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The term soft state was first
used by the noted economist
Gunnar Myrdal in his classic book
The Asian Drama in the context of
South Asia for the inability of the
states to implement their economic
plans and programmes efficiently
and effectively. Now the term has
acquired additional dimensions of
meaning that subsumes a
comprehensive collapse of even the
most basic functions of the state. A
contemporary political
commentator Atul Kohli has aptly
drawn attention to the paradox of
the enormous expansion of the state
power in India at the same time
when its powerlessness to act
effectively is equally obvious.
India is vulnerable to terror
attacks. To fight terror, the country
needs to strengthen its security and
intelligence. The need of hour is to
revamp border security, maritime
security and aerial security. The
nation needs a complete recast of
its intelligence mechanism. There is
a pressing need for stringent
counter-terrorism policy and its
implementation. In order to weed
out terrorism from its roots, India
needs to terrorise the terrorists and
their sympathizers. In the end, the
one pertinent thought that resonates
years after the 26/11 attacks is
Does human life count for even a
little bit in India? The government
should act and that too fast.
Indira Gandhi who was once
considered as one of the worlds
powerful leader was the Prince
Minister of the country who proved
that India was not a soft state
through her actions In the war with
Pakistan in 1971 leading to the
creation of Bangladesh, annexation
of Sikkim in 1975 and suppression
of separatist move-ment in the
country. 1971 the Pakistani army
heavily cracked down on the civilian
population of erstwhile East
Pakistan and as a result over 10
million refugees fled to India. The
Pakistan military action was in
disregard to the election verdict
which caused the emergence of
Awami League as the single largest
party.
The Pakistan military
dictatorship under Agha
Muhammad Yahya Khan and the
then political leaders of West
Pakistan apprehended the shifting
of political capital from Islamabad
to Dhaka or separation of its eastern
wing, despite assurances the
Bangaoandhu Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman to resolve the issue within
the framework of Pakistan.
The military repression in
erstwhile East Pakistan and the flight
of refugees brought India into a war
with Pakistan. The US mooted a
resolution in the United Nations
Security
,
Council warning India
going to war with Pakistan. India a
Gandhi signed a treaty of friendship
and cooperation with the Soviet
Union in August 1971 and the So
Diet Union vetoed US proposal in
the UN. India is not a soft state but a
strong nation that has earned the
respect and admiration of the world.
The repelling of Pakistani
intruders from the Kargil heights in
1999, and a swift paratroop
intervention in the Maldives to
reverse a coup against President
Gavoom in 1996 providing rare
instances of hard power success.
ARE WE A SOFT STATE? ARE WE A SOFT STATE?
ARE WE A SOFT STATE? ARE WE A SOFT STATE? ARE WE A SOFT STATE?
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Against these examples are the
said 1962 China war, the spectacular
failures of the Indian Peacekeeping
Force in Sri Lanka in 1987 (the Force
withdrew after incurring heavy
casualties in an unplanned war with
the Tamil insurgents), the hijacking
of an Indian Airlines aircraft to
Kandahar in 1999, resulting in the
cra-ven release of detained terrorists
front Indian jails. the repeated
bleeding of the county through
terrorist incidents planned and
directed from Pakistan, and
innu-merable unprovoked incidents
on the Bangladesh border involving
Indian loss of life. India is often
caught in a cleft stick on such
matters: it typically treads softly in
its anxiety not to come across as a
regional badly and, in so doing, it
emboldens those who are prepared
to test it. As a result, India has been
noticeably reluctant to evolve a
strategic doctrine based on hard
power. Indeed, there is a sense in
which most Indians still think that
would be unseemly.
Dossiers after dossiers were
sent to Pakistan. Date after date was
set for action against the
perpetrators of Mumbai attacks. But,
three years after 26/11, there is zero
progress by Pakistan to bring the
perpetrators to justice. However,
has India failed to bend Pakistan
internationally? Dont forget this
government shocked the nation by
delinking terrorism from Indo-Pak
composite dialogue in Sharm el-
Sheikh in 2009. Earlier Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh went on
to describe his Pakistani counterpart
a man of peace.
