OxyChem

Chlorine
Handbook

1 of 32

Page
History and Growth of Chlorine ....................2

17
239.1
172.16
3.17

35.453
+ 1,

3, 5, 7

Cl
[Ne]3s2p5

Production Process ......................................3

Characteristics..............................................4

Chlorine

Chlorine Containers......................................4
Cylinders ..................................................5
Ton Containers.........................................8
Tank Cars ...............................................11
Cargo Tank Trucks .................................14

Handling Equipment ...................................15

Foreword
This handbook outlines the methods for handling,
storing, and using chlorine. It also includes information
on the manufacture and physical properties of chlorine.
Additional information and contacts can be found
on the internet at www.oxychem.com

Safety and Emergency Information ............17

Technical Data............................................20

Occidental Chemical Corporation

Basic Chemicals Group
Occidental Tower
5005 LBJ Freeway
Dallas, Texas 75244

THE INFORMATION PRESENTED HEREIN WAS PREPARED BY TECHNICAL PERSONNEL AND IS TRUE AND ACCURATE TO THE BEST OF OUR
KNOWLEDGE. OXYCHEM DOES NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, REGARDING PERFORMANCE, STABILITY OR ANY OTHER CHARACTERISTIC. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS NOT TO BE
CONSTRUED AS AN EXPRESS WARRANTY CONCERNING THE PERFORMANCE, STABILITY OR ANY OTHER CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY OXYCHEM PRODUCT. THIS INFORMATION IS NOT INTENDED TO BE ALL-INCLUSIVE AS TO MANNER OR CONDITIONS OF USE. HANDLING, STORAGE, DISPOSAL AND OTHER ACTIVITIES MAY INVOLVE OTHER OR ADDITIONAL LEGAL, SAFETY OR PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS. WHILE
OUR TECHNICAL PERSONNEL WILL RESPOND TO ANY QUESTIONS REGARDING SAFE HANDLING AND USE PROCEDURES, SAFE HANDLING
AND USE REMAINS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CUSTOMER. NO SUGGESTIONS FOR USE ARE INTENDED AS, AND NOTHING HEREIN SHALL
BE CONSTRUED AS A RECOMMENDATION TO INFRINGE ANY EXISTING PATENT OR TO VIOLATE ANY FEDERAL, STATE OR LOCAL LAW.
Occidental Chemical Corporation 11/2006

2 of 32

The earliest annals of chemistry

mention chlorine compounds. In 77
A.D., Pliny the Elder published one
of the first practical collections of
chemical reactions. His formula for
gold purification generated chlorine
as a by-product in the form of
hydrogen chloride. But more than
800 years passed before written
records showed that the Arabs had
learned to react chlorine with water
to produce hydrochloric acid.
Around 1200 A. D., alchemists
discovered that a mixture of
hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolved gold. This procedure generates chlorine, but there is no record
that a heavy greenish gas was
evolved. In 1630, Belgian Jean
Baptiste van Helmont wrote of a
salt gas that we know contained
chlorine, but it wasnt until 1774 that
Swedish apothecary, Carl Wilhelm
Scheele, generated, collected, and
studied chlorine as an end in itself.
Even Scheeles discovery was
nearly accidental. He collected chlorine out of simple curiosity. Perhaps
he too would have treated the gas
casually if he hadnt, on some
impulse, placed some leaves and
flowers into a bottle of chlorine.
Within minutes the plants had
turned white, and man had the first
historical record of the bleaching
action of chlorine.
Scheeles discovery came when
both modern chemistry and the
industrial revolution were taking
their first halting steps down paths
that would soon change the course
of history. Antoine Lavoisier, the
father of modern chemistry, took
note of Scheeles work and quickly
became embroiled in a controversy
over whether chlorine was an element or a compound. Meanwhile,
textile producers in the French town
of Javelle heard of the bleaching
action of this gas, and in 1789 bubbled it through a potash solution
producing eau de Javelle, Javelle
Water, the first commercial liquid
chlorine bleach.

History and
Growth of Chlorine
The eruption of the French Revolution cut short the intellectual ferment begun by Lavoisier and his
followers. Lavoisier himself was
guillotined in 1793, but his chemistry had crossed the English Channel. Once again, scientific curiosity
paralleled commercial necessity.
Humphry Davy, the English father
of electrolysis, demonstrated that
chlorine was an element with properties useful to Britains rapidly
expanding textile and paper industries.
In the 1830s Michael Faraday,
Davys lab assistant, produced a
definitive work on both the electrolytic generation of chlorine and
the ease of its liquefaction. In 1851,
Charles Watt obtained the first
English patent for an electrolytic
chlorine production cell.
Through the 1880s and 1890s
producers in Germany, England,
Canada, and the United States
refined chlorine technology. Around
1890, German producers learned
that, while wet liquid chlorine was
almost impossible to package,
removal of all water allowed safe
shipment in ordinary iron or steel
pressure vessels.
By the early 1900s, chlorine was
produced in mercury and
diaphragm electrolytic cells and
shipped in liquid form as a matter of
course. A modern chlorine industry
had formed. By 1913, the first permanent liquid chlorine water purification system had been installed in
Philadelphia. The following year,
Altoona, Pennsylvania, became the
first city to treat sewage with liquid
chlorine.
World War I brought added impetus to North American chlorine production. Submarine warfare practically eliminated imports of
chemicals from Europe at a time
when markets for many chemicals,
including chlorine, were growing
rapidly. By the end of the war, the
United States had a large and firmly
entrenched domestic chlorine
industry.

In the 1930s, the worlds chemical industry erupted in a period of

extraordinary growth that still continues. Bleaching properties of chlorine became just one of its major
uses. Its disinfecting properties
remained vital to health, but
became a minor market for a chemical that would soon affect almost
every human activity.
Today, we use chlorine as a raw
material in the manufacture of
polyvinyl chloride, a plastic used in
fabricating flooring, pipe, wallpaper,
clothing, furniture, and a wide range
of household products. . We treat
our illnesses with complex drugs
and spray our crops with insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides
which contain chlorine as part of
their basic structure. Chlorinated
chemicals also enable us to refrigerate and freeze our food, cool our
homes, offices and cars, and even
insulate our buildings from the heat
and cold.
One of the most important uses of
chlorine is helping produce chemicals that contain no chlorine at all.
Chlorine and chlorine chemicals
help promote reactions that produce chemicals for antifreeze, textile lubricants, fabric softeners,
book-binding pastes, solvents for
lacquers, brake fluids, polyester
fibers, and a host of other products.

Production
Process
The basic raw material for the
process, salt, comes from either
mines or underground wells. Mined
salt is dissolved with water to form
raw brine. In other cases, water is
pumped into salt deposits, forming
brine in the earth that is tapped and
drawn off from the resulting brine
well.
Raw brine contains impurities that
interfere with chlorine-caustic production. They are removed by
chemical treatment, settling, and filtration. The purified brine is
pumped to the cell room. The cell
room contains one of three types of
electrolytic cells for decomposing

3 of 32

brine into chlorine, caustic soda,

and hydrogen. These three cell
types are diaphragm, membrane, or
mercury cells.
The chlorine that leaves the cell is
hot and wet, and therefore very corrosive. It must be cooled and dried
before it can be processed in ordinary steel equipment. In addition,
the chlorine stream is contaminated
with air, hydrogen, and some carbon dioxide (due to small amounts
of carbon bearing chemicals in the
brine).

Once the chlorine stream is

cooled and dried, compressors and
refrigeration machines are used to
liquefy the gas. Chlorine is most
easily handled as a liquid in specially designed pressure containers.
Any gaseous contaminants in the
chlorine stream are removed. Small
amounts of chlorine mixed with
them are nearly completely recovered. The recovered chlorine is
then returned to the liquefaction
process.

