Unit 11

Magnetism
Magnets
magnetism force of attraction or
repulsion

not all objects are affected by the force of
magnetism
ex. wood, glass, paper, plastic

common metals affected by magnetism are
iron, nickel, and cobalt
Magnets
poles two ends of a magnet

every magnet has two poles
north (N) pole
south (S) pole

even if you break a magnet in half, each half
will have a north pole and a south pole
Magnets
the north pole of a magnet points North

it is often called North-seeking
Properties of Magnets
if a north pole and a south pole are
brought together, they will attract each
other

opposites attract
Properties of Magnets
if the north pole of one magnet is brought
near the north pole of another magnet,
they will repel each other
if two south poles are brought together,
they will repel each other
Properties of Magnets
like magnetic poles repel each other

unlike magnetic poles attract each other
Magnetic Fields
magnetic field area around a magnet
where magnetic forces can act

a magnetic field is made up of magnetic
lines of force
Magnetic Fields
magnetic lines of force lines that show
the shape of a magnetic field

the magnetic lines of force are closest
together at the poles of the magnet
this is where the magnet is strongest
Making a Magnet
some magnets occur in nature

these magnets are called natural
magnets

ex. magnetite (also called lodestone)
Making a Magnet
materials that are not natural magnets
can be magnetized
Making a Magnet
magnetic induction process by which a
material can be made into a magnet
Making a Magnet
some materials are easy to magnetize

ex. iron
Making a Magnet
a material that is easily magnetized
tends to lose its magnetism quickly

a magnet made of this kind of material is
called a temporary magnet
Making a Magnet
materials that are hard to magnetize will
also stay magnetized for a long time

a magnet that is hard to magnetize but
tends to keep its magnetism is called a
permanent magnet
The Earth as a Magnet
William Gilbert

a British scientist

the Earth has north and south poles like a
bar magnet
The Earth as a Magnet
the Earth has a North Magnetic Pole and
a South Magnetic Pole

the North Magnetic Pole is located near the
geographic North Pole

the South Magnetic Pole is located near the
geographic South Pole
The Earth as a Magnet
the North Magnetic Pole is like the south
pole of a bar magnet

the South Magnetic Pole is like the north
pole of a bar magnet
The Earth as a Magnet
the Earth is surrounded by a magnetic
field which extends far into space

magnetosphere region of the Earths
magnetic field
The Earth as a Magnet
the magnetosphere traps charged
particles from the sun

when these particles enter the
atmosphere, an aurora is formed

auroras are also called the northern and
southern lights
Electricity and Magnetism
Hans Oersted

about 200 years ago

an electric current flowing in a wire causes a
compass needle to move
Electricity and Magnetism
an electric current passing through a
wire causes a magnetic field
Electricity and Magnetism
electromagnetism relationship between
electricity and magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Michael Faraday (British scientist)
Joseph Henry (American scientist)

when a wire is moved across a magnetic
field, an electric current is induced in the
wire
Electricity and Magnetism
electromagnetic induction process by
which an electric current is produced by
moving a wire in a magnetic field
Electricity and Magnetism
a wire carrying an electric current always
has a magnetic field around it
the magnetic field in a straight wire is not
very strong
if the wire is wound into a coil, the magnetic
field becomes much stronger as the
individual magnetic fields overlap
the greater the number of coils, the stronger the
magnetic field
Electromagnets
electromagnet temporary magnet
made by wrapping a current-carrying
wire around an iron core

the center of an electromagnet is called the
core
it is often made of iron
Electromagnets
as long as current is flowing, an
electromagnet has a magnetic field

when current is turned off, there is no
longer a magnetic field
Electromagnets
there are two ways to make an
electromagnet stronger

increasing the number of coils

increasing the amount of current
Electromagnets
electromagnets are useful because they
can be turned on and off

electromagnets have many important
uses
ex. radios, telephones, computers
Electromagnets
changing the direction of an electric
current causes the poles of an
electromagnet to reverse

this feature is important in the production of
electric motors
Transformers
transformer device in which alternating
current in one coil of wire induces a
current in a second coil
Transformers
a transformer consists of two coils of
wire around a magnet

the first coil, called the primary coil, is
connected to the power source

the second coil, called the secondary coil, is
connected to the load
a load is something that uses electricity, such as
a light bulb or a motor
Transformers
a transformer only works with alternating
current
Transformers
a step-up transformer increases voltage

it consists of more coils of wire in the
secondary coil than the primary coil
Transformers
a step-down transformer decreases
voltage

it consists of more coils of wire in the
primary coil than the secondary coil
Electric Motors
electric motor device that changes
electrical energy into mechanical energy
Electric Motors
an electric motor is made up of an
electromagnet and a permanent magnet
Electric Motors
the electromagnet is free to turn and is
hooked up to a source of alternating
current

changing the direction of an electric current
causes the poles of an electromagnet to
reverse
Electric Motors
attraction and repulsion between the
electromagnet and the permanent
magnet cause the electromagnet to spin
Electric Motors
an electric motor can use direct current if
a special switch is used
Generators
generator device that changes
mechanical energy into electrical energy

a current can be induced in a loop of wire by
spinning the loop inside a magnetic field

due to the changing direction of the wire, an
alternating current is produced
Generators
an electric generator is made up of an
insulated loop of wire and a U-shaped
magnet

spinning the loop of wire in the magnetic
field of the magnet produces an electric
current
Generators
most of the energy we use every day
comes from generators
Generators
mechanical energy for many generators
is supplied by turbines

a turbine is a large wheel that is turned by
moving steam or water