The 26/11 terror attacks in
Mumbai shook India and stunned
the world. re-vealing huge chinks in
the countrys anti-terror armour. A
year later, the sole sur-viving
terrorist captured by authorities,
Mohammad Ajmal Kasab, has not
been convicted, the masterminds of
the deadly assault are free, and the
country harbouring the terrorists,
Pakistan, is probably laughing at our
weakness, dismiss-ing us as a state
whose outrage is easily calmed by
tokenism. For India war is nut the
only way to assert ones strength,
dialogue with Pakistan is the best
recourse given the volatile situation
in the country. This is not to dispute
that terrorism in India is emanated
from across the border. But the
cross-border terror networks work
in tandem with the local terror
elements. In the last one decade
there was a surge in home grown
terrorism. More interestingly, the
local terror elements are getting
political patronage.
China is developing Sri Lankas
Hambantota port in the south of the
island republic, which will give it
access to the Indian Ocean Region
[IOR], an area of strategic influence
it is seeking to dominate by
developing the PLA Navy [PLANT
into a formidable blue water force,
with task forces spearheaded by
nuclear pow-ered ballistic
submarines. Interestingly, Sri Lanka
first offered this project to In-dia.
but Indias vacillation made it turn
to China The train from Beijing to
Tibet reaches strategically sensitive
heights. With this railway line and a
network of excellent roads
extending almost till the Indian
border. China has increased its
capacity to move troops and
materiel to the Line of Actual Control
in 25 days as against the earlier six
months. India knows that its soft
power cannot solve its security
challenges. To counter the terrorist
threat. there is no substitute for hard
power. Hard power without sot!
power stirs up resentments and
enmities: soft power without hard
power is a con-fession of weakness.
Where soft power works is in
attracting enough goodwill from
ordinary people to reduce the
sources of support and succour that
the terror-ists enjoy. and without
which they cannot function. But this
means that India also needs to solve
its internal problems before it can
play any role of leadership in the
world. There is need for more
systematic development of a soft
power strategy than India currently
has. So far, such strategic
advantages as have accrued from
Indias soft power - goodwill for the
country amongst African, Arab and
Afghan publics.
India that has entered its
seventh decade as an independent
country is one -open to the
contention of ideas and interests
within it, unafraid of the prowess or
the products of the outside world,
wedded to the democratic
pluralism that is Indias greatest
strength, and determined to liberate
and fulfill the creative ener-gies of
its people. Such an India truly enjoys
soft power, and that may well be the
most valuable way in which it can
offer leadership to the 21st century
world. The recent autonomy
resolution passed by the Kashmir
Government brought out the soft
underbelly of the Indian state.
People have criticized the
government for not acting in a
mature and decisive manner. The
government should have been
strong enough to have the resolution
considered by Parliament or at least
by a committee or a group of
Ministers. But if it rejected the
autonomy resolution for reasons
which one can surmise, why did it
buckle under adverse criticism and
agree to meet the Kashmir Chief
Minister so soon after rejecting it?
People see this as a manifestation
of the country being a soft and weak
state.
Take several incidents or
events that show the softness of the
Indian state. The country has had to
suffer from a series of strikes which
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have crippled the functioning of the
government. There are strikes by the
banking personnel, by the
telecommunication or the airlines
staff, by the truck drivers and by
sundry organizations including
electricity, government unions,
teacher unions, etc. In most, if not
all, such strikes, the government, the
Central or the State, buckles under
the combined pressure of these
unions and the different political
parties which usually support these
strikes and lead to closure or slow-
down of work. Whenever such
strikes take place and are resolved,
usually by giving hefty pay hikes or
other benefits, it is only the
organized sector which benefits.
The unorganized sector neither gets
the pay hikes nor improvement in
their working conditions.
The United Kingdom was also
beset with prolonged strikes before
and after Ms. Margaret Thatcher
became the Prime Minister. But she
introduced legislation so that these
strikes and closure of work became
difficult, if not impossible. A
government must strike a proper
balance between legitimate
collective bargaining rights and
public interest or common good.
The recent events in which the
Christians have come under attack
of some unlawful and criminal
elements have brought out the
vulnerability of the Indian state.
These attacks are barbaric and
should be condemned
unequivocally, but why should the
government be so apologetic? Why
should this happen in India? The law
should be strong enough to deal
with such situations and whoever is
guilty, should be punished as per
law. Talking of the guilty politicians
and other important personalities
being brought to book, there seems
to be a comical turn to the way the
events unfold. After a lot of fanfare,
permission is obtained from the
Governor or Chief Minister or
someone else to prosecute some
politician. After this is done, there
are interviews of some leading
personalities and often of the CBI or
ED Directors about the investigation
that is going on to collect irrefutable
evidence to punish these persons.