Chlorine
Process
Chlorine
Storage and
Shipping

Chlorine
Liquefiers

Raw Brine
Production

Chlorine
Compressors

Brine
Purification

Chlorine
Cooling and
Drying

Brine
Resaturation

ChlorineCaustic Cell
Room

Caustic
Purification

Chlorine
Recovery

Caustic Storage
and Shipping
Terminal

Salt Removal
Centrifuges (for
Diaphragm), Filters, and Coolers

Use as Fuel or
Sale

Caustic
Solution
Storage
Hydrogen

Caustic Solution
Evaporation (for
Diaphragm and
Membrane)

Hydrogen
Processing

4 of 32

Chlorine, at ordinary conditions of

temperature and pressure, is a
greenish-yellow gas with a pungent
and irritating odor. Since chlorine is
very active chemically, it is found in
nature only in combination with
other elements. Sodium chloride,
for example, is widely and abundantly distributed in nature and constitutes the chief source of chlorine.
Because gaseous chlorine is
approximately two-and-one-half
times as heavy as air, it is slow to
diffuse into the air. It tends to accumulate in low places.
Gaseous chlorine can be liquefied
by the application of pressure at
reduced temperatures to form a
clear, amber-colored liquid. Liquid
chlorine is approximately one-andone-half times as heavy as water.
In the presence of moisture, both
gaseous and liquid chlorine are
extremely corrosive to common
metals of construction. At low pressures, wet chlorine can be handled
in equipment made of glass, chemical stoneware, titanium, and certain
plastics. Installations employing wet

Characteristics
chlorine require special care and
recommendations can be made
only after a thorough and careful
investigation. Platinum, tantalum,
and titanium are some of the metals
resistant to moist chlorine.
Dry chlorine, both gaseous and
liquid, can be handled safely in
equipment fabricated from iron,
steel, certain stainless steels,
Monel metal, nickel, copper, brass,
bronze, and lead. These metals are
not aggressively attacked by dry
chlorine but the slightest trace of
moisture will cause severe corrosion. However, dry chlorine attacks
metals at elevated temperatures.
Chlorine reacts with carbon steel at
elevated temperatures. Operations
above 250F should be avoided.
Since chlorine boils at about
-30F, under certain conditions it
can embrittle ordinary carbon
steels. If temperatures below -20F
are expected to occur, special carbon steels, or other materials of
construction should be considered.

Chlorine is an excellent oxidizing

agent which accounts for its
widespread use as a bleaching
agent. Liquid and gaseous chlorine
are nonflammable and will not support combustion in the normal
sense. However, chlorine will support the combustion of certain
materials under special conditions.
Dry chlorine has an extremely
high affinity for moisture. Regardless of the environmental conditions
of temperature and humidity, all
open ends of chlorine pipelines
should be sealed with rubber stoppers or some type of moisture-tight
closure when not in use. An open
end of a chlorine delivery line will,
within a time interval of only a few
minutes, pick up sufficient moisture
from the atmosphere to cause
severe corrosion.

Chlorine
Containers
Chlorine is supplied in packages
of varying sizes according to the
requirements of the customer.
Cylinders with a 100 or 150 pound
capacity are available to customers
needing small quantities. Ton containers (2000 lbs. net) can be supplied to consumers requiring intermediate tonnage. Containers of
these sizes are supplied by independent distributors (Repackagers)
and not by OxyChem.

Additionally, chlorine cargo tank

trucks with a 15 to 20 ton capacity
are in limited use and only available
from certain Repackagers.
Receipt of chlorine by tank car
requires special handling and compliance with the Department of
Transportation (DOT) Hazardous
Materials Regulations, CFR Title
49, Tank cars are supplied by OxyChem and are available in 90 ton
capacities. 55 ton tank cars are in

limited use and will be phased out

of service after 2002.
All chlorine containers and fittings
are of a type approved by The
Chlorine Institute, Inc. and must
comply with the specifications and
regulations of the DOT. Most
Repackagers maintain facilities for
the inspection, cleaning, testing,
and filling of these containers.

Cylinders
Liquid chlorine cylinders are
seamless steel construction. Crosssectional drawings of 100-pound
and 150-pound cylinders are shown
in Figure 1. Cylinders are fitted with
valves in compliance with the specifications and regulations of the DOT
and approved by The Chlorine Institute, Inc. The U.S. DOT (or Canadian equivalent) specification number, serial number, identifying
symbol, original tare weight, inspectors official mark, and date of
hydrostatic is stamped on the metal

near the cylinder neck. Usually the

owners name or symbol is
stamped or embossed in the same
area. To mar or deface these markings is illegal.
Each cylinder is fitted with a cap
to protect the valve mechanism. It
must be kept in place whenever the
cylinder is not in actual service. A
cross-sectional drawing of a chlorine cylinder valve is shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 1 - Cylinder

54"
Average
54"
Average
50"
Average

50"
Average
101/2
"

81/2
"

150 Pound Cylinder

100 Pound Cylinder

Figure 2 - Cylinder Valve

3/8"

Square

Monel Metal Stem

Packing Nut

Dimensions of Cylinders

Packing Gland

Capacity
lbs
100

Tare
Weight
lbs
63 -115

Total
Height
inches
39.5 - 59"

Outside
Diameter
inches
8.25 - 0.75"

150

85 -140

53.0 - 56"

10.25 - 10.75"

The outlet threads of a chlorine

cylinder valve are not standard pipe
threads. For this reason, a special
clamp and adapter, as shown in
Figure 3, is suggested. The use of
the clamp and adapter affords
greater convenience for the consumer and protects the cylinder
valve from excessive wear.
The chlorine cylinder valve is
equipped with a fusible metal plug
which is a safety device designed to
melt at about 158F. This safety
plug protects the chlorine cylinder
against excessive pressure, by
melting and allowing the contents of
the cylinder to escape when

exposed to high temperature. The

fusible metal plug is located below
the valve seat and cannot be controlled by the valve. The fusible
metal plug should not be tampered
with under any circumstances.
No wrench other than the one
shown in Figure 3 should be used
to open or close chlorine cylinder
valves. Use of another wrench may
damage the valve stem and make
the valve difficult to close.

Valve Packing
Neck Ring
3/4"

Special
Straight Thread

47/8"
Outlet Cap

Fusible
Plug

Gasket

Valve Body

3/4"

Standard
Pipe Thread

3/8"

21/4"

I. D.

6 of 32

Storage of
Cylinders

Figure 3 - Valve Adapter and Clamp

Cylinder Wrench

Adapter
Clamp

Tube

Valve Body

Lead
Gasket
Antimony-lead
Gasket

11/4"

5/16"

17/32"

3/4"

Pipe Thread

1/4"
3/4"

Adapter for Pipe

Store cylinders of liquid chlorine

in a cool place away from steam
pipes or other sources of heat.
Store cylinders, full or empty, with
their valve outlet caps and valve
protective caps in place.
Store all cylinders of liquid chlorine in a location which is protected
from direct sunlight and from dampness.

Do not store cylinders where it is

possible for leaking vapors to enter
a ventilating system.
Store all cylinders in a vertical
position.
Store cylinders so that the oldest
shipments of cylinders are used

first. Valve packing may harden

with prolonged storage, causing
leaks when the cylinders are used.
Storage areas should be kept
clean so that accumulated trash
does not present a fire hazard.

Handling and
Use of Cylinders
It is illegal to ship a leaking chlorine cylinder or a chlorine containing cylinder which has been
exposed to fire. Consult your chlorine supplier for advice under such
circumstances.
If a chlorine cylinder or its valve is
found out of order, notify the distributor from whom the chlorine was
purchased, giving the cylinder number and the nature of the damage.
Handle all chlorine cylinders with
extreme care. Do not drop cylinders
or allow them to strike any object
with force. Do not apply heat to
chlorine cylinders or their valves.
Operate chlorine cylinder valves
only with the wrenches shown in
Figure 3. Under no circumstances
use a pipe wrench or any wrench
longer than six inches. Always use
the correct special clamps and
adapters as shown in Figure 3.
Use valves, gauges, regulators,
and fittings which have been
approved for chlorine service. Ordinary devices are not suitable.
The cylinder must be in an upright
position to remove chlorine as a
gas. If liquid chlorine is to be withdrawn from a cylinder, the cylinder

must be inverted and clamped

securely on a rack set at an angle
of about 60 to the horizontal.
Use flexible connections between
cylinders and piping systems (Figure 4). Copper tubing capable of
withstanding pressures up to 400
pounds per square inch is satisfactory for dry chlorine.
Close valves on chlorine cylinders
when chlorine is not being withdrawn in order to prevent moist air
or foreign substances from entering
the cylinder. It is dangerous to allow
any chlorine cylinder, which has
emptied its contents into water or
another liquid, to remain connected
with the process line. In such cases
liquid could be sucked back into the
cylinder causing danger to the operator and damage to the cylinder.
Replace outlet cap and valve protective cap as soon as the cylinder
is disconnected.
Do not alter or repair chlorine
cylinders or their valves.
Leaks around the valve stem are
usually corrected by tightening the
packing nut in a clockwise direction.
All threads on all chlorine valves
are right-hand threads.

