Physical World (Physics)

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Fundamental Forces in Nature
Physics has revealed that all the orces occurrin! in dierent conte"ts arise
rom a ew undamental orces in nature# $hese undamental orces are as
ollows:
Gravitational orces
Wea% nuclear orces
&lectroma!netic orces
'tron! nuclear orces
Gravitational Forces
Pro(osed )y Newton
Force o mutual attraction is directly (ro(ortional to the (roduct o the masses*
and inversely (ro(ortional to the s+uare o the se(aration )etween them#
Wea%est orces in nature
Weak Nuclear Forces
Discovered durin! the study o the (henomenon o ,-decay in radioactivity
$hese are the orces o interaction )etween elementary (articles o short lie
times#
.)out /0
12
times stron!er than !ravitational orces
Electromagnetic Forces
Forces )etween char!ed (articles
$he movin! char!es (roduce ma!netic eects#
&lectric and ma!netic eects are inse(ara)le3 hence* the term electroma!netic#
$hese orces may )e attractive or re(ulsive#
&lectrostatic orces are /0
45
times stron!er than !ravitational orces#
6(erate over small distances#
Strong Nuclear Forces
$hese orces )ind the neutrons and (rotons to!ether in dierent nuclei#
'hort ran!e orces (o(erate within the distances o the order o /0
7/8
m)
'tron!est orces in nature3 /0
49
times stron!er than !ravitational orces
.ttractive in nature
Unification of Forces
S.
No
Name of Physicist Achievement in Unification
. :saac Newton ;niied terrestrial and celestial mechanics
!. <ans Christian 6ersted
&lectric and ma!netic (henomena 7
electroma!netism
". =ames Cler% >a"well
;niied electricity* ma!netism and o(tics3 showed
that li!ht is an electroma!netic wave
#.
'heldon Glashow* .)dus
'alam* 'teven Wein)er!#
Wea% nuclear orce and the electroma!netic orce
can )e viewed as dierent as(ects o electro-wea%
orce
$.
Carlo Ru)ia* 'imon
Vander >eer
Veriied e"(erimentally the (redictions o the
theory o electro-wea% orce#

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