Then one gets to see shots on the
TV of these persons being sent to
judicial custody under heavy police
deployment. And then what
happens? Nothing. The indicted
persons are invariably found to be
either innocent or at least the
evidence is not strong enough to nail
them. Why does this happen with
such unfailing regularity? Was the
evidence initially collected not
strong enough, or were the
witnesses intimidated to withhold
crucial and damning evidence? Or
is the law of the land not good
enough to punish these highly
placed politicians and
personalities? Or is there political
interference or some other
underhand deals which let the
indicted go scot-free? In any case
the state is shown to be in poor light.
Contrast this with the
treatment meted out to the ordinary
citizen, especially the poor, helpless
ones. They are kept in police lock-
up and incarcerated in jails on mere
suspicion or at the behest of some
powerful persons and stay there
often for long periods even without
proper charges being framed
against them, let alone proper
prosecution.
In fact, the irony is that they
sometimes spend more time in jails
as under trials than the quantum of
punishment they would have
received had they been properly
prosecuted and received the
punishment for the crime they are
alleged to have committed. There
have been reports that in Andhra
Pradesh, there are about 9,000
under trials who have been behind
bars for different periods from a
year to five years. The government
has decided to release 7,000 of them
because they have already
completed longer terms than what
the punishment due to them if they
had been prosecuted and found
guilty of their alleged offences. In a
similar situation in Bihar in the past,
the Supreme Court came to the
rescue of the under trials on a PIL
and directed the Bihar Government
to file annual report to the Court on
their incarceration. Politically, the
institutions of state were meant to
be strong and resolute but in actual
practice we find them wanting in
several situations as shown above.
In many instances, be it the
cleanliness of our rivers or fixing the
height of our dams or the
implementation of the Srikrishna
Commission Report in Maharashtra,
we find that the Supreme Court has
to intervene because the executive
has failed to discharge its duties. Is
it good for our polity? In fact, many
observers have decried this
tendency and have bemoaned the
emergence of the Supreme Court as
an executive organ of our state. In
any case, judicial activism can at
best be a palliative and not a
panacea for all our problems.
In fact, the courts are now
tending to come in the picture with
sickening regularity for resolution of
patently political conflicts, for giving
an aggrieved party or individual his
due, for filling in gaps in legislation
in the interest of good governance.
The latest example is its comments
on the role of the Central
Government on the implementation
of the Srikrishna Commission Report
and on the lack of coherence in the
actions of the governments in New
Delhi and Mumbai and the
prosecution of Mr. Bal Thackeray.
Such an atrophy of the executive
and legislative arms of the state
would be an ominous sign on the
functioning of democratic
governance in India.
S. K. Singh S. K. Singh S. K. Singh S. K. Singh S. K. Singh
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RESPONSIBILITY OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRACY RESPONSIBILITY OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRACY RESPONSIBILITY OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRACY RESPONSIBILITY OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRACY RESPONSIBILITY OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRACY
In a democratic setup Media
occupies the most vital position and
forms the very bedrock of
democracy without which
democracy is an aimless, futile
exercise and never fulfill the
aspirations of the people in real
terms. The role of media in a
democracy is as crucial as that of the
politicians and should never be
underestimated. To bring out before
the public nothing but the truth in
all matters without twisting the facts
and should never be afraid of
anyone except God is the first and
foremost job of the media. If a
democracy is to run smoothly in any
country, it is a must that the media
in all fairness should be given full
autonomy and a free hand it
deserves in airing its views among
the people and no unnecessary
restrictions should be imposed on
it. The media also on its part should
play a very responsible, active and
neutral role in discharging its duties
without being influenced by any
particular political party or few
individuals and should treat
everyone on a equal footing.
The word democracy is
derived from the Greek word
demos
-
meaning - people and
cracy which meansrule. Thus
democracy literally signifies the rule
of the people. In Abraham Lincolns
famous word-democracy is the
government of the people, for the
people and by the people. So
democracy as a form of government
implies that the ultimate authority of
government is vested in the
common people, that public policy
is made to conform to the will of the
people and to serve the interests of
the people. Today we have indirect
or representative democracy where
government is conducted by the
representatives of the people, who
are elected at regular intervals
through elections.
Effective democracy requires
principles and working institutions.
The institutions of democracy are
said to be basically six in number.