7 of 32

Provide suitable hand trucks for

moving cylinders. These should be
properly balanced and have a
clamp support at least two-thirds of
the way up the cylinder. If chlorine
cylinders are to be lifted, provide a
suitable sling. Do not use a chain,
rope, or magnetic device. Do not lift
cylinders by their valve protective
caps because they are not
designed for this purpose.
To monitor the consumption of
chlorine at any given time, place the
cylinder on a scale. The difference
in weight between measurements
will equal the quantity consumed.

Figure 4 - Flexible Tubing Connector for Ton Containers and Cylinders

Cylinder Valve Adapter

Alternate Adapter for Pipe Connection

Brass Adapters
21/4"

19/16"

1/4"

1/4"

Pipe Thread

Silver Solder

5/16"

3/4"

17/32"

8 of 32

The ton containers for liquid chlorine are constructed of steel. Like
the cylinders, they are fitted with
valves approved by The Chlorine
Institute, Inc. and in compliance
with the specifications and regulations of the DOT.
The average ton container (Figure 5) is about 30 inches in outside
diameter and about 82 inches in
length. Average tare weight is about
1500 pounds, average gross weight
is about 3500 pounds, leaving 2000
pounds net weight.
Each end of a ton container is
concave. The sides are crimped
inward over the ends to form
chimes that provide suitable grips
for hooks used in handling. Each
container is equipped with two
valves, both of which are located at
the same end, near the center. The
valves are connected to eduction
pipes as shown in Figure 5. With
the container placed horizontally so
that the two valves are in vertical
alignment, the lower valve will deliver liquid chlorine. Gaseous chlorine
from above the liquid level will flow
through the upper valve. Pointed

Ton
Containers
arrows on the valve end of a ton
container indicate the position of
the two valves. These arrows are
visible when the protective bonnet
is in place, allowing proper positioning of a ton container before removing the bonnet. There are six fusible
metal plugs in each ton container,
three on each end. The fusible
metal in these plugs melts at about
158F. The melting plug prevents
build up of excessive pressure
when exposed to high temperature.
The fusible metal plugs should not
be tampered with under any circumstances. The container number,
dates of hydrostatic tests, and
water capacity are stamped in the
metal of an unpainted portion
of the chime at the valve end of
each ton container. To mar or
deface these markings is illegal.The
tare weight of each ton container is
stenciled on the end opposite the
valves.

The ton container valve is the

same as the cylinder valve except
that it has a larger discharge port
and no fusible metal plug. A cross
section of the ton container valve is
shown in Figure 6. The outlet
threads of a ton container valve are
not standard pipe threads. For that
reason, a special clamp and
adapter shown in Figure 3, are suggested.
The use of the clamp and adapter
affords greater convenience for the
consumer and protects the ton container valve from excessive wear.

Storage of
Ton Containers
Only the wrench shown in Figure 3
is to be used to open or close a ton
container valve. Clamps, adapters,
and valve wrenches are available
from your chlorine distributor.
A suitable hoist equipped with a
lifting beam as shown in Figure 7 is
required to remove or replace the
containers.

Storage
Store ton containers of liquid
chlorine in a cool place, away from
steam pipes or other sources of
heat.
Store all ton containers, full or
empty, with their valve outlet caps
and valve protective bonnets in
place.
Store all ton containers of liquid
chlorine in a location which is protected from direct sunlight and from
dampness.

9 of 32

Do not store ton containers of liquid chlorine near flammable materials.

Store ton containers where it is
not possible for leaking vapors to
enter a ventilating system.
Store ton containers in a horizontal position on a level rack. Keep
them on the same level. Do not
stack ton cylinders to avoid the possibility of the one at the bottom
developing a leak and being difficult
to remove.

Figure 6 - Ton Container Valve

3/ 8"

Square
Monel Metal Stem
Packing Nut
Packing Gland

Figure 5 - Ton Container

Valve Packing

6'91/2"

Neck Ring
Straight Thread

Gas Eduction Pipe

2'6"

Outlet Cap

Liquid
Eduction Pipe
Valve Bonnet
Three Fusible Plugs
at Each End

Gasket
Upper Gas Valve
Lower Liquid Valve

Valve Body

Pipe Thread

Detail of Fusible Plug

Figure 7 - Ton Container Lifting Beam

10 of 32

Shipping a leaking chlorine

container or one, partially or fully
loaded, which has been exposed
to fire is illegal. Consult your distributor for advice under such circumstances.
If a ton container or its valves
are found out of order, notify the
distributor from whom the chlorine was purchased, giving the
container number and nature of
the damage.
Handle all chlorine ton containers with extreme care. Do not
drop ton containers or allow them
to strike any object with force. Do
not apply heat to ton containers
or their valves.
Ton container valves should be
operated only with wrenches as
shown in Figure 3. Under no circumstances use a pipe wrench or
any wrench longer than six inches. Always use special clamps
and adapters. (See Figure 3.)
Use valves, gauges, regulators,
and fittings which have been
approved for chlorine service.
Ordinary devices are not suitable.

Handling and
Use of
Ton Containers
Use flexible connections between
ton containers and piping systems.
(See Figure 4.) Copper tubing
capable of withstanding pressures
of 400 pounds per square inch is
satisfactory for dry chlorine. A typical installation is shown in Figure 8.
Use the lower valve to withdraw
liquid chlorine and the upper valve
to remove chlorine gas.
Close valves on ton containers
when chlorine is not being withdrawn to prevent moist air or foreign substances from entering the
container. It is dangerous to allow
any chlorine container, which has
emptied its contents into water or
other liquid, to remain connected
with the process line. In such
cases, liquid could be sucked back
into the container causing danger to
the operator and damage to the
container.
Replace outlet caps and valve
protective bonnets as soon as the
containers are disconnected.

Always have an attendant present

when chlorine is being withdrawn
from a ton container.
Do not alter or repair ton containers or their valves.
Leaks around the valve stem usually can be corrected by tightening
the packing nut in a clockwise
direction. All threads on all chlorine
valves are right-hand threads.
Place a ton container on a scale
as its contents are removed to
determine the quantity of chlorine in
the container at any time.

Figure 8 - Typical Construction

Liquid Chlorine
to Process

Pressure Gauge
Barometric Vacuum
Break Loop
(Min. Ht. 34 Ft.)

or
Liquid Chlorine
to Vaporizer

Scale

Chlorine Gas
to Process

Liquid Chlorine
from Ton
Container

Water
Overflow

Ton Chlorine
Container
Ton Container
Valve and Clamp
Connection

Vaporizer
Control
Valve

Flexible
Connection
Tubing

Hot
Water

Tank Cars
OxyChems large fleet of tank
cars comply with all specifications
and regulations of the DOT. Liquid
chlorine is supplied in tank cars with
capacities of 55 tons and 90 tons.
The tank of most tank cars is of
fusion welded steel construction,
built according to DOT specifications 105A300W and 105A500W.
The tank is provided with a thick
covering of insulating material
which in turn is protected by a steel
jacket. The only opening in the tank
is in the dome which contains all of
the valves on the tank. (See Figures 9 and 10.)
The two angle valves parallel to
the length of the tank car deliver liquid chlorine. The liquid valves are
connected to eduction pipes which
are equipped with excess-flow
valves. The excess-flow valves are
designed to stop the flow of liquid
chlorine if the delivery rate exceeds
7,000 pounds/hour for a 55 ton
capacity car or 15,000 pounds/hour
for a 90 ton car. The angle valve
must be fully opened to allow the
excess-flow valve to function in
case of a ruptured delivery line.
(See Figure 11.)
The two angle valves at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the
tank car will deliver gaseous chlorine or they can be used to apply
dry air or nitrogen padding.

Figure 9 - Standard Arrangement of

Valves on Single Unit Tank Car

11 of 32

Average Dimensions of Tank Cars

Capacity
Tons

Length
(between
striking
plates)

Height
(to valve
connection)

Overall
Height

Overall
Width

55
90

42'8"
45'8"

12'9"
13'6"

14'6"
14'10"

10'2"
10'6"

The safety valve is located at the

center of the dome, (Figure 9, Valve
Number 5). On DOT 105A300W
tanks, it is designed to initially
relieve at a pressure of 225 psig.
Following the initial relief, the valve
functions as a regular spring loaded
valve set at 213 psig. On a
105A500W tank, the safety valve is
designed to initially relieve at a
pressure of 375 psig and then it
operates as a regular spring loaded
valve set to discharge at 360 psig.
Safety valves on chlorine tank cars
must never be disturbed or tampered with under any circumstances.
The outlet of each angle valve on
a tank car has one-inch standard
tapered female pipe threads. This
outlet is protected by a one-inch
pipe plug which must be kept in
place whenever the valve is not in
use.

