1
.
1
Max
Max
Min
V
R R R S
I
+ I
= = =
I
Nut ien ap ~ Bung dong ien
0
0
1
1
Min
Min
Max
V R
R R
I S
I
= = =
+ I