They are legislature, elected at
regular intervals by adult universal
suffrage. There must be political
parties with coherent policies and
capable alone, or in conjunction
with other parties for carrying out a
consistent policy and programmes
for the peoples all round
development and not only those
who may have voted for them. There
must be an executive, staffed with
civil servants who are politically
neutral. There must be independent
legal system and lastly there must be
a free media -both print and
electronic. No democracy can
succeed without a strong and
effective opposition. Strong
opposition exercise a healthy
restraint on the ruling party and
prevents it from subjecting the
people to arbitrary and despotic
rule, sometimes the media acts like
an opposition in the absence of
strong opposition in a country.
Underlying principle of
democracy is freedom i.e. freedom
of speech and expression, freedom
of movement etc. From these
fundamental freecel11s arise the
freedom of mass media and
communication. Democracy
provides ample freedom for mass
media which includes print and
electronic- media and now a new
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dimension which is added it that of
internet. India is one of the largest
participatory democracy and at the
same time having a powerful mass
media. Media plays a crucial role in
effective working of democracy. It
is the sole means through which
public opinion is generated. It is
regarded as fourth estate in the
effective working of parliamentary
democracy. Since media enjoys
considerable power, there of course
arises the question of responsibility
because every power has its
corresponding- responsibilities,
limitations and accountability. As Sir
Acton has rightly said that power
corrupts and absolute power
corrupts absolutely. Especially in a
democracy where media enjoys
sufficient freedom, responsibility
become- all most important.
Democracy rules out the use of
force. It is based on the recognition
of the worth of man as man,
implying widest possible
opportunity of development of
everyone. Since no two human
beings can ever think alike, it is
natural to come across dissenting
opinions at every step, in every field.
True democratic spirit lies in
overcoming dissent through
discussion and persuasion and not
through coercion. In a democracy,
views are not imposed, views are
shaped and moulded. Democracy
inculcates among the people the
habit of tolerance and compromise
and teaches them to show due
regard for the opinions and
sentiments others. The media gives
a platform for this divergent views
which filters and then a commonly
acceptable opinion or view
emerges.
It plays an important role to
uphold the principles of
sovereignty, secularism, equality,
rule of law, justice which is
enshrined in our constitution.
Important issues of local, national
and international affairs are
discussed and debated by the
media. It provides information of
multi Carious types be it news,
reviews, literature, art, culture,
business, films, entertainment,
religion, law, society etc. We are
living in globalised world where key
to know the world is information
and information, not just generated
within the country but anywhere in
the world, with the emergence of
knowledge based societies and
world economies being so
interlinked with one another any
event happening in one part can
have inpact on the worlds economy
hence a greater dependence on
mass media to keep individual and
countries connected to the world.
Democracy presumes social
equality. Disparities in wealth are a
great threat to democracy. A
country in which a large number of
people remain in abject poverty
while a handful of them have plenty
to spare cannot run efficient
democratic institutions. Similarly
communalism, regionalism, caste
and class distinctions can wreck a
democracy. If a democratic
government does not eliminate
social distinctions and provide
equal opportunities to all, it is bound
to be overthrown sooner or later.
The media high lights these
disparities and petty distinctions
amongst the citizen, thereby help in
minimising their ill effects.
Democracy also requires not
merely an absence of ignorance but
also that the citizens are adequately
educated. If knowledge remains
scanty, fragmentary and confined to
narrow circles and if the mass of
humanity remains steeped in
ignorance and error, there can be no
prospects for the success of
democracy. What is needed is to
bring scientific knowledge to the
doors of all, to universalise culture,
to train the mind and to create the
scientific temper. Education makes
citizens vigilant and also gives them
the boldness to criticize government
measures which are ill-conceived or
harmful. In fact, education produces
wise leadership and an enlightened
and alert public. Here again the
media helps in the spead of
knowledge and information to the
people.
The opinion of the people
regarding the working of the
government as well as their reaction
to government policies is crucial to
the success or failure of a
government in a democracy.
Therefore, no government can
ignore the opinion of the people
who bring it to power. Public
opinion keeps a check on the
government and helps it in
determining its policies.