Figure 10 - Single-Unit Tank Car Valve

Each time a tank car is returned

to OxyChem, it is subjected to a rigorous inspection. Any damaged
tank car is immediately removed
from service until such time as
repairs can be made.
When the angle valves are
removed, they are dismantled, completely reconditioned, and subjected
to a static test at a pressure far
greater than a normal working pressure. The excess-flow valves are
inspected and cleaned at the same
time. Safety valves are removed,
reconditioned, and tested every two
years.

Figure 11 - Excess Flow Valve

with Removable Seat

Brake End
of Car
No. 2
Gas Valve
No. 1
Liquid Valve

No. 3
Liquid Valve

Flow
Checked
Position
No. 5
Safety Valve

No. 4
Gas Valve

Note: Figures 9 and 10 show

typical installation for the ACF
angle valve.

Normal
Flow
Position

Handling and
Use of Tank Cars

12 of 32

Single-unit tank cars must be

unloaded only on the consumers
protected private track.
When a tank car of chlorine is
placed on a private siding for

unloading, the brakes must be set

and the wheels blocked. The following precautions are required by
DOT Hazardous Materials Regulation, CFR Title 49, Paragraph

174.67, governing the transportation of hazardous materials: Caution signs must be placed in such a
position on the track or car to warn
persons approaching the car from

Figure 12 - Typical Installation

Brake End
of Car

Liquid Valves 1 & 3

Safety Valve 5

400 lb.
Globe Valve

Forged Steel
Ammonia Flanges

1" Extra
Heavy Pipe

Gas Valves 2 & 4

Automatic
Shut Off Valve

24" Dia.

Barometric Vacuum
Break Loop
(Min. Ht. 34 ft.)

Flexible Metal
Connection
Liquid Chlorine
from Car

Liquid Chlorine
to Process
Chlorine Gas
to Process

Pressure
Gauge

Excess Flow
Valves

Liquid Chlorine
to Vaporizer
Liquid
Chlorine

Eduction Pipe

Water Overflow

Insulation
Vaporizer
Control Valve

Hot Water

Handling and
Use of Tank Cars
the open end or ends of the siding
and must be left up until after the
car is unloaded and disconnected
from the discharge connection.
Signs must be of metal, at least 12
by 15 inches in size and bear the
words STOPTank Car Connected or STOPMen at Work. The
word STOP must be in letters at
least 4 inches high and the other
words in letters at least 2 inches
high. The letters must be white on a
blue background.
Tank cars must be protected by a
derail at the switch end or ends of a
siding.
Shipping a leaking or defective
tank car containing any chlorine is
illegal. If a tank car is defective, call
your supplier. OxyChems 24 hour
emergency number is 800/7333665.

Use a flexible metal connection

for unloading chlorine as outlined in
The Chlorine Institute, Inc. Pamphlet No. 6, DWG No. 118. A typical
installation is shown in the diagram
in Figure 12.
Opening a liquid chlorine valve
too rapidly could cause the excessflow valve to function and stop the
flow of liquid chlorine. The excessflow valve can be unchecked by
closing the chlorine valve completely and waiting until a noticeable
click is heard, indicating that the
metal ball has fallen back into
place.
In many chlorine handling systems, additional pressure is necessary for unloading at a normal or
accelerated rate. Under these conditions, dry air (dew point of -40F)
must be used.* A separate plant air

13 of 32

drying system is needed for this

operation.
Safe padding pressure limits are
defined by the setting of the pressure relief valve and the temperature of the liquid chlorine. Padding
pressure limits for chlorine tank
cars can be found in the The Chlorine Institute, Inc., Drawing # 201.
For additional information on the
handling and use of tank cars refer
to The Chlorine Institute, Inc., Pamphlet # 66.

* Dry nitrogen may also be used

in most cases.

14 of 32

DOT issued CFR Title 49, gives

the MC331 specification for cargo
tank trucks authorized for chlorine
use in the United States and Canada.
Chlorine cargo tank trucks meeting DOT Specification MC331 or
MC330 have an approximate
capacity of 15 to 20 tons. The only
opening in a chlorine cargo tank
truck is in the dome which contains
all of the required valves. The two
angle valves parallel to the length of
the tank will deliver liquid chlorine.
The liquid valves are connected to
eduction pipes which are equipped
with excess-flow valves. The
excess-flow valves are designed to
stop the flow of liquid chlorine if the
delivery rate exceeds 7,000 pounds
per hour.
The two angle valves at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the
tank will deliver gaseous chlorine.
They are also equipped with
excess-flow valves, but of a different design.

Cargo
Tank Trucks
The outlet of each angle valve on
a chlorine cargo tank truck has oneinch standard tapered female pipe
threads. This outlet is protected by
a one-inch pipe plug which should
be kept in place whenever the valve
is not in use.
The safety valve is located at the
center of the dome, between the
angle valves. It is designed to initially relieve at a pressure of 225
psig. Subsequent to relief, the valve
functions as a regular spring loaded
valve set at 213 psig.
Handling and Use of Chlorine
Cargo Tank Trucks
In general, chlorine can be
shipped in cargo tank trucks only if
the contents are to be unloaded at
one unloading point. For this reason, Occidental Chemical will assist
in any individual study or evaluation
to determine if tank truck shipments
of chlorine are feasible.

Tank Truck Unloading

Air Padding
In many chlorine handling systems, additional pressure is necessary for unloading at a normal or
accelerated rate. Under these conditions, dry air (dew point of -40F)
must be used.* A separate plant air
drying system is needed for this
operation.
For additional information on
chlorine tank motor vehicles, refer
to The Chlorine Institute, Inc. Pamphlet No. 49.

* Dry nitrogen may also be used

in most cases.

Handling
Equipment
In general, pipelines for handling
chlorine should be fabricated from
extra-heavy, black-iron pipe. Joints
must be welded or flanged. Fittings
must be eliminated wherever possible.
Valves for chlorine service should
be constructed of forged steel.
Packing for these valves should be
either PTFE or flexible graphite. For
additional information on valves for
chlorine service please consult The
Chlorine Institute, Inc., Pamphlet #
6.
The use of valves in pipelines
must balance minimizing accidental
release and reducing fugitive emissions. Liquid chlorine has a high
coefficient of thermal expansion. If
liquid chlorine is trapped between
two valves, high pressure may
develop and lead to a rupture of the
line or its fittings. Expansion chambers, installed at the highest point in
the section may be needed. Expansion chambers are fabricated from
extra-heavy pipe and have a capacity equal to at least 20 volume percent of the protected section of
pipe.
For more information on piping
systems, consult The Chlorine Institute, Inc., Pamphlets # 6 and 60.

Chlorine Vaporizer
When large amounts of gaseous
chlorine are required for a specific
process, it is advisable to remove
the chlorine from the manufacturers container as a liquid and pass it
through a vaporizer to convert it to
a gas. In this manner much more
gaseous chlorine can be sent to
process than would otherwise be
possible. Rapid removal of gaseous
chlorine from a container will cool
the remaining liquid chlorine to a
point where no chlorine vapor will
flow into the process. The use of a
vaporizer supplies sufficient heat to
the liquid chlorine from an outside
source so that the temperature of
the chlorine supply remains relatively constant. Figure 8 shows a
typical installation using a vaporizer
to obtain gaseous chlorine from a
ton container. Figure 12 shows a
typical installation using a vaporizer
to obtain gaseous chlorine from a
single-unit tank car.
For more information on Chlorine
Vaporizers, consult The Chlorine
Institute, Inc. Pamphlet No. 9.

15 of 32

Pressure Drop in Liquid

Chlorine Lines
Any liquid passing through a
pipeline suffers a loss in pressure
due to the resistance to flow offered
by the pipeline. A further loss in
pressure or head is experienced
when the liquid is elevated. For
every foot in elevation that liquid
chlorine is raised, there is a loss in
pressure of about 0.635 psi which
should be added to the pressure
losses due to the resistance of the
piping.
The graph on page 16 shows the
calculated pressure drop for liquid
chlorine flowing through SCH 80
pipe of various dimensions. When
valves and fittings are included in
the piping system, the additional
pressure loss can be readily computed by converting the friction loss
in the valves and fittings to equivalent lengths of straight pipe. The
data below are taken from Crane
Company Technical Paper No. 409.

Equivalent Length of Pipe in Feet

Fitting
Globe Valve (full open)
Angle Valve (full open)
Standard T (through the branch)
Long Radius Ell

1"

3/4"

1/2"

28.3
12.0
4.8
1.6

21.3
9.0
3.6
1.2

14.2
6.0
2.7
0.9

Technical
Data

16 of 32

Pressure Drop for Liquid Chlorine

Flowing in New Steel Pipe
10000

1" XH Steel Pipe

1.5" XH Steel Pipe

3/4" XH Steel Pipe

Chlorine Flow, lbs./hr.

1/2" XH Steel Pipe

1000

100
0.1

10

Pressure Drop, psi per 100 feet of pipe

100

Safety and
Emergency
Information
All personnel engaged in handling chlorine must be thoroughly
instructed in the necessary precautions for the safe handling, storage,
and use of chlorine. Carefully study
everything in this manual.
Read the MSDS before use.
Chlorine is a chemical element.
Neither the gas nor the liquid alone
is explosive or flammable. Both
react chemically with many substances, especially at elevated temperatures. The gas is greenish-yellow in color at high concentrations.
It has a penetrating odor, and is
two-and-one-half times as heavy as
air. If it escapes from a container or
system, it will seek the lowest level
in the building or area in which the
leak occurs. Training should include
the use of safety equipment and
first aid procedures.

EMPLOYEE PROTECTION
Do not breathe chlorine vapors.
Chlorine irritates the mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and eyes.
Smoking can aggravate the respiratory symptoms which result from
chlorine exposure. Prolonged exposure to the gas causes coughing,
gagging, and may result in pulmonary edema and death. Individuals with respiratory problems should
consult a physician before working
with chlorine.
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and
clothing. Gaseous chlorine
hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture, forming hydrochloric acid,
which irritates the eyes and skin.
Liquid chlorine removes body heat,
freezing exposed skin.
Wash thoroughly after handling
chlorine. Shower, using plenty of
soap and water.
Safety Equipment
Use goggles, rubber gloves, rubber shoes, hard hat, and a NIOSH
approved respirator with an acid
gas cartridge where airborne concentrations are expected to exceed
exposure limits or when symptoms
have been observed that are indicative of overexposure. It is essential
that each individual who may be
exposed to chlorine carry, at all
times, a respirator approved for

chlorine use. For re-entry into an

emergency area, self-contained
breathing equipment must be used.

EQUIPMENT &
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
Ventilation
Provide adequate ventilation to
reduce the accumulation of liquid or
gaseous chlorine in low areas. In
some cases, natural ventilation may
be adequate; in others, artificial
ventilation, such as forced air
through a system of ducts, must be
provided. A one to four minute rate
of air change is required in an
emergency. Precautions must be
taken to avoid discharging chlorine
into areas where it can cause damage or personal injury.
Eye Wash Fountains and
Deluge Showers
Readily accessible eye wash
fountains and deluge showers must
be provided in strategic locations
wherever chlorine is used. Personnel should test equipment each day
before beginning work to ensure
adequate water flow.
Emergency Respiratory
Protection
Severe exposure to chlorine may
occur wherever chlorine is handled
or used. Therefore, self-contained
positive pressure breathing apparatus, approved for emergency chlorine use, should be located strategically outside chlorine work areas
near entrances and away from contamination. Such equipment shall
have a rating of at least 30 minutes
use, and be equipped with a low
pressure warning bell. Any person
entering a chlorine emergency area
must be protected by this respiratory protective equipment.
Emergency Kits
In an emergency involving chlorine cylinders, ton containers, tank
cars, or barges, kits are available
which can be used to stop leaks.
Chlorine emergency kits are maintained by producers and are located
strategically throughout the United
States and Canada. In addition, kits
are available from other chlorine

17 of 32

users and distributors, and the location of these kits can be found in
The Chlorine Institute, Inc. Pamphlet No. 35, Location of Chlorine
Emergency Kits. Obtain a copy
and note the nearest source, or purchase kit(s) from an approved supplier.

OTHER EMERGENCY MEASURES

The Chlorine Institute, Inc. was
formed over 50 years ago by chlorine producers to promote the safe
use of chlorine and to standardize
chlorine handling equipment. The
Institute also sponsors a mutual
assistance program in which trained
teams respond to chlorine emergencies on a 24-hour-a-day, 7-daya-week basis. In the United States,
this response program is known as
CHLOREP (Chlorine Emergency
Plan). The United States is divided
into 32 sectors with CHLOREP
teams available from 49 plant sites
(one to three plant sites in each
sector).
CHLOREP is now affiliated with
CHEMTREC (The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) maintained by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) in
Washington, D.C. Assistance can
be summoned by calling either
CHEMTREC (Toll free 1-800-4249300) or the appropriate CHLOREP
team.
Canada is divided into ten regions
with teams available from 13 plant

Safety and
Emergency
Information

18 of 32

sites as established by TEAP

(Transportation Emergency Assistance Plan) of the Canadian Chemical Producers Association. In
Canada, assistance is available by
calling either the TEAP regional
number or the appropriate response
team.
In both the United States and
Canada, these teams provide assistance in any chlorine emergency
whether a transportation incident or
a problem at the point of usage.
Chlorine users must have the telephone number of their response
team(s) readily available for use in
chlorine emergency situations.
Chlorine users must accept
responsibility for taking all proper
precautions to prevent accidents
with chlorine. The fact that emergency assistance is available
should not encourage carelessness
in the use of this chemical.

HANDLING AND
STORAGE
Store cylinders and ton containers in a dry, ventilated, fire resistant
area separate from metals, organic,
or inorganic chemicals. All valves
must be kept tightly closed until

containers are connected for

unloading. Protect from heat and
direct sunlight.
In Case of Fire
Chlorine itself will not burn, but it
does act as an oxidizer and supports combustion, even in the
absence of oxygen. Cool the affected containers with large amounts of
water. Use any other extinguishing
medium appropriate for the surrounding fire. All fires liberate toxic
gases. Use self-contained breathing
apparatus and full protective equipment.
Leaks
Do not apply water directly on a
chlorine leak. Moisture hydrolyzes
chlorine, forming hydrochloric acid
which attacks the metal, thus
enlarging the leak. If a container is
leaking chlorine, position the container so that gas escapes instead
of liquid. The quantity of escaping
chlorine is significantly less from a
gas leak than a liquid leak, since
one volume of liquid is equal to
about 460 volumes of gas. Evacuate the area and keep all personnel

upwind of leaks, preferably on high

ground. Secure self-contained
breathing apparatus. Shut chlorine
supply off at source.
Water Disposal
Absorb chlorine in an alkaline
solution (caustic soda, soda ash, or
hydrated lime) while maintaining an
excess of base at all times (see
below).* Destroy resulting
hypochlorite by adding sodium sulfite or treating the basic hypochlorite at 122-158F (50-70C) in the
presence of copper, nickel, or iron.
Control pH at the discharge to
sewer or the receiving water and
comply with all applicable federal,
state, and local regulations.

Recommended Alkaline Solutions for Absorbing Chlorine

Size of
Chlorine Container
(Pounds Net)
100
150
2000

100% Caustic Soda

Pounds
Water
(gallons)
125
188
2500

60
90
1200

100% Soda Ash

Pounds
Water
(gallons)
300
450
5980

200
300
4000

* Slurry must be continuously and vigorously agitated if chlorine is to be absorbed 100%.

100% Hydrated Lime

Pounds
Water
(gallons)
115
175
2325

125
188
2500

Safety and
Emergency
Information
FIRST AID

Ingestion

Exposure Symptoms
Liquid chlorine is a skin and eye irritant. Prolonged contact produces
burns. Liquid chlorine slowly vaporizes to gas in the open atmosphere.
At detectable odor levels, the gas will
irritate the mucous membranes and
respiratory tract. (Detectable odor levels range from 0.3 to 3.0 ppm
depending on the individual.) With
excessive exposure to chlorine, the
individual exhibits excitement, accompanied by restlessness, sneezing,
and copious salivation. In extreme
cases, retching, pulmonary edema,
and even death may occur.
There are no specific known antidotes for chlorine. Effective medical
management is necessary for relief of
symptoms with proper treatment.
Complete recovery normally occurs.
Inhalation
If chlorine is inhaled, move the individual to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, have a trained person administer
oxygen. If respiration stops, have a
trained person administer artificial
respiration.
Treatment for inhalation must precede first aid given to other body
areas affected by exposure to chlorine.
Skin
In case of contact, immediately
remove the contaminated clothing
and shoes. Flush skin with plenty of
water. Never attempt to neutralize the
chlorine with chemicals. Salves and
ointments should not be applied
unless directed by a physician. Wash
clothing before re-use. Discard contaminated nonrubber shoes. GET
MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY
Eyes
In case of eye contact, immediately
flush eyes with a directed stream of
water (low pressure-high volume) for
15 minutes. Forcibly hold eyelids
apart to ensure complete irrigation of
all eye and lid tissues. An eye wash
fountain is ideal for this type of treatment. GET MEDICAL ATTENTION
IMMEDIATELY.