If media does not discharge its
responsibility independently in any
democratic country, the politicians
are bound to behave like dictations
or even worse than them. As Benito
Mussolini had once rightly said,
Democracy is a kingless regime
infested by many kings who are
sometimes more exclusive,
tyrannical and destructive than one,
if he be a tyrant. It is the fear of
being exposed by the media before
the public that most of the
politicians keep themselves under
control to some extent. Media has a
very big role to play in a democracy
and its stature is in no way less than
that of politicians. Hence it is rightly
called the fourth Pillar of democracy
i.e. Fourth Estate. It is through media
that people become aware of so
many aspects of life of which they
are normally ignorant. Democracy is
meaningless without a free, neutral
and active media. So media carries
with it a huge responsibility in a
democratic setup which it has to
fulfill very carefully without any bias
toward anyone by bringing out the
real facts before the public.
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The media must be free under
any circumstances of a democracy
is to function smoothly but certainly
this freedom should not be misused
by it at the cost of the people. The
media can be free only if it dares to
differ with the Government on such
issue on which it strongly feels that
Government has taken a wrong
stand rather than singing and
praising always the stand taken by
the Government. The media should
no doubt always show us nothing
but the very truth. At the same time
it should also care for the sentiments
of the people and should take extra
precautions to ensure that the news
given by it does not create panic
among the people or increase the
communal tensions. There is no
doubt that media has done a
commendable job from time to time
in making people aware about the
harsh realities of life, in exposing
corruption prevalent in our society,
in increasing the awareness level
among the people and a lot more
but I feel that still a lot remains to
be done. Media is becoming
increasingly popular among people
from all walks of life and it certainly
has the potential of influencing the
thoughts of its readers/Viewers to a
large extent. Media Should, no
doubt, be neutral in airing views but
it should also strongly desist from
airing such views which can
adversely affect the communal
harmony and give rise to deep
suspicion, tension and senseless
violence which leads to killing
innocent people. The media should
make the people aware of the
consequences of the various actions
of the governments. It is the media
which plays a major role in making
a politician hero or Zero. So utmost
neutrality is required on the part of
media to observe and it must give
publicity only to those politicians
who are committed to the welfare
of the poor and underprivileged and
who really deserve it. It is the duty
of the media to make sure that it is
not partial towards any particular
political party or an individual and
gives free and fair opinion to the
people without having any bias
towards anyone. It should never
hesitate is unmasking before public
the real faces of corrupt politicians
and corrupt people without any fear
and in disclosing corrupt practices
prevalent in Government machinery
but at the same time it should also
bring before the pubic the good
work done by the Government. If
media is honest and committed in
its job, democracy is bound to
function more efficiently and the
loopholes present in any democratic
system can certainly be plugged to
the fullest satisfaction of the people.
On the contrary, if media is biased,
corrupt and favours only a particular
party or few individuals, it can prove
to be very dangerous for the smooth
functioning of democracy. No one
can become perfect and one can
only strive to become so. The same
holds true for our media also.
Certainly there is still a lot of scope
for improvement by which the
media can rise upon the aspirations
of the people for which it is primarily
meant.
Gyanesh Pandey Gyanesh Pandey Gyanesh Pandey Gyanesh Pandey Gyanesh Pandey
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56. =|=|-= n|= z+:s `70
57. General Knowledge 2013 `75
58. The Vault of Essay `340
59. Concise General Knowledge `75
60. SSC Work Book `80
61. A Complete Guide for SBI & Associate Banks `295
62. -||-|= === == +n= -|-| +|-|| =|: `290
63. History (Main) IAS Solved Paper 2002-2011 `250
64. SSC (10+2) Level Examination Guide `340
65. The Vault of 1,2,3 & 5 Markers (Part1) `295
66. The Vault of 1,2,3 & 5 Markers (Part1I) `225
67. CAPF `310
68. Current Affairs 2012-2013 `225
69. IBPS Work Book for Clerk Examination ` 90
70. GS Pre Questions (2006-2012) ` 130
71. Logical & Analytical Ability MCQ ` 130
72. NDA Practice Papers ` 200
73. SCRA Practice Papers ` 220
74. CDS Practice Papers ` 200
75. SSC Practice Papers ` 175
76. SSC Success Series History ` 80
77. SSC Success Series Geography ` 80
78. SSC Success Series General Science ` 80
79. SSC Success Series Indian Economy ` 80
80. SSC Success Series Indian Polity ` 75
81. SSC Success Series General Knowledge ` 75
82. SSC Solved Paper `175
83. )=.)=.=|. =+== =||= -||-|= :|-r|= `85
84. )=.)=.=|. =+== =||= -||-|= |==+=|| `85
85. )=.)=.=|. =+== =||= -|=|n `80
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