Due to its physical properties, swallowing liquid chlorine is extremely

unlikely. In such an instance, call a
physician immediately.
Notes to Physician
Because there is no known antidote for chlorine gas inhalation, treatment is symptomatic. The effective
and immediate relief of symptoms is
the primary goal. Steroid therapy, if
given early, has been reported effective in preventing pulmonary edema.

EMPLOYEE TRAINING FOR

SAFE OPERATIONS
Safety in handling chlorine
depends, to a great extent, upon the
effectiveness of employee education,
proper safety instructions, effective
supervision, and the use of proper
personal protective equipment.
Supervisory personnel are responsible for providing proper instruction
and training of employees. Training
for all employees should be conducted periodically, to reinforce correct
methods and to maintain a high
degree of competence in handling
procedures. All new employees must
be trained in handling and using chlorine before operating equipment.
Employees should be thoroughly
familiar with the hazards that may
result from improper handling of chlorine. Each employee should know
emergency and first aid measures,
and how to use associated equipment.
As a minimum, employee training
should include the following:
A) Instruction with periodic drills
regarding the locations, purpose,
limitations, and use of chlorine
emergency kits, fire fighting equipment, fire alarms, and shutdown
equipment such as valves and
switches.
B) Instruction with periodic drills
regarding the locations, purpose,
limitations, and use of personal
protective equipment, both normal
and emergency.
C) Instruction with periodic drills
regarding the locations, purpose,
and use of safety showers, eye
baths, or the closest source of
water for use in emergencies.

19 of 32

D) Instruction with periodic drills for

specified employees on each work
shift/period regarding the locations,
purpose, and use of emergency
respiratory protection and first aid
equipment.
E) Instruction on avoiding inhalation
of chlorine gas and contact with
the liquid. Emphasis should be
placed on chlorines effect on the
human body at different exposure
levels.
F) Instruction on procedures for
reporting all equipment failures to
the proper authority.
G) Instruction on procedures for conducting inspections before working
with equipment, and periodically
during operations. This instruction
should include procedures for recognizing leaks and other potential
problems.
H) Instruction on the proper actions to
take when leaks occur and on procedures for evacuating affected
areas.

Technical
Data

20 of 32

Physical Properties of Chlorine

Viscosity of Chlorine
Gas at 1 Atm
C
cp.
-30
0.0112
0
0.0126
100
0.0169
200
0.021
300
0.025

Atomic weight: 35.453

Boiling point: -34.05C (-29.29F)
Freezing point: -100.98C (-149.76F)
Critical temperature: 144.0C (291.2F)
Critical pressure: 7711 kPa (76.1 atm, 1118 psi)
Critical volume: 1.745x10-3m3/kg (0.02796 cu ft/lb)
Heat of fusion at the melting point: 6405 5 J/mol
(38.86 Btu/lb)

Thermal Conductivity of
Chlorine Gas at 1 Atm
C
Btu/(hr-ft-F)
-30
0.0042
0
0.0048
100
0.0067
200
0.0086
300
0.0103
Thermal Conductivity of
Liquid Chlorine
C
Btu/(hr-ft-F)
-100
0.1149
0
0.0847
100
0.0532
144
0.0230

Conversion of Units
Physical Quantity
Concentration
Density
Energy
Entropy
Pressure

Sl Unit
kilograms per cubic meter
kilograms per cubic meter
joules per kilogram
joules per kilogram-Kelvin
Pascals (Newtons per square meter)

Surface Tension

joules per square meter

Temperature

Kelvin

Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity

watts per meter-Kelvin

Pascal-second

Volume

cubic meters per kilogram

Conversion
1
= 0.008345 lbs/gal
1 kg/m3 = 0.062428 lbs/cu ft
1 J/kg = 0.000430 Btu/lb
1 J/kg-K = 0.000239 Btu/lb-F
1 Pa = 0.000145 psi
1 Pa = 9.86923x10-6 atm
1 J/m2 = 0.068522 lb(force)/ft
1 J/m2 = 1000 ergs/cm2
K = C+273.15
C = (F-32)/1.8
1 W/m-K = 0.577797 Btu/(hr-ft-F)
1 Pa-s = 0.671969 lb/ft-sec
1 Pa-s = 1000 centipoise
1 m3/kg = 16.0185 cu ft/lb
kg/m3

Technical
Data

21 of 32

Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Chlorine

(Base: h = 0, s = 0 for solid Cl2 at 0R)
Absolute
Temp
(F)
t
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90

Pressure
(psi)
p
0.51902
0.80251
1.2055
1.7643
2.5213

Volume
(cu ft/lb)
Liquid

Enthalpy
(Btu/lb)
Vapor

Entropy
(Btu/lb-R)

Liquid

Vaporization

Vapor

Liquid

Vaporization

Vapor

vl
0.0093981
0.0094727
0.0095492
0.0096277
0.0097083

vg
95.993
63.930
43.776
30.738
22.081

hl
78.488
80.890
83.305
85.697
88.067

137.13
135.72
134.35
133.00
131.66

hg
215.57
216.61
217.65
218.69
219.73

sl
0.37472
0.38201
0.38901
0.39575
0.40225

0.41593
0.39956
0.38420
0.36976
0.35615

sg
0.79065
0.78158
0.77322
0.76551
0.75840

90.420
92.759
95.087
97.406
99.719

130.34
129.02
127.71
126.40
125.08

220.76
221.78
222.80
223.81
224.80

0.40852
0.41459
0.42048
0.42620
0.43177

0.34328
0.33110
0.31954
0.30854
0.29805

0.75181
0.74570
0.74003
0.73474
0.72982

-80
-70
-60
-50
-40

3.5258
4.8336
6.5073
8.6157
11.234

0.0097911
0.0098761
0.0099636
0.010053
0.010146

16.193
12.101
9.1996
7.1037
5.5642

-30
-29.29
-20
-10
0

14.443
14.696
18.329
22.984
28.504

0.010242
0.010248
0.010340
0.010442
0.010547

4.4156
4.3457
3.5462
2.8793
2.3613

102.02
102.19
104.33
106.64
108.95

123.76
123.66
122.41
121.05
119.67

225.79
225.86
226.75
227.70
228.63

0.43719
0.43757
0.44248
0.44765
0.45271

0.28802
0.28732
0.27842
0.26920
0.26033

0.72522
0.72490
0.72090
0.71686
0.71305

10
20
30
40
50

34.987
42.538
51.265
61.276
72.684

0.010656
0.010768
0.010885
0.011006
0.011132

1.9544
1.6313
1.3722
1.1625
0.99128

111.27
113.59
115.92
118.25
120.59

118.26
116.82
115.34
113.83
112.28

229.53
230.41
231.26
232.09
232.88

0.45767
0.46252
0.46729
0.47196
0.47656

0.25179
0.24354
0.23555
0.22781
0.22029

0.70946
0.70606
0.70284
0.69978
0.69686

60
70
80
90
100

85.606
100.15
116.45
134.63
154.80

0.011263
0.011399
0.011541
0.011690
0.011846

0.85030
0.73335
0.63565
0.55346
0.48388

122.95
125.32
127.71
130.11
132.53

110.68
109.02
107.31
105.54
103.70

233.63
234.35
235.02
235.65
236.23

0.48109
0.48555
0.48994
0.49428
0.49857

0.21297
0.20583
0.19885
0.19200
0.18528

0.69406
0.69138
0.68879
0.68629
0.68385

110
120
130
140
150

177.09
201.64
228.57
258.03
290.14

0.012009
0.012181
0.012362
0.012554
0.012758

0.42462
0.37386
0.33014
0.29228
0.25934

134.98
137.45
139.96
142.51
145.09

101.78
99.782
97.685
95.483
93.162

236.76
237.24
237.65
237.99
238.26

0.50281
0.50702
0.51121
0.51537
0.51953

0.17866
0.17213
0.16565
0.15922
0.15280

0.68148
0.67915
0.67686
0.67459
0.67233

160
170
180
190
200

325.05
362.91
403.86
448.07
495.68

0.012975
0.013208
0.013458
0.013728
0.014023

0.23052
0.20520
0.18285
0.16301
0.14533

147.73
150.43
153.20
156.06
159.01

90.709
88.105
85.328
82.354
79.150

238.44
238.54
238.53
238.41
238.16

0.52368
0.52786
0.53206
0.53631
0.54063

0.14637
0.13991
0.13339
0.12676
0.11998

0.67006
0.66778
0.66545
0.66307
0.66061

210
220
230
240
250

546.88
601.82
660.70
723.69
790.99

0.014348
0.014710
0.015118
0.015587
0.016143

0.12947
0.11518
0.10221
0.090340
0.079352

162.07
165.28
168.66
172.25
176.13

75.677
71.882
67.696
63.022
57.713

237.75
237.16
236.36
235.28
233.84

0.54504
0.54958
0.55428
0.55919
0.56440

0.11300
0.10575
0.098155
0.090072
0.081322

0.65805
0.65534
0.65243
0.64926
0.64573

862.81
939.35
1020.8
1107.5
1118.37

0.016827
0.017729
0.019102
0.022862
0.027960

0.069011
0.058995
0.048647
0.034207
0.027960

180.38
185.19
191.04
200.80
207.77

51.528
44.007
33.987
14.060
00.000

231.90
229.20
225.03
214.86
207.77

0.57004
0.57635
0.58393
0.59658
0.60582

0.071598
0.060310
0.045948
0.018756
0.000000

0.64164
0.63666
0.62987
0.61534
0.60582

260
270
280
290
291.2

REF: Kapoor, R.M.; Martin, J.J.,Thermodynamic Properties of Chlorine,

Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1957).

22 of 32

Technical
Data

Thermodynamic Properties of Superheated Chlorine

v, volume (cu ft/lb); h, enthalpy (Btu/lb); s, entropy (Btu/lb-R)
Base: h = 0, s = 0 for solid Cl2 at 0R
Temp.
10 psi
(F)
(-44.4F)
t
v
h
s
0
6.8782
229.30
0.74326
25
7.2623
232.10
0.74919
50
7.6458
234.92
0.75488
75
8.0288
237.77
0.76033
100
8.4113
240.63
0.76556
125
8.7934
243.52
0.77060
150
9.1752
246.42
0.77546
175
9.5567
249.33
0.78015
200
9.9380
252.27
0.78468
225
10.319
255.21
0.78907
250
10.699
258.17
0.79331
275
11.080
261.15
0.79743
300
11.460
264.13
0.80142
325
11.841
267.12
0.80530
350
12.221
270.13
0.80907
375
12.601
273.14
0.81273
400
12.981
276.15
0.81629
Temp.
30 psi
(F)
(2.4F)
t
v
h
s
25
2.3717
231.43
0.71759
50
2.5034
234.30
0.72336
75
2.6343
237.18
0.72889
100
2.7648
240.08
0.73419
125
2.8949
242.99
0.73928
150
3.0246
245.92
0.74419
175
3.1540
248.87
0.74892
200
3.2831
251.82
0.75349
225
3.4120
254.79
0.75791
250
3.5407
257.77
0.76218
275
3.6692
260.76
0.76632
300
3.7975
263.76
0.77034
325
3.9256
266.77
0.77424
350
4.0536
269.79
0.77802
375
4.1815
272.82
0.78170
400
4.3093
275.85
0.78528
Temp.
50 psi
(F)
(29.6F)
t
v
h
s
50
1.4740
233.65
0.70827
75
1.5547
236.57
0.71388
100
1.6350
239.51
0.71925
125
1.7148
242.46
0.72441
150
1.7941
245.42
0.72936
175
1.8732
248.39
0.7314
200
1.9519
251.37
0.73875
225
2.0303
254.37
0.74320
250
2.1087
257.37
0.74751
275
2.1868
260.38
0.75168
300
2.2647
263.40
0.75572
325
2.3424
266.42
0.75964
350
2.4200
269.46
0.76344
375
2.4975
272.50
0.76714
400
2.5748
275.54
0.77073
Temp.
90 psi
(F)
(63.1F)
t
v
h
s
75
0.83371
235.30
0.69592
100
0.88072
238.32
0.70146
125
0.92717
241.35
0.70675
150
0.97317
244.38
0.71182
175
1.01871
247.41
0.71670
200
1.0640
250.45
0.72139
225
1.1090
253.49
0.72592
250
1.1538
256.54
0.73029
275
1.1983
259.59
0.73452
300
1.2426
262.65
0.73861
325
1.2868
265.71
0.74257
350
1.3308
268.78
0.74642
375
1.3747
271.85
0.75015
400
1.4184
274.92
0.75378
Temp.
200 psi
(F)
(119.4F)
t
v
h
s
150
0.40616
241.25
0.68610
175
0.42934
244.50
0.69133
200
0.45202
247.73
0.69633
225
0.47430
250.95
0.70111
250
0.49625
254.14
0.70570
275
0.51792
257.33
0.71011
300
0.53934
260.51
0.71437
325
0.56056
263.68
0.71847
350
0.58160
266.85
0.72245
375
0.60247
270.01
0.72329
400
0.62321
273.17
0.73002

Figures in parenthesis under the pressures are the saturation temperatures

v
4.6552
4.9185
5.1812
5.4434
5.7050
5.9663
6.2273
6.4879
6.7483
7.0084
7.2684
7.5281
7.7877
8.0472
8.3065
8.5656
8.8247

v
2.0222
2.1358
2.2489
2.3614
2.4735
2.5852
2.6966
2.8077
2.9186
3.0293
3.1398
3.2501
3.3602
3.4702
3.5801
3.6898

v
1.2163
1.2846
1.3523
1.4196
1.4864
1.5529
1.6190
1.6850
1.7507
1.8161
1.8814
1.9466
2.0116
2.0764
2.1412

v
0.74329
0.78621
0.82855
0.87041
0.91186
0.95298
0.99380
1.03437
1.07471
1.11487
1.15485
1.19467
1.23436
1.27393

v
0.24844
0.26630
0.28338
0.29987
0.31590
0.33155
0.34690
0.36199
0.37687
0.39155
0.40607

14.696 psi
(-29.3F)
h
229.13
231.94
234.78
237.63
240.51
243.40
246.30
249.23
252.16
255.12
258.08
261.06
264.04
267.04
270.05
273.06
276.08
35 psi
(10.0F)
h
231.25
234.14
237.03
239.94
242.86
245.80
248.75
251.71
254.69
257.67
260.67
263.67
266.69
269.71
272.74
275.77
60 psi
(38.8F)
h
233.31
236.26
239.22
242.19
245.17
248.15
251.15
254.15
257.16
260.18
263.21
266.25
269.29
272.33
275.39
100 psi
(69.9F)
h
234.96
238.02
241.07
244.11
247.16
250.22
253.27
256.33
259.39
262.46
265.53
268.61
271.68
274.76
300 psi
(152.9F)
h
237.90
241.48
244.97
248.40
251.78
255.12
258.44
261.74
265.01
268.27
271.52

REF: Kapoor, R.M.; Martin, J.J.,Thermodynamic Properties of Chlorine,

Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1957).

s
0.73226
0.73822
0.74392
0.74939
0.75464
0.75969
0.76456
0.76926
0.77380
0.77819
0.78245
0.78657
0.79057
0.79445
0.79822
0.80189
0.80545

v
3.3996
3.5948
3.7892
3.9832
4.1766
4.3697
4.5624
4.7548
4.9469
5.1388
5.3305
5.5220
5.7133
5.9045
6.0956
6.2865
6.4773

s
0.71306
0.71885
0.72440
0.72972
0.73483
0.73974
0.74449
0.74906
0.75349
0.75777
0.76192
0.76594
0.76985
0.77364
0.77732
0.78090

v
1.7600
1.8601
1.9597
2.0588
2.1574
2.2556
2.3535
2.4512
2.5486
2.6457
2.7427
2.8395
2.9361
3.0326
3.1290
3.2253

s
0.70276
0.70841
0.71382
0.71901
0.72399
0.72879
0.73342
0.73789
0.74221
0.74640
0.75045
0.75438
0.75820
0.76190
0.76550

v
1.0321
1.0915
1.1503
1.2086
1.2665
1.3240
1.3812
1.4382
1.4949
1.5514
1.6077
1.6638
1.7198
1.7757
1.8315

s
0.69258
0.69816
0.70349
0.70859
0.71349
0.71821
0.72275
0.72714
0.73139
0.73549
0.73947
0.74333
0.74707
0.75071

0.61574
0.65075
0.68522
0.71925
0.75291
0.78625
0.81932
0.85215
0.88478
0.91723
0.94952
0.98167
1.0136

s
0.67098
0.67674
0.68213
0.68723
0.69209
0.69672
0.70116
0.70543
0.70954
0.71350
0.71734

0.19729
0.21139
0.22479
0.23767
0.25015
0.26230
0.27419
0.28585
0.29732

20 psi
(-16.2F)
h
228.94
231.77
234.61
237.48
240.36
243.26
246.17
249.10
252.05
255.00
257.97
260.96
263.95
266.95
269.96
272.98
276.00
40 psi
(16.8F)
h
231.08
233.97
236.88
239.80
242.73
245.67
248.63
251.60
254.58
257.57
260.57
263.58
266.60
269.62
272.66
275.69
70 psi
(47.7F)
h
232.97
235.95
238.93
241.91
244.91
247.91
250.92
253.93
256.96
259.99
263.03
266.07
269.12
272.17
275.23
125 psi
(84.8F)
h

237.23
240.33
243.43
246.53
249.62
252.71
255.80
258.89
261.98
265.08
268.17
271.27
274.37
400 psi
(179.1F)
h

241.80
245.55
249.19
252.74
256.23
259.68
263.08
266.46
269.81

s
0.72338
0.72937
0.73510
0.74058
0.74585
0.75092
0.75580
0.76051
0.76506
0.76946
0.77372
0.77785
0.78175
0.78574
0.78952
0.79319
0.79676

v
2.7036
2.8610
3.0178
3.1739
3.3296
3.4849
3.6398
3.7944
3.9487
4.1028
4.2566
4.4103
4.5638
4.7172
4.8704
5.0235
5.1765

s
0.70910
0.71492
0.72048
0.72582
0.73094
0.73588
0.74063
0.74522
0.74965
0.75394
0.75810
0.76213
0.76603
0.76983
0.77352
0.77710

v
1.5559
1.6456
1.7348
1.8234
1.9115
1.9993
2.0867
2.1738
2.2607
2.3474
2.4339
2.5201
2.6063
2.6923
2.7782
2.8639

s
0.69803
0.70373
0.70917
0.71440
0.71941
0.72423
0.72888
0.73337
0.73771
0.74191
0.74597
0.74991
0.75374
0.75745
0.76106

0.9465
0.9987
1.0503
1.1015
1.1523
1.2028
1.2530
1.3030
1.3528
1.4023
1.4517
1.5010
1.5501
1.5991

0.69100
0.69643
0.70162
0.70659
0.71137
0.71597
0.72040
0.72468
0.72883
0.73283
0.73672
0.74049
0.74414

0.50165
0.53187
0.56150
0.59063
0.61936
0.64775
0.67584
0.70369
0.73132
0.75877
0.76804
0.81317
0.84017

0.67069
0.67627
0.68149
0.68641
0.69109
0.69555
0.69982
0.70393
0.70788

0.15684
0.16913
0.18064
0.19158
0.20211
0.21230
0.22222
0.23192

25 psi
(-6.1F)
h
228.76
231.60
234.45
237.33
240.22
243.13
246.05
248.98
251.94
254.90
257.87
260.86
263.86
266.86
269.88
272.90
275.92
45 psi
(23.0F)
h
230.90
233.81
236.73
239.66
242.60
245.55
248.51
251.49
254.47
257.47
260.47
263.49
266.51
269.54
272.58
275.62
80 psi
(55.8F)
h

235.62
238.63
241.63
244.65
247.66
250.68
253.71
256.75
259.79
262.84
265.89
268.95
272.01
275.08
150 psi
(97.7F)
h

236.40
239.57
242.73
245.87
249.00
252.13
255.26
258.38
261.50
264.62
267.74
270.86
273.97
500 psi
(200.9F)
h

242.26
246.28
250.13
253.85
257.48
261.05
264.56
268.03

s
0.71689
0.72291
0.72866
0.73416
0.73945
0.74453
0.74942
0.75414
0.75870
0.76311
0.76738
0.77151
0.77553
0.77942
0.78320
0.78687
0.79045

s
0.70558
0.71142
0.71701
0.72236
0.72750
0.73245
0.73721
0.74181
0.74625
0.75055
0.75471
0.75875
0.76266
0.76646
0.77015
0.77374

0.69961
0.70510
0.71035
0.71540
0.72025
0.72492
0.72942
0.73378
0.73799
0.74207
0.74602
0.74986
0.75358
0.75720

0.68493
0.69048
0.69576
0.70081
0.70566
0.71031
0.71479
0.71912
0.72329
0.72734
0.73125
0.73504
0.73872

0.66655
0.67231
0.67764
0.68262
0.68733
0.69180
0.69608
0.70017

Technical
Data

23 of 32

24 of 32

Technical
Data
Specific Heat (Heat Capacity) of Liquid Chlorine

Technical
Data

25 of 32

Technical
Data

26 of 32

Latent Heat of Vaporization of Chlorine

Temperature, Centigrade
-90

-40

10

60

110

160

150
80
140

130
70
120

110

60

90

50

80
40

70

60
30
50

40
20
30

20

10

10

0
-130

-80

-30

20

70

120

170

Temperature, Fahrenheit

220

270

0
320

Heat of Vaporization, kcal./kg.

Heat of Vaporization, BTU/lb.

100

Technical
Data

27 of 32

Solubility of Chlorine in Water

0.7 1.0

Partial Pressure, kPa

10.0

100.0

690.0
35.94

0.300

10.00

Solubility, kg./cu. meter

50

17

Solubility, lbs./gal.

32

68

15

86

10

12

14

0
F

0.100

0.010
1.00

0.001
0.10

1.00

10.00
Partial Pressure, psia

0.12
100.00

Technical
Data

28 of 32

Vapor Pressure of Saturated Chlorine

Temperature, Centigrade
-90

-40

10

60

110

160

10000

69000.0

10000.0
1000

1000.0

100.0
10

10.0
1

1.0
0.1
-130

-80

-30

20

70

120

170

Temperature, Fahrenheit

220

270

0.7
320

Vapor pressure, kPa

Vapor pressure, psia

100

Technical
Data

29 of 32

Viscosity of Liquid Chlorine

Temperature, Centigrade
-100
1.10

-50

50

100

0.00070
1.00
0.00065

0.90

0.00060

0.00055
0.80
0.00050
0.70

0.60

0.00040

0.00035
0.50
0.00030
0.40
0.00025

0.30

0.00020

0.00015
0.20
0.00010
0.10
0.00005

0.00
-150

0.00000
-100

-50

50

100

Temperature, Fahrenheit

150

200

250

Viscosity, lbs./ft.-sec.

Viscosity, Centipoise

0.00045

30 of 32

Technical
Data

Technical
Data

31 of 32

Enthalpy of Liquid Chlorine

Temperature, Centigrade
-90

-40

10

60

110

160

250

127.8

200

87.8
150

67.8

100

47.8

50
-130

-80

-30

20

70

120

170

Temperature, Fahrenheit

220

270

27.8
320

Liquid Enthalpy, H, kcal./kg.

Liquid Enthalpy, H, BTU/lb.

107.8

32 of 32

Kapoor, R.N.; Martin, J.J.

Thermodynamic Properties of
Chlorine
Engineering Research Institute,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan (1957).
Kirkbride, F.W.
in Mellow, J.W.: Inorganic and
Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. II,
Suppl. I, Sect. XIII.
John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
(1956).
Laubusch, E.J.
in Chlorine, Its Manufacture, Properties and Uses, Ch. 3 (Ed.:
Sconce, J.S.)
ACS Monograph Series No. 154
Reinhold Publishing Corp., New
York (1962).

Bibliography
McBride, B.J.; Heimel, S.; Ehlers,
J.G.; Gordon, S.
Thermodynamic Properties to
6000K for 210 Substances Involving the First 18 Elements
NASA SP-3001. Lewis Research
Center, Cleveland, Ohio (1963).
McGlashan, M.L.
IUPAC Manual of Symbols and
Terminology for Physiochemical
Quantities and Units
Pure Appl. Chem 21, 1 (1970).
Mussini, T.; Faita, G.
in Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements,
Vol. 1, Ch. 1 (Ed.: Bard, A.J.)
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
(1973).

Setty, H.S.N.; Smith, J.D.; Yaws,

C.L.
Chem. Eng., 81 (12) 70 (1974).
Stull, D.R.; Prophet, H.
JANAF Thermochemical Tables
2nd Ed.
NSRDS NBS37
National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., (1971).
Svehla, R.A.
Estimated Viscosities and Thermal
Conductivities of Gases at High
Temperatures
NASA Technical Report R-132
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,
Ohio (1962).
Ziegler, L.
Chem. Ing. Tech., 22, 229 (1950).